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THE  ART  OF 

HERALDRY 

AN   ENCYCLOPEDIA 
OF   ARMORY 


BY 

ARTHUR  CHARLES  FOX-DAVIES 


LONDON 

T.    C.    ^    E.    C.    JACK 

34  HENRIETTA  STREET,  W.C. 

AND  EDINBURGH 

1904 

J 


Ci-4-<n!x*irwvv^ 


INTRODUCTION 


T' 


'00  frequently  it  is  the  custom  to  consider  the  study  of 
the  science  of  Armoiy  as  the  study  of  a  subject  which  has 
passed  beyond  the  limits  of  practical  politics.  Heraldry 
has  been  termed  "The  Shorthand  of  History,"  but  neverthe- 
less the  study  of  that  shorthand  has  been  approached  too 
often  as  if  it  were  but  the  study  of  a  dead  language.  The 
result  has  been  that  too  much  faith  has  been  placed  in 
the  works  of  older  writers,  whose  dicta  have  been  accepted 
as  both  unquestionably  correct  at  the  date  they  wrote,  and, 
as  a  consequence,  equally  binding  at  the  present  day. 

Since  Dame  Juliana  Bemers  wrote  the  "Boke  of  St. 
Albans,"  into  which  she  managed  to  compress  an  unconscion- 
able amount  of  rubbish,  books  and  treatises  on  the  subject  of 
Ai'mory  have  issued  from  the  press  in  a  constant  succession. 
A  few  of  them  stand  a  head  and  shoulders  above  the  re- 
mainder. The  said  remainder  have  already  sunk  into  oblivion. 
Such  a  book  as  "  Guillim"  must  of  necessity  rank  in  the  fore- 
fi'ont  of  any  armorial  bibliography ;  but  any  one  seeking  to 
judge  the  xlrmory  of  the  present  day  by  the  standards  and  ethics  adopted  by  that  writer,  would  find 
himself  making  mistake  after  mistake,  and  led  hopelessly  astray.  There  can  be  very  little  doubt  that 
the  "Display  of  Heraldry"  is  an  accurate  representation  of  the  laws  of  Armory  which  governed 
the  use  of  Arms  at  the  date  the  book  was  written ;  and  it  correctly  puts  forward  the  opinions  which 
were  then  accepted  concerning  the  past  history  of  the  science. 

There  are  two  points,  however,  which  must  be  borne  in  mind. 

The  first  is  that  the  critical  desire  for  accuracy  which  fortunately  seems  to  have  been  the  keynote 
of  research  duiing  the  nineteenth  century,  has  produced  students  of  Armory  whose  investigations  into 
facts  have  swept  away  the  fables,  the  myths,  and  the  falsehood  which  had  collected  around  the  ancient 
science,  and  which  in  their  preposterous  assertions  had  earned  for  Armory  a  ridicule,  a  contempt,  and 
a  disbelief  which  the  science  itself,  and  moreover  the  active  practice  of  the  science,  had  never  at  any 
time  warranted  or  deserved.  The  desire  to  gratify  the  vanity  of  illustrious  patrons  rendered  the 
mythical  traditions  attached  to  Armory  more  difficult  to  explode  than  in  the  cases  of  those  other 
sciences  in  which  no  one  has  a  personal  interest  in  upholding  the  wrong  ;  but  a  study  of  the  scientific 
works  of  bygone  days,  and  the  comparison,  for  example,  of  a  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century  medical 
book  with  a  similar  work  of  the  present  day,  will  show  that  all  scientific  knowledge  during  past 
centuries  was  a  curious  conglomeration  of  unquestionable  fact,  interwoven  with  and  partly  obscured  by 
a  vast  amount  of  false  information,  which  now  can  either  be  dismissed  as  utter  rubbish  or  controverted 
and  disproved  on  the  score  of  being  plausible  untruth.  Consequently,  Armory,  no  less  than  medicine, 
theology,  or  jurisprudence,  should  not  be  lightly  esteemed  because  our  predecessors  knew  less  about 
the  subject  than  is  known  at  the  present  day,  or  because  they  believed  implicitly  dogma  and  tradition 
which  we  ourselves  know  to  be  and  accept  as  exploded.  Research  and  investigation  constantly  goes 
on,  and  every  day  adds  to  our  knowledge. 

The  second  point,  which  perhaps  is  the  most  important,  is  the  patent  fact  that  Heraldiy  and 
Ai-mory   are    not    a    dead    science,    but    are    an    actual   living   reality.      Armory    may   be    a    quaint 


INTRODUCTION 

survival  of  a  time  with  different  manners  and  customs,  and  different  ideas  from  our  own,  but 
the  word  "Finis"  has  not  yet  been  written  to  the  science,  which  is  still  slowly  developing  and 
altering  and  changing  as  it  is  suited  to  the  altered  manners  and  customs  of  the  present  day.  I  doubt 
not  that  this  view  will  be  a  startling  one  to  many  who  look  upon  Armory  as  indissolubly  associated 
with  parchments  and  writings  already  musty  with  age.  But  so  long  as  the  Sovereign  has  the  power  to 
create  a  new  order  of  Knighthood,  and  attach  thereto  Heraldic  insignia,  so  long  as  the  Crown  has  the 
power  to  create  a  new  coronet,  or  to  order  a  new  ceremonial,  so  long  as  new  coats  of  arms  are  being 
called  into  being, — for  so  long  is  it  idle  to  treat  Armory  and  Heraldry  as  a  science  incapable  of  further 
development,  or  as  a  science  which  in  recent  periods  has  not  altered  in  its  laws. 

The  many  mistaken  ideas  upon  Armory,  however,  are  not  all  due  to  the  two  considerations  which 
have  been  put  forward.  Many  are  due  to  the  fact  that  the  hand-books  of  Armory  professing  to  detail 
the  laws  of  the  science  have  not  always  been  written  by  those  having  complete  knowledge  of  their 
subject.  Some  statement  appears  in  a  text-book  of  Armory,  it  is  copied  into  book  after  book,  and 
accepted  by  the  outside  world  who  study  Armory  as  being  correct ;  whilst  all  the  time  it  is  absolutely 
wrong,  and  has  never  been  accepted  or  acted  upon  by  the  OfEcers  of  Arms.  One  instance  will  illus- 
trate my  meaning.  There  is  scarcely  a  text-book  of  Armory  which  does  not  lay  down  the  rule,  that 
when  a  crest  issues  from  a  coronet  it  must  not  be  placed  upon  a  wreath.  Now  there  is  no  rule  whatever 
upon  the  subject ;  and  instances  are  frequent,  both  in  ancient  and  in  modern  grants,  in  which  coronets 
have  been  granted  to  be  borne  upon  wreaths  ;  and  the  wreath  should  be  inserted  or  omitted  according 
to  the  original  grant  of  the  crest.     Consequently,  the  so-called  rule  must  be  expunged. 

Another  fruitful  source  of  error  is  the  effort  which  has  frequently  been  made  to  assimilate  the 
laws  of  Armory  prevailing  in  the  three  different  Kingdoms  into  one  single  series  of  rules  and  regula- 
tions. Some  writers  have  even  gone  so  far  as  to  attempt  to  assimilate  with  our  own  the  rules  and 
regulations  which  hold  upon  the  Continent.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  many  of  the  laws  of  Arms  in 
England  and  Scotland  are  radically  diflferent ;  and  care  needs  to  be  taken  to  point  out  these  differences. 

The  truest  way  to  ascertain  the  laws  of  Armory  is  by  deduction  from  known  facts.  Never- 
theless, such  a  practice  may  lead  one  astray,  for  the  number  of  exceptions  to  any  given  rule  in 
Armory  is  always  great,  and  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  tell  what  is  the  rule,  and  which  are  the 
exceptions.  Moreover,  the  Sovereign,  as  the  fountain  of  honour,  can  over-ride  any  rule  or  law  of 
Anns  ;  and  many  exceptional  cases  which  have  been  governed  by  specific  grants  have  been  accepted 
in  times  past  as  demonstrating  the  laws  of  Armory,  when  they  have  been  no  more  than  instances  of 
exceptional  favour  on  the  part  of  the  Crown. 

In  England  no  one  is  compelled  to  bear  Arms  unless  he  wishes  ;  but,  should  he  desire  to  do  so, 
the  Inland  Revenue  requires  a  payment  of  one  or  two  guineas,  according  to  the  method  of  use.  From 
this  voluntary  taxation  the  yearly  revenue  exceeds  ;^70,ooo.  This  affords  pretty  clear  evidence  that 
Armoiy  is  still  decidedly  popular,  and  that  its  use  and  display  are  extensive  ;  but  at  the  same  time  it 
would  be  foolish  to  suppose  that  the  estimation  in  which  Armory  is  held,  is  equal  to,  or  approaches, 
the  romantic  value  which  in  former  days  was  attached  to  the  inheritance  of  Arms.  The  result  of  this 
has  been — and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at — that  ancient  examples  are  accepted  and  extolled  beyond 
what  should  be  the  case.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  very  ancient  examples  of  Ai'mory  which 
have  come  down  to  us,  mav  be  examples  of  the  handicraft  of  ignorant  individuals;  and  it  is  not  safe 
to  accept  unquestioningly  laws  of  Arms  which  are  deduced  from  Heraldic  handicraft  of  other  days. 
Most  of  them  are  correct,  because  as  a  rule  such  handicraft  was  done  under  supervision  ;  but  there  is 
always  the  risk  that  it  has  not  been ;  and  this  risk  should  he  home  in  mind  when  estimating  the  value 
of  any  particular  example  of  Armory  as  proof  or  contradiction  of  any  particular  Armorial  law.  There 
were  "heraldic  stationers"  before  the  present  day. 

A  somewhat  similar  consideration  must  govern  the  estimate  of  the  Heraldic  art  of  a  former  day. 
To  even,-  action  we  are  told  there  is  a  reaction  ;  and  the  reaction  of  the  present  day,  admirable  and 
commendable  as  it  undoubtedly  is,  which  has  taken  the  art  of  Armory  back  to  the  style  in  vogue  in 
past  centuries,  needs  to  be  kept  within  intelligent  bounds.  That  the  freedom  of  design  and  draughts- 
manship of  the  old  artists  should  be  copied  is  desirable  ;  but  at  the  same  time  there  is  not  the  slightest 
necessity  to  copy,  and  to  deliberately  copy,  the  crudeness  of  execution  which  undoubtedly  exists  in 
much  of  the  older  work.  The  revulsion  from  what  has  been  aptly  styled  "  the  die-sinker  school  of 
heraldry  "  has  caused  some  artists  to  produce  Heraldic  drawings  which  (though  doubtless  modelled  upon 
ancient  examples)  are  grotesque  to  the  last  degree,  and  can  be  described  in  no  other  way. 


INTRODUCTION 

The  genesis  of  "  The  Ai't  of  Heraldry "  should  be  briefly  stated.  A  work  of  a  sumptiious 
character,  "  Heraldischer  Atlas,"  by  H.  G.  Strohl,  the  talented  and  deservedly  celebrated  German 
Heraldic  artist,  was  published  in  parts  at  Stuttgart,  and  was  completed  in  1899.  This  work,  which 
far  surpassed  any  previous  Heraldic  publication,  attracted  a  great  amount  of  attention.  It  then 
chiefly  consisted  of  well-chosen  and  typical  examples  of  Heraldic  art  at  all  periods,  selected  from  all 
countries  in  Europe,  and  that  portion  of  the  work  must  naturally  appeal  to  English  readers  equally 
with  German,  as  will  also  the  magnificent  examples  of  Heraldic  illustrations,  which  indeed  form  the 
outstanding  feature  of  the  great  work  referred  to.  Added  to  this  was  a  lengthy  section  on  the 
■■'  Elements  of  Heraldry,"  which  formed  a  valuable  primer  of  Heraldry  from  the  German  point 
of  ■view. 

The  work  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  Messrs.  T.  C.  and  E.  C.  Jack,  with  a  proposal  that 
they  should  publish  an  English  translation.  But  so  large  a  portion  of  the  text — particularly  in  the 
"Elements  of  Heraldiy" — was  essentially  German,  that  in  the  form  of  a  literal  translation  the 
work  would  not  have  stood  much  chance^  of  success  in  this  country.  It  was  necessary,  therefore, 
that  Messrs.  Jack,  in  arranging  for  the  issue  of  an  edition  of  the  work  in  this  country,  should  take 
care  that  it  was  adapted  to  the  needs  of  British  readers  and  scholars.  After  careful  consideration 
they  decided  for  the  English  edition, — 

(i)  To  reproduce  the  series  of  Coloured  Plates  in  their  entirety. 

(2)  To  reproduce  the  whole  series  of  Illustration  Blocks. 

(3)  To  have  the  entire  section  relating  to  the  Laws  of  Armory  and  to  Examples  of  British 

Heraldry  re- written. 

(4)  To  add  very  considerably  to  the  Illustrations  from  a  British  point  of  view. 

The  work  was  therefore  placed  in  my  hands  for  revision  on  the  lines  explained  above,  and 
consequently  the  entire  responsibility  for  the  English  version  is  mine,  as  are  the  additional  chapters 
essential  to  a  British  work  on  Armory,  the  subject  matter  of  which  was  not  included  in  the 
"  Heraldischer  Atlas." 

A  large  proportion  of  the  plates  and  blocks  have  been  executed  from  the  original  work  of  Herr 
Strohl,  whose  reputation  as  a  master  of  Heraldic  art  is  unsurpassed  in  his  own  country,  the  home  of 
the  choicest  examples  of  Heraldic  illustration  in  times  past.  The  whole  of  the  illustrations  contained 
in  the  original  work  have  been  included  in  this  edition.  The  necessity  of  devoting  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  the  work  to  English  Heraldry  has  afforded  the  Publishers  the  opportunity  of  adding  some 
number  of  additional  coloured  plates  and  several  hundred  additional  illustrations  to  those  already 
included  in  the  German  version.  Amongst  these  will  be  found  examples  of  the  work  of  G.  W. 
Eve,  R.E.,  Graham  Johnston,  C.  W.  Sherborn,  E.E.,  J.  Forbes  Nixon,  G.  Scruby,  J.  Vinycomb, 
M.R.I.A.,  and  Miss  Helard,  a  list  of  names  which  includes  the  whole  of  the  prominent  Heraldic  artists 
of  the  present  day  in  this  country.  To  the  work  of  the  above-mentioned  have  been  added  many 
reproductions  taken  from  English  sources  which  were  overlooked  or  crowded  out  of  the  German 
version. 

With  regard  to  the  literary  portion  of  the  volume  I  have  no  wish  either  to  claim  credit  for  work 
which  is  Herr  Strohl's,  or  to  saddle  him  with  a  responsibility  for  my  opinions.  Each  chapter  therefore 
is  signed.  Those  which  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  literal  translations  of  the  corresponding- 
chapters  in  the  German  version  bear  Herr  Strohl's  initials  (H.  S.).  Chapters  which  are  essentially 
mine  are  signed  with  my  initials.  Some  chapters  very  properly  carry  the  initials  of  us  both.  The 
order  in  which  the  initials  are  placed  will  afford  some  clue  to  the  individual  share  of  the  work  with 
which  each  should  be  credited.  I  may  add  that  Herr  Strohl  kindly  offered  to  go  over  the  proofs  of 
that  pait  of  the  book  which  was  based  upon  his  own  work — an  offer  which  I  was  delighted  to  accept, 
and  I  tender  him  my  thanks  therefor. 

The  fact  of  the  practically  simultaneous  issue  of  the  "  Heraldischer  Atlas "  alone  made  it 
possible  to  include  so  large  a  number  and  so  excellent  a  selection  of  coloured  plates  in  the  volume. 
There  are  some  number  of  these  which  did  not  appear  in  the  German  version,  but  the  majority  did, 
and  that  the  selection  was  already  made  when  the  work  was  put  into  my  hands,  has,  I  candidly 
admit,  hampered  me  considerably  in  writing  the  earlier  chapters  of  the  book.  But  the  point 
which  has  chiefly  appealed  to  me  in  the  production  of  an  English  version  of  another  person's 
work  has  been  the  desire  to  import  into  British  Heraldic  art  a  fresh  set  of  artistic  models  which 
may  help    in    the    development  of   the    present  revival   in  Heraldic    art,   and    also    to    import  into 


INTRODUCTION 

British  minds  a  new  set  of  Heraldic  ideas,  which  possibly  will  tend  to  new  departures,  which  perhaps 
may  replace  the  "bedevilled"  and  overcrowded  shields  and  crests  into  which  our  present  system  of 
differentiation,  working  upon  a  needlessly  limited  series  of  ideas  and  charges,  was  bound  to  result. 

In  the  course  of  the  pages  which  follow,  many  hundred  coats  of  arms  are  illustrated  or  referred 
to  as  examples  either  of  Heraldic  art  or  of  some  point  in  the  science  of  Armory.  With  few 
exceptions,  the  instances  which  may  be  quoted  of  Arms  of  other  than  British  families  have  been 
selected  by  HeiT  Strohl,  except  where  otherwise  stated.  I  have  little  acquaintance  with  the  pedi- 
grees of  Continental  families,  and  I  must  state  plainly  that  I  have  no  knowledge  whatever  as  to 
the  legal  right  of  the  various  families  to  the  Arms  attributed  to  them.  Nor  can  I  give  any  guarantee 
upon  the  point  as  to  the  Arms  of  British  families,  although  all  which  are  illustrated  and  which  are 
definitely  attributed  to  specific  individuals  I  believe  to  be  correct.  I  have  not  deliberately  chosen 
unauthorised  Arms  as  examples  without  making  this  plainly  apparent,  but  in  hunting  for  instances 
to  illustrate  different  points,  I  have  sometimes  been  at  a  loss  to  supply  these  from  Arms  within  my 
own  knowledge,  and  have  taken  them  from  Pap  worth. 

My  sister.  Miss  Grace  Muriel  Fox-Davies,  has  very  materially  lightened  my  labours  and  assisted 
me  by  making  for  me  a  literal  translation  of  Herr  Strohl's  work,  a  task  for  which  past  residence 
in  Germany  had  well  qualified  her.  Nor  can  I  omit  to  tender  my  best  thanks  to  Miss  Helard  for  the 
trouble  she  has  undertaken  on  my  behalf  in  making  many  drawings  and  collecting  Heraldic  examples 
for  use  in  this  book. 

Amongst  others  to  whom  my  grateful  acknowledgments  are  due  and  are  sincerely  tendered, 
I  must  specially  thank  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  for  his  permission  to  reprint  a 
lecture  he  delivered  which  covered  the  ground  of  one  of  my  chapters  far  more  adequately  than  1 
could  have  dealt  with  the  matter  myself.  Mr.  C.  H.  Athill,  F.S.A.,  Richmond  Herald,  also  ;  he  has 
helped  me  most  materially  with  his  advice  as  to  the  selection  of  certain  examples  of  Heraldic  art,  and 
from  this  and  his  aid  towards  the  reproduction  of  these  examples  my  book  has  greatly  profited. 

Mr.  Cyril  Davenport,  F.S.A.,  very  kindly  helped  me  in  the  preparation  of  another  of  the  chapters 
in  the  book  which  dealt  with  a  subject  on  which  he  is  admittedly  an  authority. 

Mr.  Albert  Hartshorne,  F.S.A.,  similarly  undertook  another  chapter  on  a  subject  in  which  he 
has  specialised,  viz.,  Heraldic  Effigies;  and  Mr.  Walter  J.  Kaye,  F.S.A.,  wrote  the  chapter  on 
Heraldic  Brasses,  a  subject  in  connection  with  which  he  is  well  known. 

For  assistance  in  connection  with  the  production  of  some  of  the  plates  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  W.  Rae  Macdonald,  Carrick  Pursuivant  of  Arms,  and  other  kindly  help  I  acknowledge  with 
pleasure  from  Captain  Swinton,  March  Pursuivant ;  Mr.  Everard  Green,  Rouge  Dragon ;  and 
Mr.   G.  W.  Eve,  R.E. 

I  am  also  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  Vinycomb  for  a  most  excellent  and  very  practical  chapter,  and  to 
Rev.  J.  R.  Crawford  for  another  chapter. 

To  all  whose  names  I  have  mentioned  I  offer  my  sincere  thanks. 

To  the  several  others  who  promised  me  assistance,  but  have  failed  to  carry  out  their  promises, 
I  can  only  say  that  I  would  gladly  have  accepted  the  will  for  the  deed,  had  it  been  possible  to 
put  the  will  into  type. 


THE   ART   OF   HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    I 


THE   ORIGIN   OF   ARMORY 


RMORY  is  that  science 
of  which  the  rules 
and  the  laws  gov- 
ern the  use,  display, 
meaning,  and  know- 
ledge of  the  pic- 
tured signs  and  em- 
blems appertaining 
to  shield,  helmet,  or 
banner.  Heraldry 
has  a  wider  mean- 
ing, for  it  comprises 
everything  within 
the  duties  of  a  herald;  and  whilst  Armory  is 
undoubted  Heraldry,  the  regulation  of  ceremo- 
nials and  matters  of  pedigree,  which  are  also 
within  the  scope  of  Heraldry,  most  decidedly  are 
not  Armory. 

"  Armory "  relates  only  to  the  emblems  and  devices. 
"Armoury"  relates  to  the  weapons  themselves  as 
weapons  of  warfare,  or  to  the  place  used  for  the 
storing  of  the  weapons. 

The  word  "  Arms,"  like  many  other  words  in  the 
English  language,  has  several  meanings,  and  at  the 
present  day  is  used  in  several  senses.  It  may  mean 
the  weapons  themselves ;  it  may  mean  the  limbs  upon 
the  human  body.  Even  from  the  heraldic  point  of 
view  it  may  mean  the  entire  achievement,  but  it  is 
usually  intended  only  to  refer  to  the  device  upon  the 
shield. 

Of  the  exact  origin  of  arms  and  armory  nothing 
whatever  is  definitely  known,  and  it  becomes  difficult 
to  point  to  any  particular  period  as  the  period  covering 
the  origin  of  armory,  for  the  very  simple  reason  that 
it  is  much  more  difficult  to  decide  what  is  or  is  not  to 
be  admitted  as  armorial. 

Until  comparatively  recently  heraldic  books  referred 
armory  indifferently  to  the  tribes  of  Israel,  to  the 
Greeks,  to  the  Romans,  to  the  Assyrians  and  the 
Saxons ;  and  we  are  equally  familiar  with  the  "  Lion 
of  Judah "  and  the  "  Eagle  of  the  Csesars."  In  other 
directions  we  find  the  same  sort  of  thing,  for  it  has 
ever  been  the  practice  of  semi-civilised  nations  to 
bestow  or  to  assume  the  virtues  and  the  names  of 
animals  and  of  deities  as  symbols  of  honour.  We 
scarcely  need  refer  to  the  North  American  Indians 
for  proof  of  such  a  practice.  They  have  reduced  the 
subject  almost  to  an  exact  science;  and  there  cannot 
be  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  that  it  is  to  this  semi-savage 
practice  that  armory  is  to  be  traced  if  its  origin  is  to 
he  followed  out  to  its  logical  and  most  remote  begin- 
ning. Equally  is  it  certain  that  many  recognised 
heraldic  figures,  and  more  particularly  those  mythical 
creatures  of  which  the  armorial  menagerie  alone  has 
now   cognisance,   are   due   to    the   art    of  civilisations 


older  than  our  own,  and  the  legends  of  those  civOisa- 
tions  which  have  called  these  mythical  creatures  into 
being. 

The  widest  definition  of  armory  would  have  it  that 
any  pictorial  badge  which  is  used  by  an  individual  or 
a  family  with  the  meaning  that  it  is  a  badge  indicative 
of  that  person  or  family,  and  adopted  and  repeatedly 
used  in  that  sense,  is  heraldic.  If  such  be  your  defini- 
tion, you  may  ransack  the  Scriptures  for  the  arms  of 
the  tribes  of  Israel,  the  writings  of  the  Greek  and 
Roman  poets  for  the  decorations  of  the  armour  and 
the  persons  of  their  heroes,  mythical  and  actual,  and 
you  may  annex  numberless  "  heraldic "  instances  from 
the  art  of  Nineveh,  of  Babylon,  and  of  Egypt.  Your 
heraldry  is  of  the  beginning  and  from  the  beginning. 
It  is  fact,  but  is  it  heraldry  ?  Dame  Juliana  Berners' 
statement  m  the  "  Boke  of  St.  Albans  "  that  Christ  was 
a  gentleman  of  coat  armour  is  a  fable,  and  due  distinc- 
tion must  be  had  between  the  fact  and  the  fiction  in 
this  as  in  all  other  similar  cases. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Eve  in  his  "Decorative  Heraldry"  alludes 
to  and  illustrates  many  striking  examples  of  figures  of 
an  embryonic  type  of  heraldry,  of  which  the  best  are 
one  from  a  Chaldean  bas-relief  4000  B.C.,  the  earliest 
known  device  that  can  in  any  way  be  called  heraldic, 
and  another,  a  device  from  a  Byzantine  silk  of  the 
tenth  century.  Mr.  Eve  certainly  seems  inclined  to 
follow  the  older  heraldic  writers  in  giving  as  wide  an 
interpretation  as  possible  to  the  word  heraldic,  but  it 
is  significant  that  none  of  these  early  instances  which 
he  gives  appear  to  have  any  relation  to  a  shield,  so  that, 
even  if  it  be  conceded  that  the  figures  are  heraldic,  they 
certainly  cannot  be  said  to  be  armorial.  But  doubtless 
the  inclusion  of  such  instances  is  due  to  an  attempt, 
conscious  or  unconscious,  on  the  part  of  the  writers  who 
have  taken  their  stand  on  the  side  of  great  antiquity  to 
so  frame  the  definition  of  armory  that  it  shall  mclude 
everything  heraldic,  and  due  perhaps  somewhat  to  the 
half  unconscious  reasoning  that  these  mythical  animals, 
and  more  especially  the  peculiarly  heraldic  positions 
they  are  depicted  in,  which  nowadays  we  only  know  as 
part  of  armory,  and  which  exist  nowhere  else  within 
our  knowledge  save  within  the  charmed  circle  of 
heraldry,  must  be  evidence  of  the  great  antiquity  of 
that  science  or  art,  call  it  which  you  will.  But  it  is  a 
false  deduction,  due  to  a  confusion  of  premise  and  con- 
clusion. We  find  certain  figures  at  the  present  day 
purely  heraldic — we  find  those  figures  fifty  centuries 
ago.  It  certainly  seems  a  correct  conclusion  that, 
therefore,  heraldry  must  be  of  that  age.  But  is  not  the 
real  conclusion,  that,  our  heraldic  figures  being  so  old, 
it  is  evident  that  the  figures  originated  long  before 
heraldry  was  ever  thought  of,  and  that  instead  of  these 
mythical  figures  having  been  originated  by  the  necessi- 
ties of  heraldry,  and  being  part,  or  even  the  rudimentary 


1 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


origin  of  heraldry,  they  had  existed — -for  otlur  reasons 
and  furposes — and  that  when  the  science  of  heraldry 
sprang  into  being,  it  found  the  whole  range  of  its  forms 
and  charges  already  existing,  and  that  none  of  these 
figures  owe  their  being  to  heraldry  ?  The  gryphon  is 
supposed  to  have  originated,  as  is  the  double-neaded 
eagle,  from  the  dimidiation  of  two  coats  of  arms  re- 
sulting from  impalement  by  reason  of  marriage.  Both 
these  figures  were  known  ages  earlier.  Thus  departs 
yet  another  of  the  little  fictions  which  past  writers 
on  armory  have  fostered  and  perpetuated.  Whether 
the  ancient  Egyptians  and  Assyrians  knew  they  were 
depicting  mythical  animals,  and  did  it,  intending  them 
to  be  symbolical  of 
attributes  of  their 
deities,  something 
beyond  what  they 
were  familiar  with  in 
their  ordinary  life, 
we  do  not  know; 
nor  indeed  have  we 
any  certain  know- 
ledge that  there 
have  never  been 
animals  of  which 
their  figures  are  but 
imperfect  and  crude 
representations. 

But  it  does  not  ne- 
cessarily follow  that 
because  an  Egyptian 
artist  drew  a  certain 
figure,  which  figure 
is  now  appropriated 
to  the  peculiar  use 
of  armory,  that 
he  knew  anything 
whatever  of  the 
laws  of  armory. 
Further,  where  is 
this  argument  to 
end  ?  There  is  no- 
thing peculiarly  her- 
aldic about  the  lion 
passant,statant,  dor- 
mant, couchant,  or 
salient,  and  though 
heraldic  artists  may 
for  the  sake  of 
artistic  appearance 
distort  the  brute 
away  from  his  na- 
tural figure,  the 
rampant  is  alone  the 
position  which  ex- 
ists not  in  nature ; 
and  if  the  argument 

is  to  be  applied  to  the  bitter  end,  heraldry  must  be 
taken  back  to  the  very  earliest  instance  which  exists 
of  any  representation  of  a  lion.  The  proposition  is 
absurd.  The  ancient  artists  drew  their  lions  how  they 
liked,  regardless  of  armory  and  its  laws,  which  did 
not  then  exist;  and,  from  decorative  reasons,  they 
evolved  a  certain  number  of  methods  of  depicting  the 
positions  of  e.g.  the  lion  and  the  eagle  to  suit  their  deco- 
rative purposes.  When  heraldry  came  into  existence  it 
came  in  as  an  adjunct  of  decoration,  and  it  necessarily 
followed  that  the  whole  of  the  positions  in  which  the 
craftsmen  found  the  eagle  or  the  lion  depicted  were  ap- 
propriated with  the  animals  for  heraldry.  That  this 
appropriation  for  the  exclusive  purposes  of  armory  has 
been  silently  acquiesced  in  by  the  decorative  artists  of 


Fig  1.— The  arms  o£  Sii-  Edward  Malet,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  and  of  his  wife  Lady  Ermyn- 
trude,  with  the  supporters  granted  to  the  former  arms:  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  azure,  three 
escallops  or  (for  Malet) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  two  demi-lions  passant  guardant  in  pale  or  (for 
Hatche),  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded  by  the  circle  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and 
by  the  collars  and  pendent  therefrom  the  badges  of  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  that 
Order,  and  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George  ;  and  impaling  upon  a  second 
escutcheon  the  arms  of  Eussell,  namely :  argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  on  a  chief 
sable,  three  escallops  of  the  field.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting 
his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  or ;  and  for  his  crest,  out  of  a  ducal  coronet 
or,  an  heraldic  tiger's  head  ermine ;  and  for  his  supporters,  on  either  side  of  the 
escutcheon  a  sphinx,  the  upper  part  proper,  the  lower  ermine,  hooded  and  charged 
on  the  shoulder  with  an  escallop  or;  with  the  motto,  "  Ma  force  de  en  hault." 


later  days  is  simply  proof  of  the  intense  power  and 
authority  which  accrued  later  to  armory,  and  which  was 
in  fact  attached  to  anything  relating  to  privilege  and 
prerogative.  To  put  it  baldly,  the  dominating  authority 
of  heraldry  and  its  dogmatic  protection  by  the  Powers 
that  were,  appropriated  certain  figures  to  its  use,  and 
then  defied  any  one  to  use  them  for  more  humble 
decorative  purposes  not  allied  with  armory.  And  it  is 
the  trail  of  this  autocratic  appropriation,  and  from  the 
decorative  point  of  view  this  arrogant  appropriation, 
which  can  be  traced  in  the  present  idea  that  a  griffin  or  a 
spread  eagle  for  example  must  be  heraldic.  Consequently 
the  argument  as  to  the  antiquity  of  heraldry  which  is 

founded  upon  the 
discovery  of  the 
heraldic  creature  in 
the  remote  ages  goes 
by  the  board.  One 
practical  instance 
may  perhaps  more 
fully  demonstrate 
my  meaning.  There 
is  one  figure,  pro- 
bably the  most  beau- 
tiful of  all  of  those 
which  we  owe  to 
Egypt,  which  is  now 
rapidly  being  ab- 
sorbed into  herald- 
ry. I  refer  to  the 
Sphinx.  This,  whilst 
strangely  in  keeping 
with  the  remaining 
mythical  heraldic 
figures,  for  some 
reason  or  other  es- 
caped the  exclusive 
appropriation  of  ar- 
morial use  until 
within  modern 
times.  One  of  the 
earliest  instances  of 
its  use  in  recognised 
armory  occurs  in 
the  grant  to  Sir 
John  Moore,  K.B., 
the  hero  of  Corunna, 
and  another  will  be 
found  in  the  aug- 
mentation granted 
to  Admiral  Sir  Alex- 
ander Coohrane,K.B. 
(See  Plate  LXVIII.) 
Since  then  it  has 
been  used  on  some 
number  of  occasions. 


It  has  certainly  re- 
mained, however,  ior  the  present  Garter  King  of  Arms 
to  evolve  from  the  depths  of  his  imagination  a  position 
which  no  Egyptian  sphinx  ever  occupied,  when  he  granted 
two  oi  them  as  supporters  to  Sir  Edward  Malet,  G.C.B. 
(Fig.  i).  The  Sphinx  has  also  been  adopted  as  the  badge 
of  one  of  his  Majesty's  regiments,  and  I  have  very  little 
doubt  that  now  Egypt  has  come  under  our  control  the 
Sphinx  will  figure  in  some  number  of  the  grants  of  the 
future  to  commemorate  fortunes  made  in  that  country, 
or  lifetimes  spent  in  the  Egyptian  services.  If  this  be  so, 
the  dominating  influence  of  armory  will  doubtless  in  the 
course  of  another  century  have  given  to  the  Sphinx,  as 
it  has  to  many  other  objects,  a  distinctly  heraldic  nature 
and  character  in  the  mind  of  the  "  man  in  the  street " 
to  which  we  nowadays  so  often  refer  the  arbitrament 


PLATE   I. 


PUBLIC 


HERALDS    IN    OFFICIAL   DRESS. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


between  conflicting  opinions.  Perhaps  in  the  even  yet 
more  remote  future,  when  the  world  in  general  accepts 
as  a  fact  that  armory  did  not  exist  at  the  time  of  the 
Norman  Conquest,  we  shall  have  some  interesting  and 
enterprising  individual  writmg  a  book  to  demonstrate 
that  because  the  Sphinx  existed  in  Egypt  long  before 
the  days  of  Cleopatra,  heraldry  must  of  necessity  be 
equally  antique. 

I  have  no  wish,  however,  to  dismiss  thus  lightly  the 
subject  of  the  antiquity  of  heraldry,  because^there  is 
one  side  of  the  question  which  I  have  not  yet  touched 
upon,  and  that  is,  the  symbolism  of  these  ancient 
and  so-called  heraldic  examples.  There  is  no  doubt 
whatever  that  symbolism  forms  an  integral  part  of 
armory;  in  fact  there  is  no  doubt  that  armory  itself 
as  a  whole  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  a  kind  of 
symbohsm.  I  have  no  sympathy  whatever  with  many 
of  the  ideas  concerning  this  symbohsm,  which  will  be 
found  in  nearly  all  heraldic  books  before  the  day  of 
the  late  J.  K.  Planche,  Somerset  Herald,  who  tired  the 
tram  which  exploded  then  and  for  ever  the  absurd  ideas 
of  former  writers.  That  an  argent  field  meant  purity, 
that  a  field  of  gules  meant  royal  or  even  martial  ances- 
tors, that  a  saltire  meant  the  capture  of  a  city,  or  a  lion 
rampant  noble  and  enviable  qualities,  I  utterly  deny. 
But  that  nearly  every  coat  of  arms  for  any  one  of  the 
name  of  Fletcher  bears  upon  it  in  some  form  or  another 
an  arrow  or  an  arrow-head,  because  the  origin  of  the 
name  comes  from  the  occupation  of  the  fletcher,  who 
was  an  arrowmaker,  is  true  enough.  Symbolism  of  that 
kind  will  be  found  constantly  in  armory,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  foxes  and  foxes'  heads  in  the  various  coats  of  Fox, 
the  lions  in  the  coats  of  arm's  of  Lyons,  the  horse  in  the 
arms  of  Trotter,  and  the  acorns  in  the  arms  of  Oakes;  in 
fact  by  far  the  larger  proportion  of  the  older  coats  of 
arms,  where  they  can  be  traced  to  their  real  origin, 
exhibit  some  such  derivation.  There  is  another  kind 
of  symbolism  which  formerly,  and  still,  favours  the 
introduction  of  swords  and  spears  and  bombshells  into 
grants  of  arms  to  military  men,  that  gives  bezants  to 
bankers  and  those  connected  with  money,  and  that 
assigns  woolpaoks  and  cotton-plants  to  the  shields  of 
textile  merchants ;  but  that  is  a  sane  and  reasonable 
symbohsm,  which  the  reputed  symbolism  of  the  earlier 
heraldry  books  was  not. 

It  has  yet  to  be  demonstrated,  however,  though  the 
beUef  is  very  generally  credited,  that  all  these  very 
ancient  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  figures  of  a  heraldic 
character  had  anything  of  symbolism  about  them. 
But  even  granting  the  whole  symbohsm  which  is 
claimed  for  them,  we  get  but  little  further.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  the  eagle  from  untold  ages  has  had  an 
imperial  symbolism  which  it  stUl  possesses.  But  that 
symbolism  is  not  necessarily  heraldic,  and  it  is  much 
more  probable  that  heraldry  appropriated  both  the 
eagle  and  its  symbolism  ready  made,  and  together :  con- 
sequently, if,  as  we  have  shown,  the  existence  of  the 
eagle  is  not  proof  of  the  coeval  existence  of  heraldry, 
no  more  is  the  existence  of  the  symbolical  imperial  eagle. 
For  if  we  are  to  regard  all  symbohsm  as  heraldic,  where 
are  we  either  to  begin  or  to  end  ?  Church  vestments 
and  ecclesiastical  emblems  are  symbolism  run  riot ;  in 
fact  they  are  httle  else.  But  by  no  stretch  of  imagina- 
tion can  these  be  considered  heraldic  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  few  (for  example  the  crosier,  the  mitre, 
and  the  pallium)  which  heraldry  has  appropriated  ready 
made.  Therefore,  though  heraldry  appropriated  ready 
made  from  other  decorative  art,  and  from  nature  and 
handicraft,  the  whole  of  its  charges,  and  though  it  is 
evident  heraldry  also  appropriated  ready  made  a  great 
deal  of  its  symbolism,  neither  the  earlier  existence  of 
the  forms  which  it  appropriated,  nor  the  earlier  exist- 


ence of  their  symbolism,  can  be  said  to  weigh  at  all  as 
determining  factors  in  the  consideration  of  the  age  of 
heraldry.  Sloane  Evans  in  his  "Grammar  of  Heraldry  " 
(p.  ix.)  gives  the  following  instances  as  evidence  of  the 
greater  antiquity,  and  they  are  worthy  at  any  rate  of 
attention  if  the  matter  is  to  be  impartially  considered. 

"  The  antiquity  of  ensigns  and  symbols  may  be  proved  by 
reference  to  Holy  Writ. 

"  I.  'Take  ye  the  sum  of  all  the  congregation  of  the 
chDdreu  of  Israel,  after  theu-  families,  by  the  house  of  theii' 
fathers,  with  the  number  of  their  names.  .  .  .  And  they  as- 
sembled all  the  congregation  together  on  the  first  day  of  the 
second  month  ;  and  they  declared  their  pedigrees  after  their 
famUies,  by  the  house  of  their  fathers,  according  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  names,  from  twenty  years  old  and  upward.  .  .  . 
And  the  children  of  Israel  shall  pitch  their  tents,  every  man 
by  his  own  camp,  and  every  man  by  his  own  standard, 
throughout  their  hosts'  (Numbers  i.  2,  18,  52). 

"  2.  'Every  man  of  the  children  of  Israel  shall  pitch  by 
his  own  standard,  with  the  ensign  of  their  father's  house ' 
(Numbers  ii.  2). 

"3.  'And  the  children  of  Israel  did  according  to  aU  that 
the  Lord  commanded  Moses :  so  they  pitched  by  theii' 
standards,  and  so  they  set  forward,  every  one  after  their 
families,  according  to  the  house  of  their  fathers '  (Numbers 
ii-  34)-" 

The  Latin  and  Greek  ^oets  and  historians  afford 
numerous  instances  of  the  use  of  symbohc  ornaments 
and  devices.  It  will  be  sufficient  in  this  work  to  quote 
from  ^schylus  and  Virgil,  as  poets ;  Herodotus  and 
Tacitus,  as  historians. 


^SCHYLUS. 

[Sepiem  contra  Thebas.) 

The  poet  here  introduces  a  dialogue  between  Eteocles, 
King  of  Thebes,  the  women  who  composed  the  chorus, 
and  a  herald  (xrjpv^),  which  latter  is  pointing  out  the 
seven  captains  or  chiefs  of  the  army  of  Adi-astus  against 
Thebes ;  distinguishing  one  from  another  by  the  em- 
blematical devices  upon  their  shields. 

I.  Tydeus. 

("  Totavi'  dvTuJv, — lo^KTog  dt^^aXjLtci?  TrpeTret." — Lines  380-386.) 

"...  Frowning  he  speaks,  and  shakes 
The  dark  crest  streaming  o'er  his  shaded  helm 
In  triple  wave ;  whilst  di-eadful  ring  around 
The  brazen  bosses  of  his  shield,  impress'd 
With  his  proud  argument : — '  A  sable  sky 
Burning  with  stars ;  and  in  the  midst  full  orb'd 
A  silver  moon  ; ' — the  eye  of  night  o'er  aU, 
Awful  in  beauty,  forms  her  peerless  light." 

2.  Capaneus. 

(""Ex"  S€  (rij^,— IIPH2H  no AIN."— Lines  428-430.) 

"  On  his  proud  shield  pourtray'd  :  '  A  naked  man 
Waves  in  his  hand  a  blazing  torch ; '  beneath 
In  golden  letters — '  I  wiU  fii-e  the  city.'  " 

3.  Eteodus. 

{^^"¥,uxi)ii.a.TarTa.i, — Trvpyw^aTui/." — Lines  461-465.) 

"...  No  mean  device 
Is  sculptured  on  his  shield  :  '  A  man  in  arms. 
His  ladder  fix'd  against  the  enemies'  waUs, 
Mounts,  resolute,  to  rend  their  rampires  down  ; ' 
And  cries  aloud  (the  letters  plainly  mai-k'd), 
'  Not  Mai-s  himself  shall  beat  me  from  the  Tow'rs.'  " 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


4.  IIi2)/>o»ie(lu7i. 

("'O  minaTovpyiKi — cjiofioi'  fiXmm''" — Liuos  487-494.) 

"    .  .  .  On  its  01b,  no  vulgar  artist 
Expressed  this  image :  '  A  Typhjeus  huge, 
Disgorging  from  liis  foul  enfoulder'd  jaws, 
In  fieico  eifusiou  wreaths  of  dusky  smoke. 
Signal  of  kindling  flames;  its  bending  voi'ge 
With  folds  of  twisted  serpents  border'd  round.' 
With  shouts  the  giant-chief  provokes  the  war, 
And  in  the  ravings  of  outrageous  valour 
Glares  terror  from  his  eyes  .  .   ." 

5.  Parthenopaius. 

'  'Or  /iiyr  aKu/iTrau-Tos — lairTeirdai.  BeAi;." — Lines  534-540.) 

"  .  .  .   Upon  his  clashing  shield. 
Whose  orl)  sustiiins  the  storm  of  war,  he  bears 
The  foul  disgrace  of  Thebes: — '  A  rav'nous  Sphynx 
t'ixed  to  the  plates  :   the  bui'nish'd  monster  round 
Pours  a  portentous  gleam  :  beneath  her  lies 
A  Tlieban,  mangled  by  her  cruel  fangs : ' — 
'Gainst  this  let  each  brave  arm  direct  the  spear." 


("  Totaw^  o  imi'TL<i, 


6.  Amphiaraus. 


4.  ("  Sequitur  pulcherrimus  Astur — insigne  paterna;." 
— Lib.  X.  lines  1 80- 188.) 

"  L<'air  Astur  follows  in  the  wat'ry  field. 
Proud  of  his  manag'd  horse,  and  painted  shield. 
Thou  muse,  the  name  of  Cinyras  renew. 
And  brave  Oupavo,  f ollow'd  but  by  few ; 
Whose  helm  confess'd  the  lineage  of  the  man. 
And  boi'e,  with  wings  display'd,  a  silver  swan. 
Love  was  the  fault  of  his  fam'd  ancestry. 
Whose  forms  and  fortunes  in  his  Ensigns  fly." 

HERODOTUS. 

I.  CUo,  §  171. 

("  Kat  o'</)t  Tpt^u.  €^evp/]fj.aTa  iy^i'ero — ra  cn//X(Jia  woiliiTdaL.") 

"  And  to  them  is  allowed  the  invention  of  three  things, 
which  have  come  into  use  among  the  Greeks : — For  the 
Uarians  seem  to  be  the  first  who  put  crests  upon  their  hel- 
mets and  sculptiu'ed  devices  u[)0n  their  shields." 

2.  Callinpe,  §  74. 

("'O  oerepos  rwr  Xoymv — ktrla-ijiiuv  ayKv/xtr.") 

"  Those  who  deny  this  statement  assert  that  he  (Sophanes) 
-Linos  587-591.)      bare  on  his  shield,  as  a  device,  an  anchor." 


"So  spoke  the  prophet;  and  with  awful  port 
Advanc'd  his  mas.sy  shield, 'the  shining  orb 
Beixring  no  impress,  for  his  gen'rous  soul 
Wishes  to  be,  not  to  appear,  the  best ; 
And  from  the  culture  of  his  modest  worth 
Bejirs  the  rich  fruit  of  great  and  glorious  deeds." 

7.  I'olijnkes. 

("'K^yet  5e — ra  ^eu^iyjaara." — Lines  639-646.) 

"...  His  well-orb'd  shield  he  holds. 
New-wrought,  and  with  a  double  impress  charg'd  : 
'  A  warrior,  blazing  all  in  golden  arms, 
A  female  form  of  modest  aspect  leads  ; ' 
Expressing  justice,  as  th'  inscription  speaks, 
'  Yet  once  more  to  his  country,  and  once  more 
To  his  Paternal  Throne  I  will  restoi'O  him ' — 
Such  theii'  devices  .   .    ." 

VIRGIL. 

(Tlie  ^neid.) 

I    ("Atque  hie  exultans — insigne- decorum." 
— Lib.  ii.  lines  386-392.) 

"  Chora'bus,  with  youthful  hopes  beguil'd, 
Swol'n  witli  success,  and  of  a  daring  mind, 
This  new  invention  fa.fci,lly  design'd. 
'My  frienils,'  said  ho,  'since  foi'tuno  .shows  the  way, 
'Tis  fit  we  .should  the  auspicious  guide  obey. 
For  what  has  she  those  Grecian  arms  bestowed. 
But  their  destruction,  and  the  Trojan's  good? 
Then  change  we  shields,  and  tlieir  devices  bear; 
Let  fraud  supply  the  want  of  foi'<'e  in  war. 
They  find  us  arms.'  -This  sjiid,  himself  he  dress'd 
In  dead  Androgeos'  .spoils,  his  upper  vest, 
Uis  painted  buckler,  and  liis  plumy  crest." 

2.   ("  Post  hos  insignem — serpentibiis  hydram." 
— Lib.  vii.  lines  655-658.) 

"  Next  Aventinus  drives  his  chariot  round 
The  Litian  pl.iins,  with  palms  and  laurels  crown'd. 
Proud  of  his  steeds,  he  smokes  along  the  field  ; 
His  father's  hydra  fills  his  am]ile  shield  ; 
A  hundred  ser|ients  hiss  about  tlce  brims; 
The  son  of  Hercules  he  justly  seeni.s, 
By  his  broad  .shoulders  and  gigantic  limbs." 


TACITUS. 

{The  Amials. — Lib.  i.) 

I.   (Tum  rodire  paulatiiu — in  sedes  referuut." — Cap.  28.) 

"They  relinquislied  the  guard  of  the  gates;  and  the 
Eagles  and  other  Ensigns,  wTiich  in  the  beginning  of  the 
Tumult  they  had  thrown  together,  were  now  restored  each 
to  its  distinct  station." 

Potter,  in  his  "Antiquities  of  Greece"  (Dunbar's 
edition,  Edinburgh,  1824,  vol.  ii.  page  79),  thus  speaks 
of  the  ensigns  or  flags  (ai]/j,eia)  used  by  the  Grecians  in 
tlieir  military  att'airs :  "  Of  tliesc  there  were  different 
sorts,  several  of  which  wore  adorned  with  images  of 
animals,  or  other  things  bearing  peculiar  relations  to 
the  cities  they  belong  to.  The  Athenians,  for  instance, 
bore  an  owl  in  their  ensigns  (I'lutarohus  Lysandro),  as 
being  sacred  to  Minerva,  the  protectress  of  their  city ;  the 
Thebans  a  SpJii/nx  (idem  relopidas,  Cornelius  Nepos, 
EpamLnondas),  in  memory  of  the  famous  monster  over- 
come by  Qi]dipus.  The  Persians  paid  divine  honours 
to  the  sun,  and  therefore  represented  him  in  their 
ensigns"  (Curtius,  lib.  3).  Again  (in  page  150),  speak- 
ing of  the  ornauionls  and  devices  on  their  ships,  he 
says :  "  Some  other  things  there  are  in  the  prow  and 
stern  that  deserve  our  notice,  as  those  ornaments 
wherewith  the  extremities  of  the  ship  were  bcautitied, 
commonly  called  uKpovea  (or  veSiv  KopcoinSe^),  in  Latin, 
Coryinlii.  The  form  of  them  sometimes  represented 
helmets,  sometimes  living  creatures,  but  most  frequently 
was  winded  into  a  round  compass,  whence  they  are 
so  commonly  named  C'ori/'inbi  and  Gurnntv.  To  the 
uKpoaToXia  in  the  prow,  answered  the  atpXaara  in  tlie 
stern,  which  were  often  of  an  orbicular  figure,  or 
fashioned  like  wings,  to  which  a  little  shield  called 
aawiSeioi',  or  daTTiSla-m],  was  Ircquontly  affixed ;  some- 
times a  piece  of  wood  was  erected,  whereon  ribbons  of 
divers  eoloiu's  wore  hung,  and  served  instead  of  a  flag 
to  distinguish  the  ship.  Xijin'aKo';  was  so  called  from 
Xj/i/,  a  Guone,  whose  figure  it  resembled,  because  geese 
were  looked  on  as  fortunate  omens  to  mariners,  for 
that  they  swim  on  the  top  of  the  waters  and  sink  not. 
Uapaa-T^pov  was  the  Hag  whereby  ships  were  distin- 
guished from  one  another ;  it  was  placed  in  the  prow, 
just   below  the   o-toXo?,  being   sometimes   carved,   and 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


frequently  painted,  whence  it  is  in  Latin  termed  2'>ic- 
tura,  representing  the  form  of  a  mountain,  a  tree,  a 
jiower,  or  any  other  thing,  wherein  it  was  distinguished 
from  what  was  called  tutela,  or  the  safeguard  of  the 
ship,  which  always  represented  some  one  of  the  gods,  to 
whose  care  and  protection  the  ship  was  recommended ; 
for  which  reason  it  was  held  sacred.  Now  and  then 
wo  find  the  tutela  taken  for  the  Uapdarnxov,  and  per- 
haps sometimes  the  images  of  gods  might  be  repre- 
sented on  the  flags ;  by  some  it  is  placed  also  in  the 
prow,  but  by  most  authors  of  credit  assigned  to  the 
stern.    Thus  Ovid  in  his  Epistle  to  Paris : — 

'  Accipit  et  piotos  puppis  adunca  Decs.' 

'  The  stern  with  painted  deities  i-ichly  shines.' 

"  The  ship  wherein  Europa  was  conveyed  from 
Phosnicia  into  Crete  had  a  hull  for  its  flag,  and 
Jiq)iter  for  its  tutelar  deity.  The  Bu^otian  ships  had 
for  their  tutelar  god  Cadmus,  represented  with  a 
dragon  in  his  hand,  because  he  was  the  founder  of 
Thebes,  the  principal  city  of  Bteotia.  The  name  of 
the  ship  was  usually  taken  from  the  flag,  as  appears 
in  the  following  passage  of  Ovid,  where  he  tells  us 
his  ship  received  its  name  from  the  helmet  painted 
upon  it: — 

'  Est  mihi,  sitque,  precor,  flavie  tutela  Minervse, 
Navis  et  h  pictei  casside  nomen  habit.' 

'  Minerva  is  the  goddess  I  adore, 
And  may  she  grant  the  blessings  I  implore  ; 
The  ship  its  name  a  painted  helmet  gives.' 

"  Hence  comes  the  frequent  mention  of  ships  called 
Pegasi,  ScylUv,  Bulls,  Rams,  Tigers,  &c.,  which  the 
poets  took  liberty  to  represent  as  living  creatures  that 
transported  their  riders  from  one  country  to  another; 
nor  was  there  (according  to  some)  any  other  ground 
for  those  known  fictions  of  Pegasus,  the  winged  Belle- 
rophon,  or  the  Ram  which  is  reported  to  have  carried 
Pnryxus  to  Colchos." 

To  quote  another  very  learned  author :  "  The  system 
of  hieroglyphics,  or  symbols,  was  adopted  into  every 
mysterious  institution,  for  the  purpose  of  concealing 
the  most  sublime  secrets  of  religion  from  the  prying 
curiosity  of  the  vulgar ;  to  whom  nothing  was  exposed 
but  the  beauties  of  their  morality.  (See  Kamsay's 
'  Travels  of  Cyrus,'  Ub.  3.)  '  The  old  Asiatic  style,  so 
highly  figurative,  seems,  by  what  we  find  of  its  remains 
in  the  prophetic  language  of  the  sacred  writers,  to  have 
been  evidently  fashioned  to  the  mode  of  the  ancient 
hieroglyphics ;  for  as  in  hieroglyphic  writing  the  sun, 
moon,  and  stars  were  used  to  represent  states  and 
empires,  kings,  queens,  and  nobility — their  eclipse  and 
extinction,  temporary  disasters,  or  entire  overthrow — 
fire  and  flood,  desolation  by  war  and  famine  ;  plants 
or  animals,  the  qualities  of  particular  persons,  &o. ;  so, 
in  like  manner,  the  Holy  Prophets  call  kings  and 
empires  by  the  names  of  the  heavenly  luminaries ; 
then-  misfortunes  and  overthrow  are  represented  by 
eclipses  and  extinction ;  stars  falling  from  the  firma- 
ment are  employed  to  denote  the  destruction  of  the 
nobility;  thunder  and  tempestuous  winds,  hostile 
invasions ;  lions,  bears,  leopards,  goats,  or  high  trees, 
leaders  of  armies,  conquerors,  and  founders  of  empires  ; 
royal  dignity  is  described  by  purple,  or  a  crown ;  ini- 
quity by  spotted  garments;  a  warrior  by  a  sword  or 
bow;  a  powerful  man,  by  a  gigantic  stature;  a  judge 
by  balance,  weights,  and  measures — in  a  word,  the 
prophetic  style  seems  to  be  a  speaking  hieroglyphic' " 

It  seems  to  me,  however,  that  the  whole  of  these  are 
no  more  than  symbolism,  though  they  are  undoubtedly 


symbolism  of  a  high  and  methodical  order,  little  re- 
moved from  our  own  armory.  Personally  I  do  not 
consider  them  to  be  armory,  but  if  the  word  is  to  be 
stretched  to  the  utmost  latitude  to  permit  of  their 
inclusion,  one  certain  conclusion  follows.  That  if  the 
heraldry  of  that  day  had  an  orderly  existence,  it  most 
certainly  came  absolutely  to  an  end  and  disappeared. 
Armory  as  we  know  it,  the  armory  of  to-day,  which  as 
a  system  is  traced  back  to  the  period  of  the  Crusades, 
is  no  mere  continuation  by  adoption.  It  is  a  distinct 
development  and  a  re-development  ah  initio.  Un- 
doubtedly there  is  a  period  in  the  early  development 
of  European  civilisation  which  is  destitute  alike  of 
armory,  or  of  anything  of  that  nature.  The  civilisa- 
tion of  Europe  is  not  the  civilisation  of  Egypt,  of 
Greece,  or  of  Rome,  nor  a  continuation  thereof,  but  a 
new  development,  and  though  each  of  these  in  its, 
turn  attained---a  high  degree  of  civilisation  and  may 
have  separately  developed  a  heraldic  symbolism  nmch 
akin  to  armory,  as  a  natural  consequence  of  its  own  de- 
velopment, as  the  armory  we  Icnow  is  a  development  of 
its  own  consequent  upon  the  rise  of  our  own  civilisation, 
nevertheless  it  is  unjustifiable  to  attempt  to  establish 
continuity  between  the  ordered  symbolism  of  earlier 
but  distinct  civilisations,  and  our  own  present  system 
of  armory.  The  one  and  only  civilisation  which  has 
preserved  its  continuity  is  that  of  the  Jewish  race. 
In  spite  of  persecution  they  have  preserved  unchanged 
the  minutest  details  of  ritual  law  and  ceremony,  the 
causes  of  their  suftering.  Had  heraldry,  which  is  and 
has  always  been  a  matter  of  pride,  formed  a  part  of 
their  distinctive  life  we  should  find  it  still  existing. 
Yet  the  fact  remains  that  no  trace  of  Jewish  heraldry 
can  be  found  until  quite  recent  times,  when  it  has  in 
a  few  cases  been  adopted  from  Christian  civilisation. 
Consequently  I  accept  unquestioningly  the  conclusions 
of  the  late  J.  R.  Planche,  Somerset  Herald,  who  un- 
hesitatingly asserted  that  armory  did  not  exist  at  the 
time  of  the  Conquest,  basing  his  conclusions  principally 
upon  the  entire  absence  of  armory  from  the  seals  of 
that  period,  and  the  Bayeux  tapestry. 

The  family  tokens  (mon)  of  the  Japanese,  however, 
fulfil  very  nearly  all  of  the  essentials  of  armory,  al- 
though considered  heraldically  they  may  appear  some- 
what peculiar  to  European  eyes.  Though  perhaps  never 
forming  the  entire  decoration  of  a  shield,  they  do  appear 
upon  weapons  and  armour,  and  are  used  most  lavishly 
in  the  decoration  of  clothing,  rooms,  furniture,  and  in 
fact  almost  every  conceivable  object,  being  employed 
for  decorative  purposes  in  precisely  the  same  manners 
and  methods  that  armorial  devices  are  decoratively 
made  use  of  in  this  country.  A  Japanese  of  the  upper 
classes  always  has  his  mon  in  three  places  upon  his 
kimono,  usually  at  the  back  just  below  the  collar  and  on 
either  sleeve.  The  Japanese  servants  also  wear  their 
service  badge  in  much  the  same  manner  that  in  olden 
days  the  badge  was  worn  by  the  servants  of  a  nobleman. 
The  design  of  the  service  badge  oc- 
cupies the  whole  available  surface 
of  the  back,  and  Ls  reproduced  in  a 
miniature  form  on  each  lappel  of 
the  kimono.  Unfortunately,  like 
armorial  bearings  in  Europe,  but  to 
a  far  greater  extent,  the  Japanese 
mon  has  been  greatly  pirated  and 
abused. 

Fig.  2,  "  Kiku  -  non  -  hana  -  mon," 
formed  from  the  conventionalised 
bloom  (hana)  of  the  chrysanthemum, 
is  the  mon  of  the  State.  It  is  formed  of  sixteen  petals 
arranged  in  a  cu-cle,  and  connected  on  the  outer  edge 
by  small  curves  (see  Plate  CXV.  Fig.  13). 


Fig.  2. — Kikn-non- 
hana-mon.  State 
Moil  of  Japan. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  3,  "  Kiri-mon,"  is  the  personal  vion  of  the 
Mikado,  formed  of  the  leaves  and  tiower  of  the  Paulowna 
imperialis,  conventionally  treated. 


Fig.  3. — Kiri-mon. 
Moti  of  the 
Mikado. 


Fig.  4. — Awoi-iuun. 
Mon  of  the  House 
of  Minamoto  To- 
kiigawa.  ] 


Fig.  4,  "Awoi-mon,"  is  the  mon  of  the  House  of 
'Minamoto  Tokugawa,  and  is  composed  ot  three  sea- 
leaves  (Asarimi).  The  Tokugawa  reigned  over  the 
country  as  Shogune  from  1603  until  the  last  revolu- 
tion in  1867,  before  which  time  the  Emperor  (the 
Mikado)  was  only  nominally  the  ruler. 

Fig.  5  shows  the  mon  of  the  House  of  Minamoto  Ashi- 
kaya,  which  from  1336  until  1 573  enjoyed  the  Shogunat. 


Fig.  s.—Mon  of  the 
House  of  Mina- 
moto Ashikaya, 


Fig.  6. — Tomoye.  3!on 
of  the  House  of 
Arina. 


Fig.  6  shows  the  second  mon  of  the  House  of  Arina, 
Tomoye,  which  is  used,  however,  throughout  Japan  as  a 
sim  of  luck. 


Fig.  7. — Double  eagle 
on  a  coin  {drachma) 
under  the  Ortho- 
^ide  of  Kaifa  Na9r 
EdinMahmud,i2l7. 


Fig.  8.— "Arms  (!)" 
of  the  Mameluke 
Emir  Toka  Timur, 
Governor  of  Ra- 
haba,  1350. 


Fig.  9- — Lily  on  the 
Bab  -  al  -  Hadid 
gate  at  Damas- 
cus. 


Fig.  10 — "Armsi:)"  Fig.  II.— "Arms(!)"  FiG.  12.— Alleged  Arms 
ot  the  Emir  Ar-  of  the  Mameluke  of  Abu  Abdallah, 
katiiy  (a  band  be-         Emir  Schaikhu.  Mohammed  ibn  Nafr, 

tween  two  keys).  King  of  Granada,  said 

to  be  the  builder  of 
the  Alhambra  (1231- 
1272). 

The  Saracens  and  the  Moors,  to  whom  we  owe  the 
origin  of  so  many  of  our  recognised  heraldic  charges 
and  the  derivation  of  some. of  our  terms  {e.g.  "gules," 
from  the  Persian  gid,  and  "azure,"  from  the  Persian 
lazurd),  had  evidently  on  their  part  something  more  than 
the  rudiments  of  armory,  as  Figs.  7  to  12  will  indicate. 


One  ot  the  best  definitions  of  a  coat  of  arms  that  I 
know,  though  this  is  not  perfect,  requu'es  the  twofold 
qualitioation  that  the  design  must  be  hereditary  and 
must  be  connected  with  armour.  And  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  theory  of  armory  as  we  now  know  it  is 
governed  by  those  two  ideas.  The  shields  and  the  crests, 
S'  any  decoration  of  a  helmet  is  to  be  called  a  crest,  of  the 
Greeks  and  the  Romans  undoubtedly  come  within  the  one 
requirement.  .Also  were  they  indicative  of  and  perhaps 
intended  to  be  symbolical  of  the  owner.  They  lacked, 
however,  heredity,  and  we  have  no  proof  that  the  badges 
we  read  of,  or  the  decorations  of  shield  and  helmet,  were 
continuous  even  during  a  single  lifetime.  Certainly  as 
we  now  understand  the  term  there  must  be  both  con- 
tinuity of  use,  if  the  arms  be  impersonal,  or  heredity  if 
the  arms  be  personal.  Likewise  must  there  be  their 
use  as  decorations  of  the  implements  of  warfare. 

If  we  exact  these  qualifications  as  essential,  armory 
as  a  fact  and  as  a  science  is  a  product  of  later  days  and  is 
the  evolution  from  the  idea  of  tribal  badges  and  tribal 
means  and  methods  of  honour  applied  to  the  decoration 
of  implements  of  warfare.  It  is  the  conjunction  and 
association  of  these  two  distinct  ideas  to  which  is  added 
the  no  less  important  idea  of  heredity.  The  civilisation 
of  England  before  the  Conquest  has  left  us  no  trace 
of  any  sort  or  kind  that  the  Saxons,  the  Danes,  or  the 
Celts  either  knew  or  practised  armory.  So  that  if 
armory  as  we  know  it  is  to  be  traced  to  the  period  of 
the  Norman  Conquest,  we  must  look  for  it  as  an  adjunct 
of  the  altered  civilisation  and  the  altered  law  which 
Duke  William  brought  into  this  country.  Such  evi- 
dence as  exists  is  to  the  contrary,  there  is  nothing  that 
can  be  truly  termed  armorial  in  that  marvellous  piece 
of  cotemporaneous  workmanship  known  as  the  Bayeux 
tapestry. 

Concerning  the  Bayeux  tapestry  and  the  evidence  it 
ailords.  Woodward  and  Burnett's  "  Treatise  on  Heraldry," 
apparently  following  Planche's  conclusions,  remarks : 
"The  evidence  afforded  by  the  famous  tapestry  pre- 
served in  the  public  library  of  Bayeux,  a  series  of 
views  in  sewed  work  representing  the  invasion  and 
conquest  of  England  by  William  the  Norman,  has 
been  appealed  to  on  both  sides  of  this  controversy,  and 
has  certainly  an  important  bearing  on  the  question  of 
the  antiquity  of  coat  -  armour.  This  panorama  of 
seventy-two  scenes  is  on  probable  grounds  believed 
to  have  been  the  work  of  the  Conqueror's  Queen 
Matilda  and  her  maidens ;  though  the  French  historian 
Thierey  and  others  ascribe  it  to  the  Empress  Maud, 
daughter  of  Henry  III.  The  latest  authorities  suggest 
the  likelihood  of  its  having  been  wrought  as  a  decora- 
tion for  the  Cathedral  of  Bayeux,  when  rebuilt  by 
William's  uterine  brother  Odo,  Bishop  of  that  See, 
in  1077.  The  exact  correspondence  which  has  been 
discovered  between  the  length  of  the  tapestry  and  the 
inner  circumference  of  the  nave  of  the  Cathedral 
greatly  favours  this  supposition.  This  remarkable 
work  of  art,  as  carefully  drawn  in  colour  in  1 818  by 
Mr.  C.  Stothard,  is  reproduced  in  the  sixth  volume 
of  the  Vetusta  Moniiinenta;  and  more  recently  an 
excellent  copy  of  it  from  autotype  plates  has  been 
published  by  the  Arundel  Society.  Each  of  its  scenes 
is  accompanied  by  a  Latin  description,  the  whole 
uniting  into  a  graphic  history  of  the  event  commemo- 
rated. We  see  Harold  taking  leave  of  Edward  the 
Confessor  ;  riding  to  Bosham  with  his  hawk  and 
hounds ;  embarking  for  France ;  landing  there  and 
being  captured  by  the  Count  of  Ponthieu ;  redeemed 
by  AVilliam  of  Normandy,  and  in  the  midst  of  his 
Court  aiding  him  against  Conan,  Count  of  Bretagne  ; 
swearing  on  the  sacred  relics  to  recognise  William's 
claim  of  succession  to  the  English  throne,  and   then 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDEY 


re-embarking  for  England.  On  his  return,  we  have 
him  recounting  the  incidents  of  his  journej'  to  Edwaed 
THE  CoN-FESSOE,  to  whose  funeral  obsequies  we  are  next 
introduced.  Then  we  have  Haeold  receiving  the 
crown  from  the  English  people,  and  ascending  the 
throne ;  and  William,  apprised  of  what  had  taken 
place,  consulting  with  his  half-brother  Odo  about 
invading  England.  The  war  preparations  of  the  Nor- 
mans, their  embarkation,  then-  landing,  their  march 
to  Hastings,  and  formation  of  a  camp  there,  form  the 
subjects  of  successive  scenes;  and  finally  we  have  the 
battle  of  Hastings,  with  the  death  of  Harold,  and  the 
flight  of  the  English.  In  this  remarkable  piece  of  work 
we  have  figures  of  more  than  six  hundred  persons,  and 
seven  hundred  animals,  besides  thirty-seven  buildings, 
and  forty-one  ships  or  boats.  There  are  of  course  also 
numerous  shields  of  warriors,  of  which  some  are  round, 
others  kite-shaped,  and  on  some  of  the  latter  ai-e  rude 
figures,  of  dragons  or  other  imaginary  animals,  as  well 
as  crosses  of  different  forms,  and  spots.  On  one  hand 
it  requires  little  imagination  to  fmd  the  cross  patee 
and  the  cross  hotonnie  of  heraldry  prefigured  on  two 
of  these  shields.  But  there  are  several  fatal  objections 
to  regarding  these  figures  as  incipient  armory,  namely, 
that  while  the  most  prominent  persons  of  the  time  are 
depicted,  most  of  them  repeatedly,  none  of  these  is  ever 
represented  twice  as  bearing  the  same  device,  nor  is 
there  one  instance  of  any  resemblance  in  the  rude 
designs  described  to  the  bearings  actually  used  by  the 
descendants  of  the  persons  in  question.  If  a  personage 
so  important  and  so  often  depicted  as  the  Conqueror 
had  borne  arms,  they  could  not  fail  to  have  had  a  place 
in  a  nearly  contemporary  work,  and  more  especially  if 
it  proceeded  from  the  needle  of  his  wife."  Lower,  in 
his  "  Curiosities  of  Heraldry,"  clinches  the  argument 
when  he  writes:  "Nothing  but  disappointment  awaits 
the  curious  armorist  who  seeks  in  this  venerable 
memorial  the  pale,  the  bend,  and  other  early  elements 
of  arms.  As  these  would  have  been  much  more  easily 
imitated  with  the  needle  than  the  grotesque  figures 
before  alluded  to,  we  may  safely  conclude  that  personal 
arms  had  not  yet  been  introduced."  The  "  Treatise  on 
Heraldry  "  proceeds :  "  The  Second  Crusade  took  place 
in  1 1 47;  and  in  Moxtfaucon's  plates  of  the  no  longer 
extant  windows  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis,  representing 
that  historical  episode,  there  is  not  a  trace  of  an  armorial 
ensign  on  any  of  the  shields.  That  window  was  probably 
executed  at  a  date  when  the  memory  of  that  event  was 
fresh ;  but  in  Montfaltcox's  time,  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  the  Science  heroique  was  matter  of 
such  moment  in  France  that  it  is  not  to  be  believed 
that  the  armorial  figures  on  the  shields,  had  there 
been  any,  would  have  been  left  out." 

Surely,  if  anywhere,  we  might  have  expected  to  have 
found  it  there.  Neither  the  seals  nor  the  coins  of  the 
period  produced  a  shield  of  arms.  Nor  amongst  the 
host  of  records  and  documents  which  have  been  pre- 
served to  us  do  we  find  any  reference  to  armorial 
bearings.  The  intense  value  and  estimation  attached 
to  arms  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries,  which 
has  steadily  though  slowly  declined  since  that  period, 
would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  had  arms  existed  as  we 
know  them  at  an  earlier  period,  we  should  have  found 
some  definite  record  of  them  in  the  older  chronicles. 
There  are  none,  and  no  coat  of  arms  in  use  at  a  later 
date  can  be  relegated  to  the  Conquest  or  any  anterior 
period.  Of  arms,  as  we  know  them,  there  are  isolated 
exarrvples  in  the  early  part  of  the  twelfth  century,  per- 
haps also  at  the  end  of  the  eleventh.  At  the  period  of 
the  Third  Crusade  ( ii 89)  they  were  in  actual  existence 
as  hereditary  decorations  of  weapons  of  warfare. 

Luckily,   for   the   purposes   of  deductive  reasoning, 


human  nature  remains  much  the  same  throughout  the 
ages,  and,  dislike  it  as  we  may,  vanity  now  and  vanity 
in  olden  days  was  a  great  lever  in  the  determination 
of  human  actions.  A  noticeable  result  of  civilisation 
is  the  effort  to  suppress  any  sign  of  natural  emotion ; 
and  if  the  human  race  at  the  present  day  is  not  un- 
moved by  a  desire  to  render  its  appearance  attractive, 
w^e  may  rest  very  certainly  assured  that  in  the  twelfth 
and  thuteenth  centuries  this  motive  was  even  more 
pronounced,  and  still  yet  more  pronounced  at  a  more 
remote  distance  of  time.  Given  an  opportunity  of 
ornament,  there  you  will  find  ornament  and  decoration. 
The  ancient  Britons,  hke  the  Maories  of  to-day,  found 
their  opportunities  restricted  to  their  skins.  The 
Maories  tattoo  themselves  in  intricate  patterns,  the 
ancient  Britons  used  woad,  though  history  is  silent 
as  to  whether  they  were  content  with  flat  colour  or 
gave  their  preference  to  patterns.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  trace  the  art  of  decoration  through  the  embroidery 
Upon  clothes,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  as  soon  as 
shields  came  into  use  they  were  painted  and  decorated, 
though  I  hesitate  to  follow  practically  the  whole  of 
the  heraldic  writers  in  the  statement  that  it  was  the 
necessity  for  distinction  in  battle  which  accounted  for 
the  decoration  of  shields.  Shields  were  painted  and 
decorated,  and  helmets  were  adorned  with  all  sorts  of 
ornament,  long  before  the  closed  helmet  made  it  im- 
possible to  recognise  a  man  by  his  facial  peculiarities 
and  distinctions.  We  have  then  this  underlying 
principle  of  vanity,  with  its  concomitant  result  of 
personal  decoration  and  adornment.  We  have  the 
relies  of  savagery  which  caused  a  man  to  be  nicknamed 
from  some  animal.  The  conjunction  of  the  two  pro- 
duces the  effort  to  apply  the  opportunity  for  decoration 
and  the  vanity  of  the  animal  nickname  to  each  other. 

We  are  fast  approaching  armory.  In  those  days 
every  man  fought,  and  his  weapons  were  the  most 
cherished  of  his  personal  possessions.  The  sword  his 
father  fought  with,  the  shield  his  father  carried,  the 
banner  his  father  followed  would  naturally  be  amongst 
the  articles  a  son  would  be  most  eager  to  possess. 
Herein  are  the  rudiments  of  the  idea  of  heredity  in 
armory ;  and  the  science  of  armory  as  we  know  it  begins 
to  slowly  evolve  itself  from  that  point,  for  the  son  would 
naturally  take  a  pride  in  upholding  the  fame  which 
had  clustered  round  the  pictured  signs  and  emblems 
under  which  his  father  had  warred. 

Another  element  then  appeared  which  exercised  a 
vast  influence  upon  armory.  Europe  rang  from  end  to 
end  with  the  call  to  the  Crusades.  We  may  or  we  may 
not  understand  the  fanaticism  which  gripped  the  whole 
of  the  Christian  world  and  sent  it  forth  to  fight  the 
Saracens.  That  has  little  to  do  with  it.  The  result 
was  the  collection  together  in  a  comparatively  restricted 
space  of  all  that  was  best  and  noblest  amongst  the 
human  race  at  that  time.  And  the  spirit  of  emulation 
caused  nation  to  vie  with  nation,  and  individual  with 
individual  in  the  performance  of  illustrious  feats  of 
honour.  War  was  elevated  to  the  dignity  of  a  sacred 
duty,  and  the  implements  of  warfare  rose  in  estimation. 
It  is  easy  to  understand  the  glory  therefore  that  attached 
to  arms,  and  the  slow  evolution  which  I  have  been 
endeavouring  to  indicate  became  a  concrete  fact,  and  to 
the  Crusades  is  due  the  fact  that  the  origin  of  armory 
as  we  now  know  it  was  practically  coeval  throughout 
Europe,  and  also  the  fact  that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
charges  and  terms  and  rules  of  heraldry  are  identical  in 
all  European  countries. 

The  next  dominating  influence  was  the  introduction, 
in  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century,  of  the  closed 
helmet.  This  hid  the  face  of  the  wearer  from  his 
followers  and  necessitated  some  means  by  which  the 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


latter  could  identify  the  man  under  whom  they  served. 
What  more  natural  than  that  they  should  identify  him 
by  the  decoration  of  his  shield  and  the  ornaments  of  his 
helmet,  and  by  the  coat  or  surooat  which  he  wore  over 
his  coat  of  mail  ? 

This  surcoat  had  afforded  another  opportunity  of 
decoration,  and  it  had  been  decorated  with  the  same 
signs  that  the  wearer  had  painted  on  his  shield,  hence 
the  term  "coat  of  arms."  This  textile  coat  was  in  itself 
a  product  of  the  Crusades.  The  Crusaders  went  in  then- 
metal  armour  from  the  cooler  atmospheres  of  Europe  to 


the  intolerable  heat  of  the  East.  The  surcoat  and  the 
lambrequin  alike  protected  the  metal  armour  and  the 
metal  helmet  from  the  rays  of  the  sun  and  the  resulting 
discomfort  to  the  wearer,  and  were  also  found  very 
effective  as  a  preventative  of  the  rust  resulting  from 
rain  and  damp  upon  the  metal.  By  the  time  that  the 
closed  helmet  had  developed  the  necessity  of  distinc- 
tion and  the  identification  of  a  man  with  the  pictured 
signs  he  wore  or  carried,  the  evolution  of  armory  into 
the  science  we  know  was  practically  complete. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER    II 


HERALDRY    AND    NUMISMATICS 


By  p.  W.  p.  CARLYON-BRITTON,  F.S.A. 


IT  is  not  with  the  heraldic  and  armorial  devices 
found  on  mediasval  and  more  recent  coins  that 
the  following  slight  sketch  will  deal.  "There  is 
nothing  new  under  the  sun,"  and  so,  long  before 
heraldry  and  the  elaborated  systems  of  armory  arising 
from  it  issued  from  the  events  of  the  Crusades,  objects, 
natural  and  fantastic  alike,  were  adopted  as  symbols 
ofttimes  of  the  god  or  goddess  worshipped  in  the  towns 
of  ancient  Greece,  and  so  found  place  on  the  coins  in 
honour  of  the  deities  alhided  to,  and  as  a  guarantee 
of  the  genuineness  and  value  of  the  precious  media  of 
commerce  and  exchange. 

The  invention  of  coins  has  been  ascribed  to  Gyges, 
King  of  Lydia,  about  700  B.C.  At  first  these  were  mere 
lumps  of  metal  of  ascertained  weight,  bearing  on  one 
side  a  simple  device,  such  as  the  head  or  forepart  of  a 
buU,  and  on  the  other  the  impress,  in  incuse  form,  of 
the  punch  that  held  the  lump  of  metal  in  place  while 
the  necessary  blows  were  struck.  In  course  of  time  the 
preparation  of  the  dies  so  much  improved  that  devices 
of  the  highest  artistic  merit  were  impressed  on  the  coins 
of  gold,  silver,  and  bronze. 

To  examine  all  these  devices,  and  to  speculate  on  all 
that  such  may  well  import,  would  be  the  work  of  very 
many  years ;  but  it  may  be  taken  that,  prior  to  the 
great  conquests  of  Alexander,  the  heads  and  symbols 
on  the  coins  had  reference  to  gods,  and  not  to  men. 
On  the  well-lcnown  coins  of  Athens  the  owl  and  olive 
branch — emblems  of  Athena — appear,  and  the  use  of 
this  device  was  so  constant  that  the  coins  were  known 
as  "owls,"  even  as  the  Pegasos  coins  of  Corinth  were 
known  as  ttwXoi,  or  "colts."  The  Pegasos  of  Corinth 
(and  later,  Syracuse)  had  reference  to  the  myth  of 
Bellerophon  and  the  winged  steed  caught  by  Athena's 
aid.  To-day  the  same  device  adorns  the  Inner  Temple 
by  way  of  "  arms,"  and  the  callow  student  of  the  musty 
inn  may  still,  seeking  wisdom's  aid,  perchance  with 
woman's  help,  catch  the  coy  steed,  and  mount  to  the 
woolsack's  comfortable  height.  The  tortoise  or  sea- 
turtle  of  iEgina  was  a  symbol  of  the  wave-born  Aphro- 
dite worshipped  there,  while  sea-horses,  sea-serpents, 
mermen,  fish,  and  shells,  betoken  both  the  island  or 
sea-shore  dwellings  of  the  issuers  of  the  coins  that 
bear  them,  and  the  worship  of  the  ruler  of  the  waves, 
Poseidon.  On  many  coins  appears  a  Nike  standing  on 
a  prow,  symbolic  of  victory  in  naval  fight.  The  florin 
of  our  latest  English  King  bears  Britannia  similarly 
placed. 


The  coins  of  ancient  Greece  draw  ship  and  figure  to 
a  reasonable  scale,  but,  looking  at  King  Edward's  new 
milled  piece,  one  fears  that  with  a  change  of  steersman 
at  the  helm  the  huge  Britannia  may,  all  unwilling, 
slip  from  her  narrow  perch.  The  three  human  legs 
conjoined,  or  triskeles  of  the  old  Sicilian  coins,  still 
serve  as  modern  "  arms  "  for  British  Isle  of  Man.  That 
symbols  such  as  these  in  aftertime  came  to  be  regarded 
as  symbolic  of  the  town  long  using  them  cannot  be 
doubted ;  an  instance  of  this  is  the  well-known  badge 
of  Eretria — a  sepia  or  octopus,  emblem  of  Poseidon. 
In  reference  to  this  symbol,  Themistooles,  in  a  passage 
quoted  by  Dr.  Head  in  his  Historia  NumoruTti, 
slightingly  compares  the  Eretrians  to  cuttle-fish:  roii? 
Se  EpeTpiei<i  eiriaKWTrTaiv  eXeyev  oiairep  ref^tSa?  fid'^aipav 
/J.ev  'l-)(eiv  KapBlav  &e  /xr)  i^ew  (Plut.,  Apophth.  Reg.  at 
Imp.  (Themist.),  xiv.).  These  coins  were  issued  trom 
about  480  B.C.  The  lion,  stag,  bull,  boar,  and  most  of 
the  animals  of  modern  heraldry,  find  a  place  on  the 
old-world  coins. 

The  eagle  (sometimes  with  fulmen  or  thunderbolt) 
was  a  very  favourite  symbol  of  the  lightning-giving 
Zeus,  and  finds  a  place  on  the  ancient  coins  of  Agri- 
gentum,  and  later  on  those  of  Alexandria.  The  eagle 
came  in  after  days  to  represent  the  might  of  Rome, 
later  of  Napoleon,  and  now  the  same  noble  bird,  with 
double  head,  representing  the  empires  of  the  East  and 
West,  does  duty  as  the  background  and  foundation 
supporting  the  arms  of  Austria  and  Russia,  both 
claimants  of  the  Imperator's  ancient  sway.  The  same 
device  with  single  head  most  aptly  represents  the  lofty 
and  far-seeing  views  of  Germania's  present  ruler,  while 
the  talons  of  that  bird  may  well  symbolise  the  clutching 
claws  of  war  in  the  case  of  this  modern  claimant  to  the 
Roman  eagle's  power. 

In  addition  to  natural  objects,  however  symbolical, 
the  ancients  represented  on  their  coins  bulls  with 
human  heads,  the  sphinx,  griflin,  chimajra,  centaur, 
and  other  creatures  not  known  to  present-day  zoology. 
The  coins  of  Gela,  in  Sicily,  have  the  device  of  a  rush- 
ing man-headed  bull,  representing  the  personification 
of  the  rushing  river  Gelas.  In  present  days  the  type 
would  well  represent  the  enthusiastic  sort  of  antiquary 
who  rushes  headlong  and  bull-like  in  the  direction 
he  thinks  he  sees  a  point,  but  quite  regardless  of  all 
things  to  be  looked  at  on  the  way,  ignorant  of  the 
past,  and  careless  of  the  future.  People  such  as  these 
have  argued  that  the  griffin  of  our  mediajval  heraldry 


PLATE   II. 


HERALDS    IN    OFFICIAL    DRESS. 


Printed  nt  Stntt^rt. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arose  througli  the  dimidiation  of  charges  on  one  shield, 
yet  the  beast  is  found  complete  as  now  on  coins  of  Teos 
and  Abdera  some  five-and-twenty  centuries  ago ! 

The  sphinx  occurs  on  the  coins  of  Chios,  and,  like 
the  griffin  at  Teos,  is  supposed  to  indicate  the  cultus 
ot  Dionysos.  In  addition  to  types  on  coins  signifying 
the  local  deity,  others  had  chariots  and  other  devices 
connected  with  the  games  and  festivals  held  in  such 
high  esteem  by  the  ancients.  Of  a  more  heraldic  char- 
acter are  the  signs  on  ancient  coins  representing  by  a 
well-known  attribute  some  idea  or  personage,  the  whole 
of  which  is  not  represented;  thus  the  thunderbolt  is 
the  sign  or  symbol  of  Zeus,  the  trident  of  Poseidon,  the 
club  of  Herakles,  the  lyre  of  Apollo,  the  bow  of  Artemis, 
the  owl  of  Athena,  and  so  forth.  A  second  class  wherein 
the  ideals  of  modern  heraldry  are  exactly  anticipated 
are  the  symbols  representing  the  personal  signets  or 
"  arms "  of  the  magistrates  under  whose  authorities 
coins  were  from  time  to  time  issued.  As  an  instance 
of  this,  the  symbols  on  the  later  tetradrachms  of  Athens 
consist  of  small  objects  in  the  field  of  the  coin,  and 
change  from  year  to  year  with  the  names  of  the 
magistrates,  although  there  is  no  variation  in  the  main 
type  or  device  of  the  coins. 

The  coins  of  Abdera,  in  Thrace,  bear  the  names  of 
the  annual  Eponymi  of  the  city,  and  the  reverse  type 
is  in  some  cases  a  symbol  representing  the  name  of  the 
magistrate.  Thus,  a  coin  bearing  the  name  NIKOST- 
PATOS  has  for  type  a  warrior;  IITdnN,  a  tripod; 
MOAnAnOPHS.  a  dancLng-gnl,  &c. 

A  thu'd  class  of  symbols  has  a  strong  analogy  to 
canting  or  punning  heraldry ;  thus,  Ancona  in  Pice- 
num  derived  its  name  from  its  situation  in  a  bend  of 
the  coast  {arfKiov),  and  the  coins  have  a  bent  arm  upon 
them;  the  coins  of  Ancyra  Ln  Phrygia  an  anchor 
{ar/Kvpa).  Again,  the  coins  of  Melitasa  in  Thessaly  bore 
a  bee  {fj,e\tTTa),  and  the  coins  of  Rhodus  in  Rhodes  have 
the  head  of  Helios,  the  sun-god,  and  his  emblem — a  rose 
(poSov).  There  are  many  instances  of  this  punning 
symbolism,  but  the  above  instances  of  the  "  type  par- 
lant "  will  suffice. 

As  regards  the  attributes  of  modem  heraldry,  shield, 
helm,  and  coat  of  armour  all  find  frequent  place  on  the 


coins  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  Standards  (with  the 
numbers  of  the  Roman  legions,  similar  to  the  colours  of 
our  modern  regiments),  and  after  the  conversion  of 
Rome  to  the  Christian  faith,  crosses  and  sacred  mono- 
grams are  represented  on  the  coins.  Coming  a  little 
nearer  home,  we  find  on  the  coins  of  the  British  King 
Cunobelin,  struck  at  Colchester,  an  ear  of  corn,  similar 
to  that  on  the  coins  of  Metapontum  made  some  five  or 
six  centuries  earlier.  In  the  tenth  century  King  Anlaf, 
a  Dane  ruling  in  Northumbria,  had  coins  bearing  the 
Danish  raven,  and  other  coins  of  Anlaf  have  a  standard 
upon  them.  The  Anglo-Saxon  pennies  from  the  earliest 
period  of  issue  till  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor 
have  nearly  all  a  cross  upon  them,  but  nothing  truly 
heraldic  occurs  on  an  English  coin  prior  to  the  reign 
of  Edward  III. 

When  in  the  time  of  Richard  II.  the  heralds  wished 
to  assign  arms  to  Edward  the  Confessor  (St.  Edward), 
they  doubtless  had  reference  to  the  reverse  of  one  of 
the  t3rpes  of  that  King's  coins  known  as  the  "  sovereign  " 
type.  It  is  so  called  by  reason  of  the  King  being  re- 
presented on  the  obverse  side  seated  on  his  throne, 
with  sceptre  in  right  hand  and  orb  surmounted  by 
a  cross  in  the  left.  The  reverse  has  in  the  angles 
of  a  voided  cross  four  bhds,  which  may  be  intended 
for  doves,  as  the  extant  sceptre  of  King  Edward  the 
Confessor  has  a  dove  at  the  upper  end.  The  heralds 
adopted  this  device,  cross  and  birds  complete,  with 
sUght  variations.  The  cross  voided  became  a  cross 
patonce,  the  doves  became  martlets,  and  to  the  original 
number  of  four  a  fifth  was  added,  perhaps  as  compensa- 
tion for  the  original  four  being  changed  from  doves  to 
martlets,  and  being  provided  with  only  an  apology  for 
legs  and  feet. 

It  is  clear  that  heraldry  as  now  understood  originated 
with  the  Crusades,  but  our  ancient  coins,  gems,  and 
other  relics  of  a  remote  antiquity  teach  us  that  the 
language  of  symbolism,  the  hidden  meaning,  the  type 
parlant  and  personal  and  civic  sign,  signet,  badge,  or 
identification,  extend  to  an  age  as  remote  as  when  the 
thoughts  of  men  were  first  capable  of  expression  by  the 
art  of  painter,  sculptor,  or  engraver. 

P.  W.  P.  C-B. 


CHAPTER    III 

THE    STATUS    AND    THE    MEANING    OF    A    COAT    OF    ARMS    IN 

GREAT    BRITAIN 


IT  would  be  foolish  and  misleading  to  assert  that  the 
possession  of  a  coat  of  arms  at  the  present  date  has 
anything  approaching  the  dignity  which  attached 
to  it  in  the  days  of  long  ago ;  but  one  must  trace  this 
through  the  centuries  which  have  passed  in  order  to  form 
a  true  estimate  of  it,  and  also  to  properly  appreciate  a 
coat  of  arms  at  the  present  day.  It  is  necessary  to  go 
back  to  the  Norman  Conquest  and  the  broad  dividing 
lines  of  social  life  in  order  to  obtain  a  correct  knowledge. 
The  Saxons  had  no  armory,  though  they  had  a  very 
perfect  civilisation.  This  civilisation  William  the  Con- 
queror upset,  introducing  in  its  place  the  system  of 
feudal  temue  with  which  he  had  been  familiar  on  the 
Continent.  Briefly,  this  feudal  system  may  be  described 
as  the  partition  of  the  land  amongst  the  barons  and 
earls,  in  return  for  which,  according  to  the  land  they 
held,  they  accepted  a  liability  of  military  service  for 
themselves  and  so  many  followers.    These  barons  and 


earls  in  their  turn  sublet  the  land  on  terms  advan- 
tageous to  themselves,  but  nevertheless  requiring  from 
those  to  whom  they  sublet  the  same  mihtary  service 
which  the  King  had  exacted  from  themselves  propor- 
tionate with  the  extent  of  the  sublet  lands.  Other 
subdivisions  took  place,  but  always  with  the  same 
liability  of  military  service,  until  we  come  to  those 
actually  holding  and  using  the  lands,  enjoying  them 
subject  to  the  liabihty  of  military  service  attached 
to  those  particular  lands.  Every  man  who  held  land 
under  these  conditions — and  it  was  impossible  to  hold 
land  without  them — was  of  the  upper  class.  He  was 
nobilis  or  known,  and  of  a  rank  distinct,  apart,  and 
absolutely  separate  from  the  remainder  of  the  popula- 
tion, who  were  at  one  time  actually  serfs,  and  for  long 
enough  afterwards,  of  no  higher  social  position  than  they 
had  enjoyed  in  their  period  of  servitude.  This  wide 
distinction  between  the  upper  and  the  lower  classes. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


wliich  existed  from  one  end  of  Europe  to  the  other,  was 
the  very  root  and  foundation  of  armory.  It  cannot  be 
too  greatly  insisted  upon.  There  were  two  qualitative 
terms,  "  gentle "  and  "  simple,"  which  were  appUed  to 
the  upper  and  lower  classes  respectively.  Though  now 
becoming  archaic  and  obsolete,  the  terms  "  gentle  "  and 
"  simple "  are  stiU  occasionally  to  be  met  with  used  in 
that  original  sense;  and  the  two  adjectives  "gentle" 
and  "  simple,"  in  the  everj'day  meanings  of  the  words, 
are  derived  from,  and  are  a  later  growth  from  the 
original  usage  with  the  meaning  of  the  upper  and  lower 
classes ;  because  the  quality  of  being  gentle  was  supposed 
to  exist  in  that  class  of  life  referred  to  as  gentle,  whilst 
the  quality  of  simplicity  was  supposed  to  be  an  attribute 
of  the  lower  class.  The  word  gentle  is  derived  from 
the  Latin  word  gens  (gcntilis),  meaning  a  man,  be- 
cause those  were  men  who  were  not  serfs.  Serfs  and 
slaves  were  nothing  accounted  of  The  word  "  gentle- 
man "  is  a  derivative  of  the  word  gentle,  and  a  gentleman 
was  a  member  of  the  gentle  or  upper  class,  and  gentle 
qualities  were  so  termed  because  they  were  the  qualities 
supposed  to  belong  to  the  gentle  class.  A  man  was  not 
a  gentleman,  even  in  those  days,  because  he  happened 
to  possess  personal  qualities  usually  associated  with  the 
gentle  class ;  a  man  was  a  gentleman  if  he  belonged  to 
the  gentle  or  upper  class  and  not  otherwise,  so  that 
"gentleman"  was  an  identical  term  for  one  to  whom 
the  word  nohilis  was  applied,  both  being  names  for 
members  of  the  upper  class.  To  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses at  that  date  there  was  no  middle  class  at  all.  The 
kingdom  was  the  land ;  and  the  trading  community 
who  dwelt  in  the  towns  were  of  little  account  save  as 
mUch  kine  for  the  purposes  of  taxation.  The  social 
position  conceded  to  them  by  the  upper  class  was  little, 
if  any,  more  than  was  conceded  to  the  lower  classes, 
whose  life  and  liberties  were  held  very  cheaply.  Briefly 
to  sum  up,  therefore,  there  were  but  the  two  classes  in 
existence,  of  which  the  upper  class  were  those  who  held 
the  land,  who  had  mihtary  obligations,  and  who  were 
noble,  or  in  other  words  gentle.  Therefore  all  who  held 
land  were  gentlemen ;  because  they  held  land  they  had 
to  lead  their  servants  and  followers  into  battle,  and  they 
themselves  were  personallyresponsible  for  the  appearance 
of  so  many  followers,  when  the  King  summoned  them 
to  war.  Now  we  have  seen  in  the  previous  chapter  that 
arms  became  necessary  to  the  leader  that  his  followers 
might  distinguish  him  in  battle.  Consequently  all  who 
held  land  having,  because  of  that  land,  to  be  responsible 
for  followers  in  battle,  found  it  necessary  to  use  arms. 
The  coroUary  is  therefore  evident,  that  all  who  held 
lands  of  the  King  were  gentlemen  or  noble,  and  used 
arms ;  and  as  a  consequence  all  who  possessed  arms 
were  gentlemen,  for  they  would  not  need  or  use  arms, 
nor  was  their  armour  of  a  character  upon  which  they 
could  display  arms,  unless  they  were  leaders.  The 
leaders,  we  have  seen,  were  the  land-owning  or  upper 
class ;  therefore  every  one  who  had  arms  was  a  gentle- 
man, and  every  gentleman  had  arms.  But  the  status  of 
gentlemen  existed  before  there  were  coats  of  arms,  and 
the  later  inseparable  connection  between  the  two  was 
an  evolution. 

The  preposterous  prostitution  of  the  word  gentleman 
in  these  latter  days  is  due  to  the  almost  universal 
attribute  of  human  nature  which  declines  to  admit 
itself  as  of  other  than  gentle  rank;  and  in  the  eager 
desire  to  write  itself  gentleman,  it  has  deliberately 
accepted  and  ordained  a  meaning  to  the  word  which  it 
did  not  formerly  possess,  and  has  attributed  to  it  and 
allowed  it  only  such  a  definition  as  would  enable  almost 
anybody  to  be  included  within  its  ranks. 

The  word  gentleman  nowadays  has  become  meaning- 
less as  a  word  in  an  ordinary  vocabulary;  and  to  use 


the  word  with  its  original  and  true  meaning,  it  is  neces- 
sary_to  now  consider  it  as  purely  a  technical  term.  We 
are  so  accustomed  to  employ  the  word  nowadays  in  its 
unrestricted  usage  that  we  are  apt  to  overlook  the  fact 
that  such  a  usage  is  comparatively  modern.  The  fol- 
lowing extract  from  a  well-known  book,  "The  Right 
to  Bear  Ai'ms,"  which  has  been  published  anon3'mously, 
will  prove  that  its  real  meaning  was  understood  and 
was  decided  by  law  so  late  as  the  seventeenth  century 
to  be  "a  man  entitled  to  bear  arms"  : — 

"  The  following  case  in  the  Earl  Marshal's  Coui-t,  which 
hung  upon  the  definition  of  the  word,  conclusively  proves  my 
contention  ; — 

"  '  2ist  November  1637. — W.  Baker,  gent.,  humbly  sheweth 
that  having  some  occasion  of  conference  with  Adam  Spencer 
of  Broughton  under  the  Bleane,  co.  Cant.,  on  or  about 
28th  July  last,  the  said  Adam  did  in  most  base  and  oppro- 
brious tearmes  abuse  youi-  petitioner,  calling  him  a  base, 
lying  fellow,  &c.  &c.  The  defendant  pleaded  that  Baker  is 
noe  Gentleman,  and  soe  not  capable  of  redresse  in  this  coiu't. 
Le  Neve,  Clarenceus,  is  du'ected  to  examine  the  point  raised, 
and  having  done  so,  declared  as  touching  the  gentry  of  William 
Baker,  that  Robert  Cooke,  Clarenceux  King  of  Ai-ms,  did 
make  a  declaration  loth  May  1573,  under  his  hand  and 
scale  of  office,  that  George  Baker  of  London,  Sonne  of  J. 
Baker  of  the  same  place,  sonne  of  Simon  Baker  of  Fevei-.sliam, 
CO.  Cant.,  was  a  bearer  of  tokens  of  honour,  and  did  allow 
and  confirm  to  the  said  George  Baker  and  to  his  posterity, 
and  to  the  posterity  of  Christopher  Baker,  these  Arms,  <tc. 
&c.  And  further,  Le  Neve  has  received  proof  that  the 
petitioner,  William  Baker,  is  the  son  of  William  Baker  of 
Kingsdowne,  co.  Cant.,  who  was  the  brother  of  George 
Baker,  and  son  of  Christopher  aforesaid.'  The  judgment  is 
not  stated.  (The  original  Confii-mation  of  Anns  by  Cooke, 
loth  May  1573,  niay  now  be  seen  in  the  British  Museum. — 
Gejtealogist  for  1S89,  p.  242.)" 

It  has  been  shown  that  originally  practically  all  who 
held  land,  bore  arms.  It  has  also  been  shown  that 
armory  was  an  evolution,  and  as  a  consequence  it  did 
not  start,  in  this  country  at  any  rate,  as  a  read3'-made 
science  with  all  its  rules  and  laws  completely  known  or 
promulgated.  There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  that,  in 
the  earliest  infancy  of  the  science,  arms  were  assumed 
and  chosen  without  the  control  of  the  Crown ;  and  one 
would  not  be  far  wrong  in  assuming  that,  so  long  as  the 
rights  accruing  from  prior  appropriation  of  other  people 
were  respected,  a  landowner  finding  the  necessity  of 
arms  in  battle,  was  originally  at  liberty  to  assume  what 
arms  he  liked. 

That  period,  however,  was  of  but  brief  duration,  for 
we  find  as  early  as  1 390,  from  the  celebrated  Scrope  and 
Grosvenor  case,  (i)  that  a  man  could  have  obtained  at 
that  time  a  definite  right  to  his  arms,  (2)  that  this  right 
could  be  enforced  against  another,  and  we  find,  what  is 
more  important,  (3)  that  the  Crown  and  the  Sovereign 
had  supreme  control  and  jurisdiction  over  arms,  and 
(4)  that  the  Sovereign  could  and  did  grant  arms.  From 
that  date  down  to  the  present  time  the  Crown,  both  by 
its  own  direct  action  and  by  the  action  of  the  Kings  of 
Arms  to  whom  it  delegates  powers  for  the  purpose,  in 
Letters  Patent  under  the  Great  Seal,  specifically  issued 
to  each  separate  King  of  Arms  upon  his  appointment, 
has  continued  to  grant  armorial  bearings.  Some  num- 
ber of  early  grants  ot  arms  direct  from  the  Crown 
have  been  printed  in  the  Genealogical  Magazine, 
and  some  ot  the  earliest  distinctly  recite  that  the 
recipients  are  made  noble  and  created  gentlemen,  and 
that  the  arms  are  given  them  as  the  sign  of  their 
nobility.  The  class  of  persons  to  whom  grants  of  arms 
were  made  in  the  earliest  daj's  of  such  instruments 
is  much  the  same  as  the  class  which  obtain  grants  of 
arms  at  the  present  day,  and  the  successful  trader 
or  merchant  is  now  at  liberty,  as  he  was  in  the  reign 


10 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  Henry  VIII.  and  earlier,  to  raise  himself  to  the 
rank  of  a  gentleman  by  obtaining  a  grant  of  arms.  A 
family  must  make  its  start  at  some  time  or  other ;  let 
this  start  be  made  honestly,  and  not  by  the  appropria- 
tion of  the  arms  of  some  other  man.  The  illegal  assump- 
tion of  arms  began  at  an  early  date ;  and  in  spite  of  the 
etibrts  of  the  Crown,  which  have  been  continuous  and 
repeated,  it  has  been  found  that  the  use  of  "other 
people's  "  arms  has  continued.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  V. 
a  very  stringent  proclamation  was  issued  on  the  subject ; 
and  in  the  reigns  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  successors. 
Heralds  and  Kings  of  Arms  were  commanded  to  make 
perambulations  throughout  the  country  for  the  purpose 
of  pulling  dovra  and  defacing  improper  arms,  of  record- 
ing arms  properly  borne  by  authority,  and  of  compel- 
ling those  who  used  arms  without  authority  to  obtain 
authority  for  theni  or  discontinue  their  use.  These 
perambulations  were  termed  Visitations.  The  subject 
of  Visitations,  and  in  fact  the  whole  subject  of  the 
right  to  bear  arms,  is  dealt  with  at  length  in  the  book 
to  which  reference  has  been  already  made,  namely, 
"The  Right  to  Bear  Arms." 

The  glory  of  a  descent  from  a  long  line  of  armigerous 
ancestors,  the  glory  and  the  pride  of  race  inseparably  inter- 
woven with  the  inheritance  of  a  name  which  has  been 
famous  in  history,  the  fact  that  some  arms  have  been  de- 
signed to  commemorate  heroic  achievements,  the  fact 
that  the  display  of  a  particular  coat  of  arms  has  been  the 
method,  which  society  has  countenanced,  of  advertising 
to  the  world  that  one  is  of  the  upper  class  or  a  descendant 
of  some  ancestor  who  performed  some  glorious  deed  to 
which  the  arms  have  reference,  the  fact  that  arms  them- 
selves are  the  very  sign  of  a  particular  descent  or  of  a 
particular  rank,  have  all  tended  to  cause  a  false  and 
fictitious  value  to  be  placed  upon  all  these  pictured  em- 
blems which  as  a  whole  they  have  never  possessed,  and 
which  I  beheve  they  were  never  intended  to  possess. 
It  is  becav..se  they  were  the  prerogative  and  the  sign 
of  aristocracy  that  they  have  been  coveted  so  greatly, 
and  consequently  so  often  assumed  improperly.  Now 
aristocracy  and  social  position  are  largely  a  matter  of 
personal  assertion.  A  man  assumes  and  asserts  for 
himself  a  certain  position,  which  position  is  gradually 
and  imperceptibly  but  continuously  increased  and  ele- 
vated as  its  assertion  is  reiterated.  There  is  no  particular 
moment  in  a  man's  life  at  the  present  time,  the  era  of 
the  great  middle  class,  at  which  he  visibly  steps  from  a 
plebeian  to  a  patrician  standing.  And  when  he  has 
fought  and  talked  the  world  into  conceding  him  a  recog- 
nised position  in  the  upper  classes,  he  naturally  tries  to 
obliterate  the  fact  that  he  or  "  his  people  "  were  ever  of 
any  other  social  position,  and  he  hesitates  to  perpetually 
date  his  elevation  to  the  rank  of  gentUity  by  obtaining 
a  grant  of  arms  and  thereby  admitting  that  before  that 
date  he  and  his  people  were  plebeian.  Consequently  he 
waits  untU  some  circumstance  compels  an  application  for 
a  grant,  and  the  consequence  is  that  he  thereby  post-dates 
his  actual  gentility  to  a  period  long  subsequent  to  the 
recognition  by  Society  of  his  position  in  the  upper  classes. 

Arms  are  the  sign  of  the  technical  rank  of  gentility. 
The  possession  of  arms  is  a  matter  of  hereditary  privilege, 
which  privilege  the  Crown  is  wiUing  should  be  obtained 
upon  certain  terms  by  any  who  care  to  possess  it,  who 
hve  according  to  the  style  and  custom  which  is  usual 
amongst  gentle  people.  And  so  long  as  the  possession  of 
arms  is  a  matter  of  privilege,  even  though  this  privilege 
is  no  greater  than  is  consequent  upon  payment  of  certain 
fees  to  the  Crown  and  its  officers ;  for  so  long  will  that 
privilege  possess  a  certain  prestige  and  value,  though 
this  may  not  be  very  great.  Arms  have  never  possessed 
any  greater  value  than  attaches  to  a  matter  of  privilege ; 
and  (with  singularly  few  exceptions)  in  every  case,  be  it 


of  a  peer  or  baronet,  of  knight  or  of  simple  gentleman, 
this  privilege  has  been  obtained  or  has  been  regularised 
by  the  payment  at  some  time  or  other  of  fees  to  the 
Crown  and  its  officers.  And  the  only  difference  be- 
tween arms  granted  and  paid  for  yesterday  and  arms 
granted  and  paid  for  five  hundred  years  ago  is  the 
simple  moral  difference  which  attaches  to  the  dates 
upon  the  patents. 

Gentility  is  merely  hereditary  rank,  emanating,  with 
all  other  rank,  from  the  Crown,  the  sole  fountain  of 
honour.  It  is  idle  to  make  the  word  carry  a  host  of 
meanings  it  was  never  intended  to.  Arms  being  the 
sign  of  the  technical  rank  of  gentility,  the  use  of  arms  is 
the  advertisement  of  one's  claim  to  that  gentility.  Arms 
mean  nothing  more.  By  coronet,  supporters,  and  helmet 
can  be  indicated  one's  place  in  the  scale  of  precedence ; 
by  adding  arms  for  your  wife  you  assert  that  she  also 
is  of  gentle  rank;  yoiu-  quarterings  show  the  other 
gentle  famiUes  you  represent;  difference  marks  wiU 
show  your  position  in  your  own  family  (not  a  very  im- 
portant matter) ;  augmentations  indicate  the  deeds  of 
your  ancestors  which  the  Sovereign  thought  worthy  of 
being  held  in  especial  remembrance.  By  the  ihse  of  a 
certain  coat  of  arms,  yoii,  assert  your  descent  from,  the 
person  to  whom  those  arms  tvere  granted,  confirmed,  or 
alloiued.  That  is  the  beginning  and  end  of  armory 
Why  seek  to  make  it  mean  more  ? 

Of  the  growth  of  armory  in  Germany  Herr  H.  G. 
Strohl  remarks  in  his  Heraldischer  Atlas,  which  is 
the  real  foundation  of  the  present  work : — 

"  The  first  heraldic  designs  were  shown  upon  the  flag, 
the  Zeichen  (mark,  token,  or  sign),  and  the  first  step 
towards  heraldry  was  the  transfer  of  these  designs  to 
the  shield.  The  shield  design  was  still  called  Zeichen. 
About  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century  the  use  of 
heraldic  decorations  on  armour  had  become  universal. 
The  thirteenth  century  ushered  in  an  important  and, 
especially  for  German  heraldry,  a  characteristic  addi- 
tion to  armorial  decoration,  through  the  introduction 
of  a  heraldic  ornament  on  the  hehnet — the  crest.  In 
the  same  century  armorial  bearings  commence  to  be 
regularly  hereditary,  at  first  in  the  higher,  but  also 
later  in  the  lower  ranks  of  the  nobility.  Single  in- 
stances of  hereditary  coats  of  arms  may  already  be 
pointed  out  as  early  as  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century. 

"Those  famiUes  who  can  trace  then-  pedigree  and 
their  arms  back  to  this  first  era  of  heraldry  are 
called  Uradel  (old  nobiUty),  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  Briefaxiel  {i.e.  nobility  by  patent),  who 
owe  their  origin  to  documentary  grants  (beginning  as 
early  as  the  fourteenth  century),  from  the  Emperor,  or 
those  in  authority  under  him,  the  Court,  Electors  Pala- 
tini, or  Comites  palatini  cxsarei.  In  the  fourteenth 
century  arms  were  granted  without  nobihty  by  the 
Emperor,  but  more  especially  by  those  of  his  counts 
palatine  to  whom  only  a  small  county  remained.'' 
Those  so  invested  were  not  noble,  but  only  biu-ghers 
bearing  arms."'' 

However  heraldry  is  looked  upon,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  from  its  earliest  infancy  armory  possessed 
two  essential  qualities.  It  was  the  definite  sign  of 
hereditary  nobility  and  rank,  and  it  was  practically 
an  integral  part  of  warfare ;  but  also  from  its  earliest 
infancy  it  formed  a  means  of  decoration.  It  would  be 
a  rash  statement  to  assert  that  armory  had  lost  its 
actual  military  character  even  now,  but  it  certainly 
possessed  it  undiminished  so  long  as  tournaments  took 
place,  for  the  armory  of  the  tournament  was  of  a  much 

^  There  has  never  been  any  such  distinction  in  arms  recognised  in 
England. 

'^  The  English  analogy  of  this  will  be  found  in  the  "merchant 
marks"  of  former  days,  the  precursors  of  our  present  trade  marks. 


11 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


higher  standard  than  the  armory  of  the  battlefield,  and 
the  Eglinton  tournament  during  the  previous  reign, 
•which  was  a  real  tournament  and  no  kind  of  theatrical 
mummery,  makes  one  chary  of  asserting  that  even  the 
day  of  the  tournament  is  past.  Armory  as  an  actual 
part  of  warfare  existed  as  a  means  of  decoration  for 
the  implements  of  warfare,  and  as  such  it  certainly 
continues  to  the  present  day. 

Ai-mory  in  that  bygone  age.  although  it  existed  as  the 
symbol  of  the  lowest  hereditary  rank,  was  worn  and  used 
in  warfare,  for  purposes  of  pageantry,  for  the  indication 
of  ownership,  for  decorative  purposes,  for  the  needs  of 
authenticity  in  seals,  and  for  the  purpose  of  memorial- 
isation  in  records,  pedigrees,  and  monuments.  All  those 
uses  and  purposes  of  armory  can  be  traced  back  to  a 
period  coeval  with  that  to  which  our  certain  knowledge 
of  the  existence  of  armory  runs.  Of  all  those  usages 
and  purposes,  one  only,  that  of  the  use  of  armorial 
bearings  in  actual  battle,  can  be  said  to  have  come  to 
an  end,  and  even  that  not  entirely  so  ;  the  rest  are  still 
with  us  in  actual  and  extensive  existence.  I  am  not 
versed  in  the  minutire  of  army  matters  or  army  history, 
but  I  think  I  am  correct  in  sapng  that  there  was  no 
such  thing  as  a  regular  standing  army  or  a  national 
army  until  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Prior  to  that 
time  the  methods  of  the  feudal  system  supplied  the 
wants  of  the  country.  The  actual  troops  were  in  the 
emploj'ment,  not  of  the  Crown,  but  of  the  individual 
leaders.  The  Sovereign  called  upon,  and  had  the  right 
to  call  upon,  those  leaders  to  provide  troops  ;  but  as 
those  troops  were  not  in  the  direct  employment  of  the 
Crown,  they  wore  the  liveries  and  heraldic  devices  of 
their  leaders.  The  leaders  wore  then-  own  devices, 
originally  for  decorative  reasons,  and  later  that  they 
might  be  distinguished  by  their  particular  followers ; 
hence  the  actual  use  in  battle  in  former  days  of 
private  armorial  bearings.  And  even  yet  the  practice 
is  not  wholly  extinguished,  for  the  tartans  of  the 
Gordon  and  Cameron  Highlanders  are  a  relic  of  the 
usages  of  these  former  days.  With  the  formation  of 
a  standing  army,  and  the  direct  service  of  the  troops 
to  the  Crown,  the  liveries  and  badges  of  those  who  had 
formerly  been  responsible  for  the  troops  gave  way  to 
the  liveries  and  badges  of  the  Crown.  The  uniform  of 
the  Beefeaters  is  a  good  example  of  the  method  in 
which  in  the  old  days  a  servant  wore  the  badge  and 
livery  of  his  lord.  The  Beefeaters  wear  the  scarlet 
livery  of  the  Sovereign,  and  wear  the  badge  of  the 
Sovereign  still.  Many  people  will  tell  you,  by  the  way, 
that  the  uniform  of  a  Beefeater  is  identical  now  with 
what  it  was  in  the  days  of  Henry  VIII.  It  isn't.  In 
accordance  with  the  strictest  laws  of  armory,  the  badge, 
embroidered  on  the  front  and  back  of  the  tunic,  has 


changed,  and  is  now  the  triple  badge — the  rose,  the 
thistle,  and  the  shamrock — of  the  triple  kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  Every  soldier  who  wears  a  scarlet 
coat,  the  livery  of  his  Sovereign,  every  regiment  that 
carries  its  colours,  every  saddle-cloth  with  a  Koyal  em- 
blem thereupon,  is  evidence  that  the  use  of  armory  in 
battle  still  exists  in  a  small  degree  to  the  present  day ; 
but  circumstances  have  altered.  The  troops  no  longer 
attack  to  the  cry  of  "  A  Warwick  !  a  Warwick ! "  they  serve 
His  Majesty  the  King  and  wear  his  livery  and  devices. 
They  no  longer  carry  the  banner  of  theu-  officer,  whose 
servants  and  tenants  they  were ;  the  regiment  cherishes 
the  banner  of  the  armorial  bearings  of  His  Majesty. 
Within  the  last  few  3'ears,  probably  within  the  lifetime 
of  all  my  readers,  there  has  been  striking  evidence  of 
the  manner  in  which  circumstances  alter  everything. 
The  Zulu  War  put  an  end  to  the  practice  of  taking 
the  colours  of  a  regiment  into  battle ;  the  South  African 
War  saw  khaki  substituted  universally  for  the  scarlet 
livery  of  His  Majesty;  and  to  have  found  upon  a  South 
African  battlefield  the  last  remnant  of  the  armorial 
practices  of  the  daj's  of  chivalry,  one  would  have  needed, 
I  am  afraid,  to  examine  the  buttons  of  the  troopers. 
Still  the  scarlet  coat  exists  in  the  army  on  parade :  the 
Life  Guards  wear  the  Royal  Cross  of  St.  George  and 
the  Star  of  the  Garter,  the  Scots  Greys  have  the  Royal 
Saltire  of  St.  Andrew,  and  the  Gordon  Highlanders 
have  the  Gordon  crest  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and 
Gordon ;  and  there  are  many  other  similar  instances. 

There  is  yet  another  point.  The  band  of  a  regiment 
is  maintained  by  the  officers  of  the  regiment,  and  at  the 
present  day  in  the  Scottish  regiments  the  pipers  have 
attached  to  their  pipes  banners  bearing  the  various 
•personal  armorial  bearings  of  the  officers  of  the  regi- 
ment So  that  perhaps  one  is  justified  in  saying  that 
the  use  of  armorial  bearings  in  warfare  has  not  yet 
come  to  an  end.  The  other  ancient  usages  of  armory 
exist  now  as  they  existed  in  the  earliest  times.  So 
that  it  is  foolish  to  contend  that  armory  has  ceased 
to  exist,  save  as  an  interesting  survival  of  the  past. 
It  is  a  Uving  reality,  more  widely  in  use  at  the  present 
day  than  ever  before. 

Certainly  the  mUitary  side  of  armory  has  sunk  in  . 
importance  till  it  is  now  utterly  overshadowed  by  the 
decorative,  but  the  fact  that  armory  stUl  exists  as  the 
sign  and  adjunct  of  hereditary  rank  utterly  forbids  one 
to  assert  that  armory  is  dead,  and  though  this  side  of 
armory  is  now  partly  overshadowed  by  its  decorative 
use,  armory  must  be  admitted  to  be  still  alive  whilst  its 
laws  can  stiU  be  altered.  When,  if  ever,  rank  is  finally 
swept  away,  and  when  the  Crown  ceases  to  grant  arms, 
then  armory  will  be  dead,  and  can  be  treated  as  the 
study  of  a  dead  science.  A.  C.  P-D. 


CHAPTER    IV 


THE    HERALDS    AND    OFFICERS    OF    ARMS 


THE  Crown  is  the  Fountain  of  Honour,  having 
supreme  control  of  coat-armour.  This  control  in 
all  civilised  countries  is  one  of  the  appanages  of 
sovereignty,  but  from  an  early  period  much  of  the  actual 
control  has  been  delegated  to  the  Heralds  and  Kings 
of  Arms.  The  word  Herald  is  derived  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon — here,  an  army,  and  wald,  strength  or  sway 

though  it  has  probably  come  to  us  from  the  German 
word  Herold.  In  the  last  years  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury there  appeared  at  festal  gatherings  persons  mostly 


habited  in  richly  coloured  clothing,  who  delivered  invi- 
tations to  the  guests  and,  side  by  side  with  the  stewards, 
superintended  the  festivities.  Many  of  them  were 
minstrels,  who,  after  tournaments  or  battle,  extolled 
the  deeds  of  the  victors.  These  individuals  were 
known  in  Germany  as  Garzune.  The  necessities  of 
warfare  required  the  existence  of  messengers  whose 
position  should  be  recognised,  in  order  that  communi- 
cations of  challenge  and  terms  of  surrender  should 
pass  between  the  combatants,  and  from  an^early  date 


12 


PLATE    III. 


MARCH    PURSUIVANT    OF   ARMS. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  duties  above  referred  to  devolved  upon  the  same 
officers.  And  from  the  earliest  times  the  persons  of 
these  messengers  were  recognised  as  inviolate. 

In  token  of  then-  office  they  wore  the  coats  of  arms 
of  the  leaders  they  served ;  and  the  original  status  of 
a  herald  was  that  of  a  non-combatant  messenger. 
Origmally  every  powerful  leader  had  his  own  herald, 
and  the  dual  character  of  minstrel  and  messenger  led 
the  herald  to 
recount  the 
deeds  of  his 
master,  and,  as 
a  natural  con- 
sequence, of  his 
master's  ances- 
tors. When 
tournaments 
cameintovogue 
it  was  natural 
that  some  one 
should  examine 
the  arms  of 
those  taking 
part,  and  from 
this  the  duties 
of  the  herald 
came  to  include 
a  knowledge  of 
coat-armour.  As 
the  Sovereign 
assumed  or  ar- 
rogated thecon- 
trolof  arms.the 
right  to  grant 
arms,  and  the 
right  of  judg- 
ment in  dis- 
putes concern- 
ing arms,  it  was 
but  the  natural 
result  that  the 
personal  her- 
alds of  the  Sov- 
ereign should 
be  required  to 
have  a  know- 
ledge of  the 
arms  of  his 
principal  sub- 
jects, and 
should  obtain 
something  in 
the  nature  of 
a  cognisance 
or  control  and 
j  urisdiction 
overthosearms; 
for  doubtless 
the  actions  of 
the  Sovereign 
would  often  de- 
pend upon  the 
knowledge     of 

his  heralds.  From  being  of  the  status  of  a  personal 
servant  of  the  King  as  a  leader  in  battle,  the  office  of 
herald  came  to  appertain  to  the  office  of  Sovereign,  by 
virtue  of  which  office  the  King  claimed  and  exercised 
his  control  over  the  arms  of  his  subjects. 

The  process  of  development  in  this  country  will  be 
more  easily  understood  when  it  is  remembered  that 
the  Marshal  or  Earl  Marshal  was  in  former  times,  with 
the   Lord  High  Constable,  the  first  in  military  rank 


under  the  King,  who  usually  led  his  army  in  person, 
and  to  the  Marshal  was  deputed  the  ordering  and 
arrangement  of  the  various  bodies  of  troops,  regiments, 
b.inds  of  retainers,  &c.,  which  ordering  was  at  first 
facilitated  and  at  length  entirely  determined  by  the 
use  of  various  pictorial  ensigns,  such  as  standards, 
banners,  crests,  cognisances,  and  badges.  The  due 
arrangement  and  knowledge  of  these  various  ensigns 

became  first 
the  necessary 
study  and  then 
the  ordinary 
duty  of  these 
officers  of  the 
Earl  Marshal, 
and  their  pos- 
session of  such 
knowledge, 
which  soon  in 
due  course  had 
to  be  written 
down  and  tabu- 
lated, secured 
to  them  an  im- 
portant part  in 
medifeval  hfe. 
The  result  was 
that  at  an  early 
period  we  find 
them  employ- 
ed in  semi-di- 
plomatic mis- 
sions, such  as 
carrying  on 
negotiations 
between  con- 
tending armies 
on  the  field, 
bearing  declar- 
ations of  war, 
chall  enges 
from  one  sove- 
reign to  an- 
other, besides 
arranging  the 
ceremonial  not 
only  of  battles 
and  tourna- 
ments, but 
also  of  coro- 
nations, Royal 
baptisms,  mar- 
riages, and 
funerals. 

From  the  fact 
that  neither 
King  of  Arms 
nor  herald 
mentioned 
officiating 


-Hdmschau  or  Helmet-Show.     (From  KoDrad  Griinenberg's  Wappencodcx  zu  Miiiichen.) 
End  of  fifteenth  century. 


IS 

as 
in 
the  celebrated 
Scrope  and 
Grosvenorcase, 
of  which  very  full  particulars  have  come  down  to 
us,  it  is  evident  that  the  control  of  arms  had  not 
passed  either  in  fact  or  in  theory  from  the  Crown  to 
the  officers  of  arms  at  that  date.  Konrad  Grtinenberg, 
in  his  W^qyj^encodex  ("Roll  of  Arms"),  the  date  of 
which  is  1483,  to  which  reference  will  be  made  later 
when  reproducing  some  number  of  examples  of  arms 
upon  the  roll,  gives  a  representation  of  a  hdmsdiau 
(literally    helmet>show),    here    reproduced    (Fig.    13). 


13 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Long  before  that  date,  however,  the  position  of  a  herald 
in  England  was  well  defined,  for  we  find  that  on  January 
5, 1420,  the  King  appointed  William  Bruges  to  be  Garter 
King  of  Arms.  It  is  usually  considered  m  England  that 
it  would  be  found  that  in  Germany  armory  reached  its 
highest  point  of  evolution.  Certainly  German  heraldic 
art  is  in  advance  of  our  own,  and  it  is  curious  to  read 
in  the  latest  and  one  of  the  best  of  German  heraldic 
books  (the  original  upon  which  the  present  work  is 
based)  that  "  from  the  very  earliest  times  heraldry  was 
carried  to  a  higher  degree  of  perfection  and  thorough- 
ness in  England  than  elsewhere,  and  that  it  has  main- 
tained itself  at  the  same  level  until  the  present  day. 
In  other  countries,  for  the  most  part,  heralds  no  longer 
have  any  existence  but  in  name."  The  initial  figure 
which  appears  at  the  commencement  of  Chapter  1.  re- 
presents an  English  herald,  John  Smert,  Garter  King 
of  Arms,  and  is  taken  from  the  grant  of  arms  issued 
by  him  to  the  Tallow  Chandlers'  Company  of  London, 
which  is  dated  September  24,  1456. 

Long  before  there  was  any  College  of  Arms,  the 
Marshal,  afterwards  the  Earl  Marshal,  had  been  ap- 
pointed. The  Earl  Marshal  is  now  head  of  the  College 
of  Arms,  and  to  him 
has  been  delegated 
the  whole  of  the 
control  both  of 
armory  and  of  the 
College,  with  the 
exception  of  that 
part  which  the 
Crown  has  retained 
in  its  own  hands. 
After  the  Earl 
Marshal  come  the 
Kings  of  Arms,  the 
Heralds  of  Arms, 
and  the  Pursui- 
vants of  Arms. 

The  title  of  King 
of  Arms,  or,  as  it 
was  more  anciently 
written.  King  of 
Heralds,  was  no 
doubt  originally 
given  to  the  chief 


Fig.  14.— Officers  of  Arms  as  represented  in  the  famous  Tournament  KoU  of  Henry  VIII. 
now  preserved  in  the  College  of  Arms. 


or  principal  officer,  who  presided  over  the  heralds 
of  a  kingdom,  or  some  principal  province,  which 
heraldic  writers  formerly  termed  marches;  or  else 
the  title  was  conferred  upon  the  officer  of  arms 
attendant  upon  some  particular  order  of  knighthood. 
The  word  rex,  roy,  or  king  has  been  often  applied  to 
the  principal,  the  governor,  the  judge,  the  visitor,  the 

supreme,  the  president,  and  the  chief  of  some  peculiar .,._   _.    ..„   ,.„  ... ^ 

professioii,  art,  or  community,  and  the  principal  heralds     given  titles  accordingly,  as  ''Falcon,  &c.,  and  the  glorious 
were^  anciently  denominated  Kings  of  Heralds,  a  title     victory  of  Agincouri  was  likewise  given  to  one  of  the 


arms  in  his  own  province,  but  he  was  not,  nor  was 
Hanover,  nor  is  the  King  of  Arms  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  a  member  (as  such)  of  the 
corporation  of  the  College  of  Arms.  The  members 
of  that  corporation  considered  that  the  gift  of  the 
province  of  Wales,  the  jurisdiction  over  which  they 
had  previously  possessed,  to  Bath  King  an  infringement 
of  their  chartered  privileges.  The  dispute  was  referred 
to  the  law  officers  of  the  Crown,  whose  opinion  was  in 
favour  of  the  corporate  body.  Berry  in  his  Encyclo- 
pxdia  Heraldica  further  remarks :  "  The  Kings  of 
Arms  of  the  provincial  territories  have  the  titles  of 
Clarenceux  and  Noi-roy,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  former 
extending  over  the  south,  east,  and  west  parts  of 
England,  from  the  river  Trent  southwards ;  and  that  of 
the  latter,  the  remaining  part  of  the  kingdom  north- 
ward of  that  river.  Kings  of  Arms  have  been  likewise 
assigned  other  provinces  over  different  kingdoms  and 
dominions,  and  besides  Ulster  King  of  Arms  for  Ireland, 
and  Lyon  King  of  Arms  for  Scotland,  others  were 
nominated  for  particular  provinces  abroad,  when  united 
to  the  Crown  of  England,  such  as  Aquiiaine,  Anjou, 
and  G'uyenne,  who  were  perhaps  at  their  first  creation 

intended   only  for 
the  services  of  the 
places  whose  titles 
they    bore,    when 
the  same  should  be 
entirely     subdued 
to  allegiance  to  the 
Crown  of  England, 
and  who,  till  that 
time,   might  have 
had     other     pro- 
vinces  allotted  to 
them,   either   pro- 
visionally or  tem- 
porarily, within  the 
realm  of  England. 
There  were  also 
other      Kings     of 
Arms,      denomin- 
ated     from      the 
dukedoms  or  earl- 
doms   which    our 
princes  enjoyed  be- 
fore they  came  to  the  throne,  as  Lancaster,  Gloucester, 
Richmond,  and  Leicester,  the  three  first  having  marches, 
or    provinces,   and    the    latter    a    similar   jurisdiction. 
Windsor,  likewise,  was  a  local  title,  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  that  ofiloer  was  ever  a  King  of  Arms.     Marche 
also    assumed    that    appellation,   from    his    provincial 
jurisdiction  over  a  territory  so  called. 

The    badges  of   the   Royal   Family  have   at    times 


which,  in  process  of  time,  was  further  distinguished  by 
the  a,ppellation  of  their  different  provinces.  Garter, 
who  is  immediately  attached  to  that  illustrious  order, 
is  likewise  prmoipal  King  of  Arms,  and  these,  although 
separate  and  distinct  offices,  are  and  have  been  always 
united  in  one  person.  Upon  the  revival  and  new 
modelling  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  in  the  reign  of 
George  the  First,  a  King  of  Arms  was  created  and 
attached  to  it,  by  the  title  of  Bath  King  of  Arms; 
and  King  George  III.,  upon  the  institution  of  the 
Hanoverian  Guelphic  Order  of  Knighthood,  annexed 
to  that  order  a  King  of  Arms,  by  the  appellation  of 
Hanover. 

At  the  time  of  the  creation  of  his  office,  Bath  King 
of  Arms  was  given  Wales  as  his  province,  the  intention 
being  that  he  should  rank  with  the  others,  granting 


heralds,  but  whether  merely  nominally  or  provincially 
is  uncertain;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  titles  of 
Ferrant,  Volaunt,  and  Mushon,  Kings  of  Arms,^  were 
Christian  or  surnames,  or  the  proper  appellation  of  their 
respective  officers. 

But  although  anciently  there  were  at  different  periods 
several  Kings  of  Arms  in  England,  only  two  provincial 
Kings  of  Arms  have,  for  some  ages,  been  continued  in 
office,  viz.  Clarenceux  and  Norroy,  whose  provinces  or 
marches  are,  as  before  observed,  separated  by  the  river 
Trent,  the  ancient  limits  of  the  escheaters,  when  there 
are  only  two  in  the  kingdom,  and  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  wardens  of  the  forests. 

Norroy  is  considered  the  most  ancient  title,  being 
the  only  one  in  England  taken  from  the  local  situation 
of  his  province,  unless  Marche  should  be  derived  from 


14 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  same  cause.  The  title  of  Norroy  was  anciently 
written  Norreys  and  Norreis,  King  of  Arms  of  the 
people  residing  in  the  north  ;  Garter  being  styled  Roy 
des  Anglois,  of  the  people,  and  not  d'Angleterre,  of  the 
kingdom,  the  inhabitants  of  the  north  being  called 
N'on-cys,''  as  we  are  informed  by  ancient  historians. 

It  appears  that  there  was  a  King  of  Arms  for  the 
parts  or  people  on  the  north  of  Trent  as  early  as  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.,  from  which,  as  Sir  Henry  Spelman 
observes,  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  southern,  eastern, 
and  western  parts  had  principal  heralds,  or  Kings  of 
Arms,  although  their  titles  at  that  early  age  cannot 
now  be  ascertained. 

Norroy  had  not  the  title  of  King  till  after  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.  It  was  appropriated  to  a  King  of 
Heralds,  expressly  called  Rex  Norroy,  Roy  d'Armes  del 
North,  Rex  Arnioruin  del  North,  Rex  de  N'cyrth,  and  Rex 
Noi~roy_  diL  North ;  and  the  term  Roy  Norreys  likewise 
occurs  in  the  Pell  Rolls  of  the  22nd  Edward  III. ;  but 
from  that  time  till  the  9th  of  Richard  II.  no  farther 
mention  is  made  of  any  such  officer,  from  which  it  is 
probable  a  different  person  enjoyed  the  office  by  some 
other  title  during  that  interval,  particularly  as  the  oiiice 
was  actually  executed  by  other  Kings  of  Arms,  im- 
mediately after  that  period.  Joh7i  Otharlake,  Marche 
King  of  Arms,  executed  it  in  the  9th  of  Richard  II. 
Richard  del  Briu/g,  Lancaster  King  of  Anns,  ist 
Henry  IV.,  and  Ashivell,  Boys,  and  Tindal,  succes- 
sively Lancaster  Kings  of  Arms,  untU  the  end  of  that 
monarch's  reign. 

Edward  IV.  replaced  this  province  under  a  King  of 
Arms,  and  revived  the  dormant  title  of  Noi'roy.  But 
in  the  Statute  of  Resumptions,  made  ist  Henry  VII., 
a  clause  was  inserted  that  the  same  should  not  extend 
to  John  Moore,  otherwise  Norroy,  chief  Herald  King 
of  Arms  of  the  north  parts  of  this  realm  of  England, 
so  appointed  by  King  Edward  IV.  by  his  Letters  Patent, 
bearing  date  9th  July,  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  his 
reign.     It  has  since  continued  without  interruption. 

Falcon  King  of  Anna  seems  the  next  who  had  the 
title  of  King  confer-red  upon  him,  and  was  so  named 
from  one  of  the  Royal  badges  of  King  Edward  III.,  and 
it  was  afterwards  given  to  a  herald  and  pursuivant, 
under  princes  who  bore  the  falcon  as  a  badge  or 
cognisance,  and  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain  whether  this 
officer  was  considered  a  king,  herald,  or  pursuivant. 
Froissart,  in  1395,  calls  Faucon  only  a  herald,  and 
in  1364  mentions  this  officer  as  a  King  of  Arms 
belonging  to  the  King  of  England;  but  it  is  certain 
that  in  the  i  Sth  Richard  II.  there  was  a  King  of  Arms 
by  that  appellation,  and  so  continued  until  the  reign  of 
Richard  III.,  if  not  later ;  but  at  what  particular  period 
of  time  the  officer  was  discontinued  cannot  be  correctly 
ascertained. 

Windsor  has  been  considered  by  some  writers  to 
have  been  the  title  of  a  King  of  Arms,  from  an 
abbreviation  in  some  old  records,  which  might  be 
otherwise  translated.  There  is,  however,  amongst  the 
Protections  in  the  Tower  of  London,  one  granted  in  the 
49th  Edward  III.  to  Stephen  de  Windesore,  Heraldo 
Arinorum  rege  dieto,  which  seems  to  favour  the  con- 
jecture, and  other  records  might  be  quoted  for  and 
against   this    supposition,   which    might    have    arisen 

3-  "  Norreys  and  Surreis,  that  service  aught  the  kyng, 
With  horse  and  hameis  at  Carlele,  made  samning." 

See  Langtoft's  Chronicle  treatmg  of  the  Wars  of  Edward  I.  against 
the  Soots. 

'*  Bot  Sir  John  de  Waleis  taken  was,  in  a  pleyne, 
Throgh  spryng  of  Norreis  men  that  were  certeyn." 

Ibid.,  Australes  se  Nm'ensibus  oppostienint.  M.  Oaris,  under  the 
year  1237. 


through  mistake  in  the  entries,  as  they  contradict  one 
another. 

Marche  seems  the  next  in  point  of  antiquity  of 
creation;  but  although  Sir  Henry  Spelman  says  that 
King  Edward  IV.  descended  from  the  Earls  of  Marche, 
promoted  Marche  Herald  to  be  a  King  of  Arms,  giving 
him,  perhaps,  the  marches  for  his  province,  it  is 
pretty  clearly  ascertained  that  it  was  of  a  more  early 
date,  from  the  express  mention  of  March  Rex  Ilerald- 
orum  and  March  Rex  Heraldus  in  records  of  the  time 
of  Richard  II.,  though  it  may  be  possible  that  it  was 
then  only  a  nominal  title,  and  did  not  become  a  real 
one  till  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  as  mentioned  by 
Spelman. 

Lancaster  King  of  Anns  was,  as  the  same  author 
informs  us,  so  created  by  Henry  IV.  in  relation  to  his 
own  descent  from  the  Lancastrian  family,  and  the 
county  of  Lancaster  assigned  to  him  as  his  province ; 
but  Edmondson  contends  "  that  that  monarch  super- 
added the  title  of  Lancaster  to  that  of  Norroy,  or  King 
of  the  North,  having,  as  it  may  be  reasonably  con- 
jectured, given  this  province  north  of  Trent,  within 
which  district  Lancaster  was  situated,  to  him  who  had 
been  formerly  his  officer  of  arms,  by  the  title  of  that 
dukedom,  and  who  might,  according  to  custom,  in  some 
instances  of  former  ages,  retain  his  former  title  and 
surname  of  heraldship,  styling  himself  Lancaster  Roy 
d'Armes  del  North." 

Leicester  King  of  Arms  was  a  title  similar  to  that 
of  Lancaster,  and  likewise  a  creation  to  the  same 
Sovereign,  Henry  IV.,  who  was  also  Earl  of  Leicester 
before  he  assumed  the  crown,  and  was  given  to  a  per- 
son who  was  before  that  time  a  herald.  It  appears 
that  Henry  Grene  was  Leicester  Herald,  9th  King 
Richard  II.,  and  in  the  13th  of  the  same  reign  is 
called  a  Herald  of  the  Duke  of  Guyen  and  Lancaster, 
but  prior  to  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV.  he  was 
certainly  a  King  of  Heralds,  and  so  styled  in  a  privy 
seal  dated  antecedent  to  that  ceremony.  A  similar 
instrument  of  the  tenth  year  of  that  monarch's  reign 
also  mentions  Henry  Grene,  otherwise  Leicester  King 
of  Arms. 

As  it  is  evident  that,  during  the  reign  of  Henry  IV., 
Lancaster  King  of  Anns  has  under  that  title  the 
province  of  the  north,  Mr.  Edmondson,  with  good 
reason,  supposes  that  the  southern  province,  or  part 
of  that  which  is  now  under  Clarenceux,  might  at  that 
time  be  under  this  Leicester,  especially  as  the  title  of 
Clarenceux  was  not  in  being  till  after  the  3rd  of 
Henry  V.,  when,  or  soon  after,  the  title  of  Leicester 
might  have  become  extinct  by  the  death  of  that 
officer;  for  although  Leicester  King  of  Anns  went 
over  into  France  with  Henry  V.  in  the  third  year  of 
his  reign,  yet  he  is  not  mentioned  in  the  constitutions 
made  by  the  heralds  at  Roan  in  the  year  1419-20. 

Clarenceux,  the  next  King  of  Arms  in  point  of 
creation,  is  a  title  generally  supposed  to  have  been 
taken  from  Clare,  in  Suffolk,  the  castle  at  that  place 
being  the  principal  residence  of  the  ancient  Earls  of 
Hereford,  who  were,  from  thence,  though  very  im- 
properly, called  Earls  of  Clare,  in  the  saine  manner 
as  the  Earls  of  Pembroke  were  often  named  Earls  of 
Strigoil  and  Chepstow;  the  Earl  of  Hampshire,  Earl 
of  Winchester;  the  Earl  of  Derby,  Earl  of  Tuttehury ; 
the  Earl  of  Sussex,  Earl  of  Chichester,  &c.  King 
Edward  III.  created  his  third  son  Lionel  Duke  of 
Clarence,  instead  of  the  monosyllable  Clare  (from  his 
marriage  with  the  grand-daughter  of  the  late  Earl),  but 
Lionel  dying  without  issue  male,  Henry  IV.  created  his 
younger  son  Thomas  Duke  of  Clarence,  who  being  slain 
without  issue  9th  of  Hemy  V.,  the  honour  remained 
in  the  Crown,  until  King  Edward  IV.  conferred  it  upon 


15 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


his  own  brother.  Mr.  Sandford  tells  us  that  Clarence 
is  the  country  about  the  town,  castle,  and  honour  of 
Clare,  from  which  duchy  the  name  of  Clarenceux 
King  of  Arms  is  derived.  Spelman,  however,  contends 
that  it  is  a  mistake  in  attributing  the  institution  of 
Clarenceux  to  King  Edward  IV.  after  the  honour  of 
Clarence  devolved  as  an  escheat  to  the  Crown,  upon  the 
untimely  death  of  his  brother  George,  as  he  found 
William  Horselej'  called  by  this  title  in  the  reign  of 
Hemy  V.  and  also  Roger  Lygh,  under  King  Henry  VI. ; 
and  it  is  conjectured  that  the  office  ot  Clarenceux 
King  of  Amis  is  not  more  ancient  than  the  reign  of 
Edward  III. 

Gloucester  Herald,  frequently  mentioned  by  historians, 
was  originally  the  herald  of  the  great  Humphry,  Duke 
of  Gloucester,  of  whom  mention  is  made  upon  record 
in  the  loth  of  Henry  VI.;  and  Richard,  brother  to 
Edward  IV.,  who  was  created  Duke  of  Gloucester,  is  said 
to  have  had  a  herald  by  that  title  during  the  reign 
of  his  brother,  and  who  was  attendant  as  such  at 
the  funeral  of  that  monarch.  In  a  manuscript  in 
the  Ashmolean  collection,  it  is  stated  that  Richard 
Champnay  attended  as  Gloucester  King  of  Arms  at 
the  coronation  of  Richard  III.  upon  the  7th  July 
following  his  usurpation  of  the  crown;  but  it  appears 
by  more  authentic  record  that  this  Richard  Champnay 
was,  by  the  style  and  title  of  Herald  of  Arms,  on  the 
1 8th  September,  in  the  first  year  of  his  usurpation,  by 
patent  created  a  King  of  Arms  and  Principal  Herald 
of  the  parts  of  Wales,  by  the  style  and  title  of 
Gloucester,  giving  him  licence  and  authority  to  execute 
all  and  singular  that  by  law  or  custom  in  former  times 
belonged  to  the  office  of  King  of  Arms.  It  is  supposed 
that  the  office  ceased  upon  his  death,  which  in  all 
probability  took  place  before  that  of  the  usurper. 

Richmond  King  of  Arms. — A  herald  called  Rich- 
mond is  frequently  mentioned,  as  well  belonging  to 
the  Crown  as  of  the  nobility.  But  the  records  of  the 
reign  of  King  Henry  VII.,  who  had  before  his  elevation 
to  the  throne  been  Earl  of  Richmond,  contain  many 
entries  of  Richmond  King  of  Arms;  but  although 
somewhat  vague  in  the  description,  sufficiently  bear 
out  the  conjecture  that  Henry  VII.,  previous  to  his 
coronation,  created  a  new  liing  of  Arms  by  the  title 
of  Richmond,  although  no  regular  patent  of  creation 
has  ever  been  found. 

Sir  Henry  Spelman  informs  us  that,  in  addition  to 
the  two  Kings  of  Ai-ms  for  the  two  heraldic  provinces 
bounded  north  and  south  by  the  river  Trent,  there 
were  also  two  provincial  kings  for  the  dominions  of  our 
Sovereign  in  France,  styled  Ouyenne  and  Agincourt 
(omitting  Aquitaine  and  Anjou,  which  were  certainly 
in  being  at  the  same  time),  and  another  for  Ireland  by 
that  name,  altered  by  King  Edward  VI.  into  Ulster. 

Ireland  King  of  Arms  first  occurs  upon  record  6th 
Richard  II.,  anno  1482,  mentioned  by  Froissart,  where 
he  is  called  Cho.ndos  le  Roy  d' Ireland.  A  regular  suc- 
cession of  officers,  by  the  title  of  Ireland  King  of 
Arms,  continued  from  that  time  till  the  reign  of  King 
Edward  IV.,  but  from  the  death  of  that  monarch  till 
the  creation  of  Ulster  by  Edward  VI.  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  title  existed,  or  what  became,  of  the  office. 

Edward  VI.  altered  the  title  of  Ireland  King  of 
Arms  into  that  of  Ulster,  or  rather  considered  it  as  a 
new  institution,  from  the  words  of  his  journal:  "Feb.  2. 
There  was  a  King  of  Arms  made  for  Ireland,  whose 
name  was  Ulster,  and  his  province  was  all  Ireland ;  and 
he  was  the  fourth  King  of  Arms,  and  the  first  Herald 
of  Ireland."  The  patent  passed  under  the  Great  Seal 
of  England. 

Guyenne,  a  part  of  Aquitaine,  in  France,  a  province 
belonging  to  the  British  Crown,  gave  title  not  only  to  a 


King  of  Arms,  but  to  a  herald  likewise,  and  Sir  Henry 
Spelman  dates  its  creation  in  the  time  of  Edward  1., 
although  it  is  somewhat  doubtful,  and  thought  to  be 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  Guyenne  Herald  appears 
upon  record  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  though 
Kings  of  Arms  were  frequently  styled  heralds  in  old 
records,  it  is  more  than  probable  both  offices  were 
in  existence  at  the  same  time.  From  the  time  of 
Edward  IV.  no  such  officers  belonging  to  the  Crown 
of  England  seem  to  have  been  continued,  and  it  is 
doubtful  whether  they  ever  held  in  constant  succession 
from  their  first  creation. 

Aquitaine,  which  included  what  were  afterwards 
called  Guyenne,  Xantoigne,  Gascoigne,  and  some  islands, 
gave  title  to  a  King  of  Heralds  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  Edward  III.,  and  it  is  conjectured  to  have  been  an 
officer  belonging  to  the  Black  Prince,  who  had  the 
principality  of  Aquitaine  given  to  him  by  his  father; 
but  although  this  officer  is  mentioned  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  II.  and  3rd  of  Henry  V.,  no  record  occurs  after 
the  latter  period. 

Agincourt  was  also  a  title  conferred  upon  a  herald, 
in  memory  of  that  signal  victory;  and  lands  were 
granted  to  him  for  life,  6th  Henry  V.,  as  mentioned  by 
Su-  Henry  Spelman ;  but  whether  the  office  was  con- 
tinued, or  any  particular  province  assigned  to  this 
officer,  cannot  be  ascertained. 

Anjou  King  of  Arms  was  likewise  an  officer  of 
King  Henry  VI.,  and  attendant  upon  John,  Duke  of 
Bedford,  when  Regent  of  France,  who  assumed  the 
title  of  Duke  of  Anjou,  but  upon  the  death  of  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  this  officer  was  promoted  to  Lancaster 
King  of  Arms,  and  in  all  probability  the  title  of  Anjou, 
as  a  King  of  Heralds,  was  discontinued. 

Volant  also  occurs  upon  record  in  the  28th  Edward 
III.,  and  Vaillant,  le  Roy  Vaillant  Hera/ud,  and  le  Roy 
VaiUand,  are  likewise  mentioned  in  1395. 

Henry  V.  instituted  the  office  of  Garter  King  of 
Arms ;  but  at  what  particular  period  is  rather  uncertain, 
although  Mr.  Anstis  has  clearly  proved  that  it  must 
have  taken  place  after  the  22nd  May,  and  before  the 
3rd  September,  in  the  year  1417. 

Stephen  Martin  Leake,  Esq.,  who  filled  the  office, 
sums  up  its  duties  in  the  following  words :  "  Garter  was 
instituted  by  King  Henry  V.,  A.D.  1417,  for  the  service 
of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter,  which  was 
made  sovereign  within  the  office  of  arms  over  all  other 
officers,  subject  to  the  Cro'ivn  of  England,  by  the  name 
of  Garter  King  of  Arms  of  England.  In  this  patent 
he  is  styled  Principal  King  of  English  Arms,  and 
Principal  Officer  of  Arms  of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of 
the  Gartei',  and  has  power  to  execute  the  said  office  by 
himself  or  deputy,  being  an  herald.  By  the  constitu- 
tion of  his  office,  he  must  be  a  native  of  England,  and 
a  gentleman  bearing  arms.  To  him  belongs  the  cor- 
rection of  arms,  and  all  ensigns  of  honour,  usurped  or 
borne  unjustly,  and  also  to  grant  arms  to  deserving 
persons,  and  supporters  to  the  nobility  and  Knights  of 
the  Bath ;  to  go  next  before  the  sword  in  solemn  pro- 
ceeding, none  interposing,  except  the  constable  and 
marshal;  to  administer  the  oath  to  all  the  officers  of 
arms ;  to  have  a  habit  like  the  registrar  of  the  order ; 
baron's  service  in  the  court ;  lodgings  in  Windsor 
Castle  ;  to  bear  his  white  rod  with  a  banner  of  the 
ensigns  of  the  order  thereon  before  the  Sovereign ;  also 
when  any  lord  shall  enter  the  Parliament  chamber,  to 
assign  him  his  place,  according  to  his  dignity  and 
degree;  to  carrjr  the  ensign  of  the  order  to  foreign 
princes,  and  to  do,  or  procure  to  be  done,  what  the 
Sovereign  shall  enjoin, relating  to  the  order;  with  other 
duties  incident  to  his  office  of  principal  King  of  Arms, 
for   the   execution  whereof  he   hath   a   salary   of  one 


16 


PLATE   IV. 


THE  ARMORIAL   BEARINGS    OF    SIR   JAMES    BALFOUR    PAUL, 
Lyon  King  of  Arms 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


hundred  pounds  a  year,  payable  at  the  Exchequer,  and 
an  hundred  pounds  more  out  of  the  revenue  of  the 
order,  besides  fees." 

Bath  King  of  Arms  was  created  nth  George  I.,  in 
conformity  ^vith  the  statutes  established  by  His  Majesty 
for  the  government  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  in 
obedience  to  those  statutes  was  nominated  and  created 
by  the  Great  Master  of  the  Order  denominated  Bath, 
and  in  Latin,  Rex  armonun  Hmiorafis&imi  Ordinis 
Militarh  de  Balneo.  These  statutes  direct  that  this 
officer  shall,  in  all  the  ceremonies  of  the  order,  be 
habited  in  a  white  mantle  lined  with  red,  having  on 
the  right  shoulder  the  badge  of  the  order,  and  vmder 
it  a  surcoat  of  white  silk,  lined  and  edged  with  red ; 
that  he  shall  wear  on  his  breast,  hanging  to  a  golden 
chain  about  his  neck,  an  escocheon  of  gold,  enamelled 
with  the  arms  of  the  order,  impaling  the  arms  of  the 
Sovereign,  crowned  with  the  Imperial  crown.  That  at 
all  coronations  he  shall  precede  the  companions  of  the 
order,  and  shall  carry  and  wear  his  crown  as  other 
Kings  of  Arms  are  obliged  to  do.  That  the  chain, 
escocheon,  rod,  and  crown,  shall  be  of  the  like  materials, 
value,  and  weight,  with  those  borne  and  used  b}'  Garter 
Principal  King  of  Arms,  and  of  the  like  fashion,  the 
before  specified  variations  only  excepted :  and  that 
besides  the  duties  required  of  him  in  the  several  other 
articles  of  the  statutes,  he  shall  diligently  perform 
whatever  the  Sovereign  or  Great  Master  shall  further 
command.  On  the  14th  January  1725,  His  Majesty  was 
further  pleased  by  his  Royal  sign-manual,  to  erect,  make, 
constitute,  and  ordain  the  then  Bath  King  of  Arms, 
Gloucester  King  of  Arms,  and  principal  Herald  of  the 
parts  of  Wales,  and  to  direct  letters  patent  to  be  made 
out  and  pass  the  Great  Seal,  empowering  him  to  grant 
arms  and  crests  to  persons  residing  within  the  dominions 
of  Wales,  either  jointly  with  Garter,  or  singly  by  him- 
self, with  the  consent  and  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Earl 
Marshal,  or  his  deputy  for  the  time  being,  and  for  the 
future  that  the  office  of  Gloucester  should  be  insepar- 
ably annexed,  united,  and  perpetually  consolidated  with 
the  office  of  Ba.th  King  of  Arms,  of  the  Most  Honour- 
able Military  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  Gloucester  King 
of  Arms,  and  'pT-incipcd  Herald  of  the  parts  of  Wales. 
And  also  that  he,  for  the  dignity  of  the  order,  should 
in  all  assemblies  and  at  all  times  have  and  take  place 
and  precedenc}^  above  and  before  all  other  provincial 
Kings  of  Arms  whatsoever.  This  armorial  jurisdiction, 
however,  was  subsequently,  as  has  been  previously  ex- 
plained, annulled. 

Concerning  the  heralds  Berry  remarks :  "  In  former 
ages,  when  honour  and  chivalry  were  at  their  height, 
these  officers  were  held  in  great  estimation,  as  appears 
by  the  ceremonies  which  attended  theh  creations,  which 
was  by  the  Sovereign  himself  or  by  special  commission 
from  him,  and,  according  to  Gerard  Leigh,  was  after 
the  following  manner:  The  King  asked  the  person  to 
be  so  created  whether  he  were  a  gentleman  of  blood 
or  of  second  coat-armour ;  if  he  was  not,  the  King  gave 
him  lands  and  fees,  and  assigned  him  and  his  heirs 
proper  arms.  Then,  as  the  messenger  was  brought  in 
by  the  herald  of  the  province,  so  the  pursuivant  was 
brought  in  by  the  eldest  herald,  who,  at  the  prince's 
command,  performed  all  the  ceremonies,  as  turning  the 
coat  of  arms,  setting  the  manacles  thereof  on  the  arms 
of  the  pursuivant,  and  putting  about  his  neck  the 
collar  of  SS,  and  when  he  was  named,  the  prince  him- 
self took  the  cup  fi'om  the  herald,  which  was  gilt,  and 
poiu"ed  the  water  and  wine  upon  the  head  of  the 
pursuivant,  creating  him  by  the  name  of  our  herald, 
and  the  King,  when  the  oath  was  administered,  gave 
the  same  cup  to  the  new  herald. 

Upton  sums  up  the  business  of  a  herald  thus :  That 


it  was  their  office  to  create  under  officers,  to  number 
the  people,  to  commence  treaties  of  matrimony  and  of 
peace  between  princes,  to  visit  kingdoms  and  regions, 
and  to  be  present  at  martial  exploits,  &c.,  and  they 
were  to  wear  a  coat  of  their  master's  arms,  wearing 
the  same  in  conflicts  and  tournaments,  in  riding 
through  foreign  countries,  and  at  all  great  entertain- 
ments, coronations  of  kings  and  queens,  and  the  solem- 
nities of  princes,  dukes,  and  other  great  lords. 

In  the  time  of  King  Richard  II.  there  belonged  to 
the  King  of  Arms  and  heralds  the  following  fees,  viz. : 
at  the  coronation  of  the  King,  a  bounty  oi  £\oo;  when 
the  King  first  displaj'ed  his  banners,  100  marks;  when 
the  King's  son  was  made  a  knight,  40  marks;  when  the 
prince  and  a  duke  first  display  their  banners,  ;£'20 ;  if  it 
be  a  marquis,  20  marks;  if  an  earl,  i^io;  if  a  baron,  5 
marks  of  sdver  crowns,  of  1 5  nobles ;  and  if  a  knight 
bachelor,  newly  made  a  banneret,  3  marks,  or  10 
nobles;  when  the  King  is  married,  the  said  Kings  of 
Arms  and  heralds  to  have  £so\  when  the  Queen  has 
a  child  christened,  a  largess  at  the  Queen's  pleasure, 
or  of  the  lords  of  the  council,  which  was  sometimes 
;^ioo,  and  at  others  100  marks,  more  or  less;  and 
when  she  is  churched,  such  another  largess;  when 
princesses,  duchesses,  marchionesses,  countesses,  and 
baronesses  have  a  child  christened,  and  when  they 
are  churched,  a  largess  suitable  to  theu-  quality  and 
pleasure ;  as  often  as  the  King  wears  his  crown,  or 
holds  Royal  state,  especially  at  the  four  great  festivals 
of  Christmas,  Easter,  Whitsuntide,  and  All  Saints,  to 
every  one  of  the  three  Kings  of  Arms  present  when  the 
King  goes  to  the  chapel  to  mass,  a  largess  at  the  King's 
pleasure ;  when  a  maiden  princess,  or  daughter  of  a 
duke,  marquis,  earl,  or  baron  is  married,  there  belongs 
to  the  said  Kings  of  Arms,  if  present,  the  upper  gar- 
ment she  is  married  in ;  if  there  be  a  combat  within 
lists,  there  belong  to  the  Kings  of  Arms,  if  present,  and 
if  not  to  the  other  heralds  present,  their  pavilions ;  and 
if  one  of  the  combatants  is  vanquished,  the  Kings  of 
Arms  and  heralds  who  are  present  shall  have  all  the 
accoutrements  of  the  person  so  vanquished,  and  all 
other  armour  that  falls  to  the  ground  ;  when  subjects 
rebel,  and  fortify  any  camp  or  place,  and  afterwards 
quit  the  same,  and  flj',  without  a  battle,  there  apper- 
tain to  the  said  Kings  of  Arms  and  heralds  who  are 
present  all  the  carts,  carriages,  and  tools  left  behind ; 
and,  at  New  Year's  Tide,  all\he  noblemen  and  knights 
of  the  court  used  to  give  the  heralds  New  Year's  gifts. 
Besides  the  King's  heralds,  in  former  times,  divers  noble- 
men had  heralds  and  pursuivants,  who  went  with  their 
lords,  with  the  King's  heralds,  when  attending  the  King. 

The  fees  of  the  King's  heralds  and  pursuivants  of 
arms  have  since  varied,  and,  besides  fees  upon  crea- 
tions of  peers,  baronets,  and  knights,  they  have  still 
donations  for  attendance  at  court  upon  the  festivals 
of  Christmas,  Easter,  Whitsuntide,  All  Saints,  and  St. 
George's  Day;  fees  upon  installation  of  Knights  of 
the  Garter  and  Bath,  Royal  marriages,  fimerals.  pubhc 
solemnities,  &c.,  with  small  salaries  paid  from  the  Ex- 
chequer ;  but  their  ancient  fees  from  the  nobility,  upon 
certain  occasions,  have  been  long  discontinued,  and 
their  principal  emolument  arises  from  grants  of  arms, 
the  tracing  of  genealogies,  and  recording  the  same  in 
the  Registers  of  the  College  of  Arms. 

The  present  heralds  are  six  in  number,  viz. : — 

Windsor  Herald,  which  title  was  instituted  38th  of 
Edward  III.,  when  that  monarch  was  in  France. 

Chester  Herald,  instituted  in  the  same  reign. 

Richmond  Herald,  instituted  by  King  Edward  IV. 

Somerset  Herald,  instituted   by   King   Henry  _  VIII. 
about  the  time  when  that  monarch  created  his   son 
Henry  Fitzroy  Duke  of  Somerset. 
17  '  c 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


York  Herald,  instituted  by  King  Edward  III.  in 
honour  of  his  son,  whom  he  created  Duke  of  York. 

Lancaster  Herald,  also  instituted  by  Edward  III. 
when  he  created  his  son  Duke  of  Lancaster. 

The  heralds  were  first  incorporated  as  a  college  by 
Richard  III.  They  were  styled  the  Corporation  of 
King's  Heralds  and  Pursuivants  of  Arms. 

Concerning  Pursuivants  of  Arms,  Berry  remarks 
that  these  officers,  who  are  the  lowest  in  degree 
amongst  officers  of  arms,  "were,  as  the  name  implies, 
followers,  marshals,  or  messengers  attendant  upon  the 
heralds.  Pursuivants  were  formerly  created  by  the 
nobility  (who  had,  likewise,  heralds  of  arms)  with  great 
ceremony  in  the  following  manner.  One  of  the  heralds, 
wearing  his  master's  coat,  leading  the  person  to  be 
created  pursuivant  by  the  left  hand,  and  holding  a  cup 
full  of  wine  and  water  in  his  right,  came  into  the  pre- 
sence of  the  lord  and  master  of  him  who  was  to  be 
created,  and  of  whom  the  herald  asked  by  what  name 
he  would  have  his  pursuivant  called,  which  the  lord 
having  mentioned,  the  herald  then  poured  part  of  the 
wine  and  water  upon  his  head,  calling  him  by  the  name 
so  assigned  to  him.  The  herald  then  took  the  coat  of 
his  lord,  and  put  it  over  his  head  athwart,  so  that  part 
of  the  coat  made  for  the  arms  before  and  behind,  and 
the  longer  part  of  it  on  both  sides  of  the  arms  of  the 
person  created,  and  in  which  way  the  pursuivant  was 
always  to  wear  it.  This  done,  an  oath  of  fidelity  was 
administered  to  the  new-made  pursuivant,  and  the 
ceremony  concluded."  This  curious  method  of  the 
wearing  of  the  tabard  by  a  pur.suivant  has  long  since 
been  discontinued,  if  indeed  it  was  ever  generally 
adopted,  a  point  on  which  I  have  by  no  means  been 
able  to  satisfy  mj'self. 

The  appointment  of  heralds  and  pursuivants  of  arms 
by  the  nobility  has  long  been  discontinued,  and  there 
are  now  only  four  pursuivants  belonging  to  the  College 
of  Arms,  viz. : — 

Rouge-Croix,  the  first,  in  point  of  antiquity  of  crea- 
tion, is  so  styled  from  the  red  cross  of  St.  George,  the 
Patron  Saint  of  England. 

Blue-Mantle,  so  called  by  King  Edward  III.,  in  honour 
of  the  French  coat  which  he  assumed,  being  blue. 

Rouge-Dragon,  so  styled  from  the  red  dragon,  one  of 
the  supporters  of  the  Royal  arms  of  King  Henry  VII. 
(who  created  this  pursuivant),  and  also  the  badge  of 
Wales,  and 

Portcullis,  also  instituted  by  Henry  VII.,  and  so 
named  from  that  badge,  or  cognisance,  used  by  him. 

The  duties  of  a  pursuivant  are  similar  to  those  of  a 
herald;  he  assists  in  all  public  processions,  or  cere- 
monies, such  as  Roj'al  marriages,  funerals,  installations, 
&c.,  and  has  certain  fees  for  attendance  upon  such  occa- 
sions. Pursuivants  likewise  receive  fees  upon  creations 
of  peers,  baronets,  and  knights,  and  also  donations  for 
attending  court  upon  the  principal  festivals  of  Christ- 
mas, Easter,  Whit-Sunday,  All  Saints,  and  St.  George's 
Day,  and  a  small  salary  payable  out  of  the  Exchequer. 
They  wear  a  tabard  of  damask  silk,  embroidered  with 
the  Royal  arms,  like  the  heralds,  but  no  collar  of  SS. 

Of  the  Heraldic  Executive  in  Scotland,  Lyon  King 
of  Arms  (Sir  James  Balfour  Paul),  in  his  book  "  Her- 
aldry in  relation  to  Scottish  History  and  Art,"  writes : 
"  At  one  period  the  Lyon  was  solemnly  crowned  at 
his  inauguration,  and  vested  with  his  tabard  and  baton 
of  office."  The  ceremony  was  a  very  elaborate  one,  and 
is  fully  described  by  Sir  James  Balfour  in  a  MS.,  now 
in  the  Advocates'  Library.  There  is  also  an  account 
of  the  coronation  of  Sir  Alexander  Durham,  when 
Laurie,  the  minister  of  the  Tron  Kirk,  preached  from 
the  text,  "  What  shall  be  done  to  the  man  whom  the 
King  delighteth  to  honour  ? "     The  crown  was  of  gold, 


and  exactly  similar  to  the  Imperial  crown  of  Scotland, 
save  that  it  had  no  jewels.  Now  the  Lyon's  crown  is 
the  same  as  the  English  King  of  Arms.  The  crown  is 
only  worn  at  Royal  coronations.  At  that  of  Charles  I. 
at  Edinburgh  in  1633,  the  Lyon  carried  the  vessel  con- 
taining the  sacred  oil.  In  addition  to  his  strictly 
armorial  appointment,  the  Lyon  is  also  a  King  of  Arms 
of  the  Most  Ancient  and  Most  Noble  Order  of  the 
Thistle. 

Heralds  and  pursuivants  formed  an  important  part 
from  very  early  times  not  only  of  the  Royal  Household, 
but  also  of  those  of  the  higher  nobility,  many  of  whom 
had  private  heralds.  Of  these  officers  there  is  a  very 
full  list  given  by  Dr.  Dickson  in  the  preface  to  the 
Lord  Treasurer's  Accounts.  Of  heralds  who  were  or 
ultimately  became  part  of  the  King's  Household  we 
meet  ivith  Rothesay,  Marchmont,  Snowdon,  Albany, 
Ross,  and  Islay ;  Ireland,  Orkney,  and  Carriok  are  also 
mentioned  as  heralds,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  the 
first  and  last  were  ever  more  than  pursuivants.  Of  the 
latter  class  of  officers  the  following  were  in  the  Royal 
establishment :  Carriok,  Bute,  Dingwall,  Kintyre,  Or- 
monde, Unicorn;  but  we  also  find  Aliszai  or  Alishay, 
Dragance,  Diligens,  Montrose,  Falkland,  Ireland,  Darna- 
way,  Garioch,  Ettrick,  Hales,  Lindsay,  Endure,  Douglas, 
and  Angus.  Of  the  latter  Garioch  was  created  by 
James  IV.  for  his  brother  John,  Earl  of  Mar;  Hailes 
in  1488,  when  Lord  Hailes  was  made  Earl  of  Bothwell ; 
while  Lindsay  and  Endure  were  both  evidently  attached 
to  the  Lindsay  family,  as  were  Douglas  and  Angus  to 
the  noblemen  whose  titles  they  bore.  In  1403  Henry 
IV.  of  England  granted  a  pursuivant  under  the  title 
of  Shrewsbury  to  George,  Earl  of  March,  for  services 
rendered  at  the  battle  of  that  name,  but  we  do  not  find 
that  the  office  was  continued. 

In  Scotland  heralds  appear  at  an  early  date,  though 
none  are  mentioned  as  attending  the  coronation  of 
Alexander  III.  in  1 249 ;  nor  is  there  any  account  of 
any  such  officers  accompanying  that  sovereign  when 
he  did  homage  to  Edward  I.  at  Westminster  in  1278. 
In  the  next  century,  however,  armorial  bearings  were 
quite  well  known  in  Scotland,  and  there  is  an  entry  in 
the  Exchequer  Rolls  on  loth  October  1337  of  a  pay- 
ment of  £^2,  6s.  Scots  for  the  making  of  seventeen 
armorial  banners,  and  in  1364  there  is  another  to  the 
heralds  for  services  at  the  tournaments  ;  while  William 
Petilloch,  herald,  has  a  grant  from  David  II.  of  three 
husbandlands  in  Bonjedward,  and  Allan  Fawside  gets 
a  gift  of  the  forfeited  estate  of  one  Coupland,  a  herald 
(temp.  Edward  Baliol).''  The  first  mention  of  a  herald, 
under  his  official  designation,  which  I  have  met  with 
in  our  records  occurs  in  1365,  when  there  is  a  confirma- 
tion under  the  Great  Seal  by  David  II.  of  a  charter 
by  Dugal  M'Dowille  to  John  Trupour  or  Trumpour 
"nunc  dicto  Carrie  heraldo."  Sir  James  Balfour 
tells  us  that  the  Lyon  and  his  heralds  attended  the 
coronation  of  Robert  II.  at  Holyrood  on  23rd  May 
1 37 1,  but  whether  or  not  this  is  true — and  I  have  not 
been  able  to  verify  it — it  is  certain  that  a  Lyon  Herald 
existed  very  shortly  after  that  date,  as  in  the  Exchequer 
Rolls  mention  is  made  of  the  payment  of  a  certain  sum 
to  such  an  officer  in  1377;  in  1379  Froissart  says  that 
a  herald  was  sent  by  Robert  II.  to  London  to  explain 
that  the  truce  had  been  infringed  without  his  will  and 
against  his  knowledge,  and  on  8th  April  1381  a  warrant 
was  issued  in  London  for  a  licence  to  "  Lion  Heraud  " 
of  the  King  of  Scots,  authorising  him  to  take  away  a 
complete  suit  of  armour  which  he  had  bought  in  that 
city.  It  is  not,  however,  till  1388  that  we  find  Lyon 
accorded  the  Royal  style.  In  that  year  a  payment  is 
made  " Leoni  rcgi  lieraldorwni"  but  at  the  audit  follow- 
•>  Eobertson's  Index  to  "Missing  Charters." 


IS 


PLATE   V. 


TOURNAMENT   AND    OTHER    EQUESTRIAN    HERALDIC    FIGURES. 


Printed  at  Stuttgart. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ing  the  battle  ot  Otterburn  he  is  called  defunctus, 
which  suggests  that  he  had  been  slain  on  that  well- 
fought   tield.     The  Lyon  appears  in  several  embassies 


The  initial  letter  on  page  i  is  a  portrait  of  John 
Smert,  Garter  King  of  Arms,  and  is  taken  from  the 
grant   of    arms   to   the    Tallow   Chandlers'    Company, 


Fig.  15 — The  velvet  tabard  of  Sir  William  Dugdale,  Garter  King  of  Arms  from  26th  April  1677  to  loth  February  16S6. 


about  this  period  both  to  England  and  France,  and  one 
Henry  Greve,  designed  in  the  English  Issue  Rolls  as 
"  King  of  Scottish  Heralds,"  was  at  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don in  1399,  either  at  or  iuimediately  after  the  corona- 
tion of  Henry  IV.  From  1391  onwards  there  is  frequent 
mention  of  one  Douglas,  "  Herald  of  the  King,"  and  in 
142 1  he  is  styled  "  Lyon  Herald." 

Of  the  German  officers  of  arms  they,  like 
the  English,  are  divided  into  three  classes, 
known  as  Wappenkonige,  Uerolde,  and  Per- 
sevanten.  These,  like  our  own  officers,  had 
peculiar  titles ;  for  example,  Suchenwirt  (an 
Austrian  ducal  herald),  Luh-den-Frihmen  (a 
Lichtenstein  pursuivant),  Jer!tsa?eift(a  herald 
of  the  Limmer  Palatinate),  Romrcich  (an  Im- 
perial herald).  About  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  the  official  names  of  the 
heralds  fell  into  disuse ;  they  began  to  make 
use  of  their  ancestral  names  with  the  title 
of  Edel  and  Ekrenvcst  (noble  and  honour- 
able), but  this  did  not  last  long,  and  the 
heralds  found  themselves  thrown  back  into 
the  old  ways,  into  which  the  knightly 
accoutrements  had  already  wandered. 

The  official  dress  of  an  officer  of  arms  as 
such  in  Great  Britain  is  merely  his  tabard. 
This  garment  in  style  and  shape  has  re- 
mained unchanged  in  this  country  from  the 
earliest  known  period  of  which  representa- 
tions of  officers  of  arms  exist ;  but  whilst 
the  tabard  itself  has  remained  unaltered 
in  its  style,  the  arms  thereupon  have  con- 
stantly changed,  these  always  being  the 
arms  of  the  Sovereign  for  the  time  being.  The  costume 
worn  with  the  tabard  has  naturally  been  subject  to  many 
changes,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  any  attempt  to  regulate 
such  costume  was  ever  officially  made  prior  to  the  reign 
of  Queen  Victoria.  The  tabard  of  a  pursuivant  is  of 
damask  sUk ;  that  of  a  herald,  of  satin ;  and  that  of  a 
king  of  arms,  of  velyet. 


Fig.  16.— William  Bruges, 
the  first  Garter  King 
of  Arms,  appointed  5th 
January  1420.  (Froman 
illuminated  MS.  in  the 
Museum  at  Oxford.) 


dated  24th  September  1456.  He  is  there  represented 
as  wearing  beneath  his  tabard  black  breeches  and  coat, 
and  a  golden  crown.  But  Fig.  16  is  actually  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  first  Garter  King  of  Arms,  William 
Bruges,  appointed  5th  January  1420.  He  is  represented 
as  carrying  a  white  staff,  a  practice  which  has  been 
recently  revived,  white  wands  being  carried 
by  all  the  heralds  at  the  recent  public  funeral 
of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone.  In  Ger- 
many the  wands  of  the  heralds  were  later 
painted  with  the  colours  of  the  escutcheons 
of  the  Sovereign  to  whom  they  were  attached. 
There  was  until  recently  no  official  hat  for  an 
officer  of  arms  in  England,  and  confirmation 
of  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  Dallaway 
mentions  a  special  licence  to  Wriothesley 
Garter  giving  him  permission  to  wear  a  cap 
on  account  of  his  great  age.  Obviously, 
however,  a  tabard  requires  other  clothing  to 
be  worn  with  it.  The  heralds  in  Scotland, 
untU  quite  recently,  when  making  public 
proclamations  were  content  to  appear  in  the 
ordinary  elastic-side  boots  and  cloth  trousers 
of  everyday  life.  This  gave  way  for  a  brief 
period,  in  which  Court  dress  was  worn  below 
the  tabard,  but  now,  as  in  England,  the  recog- 
nised uniform  of  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Household  is  worn.  In  England,  owing  to  the 
less  frequent  ceremonial  appearances  of  the 
heralds,  and  the  more  scrupulous  control 
which  has  been  exercised,  no  such  ana- 
chronisms as  were  perpetuated  in  Scotland 
have  been  tolerated, and  it  has  been  customary 
for  the  officers  of  arms  to  wear  their  uniform  as  members 
of  the  Sovereign's  Household  (in  which  uniform  they 
attend  the  levees)  beneath  the  tabard  when  making  pro- 
clamations at  the  opening  of  Parliament  or  on  simUar 
occasions.  At  a  coronation  and  at  some  other  full  State 
ceremonies  they  wear  knee-breeches,  as  will  be  seen  in  the 
portrait  of  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms 


19 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


(Fig.  20),  or  in  that  of  Captain  Swinton,  Marcli  Pursui- 
vant, on  Plate  III.  All  the  heralds  and  Kings  of  Arms 
(but  not  the  pursiiivants)  wear  the  curious  collar  of  SS 
about  which  there  has  been  so  much  discussion.  The 
form  has  remained  unchanged,  save  that  the  badge  is  the 
bada^e  for  the  time  beins;  of  the  Sovereign.     The  heralds 


FlCi.  17.— Arms  of  Charles  H.  Athill,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Richmond  Herald, 
showing  collar  of  SS. 

have  their  collars  of  SS  of  silver,  whilst  those  of  a  King  of 
Arms  are  of  silver  gilt,  and  the  latter  have  the  further  dis- 
tinction that  a  portcullis  is  introduced  on  each  shoulder 
(Fig.  21).  The  heralds  and  Kings  of  Arms  usually  place 
these  collars  round  their  shields  in  representations  of 
their  arms,  as  will  be  seen  from  Fig.  17,  which  is  the  coat 
of  arms  of  Charles  H.  Athill,  Esquire,  F.S.A.,  Richmond 
Herald.      This   shows  the  usual  method   of  depicting 


Fig.  iS.- 


-Arms  of  the  late  J.  W.  Mitchell,  Rothesay  Herald 
and  Lyon  Clerk. 


equivalent  badge.  The  illustration  is  of  the  achieve- 
ment of  the  late  James  William  Mitchell,  Rothesay 
Herald  and  Lyon  Clerk,  the  arms  depicted  being  in 
this  case  the  coat  recorded  to  him  in  the  College  of 
Arms  (a  different  coat  is  registered  in  Lyon  Office),  as 
follows  :  Armorial  bearings  (as  recorded  in  the  Heralds' 
College,  London)  (see  below) — Sable,  a  fess  inveoted 
between  an  annulet  and  two  mascles  in  chief  and  a 
mascle  between  two  annulets  in  base  or,  within  a  bor- 
dure  chequy  of  the  last  and  first  (and  around  the 
escutcheon  is  placed  his  collar  of  SS,  and  pendent  by 
a  blue  riband  edged  with  white  is  his  badge,  as  a  Herald 
of  Scotland).  Upon  another  escutcheon,  charged  with 
his  arms  as  the  foregoing,  he  bears,  upon  an  escutcheon 
of  pretence  in  right  of  his  wife,  the  arms  of  Sykes, 
namely :  Argent,  on  a  chevron  nebuly  gules,  between 
three  fountains,  as  many  eagles  rising  proper ;  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mascle  sable, 
interlaced  with  three  ears  of  barley  slipped  or;  with  the 
motto,  "  Sapiens  qui  assiduus."  An  additional  example 
of  a  collar  of  SS.  is  depicted  in  Fig.  19,  which  is  a  re- 


the  collar.  The  arms  are  :  Argent,  on  a  chevron  double 
cottised  sable,  three  crescents  or,  the  escutcheon  being 
surrounded  by  his  collar  of  SS.  Mantling  sable  and 
argent.  Crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  three 
ostrich  feathers  argent,  interlaced  by  as  many  annulets, 
also  interlaced  fessewise  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Crescam 
ut  prosim."  Fig.  18  also  shows  the  badge  which  the 
Scottish  heralds  wear.     The  English  Heralds  have  no 


Fig.  ig. — The  Arms  of  William  Henry  Weklon,  Esq., 
Norroy  King  of  Arms. 

presentation  of  the  arms  of  William  Henry  Weldon, 
Norroy  King  of  Arms.  The  arms  depicted  are — Dexter, 
his  official  coat  as  Norroy  King  of  Arms,  namely :  argent, 
a  cross  of  St.  George  gules,  on  a  chief  per  pale  azure, 
and  of  the  second  a  lion  of  England  passant  guardant 
or,  crowned  with  an  open  crown,  and  between  a  fleur- 
de-lis  on  the  dexter  and  a  key  on  the  sinister  of  the  last, 
and  impaling  his  family  arms,  namely :  per  fess  argent 
and  gules,  on  a  pale  a  demi-lion  rampant  in  chief  and  a 
cinquefoil  in  base  all  counterchanged,  the  escutcheon 
being  encircled  by  his  collar  of  SS.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
demi-lion  rampant  argent,  gutte-de-sang,  and  resting 
his  sinister  paw  upon  two  SS,  as  linked  in  a  collar  of 
SS  argent ;  with  the  motto,  "  Bien  fait." 

Collars  of  SS  are  also  worn  by  Serjeants-at-Arms,  and 
by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice. 

In  addition  each  King  of  Arms  has  his  crown ;  the 
only  occasion,  however,  upon  which  this  is  worn  being 
at  the  ceremony  of  a  coronation.  The  crown  is  of  silver 
gilt,  formed  of  a  cu-cle  upon  which  is  inscribed  part  of 


20 


PLATE   VI. 


TOURNAMENT   EQUESTRIAN    FIGURES. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  first  verse  of  the  Jist  Psalm,  viz.,  "Miserere  mei 
Deus  secundum  magnam  misericordiam  tuam":  the 
rim  is  surmounted  of  sixteen  leaves,  in  shape  resem- 
bling the  oak-leaf,  every  alternate  one  being  somewhat 
higher  than  the  remainder.  Nine  of  these  leaves  are 
shown  in  a  representation  of  it.     The  cap  is  of  crimson 


¥lG.  20. — Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms. 
(From  a  photograph  by  Kate  Pragnell.) 

satin,  closed  at  the  top  by  a  gold  tassel,  and  turned  up 
with  ermine.  This  will  be  seen  in  Figs.  19,  20,  and  21. 
Garter  King  of  Arms  has  a  baton  or  "sceptre"  of 
silver  gilt,  about  two  feet  in  length,  the  top  being  of 
gold,  of  four  sides  of  equal  height,  but  of  unequal 
breadth.  On  the  two  larger  sides  are  the  arms  of  St. 
Geoi'ge  impaling  the  Sovereign's,  and  on  the  two  lesser 
sides  the  arms  of  St.  George  surrounded  by  the  Garter 
and  motto,  the  whole  ensigned  with  an  Imperial  crown. 
This  has  sometimes  been  placed  in  bend  behind  the 
arms  of  Garter  King.  Lyon  King  of  Arms  has  a  baton 
of  blue  enamel  with  gold  extremities,  the  baton  being 
powdered  with  roses,  thistles,  and  fleurs-de-lis  (see  Fig. 
20).  Lyon  (Sir  James  Balfour  Paul)  in  his  recently  pub- 
lished work,  "  Heraldry  in  relation  to  Scottish  History 
and  Art,"  remarks  that  this  is  one  of  the  few  pieces  of 
British  official  regalia  which  is  still  adorned  with  the 
ancient  ensigns  of  France.  But  knowing  how  strictly 
all  official  regalia  in  England  is  required  to  have  the 
armorial  devices  thereupon  changed,  as  the  Royal  arms 
and  badges  change,  there  can  be  very  little  doubt  that 
the  appearance  of  the  fleurs-de-lis  in  this  case  is  due  to 
an  oversight.  The  baton  happens  to  be  that  of  a  former 
Lyon  King  of  Arms,  which  really  should  long  since  have 
been  discarded  and  a  new  one  substituted.  Two  batons 
are  usually  placed  in  saltire  behind  the  arms  of  Lyon 
King  of  Arms,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  illustration  of  the 
armorial  bearings  of  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  which  will  be 
found  on  Plate  IV.'' 

"  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms  : 
Parted  per  pale,  on  the  dexter  side  the  official  coat  of  Lyon  King  of 
Arms,  namely :  argent,  a  lion  sejant  full-faced  gules,  holding  in  the 
dexter  paw  a  thistle  slipped  vert,  and  in  the  sinister  a  shield  of  the 


Ulster  King  of  Arms  has  a  staff  of  oflice  which, 
however,  really  belongs  to  his  office  as  Knight  Attendant 
on  the  Most  Illustrious  Order  of  St.  Patrick.  It  will 
be  seen  in  the  photograph  which  we  reproduce  of  the 
present  Ulster  King  of  Arms  in  his  tabard  (Fig.  758)  and 
also  in  the  reproduction  of  his  bookplate  (Fig.  21).  The 
arms  there  represented  are :  Argent,  on  a  cross  sable, 
five  estoiles  of  the  field,  impaled  by  the  official  coat  of 
Ulster  King  of  Arms,  namely :  or,  a  cross  gules,  on  a 
chief  of  the  last,  a  lion  passant  guardant  between  a  harp 
and  a  portcullis,  all  of  the  field.  Above  the  escutcheon 
is  placed  the  coronet  of  a  King  of  Arms,  and  thereupon 
a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  lambrequin  azure 
and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  dove  holding  in  its  bill  an  olive-branch  all 
proper ;  with  the  motto,  "  Vincit  omnia  virtus." 

The  bookplate  jalainly  shows  the  portcullis  in  the 
collar  of  SS,  and  also  the  harp  (the  badge  of  Ireland) 
which  is  attached  to  his  collar,  and  the  coronet  or  crown 
of  a  King  of  Arms. 

The  Scottish  Heralds  each  have  a  rod  of  ebony  (see 
Plate  III.)  tipped  with  ivory,  which  has  been  sometimes 
stated  to  be  a  rod  of  office.  This,  however,  is  not  the 
case,  and  the  explanation  of  their  possession  of  it  is 
very  simple.  They  are  constantly  called  upon  by  virtue 
of  their  office  to  make  from  the  Market  Cross  in  Edin- 
burgh the  Royal  Proclamations.  Now  these  Proclama- 
tions are  read  from  printed  copies  which  in  size  of  type 
and  paper  are  always  of  the  nature  of  a  poster.     The 


Fig.  21. — The  Bookplate  of  Sir  Arthur  Vicars,  K.C.V.O.,  Ulster  King 
of  Arms.     (Designed  and  engraved  by  C.  W.  Sherborne. ) 

Herald  would  naturally  find  some  difficulty  in  holding 
up  a  large  piece  of  paper  of  this  size  on  a  windy  day,  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  was  easy  to  read  from;  conse- 
quently he  winds  it  round  his  ebony  staff,  slowly  un- 
winding it  all  the  time  as  he  reads. 

Garter  King  of  Arms,  Lyon   King  of  Arms,  and 

second,  on  a  chief  azure,  a  St.  Andrew's  Cross  of  the  field,  on  the 
sinister  his  paternal  coat,  namely:  or,  a  chevron  indented  sable  between 
two  lions  rampant  in  chief  and  an  escutcheon  in  base  gules.  Mant- 
ling sable,  doubled  or ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for 
crest,  a  lion  sejant  guardant  gules,  his  dexter  paw  resting  upon  an 
escutcheon  as  in  the  arms ;  and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto, 
"  Pro  Eege  et  Republica," 


21 


THE    ART    OF    BERALDRY 


Ulster  King  of  Arms  all  possess  badges  of  their  office 
which,  they  wear  about  their  necks. 

The  badge  of  Garter  is  of  gold,  having  on  both  sides 
the  arms  of  St.  George,  impaled  with  those  of  the 
Sovereign,  within  the  Garter  and  motto,  enamelled  in 
their  proper  colours,  and  ensigned  with  the  Royal  crown. 

The  badge  of  Lyon  King  of  Arms  is  oval,  and  is 
worn  suspended  by  a  broad  green  ribbon.  The  badge 
proper  consists  on  the  obverse  of  the  effigy  of  St. 
Andrew  bearing  his  cross  before  him,  with  a  thistle 
beneath,  all  enamelled  in  the  proper  colours  on  an 
azure  ground.  The  reverse  contains  the  arms  of  Scotland, 
having  in  the  lower 
parts  of  the  badge  a 
thistle,  as  on  the  other 
side ;  the  whole  sur- 
mounted with  the  Im- 
perial crown.  This  is 
seen  on  the  portrait  oi 
Lyon  King  of  Arms. 

The  badge  of  "Ul- 
ster" is  of  gold,  con- 
taining on  one  side  the 
cross  of  St.  Patrick, 
or  as  it  is  described 
in  the  statutes,  "  The 
cross  gules  of  the 
Order  upon  a  field 
argent,  impaled  with 
the  arms  of  the  Realm 
of  Ireland,"  and  both 
encircled  with  the 
motto,  "  Quis  Separa- 
bit,"  and  the  date  of 
the  institution  of  the 
Order,  mdcclxxxiii. 
The  reverse  exhibits 
the  arms  of  the  office 
of  Ulster,  viz. ;  "  Or,  a 
cross  gules,  on  a  chief 
of  the  last  a  lion  of 
England  between  a 
harp  and  portcullis,  all 
of  the  first,"  placed 
on  a  ground  of  green 
enamel,  surrounded  by 
a  gold  border  with 
shamrocks,  surmount- 
ed by  an  Imperial 
crown,  and  suspended 
by  a  sky  blue  riband 
from  the  neck. 

The  Kings  of  Arms, 
the  Heralds,  and  Pur- 
suivants in  England 
were  incorporated   by 

Charter  2  March,  i  Richard  III.,  1484,  and  the  College 
of  Arms  at  present  consists  of : — 

Earl  Makshal. 
The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  K.G.,  P.O. 

Kings  of  Arms. 
GaHer—Sh-  Albert  WUliam  Woods,  G.C.V.O.,  K.C.B., 

K.C.M.G.,  F.S.A. 
Clarenceux — George  Edward  Cokayne,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
iVon-uj/— WiBiam  Henry  Weldon,  E.sq.,  C.V.O.,  F.S.A. 

Heralds. 

Chester — Heni'y  Murray  Lane,  Esq. 

Lancanf.er — Edward  Bellasis,  Esq. 

For/,:— Alfred  Scott  Scott^Gatty,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Soinerset — Henry  Farnham  Burke,  Esq.,  C.V.O.,  F.S.A. 

Richmond — Charles  Harold  AthDl,   Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Windsor — William  Alexander  Lindsay,  Esq.,  K.C.,  F.S.A. 


Fig.  22. — The  late  J.  W.  Mitchell,  Rothesay  Herald  and  Lyou  Clerk. 


Pursuivants. 

Motige  Croix — George  William  Marshall,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A. 

Blueinanlh — Gordon  Ambrose  Le  Lisle  Lee. 

Rouge  Draijon — Everard  Green,  V.P.S.A. 

Portcullis — Thomas  Morgan  Joseph- Watkiu,  F.S.A. 

There  is  also  at  present  one  Extraordinary  Herald — 
Surre]/  {Ejdraordinary) — Charles  AJban  Buckler,  Esq. 

The  arms  of  the  Corporation  of  the  College  of  Arms 
are :  Argent,  a  cross  gules  between  four  doves,  the  dexter 
wing  of  each  expanded  and  inverted  azure.  Crest :  on  a 
ducal  coronet  or,  a  dove  rising  azure.    Supporters  :  two 

lions  rampant  guard- 
ant  argent,  duoally 
gorged  or.  The  shield 
will  be  found  on  Plate 
II.,  Fig.  I. 

The  official  arms  of 
the  English  Kings  of 
Arms  are : — 

GarterKing  of  A  rrns. 
— Argent,  a  cross  gules, 
on  a  chief  azure,  a 
ducal  coronet  encircled 
with  a  garter,  between 
a  Hon  passantguardant 
on  the  dexter  and  a 
fleur-de-lis  on  the  sin- 
ister all  or. 

Clarenceux  King  of 
Arnys. — Argent,  across 
gules,  on  a  chief  of  the 
second  a  Hon  passant 
guardant  or,  crowned 
of  the  last. 

Norroy  King  of 
Anns. — Argent.a  cross 
gules,  on  a  chief  of  the 
second  a  lion  passant 
guardant  crowned  of 
the  first,  between  a 
fleur-de-lis  on  the  dex- 
ter and  a  key  on  the 
.sinister  of  the  last. 

Badges  have  never 
been  officially  assigned 
to  the  various  Heralds ; 
in  fact  badges  have 
never  been  made  the 
subject  of  grants,  but 
from  a  remote  period 
certain  of  the  Royal 
badges  relating  to  their 
titles  have  been  used 
by  various  Heralds, 
viz. : — 
Lancaster. — The  red  rose  of  Lancaster  ensigned  by 
the  Royal  crown. 

Yoi'h. — The  white  rose  of  York  en  soliel  ensigned  by 
the  Royal  crown. 

Richmond. — The  red  rose  of  Lancaster  impaled  with 
the  white  rose  en  soliel  of  York,  the  whole  ensigned  with 
the  Royal  crown. 

Windsor. — Rays  of  the  sun  issuing  from  clouds. 

The  four  Pursuivants  make  use  of  the  badges  from 
which  they  derive  then  titles. 

The  present  Officers  of  Arms  for  Scotland  are : — ■ 

Lyon  King  of  Arms. 
Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Esq.,  V.P.S.A.  (Scot). 


22 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Hekalds. 

Albani/ — Robert  Spencer  Livingstone,  Esq. 

Boss — Andrew  Ross,  Esq.,  S.S.C. 

Rothesay  {ami  Lyon  Clerk) — Francis  J.  Grant,  Esq., 

W.S.,  F.S.A.  (Scot.). 

PtTKSniVANTS. 

CanvH-— William  R.  Macdonald,  F.S.A.  (Scot.). 
March — George  Sitwell  Campbell  Swinton,  Esq., 

Capt.  Highland  Liglit  Infantry. 
Unicorn — John  Home  Stevenson,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Of  these  only  Lyon  King  of  Arms  and  Lyon 
Clerk  are  actively  engaged  with  the  control  of 
armorial  bearings. 

The  official  arms  of  Lyon  King  of  Arms  and 
of  Lyon  Office  are:  Argent,  a  lion  sejant  full- 
faced  gules,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  thistle 
slipped  vert  and  in  the  sinister  a  shield  of  the 
second :  on  a  chief  azure,  a  St.  Andrew's  cross 
of  the  field  (Plate  IV.). 

The  only  Officers  of  Arms  in  Ireland  are  : — 

Ulstee  King  of  Aems  and  Principal  Herald 

OF  ALL  Ireland. 

Sir  Arthur  Edward  Vicars,  K.C.V.O.,  F.S.A. 

Athlone  Pursuivant  of  Arms. 
Henry  Blake,  Esq.,  M.V.O. 

Athlone  Pursuivant,  however,  is  only  an  officer 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Patrick.  There  are  no  official 
arms  for  Ulster's  Office,  that  office,  unlike  the 
College  of  Arms,  not  being  a  corporate  body, 
but  the  official  arms  of  Ulster  King  of  Arms 
are :  Or,  a  cross  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  a 


Fig.  23.— a  Herald.     (Temp.  Hen.  VIII.) 


Fig.  24. — A  State  Trumpeter.    {Temp.  Hen.  VIII.) 


lion  passant  guardant  between  a  harp  and  a 
portcullis  all  of  the  field. 

The  portrait  of  the  late  J.  W.  Mitchell, 
Rothesay  Herald  and  Lyon  Clerk  (Fig.  22),  shows 
the  head-dress  formerly  worn  by  the  Scottish 
heralds. 

At  the  late  ceremony  of  the  coronation  of 
King  Edward  VII.,  a  head-dress  was  designed 
for  the  officers  of  arms.  This  can  be  seen  in 
the  portrait  of  Captain  Swinton,  March  Pursui- 
vant (Plate  III.).  The  caps  are  of  black  velvet 
embroidered  at  the  side  with  a  rose,  a  thistle, 
or  a  harp,  respectively  for  the  English,  Scottish, 
and  Irish  officers  of  arms. 

A  great  deal  of  confusion  has  arisen  between 
the  costume  and  the  functions  of  a  Herald  and 
a  Trumpeter,  though  the  confusion  has  been 
confined  to  the  minds  of  the  uninitiated  and 
the  theatrical  stage.  The  whole  subject  was 
very  amusingly  dealt  with  in  the  Genealogical 
Magazine  in  an  article  by  Mr.  G.  Ambrose  Lee, 
Bluemantle,  and  the  illustrations  which  he  gives 
of  the  relative  dresses  of  the  Heralds  and  the 
Trumpeters  at  different  periods  (see  Eigs.  23 
to  26)  are  interesting.  Briefly,  the  matter  can 
be  summed  up  in  the  statement  that  there 
never  was  a  Trumpeter  who  made  a  proclama- 
tion, and  there  never  was  a  Herald  who  blew 
a  trumpet.  The  Trumpeters  nearly  always 
accompanied  the  Heralds  to  proclaim  their 
presence  and  call  attention  to  theh  proclamation. 

In  France  the  Heralds  were  formed  into  an 
incorporation  by  Charles  VI.  in  1406,  their 
head  being  Mountjoye,  King  of  Arms,  with  ten 
heralds  and  pursuivants  under  him.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  this  incorporation  is  earlier  than 
that  of  the  College  of  Arms  in  England.  The 
Revolution    played    havoc    with    the    French 


23 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Records,  and  no  College  of  Ai-ms  now  exists  in  France. 
But  it  is  doubtful  whether  at  any  time  it  reached  the 


Fig.  25. — A  State  Trumpeter  and  a  Herald  at  (lie  coronation  of  James  I. 


dignity  or  authority  which  its  English  counterpart  has 
enjoyed  in  former  times. 

Fig.  27  represents  a  French  Herald  of  the  early  part 
of  the  fifteenth  century.  It  is  taken  from  a  representa- 
tion of  the  Rally  of  the  Parisians  against  King  Charles 
VI.  in  14 1 3,  to  be  found  in  a  MS.  edition  of  Froissart, 
formerly  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Paris. 

Whilst  the  official  dress  of  the  Heralds  in  England 
has  undergone  no  change  whatever,  it  is  curious  to  note 
the  varieties  of  costume  which  have  been  adopted  in 
other  countries,  of  which  Plates  I.  and  II.  furnish  ex- 
amples. A.  C.  F-D. 


Fio.  26. — Peace  proclaimed  at  the  Royal  Exchange  after  the 
Crimean  War. 


Fig.  27.— a  French  Herald  of  the  early  part  oE 
(.be  fifteenth  century. 


24 


PLATE   VII. 


.^'riiiied  at  !>tuii|$ait 

CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE   OF   TYPES   AND    SHAPES    OF    SHIELDS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE    I 

HERALDS   IN^  OFFICIAL  BEESS 

The  figures  depicted  upon  Plate  I.  are  as  follows : — 
Fig.  I. — The  Herald  von  Gcldcni,  kuown  by  the  official  name  of 
Gelre  or  Ghdre  (died  circa  1372),  from  his  Wapenhoeck  an  Armonal 
(see  Plate  XXII.),  taken  from  a  copy  by  Victor  Bouton^  Paris,  the 
publisher  of  the  book. 

The  tiibard  shows  the  armorial  bearings  of  the  Duke  von  Geldern : 
Azure,  a  lion  rampant  or^  queue-fourche,  armed  and  laugued  gules. 
The  picture  of  the  herald  constituteSj  in  a  manner,  the  closing 
feature  of  the  book,  and  the  broken  chain  G-clre  holds  iu  his  hands 
seems  to  indicate  that  his  duties  as  herald  are  at  an  end.  Tlie 
entries  are  continued  nntil  circa  1371,  in  which  year,  with  the 
death  of  Duke  Edward,  the  family  of  the  Dukes  von  Geldern  and 
Counts  von  Ziitphen  became  extinct  in  the  male  line. 

Fig.  2  is  a  representation  of  a  King  of  Arms  froni  a  miniature  in 
the  Tournois  da  roi  Rene  d'Anjou  (No.  2692  in  the  MSS.  of  the 
Paris  National  Library),  fifteenth  century. 

The  King  of  Arms,  who  is,  as  will  be  seen,  mountbd  on  horseback, 
bears  on  his  tabard  the  arms  of  Grutuse  (perhaps  the  coat  of  Louis 
de  Bruges,  Seigneur  de  Grutuse).  These  are :  Quartered  i  and  4,  or, 
a  cross  sable  ;   2  and  3,  gules,  a  saltire  argent. 

Fig.  3  shows  the  King  of  Arms  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece 
(Toison  d'or),  from  Baron  Reiffenberg's  Mistoire  de  VOrdre  de  la 
7'oison  d'or,  Brussels,  1830. 

He  is  dressed  entirely  in  red,  and  the  pendant  of  his  head-gear 
(the  cornette)  hangs  down  on  the  left  side,  as  opposed  to  that  of  a 
knight,  which  was  worn  on  the  right 
side.  Toison  dhr  wears  over  the 
shoulders  a  collar  of  gold,  the 
Fotence,  composed  of  twenty-six 
enamelled  plates,  in  two  rows,  orna- 
mented with  fifty-two  coats  of  arms 
of  Knights  of  the  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece  (Fig.  28).  The  plates 
are  fastened  together  in  the  centre 
with  hinges,  and  closed  underneath 
with  the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the 
Goldtn  Fleece.  This  pecnliar  orna- 
ment seems  to  be  unique.  In  this 
costume  "  Messire  Antoine  de  Beau- 
lincourt,  Chevalier,  Seigneur  de 
Beaulinconrt,Vendeville,BeIlenville 
et  Lanson  from  1 549,  the  first  King 
of  Arms  who  was  known  as  Toison 
d'or,  appeared  in  the  22nd  Chapter 
of  the  Order,  1555,  at  Antwerp" 
{Jahrhuch  '■'■  Adler"  1883).  He  died 
in  1559. 
Fig.  4. — A  German  Imperial  Herald  ot  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  from  a  pen  and  ink  drawing  by  Hans  Holbein,  in  the 
Royal  Collection  of  Engravings  iu  Dresden.  Fig.  29,  the  drawing 
of  an  Imperial  Herald,  from  a  woodcut  by  Michael  Ostendorfer 
{d.  1559),  belongs  to  the  same  period,  but  whereas  Holbein's  herald 
bears  on  his  tabard  the  Imperial  double-eagle,  with  the  arms  of 
Austria  and  Burgundy  impaled,  Ostendorfer's  double-eagle  bears 
the  arms  of  Austria  and  Castile  upon  the  inescutcheon. 

Fig.  5  represents  Caspar  Sturm,  a  former  Imperial  Herald,  his 
title  being  Teidschland  {i.e.  Deutschland — Germany).  Previously 
to  1 521  the  Herald  of  the  German  Empire  bore  the  official  name  of 
Eomreich  {i.e.  Roman  Empire).  This  representation  is  taken  from  a 
drawing  executed  by  himself  in  his  manuscript :  "  Kayser  Karl  des 
Fiinfften  vnd  Irer  Mt.  Stathalter  sampt  der  Achtzehen  Churfursten 
vnd  Fursteo  Auch  des  Kaiserlichen  Regiments  im  heiligen  Reich 
verordennter  Rethe  Namen  vnd  Wappen"  ("Appointed  Councillor 
of  Names  and  Ai-ms  in  the  Holy  Empire  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V., 
and  His  Majesty's  Lords  of  the  State^  together  with  the  eighteen 
Electors  and  Princes,  also  to  the  Imperial  Regiment"),  in  the 
possession  of  the  "Herold"  Society,  Berlin.  (See  Festschrift  of  the 
Herold,  1894.)  Sturm  was  appointed  Herald  of  the  Empire  by 
Charles  V.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  October  27,  1521.  "Derernvheste 
Herr  Caspar  Sturm,  des  Heilligen  Reichs  gesvesner  Allter  Eren- 
herold"  ("Tlie  grave  Herr  Caspar  Sturm,  former  Herald  of  the  Holy 
Empire")  leans  upon  the  shields  of  the  tow' 11  of  Niirnberg,  and  bears 
upon  his  tabard  the  Imperial  eagle,  and  thereupon  the  impaled 
arms  of  Castile  and  Burgumiy. 

Fig.  6  represents  a  Royal  Hungarian  Herald.  Johann  von  Fran- 
colin,  the  younger,  1 560,  from  an  engraving  by  Donat  Hxibschmann, 
in  Vienna.  His  elder  brother  of  the  same  name  was  likewise  a 
herald.  The  Francolins,  as  also  the  greater  number  of  the  old 
heralds,  came  orif(inally  from  Burgundy,  and  were  ennobled  by 
the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  at  Regensburg,  iMarch  8,  1557.*'      The 

^  In  1562  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  presented  to  his  herald 
Francolin,  a  piece  of  ground  in  front  of  the  Widmerihoi-  for  the  erec- 
tion of  windmills.     It  is  still  called  Witidmiihl  yasse  (Windmill  Lane), 


^  \S' 


Fig.  2S. — Emblem  of  the  Order 
of  the  Golden  Fleece  in  the 
Cathedral  at  Barcelona,  1518. 


arms  depicted  at  the  side  of  the  figure  are  the  personal  achieve- 
ment of  -Francolin,  and  though  it  is  almost  impossible  to  blazon  the 
arms  by  the  ordinary  terms  of  English  blazonry,  they  may  perhaps 
be  described  :  Party  per  chevron  azure  and  or,  two  chevronels  gules, 
the  field  between  the  chevronels  paly  of  six  of  the  first  and  second, 
in  chief  two  heath-cocks  (francolins)  proper,  crowned  and  gorged 
with  coronets  or,  standing  upon  the  upper  chevronel,  and  in  base 
an  eagle  displayed   argent,  charged  with  a  saltire  couped  gules. 


Fig.  29. 


-German  Imperial  Herald,  from  a  woodcut  by 
Michael  Ostendorfer  {d.  1559). 


The  helmet,  with  mantling  azure,  gules,  and  or,  is  crowned,  and 
bears  as  a  crest  issuing:;  from  a  coronet  a  heath-cock  as  in  the  arms. 
The  tabard  shows  the  new  and  the  old  arms  of  the  kingdom  of 
Hungary,  the  former  being  :  Gules,  a  patriarchal  cross  argent  issu- 
ing from  three  mounts  vert ;  the  latter  :  Barry  of  eight  gules  and 
argent.  Compare  Plate  11.  Fig.  7.  The  figure  of  this  herald  is 
taken  from  the  German  edition  of  Prancolin's  Thurnier  Bucks  (Book 
of  Tournaments),  1 560,  published  by  Raphael  Hof halter  (Skrzetu- 
sky),  Vienna. 

Fig.  7  shows  the  costume  of  the  EU'-ioral  Herald  of  Brandenburg^ 
under  the  Great  Elector,  Frederick  III.,  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  colour  of  the  fringed  and  gold-embroidered 
tabard  refers  to  the  blue  shield  and  golden  sceptre,  which  were  the 
official  arms  of  the  Archikumerarius  (Arch  chamberlain)  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  which  dignity  was  enjoyed  from  141 5  by  the 
Hohenzollerns,  as  Electors  of  Brandenburg.  The  shield,  the  Elec- 
toral crown  upon  the  breast,  and  the  shoulder-pieces,  show  the  new 
arms  of  the  Brandenburg  margraviate,  while  the  plain  red  eagle  of 
the  sceptre  represents  the  older  form. 

PLi^TE    II 

HERALDS   IN   OFFICIAL  DRESS 

Plate  II.  gives  examples  of  the  Heralds  of  the  eighteenth  and  nine- 
teenth centuries,  though,  as  has  been  already  stated,  Fig.  i  shows  the 
shield  of  the  English  College  of  Arms,  namely :  Ardent,  a  cross  gules 
between  four  doves  azure,  the  dexter  wing  of  each  expanded  and 
inverted.  Though  always  blazoned  a  dove  azure,  it  is  nevertheless 
usually  depicted  with  the  legs  and  beak  gules. 

Fig.  2,  though  not  a  good  portrait,  represents  the  present  Garter 
King  of  Arms  in  his  tabard,  and  in  full  dress,  the  tabard  showing 
the  Royal  Arms  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

and  is  situated  in  Circuit  VI.,  Vienna:  he  received,  moreover,  among 
many  other  privileges,  permission  to  display  the  Imperial  eagle  on  the 
outside  of  his  house. 

25  D 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  3  is  the  Herald  of  the  Prussian  Order  of  the  Black  Eagle  of  the 
year  1890.  The  blue  of  the  herald's  dress,  which  is  adorned  with 
the  small  Prussian  coat  of  arms,  corresponds  with  the  colour  of  the 
cross  of  the  Order. 

Fig.  4  is  a  Herald  dejiicted  as  he  officiated  at  the  Coronation  of 
King  William  I.  of  Prussia  at  Konigsberg,  October  iS^  1S61. 

Fig.  5  is  a  Royal  Bavarian  Herald  as  he  appeared  at  the  Coronation 
of  King  Ludwig  II.  of  Bavaria  in  the  year  1S64.  He  wears  a  sky- 
blue  velvet  labard,  richly  embroidered  with  silver,  and  trimmed 
with  silver  bullion.  Embroidered  in  front  and  behind  is  ihe  Royal 
coat  of  arms  of  Bavaria.  Below  the  tabard  is  worn  an  embroideied 
tunic  of  silver  brocade,  breeches  of  white  satin  wiili  blue  and  white 
rosettes,  while  white  silk  stockings,  and  white  leather  shoes  witii  blue 
and  white  rosettes,  complete  the  official  costume  of  the  herald.  A 
blue  velvet,  cap,  with  a  circlet  embellished  with  silver  and  with  three 
ostrich  feathei-s,  one  blue  and  two  white,  serves  as  a  head-covering. 
The  herald's  sceptre  is  of  silver  and  is  80  centimetres  in  length. 
It  is  ensii^ned  with  a  gold  crown.  When  mounted  the  herald  wears 
white  kerseymere  breeches  and  white  leather  boots,  trimmed  with 
silver  fringe,  and  silver  spurs  ;  and  in  place  of  the  sceptre,  a  silver 
truncheon  67  centimetres  long  is  carried. 

Fig.  6  represents  a  Bavarian  Pursuivant  He  wears  a  blue  velvet 
tabard,  bordered  witli  silver  edging,  and  an  underdress  of  "white 
satin  with  silver  edgeSj  breeches  of  white  kerseymere,  white  leather 
boots  trimmed  "with  silver  fringe,  and  with  plated  spurs,  and  a  black 
hilt  turned  iip  at  the  edge,  with  a  blue  and  a  white  ostrich  feather. 
(From  information  supplied  by  the  Royal  Bavarian  Heralds'  Office.) 

Fig.  7  is  the  Hungarian  Provincial  Herald  as  he  appeareil  at  the 
Coronation  of  King  Franz  Joseph  I.  on  the  Sth  June  1S67.  The 
tabard  shows,  in  front  and  behind,  the  arms  of  Hungary.  The 
JcalpaJc,  or  hat,  is  adorned  with  overhanging  ostrich  featliers  in 
the  colours  of  tiie  country,  red,  white,  and  green.  The  herald 
wears  green  xmderclothes  laced  with  gold,  and  yellow  czismen 
(boois).  The  wliite  leatlier  gauntlet  gloves,  fringed  on  the  edges 
with  the  colours  of  the  country,  show  on  the  backs  of  the  hands  the 
coat  of  arms  of  the  country  embroidered  in  their  proper  colours. 


Fig.  8  is  the  Herald  of  the  Imperial  Capital  and  City  of  Vienna. 
He  is  dressed  in  the  colours  of  the  town,  red  and  white,  and  bears 
on  his  breast  the  great  coat  of  arms,  and  on  the  shoulder-pieces  the 
lesser  coat  of  arms,  of  the  town. 

Fig.  9  is  a  Royal  Swedish  Herald  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He 
wears  a  purple-red  \  elvet  tabard,  edged  with  the  links  of  the  collar 
of  the  Seraphin  Order  embroidered  in  gold.  On  the  breast  appears 
the  monogram  of  Jestis  Christ  as  upon  the  star  of  the  Seraphin 
Order,  and  ensigned  with  the  Royal  crown.  Around  the  neck  are 
the  ribbons  of  the  Seraphin  Order  (blue),  and  the  Wasa  Order 
(green),  with  their  badges.  The  lierald  is  also  wearing  on  the  breast 
the  knight's  badge  of  the  Order  of  the  Sword  (from  a  yellow  ribbon), 
and  of  the  Order  of  the  North  Star  (from  a  black  ribbon).  Whether 
all  or  any  of  these  Orders  are  part  of  his  official  costume,  or  whether 
they  are  worn  by  reason  of  the  identity  of  the  wearer,  does  not  seem 
clear. 

Fig.  10,  another  Swedish  herald,  is  the  Herald  of  the  Order  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Siceden,  otherwise  the  Order  of  the  Seraphin.  The 
tabard  is  of  dark  blue  velvet,  with  gold  embroidery  similar  to  that  of 
the  Eo3'al  Herald,  The  inscription  on  the  shoulder-pieces  (sleeves) 
runs  :  '*  Jesvs  Homlnum  Salvator." 

Fig.  1 1  is  the  Herald  of  the  Swedish  Order  of  ihe  Sivord.  The  blue 
taliard  bears  on  the  breast  the  emblem  of  the  Order,  a  naked  sword 
ensigned  by  a  crown.  On.  tlie  shoulder-pieces  appears  the  inscription: 
"  Pro  Patria." 

Fig.  12  represents  the  Herald  of  tlie  Swedish  Order  of  the  North 
Star.  The  red  tabard  is  decorated  with  the  badge  of  this 
Order.  The  inscription  on  the  shoulder-pieces  is :  "  Nescit 
Occasnm." 

Fig.  13  is  the  Herald  of  the  Swedish  Order  of  JVasa.  The  green 
tabard  is  embroidered  in  front  with  the  emblem  of  the  Order, 
a  golden  sheaf  of  corn.  Round  the  border  runs  the  inscription  : 
"GvsUif.  Den.  III.,  Instiktare,  mdcclsxii.  (Gustavus  III.,  Founder, 
1772).  These  Swedish  costumes  are  no  longer  in  use.  The 
details  were,  however,  supplied  by  the  present  Swedish  herald, 
Major  K.  A.  von  Klingspor.  H.  S. 


CHAPTER    V 


ENGLISH    HERALDIC    EFFIGIES 


Bv   ALBERT   HARTSHORNE,    F.S.A. 


THE  value  of  monumental  effigies  as  authentic 
pictures  of  armour  and  costume,  and  as  furnishing 
accurate  representations  of  ancient  heraldry,  has 
long  been  insisted  upon  and  recognised.  It  must,  how- 
ever, be  borne  in  mind  that  the  carvers  and  the  latteners 
of  the  memorials,  which  were  for  the  most  part  only 
conventional  representations  of  the  soldiers,  ladies,  or 
ecclesiastics,  could  only  imitate  the  armour  or  the  costume 
up  to  a  certain  point,  in  consequence  of  the  nature  of  their 
materials ;  and  although  the  softer  stones  surrendered 
with  greater  freedom  to  the  chisel,  the  study  of  such 
matters  must  be  supplemented  by  reference  to  illumin- 
ated manuscripts,  and  to  the  actual  examples  of  armour 
which  present  themselves  for  comparison  by  slow  degrees, 
and,  generally  speaking,  not  until  after  the  fourteenth 
century.  But  armour  alone  gives  the  least  possible 
heraldry,  and  ancient  tabards  do  not  exist.  With 
ecclesiastical  vestments  exhibiting  heraldic  charges  the 
position  is  somewhat  better ;  of  ancient  female  costume, 
of  course  nothing  remains  earlier  than  of  the  time  of 
Elizabeth,  save  fragments. 

We  fortunately  have  the  real  heraldic  sleeved  jupon, 
embroidered  with  the  fourfold  presentment  of  arms  and 
the  cuir-houilli  shield  of  the  Black  Prince  at  Canter- 
bury— relics  unique  indeed  for  their  period,  and  rare 
chivalric  associations ;  but  one  would  have  been  thank- 
ful for  some  actual  examples  of  the  small  armorial 
shields  of  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  such  as 
all  the  knights  carried  on  the  left  arm,  or  for  bouched 
pavises  like  those  which  the  great  Richard,  Earl  of 
Warwick,  prepared   at   Calais  when   "  he  cast   in   his 


mynde,  to  do  some  new  poynt  of  chevalry  " ;  and  still 
more  grateful  for  original  examples  of  fifteenth-century 
tabards  or  gorgeous  late  fifteenth  and  early  sixteenth 
century  ladies'  heraldic  mantles,  such  as  are  depicted 
on  the  effigies  and  brasses. 

In  the  face  of  the  great  dearth  of  original  examples 
of  English  heraldic  shields  and  cognate  remains,  we 
may  therefore  turn  with  satisfaction  to  their  accurate 
presentments  on  the  monumental  effigies  and  brasses, 
and  not  disregarding  the  equally  valuable  heraldic 
details  upon  the  tombs  when  the  figures  heraldically 
fail  us. 

With  regard  specially  to  the  heraldry  associated  with 
the  effigies  and  brasses,  whether  sculptured  or  painted 
on  the  surcoats,  jupons,  tabards,  or  shields  of  the  men, 
the  mantles  of  the  women,  the  orphreys  of  priestly 
vestments,  or  set  forth  in  order  upon  the  tombs,  we  are 
well  situated.  For  in  the  sculptured  heraldry  of  the 
earlier  monuments,  and  more  particularly  in  the  deli- 
cate painted  details  ui  gesso  upon  them,  the  work  leaves 
nothing  to  be  desired;  it  is,  in  fact,  exactly  the  same 
pictorial  art  that  was  applied  to  the  real  shields.  No 
direct  supplementary  study  is  necessary,  save  the  cor- 
roborative testimony  of  the  Rolls  of  Arms.  And  in 
the  use  of  these  records  some  caution  is  necessary,  be- 
cause the  compilers  copied  the  mistakes  of  earlier  Rolls, 
which  were  thus  handed  down  and  perpetuated.  In  the 
effigies  and  brasses  of  later  times,  though  the  arts  have 
naturally  deteriorated,  there  is  still  the  same  heraldic 
precision  and  accuracy  In  the  representations  that  have 
so  conspicuously  les  defauts  de  leurs  qualites. 


26 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


A  convincing  proof  of  the  care  that  was  exercised  in 
monumental  heraldry  is  afforded  by  the  tomb  and 
relics  of  the  Black  Prince,  the  heraldic  bearings  on  the 
real  shield  and  jupon  being  precisely  the  same  as  are 
exhibited  on  the  jupon  of  the  kitten  effigy,  save  that  in 
the  latter  the  label  is  also  shown.  In  this  regard  the 
real  shield  (Fig.  264)  and  jupon  may  have  been  originally 
made  for  Edward  III. 

This  shield  is  formed  of  a  light  frame  of  wood,  covered 
with  euir-houiUi,  showing  France  and  England  quar- 
terly in  relief.  For  shields  richly  decorated  with  paint- 
ing and  gilding,  a  coat  of  gesso  was  first  laid  upon  the 
outer  surface,  just  as  with  the  effigies.  As  time  pro- 
gressed, shields  varied  in  form  in  accordance  with  the 
advance  of  architecture,  which  science,  following  perhaps 
at  times  the  goldsmith's,  gave  impetus  and  character  to 
the  rest  of  the  arts. 

It  does  not  appear  that  any  definite  rules  were 
anciently  observed  respecting  the  selection  and  arrange- 
ment of  arms  on  monuments.  The  effigy,  of  course,  set 
forth  the  paramount  coat,  while  on  the  sides  of  the 
tomb  were  naturally  placed  the  arms  of  the  nearest 
relations,  and  sometimes  those  of  friends  also.  In  cases 
where  the  Royal  arms  are  shown  on  monuments  of 
commoners,  as  on  the  Burghersh  tomb  at  Lincoln,  about 
1350,  and  the  brass  of  Sir  Simon  de  Felbrigge,  1416, 
at  Felbrig,  Norfolk,  the  reasons  are  as  obvious  as  the 
appearance  of  the  SS  collar  on  certain  effigies  and 
brasses.  The  Great  Seals  of  England,  and  the  wonderful 
series  of  ecclesiastical,  official,  and  personal  English 
seals  form  a  very  fertile  source  of  study  in  relation  to 
monumental  heraldic  shields,  apart  from  their  value 
as  regards  architecture,  armour,  and  costume. 

In  the  champleve  enamelled  plate  of  Geoffrey  Planta- 
genet.  Earl  of  Anjou,  11 50,  a  monumental  memorial  at 
Mans,  he  carries  on  a  great  curved  shield :  Azure,  six 
lioncels  rampant  or  (Fig.  4 1 ).  He  was  father  of  Henry  II., 
and  such  is  the  coat  shown  on  the  shield  of  William  Long- 
espee,  1227,  son  of  Henry  II.,  and  Fair  Rosamund,  in  his 
etfigy  at  Salisbury,  the  earliest  in  England  with  armorial 
bearings.  This  is  a  remarkable  and  beautifully  sculp- 
tured example  of  early  heraldry,  which  might  induce 
the  consideration  of  the  vexed  and  tempting  question 
of  Royal  Arms  in  England  before  the  time  of  Richard  I. 
But  we  must  pass  on,  merely  recording  that  Longespee's 
surcoat  has  also  been  painted  heraldically,  and  that 
the  second  Great  Seal  of  Richard  I.  shows  three  lions 
passant. 

The  generality  of  the  thirteenth-century  effigies  being 
carved  in  Purbeck,  or  in  Sussex  marble,  hard,  secondary 
fresh-water  limestones,  not  readily  lending  themselves 
to  minute  sculpture,  any  heraldic  accessories  were 
painted  upon  the  shields  and  sureoats,  and  have  long 
since  vanished.  In  rare  and  later  cases  the  arms  were 
sculptured  on  the  shields.  An  effigy  in  the  Temple 
Church,  with  a  doubtful  attribution  to  William  Mar- 
shall, Earl  of  Pembroke,  12 19,  is  an  instance.  The 
remarkable  efEgy  of  Sir  Robert  de  Kctocs,  1305,  at 
Dodford,  Northamptonshire,  is  in  Purbeck  marble,  and 
shows  him  clad  in  banded  maU,  and  carrying  a  kite- 
shaped  shield,  sculptured  with  his  arms :  Vair,  two 
bars . 

The  comparatively  limited  use  of  Purbeck  or  of 
Sussex  marble  for  efSgies  passed  away  early  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  the  manufacture  of  effigies  expanded, 
and  freestones  of  various  kinds,  and  worked  in  many 
locahties,  took  their  places.  Sculptured  arms  on  the 
shields  only  now  became  usual.  An  early  instance  in 
hard,  red  sandstone  is  the  grand  and  martial  figure  at 
Hughenden,  Buckinghamshire,  apparently  of  a  Welles. 
The  shield  of  this  remarkable  memorial  exhibits  on  a 
field  of  cross  crosslets  fitehe  a  lion  rampant  double- 


queued,  holding  a  child  in  its  mouth,  the  surcoat  being 
charged  with  a  chief  chequy,  a  griffin  segreant  holding 
a  child  in  its  paws.  On  the  scabbard  of  the  sword  are 
a  series  of  small  shields,  sculptured  with  bearings. 
There  are  now  no  indications  of  any  tinctures  on  the 
figure,  but  the  decoration  of  effigies  was  well  established 
in  the  last  years  of  the  thu-teenth  century. 

In  the  brass  of  Sir  John  D'Abernoun,  1277,  at  Aber- 
noun,  Surrey  (Fig.  32),  a  small  enamelled  shield  is  carried 
on  the  left  arm.  Sir  Roger  de  Trumpington,  1289,  at 
Trumpington,  Cambridgeshire  (Fig.  33),  and  Sir  Robert 
de  Septvans,  1305,  at  Chartham,  Kent  (Fig.  37),  have 
the  shields  on  their  brasses  charged  with  their  arms  ;  the 
last-named  knight's  surcoat  is  powdered  with  winnow- 
ing-fans,  and  both  he  and  Trumpington  wear  ailettes, 
heraldically  charged.  These  odd  decorations  also  occur 
on  a  few  stone  effigies,  and  often  in  painted  glass  and 
illuminated  MSS.  They  were  of  very  light  construction, 
less  for  defence  than  display,  and  each  was  tied  on  the 
shoulder  at  right  angles  to  it  (Figs.  693  and  697). 

Before  passing  into  the  fourteenth  century  we  may 
touch  upon  a  notable  effigy  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
although  it  is  an  exotic  from  Limoges.  This  is  the 
wooden  figure,  covered  with  plates  of  copper,  of  William 
de  Valence,  son  of  Isabella  of  Angouleme,  1296.  The 
monument  consists  of  a  stone  altar-tomb,  upon  which 
is  placed  a  wooden  one  sustaining  the  effigy.  The 
upper  tomb  was  originally  covered  with  enamelled  plates 
forming  a  background  for  a  series  of  figures  under 
canopies  with  shields  above  them.  All  these  items  are 
now  gone,  and  the  upper  portion  of  the  monument  is 
reduced  to  a  bare  chest.  The  table  of  the  tomb  was 
covered  with  an  enamelled  lozengy  diaper  of  the  arms 
of  England  and  Valence ;  a  small  portion  remains.  The 
pillow  plates  still  exist  and  show  an  enamelled  diaper  of 
England  and  Valence  armorials  in  rows  alternating  with 
rosettes,  the  work  being  of  great  delicacy  and  beauty. 
The  surcoat  was  powdered  with  small  scutcheons  of 
Valence,  according  to  a  French  custom.  The  shield  of 
De  Valence,  happily  remaining,  represents  the  arms 
richly  diapered;  it  is  carried  French-wise  on  the  hip. 
On  the  stone  tomb  are  the  arms  of  England,  repeated 
as  having  precedence,  De  Valence,  and  the  same  di- 
midiating Clermont,  for  his  son  Aylmer  and  his  first 
wife. 

The  painting  of  effigies  soon  led  to  such  elaborate 
decoration  as  was  only  possible  upon  a  prepared  surface 
of  gesso  laid  upon  the  stone.  From  their  costly  and 
high  art  quality,  rivalling  in  fact  the  refined  ettbrts  of 
the  illuminators,  it  may  be  thought  that  only  a  com- 
paratively small  proportion  were  thus  treated,  yet  we 
find  in  quite  remote  churches,  indications  on  effigies  of 
most  elaborate  work.  Every  effigy  of  the  time  was,  in 
short,  a  heraldic  text.  For  instance,  in  Rampton  Church, 
Cambridgeshire,  is  the  stone  effigy  of  a  De  I'lsle  of  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  on  which  the  arms, 
or,  a  fess  between  two  chevrons  sable,  cottised  gules, 
have  been  most  carefully  painted,  and  the  charges  en- 
riched and  pencilled  in  pale  grey  arabesques,  recalling 
the  diapered  fields  in  painted  glass.  Of  the  same  time 
is  the  effigy  of  Stephen  de  Haccombe,  Haccombe,  De- 
vonshire, which  exhibits  the  remains  of  the  rich  decora- 
tions on  the  shield,  and  the  flowing  black  arabesque 
pattern  running  over  the  painted  links  of  the  mail 
hauberk,  perhaps  a  unique  example. 

While  such  work  as  this  was  being  carried  out,  the 
practice  of  sculpturing  the  arms  was  still  pursued.  At 
Hatfield  Broad  Oak,  Essex,  an  effigy  of  a  De  Vere  has 
the  quarterly  shield  carved  alternately  i  and  4  with  a 
diaper  of  lozenges,  and  2  and  3  of  circles.  Sculptured 
and  painted  work  on  effigies  was  long  carried  out  con- 
temporaneously, the  former  emphasising  the  latter,  or 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  artist  enhancing  the  chisel  of  the  carver  as  the 
natvire  of  the  stone  and  the  circumstances  of  the  pro- 
duction of  the  figures  seemed  to  suggest  or  permit. 

Having  now  arrived  at  a  most  attractive  period  of 
heraldic  study,  reference  will  be  made  to  some  examples 
of  English  armorial  effigies  which  particularly  illustrate 
it.  In  the  Abbey  is  the  noble  canopied  monument  of 
Edmund  Crouch laaok,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  1296,  second 
son  of  Henry  HI.,  and  who  married  firstly  Aveline, 
the  great  Fortibus  heiress.  The  surooat  of  the  stone 
effigy  has  been  painted  with  a  diaper  of  England 
differenced  by  a  label  of  France,  and  alternating  with 
eagles  displayed  and  quatrefoils.  These  are  highly 
beautiful  examples  of  heraldic  ornamentation,  painted 
in  dark  and  light  crimson,  the  charges  most  daintily 
pencilled  in  their  colours.  The  shield  is  gone,  but  the 
trefoil  in  the  upper  spandril  of  the  canopy  shows  the 
Earl  of  Lancaster  on  his  barded  horse,  the  shield, 
sureoat,  and  trappers  painted  with  his  arms.  We  are 
indebted  to  Charles  Alfred  Stothard  for  the  decipher- 
ment and  exquisite  etchings  illustrating  the  valuable 
painted  details  of  this  and  many  cognate  memorials. 
At  Minster  in  Kent  is  the  effigy  of  Sir  Eobert  de 
Shurland,  who  died  after  1300,  having  been  present 
at  the  siege  of  Caerlaverock  in  that  year.  His  sureoat 
is  powdered  with  lions  rampant  or,  on  a  field  azure, 
and  his  shield  shows  the  enarmes.  The  freestone 
effigy  of  Sir  Nicholas  de  Cogenhoe,  1281,  at  Cogenhoe, 
Northamptonshire,  has  the  arms — a  fess  between  three 
mascles — carved  on  his  shield,  the  same  coat  occurring 
four  times,  with  five  others  on  the  capitals  of  the  nave 
arcade  of  his  building — exceedingly  rare  featiu'es  for 
the  time.  Aylmer  de  Valence,  third  and  youngest  son 
of  William,  succeeded  his  father  in  the  earldom  of 
Pembroke,  and  died  in  1323.  The  entire  sureoat  of 
the  stone  effigy  has  been  treated  as  a  shield,  and 
painted  with  the  De  Valence  arms.  In  the  spandril 
of  the  canopy  the  earl  is  shown  on  horseback,  the 
barding  and  sureoat  blazoned  De  Valence.  As  time 
advances,  more  importance  is  given  to  armorial  shields 
on  the  tomb. 

With  the  varied  harness  and  fascinating  costume  of 
the  knights  of  the  time  of  Edward  II.  the  small  shield 
continued,  carried  on  the  arm,  and  always,  whether  in 
brasses  or  effigies,  exhibiting  the  charges.  Of  the 
former  kind,  which  are  now  becoming  almost  as 
numerous  as  effigies,  we  have  many  examples.  John 
de  Creke,  1325,  Westley  Waterless,  Cambridgeshire, 
and  John  d'Abernoun,  1327,  Stoke  d'Abernoun,  both 
wearing  that  strange  and  rare  attire  the  cyclas — the 
transition  garment  between  the  sureoat  and  the  jupon 
— are  good  types.  In  sculptured  effigies  of  this  time 
and  style,  armorial  bearings  were  usually  discontinued 
on  the  body  garment,  the  cyclas,  and  appear  only  on 
the  shield,  carved  or  painted. 

The  introduction  of  the  use  of  alabaster  for  monu- 
ments soon  brought  about  retrogression  by  putting  an 
end  to  the  artistic  gessoed  and  painted  effigies,  and 
introducing  simpler  modes  of  decoration.  The  earliest 
examples  of  alabaster  statues,  such  as  those  of  Edward 
II.  at  Gloucester,  John  of  Eltham,  1 334,  in  the  Abbey, 
and  William  of  Hatfield,  1335,  at  York,  are  most  ten- 
derly sculptured.  The  shield  of  John  of  Eltham  is  a 
real  heraldic  masterpiece,  and  the  statuettes  of  his  royal 
and  noble  relatives  round  the  tomb  leave  nothing  to  be 
desired.  The  important  brass  of  Sir  Hugh  Hastings, 
1437,  at  Elsing,  Norfolk,  gives  examples,  in  the  small 
figures  of  the  noble  personages  in  the  shafts  of  the 
canopy,  of  the  transition  in  the  heraldic  decoration  of 
military  costume  that  was  now  taking  place.  Such 
was  the  harness  of  the  heroes  of  Cressy  and  Poictiers. 
The  shield  on  the  arm  has  been  abandoned,  and  the 


armorials  have  returned  to  and  appear  only  on  the  body 
of  the  close-fitting,  short-skirted  jupon,  the  immediate 
forervmner  of  the  jupon  proper.  Of  knightly  brasses  of 
the  first  half  of  the  long  reign  of  Edward  III.,  showing 
the  short-skirted  jupon,  very  few  remain.  We  have 
the  Elsing  examples.  Sir  John  de  Wantyng,  1347,  at 
Wimbish,  Essex,  and  Sir  John  Gifford,  1348,  at  Bowers 
Gifford,  Essex,  1348,  said  to  be  the  latest  example 
carrying  a  shield. 

From  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  to  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century  the  practice  of  placing  shields  of 
arms  upon  the  sides  of  tombs  had  been  gradually 
adopted,  shields  of  arms  and  distressful  "weepers" 
vying  with  or  rivalling  each  other  for  precedence.  In 
some  cases  we  find  nothing  but  "  weepers,"  not  neces- 
sarily in  the  exaggerated  postures  of  grief  that  so  many 
present — there  are  twenty-four  on  the  tomb  of  a  De 
Vere,  about  1370,  at  Earls  Colne,  Essex,  cheerfully 
exhibiting  a  variety  of  civil  dress ;  in  others  only  shields 
of  arms ;  in  others,  again,  mourners  and  panels  and 
armorials  share  these  honourable  places  with  the  best 
effect  until  far  into  the  fifteenth  century.  Detailed 
reference  to  exquisite  examples  of  heraldry  more 
strictly  architectural,  such  as  the  Abbey,  Lincoln,  and 
Beverley  afford,  seductive  though  it  is,  would  be  outside 
the  limits  of  the  present  essay. 

In  the  meantime  the  "marbelers"  were  setting  up 
their  alabaster  effigies,  first  of  the  cyclas,  and  then  of 
the  camail  and  jupon  type.  In  the  latter — to  pursue 
the  subject  chronologically — all  the  knights  are  now 
shown  in  tight  jupons,  and  upon  the  swelling  breasts 
the  arms  were  delicately  sculptured,  as  in  the  figure  of 
Sir  Thomas  Cawne,  about  1370,  at  Igtham,  Kent;  less 
frequently  the  arms  were  painted  only.  No  class  of 
effigy  is  more  numerous  than  this  one,  and  admirably 
as  the  heraldry  and  simple  arming  details  are  shown, 
these  countless  figures  in  alabaster,  clunch,  and  other 
soft  stones  were  mere  conventional  representations  of 
knights  quelconques,  and  not  portraits.  Thus  stiffly 
accoutred  they  fought,  for  instance,  at  Agincourt  on  St. 
Crispin's  day,  141 5.  Such  "marble"  and  similar  figures 
continued  up  to  about  141 8,  and  although  a  reaction 
had  again  arisen  in  favour  of  brasses,  the  felicitous 
medium  which  resigned  itself  with  so  much  freedom  to 
the  sculptor's  hand  was  not  abandoned,  and  it  continued 
in  use  until  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Great  as  is  the  value  of  works  engraved  in  enduring 
brass,  it  is  specially  to  alabaster  transformed  into  a  series 
of  historical  records  that  English  heralds  owe  so  much. 

Conspicuovis  examples  of  armorials  are  the  thirteen 
remaining  of  the  original  twenty  shields  on  the  tomb  of 
Edmund  of  Langley,  died  1402,  at  King's  Langley,  Hert- 
fordshire. There  never  was  an  effigy.  It  is  apparent 
that  heraldic  art  in  this  case,  as  well  as  in  others  of  the 
time,  has  somewhat  declined  since  the  death  of  John 
of  Eltham  ;  yet  we  may  justly  value  these  vigorous 
examples  in  alabaster.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
latteners  so  seldom  engraved  armorial  bearings  on  their 
camail  and  jupon  figures;  they  were  almost  invariably 
sculptured  or  painted  on  the  alabaster  and  other  effigies. 
It  is  true  that  small  shields  laid  apart  in  the  Purbeok 
slabs  are  constantly  found,  but  the  interest  of  the  para- 
mount figure  suffers  by  the  personal  deficiency,  at  least 
up  to  the  death  of  Henry  IV. 

Now  came  the  great  change.  The  jupon,  the  lineal 
descendant  of  the  armorial  sureoat,  was  discarded  ;  the 
man  appears  locked  up  in  steel,  and  heraldry  is 
banished  for  fully  half  a  century  to  the  tombs.  Rows 
of  rigid  angels  holding  shields,  generally  alternating 
with  flat  and  precise  weepers,  now  coldly  furnish  the 
panelled  monuments. 

A  few  words  are  desirable  about  the  mantles  of  the 


28 


PLATE   VIII. 


EXAMPLES    OF    SHIELDS,    HELMETS,    SUPPORTERS   AND    MANTLINGS    FROM    KNIGHT   AND    RUMLEY. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ladies.  That  they  were  richly  and  heraldieally  embroi- 
dered we  know  from  illuminated  manuscripts,  from 
early  monuments,  and  from  Chaucer's  description  of 
Riches  in  the  "Romaunt  of  the  Rose."  In  later  centuries 
the  effigies  and  brasses  give  complete  evidence  of  the 
heraldic  decoration  of  ladies'  costume,  and  of  the  great 
amplitude  of  their  embroidered  gowns.  The  paintings 
on  the  robes  of  the  Angevin  queens  at  Fontevraud,  the 
Ulumuiations  of  the  Loutterell  Psalter,  and  the  heraldic 
powderings  on  the  dress  of  Ann  of  Bohemia,  naturally 
occur  to  the  mind.  Monumental  effigies  and  brasses 
furnish  many  instances  of  the  heraldic  mantle.  An 
example  on  the  effigy  of  Isabel,  Dame  Spencer,  1522, 
at  Brington,  Northamptonshire,  is  late  but  noteworthy. 
The  brass  of  Margaret  Percy,  1 542,  wife  of  Henry 
Clifford,  first  Earl  of  Cumberland,  at  Skipton,  York- 
shire, exhibits  in  her  mantle  the  quarters  of  two  of 
the  noblest  of  northern  families  (Fig.  3  i ).  This  stately 
garment  passed  away  soon  after  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century. 

With  regard  more  particularly  to  the  heraldic  vestment 
par  excellence — the  tabard — it  has  been  stated  above, 
that  the  real  jupon  associated  with  the  monument  of 
the  Black  Prince  displays  the  arms  on  its  short  tubular 
sleeves,  as  well  as  on  the  back  and  front,  thus  giving 
the  earliest  and  the  isolated  fourteenth-century  in- 
stance in  England  of  the  fourfold  heraldic  picture 
of  the  later  tabards  proper.  It  was  not  the  custom 
with  us  for  the  jupon  to  be  sleeved ;  its  shape 
only  allowed  for  the  duplicate  armorial  representation, 
such  as  the  surcoats  and  cyclases  give.  This  is  well 
shown  by  the  very  curious  kneeling  figure  of  Edward 
Despencer,  1375,  at  Tewkesbury. 

The  heraldic  tabard,  the  light  garment  worn  over  the 
complete  suits  of  steel,  appears  to  have  been  introduced 
towards  the  end  of  the  first  quarter  of  the  fifteenth 
centur}',  and  was  the  direct  successor  of  the  jupon.  At 
first  it  had  only  elementary  sleeves  or  wings — flappers — 
the  armorials  not  appearing  on  them.  The  brass  of 
John  de  Wantele,  1424,  at  Amberley,  Sussex,  seems  to 
give  the  first  form,  and  to  be  the  earliest  monumental 
representation  of  the  new  garment.  This  example  is 
loose,  with  a  full  skirt,  resembling,  so  far,  the  short- 


skirted  jupons  of  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
It  is  apparent  that  for  about  fifty  years  the  tabard 
formed  no  integral  part  of  military  costume,  save  when 
the  display  of  armorials  was  imperative.  Brasses  do 
not  indicate  that  it  was  in  general  use  until  about  1470, 
when  it  became  not  uncommon  ;  but  it  is  infrequently 
shown  on  these  memorials,  and  rarely  on  effigies.  In  the 
last  quarter  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  the  first  of  the 
sixteenth,  knights  were  naturally  averse  to  hiding  their 
wonderful  fluted  suits  of  steel  under  a  light  silken 
tabard. 

An  early  and  striking  example  of  this  vestment  on 
an  efiigy  is  shown  by  the  figure  of  John  Fitzalan,  Earl 
of  Arundel,  1434,  at  Arundel.  This  differs  from  that  of 
Wantele  in  fitting  to  the  waist,  and  represents  the  early 
settled  shape.  It  has  fully  developed  sleeves,  or  wings, 
charged,  as  on  the  body,  with  Arundel  and  Maltravers 
quarterly.  In  the  last  quarter  of  the  century  the  waist 
was  abandoned.  Excellent  and  late  examples  are  shown 
on  the  beautiful  alabaster  effigy  of  Edward  Stafford, 
Earl  of  Wiltshire,  1499,  at  Lowick,  in  which  a  coat  of 
eight  quarters  is  four  times  presented ;  by  the  tabard 
of  Sir  John  Spencer,  1522,  at  Brington;  and  by  that  of 
Sir  Richard  Knightley,  1534,  at  Fawsley,  with  a  four- 
fold picture  of  twelve  quarters,  all  in  Northampton- 
shire. Many  bra.sses  of  this  time  set  forth,  on  somewhat 
stiflT  tabards,  the  arms  of  ancient  houses ;  the  Northamp- 
tonshire examples  are  shown  as  lightly  embroidered,  or 
painted,  on  linen  or  silk.  They  contrast  very  favour- 
ably with  modern  tabards,  founded  upon  Dugdale,  and 
utterly  at  variance  with  the  style  and  character  of 
ancient  examples.  The  effigy  of  Sir  John  Spencer,  1 599, 
also  at  Brington,  exhibits  a  rigid  tabard  fitting  to  the 
waist,  and  embroidered  with  Spencer  quarters.  This  is 
perhaps  the  latest  example  on  an  effigy  in  England. 
A  reference  to  the  manifold  coats,  sculptured  and 
painted,  on  the  striking  array  of  Renaissance  monu- 
ments of  the  Spencer  family,  may  fittingly  close  this 
chapter,  for  we  have  left  the  ages  of  chivalry  far  behind, 
and  the  difference  between  the  heraldry  of  the  early 
fourteenth  century — monumental  in  more  than  one 
sense — and  that  of  the  late  sixteenth  is  very  wide 
indeed.  A.  H. 


CHAPTER    VI 

HERALDIC    BRASSES 


Bv  WALTER  J.  KAYE,  Junr.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  F.S.A.  Scot. 

Member  of  the  Monumental  Brans  Society,  London;  Sonorary  Member  of  the  Spalding  Gentlemen's  Society;  Author  of 
"A  Brief  History  of  Gosberton,  in  the  County  of  Lincoln." 


MONUMENTAL  brasses  do  not  merely  afford _ a 
guide  to  the  capricious  changes  of  fashion  in 
armour,  in  ecclesiastical  vestpients  (which  have 
altered  but  little),  and  in  legal,  civilian,  and  feminine 
costume,  but  they  provide  us  also  with  a  vast  number 
of  admirable  specimens  of  heraldic  art.  The  vandal  and 
the  fanatic  have  robbed  us  of  many  of  these  beautiful 
memorials,  but  of  those  which  survive  to  our  own  day 
the  earliest  on  the  continent  of  Europe  marks  the  last 
resting-place  of  Abbot  Ysowdpe,  1231,  at  Verden,_in 
Hanover.  In  England  there  was  once  a  brass,  which 
unfortunately  disappeared  long  ago,  to  an  Earl  of  Bed- 
ford, in  St.  Paul's  Church,  Bedford,  of  the  year  1208, 
leaving  1277  as  the  date  of  the  earliest  one. 


Latten  (Fr.  laiton),  the  material  of  which  brasses 
were  made,  was  at  an  early  date  manufactured  in  large 
quantities  at  Cologne,  whence  plates  of  this  metal  came 
to  be  known  as  cuUen  (Koln)  plates  ;  these  were  largely 
exported  to  other  countries,  and  the  Flemish  workmen 
soon  attained  the  greatest  proficiency  in  their  engraving. 
Flemish  brasses  are  usually  large  and  rectangular,  hav- 
ing the  space  between  the  figure  and  the  marginal  in- 
scription fiUed  either  by  diaper  work  or  by  small  figures 
in  niches.  Brasses  vary  considerably  in  size  :  the  ma- 
trix of  Bishop  Beaumont's  brass  in  Durham  Cathedral 
measures  about  16  feet  by  8  feet,  and  the  memorial  to 
Griel  van  Ruwesouere,  in  the  chapel  of  the  Lady  Superior 
of  the  Beguinage  at  Bruges,  is  only  about  i  foot  square. 


29 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Brazen  effigies  are  more  numerous  in  England  in  the 
eastern  and  southern  counties,  than  in  parts  more  re- 
mote from  the  continent  of  Europe. 

Armorial  bearings  are  displayed  in  a  great  variety  of 
ways  on  monumental  brasses,  some  of  which  are  ex- 
hibited in  the  rubbings  selected  for  illustration.  In 
most  cases  separate  shields  are  placed  above  and  below 
the  figures.  They  occur  also  in  the  spandrils  of 
canopies  and  in  the  shafts  and  finials  of  the  same,  as 
well  as  in  the  centre  and  at  the  angles  of  border-fillets. 
They  naturally  predominate  in  the  memorials  of  war- 
riors, where  we  find  them  emblazoned  not  only  on  shield 


Fig.  31. — Brassof  Margaret 
(daughter  of  Henry 
Percy,  Earl  of  North- 
umberland), second 
wife  of  Henry,  1st 
Earl  of  Cumberland,  in 
Skiptou  Parish  Church. 
Arms  :  On  the  dexter 
side  those  of  the  Earl 
of  Cumberland,  on  the 
sinister  side  those  of 
Percy. 


Fig.  30. — Era^s  in  the  Scarisbrick 
Chapel  of  Ormskirk  Church,  co. 
Lanes.,  to  a  member  of  the 
.Scarisbrick  family  of  that  name. 
Arms :  Gules,  three  mullets  in 
bend  between  two  bendlets 
engrailed  argent.  (From  a 
rubbing  by  Walter  J.  Kaye.) 


and  pennon  but  on  the  scabbard  and  ailettes,  and  on  the 
jupon,  tabard,  and  cuirass  also,  while  crests  frequently 
occur  on  the  tilting-helm.  In  one  case  (the  brass  of  Sir 
Peter  Legh,  1527,  at  Winwick,  co.  Lancaster)  they  figure 
upon  the  priestly  chasuble.  Walter  Pescod,  the  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  1398,  wears  a  gown 
adorned  with  peascods — a  play  upon  his  name;  and 
many  a  merchant's  brass  bears  his  coat  of  arms  and 
merchant's  mark  beside,  pointing  a  moral  to  not  a  few 
at  the  present  day.  The  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies witnessed  the  greatest  profusion  in  heraldic  deco- 
ration in  brasses,  when  the  tabard  and  the  heraldic 
mantle  were  evolved.  A  good  example  of  the  former 
remains  in  the  parish  church  of  Ormskirk,  Lancashire, 
in  the  brass  commemorating  a  member  of  the  Scaris- 


brick family,  c.  1 500  (Fig.  30).  Ladies  were  accustomed 
at  this  time  to  wear  their  husbands'  arms  upon  the 
mantle  or  outer  garment  and  their  own  upon  the 
kirtle,  but  the  fashion  which  obtained  at  a  subsequent 
period  was  to  emblazon  the  husbands'  arms  on  the 
dexter  and  their  own  on  the  sinister  side  of  the 
mantle  (Fig.  31). 

The  majority  of  such  monuments,  as  we  behold  them 
now,  are  destitute  of  any  indications  of  metals  or 
tinctures,  largely  owing  to  the  action  of  the  varying 
degrees  of  temperature  in  causing  contraction  and  ex- 
pansion. Here  and  there,  however,  we  may  still  detect 
traces  of  their  pristine  glory.  But  these  matters  received 
due  attention  from  the  engraver.  To  represent  or,  he 
left  the  surface  of  the  brass  untouched,  except  for  gilding 
or  perhaps  polishing ;  this  universal  method  has  solved 
many  heraldic  problems.  Lead  or  some  other  white 
metal  was  inlaid  to  indicate  argent,  and  the  various 
tinctures  were  supplied  by  the  excision  of  a  portion 
of  the  plate,  thereby  forming  a  depression,  which  was 
filled  up  by  pouring  in  some  resinous  substance  of  the 
requisite  colour.  The  various  kinds  of  fur  used  in 
armory  may  be  readily  distinguished,  with  the  sole 
exception  of  vair  {argent  and  azure),  which  presents 
the  appearance  of  a  row  of  small  upright  shields  alter- 
nating with  a  similar  row  reversed. 

The  earliest  brass  extant  in  England  is  that  to  Sir 
John  D'Aubernoun,  the  elder  (Fig.  32),  at  Stoke  D'Aber- 
non,  in  Surrey,  which  carries  us  back  to  the  year  1277. 
The  simple  marginal  inscription  in  Norman-French, 
surrounding  the  figure,  and  each  Lombardic  capital  of 
which  is  set  in  its  own  matrix,  reads:  "Sire  ;  John  : 
Daubernoun  :  Chivaler  :  Gist  :  Icy  :  Deu  :  De  :  Sa  : 
Alme  :  Eyt  :  Mercy  :  "  "  In  the  space  between  the  in- 
scription and  the  upper  portion  of  the  figure  were  two 
small  shields,  of  which  the  dexter  one  alone  remains, 
charged  with  the  arms  of  the  knight :  "  Azure,  a  chevron, 
or."  Sir  John  D'Aubernoun  is  represented  in  a  complete 
panoply  of  chain  mail — his  head  being  protected  by  a 
coif  de  mailles,  which  is  joined  to  the  hauherk  or  mail- 
shirt,  which  extends  to  the  hands,  having  apparently  no 
divisions  for  the  fingers,  and  being  tightened  by  straps 
at  the  wrists.  The  legs,  which  are  not  crossed,  are 
covered  by  long  chausses,  or  stockings  of  mail,  protected 
at  the  knees  by  j>oleyns  or  genoidllires  of  cuir  houilli 
richly  ornamented  by  elaborate  designs.  A  surcoat, 
probably  of  linen,  depends  from  the  shoulders  to  a  little 
below  the  knees,  and  is  out  away  to  a  point  above  the 
knee.  This  garment  is  tightly  confined  (as  the  creases 
in  the  surcoat  show)  at  the  waist  by  a  girdle,  and  over 
it  is  passed  a  guige  whereto  the  long  sword  is  attached. 
"  Pryck  "  spurs  are  fixed  to  the  instep,  and  the  feet  rest 
upon  a  lion,  whose  mouth  grasps  the  lower  portion  of 
a  lance.  The  lance  bears  a  pennon  charged  with  a 
chevron,  as  also  is  the  small  heater-shaped  shield 
borne  on  the  knight's  left  arm.  The  whole  composi- 
tion measures  about  eight  feet  by  three. 

Heraldry  figures  more  prominently  in  our  second 
illustration,  the  brass  to  Sir  Roger  de  Trumpington,  1289 
(Fig.  33).  This  fine  efligy  lies  under  the  canopy  of  an 
altar-tomb,  so-called,  in  the  church  of  St.  Michael  and 
All  Angels,  Trumpington,  Cambridgeshire.  It  portrays 
the  knight  in  armour  closely  resembling  that  already 
described,  with  these  exceptions:  the  head  rests  upon  a 
huge  heaume,  or  tilting-helm,  attached  by  a  chain  to 
the  girdle,  and  the  neck  is  here  protected  from  side- 
thrusts  by  ailettes  or  oblong  plates  fastened  behind  the 
shoulders,  and  bearing  the  arms  of  Sir  Roger.  A  dog 
here  replaces  the  lion  at  the  feet,  the  lance  and  pennon 
are  absent,  and  the  shield  is  rounded  to  the  body.     On 

'^  Here  lieth  Sir  John  D'Aubernoun,  knight.'.  On  his  soul  may  God 
have  mercy. 


30 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


this  brass  the  arms  not  only  occur  upon  the  shield,  but 
also  upon  the  ailettes,  and  are  four  times  repeated  on 
the  scabbard.  They  afford  a  good  example  of  "  canting" 
arms :  "  Azure,  crusilly  and  two  trumpets  palewise  or, 
with  a  label  of  five  points  in  chief,  for  difference." 
It  is  interesting  also  to  notice  that  the  engraver 
had  not  completed  his  task,  for  the  short  horizontal 
lines  across  the  dexter  side  of  the  shield  indicate 
his  intention  of  cutting  away  the  surface  of  the  field. 
Sir  Robert  de   Setvans  (formerly  Scptvans),  whose 


his  arms :  "  Azure,  a  fess  indented  argent,  between 
three  crosslets  botony,  or."  The  first  crosslet  is  charged 
with  an  annulet,  probably  as  a  mark  of  cadency. 
The  engraver  has  omitted  the  indenture  upon  the  fess, 
which,  however,  appears  upon  the  shield.  The  knight's 
arms  are  protected  by  epaidieres,  brassarts,  coutes,  and 
vambraces ;  his  hands,  holding  a  heart,  by  gauntlets  of 
steel.  An  elaborate  baldric  passes  round  his  waist,  from 
which  are  suspended,  on  the  left,  a  cross-hilted  sword, 
in   a   slightly  ornamented   scabbard ;   on    the   right,  a 


FiG.  32. — Brassof  .Sir  John  D'Auberuoun    ¥lG.    5^. — Brass  of   Sir   Roger   de    Fig. 34. — Brass  of  Sir  William  de 
at      Stoke      D'Abernon.         Arms :  Trumpington  at  Trumpington.  Aldeburgh   at  Aldborongh, 

Azure,    a    chevron    or.       (From    a  Arms:  Azure,  crusilly  and  two  Torks.       Arms:    Azure,    a 

rubbing  by  Walter  J.  Kaye).  trumpets  palewise  or.     (From  fesse  argent  between  three 

a  rubbing  by  Walter  J.  Kaye.)  cross  crosslets  or.     (From  a 

rubbing  by  Walter  J.  Kaye.) 


Fig.  35. — Brass  of  Elizabeth  Knevet. 


beautiful  brass  may  be  seen  at  Chartham,  Kent,  is 
habited  in  a  surcoat  whereon,  together  with  the  shield 
and  ailettes,  are  seven  winnowing  fans — another  instance 
of  canting  arms  (Fig.  37).  This  one  belongs  to  a  some- 
what later  date,  1 307. 

Our  next  example  is  a  mural  efiigy  to  Sir  William  de 
Aldeburgh,  c.  1 360,  from  the  north  aisle  of  Aldborough 
Church,  near  Boroughbridge,  Yorkshire  (Fig.  34).  He 
is  attired  like  the  "veray  parfite  gentil  knight"  of 
Chaucer,  in  a  bascinet  or  steel  cap,  to  which  is  laced 
the  cariiail  or  tippet  of  chain  mail,  and  a  hauberk 
almost  concealed  by  a  jihpon,  whereon  are  emblazoned 


misericorde,  or  dagger  of  mercy.  The  thighs  are 
covered  by  cuisses — steel  plates,  here  deftly  concealed 
probably  by  satin  or  velvet  secured  by  metal  studs — the 
knees  by  genouilleres,  the  lower  leg  by  jambes,  which 
reveal  chausses  of  mail  at  the  interstices.  Sollerets,  or 
long,  pointed  shoes,  whereto  are  attached  rowel  spurs, 
complete  his  outfit.  The  figure  stands  upon  a  bracket 
bearing  the  name  "  Will's  de  Aldeburgh." 

The  parish  church  of  Eastington,  Gloucestershire, 
contains  a  brass  to  Elizabeth  Knevet,  which  is  illus- 
trated and  described  by  Mr.  Cecil  T.  Davis  at  p.  1 17  of 
his   excellent   work  on   the    "  Monumental    Brasses  of 


31 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


I 


Gloucestersliire." ''  The  block  (Fig.  35),  which  presents 
a  good  example  of  the  heraldic  mantle,  has  been  very 
kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  by  Mr.  Davis.  To  confine 
our  description  to  the  heraldic  portion  of  the  brass,  we 
find  the  following  arms  upon  the  mantle: — 

"Quarterly,  i.  argent,  a  bend  sable,  within^  a  bordure 
engrailed  azure  (Knevet) ;  2.  argent,  a  bend  azure,  and 
chief,  gules  (Cromwell);  3.  chequy  or  and  gules,  a  chief 
ermine  (Tatshall) ;  4.  chequy  or  and  gules,  a  bend 
ermine  (De  Cailly  or  Clifton);  5.  paly  of  .six  within  a 
bordure  bezante  ...  6.  bendy  of  six,  a  canton  .  .  ."  ° 

A  coat  of  arms  occurs  also  at  each  corner  of  the  slab : 
"  Nos.  I  and  4  are  on  ordinary  shields,  and  2  and  3  on 
lozenges.  Nos.  i  and  3  are  charged  with  the  same 
bearings  as  are  on  her  mantle.  No.  2,  on  a  lozenge, 
quarterly,  i.  Knevet;  2.  Cromwell;  3.  Tatshall;  4. 
Cailli ;  5.  De  Woodstock ;  6.  paly  of  six  within  a 
bordure ;  7.  bendy  of  six,  a  canton ;  8.  or,  a  chevron 
gules  (Stafford) ;  9.  azure,  a  bend  cottised  between  six 

^  "  Monumental  Brasses  of  Gloucestershire,"  by  C.  T.  Davis.  Lon- 
don: Phillimore  &  Co.,  1S99. 

'-'  The  arms  are  quoted  by  Mr.  Davis  from  Bigland's  "  Gloucestershire," 
P-  539- 


lioncels  rampant,  or  (de  Bohun).     No.  4  similar  to  No. 
I,  with  the  omission  of  2  and  3." 

In  later  times  thinner  plates  of  metal  were  employed 
a  fact  which  largely  contributed  to  preclude  much  of 
the  boldness  in  execution  hitherto  displayed.  A  pro- 
digality in  shading,  either  by  means  of  parallel  lines  or 
by  cross-hatching,  also  tended  to  mar  the  beauty  of 
later  work  of  this  kind.  Nevertheless  there  are  some 
good  brasses  of  the  Stuart  period.  These  sometimes 
consist  of  a  single  quadrangular  plate,  with  the  upper 
portion  occupied  by  armorial  bearings  and  emblemati- 
cal figures,  the  centre  by  an  inscription,  and  the  lower 
portion  by  a  representation  of  the  deceased,  as  at  For- 
oett,  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  Frequently, 
however,  as  at  Rotherham  and  Rawmarsh,  in  the  West 
Riding  of  the  same  county,  the  inscription  is  surmounted 
by  a  view  of  the  whole  family,  the  father  kneeling  on  a 
cushion  at  a  fald-stool,  with  his  sons  in  a  similar  atti- 
tude behind  him,  and  the  mother  likewise  engaged  with 
her  daughters  on  the  opposite  side,  while  the  armorial 
insignia  find  a  place  on  separate  shields  above. 

W.  J.  K. 


CHAPTER    VII 

THE   AVEARING   OF  ARMS:   PLATES   V.   AND   \\. 


BEFORE  it  is  possible  to  pass  to  the  consideration 
of  heraldry,  either  as  a  science  with  its  rules  and 
regulations,  or  as  an  art  or  means  of  decoration 
with  the  various  examples  of  the  employment  of  armory 
for  that  purpose,  it  would  be  well  to  refer  to  the  method 
in  which  armorial  insignia  were  actually  worn  or  carried 
in  battle  and  tournament,  and  on  Plates  V.  and  VI.  ex- 
amples will  be  found  taken  from  different  sources.  On 
Plate  V.  Fig.  1  is  a  representation  of  Lazarius  Marcel- 
linus  Gerardini,  head  of  the  Genoese  Government.  The 
date  is  about  1 248.  (The  representation  is  taken  from 
Gafari  et  continuatoi^um  Annales  Janiue  a  1099-1294, 
Monumenta  Qerinanix  Historicx,  by  G.  H.  Pertz, 
xviii.  B.,  1863,  Plate  III.)  Banner,  surcoat,  and  the 
clothing  of  the  horse,  and  even  the  knight's  saddle, 
show  the  arms :  "  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  guardant 
azure."     As  crest  appears  "  a  peacock  in  pride." 

Fig.  2  represents  Herr  Hartmann  v.  Owe,  a  Swabian 
Knight  and  Minnesinger,  who  had  been  the  retainer  of 
a  baronial  family.  He  was  probably  born  somewhere 
about  1 165,  and  died  between  i2ioand  1220.  On  his 
shield  of  sable  he  bears  three  eagles'  heads  erased 
argent,  two  aud  one,  and  the  horsecloth  is  adorned  with 
a  repetition  of  the  charges,  which  are  not  restricted  in 
number.  The  crest  on  the  helmet  is  likewise  an  eagle's 
head,  but  here  it  is  of  azure,  collared  and  beaked  or. 
In  the  Heidelberg  Minnesinger  MS.  "  Book  of  Songs " 
(see  the  letterpress  accompanying  Plate  LXXIII.)  the 
arms  of  von  Owe  are  the  same  but  with  different  tinc- 
tures, appearmg  as:  Azure,  three  eagles'  heads  argent, 
armed  or ;  crest,  an  eagle's  head  argent,  armed  or.  The 
horsecloth  shows  the  same  eagles'  heads  as  the  shield, 
as  does  also  the  banner  with  which  the  knight  is  there 
equipped. 

Fig.  3  is  Herr  Wahsmut  v.  Kunzich  (Kiinzingen). 
The  Kunzingens,  one  of  whom,  this  Wahsmut,  was  well 
known  as  a  Minnesinger,  were  settled  in  Baden,  where, 
to  the  S.W.  of  Donaueschingen,  the  Kunsingen  Castle 
stable  still  exists.  He  bears  for  arms :  Vert,  two  trout, 
and  on  his  pot  helmet  two  red  fish.  On  his  green 
banner   appear   four   trout   in   pale.     The   Heidelberg 


Roll  shows  these  arms  in  a  different  form,  namely: 
"  Azure,  two  fish  argent,"  and  on  the  helmet  two  fish 
argent,  whilst  on  a  blue  banner  are  three  silver  fishes. 
Both  of  these  equestrian  figures  are  taken  from  the 
Weingartner  Liederhandschrift  (Weingarten  "  Book  of 
Songs  "),  of  which  fuller  details  will  be  found  later. 

Fig.  4  is  "Le  Comte  de  Charolais  le  Temeraire." 
This  is  Charles  the  Bold  (afterwards  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy), the  son  of  Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy,  who 
during  his  father's  lifetime,  until  his  accession  in  1467, 
bore  the  title  of  Count  of  Charolais,  from  the  Lordship 
of  Charolais  purchased  in  1390.  The  surcoat  and 
horsecloths  bear  the  arms  of  the  ducal  house,  over 
which  is  placed  a  white  label  with  three  points. 
The  coat  of  Burgundy  is  quartered,  and  charged  with 
the  shield  of  Flanders :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  sable.  The 
first  and  fourth  quarters  show  the  modern  arms  of 
Burgundy :  Azure,  seme-de-lis  or,  within  a  border  com- 
pony  gules  and  argent.  The  second  quarter  is  party  per 
pale,  on  the  dexter  the  old  arms  of  Burgundy :  Bendy 
of  six  or  and  azure,  within  a  bordure  gules ;  and  on 
the  sinister  the  arms  of  the  Duchy  of  Brabant :  Sable, 
a  lion  rampant  or,  armed  gules.  The  third  quarter 
is  also  divided  per  pale  and  shows  on  the  dexter  the 
ancient  arms  of  Burgundy  again,  and  on  the  sinister 
the  arms  of  the  Duchy  of  Limburg :  Argent,  a  lion  ram- 
pant gules,  crowned  and  armed  or,  langued  azure. 
On  his  tilting  helmet,  over  which  the  arms  of  New 
Burgundy  are  depicted,  he  bears  the  old  crest  of  France 
(a  fieur-de-lis  or),  and  round  his  neck  he  wears  the 
collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  [The  quar- 
terings  are  numbered,  and  the  terms  dexter  and  sinister 
are  used  in  the  above  description  as  would  be  correct 
if  the  coat  of  arms  were  depicted  on  a  shield.] 

Fig.  5  is  the  Duke  of  Brabant.  In  this  case  also, 
the  surcoat  and  horsecloth  are  adorned  with  armorial 
bearings :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  or.  The  barred  helmet 
with  its  ermine  mantling  bears  a  pair  of  wings,  com- 
posed of  peacocks'  feathers  and  ermine,  and  between 
these  wings  is  a  peacock's  tail. 

The  two  last  drawings  (about  24.5  centimetres  high) 


32 


PLATE   IX. 


D 


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2 

o 


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o 

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2 


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Z 


o 


D 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


are  taken  from  tlie  publication  Ancien  Armorial 
4questre  de  la  Toison  d'or  et  de  l' Europe  au  xv. 
Siecle,  Paris,  1890,  a  manuscript  of  the  fifteenth 
century  belonging  to  the  Bihliotheque  de  V Arsenal, 
Paris,  No.  4790,  the  author  of  which  was  probably  a 
heraldic  officer  of  Duke  Philip  the  Good.  His  sketches 
conclude  with  the  promotion  of  a  Knight  of  the  Golden 
Fleece  in  1461.  Fig.  4  is  taken  from  the  Armorial 
de  la  Toison  d'or.  Fig.  5  is  from  the  Armorial 
de  I'Europe. 

On  Plate  VI.  are  representations  of  figures  taken  from 
Tournament  Kolls,  and  these  show  the  customary  array 
worn  at  tournaments 
in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury by  those  taking 
part.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  all  the  figures  are 

armed    only    with     a  ^ 

sword,  and  perhaps  it 
may  be  well  to  add  a 
word  of  warning  on 
the  subject  of  tourna- 
ments. There  were 
two  distinct  methods 
of  encounter;  the  most 
famdiar  being  the 
joust  or  tilting  with 
spears;  the  other  be- 
ing the  tourney  with 
swords.  In  the  figures 
which  are  reproduced 
the  helmet  is  in  each 
case  barred,  and  the 
combatants  sit  raised 
up  on  a  high  saddle 
in  order  not  to  be  hin- 
dered in  the  handling 
of  their  weapons  by 
their  oivn  horses.  The 
upper  group  shows  the 
Duke  of  Brittany,  Fig. 

1  (arms:  Ermine;  crest, 
out  of  a  coronet,  a 
golden  leopard  sitting 
between  ermine  horns), 
in  combat  with  the 
Duke  of  Bourbon,  Fig. 

2  (arms :  Azure,  seme- 
de-lis  or,  a  bendlet 
gules;  crest,  on  a 
wreath  or,  azure,  and 
gules,  a  fleur-de-lis 
set  ^\ith  red  bunches"), 
whose  arms  are  re- 
peated on  their  clothing,  and  on  the  horsecloths.  The 
date  must  be  from  1440  to  1450.  The  two  figures  are 
orginally  from  the  Tournament  Book  of  King  Bene 
d'Anjou  (see  the  description  of  Plate  I.  Fig.  2),  repro- 
duced by  Raphael  Jaqumin  in  his  book  Iconographie 
ginirale  et  methodiqiie  du  Costume  du  iv.  au  xix.  Siecle. 

The  lower  group  shows  two  German  knights,  one 
Wolmershausen,  Fig.  3  (arms :  Gules,  two  bars  argent ; 
crest,  a  high  hat  gules,  turned  up  silver,  the  upper  part 
of  the  hat  as  the  shield,  and  adorned  with  a  bunch  of 
feathers),  and,  as  may  be  concluded  from  the  formation 
of  the  crest,  doubtless  a  knight  from  the  Rhineland. 
Fig.  4  (arms :  Barry  of  six  azure  and  or ;  crest,  the  same 
shield  between  two  azure  wings).  The  date  is  1471. 
Possibly  this  latter  knight  belonged  to  the  family  of  Pal- 
landt,  who  bore  the  same  coat  of  arms  in  other  tinctures. 

^  There  is  no  equivalent  English  term  for  this  if  it  be  a  heraldic 
detail    Possibly  it  is  no  more  than  illuminative  decoration. 


Fig.  36. — The  Emperor  Maximilian  I. 


"  Neithardt  von  Wolmershausen  "  and  "  Thomann 
von  Pallandt"  were,  according  to  Raidenbucher's 
Tournament  Book,  ardent  and  eager  frequenters  of  the 
tournaments  of  that  period  (about  148 1  in  Heidelberg, 
1484  in  Stuttgart,  &c.). 

In  conclusion  follows  an  equestrian  figure  of  the 
Emperor  Maximilian  I.  (Fig.  36),  in  the  year  1508, 
copied  from  a  drawing  of  Hans  Burgkmair.  The 
architectural  framing  of  the  original,  as  here  not  ap- 
pertaining to  the  subject,  has  been  omitted  to  save 
space.  According  to  a  hand-painted  print  of  the  same 
time,  the  Emperor  wears  a  black  and  gold  mantling 

to  his  hehnet,  and  the 
horse  a  black  bridle, 
its  u-on  head-piece, 
chafiron,  and  other 
armour  decorated  with 
gold  buttons  and  pink 
fringe !  The  escut- 
cheon on  the  breast  of 
the  horse  shows  the 
old  Austrian  armorial 
shield ;  the  hindmost, 
the  new  Austrian 
shield,  laid  upon  the 
flames  of  the  flint,  from 
the  collar  of  the  Order 
of  the  Golden  Fleece. 
Besides  the  Tourna- 
ment Rolls,  the  monu- 
mental brasses,  a  few 
of  which  stiU  exist  in 
remarkably  fine  pre- 
servation, furnish  us 
with  other  good  con- 
temporary evidence  of 
the  manner  in  which 
armorial  bearings  were 
depicted  when  they 
were  actually  worn. 
These  have  been  more 
fully  dealt  with  in 
Chapters  V.  and  VI. 

Perhaps  the  best  of 
all  for  this  purpose  is 
the  brass  of  Sir  Robert 
de  Septvans  in  Char- 
tham  Church,  Kent, 
which  shows  the  arms 
upon  both  shield  and 
surcoat.  The  accom- 
panying illustration 
(Fig.  37)  is  from  a 
rubbing  which  was 
taken  by  R.  Lawrence  Marsh  in  March  1898.  A  re- 
ference to  the  reproduction  of  this  brass  in  Eve's 
"Decorative  Heraldry"  shows  that  it  must  have 
suffered  in  modern  times,  inasmuch  as  the  head  of 
the  lion,  upon  which  the  feet  are  resting,  is  no  longer 
visible.''     The  date  of  the  brass  is  1306. 

The  father  of  Sir  Robert  was  present  with  King 
Richard  I.  at  Acre ;  but  Sir  Robert  himself  does  not 
seem  to  have  joined  the  Crusade,  thoiigh  there  is  record 
of  his  being  present  at  the  siege  of  Caerlayerock,  near 
Dumfries,  a.d.  1300. 

In  Cooper's  "  Winchelsea"  (p.  61),  the  author  writes: 
"But  after  this,  the  very  next  ensuing  year  (32 
Edward  I.),  upon  an  inquisition  taken  by  Robert  de 
Septem  Vannis,  Will,  de  Hastings,  and  Rob.  Paulyn, 
whom  the  King  had  assigned  to  take  view  of  the  banks 


BVRGKMAIR. 


^  Haines,  writing  in  lS6l,  says, 
beneath  the  feet  are  now  lost." 


•  The   head  and  legs  of  the  lion 


33 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  ditches  in  this  county,  and  to  cause  them  to  be 
repaired  (which  was  returned  into  Chancery),  it  was 
found  that  the  said  marsh  of  Winchelsea  could  not 
be  defended  and  preserved  by  the  old  wall,  situated 
towards  the  east ;  and  that  if  it  ought  to  be  defended, 
it  would  be  necessary  to  have  a  new  bank  there,  of  the 
length  of  350  perches,  and  that  the  said  new  bank 
could  not  be  made  by  those  who,  according  to  the 
ancient  composition  before  mentioned,  had  wont  to 
repair  the  old  bank,  forasmuch  as  those  who  were  in 
the  soil  liable  to  the  repairs  of  the  said  bank  were  not 
able,  in  regard  of  the  diminution  of  their  lands,  to  bear 
the  whole  charge  themselves.  He  therefore  directed 
another  precept  unto  the  said  Thomas  Alard,  requiring 
him  to  take  care  that  such  contribution  should  be  made 
thereto  out  of  his  own  lands  and  the  lands  of  others  as 
is  above  expressed.  And  hereupon  the  said  King  issued 
out  a  commission  to  the  said  Robert,  William,  and 
Robert  to  see  that  the  contribution  which  the  said 
King's  bailiff  was  to  make  therein  should  be  well  and 
also  faithfully  assessed." 

This  brass  belongs  to  the  earUest,  or  "  surcoat "  period, 
during  which  entire  suits  of  mail  were  worn,  ending 
with  the  death  of  Edward  I.,  1307. 

The  armour  may  be  described  as  follows :  The  haw- 
berk,  or  shirt  of  mail,  reaching  nearly  to  the  knees, 
slit  up  a  short  way  in  front  for 
convenience  in  riding;  the  coif 
de  mailles,  or  hood,  which  wraps 
round  the  neck  and  head,  and 
fastens  across  the  forehead  with 
an  interlaced  strap ;  the  chausses, 
or  stockings,  sometimes  of  two 
pieces,  and  joined  at  the  knee  by 
garters,  encasing  the  thighs,  legs, 
and  feet ;  the  long  sleeves,  termin- 
ating in  mufflers,  or  gloves  not 
divided  into  fingers,  which  are 
fastened  round  the  wrist  by 
straps ;  the  genouilleres  (i.e.  knee- 
pieces),  probably  made  of  ordinary 
leather,  or  else  of  a  prepared  kind 
termed  cuir-houilli,  and  usually 
much  ornamented.  The  surcoat 
was  of  linen  or  cloth,  and  was 
worn  over  the  armour.  It  was  a 
short  skirt,  open  in  front,  and 
confined  round  the  waist  by  a 
narrow  belt  or  cord.  The  shield 
in  this  case  is  large  and  concave 
to  the  body.  The  spurs  are 
single-pointed,  or  "  prj'ck  "  spurs, 
and  are  buckled  around  the  ankles 
and  secured  by  straps,  passing 
across  the  instep  and  under  the 
foot.  In  this  case  ailettes  are 
worn.  These  were  made  of 
leather,  and  tied  on  by  silk  cords ; 
they  were  probably  intended  for 
Fig.  37.— Brass  of  Sir  defence.  The  sword  is  larsre  and 
Robert  ae  Septvans  in  i  -i*   j  i        j  ■^v 

Chartham  Chiiroh.  cross-hilted,  very  handsome,  with 

a  highly  -  ornamented  scabbard. 
It  is  hung  in  front  from  a  broad  belt  fastened  round 
the  hips.  The  name  of  Setvans,  or  "seven  fans,"  is 
derived  from  the  ancient  cognizance  of  the  family,  or, 
more  probably,  vice  rev-sft,  though  it  would  seem  that  the 
shield  displayed  but  three  gold  fans  upon  an  azure  field. 
The  rubbing  of  the  brass  in  Fig.  38  was  also  taken  by 
Mr.  Lawrence  Marsh,  who  writes  concerning  it :  "  One  of 
the  earliest  brasses  commemorative  of  ladies  is  the  one 
in  Trotton  Church,  Susses,  of  Margaret,  Lady  Camoys, 
who  died  in  the  year  131  o. 


*5^C*f 


"  She  was  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  John  de 
Gatesden,  and  was  the  second  wife  of  Sir  John  Camoys. 
This  lady  was  granted,  with  her  property,  by  a  formal 
deed,  to  William  PayneU,  whom  she  married  after  the 
death  of  Sir  John 
Camoys.  From  this 
brass  has  been  ab- 
stracted a  series  of 
small  shields,  with 
which  originally  the 
robe  of  the  lady  in 
this  most  valuable  me- 
morial was  seme.  Their 
loss  is  to  be  the  more 
regretted,  not  only 
because  they  were 
doubtless  enamelled, 
but  as  a  very  singular 
specimen  of  costume ; 
for  this  is  the  onlj' 
sepulchral  brassknown 
to  have  presented  this 
peculiar  feature  of  or- 
nament ;  and  it  would 
have  been  deserving 
of  attention  to  ascer- 
tain whether  the  arms 
thus  introduced  were 
her  own  (Gatesden), 
those  of  Camoys,  or 
those  of  Paynell. 

"The  wimple,  that 
strange  coveringforthe 
throat,  chin,  and  the 
sides  of  the  face,  is  here 
very  distinctly  seen.  It 
is  adjusted  after  a 
fashion  prevalent  in 
the  early  part  of  the 
Edwardian  era,  and  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  impart  a  triangular  outline  to 
the  features.  A  single  curl  of  hair  appears  on  either 
side  of  the  forehead,  which  is  encircled  by  a  narrow 
enriched  fillet ;  and  upon  the  head,  and  falling  grace- 


FlG.  38.- 


-The  Brass  of  Margaret, 
Lady  Camoys. 


Fig.  39.  Fig.  40. 

fully  upon  the  shoulders,  is  a  coverchef  A  super-tunic 
envelops  the  entire  person ;  it  has  no  waist-cincture, 
its  sleeves  are  loose  and  terminate  somewhat  below  the 
elbow,  thus  displaying  no  more  of  the  kirtle,  which  was 


34 


PLATE  X. 


•Si 

W 
U 

< 


a 


z 

< 

W 
z; 

5 
o 
w 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


worn  beneath,  than  the  tight  sleeves,  buttoned  closely 
to  the  wrists.  The  clasped  and  upUfted  hands  are 
bare.  A  fine  pedimental  canopy,  with  slender  side- 
shafts  and  pinnacles,  eight  small  shields  of  arms,  the 
border  fillets  with  the  letters  of  the  legend  which  they 
enclosed,  and_  a  profusion  of  small  stars  and  other 
ornaments  with  which  it  was  seme,  have  been 
abstracted  from  the  marble  slab.  The  border  legend, 
written  in  Longobardic  capitals,  originally  was  as 
follows:  'Margarete  de  Camoys  gist  ici.  Dieu  de  sa 
alme  eut  merci.     Amen.' " 


Fig.  39  represents  the  Dauphin  (afterwards  Charles 
VI.  of  France)  in  his  surcoat  or  "  cloak  of  arms,"  from 
a  contemporary  miniature  painting,  together  with  a 
representation  of  the  banner  of  Louis  the  Dauphin, 
from  a  contemporary  picture  of  the  Siege  of  Dieppe 
in  1442. 

Fig.  40  shows  the  wearing  of  arms  as  a  part  of  her 
clothing  by  a  daughter  of  John,  Duke  of  Berry  (cousin 
of  King  Charles  VI.),  as  represented  in  a  piece  of  con- 
temporary embroiderj'. 

H.  S.,  R.  L.  M.,  AND  A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER    VIII 

THE   COMPONENT   PARTS   OF  AN   ACHIEVEIMENT 


HAVING  dealt  with  armory  as  actually  used  in 
warfare  and  tournament  for  the  decoration  of 
arms  and  armour,  we  now  come  to  the  science 
of  armory  and  the  rules  governing  the  display  of 
these  marks  of  honour.  We  shall  pass  later  to  its 
application  as  an  art  to  other  purposes  of  decora- 
tion. The  term  "  coat  of  arms,"  as  we  have  seen,  is 
derived  from  the  textile  garment  or  "  surcoat "  which 
was  worn  over  the  armour,  and  which  bore  in  em- 
broidery a  duplication  of  the  design  upon  the  shield. 
There  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  arms  themselves 
are  older  than  the  fact  of  the  surcoat  or  the  term  "  coat 
of  arms."  The  entire  heraldic  or  armorial  decora- 
tion which  any  one  is  entitled  to  bear  may  consist  of 
many  things.  It  must  as  a  minimum  consist  of  a  shield 
of  arms,  for  whilst  there  are  many  coats  of  arms  in 
existence,  and  many  still  rightly  in  use  at  the  present 
day,  to  which  no  crest  belongs,  a  crest  in  this  country 
cannot  lawfully  exist  without  its  complementary  coat  of 
arms.  For  the  last  two  certainly,  and  probably  nearly 
three  centuries,  no  grant  of  personal  arms  has  ever 
been  issued  without  it  containing  the  grant  of  a  crest 
except  in  the  case  of  a  grant  to  a  woman,  who  of  course 
cannot  bear  or  transmit  a  crest ;  or  else  in  the  case  of 
arms  borne  in  right  of  women  or  descent  from  women, 
through  whom  naturally  no  right  to  a  crest  could  have 
been  transmitted.  Such  grants  as  I  refer  to  as  excep- 
tions are  those  of  quarterings  and  impalements  to  be 
borne  with  other  arms,  or  else  exemphfications  following 
upon  the  assumption  of  name  and  arms  which  in  fact 
and  theory  are  regrants  of  previously  existing  arms,  in 
which  cases  the  regrant  is  of  the  original  coat  with  or 
without  a  crest,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  as  the  arms 
theretofor  existed.  Grants  of  impersonal  arms  also 
need  not  include  a  crest.  As  it  has  been  impossible 
for  the  last  two  centuries  to  obtain  a  grant  of  arms 
without  its  necessarily  accompanying  grant  of  crest,  a 
decided  distinction  attaches  to  the  lawful  possession 
of  arms  which  have  no  crest  belonging  to  them,  for  of 
necessity  the  arms  must  be  at  least  two  hundred  years 
old.  Bearing  this  in  mind,  one  cannot  but  wonder  at 
the  actions  of  some  ancient  families  like  those  of  Astley 
and  Pole,  who,  lawfully  possessing  arms  concerning 
which  there  is  and  can  be  no  doubt  or  question,  yet 
nevertheless  invent  and  use  crests  which  have  no 
authority. 

One  instance  and  one  only  do  I  know  where  a  crest 
has  had  a  legitimate  existence  without  any  coat  of  arms. 
This  case  is  that  of  the  family  of  Buekworth,  who  at  the 


time  of  the  Visitations  exhibited  arms  and  crest.  The 
arms  infringed  upon  those  of  another  family,  and  no 
sufficient  proof  could  be  produced  to  compel  their 
admission  as  borne  of  right.  The  arms  were  respited 
for  further  proof,  while  the  crest  was  allowed,  presumably 
tentatively,  and  whilst  awaiting  the  further  proof  for  the 
arms ;  no  proof,  however,  was  made.  The  arms  and  crest 
remained  in  this  position  until  the  year  1806,  when  Sir 
Buekworth  Buckworth-Herne,  whose  father  had  assumed 
the  additional  name  of  Heme,  obtained  a  Royal  Licence 
to  bear  the  name  of  Soame  in  addition  to  and  after  those 
of  Buckworth-Herne,  with  the  arms  of  Soame  quarterly 
with  the  arms  of  Buekworth.  It  then  became  necessary 
to  prove  the  right  to  these  arms  of  Buekworth,  and  they 
were  accordingly  regranted  with  the  trifling  addition  of 
an  ermine  spot  upon  the  chevron ;  consequently  this 
solitary  instance  has  now  been  rectified,  and  I  cannot 
learn  of  any  other  instance  where  these  exceptional  cir- 
cumstances have  similarly  occurred ;  and  there  never  has 
been  a  grant  of  a  crest  alone  unless  arms  have  been  in 
existence  previously. 

Whilst  arms  may  exist  alone,  and  the  decoration  of  a 
shield  form  the  only  armorial  ensign  of  a  person,  such 
need  not  be  the  case;  and  it  will  usually  be  found  that 
the  armorial  bearings  of  an  ordinary  commoner  consist 
of  shield,  crest,  and  motto.  To  these  must  naturally  be 
added  the  helmet  and  mantling,  which  become  an  essen- 
tial to  other  than  an  abbreviated  achievement  when  a 
crest  has  to  be  displayed.  It  should  be  remembered, 
however,  that  the  helmet  is  not  specifically  granted,  and 
apparently  is  a  matter  of  inherent  right,  so  that  a  per- 
son would  not  be  in  the  wrong  in  placing  a  helmet  and 
mantling  above  a  shield  even  when  no  crest  exists  to 
surmount  the  helmet.  The  motto  is  usually  to  be  found 
but  is  not  a  necessity,  and  there  are  many  more  coats  of 
arms  which  have  never  been  used  with  a  motto  than 
shields  which  exist  without  a  crest.  Sometimes  a  cri- 
de-gicerre  will  be  found  instead  of  or  in  addition  to  a 
motto.  The  escutcheon  may  have  supporters,  or  it  may 
be  displayed  upon  an  eagle  or  a  lymphad,  &c.,  for  which 
particular  additions  no  other  generic  term  has  yet  been 
coined  save  the  very  inclusive  one  of  "  exterior  orna- 
ments." A  coronet  of  rank  may  form  a  part  of  the 
achievement,  and  the  shield  may  be  encircled  by  the 
"  ribbons "  or  the  "  cu-cles,"  or  by  the  Garter  of  the 
various  Orders  of  Knighthood,  and  by  their  collars. 
Below  it  may  depend  the  badge  of  a  Baronet  of  Nova 
Scotia,  or  of  an  Order  of  Knighthood,  and  added  to  it 
may  possibly  be  what  is  termed  a  compartment,  though 


35 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


this  is  a  feature  almost  entirely  peculiar  to  Scottish 
armory.  There  is  also  the  crowning  distinction  of  a 
badge ;  and  of  all  armorial  insignia  this  is  the  most 
cherished,  for  the  existing  badges  are  but  few  in  number. 
Those  that  remain  are  those  of  persons  all  of  whom 
without  exception  belong  to  the  most  ancient  British 
families.  The  escutcheon  may  be  placed  in  front  of 
the  crosiers  of  a  bishop,  the  batons  of  the  Earl  Marshal, 
or  similar  ornaments.  It  may  be  displayed  upon  a 
mantle  of  estate,  or  it  may  be  borne  beneath  a  pavilion. 
With  one  more  addition  the  list  is  complete,  and  that 
is  the  banner.  These  were  anciently  of  quite  distinct 
design  from  the  arms.  For  these  several  features  of 
armory  reference  must  be  made  to  the  various  chapters 
in  which  they  are  treated.     Suffice  it  here  to  remark 


that  whilst  the  term  "  coat  of  arms  "  has  through  the  slip- 
shod habits  of  English  philology  come  to  be  used  to 
signify  a  representation  of  any  heraldic  bearing,  the 
correct  term  for  the  whole  emblazonment  is  "  achieve- 
ment," most  frequently  employed  to  signify  the  whole, 
but  which  can  correctly  be  used  to  signify  anything 
which  a  man  is  entitled  to  represent  of  an  armorial 
character.  Had  not  the  recent  revival  of  interest  in 
armory  taken  place,  we  should  have  found  a  firmly 
rooted  and  even  yet  more  slipshod  declension,  for  a 
few  years  ago  the  habit  of  the  uneducated  in  styling 
anything  stamped  upon  a  sheet  of  notepaper  a  crest, 
was  fast  becoming  stereotyped  into  current  accept- 
ance. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER    IX 

THE    SHIELD 


THE  shield  is  the  most  important  part  of  the 
achievement,  for  on  it  are  depicted  the  signs 
and  emblems  of  the  house  to  which  it  apper- 
tains; the  difterent  marks  expressive  of  the  cadency 
of  the  members  within  that  house ;  the  augmenta- 
tions of  honour  which  the  sovereign  has  conferred ; 
the  quarterings  inherited  from  families  which  are 
represented,  and  the  impalements  of  marriage;  and 
it  is  with  the  shield  principally  that  the  laws  of  armory 
are  concerned,  for  everything  else  is  dependent  upon 
the  shield,  and  falls  into  comparative  insignificance 
alongside  of  it.  Let  us  first  consider  the  shield  itself, 
without  reference  to  the  charges  it  carries.  A  shield 
may  be  depicted  in  any  fashion  and  after  any  shape  that 
the  imagination  can  suggest,  which  shape  and  fashion 
have  been  accepted  at  any  time  as  the  shape  and  fashion 
of  a  shield.  There  is  no  law  upon  the  subject.  The 
various  shapes  adopted  in  emblazonments  m  past  ages, 
and  used  at  the  present  time  in  imitation  of  past  usage — 
for  lucidly  the  present  period  has  evolved  no  special 
shield  of  its  own — are  purely  the  result  of  artistic  design, 
and  have  been  determined  at  the  periods  they  have 
been  used  in  heraldic  art  by  no  other  consideration 
than  the  particular  theory  of  design  that  has  happened 
to  dominate  the  decoration,  and  the  means  and  ends  of 
such  decoration  of  that  period.  The  lozenge  certainly 
is  reserved  for  and  indicative  of  the  achievements  of 
the  female  sex,  but,  save  for  this  one  exception,  the 
matter  may  be  carried  further,  and  arms  be  depicted 
upon  a  banner,  a  parallelogram,  a  square,  a  circle,  or  an 
oval ;  and  even  then  one  would  be  correct,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  armory,  in  describing  such  figures  as  shields 
when  they  are  made  the  vehicles  for  the  emblazonment 
of  a  design  which  properly  and  originally  should  be 
borne  upon  a  shield.  Let  no  one  think  that  a  design 
ceases  to  be  a  coat  of  arms  if  it  is  not  displayed  upon 
a  shield.  Many  people  have  thought  to  evade  the 
authority  of  the  Crown  as  the  arbiter  of  coat-armour, 
and  the  penalties  of  taxation  imposed  by  the  Revenue 
by  using  designs  without  depicting  them  upon  a  shield. 
This  little  deception  has  always  been  borne  in  mind,  for 
we  find  in  the  Royal  Warrants  of  Queen  Elizabeth  com- 
manding the  Visitations  that  the  King  of  Arms  to  whom 
the  warrant  was  addressed  was  to  "  correcte,  cumptrolle 
and  refourme  all  mann'  of  armes,  crests,  cognizaunces 
and  devices  unlawfull  or  unlawfully  usurped,  borne  or 
taken  by  any  p'son  or  p'sons  within  the  same  p'vince 
cont^ry  to  the  due  order  of  the  laws  of  armes,  and  the 


same  to  rev'se,  put  downe  or  otherwise  deface  at  his 
discrecon  as  well  in  coote  armors,  helmes,  standerd, 
l^ennons  and  hatchmets  of  tents  and  pavilions,  as  also 
in  plate  Jewells,  pap',  parchement,  wyndowes,  gravestones 
and  monuments,  or  elsewhere  wheresoev'  they  be  sett 
or  placed,  whether  they 
be  in  shelde,  sohoocheon, 
lozenge,  square,  rundell 
or  otherwise  howsoev' 
cont'^rie  to  the  autentiq' 
and  auncient  lawes,  cus- 
tomes,  rules,  privileges 
and  orders  of  armes." 

The  Act  32  &  33  Vic- 
toria, section  19,  defines 
(for  the  purpose  of  the 
taxation  it  enforced)  ar- 
morial bearings  to  mean 
and  include  "  any  ar- 
morial bearing,  crest,  or 
ensign.bywhatevername 
the  same  shall  be  called, 
and  whether  such  ai'- 
morial  bearing,  crest,  or 
ensign  shall  be  registered 
in  the  College  of  Arms 
or  not." 

The  shape  of  the  shield 
throughout  the  rest  of 
Europe  has  also  varied 
between  wide  extremes, 
and  at  no  time  has  any 
one  particular  shape  been 
assigned  to  or  peculiar 
to  any  country,  rank,  or 
condition,  save  possibly 
with  one  exception, 
namely,  that  the  use  of 
the  cartouche  or  oval 
seems  to  have  been  very 
nearly  imiversal  with 
ecclesiastics  in  France, 
Spain,  and  Italy,  though 


Fig.  41. — Taken  from  the  tomb  of 
Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  Couut  of 
Anjou. 


never  reserved  exclusively  for  their  use.  Probably 
this  was  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  Church  to 
get  away  from  the  military  character  of  the  shield. 
It  is  '"  teeping  with  the  rule  by  which,  even  at 
the  present  day,  a  bishop  or  a  cardinal  bears  neither 


36 


PLATE  XI. 


THE   ARMS    OF    CROFT    OF    CROFT    CASTLE. 


f"U  B  LI  C 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


helmet  nor  crest,  using  in  place  thereof  his  ecclesi- 
astical mitre  or  tasselled  hat,  and  by  which  the  clergy, 
both  abroad  and  in  this  country,  seldom  made  use  of 
a  crest  in  depicting  their  arms.  A  clergyman  in  this 
country,  however,  has  never  been  denied  the  right  of 
using  a  crest  (if  he  possesses  one  and  chooses  to  display 
it)  until  he  reaches  episcopal  rank.  A  grant  of  arms  to 
a  clergyman  at  the  present  day  depicts  his  achievement 
with  helmet,  mantling,  and  crest  in  identical  form  with 
those  adopted  for  any  one  else.  But  the  laws  of  armory, 
official  and  amateur,  have  always  denied  the  right  to 
make  use  of  a  crest  to  bishop,  archbishop,  and  cardmal. 
_  At  the  present  day,  if  a  grant  of  arms  is  made  to  a 
bishop  of  the  Established  Church,  the  emblazonment 
at  the  head  of  his  patent  consists  of  shield  and  mitre 
only.  The  laws  of  the  Church  of  England,  however, 
requhe  no  vow  of  cehbacy  from  its  ecclesiastics,  and 
consequently  the  descend- 
ants of  a  bishop  would  be 
placed  in  the  position  of 
having  no  crest  to  display 
if  the  bishop  and  his  re- 
quu'ements  were  alone 
considered.  So  that  in  the 
case  of  a  grant  to  a  bishop 
the  crest  is  granted  for  his 
descendants  in  a  separate 
clause,  being  depicted  by 
itself  in  the  body  of  the 
patent  apart  from  the  em- 
blazonment "in  the  margin 
hereof,"  which  in  an  or- 
dinary patent  is  an  em- 
blazonment of  the  whole 
achievement.  A  similar 
method  is  adopted  in  cases 
in  which  the  actual  pa- 
tentee is  a  woman,  and 
where,  by  the  limitations 
attached  to  the  patent 
being  extended  beyond 
herself,  males  are  brought 
in  who  will  bear  the  arms 
granted  to  the  patentee 
as  their  pronominal  arms. 
In  these  cases  the  arms 
of  the  patentee  are  de- 
picted upon  a  lozenge  at 
the  head  of  the  patent,  the 


Fig.  42. — Shield  of  the  Landgrave  Konrad  of  Thnringia  {died  1241), 


crest  being  depicted  separately  elsewhere.  Whilst  shields 
were  actually  used  in  warfare  the  utilitarian  article  largely 
governed  the  shape  of  the  artistic  ones,  but  after  the 
fifteenth  century  they  gradually  left  the  beaten  track  of 
utility  and  passed  wholly  into  the  cognisance  of  art  and 
design.  The  earliest  shape  of  all  is  the  long,  narrow 
shape,  which  is  now  but  seldom  seen.  This  was  curved 
to  protect  the  body,  which  it  nearly  covered,  and  an 
interesting  example  of  this  is  to  be  found  in  the 
monumental  slab  of  champleve  enamel,  part  of  the 
tomb  of  Geoi&ey  Plantagenet,  Count  of  Anjou  (Fig. 
41),  the  ancestor  of  our  own  Koyal  dynasty  of  Plan- 
tagenet, who  died  in  the  year  11 50.  This  tomb  was 
formerly  in  the  cathedral  of  Le  Mans,  and  is  now  in 
the  museum  there.  I  shall  have  occasion  again  to 
refer  to  it.     The  shield  is  blue ;  the  Hons  are  gold. 

Other  forms  of  the  same  period  are  found  with  curved 
tops,  in  the  shape  of  an  inverted  pear,  but  the  form 
known  as  the  heater-shaped  shield  is  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  the  earliest  shape  which  was  used  for  armorial 
purposes.  This  is  to  be  found  on  Plates  LXXI.  and 
LXXIL,  and  on  Plate  VII.  Fig.  i.  This  last  mentioned 
plate  represents  the  development  of  the  heraldic  shield 


upon  the  Continent.  Impossible  as  the  later  variations 
there  shown  are  for  the  purposes  of  war,  they  do  not 
reach  the  depths  of  absurdity  which  have  been  per- 
petrated, and  perpetrated  officially,  in  this  country,  for  if 
they  were  impossible  in  war,  they  were  at  any  rate  deco- 
rative.    The-English  varieties  too  frequently  were  not. 

The  church  of  St.  Ehzabeth  at  Marburg,  in  Hesse, 
affords  examples  of  shields  which  are  exceedingly  in- 
teresting, inasmuch  as  they  are  original  and  contem- 
porary even  if  only  pageant  shields.  Those  which  now 
remain  are  the  shields  of  the  Landgrave  Konrad  (d.  1 241 ) 
of  Thuringia  and  of  Henry  of  Thuringia  {d.  1298).  The 
shield  of  the  former  (see  Fig.  42)  is  90  centimetres  high 
and  74  wide.  Konrad  was  Landgrave  of  Thuringia  and 
Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic  Order  of  Knighthood. 
His  arms  show  the  lion  of  Thuringia  barry  of  gules  and 
argent  on  a  field  of  azure,  and  between  the  hind  feet  a 

small  shield,  with  the  arms 
of  the  Teutonic  Order  of 
Knights.  The  only  re- 
mains of  the  lion's  maneare 
traces  of  the  nails.  The 
body  of  the  lion  is  made  of 
pressed  leather,  and  the 
yellow  claws  have  been  sup- 
plied with  a  paint-brush. 
A  precious  stone  probably 
represented  the  eye. 

The  making  and  decor- 
ating of  the  shields  lay 
mostly  in  the  hands  of  the 
herald  painters,  known  in 
Germany  as  Schilter,  who 
in  addition  to  attending  to 
the  shield  and  crest,  also 
had  charge  of  all  the  rid- 
ing paraphernalia,  because 
those  too  were  heraldicaUy 
decorated.  Many  of  these 
shield-workers'  fraternities 
won  widespread  fame  for 
themselves,  and  enjoyed 
great  consideration  at  that 
time. 

Thus  the  "  History  of  a 
Celebrated  Painters'  Guild 
on  the  Lower  Pvhine  "  tells 
us  of  costly  shields  which 
the  shield-workers  of  Paris 
had  supplied,  1260,  &c.  Vienna,  too,  was  the  home  of  a 
not  unimportant  shield-workers'  guild,  and  the  town 
archives  of  Vienna  contain  writings  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury treating  of  this  subject.  For  instance,  we  learn  that 
in  an  order  of  St.  Luke's  parish,  June  28,  1446,  with 
regard  to  the  masterpiece  of  a  member  of  the  guild — 

"  Item,  ein  Schilter  sol  machen  vir  newe  Stukeh  mit 
sein  selbs  hand,  ain  Stechsatl,  ain  prustleder,  ain  Eoss- 
koph  und  ain  stechschilt  das  sol  er  tun  in  acht  wochen 
und  soil  auch  das  mit  sein  selbs  hanol  malen  kunnen 
als  es  Eitter  und  Knecht  an  Jn  vordemt." 

"  Item,  a  shield- worker  shall  make  four  new  pieces  of 
work  with  his  own  hand,  a  jousting  saddle,  a  leather 
apron,  a  horse's  head-piece,  and  a  jousting  shield,  that 
shall  he  do  in  eight  weeks,  and  must  be  able  to  paint  it 
with  his  own  hand,  as  Knight  and  man-at-arms  shall 
direct." 

The  shield  was  of  wood,  covered  with  liaen  or  leather, 
the  charges  in  relief  and  painted.  Leather  plastic 
was  very  much  esteemed  in  the  early  Middle  Ages. 
The  leather  was  soaked  in  oil,  and  pressed  or  beaten 
into  shape.  Besides  piecing  and  leather  plastic,  pressed 
linen  (hnen  dipped  in  chalk  and  lime)  was  also  used, 


37 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  a  kind  of  tempera  painting  on  a  chalk  background. 
After  the  shield  was  decorated  with  the  charges,  it  was 
frequently  strengthened  with  metal  clasps,  or  studs, 
particularly  those  parts  which  were  more  especially 
exposed  to  blows  and  pressure.  These  clasps  and  nails 
originally  had  no  other  object  than  to  make  the  shield 
stronger  and  more  durable,  but  later  on  their  nature 
was  misunderstood ;  they  were  treated  and  used  as 
genuine  heraldic  charges,  and  stereotyped  into  heredi- 
tary designs.  The  long  strips  with  which  the  edge  was 
bound  were  called- the  "frame"  (Schildgestell),  the 
clasps  introduced  in  the  middle  of  the  shield  the 
"buckle"  or  "umbo"  (see  on  Fig.  41),  from  which  fre- 
quently circularly  arranged  metal  snaps  reached  the 
edge  of  the  shield.  This  latter  method  of  strengthening 
the  shield  was  called  the  "  Buckelris,"  a  figure  which 
was  afterwards  frequently  employed  as  a  heraldic 
charge,  and  is  known  by  the  name  of  Lilienhaspel 
(Lily-staple)  or  Glevenrad  (see  Plate  X.  Fig.  57),  or,  as 
we  term  it  in  England,  the  escarbunole. 

In  the  second  half  of  the  fourteenth  century,  when 
the  tournament  provided  the  chief  occasion  for  the 
shield,  the  jousting-shield,  called  in  Germany  the 
Tartsche  or  Tartscher  came  into  use,  and  from  this 
class  of  shield  the  most  varied  shapes  were  gradu- 
ally developed  (see  Plate  VII.  Figs.  6-12).  These  Tart- 
schen  were  decidedly  smaller  than  the  earlier  Gothic 
shields,  being  only  about  one-fifth  of  a  man's  height. 
They  were  concave,  and  had  on  the  side  of  the  knight's 
right  hand  a  circular  indentation.  This  was  the  spear- 
rest,  in  which  to  place  the  tilting-spear.  The  later 
art  of  heraldic  decoration  symmetrically  repeated  the 
spear-rest  on  the  sinister  side  of  the  shield,  and,  by  so 
doing,  transformed  a  useful  fact  into  a  matter  of  merely 
artistic  design.  Doubtless  they  argued  that  if  indenta- 
tions were  correct  at  one  point  in  the  outline  they  were 
correct  at  another,  and  when  once  the  actual  fact  was 
departed  from  the  imagination  of  designers  knew  no 
limits.  No  doubt  this  was  the  beginning  and  source  of 
the  era  of  shields  such  as  Figs.  43  to  46.  But  if  the 
spear-rest  as  such  is  introduced  into  the  outline  of  a 
shield  it  should  be  on  the  dexter  side. 

The  arms  which  have  been  chosen  as  examples  (Plate 
VII.)  for  display  upon  the  shields,  though  they  have  no 
particular  relation  to  the  shape  of  the  shield  selected 
for  their  display,  are  as  follows : — 

Fig.  I.  The  original  "  heater-shaped  "  shield  (twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries) :  Gules,  a  chamois  argent, 
armed  sable,  langued  or,  envii-oned  about  the  loins 
with  a  collar  sable,  garnished  and  ringed  or,  and  set 
with  three  turquoise.  These  are  the  arms  of  the  Graf 
von  Wilczek.  The  Wilczeks  bore  originally  the  Polish 
arms  of  Koziel,  viz.  a  bouquetin  (Capra  Ibex) ;  it  was 
only  during  the  course  of  the  fifteenth  century  that 
they  changed  the  ibex  into  a  chamois. 

Fig.  2.  Shape  of  shield,  fourteenth  century.  The 
arms  are :  Or,  a  bull's  head  erased  and  afti-onte  sable, 
crowned  proper,  armed  argent,  the  tongue  extended 
gules.  These  are  the  arms  of  the  Dukes  of  Mecklen- 
burg, from  a  seal  of  Duke  Albrecht  II.,  1349  (see 
Deutsche  Wappenrolle,  Fig.  65). 

Fig.  3.  Shape  of  shield,  fifteenth  century.  The  arms 
are :  Argent,  a  bear  rampant  sable,  armed  gules.  Arms 
of  the  Swiss  canton  and  town  of  Appenzetl.  The  ram- 
pant bear  here,  taken  from  the  Legend  of  St.  Gallus,  is 
found  for  the  first  time  on  the  seal  of  Appenzell,  on  a 
document  of  the  year  1405.  Stumpf,  in  his  "Swiss 
Chronicle,"  speaks  expressly  of  the  red  arming :  "  einen 
freyen  schwartzen  aun-echten  Bilren  mit  roten  klawen  " 
.  .  .  ("  a  free,  black,  upright  bear  with  red  claws  "). 

Fig.  4.  Shape  of  shield,  French  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury,    'ihe  arms  here  are :  Or,  on  a  bend  gules  between 


a  gannet  in  chief  azure  and  a  martlet  in  base  sable, 
three  alerions  argent.     Arms  of  the  duchy  of  Lorraine. 

Mutilated  birds  are  a  peculiarity  of  West  European 
heraldry,  and  frequently  occur  in  English  and  French 
armory.  The  eagle  without  feet,  and  frequently  also 
without  a  beak,  is  called  an  "  alerion  " ;  the  mutilated 
ducks,  "  gannets  " ;  and  the  swallows,  "  martlets."  We 
shall  have  occasion  to  again  refer  to  these. 

Fig.  5,  The  shape  of  this  shield  is  fifteenth-century. 
The  arms  are :  Azure,  a  boar  rampant  argent,  armed  and 
crined  or.  Arms  of  the  Ertzingen  family  in  Swabia. 
A  Friedrich  von  Ertzingen  also  appears  amongst  the 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Sempach,  1 386. 

A  boar  rampant  is  almost  unknown  in  British 
armory ;  in  fact  the  only  instance  which  has  come 
under  my  notice  is  the  coat  matriculated  in  Lyon 
Register  {circa  1672)  which  is  blazoned  "barry  of  six 
argent  and  gules,  over  all  a  boar  rampant  azure."  Two 
boars  rampant  combatant,  however,  figure  in  the  arms 
attributed  to  an  Irish  family  named  MacSweeney. 

Fig.  6.  Type  of  shield,  German,  latter  half  of  fifteenth 
century.  The  arms  are;  Or,  three  stags'  attires  fess- 
wise  in  pale  azure.  These  are  the  arms  of  the  county 
of  Nellenburg.  (Veringen  bears  the  same  charges, 
originally  sable,  but  later  gules;  Wtlrtemberg  also  the 
same,  but  sable).  The  lower  antler,  in  a  pointed  shield 
or  any  kind  of  a  shield  growing  narrower  towards  the 
base,  is  always  represented  with  a  lesser  number  of 
points  (or  "  tines,"  as  they  are  termed  in  Scotland)  than 
those  placed  above  it.  On  a  square  field  this  diminu- 
tion would  be  superfluous ;  but  it  has  become  so  custo- 
mary in  Germany,  where  this  charge  is  more  frequently 
met  with  than  in  England,  that  the  omission  would  be 
regarded  by  heraldic  pedants  as  a  grievous  mistake. 

Fig.  7.  This  type  of  shield  is  an  example  of  the  transi- 
tion towards  the  "  Renaissance "  shape  of  shield,  and 
belongs  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  arms 
are ;  Argent,  a  mastiiT  rampant  gules,  gorged  with  a 
spiked  collar  or. 

Fig.  8,  which  shows  the  spear-rest  tor  placing  the 
tilting-spear  in,  is  a  type  belonging  to  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  'The  arms  depicted  are  :  Gules,  a 
talbot  passant  argent,  langued  or. 

Fig.  9,  which  also  shows  the  spear-rest,  belongs  to  the 
sixteenth  century.  The  arms  depicted  are  :  Azure,  a 
goat  rampant  or,  armed  sable,  which  are  the  arms  of  the 
Counts  von  Hohenembs  in  Vorarlberg.  The  old  knights 
Von  Ems,  met  with  as  early  as  the  twelfth  century, 
bore  originally  only  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a  goat 
on  their  shield.  In  1560  the  Hohenembs  family  were 
raised  to  the  rank  of  Counts  of  the  Empire,  but  became 
extinct  in  the  year  1759.  The  feudal  "county"  re- 
verted to  Austria. 

Figs.  10,  II,  and  12  are  all  sixteenth-century  types  of 
the  Renaissance  shield. 

The  arms  on  Fig.  10  are:  Gules,  on  a  mount  in  base 
vert,  a  crane  argent,  beaked  or,  holding  with  the 
dexter  foot  a  stone  proper.  The  crane  is  often  made 
use  of  as  the  symbol  of  watchfulness,  the  old  idea 
being  that  the  bird  held  the  stone  in  order  not  to  fall 
asleep.  "  Wenne  daz  stainel  vellt,  so  erwacht  er  und 
schreit "  ("  When  the  little  stone  falls,  he  wakes  and 
cries  out"),  relates  Konrad  von  Megenberg,  about  the 
year  1350.  The  crest  of  the  Scottish  Lords  Cranstoun 
was  a  crane  holding  a  stone.  The  pun  is  obvious,  but 
the  crane  was  always  depicted  asleep,  with  the  head 
beneath  the  wing.  The  idea  of  watchfulness,  however, 
is  amply  vindicated  by  the  curious  motto  of  the  family, 
"  Thou  shaft  want  ere  I  want." 

Fig.  1 1 .  Renaissance  shield  (sixteenth  century). 
There  are  no  British  terms  equivalent  to  the  blazoning 
of  the  arms  shown,  and  the  literal  translation  of  the 


38 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


German  blazon  is :  "Blue,  a  silver  point  spreading  out;     See  Figs.  43,  44,  45,  and  46,  drawn  by  Jost  Amman 
on   the   rigbt   at   the   top   a  golden  lily,   on   the  left     about  1566  and  1589. 


Fig.  43. 


Fig.  44. 


Fig.  45. 


a  silver  sea-leaf  notched  (or  indented)  in  the  form  Figs.  43-45  are  taken  from 
of  a  trefoil  (a  figure  -which  was  earlier  erroneously  Stammbuche  (Book  of  Arms  and 
described  as  '  beetle- 
horns  ' ),  and  in 
base  a  rose  gules, 
seeded  or  and  barbed 
vert."  One  might, 
however,  attempt 
the  blazon  by  ren- 
dering it  "per  pile 
throughout,  arched 
and  reversed  azure 
and  argent  in  chief, 
on  the  dexter  side 
a  fleur-de-lis  or,  on 
the  sinister  a  sea-leaf 
indented  as  a  trefoil 
argent,  and  in  base 
a  rose  gules,  barbed 
and  seeded  proper." 
The  French  have  an 
accepted  term,c7ictp<'- 
•ployi,  for  this  pe- 
cuhar  division  of  the 
field. 

The  arms  shown 
in  Fig.  1 2  are :  Or, 
a  lime-tree  (linden) 
eradicated  proper.  It 
is  the  coat  of  arms 
of  the  Bavarian  town 
of  Lindau,  on  Lake 
Constance.  This  de- 
vice appears  on  a 
large  seal  of  the 
town  as  early  as  the 
thirteenth  century, 
only  in  that  instance 
there  is  an  aquatic 
bu-d  of  the  fashion 
of  a  duck  standing 
on  each  side  of  the 
roots. 

In  the  second  half 
of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, the  shape  of 
the  shield  becomes 
decoratively  treated, 
and  is  then  of  a 
purely  ornamental 
outline.  The  carved 
edges  roll  up,  and 
the  shield  gradually 
becomes  a  cartouche. 


Fio.  47. — Arms  of  Legh    of  Lyme  as  depicted  on  the  "  Margent "  of  the  Patent. 
(Photographed  from  the  orginal  Patent  now  in  the  possession  of  Lord  Newton.) 

39 


Fig.  46. 

Amman's  Wcq^pen-und 

Genealogy),  Fig.  46  from 

Rixner's       Turnier- 

buoh      (Tournament 

Book). 

Fig.  43.  Gules,  two 
bends  or,  is  the  coat 
of  Hutten. 

Fig.  44.  Or,  a  harp 
sable,  the  arms  of 
Landschaden. 

Fig.  45.  Per  fess 
argent  and  azure,  in 
chief  a  demi-wheel 
gules  and  in  base  a 
Heur-de-lis  of  the 
first,  the  arms  of 
Volkamer. 

Fig.  46.  Argent, 
three  helmets  azure 
(the  literal  transla- 
tion is  "  iron  hat,"  but 
the  charges  more 
nearly  approach  the 
helmet  than  the 
morion). 

The  official  types 
of  shield  adopted  in 
England,  and  as  a 
consequence  almost 
universally  imitated, 
were  neither  artistic 
nor  particularly  her- 
aldic. 

It  should  not  be 
supposed  that  I  am 
here  condemning  the 
officers  of  arms  in 
this  country.  They 
were  simply  imbued 
with  the  art  and 
ideas  of  their  times, 
which  they  translated 
into  their  official  acts. 
At  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury they  were  still 
using  shields  as  Figs. 
3  and  5  on  Plate 
VII.  They,  however, 
had  made  a  variation 
which  I  believe  was 
peculiar  to  England, 
inasmuch  as  in  the 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


previous  century  they  had  added  a  point  to  the  bottom 
of  the  shield. 

A  typical  instance  of  this  style  of  shield  is  afforded  by 
Fig.  47,  which  is  a  reproduction  of  the  emblazonment 
upon  the  patent  issued  by  Dugdale  in  1665,  in  confir- 
mation of  the  augmentation  to"  the  arms  of  the  family 
of  Legh  of  Lyme.  The  patent  in  itself  is  of  considerable 
interest,  so  perhaps  little  excuse  is  needed  for  repro- 
ducing it  in  full. 


To  all  and  singular  as  well  Nobles  and  Gentles  as  others  to 
whom  these  presents  shall  come,  be  seene,  heard  or  under- 
stood,   WILLIAM    DUGDALE     Esquire     NORROY, 
principall  HERALD  and  King  of  Armes  of  the  East, 
West,  and  North  parts  of  England,  from  the  River  of 
Trent  Northward,  sendeth  greetinge  in  our  Lord  God 
everlasting    WHEREAS  I   find   that  William    Flower 
Esquire  sometimes  Norroy  principall  Herald  and  King 
of  Ai-mes  of  the  North  parts  of    England  beyond  the 
River  of  Trent  hath  under  his  hand  and  scale  certified 
(as  by  a  writeinge  beareing  date  the  Eleaventh  day  of 
June,  in  the  yeare  of  our  Lord  God  one  Thousand  five 
hundred  seaventie  five,  and  of  the  late  Reigne  of  our 
most  gratious  Soveraigne  Lady  Queene  Elizabeth,  the 
seaventeenth   yeare)  that  I  say  whereas   heretofore   it 
pleased  the  noble  and  puissant  Prince  Richai-d  the  second 
of  that  name  sometime  King  of  England,  in  considera- 
tion of  the  good  service  that  PIERS  LEGH  Esquire  the 
Sonne  of   Sir  Robert  Legh   of  Adlington   Knight   had 
done,  not  onely  unto  himselfe  but  alsoe  unto  the  noble 
Prince  Edward  his  father  (commonly  called  the  blacke 
Prince)   the  flower  of  chevalry,   at  sundry  times  to  re- 
munerate and  reward  the  said  PIERS  with  the  free  gift 
of  the  Mannor  of  HANLEY  to  him  and  his  heires  for 
ever,  as  well  for  that  hee  the  said  PIERS  did  valiantly 
rere  and  advance  the  said  princes  Banner  att  the  bataUe 
of  Oressy  to  the  noe  little  encouragement  of  the  English 
Army  as   alsoe  that   hee  manfully  tooke    prisoner  the 
Counte  de   Tanquervil  a   Norman,  the  King's  capitall 
enemy  in  the  same  battaile ;  the  memory  whereof  as  it 
is  most  worthy  of  conservation  to  all  posteritie  as  well  for 
y"  singular  liberalitie  of  soe  bountiful!  a  Prince  soe  rigtly 
bestowed  upon  the  person  of  one  that  soe  well  deserved 
as  alsoe  toe  the  dutifull  endeavour  of  soe  dutifuU  a  sub- 
ject to  his  prince  and  Soveraigne :  Soe  that  it  moved 
SIR  PIERS  LEGH,  Kinght  (sie)  Lord  of  BRADLEY 
in  the  Countie  of  Lancaster,  and  of  LIME  and  HAN- 
LEY in  the  Countie  of  Chester,  whoe  is  lineally  de- 
scended of  the  body  of  the  said  PIERS  LEGH  Esquire 
as  being  the  Sonne  and  heire  of  PIERS  LEGH  Esquire 
the   Sonne   and  heire  of  SIR  PIERS  LEGH  Knight- 
Banneret  the  Sonne  and  heire  of  PIERS  LEGH  Esquu-e 
the  Sonne  and  heire  of  S"-  PIERS  LEGH  Knight  the 
Sonne  and  heire  of  SIR  PIERS  LEGH  Knight  Ban- 
neret  the   Sonne    and   heire   of   the    aforesaid    PIERS 
LEGH  Esquire,  that  tooke  the  said  Counte  de  Tanquer- 
vill  prisoner  did  move  him  y'  said  S''  Piers  to  require 
him  the  said  NORROY  King  of  Armes  for  the  better 
preservation  of  the  memorie  thereof,  to  allow  unto  him 
and  his  posteritie  some  meete  signification  by  Armory 
according  to  the  auncient  and  laudable  custome  of  the 
law  of  Armes  heretofore  used  in  the    like   cases.     In 
consideration  whereof,  and  at  his  instant  request  he  the 
said  Norroy  King  of  Armes,  by  power  and  authority  to 
him  committed  by  Letters  Patents  under  thegreate  Scale 
of   England  hath  assigned,  given  and  granted,  and   by 
those  his  Ifs  Patents  did  assigne  give  and  grant  unto 
the  said  SIR  PIERS  LEGH  Knight  an  Escucheon  or 
Sheilde  of  Augmentation  sable  replenished  with  Mollets 
silver  therein  a  mans  Ai'me  bowed  holdinge  in  the  hand 
a  Standard  silver,  to  be  by  the  said  SIR  PIEES  and  his 
posteritie  and  of.spriug  for  ever  hereafter  borne  and  used 
as  a  Testimony  of   his  Auncestours  good  deserts,  to  his 
and  their  greate  worship  in  such  place  as  hee  caused  the 
same  among  his  other  Coatesof  Armes  to  be  in  the  Mar- 
gent  thei-eof   depicted :    which  significative   Sheilde   or 


augmentation  of  Armes  hee  the  said  Non-oy  King  of 
Armes  did  by  the  said  Lfs  Patents  ratify,  confirme,  give, 
and  grant  unto  the  said  SIR  PIERS  LEGH   Knight 
and  to  his  Posterity  and  Ofspring  for  ever  to  be  by  him 
and  them  att  all  times  and  for  everthereafter  borne  and 
used,  in  manner  aforesaid  at  his  and  their  libertie  and- 
pleasure,   without   the   contradiction,    gainesaying,    in- 
quietation,    lett,   trouble,  molestation,   vexation  or  dis- 
turbance of  any  person  or  persons  whatsoever.     In  Wit- 
nesse  whereof  hee  y"  sd  NORROY  did  sign  the  sd  Patent 
with  his  hand  and  sett  thereto  the  scale  of  his   oiEce 
the  day  and  yeare  aforsaid  WHEREAS  I  WILLIAM 
DUGDALE  Esq'-  NORROY  King  of  Armes  aforesaid 
doe  believe  this  attest  to  bee  true  I  doe  therefore  by 
power  and  authoritie  to  mee  comitted  by  Letters  Patents 
under  the  greate  seale  of  England  confirme,  and  ratifie 
the  former  grant  above  specified,  and  have  assigned,  and 
by   thes  pfsents  doe  assigne  unto  RICHARD   LEGH 
Esquier,   Lord  of   BRADLEY  in  the  County  of   Lan- 
caster and  of  LIME  and  HANLEY  in  the  County  of 
Chester  who  is  lineally  descended  of  Piers  Legh  Esquire 
Sonne  of  Sir  Robert  Legh  of  Adlington,  Knight  as  being 
Sonne  and  heii-e  of   Thomas  Legh  Doctor  of   Divinity, 
Sonne  and  heire  to  Sir  Peter  Legh  Knight,  Sonne  and 
heire  of  Peter  Legh    Esquire,  sonne  and  heire  to  the 
aforesaid   Sir  Piers   Legh  Knight,   sonne  and  heire  of 
Piers  Legh  Esquire,  the  sonne  and  heire  of  Sir  Piers 
Legh  Knight-Bannerett  the  sonne  and  heire   of  Piers 
Legh  Esquire  the  sonne  and   heire   of    S''   Piers  Legh 
Knight,  the  sonne  and  heire  of  Sir  Piers  Legh  Knight- 
Bannerett  the  Sonne  and  heire  of  the  aforesaid   Piers 
Legh  Esq'  that  tooke  the   said   Counte  de  Tanquervill 
prisoner  y"  same  Escucheon  or  Sheilde  of  Augmentation 
Sable  replenished  with  Molletts  Silver  therein  a  Mans 
Arme  bowed  holding  in  the  hand  a  Standard  Silver ;  to 
be  by  the  said  RICHARD  LEGH  Esquii-e  and  his  pos- 
teritie for  ever  hereafter  borne,  and  used,  as  a  Testimony 
of  his  Auncestours  good  deserts  to  his  and  their  greater 
worship  in  such  place  as  I  have  caused  the  same  amonge 
his  other  Coates  of  Armes  to  be  in  the  Margent  hereof 
Depicted  which  significative  Sheilde  or  Augmentation  of 
Armes  I  the  said  Norroy  King  of   Aj-mes  doe  by  these 
presents  ratifie  &  confirme  unto  the  said    RICHARD 
LEGH  Esquire  and  to  his  posteritie  and  ofspringe  for 
ever  to  be  by  him  and  them   at  all  times  and  for   ever 
hereafter  borne  and  used  in  manner  aforesaid  att  his  and 
their  libertie  and    pleasure  without  the  contradiction, 
gainsayinge,    inquietation,    lett,   trouble,    molestation, 
vesation,  or  disturbance  of  any  person  or  persons  what- 
soever.    In  Witnesse  whereof  I  have  signed  these  pre- 
sents with  my  hand  and  sett  thereto  the  Seale   of  my 
Oflice  the  Eight  Day  of  April  in  the  yeare  of  our  Lord 
God  One  Thousand  Sixe  hundred  sixtie  five  and  of  the 
Reigne    of   our   most  Gracious   Soveraigne  Lord  King 
Charles  the  Second,  the  Seaventeenth. 

WiLLM  Ddgdale 

Norroy  King  of  Armes, 

The  patent,  as  above  quoted,  is  full  of  erasures  and  in- 
terlined omissions,  and  is  surrounded  by  the  usual  border 
of  floral  decorations,  &c.  It  will  be  seen  that  it  deals  only 
with  the  augmentation,  the  family  arms  having  been 
evidently  otherwise  confirmed.  The  exact  necessity  of 
this  patent  seems  a  mystery,  unless,  as  is  probably  the 
case,  the  original  document,  under  the  hand  and  seal  of 
Flower,  had  been  lost.  The  achievement,  as  depicted  in 
the  "  Margent,"  and  which  is  here  reproduced  (Fig. 
47),  calls  for  some  remark.  The  hand  and  arm  are 
depicted  of  silver — I  take  it  the  intention  is  to  show  the 
hand  in  a  gauntlet — and  it  is  certainly  not  "  proper," 
as  the  still  later  grant  of  Sir  Isaac  Heard  blazons  it,  and 
which  equally  wrongly  blazons  "  estoiles "  instead  of 
mullets,  as  from  the  foregoing  very  plainly  should  have 
been  the  case.  It  is  also  worth  noting  that,  as  depicted, 
the  "  standard  "  displays  the  cross  of  St.  George.  The 
full  blazon  of  the  achievement  is : — 


40 


PLATE   XII. 


THE   ARMS    OF    HARLEY. 
Or,  a  bend  cottised  sable.     Crest — A  castle  triple-towered  ppr.  and  issuing  from  the  centre  tower  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules. 

Motto — Virtute  et  fide. 
Fkom  a  Design  bv  Miss  C.  Helaro. 


"•OS  To 


V 


PUBLIC 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Quarterly  of  eight:  i.  azui-e,  a  plate  between  three  ducal 
coronets  or,  a  bordure  argent  (for  Corona) ;  2.  gules,  a  cross 
engrailed  within  a  bordure  also  engrailed  argent  (for  Legh), 
and  in  chief  mperimposed  ooer  these  first  two  quarters,  the 
escutcheon  of  augmentation,  sable,  seme  of  mullets  an  arm 


S^ 


Fig.  48. 

embowed  holding  in  the  hand  a  standard^all  argent ;  3.  ar- 
gent, on  a  chevron  sable,  three  covered  cups  or ;  4.  argent, 
a  pale  lozengy  sable  ;  5.  argent,  a  cross,  and  in  the  first 
quarter  a  fleur-de-lis  sable  ;  6.  vert,  a  cross  flory  or;  7. 
vert,  a  chevron  between  three  cross  crosslets  or  ;  8.  argent, 
a  mullet  sable  charged  with  an  annulet  of  the  field,  in  the 
dexter  chief  point  a  mullet  of  the  second.  A  mantling  of 
gules,  double  argent.  Crest :  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a 
ram's  head  argent,  armed  or,  holding  in  the  mouth  a  branch 
of  three  leaves  (?  hazel — they  certainly  are  not  laurel  as  now 
blazoned)  vert. 

The  achievement  prompts  the  following  questions : — 

1.  Why  is  the  first  quarter  the  arms  of  the  ancient 
family  of  Corona  of  Adlington  ? 

2.  When  and  why  did  the  family  of  Legh  of  Lyme 
assume  a  distinct  coat  of  arms  from  the  paternal  house 
of  Legh  of  Adlington  rather  than  the  arms  of  the  latter, 
differenced  in  some  way  ? 

3.  Did  not  Dugdale  intend  that  the  arms  of  Corona 
and  Legh  should  be  inseparable  by  superimposing  the 
augmentation  over  both  and  directing  it  to  be  borne  in 
the  manner  depicted  ? 

4.  When  and  why  was  the  first  quarter  subsequently 
discarded  ? 

It  should  also  be  pointed  out  that  the  arms  of  Legh 


Fig.  49- 

of  Lyme  apparently  were  anciently  "  within  a_  bordure 
engrailed  argent,"  which  bordure  is  not  mentioned  by 
Burke  in  his  "  Armory." 

Reverting  to  the  various  shapes  of  shield,  however, 


the  degeneration  is  explained  by  a  remark  of  Mr.  G. 
W.  Eve  in  the  able  book  which  he  has  recently 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Decorative  Heraldry," 
in  which,  alluding  to  heraldic  art  in  general,  he  says 
(p.  235):— 

"With  the  Restoration  heraldry  naturally  became 
again  conspicuous,  with  the  worst  form  of  the  Renaissance 
character  in  full  sway,  the  last  vestiges  of  the  Gothic 
having  disappeared.  Indeed,  the  contempt  with  which 
the  superseded  style  was  regarded  amounted  to  fanati- 
cism, and  explains,  in  a  measure,  how  so  much  of 
good  could  be  relinquished  in  favour  of  so  weak  a 
successor." 

Then  came  the  era  of  gilded  embellishments,  of 
flowing  palms,  of  borders  decorated  with  grinning  heads, 
festoons  of  ribbon  and  fruit  and  flowers  in  abundance. 
The  accompanying  examples  are  reproduced  from  a 
book,  "  Knight  and  Rumley's  Heraldry."  The  book  is 
not  particularly  well  known  to  the  public,  inasmuch  as 
its  circulation  was  entirely  confined  to  heraldic  artists, 
coach-painters,  engravers,  and  die-sinkers.  Amongst 
these  handicraftsmen  its  reputation  was  and  is  great. 
With   the   school   of  design   it   adopted,   little   or   no 


(3;v, 


Fig.  50. 

sympathy  now  exists,  but  a  short  time  ago  (how  short 
many  of  those  who  are  now  vigorous  advocates  of  the 
Gothic  and  mediieval  styles  would  be  startled  to  realise 
were  they  to  recognise  actual  facts)  no  other  style  was 
known  or  considered  by  the  public.  As  examples  of 
that  style  the  plates  of  Knight  and  Rumley  were  ad- 
mittedly far  in  advance  of  any  other  book,  and  as 
specimens  of  copperplate  engraving  they  are  superb. 

Plate  VIII.  shows  typical  examples  of  escutcheons 
from  "  Knight  and  Rumley,"  as  are  also  Figs.  48,  49,  and 
50 ;  and  as  the  volume  was  in  the  hands  of  most  of  the 
heraldic  handicraftsmen,  it  will  be  found  that  this  type 
of  design  was  constantly  to  be  met  with.  The  external 
decoration  of  the  shield  was  carried  to  great  lengths,  and 
Fio-.  48  found  many  admirers  and  users  amongst  the 
gallant  "  sea-dogs  "  of  the  kingdom.  In  fact,  so  far  was 
the  idea  carried  that  a  trophy  of  military  weapons  was 
actually  granted  by  patent  as  part  of  the  supporters  of 
the  Earl  of  Bantry.  Fig.  49,  from  the  same  source,  is 
the  military  equivalent.  These  plates  are  interestmg 
as  being  some  of  the  examples  from  which  most  oi 
the  heraldic  handicraft  of  a  recent  period  was  adapted. 
The  official  shield  eventually  stereotyped  itself  into  the 

41  ^ 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


shape  shown  in  Fig.  50,  which  is  still  persevered  with 
by  some  of  the  officers  of  arms.  The  official  shield, 
however,  for  grants  of  arms  has  reverted  to  the  fifteenth- 
century  shape  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  reproduc- 
tion from  a  recent  patent  granting  arms  to  the  town  of 
Warrington  (see  Fig.  5 1 ).  For  paintings  which  are  not 
upon  patents  the  design  of  the  shield  rests  with  the 
individual  taste  of  the  diflferent  officers  of  arms,  and 
recently  some  of  the  work  for  which  they  have  been 
responsible  has  reached  a  high  standard  judged  even 
by  the  strictest  canons  of  art.  In  Scotland,  until  very 
recently,  the  actual  workmanship  of  the  emblazonments 


which  were  issued  from  Lyon  Office  was  so  wretchedly 
poor  that  one  is  hardly  justified  in  taking  them  into 
consideration  as  a  type.  With  the  advent  into  office 
of  the  present  Lyon  King  of  Arras  (Sir  James  Balfour 
Paul),  a  complete  change  has  been  made,  and  both  the 
workmanship  and  design  of  the  paintings  upon  the 
patents  of  grant  and  matriculation,  and  also  in  the 
Lyon  Register,  have  been  examples  of  everything  that 
could  be  desired.  Various  examples  taken  from  the 
Lyon  Register  will  be  found  later  in  these  pages. 

A.  C.  F-D.  and  H.  S. 


Fig.  51. — Arms  of  the  Borough  of  Warrington,  co.  Lanes.  :  Ermine,  six  lioncels  rampant,  three,  two, 
and  one  gules,  within  a  bordure  azure,  charged  with  eight  covered  cnps  or.  Crest :  upon  a  rock 
proper,  a  unicorn  rampant  argent,  ai'med,  maned,  and  unguled,  supporting  a  flagstaff  all  or,  thereon 
hoisted  a  flag  flying  to  the  sinister  per  pale  argent  and  azure,  charged  with  a  rose  gules,  barbed 
and  seeded  of  the  first,  and  a  garb  of  the  second.     (Granted  1S97.) 


42 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    X 


THE   FIELD   OF   A   SHIELD  AND   THE   HERALDIC   TINCTURES 


THE  shield  itself  and  its  importance  in  armory  is 
due  to  its  being  the  vehicle  whereon  are  elabor- 
ated the  pictured  emblems  and  designs  which 
constitute  coat-armour.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  theoretically  all  shields  are  of  equal  value,  saving 
that  a  shield  of  more  ancient  date  takes  precedence  of 
a  more  recent  one,  and  the  shield  of  the  head  of  the 
house  takes  precedence  of  the  same  arms  when  differ- 
enced for  a  younger  member  of  the  family.  A  shield 
crowded  with  quarterings  is  interesting  inasmuch  as  each 
quartering  in  the  ordinary  event  means  the  representa- 
tion through  a  female  of  some  other  family  or  branch 
thereof  But  the  real  value  of  such  a  shield  should  be 
judged  rather  by  the  age  of  the  single  quartering  which 
represents  the  strict  male  descent  male  upon  male,  and 
a  simple  coat  of  arms  without  quarterings  may  be  a 
great  deal  more  ancient  and  illustrious  than  a  shield 
crowded  with  coat  upon  coat.  A  fictitious  and  far  too 
great  estimation  is  placed  upon  the  right  to  display  a 
long  string  of  quarterings.  In  reality  quarterings  are 
no  more  than  accidents,  because  they  are  only  inherited 
when  the  wife  happens  to  be  an  lieii-ess  in  blood.  It  is 
quite  conceivable  that  there  may  be  families,  in  fact 
there  are  such  families,  who  are  able  to  begin  their 
pedigrees  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  and  who  have 
married  a  long  succession  of  noble  women,  all  of  the 
highest  birth,  but  yet  none  of  whom  have  happened 
to  be  heiresses.  Consequently  the  arms,  though  dat- 
ing from  the  earliest  period  at  which  arms  are  known, 
would  remain  in  their  simple  form  without  the  addition 
of  a  sohtary  quartering.  On  the  other  hand,  I  have  a 
case  in  mind  of  a  marriage  which  recently  took  place. 
The  husband  is  the  son  of  an  alien  whose  origiaal  posi- 
tion, if  report  speaks  truly,  was  that  of  a  pauper  immi- 
grant. His  wealth  and  doubtless  other  attributes  have 
landed  him  in  a  good  position ;  he  has  no  arms,  and, 
as  far  as  the  world  is  aware,  no  ancestry  whatever. 
Let  us  now  consider  his  wife's  family.  Starting  soon 
after  the  Conquest,  they  obtained  high  position  and 
married  heiress  after  heiress,  and  before  the  commence- 
ment of  this  century  they  had  amassed  a  shield  of 
quarterings  which  can.  readily  be  proved  to  be  little 
short  of  a  hundred  in  number.  Probably  the  number 
is  reaUy  much  greater.  A  large  family  followed  in  one 
generation,  and  one  of  the  younger  sons  is  the  ancestor 
of  the  wife.  But  the  father  of  this  lady  never  had  any 
sons,  and  though  there  are  many  males  of  the  name  to 
carry  on  the  family  in  the  senior  line  and  also  in  several 
younger  branches,  the  wife,  by  the  absence  of  brothers, 
happens  to  be  a  coheir;  and  as  such  she  transmits  to 
her  issue  the  right  to  the  quarterings  she  has  inherited. 
If  the  husband  ever  obtains  a  grant  of  arms,  the  date  of 
them  will  be  subsequent  to  the  present  time  ;  but  suppos- 
ing such  a  grant  to  be  obtained,  the  children  will  inevit- 
ably inherit  the  scores  of  quarterings  which  belong  to 
their  mother.  Now  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  suppose 
that  such  a  shield  is  better  or  such  a  descent  more 
enviable  than  the  shield  of  a  family  such  as  I  first 
described.  Quarterings  are  all  very  well  in  their  way, 
but  their  glorification  has  been  carried  too  far. 

A  shield  which  displays  an  augmentation  is  of 
necessity  more  honourable  than  one  without.  At  the 
same  time  no  scale  of  precedence  has  ever  been  laid 
down  below  the  rank  of  esquires;  and  if  such  prece- 
dence does  really  exist  at  all,  it  can  only  be  according  to 


the  date  of  the  grant.  Here  in  England  the  possession 
of  arms  carries  with  it  no  style  or  title,  and  nothing  in 
his  designation  can  differentiate  the  position  of  Mr. 
Scrope  of  Danby,  the  male  descendant  of  one  of  the 
oldest  families  in  this  country  whose  arms  were  upheld 
in  the  Scrope  and  Grosvenor  controversy  in  1390,  or  Mr. 
Daubeney  of  Cole,  from  a  Mr.  Smith,  whose  known  history 
may  have  commenced  at  the  Foundling  Hospital  twenty 
years  ago.  In  this  respect  English  usage  stands  apart,  for 
whilst  a  German  is  "Von"  and  a  Frenchman  was  "  De,"  if 
of  noble  birth,  there  is  no  such  apparent  distinction  in 
England,  and  never  has  been.  The  result  has  been  that 
the  technical  nobUity  attaching  to  the  possession  of 
arms  is  overlooked  in  this  country.  On  the  Continent 
it  is  usual  for  a  patent  creating  a  title  to  contain  a 
grant  of  the  arms,  because  it  is  recognised  that  the  two 
are  inseparable.  This  is  not  now  the  case  in  England, 
where  the  grant  of  arms  is  one  thing  and  the  grant  of 
the  title  another,  and  where  it  is  possible,  as  in  the  case 
of  Lord  St.  Leonards,  to  possess  a  peerage  without  ever 
having  obtained  the  first  step  in  rank,  which  is  nobility 
or  gentility. 

The  foregoing  is  in  explanation  of  the  fact  that  except 
in  the  matter  of  date  all  shields  are  equal  in  value. 

So  much  being  understood,  it  is  possible  to  put  that 
consideration  on  one  side,  and  speaking  from  the 
artistically  technical  point  of  view,  the  remark  one 
often  hears  becomes  correct,  that  the  simpler  a  coat  of 
arms  the  better.  The  remark  has  added  truth  from 
the  fact  that  a  simple  coat  is  practically  invariably 
ancient,  and  a  modern  coat  is  seldom  simple.  The 
present  Garter  King  of  Arms  would  rather  perish  on  the 
scaffold  than  grant  a  decently  simple  coat. 

A  coat  of  arms  must  consist  of  at  least  one  thing,  to 
wit,  the  "  field."  This  is  equivalent  in  ordinary  words 
to  the  colour  of  the  ground  of  the  shield.  A  great 
many  writers  have  asserted  that  every  coat  of  arms 
must  consist  of  at  least  the  field,  and  a  charge,  though 
most  have  mentioned  as  a  solitary  exception  the  arms 
of  Brittany,  which  were  simply  "  ermine."  A  plain  shield 
of  ermine  (Fig.  52)  was  borne  by  John  of  Brittany, 
Earl  of  Richmond  (cl.  1399),  though 
some  of  his  predecessors  had  rele- 
gated the  arms  of  Brittany  to  a 
"  quarter  ermine"  upon  more  elabo- 
rate escutcheons  (see  Plate  LXXI., 
and  Figs.  76,  181,  and  635).  This 
idea  as  to  arms  of  one  tincture  was, 
however,  exploded  in  Woodward 
and  Burnett's  "Treatise  on  Her- 
aldry," where  no  less  than  forty 
different  examples  are  quoted.  Of 
these  examples  the  following  may 
be  referred  to.  A  plain  shield  of 
gold  was  borne  by  the  Italian  family 
of  Bandinelli ,  of  silver  by  the  French 
families  of  Maigret  or  Megret,  and 
of  Bocquet  or  Bouquet,  of  azure  by 
the  French  family  of  Fizeaux  and  the  family  of  De  la 
Barge  de  Ville  in  Loraine,  of  gules  by  the  House  of  Dal- 
bret  borne  by  the  Kings  of  Navarre,  and  sable  by  the 
family  of  Gornay.  Vert  is  borne  by  the  French  famdy  of 
Barbotte  and  others,  and  purpure  by  the  French  Auberts. 
The  above-mentioned  writer  continues:  "There  is  another 
use  of  a  plain  red  shield  which  must  not  be  omitted.    In 


Fig.  52. — Arms  of  John 
(de  Montfort,  other- 
wise de  Bretagne), 
Duke  of  Brittany  and 
Earl  of  Richmond. 
(From  his  seal.) 


43 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  full  quartered  coat  of  some  high  sovereign  princes 
of  Germany — Saxony  (duchies),  Brandenburg  (Prussia), 
Bavaria,  Anhalt — appears  a  plain  red  quartering ;  this  is 
known  as  the  Blid  Falme  or  Regatien  quarter,  and  is 
indicative  of  Royal  prerogatives.  It  usually  occupies 
the  base  of  the  shield,  and  is  often  diapered." 

'But  in  spite  of  the  lengthy  list  which  is  quoted  in 
Woodward  and  Burnett,  the  fact  remains  that  only  one 
British  instance  is  included.  The  family  of  Berington 
of  Chester  (on  the  authority  of  Harleian  manuscript 
No.  1535)  is  said  to 
bear  a  plain  shield 
of  azure.  Personally 
I  doubt  this  coat  of 
arms  for  the  Bering- 
ton  family  of  Chester, 
which  is  probably 
connected  with  the 
neighbouring  family 
in  Shropshire,  who  in 
later  times  certainly 
used  very  different 
arms.  The  plain 
shield  of  ermine  is 
sometimes  to  be 
found  as  a  quartering 
for  Brittany  in  the 
achievement  of  those 
English  families  who 
have  the  right  to 
quarter  the  Royal 
arms ;  but  I  know  of 
no  other  British  case 
in  which,  either  as 
a  quartering  or  as 
a  pronominal  coat, 
arms  of  one  tincture 
exist. 

But  there  are"  many 
coats  which  have  no 
charge,  the  pattern 
consisting  of  the  par- 
tition of  the  shield 
in  some  recognised 
heraldic  method  into 
two  or  more  divisions 
of  different  tinctures. 
Amongst  such  coats 
may  be  mentioned 
the  arms  of  Lord 
Waldegrave,  which 
are  simply :  Party 
per  pale  argent 
and  gules ;  Captain 
Malcolm  Drummond 
of  Megginch  (Fig. 
53),  whose  arms  are 
simply ;  Party  per 
fess  wavy  or  and 
gules ;  and  the  arms 
of  Boyle,  as  borne 
by  the  Earl  of  Cork 
and  Orrery,  which 
are :  Per  bend  embattled  argent  and  gules.  The  arms  of 
Berners — which  are :  Quarterly  or  and  vert — are  another 
example  (Fig.  183),  as  are  the  arms  of  Campbell  (the 
first  quarter  in  the  Duke  of  Argyll's  achievement.  Fig. 
54),  which  are :  Gyronny  or  and  sable. 

The  arms  of  Strabolgi  (Fig.  55,  there  wrongly  repre- 
sented sable,  three  pallets  or),  paly  of  six  or  and  sable, 
which  are  now  the  first  quarter  in  the  Duke  of  Atholl's 
achievement ;   the  coat  barry  nebuly   or  and  sable  of 


Blount  of  Soddington  ;  the  coat  bendy  argent  and  gules, 
the  ancient  arms  of  Talbot,  which  are  still  borne  as  a 
quartering  by  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbur}',  Waterford,  and 
Talbot ;  and  the  coat  chequy  or  and  azure,  a  quartering 
for  Warren,  which  is  still  borne  by  the  House  of  Howard, 
all  come  within  the  same  categorj'.  There  are  hundreds 
of  other  coats  which  have  no  charge  upon  them.  The 
colour  of  the  shield  is  termed  the  field  when  it  consists 
of  only  one  colour,  and  when  it  consists  of  more  than  one 
colour  the  two  together  compose  the  field.     The  field  is 

usually  of  one  or 
more  of  the  recog- 
nised metals,  colours, 
or  furs. 

Plate  IX.  gives 
the  necessary  ex- 
planations upon  the 
subject  of  heraldic 
tinctures,  metals,  and 
colours;  but  let  it 
here  be  remarked 
that  a  heraldically 
well-composed  coat 
of  arms  boasts  very 
few  tinctures. 


'I 


der 


a 


Fig.  53. — The  arms  of  Captain  Malcolm  Drummond  of  Megginch,  namely:  "Per  fess 
wavy  or  and  gules,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Amherst,  namely  ;  quarterly  I  and  4, 
gules,  three  tilting-spears,  two  and  one  or,  headed  argent  {for  Amherst) ;  2.  per 
saltire  argent  and  or,  in  fess  two  lions  rampant  gules  in  chief  and  in  base  a  dexter 
arm  couped  at  the  elbow,  habited  gules,  cuffed  azure,  and  hand  proper  holding  a 
cross  crosslet  fitch(5  erect  also  gules  (for  Daniel) ;  3.  or,  on  a  chevron  azure  between 
three  marigolds  slipped  proper,  two  lions  passant  respecting  each  other  or.  within 
a  bordure  compony  argent  and  azure  (for  Tyssen).  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed 
a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  or  ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of 
his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  two  arms  proper,  drawing  an  arrow  to  the  head  in  a 
bow  or  ;  and  in  an  escroll  above,  this  motto,  "  Marte  et  arte; "  and  for  bis  sup- 
porters, on  the  dexter  side  a  savage  wreatlied  head  and  middle  with  oak,  holding 
on  bis  dexter  shoulder  a  club  proper ;  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  knight  armed  at 
all  points,  tlae  visor  of  his  helmet  up,  a  spear  resting  in  his  sinister  arm  proper." 


mer   ein    scliilt 
varwe  had 
I  minner    der  wappin 
werdit  geacht," 

("  The    more    colours 
shield  has, 
The  less    the   coat    of 
arms  is  esteemed,'') 

sings  Johann  Rothe 
in  his  Bitterspiegel 
{"  Knight's  Mirror"). 
In  olden  times  only 
seven  heraldic  tinc- 
tures were  known : 
gold, or ydlorv;  silver, 
or  white;  red.  Hue, 
Wac/c,  and  the  less  fre- 
quently used  purple 
and  green. 

The  Austrian  Her- 
ald, Peter  Suchen- 
wirt  (1356  to  1395) 
emphasises  particu- 
larly the  number  of 
six  tinctures: — 

"  Der  schilt  der  was 
quartieret  rein 

mit  den  pesten  varhen 
tzweyn 

dy  von  den  sechsen 
chomen  sein." 


("The  shield,  it  was  quar- 
tered cleanly 
with     the     two     best 

colours 
which   come  from  the 
six.") 

The  metals  are  gold 
and      silver,      these 
The  colours,  which 
'  tinctures,"  if  this  word  is  to  be  used 
gules  (red),  azure  (blue),  vert  (green), 
purpure"  (purple),  and  (in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  is  not 
really  a  colour)  black,  which  is  known  as  sable. 

The  metal  gold,  otherwise  "  or,"  is  often  represented 
in  emblazonments  by  yellow  :  as  a  matter  of  fact 
yellow  has  always  been  used  for  gold  in  the  Register 
Books  of  the   College  of  Arms,   and  Lyon  Ofiice  has 


being  termed 
are  really  the 
correctly,  are 


'  or  "  and  "  argent." 


44 


PLATE  XIII. 


''  u  e  L I  c 


THE  ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF   CUMMING-GORDON   of    Altyre 

As  matriculated  in  Lyon  Register  1795.  Quarterly  I  and  4  azure  ;  three  garbs  or  (for  Gumming) :  2  and  3  argent ;  three  bends  sable,  each 
charged  with  as  many  roses  of  the  field.  Crest — A  lion  rampant  or,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  dagger.  Motto — Courage.  Over 
all,  upon  an  inescutcheon,  the  Arms,  Crest,  Supporters  and  Motto  of  Gordon. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


raotice.      In  ancient  paint- 
e  use  of  yellow  was  rather 


recently  reverted  to  this  pri 
ings  and  emblazonments  tnc 

more  frequent  than  the  use  of  gold,  but  gold  at  all 
times  had  its  use,  and  was  never  discarded.  Gold 
seems  to  have  been  usualljf  used  upon  ancient  patents, 
whilst  yellow  was  used  in  the  registrations  of  them 
retained  in  the  Offices  of  Arms,  but  I  know  of  no 
instance  in  British  armory  in  which  the  word  yellow 
has  been  used  in  a 
blazon  to  represent 
any  tint  distinct  from 
gold.  With  regard 
to  the  other  metal, 
silver,  or,  as  it  is 
always  termed,  "  ar- 
gent," the  same  varia- 
tion is  found  in  the 
usage  of  silver  and 
white  in  representing 
argent  that  we  find 
in  yellow  and  gold, 
though  we  find  that 
the  use  of  the  actual 
metal  (silver)  in  em- 
blazonment does  not 
occur  to  anything  like 
the  same  extent  as 
does  the  use  of  gold. 
Probably  this  is  due 
to  the  practical  diffi- 
culty that  no  one 
has  yet  discovered  a 
silver  medium  which 
does  not  lose  its 
colour.  The  use 
of  aluminium  was 
thought  to  have 
solved  the  difficulty, 
but  even  this  loses 
its  brilliancy,  and 
probably  its  usage 
wUl  never  be  univer- 
sally adopted.  This 
is  a  pity,  for  the  use 
of  gold  in  emblazon- 
ment gives  a  brilli- 
ancy in  effect  to  a 
collection  of  coat- 
armour  which  it  is 
a  pity  cannot  be 
extended  by  an 
equivalent  usage  of 
silver.  The  use  of 
silver  upon  the  pa- 
tents at  the  College 
of  Arms  has  been 
discontinued  some 
centuries,though  alu- 
minium is  still  in  use  in  Lyon  Office.  Argent 
is  therefore  usually  represented  either  by  leav- 
ing the  surface  untouched,  or  by  the  use  of 
Chinese  white. 

I  believe  I  am  the  first  heraldic  writer  to 
assert  the  existence  of  the  heraldic  colour  of 
white  in  addition  to  the  heraldic  argent. 
Years  ago  I  came  across  the  statement  that  a 
white  label  belonged  only  to  the  Royal  Family, 
and  could  be  used  by  no  one  else.  I  am 
sorry  to  say  that  though  I  have  searched  fig.  55.— Arms  of  David  number  of  families,  for  example  Courtenay  and 
high  and  low  I  cannot  find  the  authority  de  strabolgi.  Earl  of  Prideaux-Brune  and  Barrington,  has  become 
for  the  statement,  nor  can  I  learn  fi-om  de'^sable"'MFrom  Rof  stereotyped  into  a  charge.  In  none  of  these 
any  officer  of  arms  that  the  existence  of  such     cott.,  xv.  8.)  cases,  however,  is  it  either  argent  or  white,  but 


Fig.  54 — The  arms  of  the  late  Dake  of  Argyll,  E.G.,  K.T.,  d.  1900:  Quarterly  i  and  4, 
gyronny  of  eight  or  and  sable  (for  Campbell) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  lymphad,  her 
sails  furled  and  oars  in  action  sable,  flags  and  pennons  flying  gules  {for  Lome) ; 
behind  the  escutcheon  are  placed  salterwise  a  baton  powdered  with  thistles,  on 
the  top  thereof  an  Imperial  Crown,  and  thereon  the  Royal  Crest  of  Scotland,  and  a 
sword  proper,  hilt  and  pommel  or,  as  Heritable  Master  of  the  Royal  Household  in 
Scotland  and  Justice-General  of  the  Shrievalty  of  Argyll,  the  Isles,  and  the  other 
places  thereto  adjacent.  Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  suiTOunded  by  the  garter, 
and  encircled  by  the  collars  of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter  and  the  Most 
Noble  and  Most  Ancient  Order  of  the  Thistle,  from  which  depend  the  badges 
of  the  two  respective  Orders,  is  placed  the  coronet  of  his  rank,  and  thereupon  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  doubled  ermine ;  and  upon  a 
wreath  of  his  Hveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  boar's  head  erased  or ;  and  upon  an  escroll 
above,  the  motto,  "  Ne  obliviscaris,"  and  below  the  arms,  '-"Vis  ea  nostra  voce;" 
and  for  his  supporters,  on  either  side  of  the  escutcheon,  a  lion  guardant  gules. 


a  rule  is  asserted ;  but  there  is  this  curious  con- 
firmation that  in  the  warrants  by  which  the  various 
labels  are  assigned  to  the  different  members  of.  the 
Royal  Family,  the  labels  are  called  white  labels.  Now 
the  label  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  is  of  three  points  and 
is  plain.  Heraldry  knows  nothing  of  the  black  lines 
which  in  drawing  a  coat  of  arms  usually  appear  for 
the  outline  of  a  charge.      In  older  work  such  lines  are 

absent.  In  any  case 
they  are  only  mere 
accidents  of  draughts- 
manship. Bearing 
this  in  mind,  and 
bearing  in  mind  that 
the  sinister  supporter 
of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  is  a  unicorn 
argent,  how  on  earth 
is  a  plain  label  of 
argent  to  be  depicted 
thereupon  ?_  Now  it 
is  necessary  also  that 
the  label  shall  be 
placed  upon  the  crest, 
which  is  a  lion  statant 
guardant  or,  crowned 
with  the  coronet  of 
the  Prince,  and  upon 
the  dexter  supporter 
which  is  another  gol- 
den lion ;  to  place  an 
argent  label  upon 
either  is  a  flat  viola- 
tion of  the  i-ule  which 
requu-es  that  metal 
shall  not  be  placed 
uponmetal,norcolour 
upon  colour;  but  if  the 
unicorn  is  considered 
argent,  which  it  is, 
it  would  if  really  de- 
picted in  silver  be 
quite  possible  to  paint 
a  white  label  upon  it, 
for  the  distinction 
between  white  and 
silver  is  marked,  and 
a  white  label  upon  a 
gold  lion  is  not  metal 
upon  metal.  Quite  re- 
cently a  still  further 
and  startling  confir- 
mation has  come 
under  my  notice.  In 
the  grant  of  a  crest 
to  Thomas  Mowbray, 
Earl  of  Nottingham, 
of  which  a  copy  is 
appended,  the  coronet  which  is  to  encircle 
the  neck  of  the  leopard  is  distinctly  blazoned 
argent,  the  label  to  which  he  is  previously 
said  to  have  had  a  just  hereditary  right  is 
as  distinctly  blazoned  white,  and  the  whole 
grant  is  so  short  that  inadvertence  could 
hardly  be  pleaded  as  an  explanation  for  the 
distinction  in  blazon.  Instances  of  an  official 
exemplification  of  coats  of  arms  with  labels 
are  not  uncommon,  because  the  label  in  some 


NOSTRAVOCO 


45 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


instances  of  the  exemplification  of  a  coat  of  arms  bear- 
ing a  label  as  a  mark  of  cadency  are,  outside  the  mem- 
bers-of  the  Royal  Family,  distinctly  rare;  they  are 
necessarily  so,  because  outside  the  Royal  Family  the 
label  is  merely  the  temporary  mark  of  the  eldest  son  or 
grandson  during  the  lifetime  of  the  head  of  the  house, 
and  the  necessity  for  the  exemplification  of  the  arms 
of  an  eldest  son  can  seldom  occur.  The  one  circum- 
stance which  might  provide  us  with  the  opportunity  is 
the  exemplification  consequent  upon  a  change  of  name 
and  arms  by  an  eldest  son  during  the  lifetime  of  his 
father ;  but  this  very  circumstance  fails  to  provide  it, 
because  the  exemplification  only  follows  a  change  of 
arms,  and  the  arms  being  changed,  there  no  longer 
exists  the  necessity  for  a  mark  of  cadency ;  so  that 
instances  of  the  official  use  of  a  label  for  cadency  are 
rare,  but  of  such  as  occur  I  can  learn  of  none  which 
has  received  official  sanction  which  blazons  the  label 
white.  There  is,  however,  one  coat  which  is  said  to 
have  a  label  argent  as  a  charge,  this  is  the  coat  of  Fitz- 
Simon,  which  is  quoted  in  Papworth,  upon  the  authority 
of  one  of  the  Harleian  Manuscripts,  as  follows:  Sable, 
three  crescents,  in  chief  a  label  of  two  drops  and  in 
fess  another  of  one  drop  argent ;  and  the  same  coat  of 
arms  is  recorded  in  a  funeral 
entry  in  Ulster's  Office.  The  label 
is  not  here  termed  white,  and  it  is 
peculiar  that  we  find  it  of  another 
colour  in  another  coat  of  Fitz- 
Simon  (azure,  a  lion  rampant  er- 
mine, a  label  of  four  point  gules). 
Of  other  colours  may  be  men- 
tioned purpure  (purple).  This  in 
English  heraldry  is  a  perfectly 
well  recognised  colour,  and  thouafh 
its  use  IS  extremely  rare  m  com- 
parison with  the  others,  it  will 
be  found  too  frequently  for  it  to 
be  classed  as  an  exception.  The 
earliest  instance  of  this  tincture 
which  I  have  met  with  is  in  the 
coat  of  De  Lacy  (Fig.  56).  The  Roll  of  Caerlaverock 
speaks  of  his 

"  Baniere  ot  de  un  cendall  saffrin, 
0  un  lion  rampant  porprin," 

whilst  M.S.  Cott.  Calig.  A.  xviii.  quotes  the  arms:  "Be 
or,  a  un  lion  rampaimd  de  poiLrpre."  The  Burton  coat 
of  the  well-known  Shropshire  family  of  Lingen-Burton 
is:  Quarterly  purpure  and  azure,  a  cross  engrailed  or 
between  four  roses  argent.  The  Irish  baronets  of  the 
name  of  Burton,  who  claim  descent  from  this  family, 
bear  a  very  similar  coat,  namely:  Per  pale  azure  and 
purpure,  a  cross  engrailed  or  between  four  roses  argent. 
Two  other  colours  will  be  found  in  nearly  all  text- 
books of  English  armory.  These  are  murrey  or  san- 
guine, and  orange  or  tenne.  The  exact  tint  of  murrey  is 
between  gules  and  purpure ;  and  tenne  is  an  orange- 
tawny  colour.  They  are  both  "  stains,"  and  were  in- 
vented by  the  old  heralds  for  the  perpetration  of  their 
preposterous  system  of  abatements,  which  will  be  found 
set  out  in  full  in  all  the  old  heraldry  books,  but  have 
yet  to  be  found  occurring  in  fact.  The  subject  of  abate- 
ments is  one  of  those  pleasant  little  insanities  which  have 
done  so  much  to  the  detriment  of  heraldry.  One,  and 
one  only,  can  be  said  to  have  had  the  slightest  founda- 
tion in  fact ;  that  was  the  entire  reversal  of  the  es- 
cutcheon in  the  ceremony  of  degradation  following 
upon  attainder  for  high  treason.  Even  this,  however, 
was  but  temporary,  for  a  man  forfeited  his  arms  en- 
tirely by  attainder.  They  were  torn  down  from  his 
banner  of  knighthood ;  they  were  erased  in  the  records 
of  the  College  of  Arms ;  but  on  that  one  single  occa- 


FlG.  56. — Armorial  bear- 
ings of  Henry  de  Lacy, 
Earl  of  Lincoln  [d. 
131 1) :  Or,  a  lion  ram- 
pant purpure.  (From 
his  seal. ) 


sion  when  he  was  drawn  upon  a  hurdle  to  the  place 
of  his  execution,  they  are  said  to  have  been  painted 
reversed  upon  paper,  which  paper  was  fastened  to  his 
breast.  But  the  arms  then  came  to  an  end,  and  his 
descendants  possessed  none  at  all.  They  certainly  had 
not  the  right  to  depict  their  shield  upside  down  (even 
if  they  had  cared  to  display  such  a  monstrosity).  Un- 
less and  until  the  attainder  was  reversed,  arms  (like 
a  title)  were  void ;  and  the  proof  of  this  is  to  be  found 
in  the  many  regrants  of  arms  made  in  cases  where  the 
attainder  has  remained,  as  in  the  instances  of  the  Earl 
of  Staft'ord  and  the  ancestor  of  the  present  Lord  Bar- 
nard. But  that  any  person  should  have  been  supposed 
to  have  been  willing  to  make  use  of  arms  carrying 
an  abatement  is  preposterous,  and  no  instance  of  such 
usage  is  known.  Rather  would  a  man  decline  to  bear 
arms  at  all ;  and  that  any  one  should  have  imagined 
the  existence  of  a  person  willing  to  advertise  himself  a 
drunkard  or  an  adulterer,  with  variations  in  the  latter 
case  according  to  the  personality  of  his  partner  in  guilt, 
is  idiotic  in  the  extreme.  Consequently  as  no  example 
of  an  abatement  has  ever  been  found,  one  might  almost 
discard  the  "  stains  "  of  murrey  and  tenne  were  it  not 
that  they  were  largely  made  use  of  for  the  purposes  of 
liveries,  in  which  usage  they  had  no  such  objectionable 
meaning.  At  the  present  day  scarlet  or  gules  being  ap- 
propriated to  the  Royal  Family  for  livery  purposes,  other 
people  possessing  a  shield  of  gules  are  required  to  make 
use  of  a  different  red,  and  though  it  is  now  termed 
chocolate  or  claret  colour  by  the  utilitarian  language 
of  the  day,  it  is  in  reality  nothing  more  than  the  old 
sanguine  or  murrey.  Of  orange-tawny  I  can  learn  of 
but  one  livery  at  the  present  day.  I  refer  to  the 
orange-tawny  coats  used  by  the  hunt  servants  of  Lord 
Fitzhardinge,  and  now  worn  by  the  hunt  servants  of 
the  Old  Berkeley  country,  near  London.  A  propos  of 
this  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  curious  legend  that 
the  "  pink "  of  the  hunting  field  is  not  due  to  any 
reasons  of  optical  advantage,  but  to  an  entirely  different 
reason.  Formerly  no  man  might  hunt  even  on  his  own 
estate  until  he  had  had  licence  of  free  warrant  from 
the  Crown.  Consequently  he  merely  hunted  by  the 
pleasure  of  the  Crown,  taking  part  in  what  was  ex- 
clusively a  Royal  sport  by  Royal  permission,  and  for 
this  Royal  sport  he  wore  the  King's  livery  of  scarlet. 
This  being  the  case,  it  is  a  curious  anomaly  that 
although  the  livery  of  the  only  Royal  pack  recently 
in  existence,  the  Royal  Buck  Hounds,  was  scarlet  and 
gold,  the  Master  wore  a  green  coat.  The  legend  may 
be  a  fallacy,  inasmuch  as  scarlet  did  not  become  the 
Royal  livery  until  the  accession  of  the  Stuarts ;  but  it 
is  by  no  means  clear  to  what  date  the  scarlet  hunting 
coat  can  be  traced. 

There  is,  however,  one  undoubted  instance  of  the  use 
of  sanguine  for  the  field  of  a  coat  of  arms,  namely,  the 
arms  of  Clayhills  of  Invergowrie,"  which  are  properly 
matriculated  in  Lyon  Register. 

To  these  colours  German  heraldry  has  added  brown, 
blood-red  (this  apparently  is  different  from  the  English 
sanguine,  as  a  different  hatching  has  been  invented  for 
it),  earth-colour,  iron-grey,  water-colour,  flesh-colour, 
ashen-grey,  orange  (here  also  a  separate  hatching  from 
the  one  to  represent  tenne  has  been  invented),  and  the 
colour  of  nature,  i.e.  "  proper."  These  doubtless  are  not 
intended  to  be  added  to  the  list  of  heraldic  tinctures, 
but  are  noted  because  various  hatchings  have  been  in- 
vented in  modern  times  to  represent  them. 

^  The  arms  of  Clayhills  of  Invergowrie  :  Parted  per  bend  sanguine 
and  vert,  two  greyhounds  courant  bendwise  argent.  JMantling  gules 
doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  an 
arm  holding  an  Imperial  crown  proper ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the 
same,  this  motto,  "  Corde  et  animo."  Matriculated  in  Lyon  Office 
circa  1672. 


46 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Mr.  Woodward,  ia  Woodward  and  Burnett's  "  Treatise 
on  Heraldry,"  alludes  to  various  tinctures  amongst  Con- 
tinental arms  wbicli  lie  has  come  across. 

"  Besides  the  metals,  tinctures,  and  furs  which  have 


Fig.  57. — The  arms  of  Lane  of  King's  Bromley  : 
Party  per  fess  or  and  azure,  a  chevron  gules 
between  three  mullets  counterchanged  of 
the  field,  a  canton  of  the  arms  of  England, 
namely  :  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardaut 
in  pale  or.  Mantling  azure  and  or  ;  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
strawberry-roan  horse  salient  proper,  couped 
at  the  flanks,  bridled  sable,  bitted  and  gar- 
nished or,  supporting  between  the  feet  an 
Imperial  crown  proper.  Motto  :  "  Garde  le 
Key." 


been  already  described,  other  tinctures  are  oc- 
casionally found  in  the  heraldry  of  Continental 
nations ;  but  are  comparatively  of  such  rarity 
as  that  they  may  be  counted  among  the  curi- 
osities of  blazon,  which  would  require  a  separate 
volume.  That  of  which  I  have  collected  in- 
stances is  cendrie,  or  ash  colour,  which  is  borne 
by  (among  others)  the  Bavarian  family  of 
Ashua,  as  its  armes  parlantes:  Cendree,  a 
mount  of  three  coupeaiix  in  base  m\ 

"  BruiuUre,  a  brown  colour,  is  even  more  i-are 
as  a  tincture  of  the  field ;  the  Mieroszewsky 
in  Silesia  bear,  '  de  Brundtre,  A  cross  patie 
argent  supporting  a  raven  rising  sable,  and 
holding  in  its  beak  a  horseshoe  proper,  its 
points  towards  the  chief.' 

"  Bleii-celeste,  or  blev,  du  del,  appears  occa- 
sionally, apart  from  what  we  may  term  '  land- 
scape coats.'  That  it  difi'ers  from,  and  is  a 
much  lighter  colour  than,  azure  is  shown  by 
the  following  example.  The  Florentine  Cinti 
(now  CiNi)  bear  a  coat  which  would  be 
numbered  among  the  armes  fausses,  or  a 
enqvArvr:  Per  pale  azure  and  bleu-celeste,  an 
estoile  counterchanged. 

"Amaranth  or  colv/mbine  is  the  field  of  a 
coat  (of  which  the  blazon  is  too  lengthy  for 


insertion  in  this  place)  which  was  granted  to  a  Bohemian 
knight  in  1701." 

Carnation  is  the  French  term  for  the  colour  of  naked 
flesh,  and  is  often  employed  in  the  blazonry  of  that 
country. 

Perhaps  mention  should  here  be  made  of  the  English 
term  "  proper."  Anything,  alive  or  otherwise,  which  is 
depicted  in  its  natural  colours  is  termed  "  proper,"  and 
it  should  be  depicted  in  its  really  correct  tones  or 
tints,  without  any  attempt  to  assimilate  these  with 
any  heraldic  tincture.  It  will  not  be  found  in  the 
very  ancient  coats  of  arms,  and  its  use  is  not  to  be 
encouraged.  When  a  natural  animal  is  found  existing 
ia  various  colours  it  is  usual  to  so  describe  it,  for  the 
term  "proper"  alone  would  leave  uncertainty.  For 
instance,  the  crest  of  the  Lane  family  (Fig.  57), 
which  was  granted  to  commemorate  the  ride  of  King 
Charles  II.  behind  Mistress  Jane  Lane  as  her  servant, 
in  his  perilous  escape  to  the  coast  after  the  disastrous 
Battle  of  Worcester,  is  blazoned  "a  strawberry  roan 
horse,  couped  at  the  flanks  proper,  bridled  sable,  and 
holding  between  the  feet  an  Imperial  crown  also 
proper."  Lord  Cowper's  supporters  are,  on  either  side 
of  the  escutcheon,  "a  light  dun  horse  proper,  with  a 
large  blaze  down  the  face,  the  mane  close  shorn  except 


Fig.  58. — Arms  of  Right  Hon.  Sir  William  Wallace  Hozier,  Lord  Newlands ;  Vair, 
on  a  chevron  gules,  three  bezants,  a  chief  gyronny  of  eight  or  and  sable. 
Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  charged  with  his  badge  of  Ulster  as  a  Baronet, 
is  placed  the  coronet  of  his  rank,  and  thereupon  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree. 
Mantling  gules  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for 
crest,  a  bloodhound  sejant  proper ;  and  on  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto, 
"  Aye  ready."  Supporters  :  on  either  side  a  dapple-grey  horse  proper,  gorged 
with  a  riband,  and  suspended  therefrom  an  escutcheon  gules  charged  with 
three  bezants  in  chevron. 

47 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


a  tuft  ou  the  withers,  a  black  list  down  the  back,  a  bob 
tail,  and  the  near  fore-foot  and  both  hind  feet  white." 
Another  instance  that  might  be  quoted  are  the  sup- 
porters of  Lord  Newlands  (see  Fig.  58),  which  are :  "  On 
either  side  a  dapple-grey  horse  proper,  gorged  with  a 
riband  and  suspended  therefrom  an  escutcheon  gules, 
charged  with  three  bezants  in  chevron."  The  crest  of 
the  family  of  Bewes,  of  St.  Neots,  Cormvall,  is :  "  On  a 
chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  pegasus  rearing  on 
his  hind  legs  of  a  bay  colour,  the  mane  and  tail  sable, 
winged  or,  and  holdmg  in  the  mouth  a  sprig  of  laurel 
proper  "  (Fig.  292). 

Upon  the  use  of  these  heraldic  colours  a  few  remarks 
may  be  appended : — 

Gold. — Uhrome-yellow  may  be  substituted  for  gold, 
which  is  sometimes  touched  up  with  this  colour ;  sepia 
is  employed  as  a  shading  tint.  If  chrome-yellow  be 
used  instead  of  gold,  white  must  be  substituted  for 
silver ;  silver  is  touched  up  with  white  for  the  high 
lights.  In  English  heraldry  silver  is  little  used, 
white  being  usually  introduced  instead.  For  shading 
purposes  neutral  tint  is  employed. 

Red  is  represented  by  vermilion,  the  high  lights 
touched  up  with  a  lighter  red  or  chrome-yellow,  the 
shadows  rendered  in  carmine.  In  arms  of  the  style  of 
the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  minium  (or 
red  lead)  is  used  instead  of  vermilion,  and  the  lights  are 
shown  up  in  chrome-yellow. 

Blue  is  painted  with  cobalt  or  ultramarine  mixed 


Upon  this  point  Herr  Strohl  in  his  Heraldischer 
Atlas  remarks :  "  The  system  of  hatching  used  by 
Marcus  Vulson  de  la  Colombiere,  1639,  in  the  course  of 
time  found  acceptance  everywhere,  and  has  maintained 
itself  in  use  unaltered  until  the  present  day,  and  these 
are  shown  on  Plate  IX. ;  only  that  later,  hatchings  have 
been  invented  for  brown,  grey,  &c. ;  which,  however, 
seems  rather  a  superfluous  enriching."  None  of  these 
later  creations,  by  the  way,  have  ever  been  used  in  this 
country.  For  the  sake  of  completeness,  however,  let 
them  be  mentioned  (see  Fig.  59) ;  a,  brown ;  b,  blood-red ; 
c,  earth-colour ;  d,  iron-grey  ;  e,  water-colour ;  /,  flesh- 
colour  ;  g,  ashen-grey ;  h,  orange ;  and  i,  colour  of  nature. 
In  English  armory  "  tenne  "  is  represented  by  a  combina- 
tion of  horizontal  (as  azure)  lines  with  diagonal  lines  from 
sinister  to  dexter  (as  purpure),  and  sanguine  or  murrey 
by  a  combination  of  diagonal  lines  from  dexter  to  sinister 
(as  vert),  and  from  sinister  to  dexter  (as  purpure). 

The  hatchings  of  the  shield  and  its  charges  always  ac- 
commodate themselves  to  the  angle  at  which  the  shield 
is  placed,  those  of  the  crest  to  the  angle  of  the  helmet. 
A  curious  difficulty,  however,  occurs  when  a  shield,  as 
is  so  often  the  case  in  this  country,  forms  a  part  of  the 
crest.  Such  a  shield  is  seldom  depicted  quite  upright 
upon  the  wreath.  Are  the  tincture  lines  to  follow  the 
angle  of  the  smaller  shield  in  the  crest  or  the  angle  of  the 
helmet  ?    Opinion  is  by  no  means  agreed  upon  the  point. 

But  though  this  system  of  representing  colours  by 
"hatching"  has  been  adopted  and  extensively  made  use 


Fig.  59. 


with  white,  which  is  also  used  for  the  lights,  prussian 
blue  for  the  shadows. 

Green  is  represented  by  difierent  artists  in  very  dif- 
ferent tints,  formerly  much  darker  than  is  now  usually 
the  case.  A  green  a  little  darker  than  emerald  green  is 
usually  adopted  nowadays,  the  lights  being  indicated 
by  white  or  chrome-yellow,  and  the  shadows  with  sap- 
green. 

Silver  is  sometimes  used  for  the  high  lights  of  blue 
and  black,  and  gold  for  red  and  green,  but  only  in  very 
delicate  lines  and  in  a  small  proportion.  Most  English 
herald-painters  shade  with  gum,  usually  tinted  slightly 
with  a  neutral  colour,  and  the  veinings  on  the  outside  of 
a  mantling  are  almost  invariably  found  marked  in  very 
fine  gold  lines. 

There  are  and  were  always  many  occasions  in  which 
it  was  desu'ed  to  represent  armorial  bearings  in  black 
and  white,  or  where  from  the  nature  of  the  handicraft  it 
was  impossible  to  make  use  of  actual  colour.  But  it 
should  always  be  pointedly  remembered  that  unless 
the  right  colours  of  the  arms  could  be  used  the  tinc- 
tures were  entirely  ignored  until  the  seventeeth  cen- 
tury. Various  schemes  of  hatchings  were  adopted  for 
this  purpose,  the  earliest  being  that  of  Francquart 
in  Belgium,  ch'ca  1623.  Mr.  Woodward  says  this  was 
succeeded  by  the  systems  of  Butkens,  1626;  Petra 
Sancta,  1638;  Lobkowitz,  1639;  Gelenius;  and  De 
Rouck,  1645  ;  but  all  these  systems  differed  from 
each  other,  and  were  for  a  time  the  cause  of  confusion 
and  not  of  order.  Eventually,  however,  the  system  of 
Petra  Sancta  (the  author  of  Tesserw  Gentilitia)  super- 
seded all  the  others,  and  has  remained  in  use  up  to  the 
present  time. 


ot,  it  is  questionable  whether  it  has  ever  received  official 
sanction  at  any  rate  in  Great  Britain.  It  certainly  has 
never  been  made  use  of  in  any  official  record  or  docu- 
ment in  the  College  of  Arms.  Most  of  the  records  are 
in  colour.  The  remainder  are  all  without  exception 
"  tricked,"  that  is,  drawn  in  outline,  the  colours  being 
added  in  writing  in  the  following  contracted  forms :  "O," 
or  "  or,"  for  or ;  "  A,"  "  ar,"  or  "  arg,"  for  argent ;  "  G,"  or 
"  gu,"  for  gules ;  "  Az,"  or  "  B  "  (for  blue,  owing  to  the 
likelihood  of  confusion  between  "  ar  "  and  "  az,"  "  B  " 
being  almost  universally  used  in  old  trickings),  for  azure ; 
"S,"  or  "sa,"  for  sable;  "Vt"  for  vert,  and  "Purp"for 
purpure.  It  is  unlikely  that  any  change  wUl  be  made  in 
the  future,  for  the  use  of  tincture  lines  is  now  very  rapidly 
being  discarded  by  all  good  heraldic  artists  in  this  coun- 
try. With  the  reversion  to  older  and  better  forms  and 
methods  these  hatchings  become  an  anachronism,  and 
save  that  sable  is  represented  by  solid  black  they  will 
probably  be  unused  and  forgotten  before  very  long. 

The  plain,  simple  names  of  colours,  such  as  red  and 
green,  seemed  so  unpoetical  and  unostentatious  to  the 
heralds  and  poets  of  the  Middle  Ages,  that  they  substi- 
tuted for  gold,  topaz  ;  for  silver,  pearl  or  "  meergries  "  ; 
for  red,  ruby ;  for  blue,  sapphire  ;  for  green,  emerald ; 
and  for  black,  diamond  or  "  zobel "  (sable,  the  animal, 
whence  the  word  "  sable  ").  Let  the  following  blazon- 
ment  from  the  grant  of  arms  to  Modling  bei  Wien 
in  145S  serve  as  an  example  of  the  same :  "  Mit 
uamen  ain  Schilt  gleich  getailt  in  fasse,  des  ober 
und  maister  tail  von  Rubin  auch  mit  ainer  fasse  von 
Berlein,  der  under  thail  von  grunt  des  Schilts  von 
Sohmaragaden,  darinneain  Pantel  von  Silber  in  Ram- 
pannt  "—(lit  "Namely,  a  shield  equally  divided  in  fess. 


48 


PLATE   XIV. 


(i)  Sir  henry  SEYMOUR  KI>fG,  K.C.I.E. 

(2)  HENRY  STUBBS,  Esq.  of  Danbv,  Ballyshannon,  Co.  Donegal. 

(3)  ROBERT  .\LEX.\VDER  GIBBONS,  Esq..  M.D.,  F.R.C.P. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

(4)  Lt.-Col.  LLEWELLYN  W,  LONGSTAFF  OF  RiDGEI.ANDS, 

Wimbledon. 
(s)  STR-\NGM.\N,  OF  Co.  Essex. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

the  upper  and  greater  part  of  ruby,  also  with  a  tess  of  erminites.  "  Ermines "  is  a  black  field  with  white 
pearl,  the  under  part  of  the  field  of  the  shield  of  emerald,  ermine  spots  (the  French  term  for  this  is  contre- 
therein  a  panther  of  silver,  rampant ") ;   that  is,  "  Per      herviiii,  the  German,  gegen-hermelin).     A  gold  back- 


I 


ttttiill 


iiiyH^ufu 


I      m^ 


j^ 

# 


t 


ttut'i 


fess  gules  and  vert,  in  chief  a  fess 
argent,  in  base  a  panther  rampant 
of  the  last."  Even  the  planets,  and, 
as  abbreviations,  their  astronomical 
signs,  are  occasionally  employed : 
thus,  the  sun  for  gold,  the  moon 
for  silver.  Mars  for  red,  Jwpiter 
for  blue,  Vemis  for  green,  Saiurn 
for  black,  and  Mercury  for  purple. 

This  aberration  of  intellect  on 
the  part  of  mediaeval  heraldic 
writers,  for  it  really  amounted  to 
little  more,  had  very  little,  if  indeed 
it  had  any,  English  ofiicial  recognition.  No 
,  one  dreams  of  using  such  blazon  at  the 
present  time,  and  it  might  have  been  entirely 
disregarded  were  it  not  that  Guillim  sanctions 
its  use ;  and  he  being  the  high  priest  of 
English  armory  to  so  many,  his  example 
has  given  the  system  a  certain  currency.  I 
am  not  myself  aware  of  any  instance  of  the 
use  of  these  terms  in  a  patent  of  arms. 

The  furs  known  to  heraldry  are  now  many, 
but  originally  they  were  only  two,  "  ermine  " 
and  "  vair."  Ermine,  as  every  one  knows,  is 
of  white  covered  with  black  spots,  intended 
to  represent  the  tails  of  the  animal.  From 
ermine  has  been  evolved  the  following  varia- 
tions,   viz.    ermines,     erminois,    pean,    and 


Fig.  6o. 


Fig.  6CW.— Arms  of  Wil- 
liam de  Ferrers,  Earl 
of  Derby  {d.  1247)  - 
"  Scutnm  variatnm 
anro  &  gat,"  (From 
MS.  Cott.  Nero,  D.  i.) 

49 


ground  with  black  ermine  spots  is 
styled  erminois,  and  pean  is  a  black 
ground  with  gold  ermine  spots. 
Planche  mentions  still  another,  as 
does  Parker  in  his  "Glossary  of 
Heraldry,"  namely,  "  erminites," 
which  is  supposed  to  be  white,  with 
black  ermine  spots  and  a  red  hair 
on  each  side  of  the  spot.  I  believe 
there  is  no  instance  known  of  any 
such  fur  in  British  armory.  It  is 
not  mentioned  in  Strohl's  "  Heraldic 
Atlas,"  nor  can  I  find  any  foreign 
instance,  so  that  who  invented  it,  or  for  what 
purpose  it  was  invented,  I  cannot  say ;  and  I 
think  it  should  be  relegated,  with  abatements 
and  the  seize  quartiers  of  Jesus  Christ,  to 
the  category  of  the  silly  inventions  of  former 
heraldic  writers,  not  of  former  heralds,  for 
I  know  of  no  official  act  which  has  recognised 
the  existence  of  erminites.  The  German  term 
for  erminois  is  gold-hermelin,  but  there  are 
no  distinctive  terms  either  in  French  or 
German  heraldry  for  the  other  varieties. 
Thus,  erminois  would  be  in  French  blazon: 
d'or,  seme  d'hermines  de  sable;  pean  would 
be  de  sable,  seme  d'hermines  d'or.  Though 
ermine  is  always  nowadays  represented  upon 
a  white  background,  it  was  sometimes  depicted 

G 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


with  black  ermine  spots  upon  a  field  of  silver,  as  in 
the  case  of  some  of  the  stall  plates  of  the  Knights 
of  the  Garter  in  St.  George's  Chapel  at  Windsor. 
Ermine  spots  are  frequently  to  be  found  as  charges. 
For  instance,  in  the  well-known  coat  of  Kay,  which  is : 
"  Argent,  three  ermine  spots  in  bend  between  two 
bendlets  sable,  the  whole  between  as  many  crescents 
azure."  As  charges  two  ermine  spots  figure  upon  the 
arras  recently  granted  to  Sir  Francis  Laking,  Bart., 
G.C.V.O.      The  ermine  spot  has  also  sometimes  been 


divisions  therefrom  resulting  having  passed  through 
various  intermediate  forms  (see  Fig.  62),  have  now 
been  stereotyped  into  a  fixed  geometrical  pattern, 
formed  of  rows  of  ear  -  shaped  shields  of  alternate 
colours  and  alternately  reversed,  so  depicted  that  each 
reversed  shield  fits  into  the  space  left  by  those  on 
either  side  which  are  not  reversed  (see  Fig.  61,  k). 
The  accompanying  illustration  will  show  plainly 
what  is  intended.  In  some  of  the  older  designs  it 
was  similar   to  that  shown  in  the  arms  of  the  Earl 


used  in  British  armory  as  the  difference  mark  granted 
under  a  Royal  Licence  to  assume  name  and  arms 
when  it  is  necessary  to  indicate  the  absence  of  blood 
relationship.  Other  instances  of  the  use  of  an  ermine 
spot  as  a  charge  are : — 

"  Or,  on  two  bars  azure,  as  many  barrulets  dancette 
argent,  a  chief  indented  of  the  second  charged  with 
an  ermine  spot  or  (Sawbridge). 

Argent,  a  chevron  between  three  crows  sable,  in  each 
beak  an  ermine  spot  (Lloyd,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1680; 
Lichfield,  1692;  and  Worcester,  1700-17). 

Argent,  a  fess  gules  between  three  ermine  spots 
sable  (Kilvington). 

Argent,  two  bars  sable,  spotted  ermine,  in  chief  a  lion 
passant  gules  (Hill,  co.  Wexford). 

The  earliest  form  in  which  ermine  was  depicted  shows 
a  nearer  approach  to  the  reality  of  the  black  tail,  inas- 
much as  the  spots  above  the  tail  to  which  we  are  now 
accustomed  are  a  modern  variant.  The  forms  which 
appear  in  Fig.  60  show  some  variety.  These  were  very 
kindly  collected  and  drawn  for  me  by  Miss  Helard. 
Happily  the  art  of  the  present  day  shows  a  tendency 
to  revert  to  the  older  form  instead  of  its  modern 
evolution. 

When  a  bend  is  ermine,  the  spots  (like  all  other 
charges  placed  upon  a  bend)  must  be  bendwise ;  but  on 
a  chevron,  saltire,  &c.,  they  are  drawn  upright. 

The  other  variety  of  fur  is  "vair."  This  originated 
from  the  fur  of  a  kind  of  squirrel  (the  ver  or  vair, 
differently  spelt ;  Latin,  varus),  which  was  much  used 
for  the  lining  of  cloaks.  The  animal  was  bluey-grey 
upon  the  back  and  white  underneath,  and  the  whole 
skin  was  used.  It  will  be  readily  seen  that  by  sewing  a 
number  of  these  skins  together  a  result  is  obtained  of  a 
series  of  cup-shaped  figures,  alternating  bluey-grey  and 
white,  and  this  is  well  shown  in  Fig.  41,  which  shows 
the  effigy  upon  the  tomb  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet, 
Count  of  Anjou,  where  the  lining  of  vair  to  his  cloak  is 
plainly  to  be  seen. 

The  word  seems  to  have  been  used  independently  of 
heraldry  for  fur,  and  the  following  curious  error,  which 
is  pointed  out  in  Parker's  "  Glossary  of  the  Terms  used 
in  Heraldry,"  may  be  noted  in  passing.  The  familiar 
fairy  tale  of  Cinderella  was  brought  to  us  from  the 
French,  and  the  sUppers  made  of  this  costly  fur,  written, 
probably,  verr6  for  vain;,  were  erroneously  translated 
"  glass "  slippers.  This  was,  of  course,  an  impossible 
material,  but  the  error  has  always  been  repeated  in  the 
nursery  tale-books. 

In  the  oldest  records  vair  is  represented  by  means 
of  straight  horizontal  lines  alternating  with  horizontal 
wavy  or  nebuly  lines  (see  Fig.  60a),  but  the  cup-shaped 


Ferrers,  Earl  of  Derby,  1254-65,  the  sketch  (Fig.  62) 
being  taken  from  almost  contemporary  stained  glass 
in  Dorchester  Church,  Oxon. ;  whilst  sometimes  the 
division  lines  are  drawn,  after  the  same  manner,  as 
nebuly.  There  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  fixed 
proportion  for  the  number  of  rows  of  vair,  as  Fig.  63 
shows  the  arms  of  the  same  Earl  as  represented  upon 
his  seal.  The  palpable  pun  upon  the  name  which  a 
shield  vaire  supplied  no  doubt  affords  the  origin  of 
the  arms  of  Ferrers.  Some  families  of  the  name  at  a 
later  date  adopted  the  horseshoes,  which  are  to  be 
found  upon  many  Farrer  and  Ferrers  shields,  the 
popular  assumption  being  that  they  are  a  reference 
to  the  "farrier"  from  whom  some  would  derive  the 
surname.  Woodward  states  that  a  horseshoe  being 
the  badge  of  the  Marshalls,  horseshoes  were  assumed 


Fig.  62. — Arms  of  Robert  de  Ferrers,  Earl  of  Derby  (1254-1265). 
(From  stained  glass  in  Dorchester  Church.) 

as  armen  parlantes  by  their  descendants  the  Ferrers, 
who  appear  to  have  borne :  Sable,  six  horseshoes  argent. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  the  only  one  who  bore  the  horse- 
shoes seems  to  have  been  William  de  Ferrers,  Earl  of 
Derby  (d.  1254),  as  will  be  seen  from  the  arms  as  on  his  " 
seal  (Fig.  64).  His  wife  was  Sybilla,  daughter  of  William 
Marshall,  Earl  of  Pembroke.  His  son  reverted  to  the 
plain  shield  of  vaire,  or,  and  gules  (Figs.  62  and  63).  The 
arms  of  the  Ferrers  family  at  a  later  date  are  found  to 
be :  Gules,  seven  mascles  conjoined  or,  in  which  form 
they  are  still  borne  by  Ferrers  of  Baddesley  Clinton; 
but  whether  the  mascles  are  corruptions  of  the  horse- 
shoes, or  whether  (as  seems  infinitely  more  probable) 
they  are  merely  a  corrupted  form  of  the  vaire,  or,  and 
gules,  it  is  difficult  to  say.  Personally  I  rather  doubt 
whether  any  Ferrers  ever  used  the  arms  :  Argent,  six 
horseshoes  sable. 

The  early  manner  of  depicting  vair  is  still  occasion- 


50 


PLATE   XV. 


matftr. 


PU  S  LI  : 
■.^^feH..t.t<''-4' 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF - 


(i)  J.  W   MELLES.  Esq.  of  Gruline.  Aros,  Isle  of- Mull. 

(2)  Sik  THOM.\S  WRJGHT.  OF  Leicester. 

(3)  EDW-\RDTHOM..\.STY.SOX.  Esq.  OF  Wood  H.ux.  CocKERMOUTH. 


(41  HERBERT   LUSHINGTON   STOREY.  Esq.,  op  LAN-CiSTEK. 
(5;  HOWEL  J.  J.  PRICE.  Esq.  of  Greensted  Hall.  Oxgar. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ally  met  with  in  foreign  heraldry,  where  it  is  blazoned 
as  Vair  onde  or  Vair  ancien.  The  family  of  Maegens 
in  Spain  be;irs :  Vair  onde,  on  a  bend  gules  three  griffins 
or ;  and  Taeeagone  of  Spain :  Vaire  onde,  or  and  gules. 
German  heraldry  seems  to  distinguish  between  twl- 
kenfeh  (cloud  vair ;  see  Plate  IX.)  and  ivoffenfeh  (wave 


Fig.  63.— Arms  of  Eobert  de  IfiG.  64.— Aj-ms   of  WiUirim 

Ferrers,    Earl     of    Derby  de  Ferrers,  Earl  of  Deity  : 

(1254- 1265).      (From    bis  Vaire,  or,  and  gules,  a  bor- 

^^^)  dure  argent,  obarged  with 

eight     horseshoes     sable. 

(From  a  drawing  of    his 

seal,     MS.     Cott.    Julius, 

C.  vii.) 

van;  see  Fig.  61,  n).     The  former  is  equivalent  to  van 
ancient,  the  latter  to  vair  en  point. 

The  verbal  blazon  of  vair  nearly  always  commences 
with  the  metal,  but  in  the  arrangement  of  the  panes 
there  is  a  difference  between  French  and  EngUsh  usage. 
In  the  former  the  white  panes  are  generally  (and  one 
thinks  more  correctly)  represented  as  forming  the  first, 
or  upper,  line ;  in  British  heraldry  the  reverse  is  more 
usually  the  case.  It  is  usual  to  depict  the  white  panes 
of  ordinary  vair  with  white  rather  than  silver,  though 
the  use  of  the  latter  cannot  be  said  to  be  incorrect,  there 
being  precedents  in  favour  of  that  form.  When  an 
ordinary  is  of  van-  or  vau-y,  the  rows  of  vair  may  be 
depicted  either  horizontally  or  following  the  direction 
of  the  ordinary.  There  are  accepted  precedents  for 
both  methods. 

_  Vair  is  always  blue  and  white,  but  the  same  sub- 
division of  the  field  is  frequently  found  in  other  colours ; 
and  when  this  is  the  case,  it  is  termed  vairy  of  such  and 
such  colours.  When  it  is  vairy,  it  is  usually  of  a  colour 
and  metal,  as  in  the  case  of  Ferrers,  Earls  of  Derby, 
above  referred  to ;  though  a  fur  is  sometimes  found  to 
take  the  place  of  one  or  other,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Gresley  (see  Fig.  65),  which  are:  "Vaire,  gules,  and 
ermine."  I  know  of  no  instance  where  vaire  is  found 
of  either  two  metals  or  of  two  colours,  nor  at  the  same 
time  do  I  know  of  any  rule  against  such  a  combination. 
Probably  it  will  be  time  enough  to  discuss  the  con- 
tingency when  an  instance  comes  to  light. 

Gerard  Leigh  mentions  vair  of  three  or  more  tinctures, 
but  instances  are  very  rare.  Parker,  in  his  "  Glossary," 
refers  to  the  coat  of  Eoger  Holthouse,  which  he  blazons ; 
"  Vairy  argent,  azure,  gules,  and  or,  en  point." 

The  Vair  of  heraldry,  as  of  commerce,  was  formerly 
of  three  sizes,  and  the  distinction  is  continued  in  foreign 
armory.  The  middle  or  ordinary  size  is  known  as  Vair; 
a  smaller  size  as  Menu-vair  (whence  our  word  "  mini- 
ver ") :  the  largest  as  Beffroi  or  Gros  vair,  a  term  which 
is  used  in  armory  when  there  are  less  than  four  rows. 
The  word  Beffroi  is  evidently  derived  from  the  bell- 
Uke  shape  of  the  vair,  the  word  Beffroi  being  anciently 
used  in  the  sense  of  the  alarm-bell  of  a  town.  ^In  French 
armory,  Beffroi  should  consist  of  three  horizontal  rows ; 
Vair,  of  four;  Menu-vair,  of  six.  This  rule  is  not 
strictly  observed,  but  in  French  blazon  if  the  rows  are 
more  than  four  it  is  usual  to  specify  the  number ;  thus 
Vaeeoux  bears:  de  Vair  de  cinq  traits.  Menu-vair 
is  stUl  the  blazon  of  some  families ;  Banville  de  Teu- 


TEMNE  bears:  de  Menvj-vair  de  six  tires;  the  Barons 
van  HouTHEM  bore :  de  Menu-vair,  au  franc  quartier 
de  gueules  charge  de  trois  maillets  d'or. 

In  British  armory  the  foregoing  distinctions  are 
unknown,  and  Vair  is  only  of  one  size,  that  being  at 
the  discretion  of  the  artist. 

When  the  Vair  is  so  arranged  that  in  two  horizontal 
rows  taken  together,  either  the  points  or  the  bases  of 
two  panes  of  the  same  tincture  are  in  apposition,  the  fur 
is  known  as  Countee  Vaie  {Centre  Vair)  (see  Fig.  61, 
I).  Another  variation,  but  an  infrequent  one,  is  known 
as  Vair  in  Pale,  laiown  in  German  heraldry  as  Pfahl- 
feh  (see  Plate  IX.),  (Vair  appoints  or  Vair  en  pal; 
but  if  of  other  colours  than  the  usual  ones,  Vaire  en 
pal).  In  this  all  panes  of  the  same  colour  are  arranged 
in  vertical,  or  palar,  rows.  German  heraldry  apparently 
distinguishes  between  this  and  Stilrzpfahlfeh,  or  re- 
versed vair  in  pale  (see  Fig.  6 1 ,  m).  Vaie  in  Bend  (or 
in  bend-sinister)  is  occasionally  met  with  in  foreign 
coats ;  thus  Mignianelli  in  Italy  bears :  Vairii  d'or  et 
d'azur  en  bande ;  while  Vaire  en  barre  (that  is,  in 
bend-sinister)  d'or  et  de  sahle  is  the  coat  of  Pichon  of 
Geneva. 

"  Vair  en  pointe "  is  a  term  applied  by  Nisbet  to  an 
arrangement  by  which  the  azure  shield  pointing  down- 
wards has  beneath  it  an  argent  shield  pointing  down- 
wards, and  vice  versa,  by  which  method  the  resulting 
effect  is  as  shown  in  Fig.  61,  n.      The  German  term 


Fig.  65.— The  arms  of  Sir  Eobert  Gresley,  Bart, ,  viz.  :  Quarterly  i  and  4, 
vairtS  ermine  and  gules;  2  and  3,  sable,  a  lion  rampant  argent, 
collared  gules,  impaling  the  arms  of  Spencer-Churohill,  namely : 
quarterly  l  and  4,  sable  a  lion  rampant  argent,  on  a  canton  of  the 
last  a  cross  gules  (for  Churchill) ;  2  and  3,  quarterly  argent  and 
gules,  on  a  bend  sable  between  two  frets  or,  three  escallops  of  the 
first  (for  Spencer) ;  and  as  an  honomable  augmentation,  in  chief 
an  escutcheon  argent,  charged  with  the  cross  of  St.  George  gules, 
and  thereon  an  escutcheon'of  the  arms  of  Fi-ance,  namely :  azure, 
three  fleurs-de-Us  or.  The  escutcheon  is  charged  with  his  badge 
of  Ulster  as  a  Baronet.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  passant  argent;  with  the  motto, 
"  Meliore  fide  quam  fortuna." 

for  this  is  Wogenfeh,  or  wave  vair.  Fig.  61,  0  shows 
a  purely  German  variety — Wechselfeh,  or  alternate  vair; 
and  Fig.  61,  ^5,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  English  vaire 
of  four  colours,  is  known  in  German  armory  as  Buntfeh, 
i.e.  gay-coloured  or  checked  vair. 

Ordinary  van-  in  German  heraldry  is  known  as 
Eisenhut-feh,  or  iron  hat  van.  On  account  of  its 
similarity,  when   drawn,   to   the   old   iron   hat  of  the 


51 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


foui-teentli  and  fifteenth  centuries  (see  Fig.  66),  this  skin 
has  received  the  name  of  Eisenhutlein  (little  iron  hat) 
£i-om  German  heraldic  students,  a  name  which  later 
gave  rise  to  many  incorrect  interpretations.  An  old 
charter  in  the  archives  of  the  chapter-house  of  Lilien- 
field,  Ln  Lower  Austria,  under  the  seal  (Fig.  6y)  of  one 
Chimrad  Pellifes,  1329,  proves  that  at  that  time  vair 
was   so   stjded.      The   name   of    Pellifex   (in    German 


Fig.  67.— Seal  o£  Chim- 
rad Pellifex,  1329. 


Wildwerker,  a  worker  in  skins,  or  furrier)  is  expressed 
in  a  punning  or  canting  form  on  the  dexter  side  of 
the  shield.  This  Conrad  the  Furrier  was  Burgomaster 
of  Vienna  1340-43. 

A  considerable  number  of  British  and  foreign  families 
bear  Vair  only;  such  are  Fekkees  and  Gkesley,  above 
mentioned ;  Vaeano,  Dukes  de  Cameeino  ;  Vaiee  and 
VAiKitEE,  in  France ;  Veeet,  in  Switzerland ;  Gomas, 
Feesnat  (Brittany);  De  Veea,  in  Spain;  Loheac 
(Brittany);  Vaeenchon  (Savoy);  Soldanieei  (Florence). 
Counter  vair  is  borne  by  Loffeedo  of  Naples ;  by 
BoucHAGE,  Du  Plessis  Angees,  and  Beotin,  of  France. 
Hellejimes  of  Tournay  uses :  de  Contre  vair,  a  la 
cotice  de  gueules  hrochante  sur  le  tout. 

Mr.  Woodward,  in  his  "  Treatise  on  Heraldry,"  writes : 
Two  curious  forms  of  Vair  occasionally  met  with  in 
Italian  or  French  coats  are  kno'wn  as  Plwmete  and 
Papelonn/1. 

In  Pluinet4  the  field  is  apparently  covered  with 
feathers.  Plumete  d'argent  et  d'azur  is  the  coat  of 
Ceba  (note  that  these  are  the  tinctures  of  Vair) ; 
SoLDONiEEi  of  Udine,  Plumete  au  natural  (but  the 
SOLDONIEEI  of  Florence  bore :  Vaire  argent  and  sable 
with  a  Ijordure  chequy  or  and  azure);  Teneemonde 
of  Brabant:  Plumete  or  and  sable.  In  the  arms  of 
the  ScALTENiGHi  of  Padua,  the  Benzoni  of  MUan, 
the  GlOLFiNi,  Catanei,  and  Nuvoloni  of  Verona,  each 
feather  of  the  plumete  is  said  to  be  charged  with  an 
ermine  spot  sable. 

The  bearing  of  Papelonne  is  more  frequently  found ; 
in  it  the  field  is  covered  with  what  appear  to  be  scales ; 
the  heraldic  term  papelonni  being  derived  from  a  sup- 
posed resemblance  of  these  scales  to  the  wings  of  butter- 
fhes ;  for  example  the  coat  of  Monti  :  Otdes,  jxqyelonne 
argent. 

DoNZEL  at  Besanfon  bears :  Papelonne  d'or  et  de 
sable.  (It  is  worthy  of  note  that  Donze  of  Lorraine 
used :  Gules,  three  bars  wavy  or.  The  Feanconis  of 
Lausanne  are  said  to  bear:  de  Oueules  papelonne 
d'argent,  and  on  a  chief  of  the  last  a  rose  of  the  first, 
but  the  coat  is  otherwise  blazoned:  Vaire  gides  and 
or,  &c.  The  coat  of  Aequinvilliees,  or  Haegen- 
villiees,  in  Picardy,  of  d'Hermine  piapelonne  de 
giheides  (not  being  understood,  this  has  been  blazoned 
" seniA  of  caltraps").  So  also  the  coat  of  Chemillk 
appears  in  French  books  of  blazon  indifterently  as: 
d'Or  papelo^ine  de  gueules ;  and  d'Or  semt!  de  chausse- 
trapes  de  gueules.  Guetteville  de  Guenonville  is 
said  to  bear :  d' Argent  seme  de  chaussetrapes  de  sable, 


but  it  is  more  probable  that  this  is  simply  d' Argent 
papelonni  de  sable.  The  Baeisoni  of  Padua  bear :  Or, 
a  bend  of  scales,  bendwise  argent,  on  each  scale  an 
ermine  spot  sable,  the  bend  bordered  sable;  this  is  only 
a  roundabout  way  of  saying :  Or,  a  bend  argent,  bor- 
dered and  papelonne  sable. 

The  Albeeici  of  Bologna  bear :  Papelonni  of  seven 
rows,  four  of  argent,  three  of  or;  but  the  Alberghi 
of  the  same  city :  Papelonne  of  six  rmvs,  three  of  argent, 
as  many  of  gules.  The  connection  with  vaire  is  much 
clearer  in  the  latter  than  in  the  former.  Cambi  (called 
FiGLXAMBUCHi),  at  Florence,  carried  :  d' Argent,  pape- 
lonne de  gueules;  Monti  of  Florence  and  SicUy,  and 
Konqueeolles  of  France  the  reverse. 

No  one  who  is  familiar  with  the  licence  given  to  them- 
selves by  armorial  painters  and  sculptors  in  Italy,  who 
were  often  quite  ignorant  of  the  meaning  of  the  blazons 
they  depicted,  will  doubt  for  a  moment  the  statement 
that  Papelonne  was  originally  a  corruption  from  or 
perhaps  is  simply  ill-drawn  Van-. 

Potent,  and  its  less  common  variant  Counter 
Potent,  are  usually  ranked  in  British  heraldic  works 
as  separate  furs.  This  has  arisen  from  the  writers 
being  ignorant  that  in  early  times  Vair  was  frequently 
depicted  in  the  form  now  known  as  Potent  (see  Plates 
LXXI.  and  LXXII.  (By  many  heraldic  writers  the 
ordinary  Potent  is  styled  Potent-counter-potent.  When 
drawn  in  the  ordinary  way.  Potent  alone  suffices.)  An 
example  of  Vair  in  the  form  now  known  as  Potent  (or, 
as  above,  Potent-counter-potent)  is  afforded  by  the  seal 
of  Jeanne  de  Flandee,  wife  of  Engueeeand  IV.  (De 
Courcy) ;  here  the  well-known  arms  of  Couecy,  Barry 
of  six  vair  and  gules,  are  depicted  as  if  the  bars  of  vair 
were  composed  of  a  row  oipoterit  (Veee,  Oinicdogie  des 
Cmntes  de  Flandre).  In  the  Roll  of  Arms  of  the  time 
of  Edward  I.  the  Vair  resembles  Potent  (-counter- 
potent),  which  Dr.  Peecevax  erroneously  terms  an 
"invention  of  later  date."  The  name  and  the  differ- 
entiation may  be,  but  not  the  fact.  In  the  First 
NobCity  Roll  of  the  year  1297,  the  arms  of  No.  8, 
EoBEET  DE  Beuis,  Baron  of  Brecknock,  are :  Barry  of 
six,  Vaire  ermine  and  gules,  and  azure.  Here  the  vair 
is  potent ;  so  is  it  also  in  No.  ig,  where  the  coat  of 
Ingeleam  DE  Ghisnes,  or  Gynes,  is:  Gules,  a  chief 
vair.  The  same  coat  is  thus  drawn  in  the  Second 
Nobility  Roh,  1299,  No.  57.  Potent,  like  its  original 
Vair,  is  always  of  argent  and  asure,  unless  other  tinc- 
tures are  specified  in  the  blazon.  The  name  Potent 
is  the  old  English  word  for  a  crutch  or  walking-staff. 
Chaucer,  in  his  description  of  "  Elde  "  (i.e.  old  age)  writes : 

"  So  olde  she  was,  that  she  ne  went 
A  fote,  but  it  were  b}^  potent" 

And  though  a  potent  is  a  heraldic  charge,  and  a  cross 
potent  a  well-kno'mi  variety  of  that  ordinary,  "  potent " 
is  usually  intended  to  indicate  the  fur  of  blue  and  white 
as  in  Fig.  61,  q.  It  is  not  of  frequent  usage,  but  it  un- 
doubtedly has  an  accepted  place  in  British  armory,  as 
also  has  "  counter-potent,"  which,  following  the  same 
rules  as  counter- vair,  results  in  a  field  as  Fig.  61,  r. 
The  German  terms  for  Potent  and  counter-potent  are 
respectively  SturzkrUckenfeh  and  gegensturzkrilekenfeh. 
German  heraldry  has  evolved  yet  another  variant  of 
Potent,  viz.  Verschobenes  Gegensturzkriickenfeh  (i.e. 
displaced  potent-counter-potent),  as  in  Fig.  61,  s.  There 
is  still  3'et  another  German  heraldic  fur  which  is  quite 
unknown  in  British  armory.  This  is  the  Eursch  shown 
on  Plate  XL,  otherwise  "Van-  bellies."  This  is  usually 
shown  to  be  hairy  and  represented  brown.  Possibly 
this  is  the  same  as  the  Plumete  to  which  Mr.  Wood- 
ward refers. 

Some  heraldic  writers  also  speak  of  varry  as  mean- 


52 


PLATE   XVI. 


THE  ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF  JOHN   WADDINGTON,   Esq.   of  Waddington   Old   Hall,   Co.   York, 

AND  OF  Elv  Grange,  Frant,   Sussex. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ing  the  pieces  of  ■whieh  the  vair  is  composed  ;  they 
also  use  the  terms  rairy  ciippy  and  vairy  tossy  tor 
X>ofent-coivnter-potent,  perhaps  trom  the  drawings  in 
some  instances  resembmig  cups;  that  is  a  possible  mean- 
ing of  tassa.  It  may  be  said  that  all  these  variations  of 
the  ancient  vair  arise  from  mere  accident  (generally 
bad  drawing),  supplemented  by  over  refinement  on  the 
part  of  the  heraldic  -n-riters  who  have  described  them. 
This  generalisation  may  be  extended  in  its  appUcation 
from  vair  to  many  other  heraldic  matters.  To  aU 
intents  and  purposes  British  heraldry  now  or  hitherto 
has  only  known  vair  and  potent. 

One  of  the  earliest  rules  one  learns  in  the  study  of 
armory  is  that  colour  cannot  be  placed  upon  colour,  nor 
metal  upon  metal.  Now  this  is  a  definite  rule  which 
must  practically  always  be  rigidly  observed.  Many 
writers  have  gone  so  far  as  to  say  that  the  only  case  of 
an  infi'action  of  this  rule  wUl  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Jerusalem :  Argent,  a  cross  potent  between  four  crosslets 
or.  This  was  a  favourite  windmill  at  which  the  late 
Dr.  Woodward  tilted  vigorously,  and  in  the  appendix  to 
his  "  Treatise  on  Heraldry  "  he  enumerates  some  twenty- 
sis  instances  of  the  violation  of  the  rule.  The  whole  of 
the  instances  he  quoted,  however,  are  taken  from  Con- 
tinental armory,  in  which  these  exceptions — for  even 
on  the  Continent  such  arms  fausses  are  noticeable 
exceptions — occur  much  more  frequently  than  in  this 
country.  Nevertheless  such  exceptions  do  occur  in 
British  armory,  and  the  following  instances  of  well- 
known  coats  which  break  the  rule  may  be  quoted. 

The  arms  of  Lloj'd  of  Ffos-y-Bleiddied,  co.  Cardigan, 
and  Danyrallt,  co.  Carmarthen,  are :  "  Sable,  a  spear- 
head imbrued  proper  between  three  scaUng  -  ladders 
argent,  on  a  chief  gules  a  castle  of  the  second"  (see 
Plate  XXX.).  Burke  in  his  "  General  Armory  "  says 
this  coat  of  arms  was  granted  to  Cadifor  ap  D3rfnwal, 
ninth  in  descent  from  Roderick  the  Great,  Prince  of 
Wales,  by  his  cousin  the  great  Lord  Rhys,  for  taking 
the  castle  of  Cardigan  by  escalade  from  the  Earl  of  Clare 
and  the  Flemings  in  1 164.  Another  instance  is  a  coat 
of  Meredith  recorded  in  Ulster's  Office  and  now  in- 
herited by  the  Hon.  Richard  Edmund  Meredith,  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  of  Ireland  and  a 
Judicial  Commissioner  of  the  Irish  Land  Commission. 
These  arms  are :  "  Gules,  on  a  chevron  sable,  between 
three  goats'  heads  erased,  as  many  trefoils  or."  An 
instance  of  comparatively  recent  date  will  be  found  in 
the  grant  of  the  arms  of  Thackeray  (Fig.  245).  A  little 
careful  research,  no  doubt,  would  produce  a  large  num- 
ber of  Enghsh  instances. 

Furs  may  be  placed  upon  either  metal  or  colour,  as 
may  also  any  charge  which  is  termed  proper.  German 
heralds  describe  fm-s  and  natural  colours  as  amphibious. 
It  is  perfectly  legitimate  to  place  for  upon  fur,  and 
though  not  often  found,  numbers  of  examples  can  be 
quoted ;  probably  one  will  suffice.  The  arms  of  Richard- 
son are :  Sable,  two  hawks  belled  or,  on  a  chief  indented 
ermine,  a  pale  ermines,  and  three  lions'  heads  counter- 
changed.  It  is  also  correct  to  place  ermine  upon 
argent,  as  in  the  arms  of  Dundas  of  Amiston,  which 
are:  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  a  bordure  ermine, 
and  Dunscombe  (see  Plate  XXYL).  But  such  coats 
are  not  very  frequently  found,  and  it  is  usual  in  design- 
ing a  coat  to  endeavour  to  arrange  that  the  fur  shall 
be  treated  as  metal  or  colour  according  to  what  may  be 
its  background.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious.  It  is 
correct,  though  unusual,  for  a  charge  which  is  blazoned 
proper,  and  yet  depicted  in  a  recognised  heraldic  colour, 
to  be  placed  upon  colour ;  and  where  such  eases  occur, 
care  should  be  taken  that  the  charges  are  blazoned 
proper.  A  charge  composed  of  more  than  one  tincture, 
that  is,  of  a  metal  and  colour,  may  be  placed  upon  a  field 


of  either ;  for  example  the  well-known  coat  of  Stewart, 
which  is :  Or,  a  fess  chequy  azure  and  argent,  or  vice 
versa  :  Per  pale  ermine  and  azure,  a  fess  wavy  gules 
(Broadbent);  or :  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  debruised 
by  a  fess  per  pale  of  the  second  and  gules  (Walsh) ;  but 
in  such  coats  it  will  always  be  found  that  the  fu-st  tinc- 
ture of  the  composite  charge  should  be  in  opposition  to 
the  field  upon  which  it  is  superimposed ;  for  instance, 
the  arms  of  Stewart  are :  Or,  a  fess  chequy  azure  and 
argent.  To  blazon  or  depict  them  with  a  fess  chequy 
argent  and  azure  would  be  incorrect.  When  an  ordi- 
nary is  charged  upon  both  metal  and  colour,  it  would 
be  quite  correct  for  it  to  be  of  either  metal,  colour,  or  fur, 
and  in  such  cases  it  has  never  been  considered  either 
exceptional  or  an  infraction  of  the  rule  that  colour  must 
not  be  placed  upon  colour,  nor  metal  upon  metal.  There 
is  one  point,  however,  which  is  one  of  these  Httle  points 
one  has  to  learn  from  actual  experience,  and  which  I 
beheve  has  never  yet  been  quoted  in  any  handbook  of 
heraldry,  and  that  is,  that  this  rule  must  be  thrown 
overboard  with  regard  to  crests  and  supporters.  I  can- 
not call  to  mind  an  instance  of  colour  upon  colour, 
but  a  gold  collar  around  the  neck  of  an  argent  crest 
will  constantly  be  met  with.  The  sinister  supporter 
of  the  Royal  achievement  is  a  case  in  point,  and  this 
rule,  which  forbids  colour  upon  colour,  and  metal  upon 
metal,  only  holds  with  regard  to  supporters  and  crests 
when  the  crest  or  supporter  itself  is  treated  as  a  field 
and  charged  v;ith  one  or  more  objects.  The  Royal  labels, 
as  already  stated,  appear  to  be  a  standing  infraction 
of  the  rule  if  white  and  argent  are  to  be  heraldicaUy 
treated  as  identical.  The  rule  is  also  disregarded  en- 
tirely as  regards  Scottish  cadency  bordures. 

So  long  as  the  field  is  party,  that  is,  divided  into  an 
equal  number  of  pieces ;  for  example,  paly,  barruly,  or 
bendy,  or  party  per  bend,  or  per  chevron;  it  may  be 
composed  of  two  metals  or  two  colours,  because  the 
pieces  all  being  equal,  and  of  equal  number,  they  aU  are 
parts  of  the  field,  none  being  charges. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  the  field,  one  must  not 
omit  to  mention  certain  exceptions  which  hardly  fall 
within  any  of  the  before-mentioned  categories.  One  of 
these  can  only  be  described  by  the  word  "  landscape." 
It  is  not  uncommon  in  British  armory,  though  I 
know  of  but  one  instance  where  the  actual  field  itself 
needs  to  be  so  described.  This  is  the  coat  of  the  family 
of  Franco,  the  paternal  ancestors  of  Sir  Massey  Lopes, 
Bart.,  and  Lord  Ludlow.  The  name  was  changed  from 
Franco  to  Lopes  by  Royal  Licence  dated  the  4th  of  May 
1 8  3 1 ..  Whether  this  coat  of  arms  originated  in  an  English 
grant,  or  whether  the  EngUsh  grant  of  it  amounts  to  no 
more  than  an  attempt  at  the  registration  of  a  previously 
existing  or  greatly  similar  foreign  coat  of  arms  for  the 
name  of  Franco,  I  am  unaware,  but  the  coat  certainly 
is  blazoned :  "  In  a  landscape  field,  a  fountain,  there- 
from issuing  a  palm-tree  aU  proper." 

But  landscape  has  very  extensively  been  made  use 
of  in  the  augmentations  which  were  granted  at  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  and  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
centuries.  In  these  cases  the  augmentation  very  gene- 
rally consisted  of  a  chief  and  thereon  a  representation 
either  of  some  fort  or  ship  or  action,  and  though 
the  chief  is  officially  blazoned  argent  in  nearly  every 
case,  there  is  no  doubt  the  artist  was  permitted,  and 
perhaps  intended,  to  depict  clouds  and  other  "atmo- 
sphere" to  add  to  the  verisimOitude  of  the  picture. 
These  augmentations  will  be  more  especially  considered 
in  a  later  chapter,  but  here  one  may  perhaps  be  per- 
mitted to  remark,  that  execrable  as  we  now  consider 
such  landscape  heraldry,  it  ought  not  to  be  condemned 
in  the  wholesale  manner  in  which  it  has  been,  because 
it  was  typical  of  the  over  elaboration  to  be  found  in 


53 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


all  art  and  all  artistic  ideas  of  the  period  iii  whicla 
we  find  it  originating.  Heraldry  and  heraldic  art  have 
always  been  a  mirror  of  the  artistic  ideas  prevalent  at 
equivalent  periods,  and  unless  heraldry  is  to  be  wholly 
relegated  to  consideration  as  a  dead  subject,  it  is  an 
anachronism  to  depict  an  action  the  date  of  which  is 
well  known  (and  which  date  it  is  desired  to  advertise 
and  not  conceal)  in  a  method  of  art  belonging  to  a 
different  period.  In  family  arms  the  case  is  different, 
as  with  those  the  idea  apparently  is  always  the  con- 
cealment of  the  date  of  nobditj'. 

The  "  landscape "  variety  of  heraldry  is  more  com- 
mon in  Germany  than  with  us,  and  Herr  Strohl  writes : 
"  Of  very  little  heraldic  worth  are  the  old  house  and 
home  signs  as  they  were  used  by  landed  proprietors, 
tradesmen,  and  artisans  or  workmen,  as  indicative  of 
their  possessions,  wares,  or  productions.  These  signs, 
originally  simply  outline  pictures,  were  later  introduced 
into  heraldic  soil,  inasmuch  as  bourgeois  families  raised 
to  the  nobility  adopted  their  house  signs  as  heraldic 
charges  upon  their  shields." 

There  are  also  many  coats  of  arms  which  run:  "In  base, 
a  representation  of  water  proper,"  and  one  of  the  best 
instances  of  this  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Oxford, 
though  for  the  sake  of  preserving  the  pun  the  coat  in 
this  case  is  blazoned :  "  Argent,  an  ox  gules  passing  over 
a  ford  proper."  Similar  instances  occur  in  the  arms  of 
Renfrew,  Queensferry,  Leith,  Ryde,  and  scores  of  other 
towns.  It  has  always  been  considered  permissible  to 
represent  these  either  by  an  attempt  to  depict  natural 
water,  or  else  in  the  ancient  heraldic  way  of  representing 
water,  namely  "  barry  wavy  argent  and  azure."  There 
are  many  other  coats  of  arms  which  are  of  a  similar  char- 
acter though  specifically  blazoned  "  barry  wavy  argent 
and  azure."  Now  this  representation  of  water  in  base 
can  hardly  be  properly  said  to  be  a  charge,  but  perhaps 
it  might  be  dismissed  as  such  were  it  not  that  one  coat 
of  arms  exists  in  Scotland,  the  whole  of  the  field  of  which 
is  simply  a  representation  of  water.  Unfortunately  this 
coat  of  arms  has  never  been  matriculated  in  Lyon  Re- 
gister or  received  official  sanction ;  but  there  is  no  doubt 
of  its  ancient  usage,  and  were  it  to  be  now  matriculated 
in  conformity  with  the  Act  of  1672,  there  is  very  little 
doubt  that  the  ancient  characteristic  would  be  retained. 
The  arms  are  those  of  the  town  of  Inverary  in  Argyll- 
shire, and  the  blazon  of  the  coat,  according  to  the  form 
it  is  depicted  upon  the  Corporate  seal,  would  be  for  the 
field :  "  The  sea  proper,  therein  a  net  suspended  from  the 
dexter  chief  and  the  sinister  fess  points  to  the  base ;  and 
entangled  in  its  meshes  five  herrings,"  which  is  about  the 
most  remarkable  coat  of  arms  I  have  ever  come  across. 
Occasionally  a  "  field,"  or  portion  of  a  field,  will  be 
found  to  be  a  representation  of  masonry.  This  may  be 
either  proper  or  of  some  metal  or  colour.  The  arms  of 
the  city  of  Bath  are :  "  Party  per  fess  embattled  azure 
and  argent,  the  base  masonry,  m  chief  two  bars  wavy  of 
the  second  ;  over  all,  a  sword  in  pale  gules,  hilt  and 
pommel  or."  The  arms  of  Reynell  are :  "  Argent,  masoned 
sable,  a  chief  indented  of  the  second." 


SEME 

The  use  of  the  term  "seme"  must  be  considered 
before  we  leave  the  subject  of  the  field.  It  simply 
means  "  powdered  with  "  or  "  strewed  with  "  any  objects, 
the  number  of  the  latter  being  unlimited,  the  purpose 
being  to  evenly  distribute  them  over  the  shield.  In 
depicting  anything  seme,  care  is  usually  taken  that 
some  of  the  charges  (with  which  the  field  is  seme)  shall 
be  partly  defaced  by  the  edges  of  the  shield,  or  the 
ordinary   upon   which   they   are   charged,   or    by   the 


superior  charge  itself,  to  indicate  that  it  is  not  charged 
with  a  specific  number  of  objects. 

There  are  certain  special  terms  which  may  be  noted. 
A  field  or  charge  seme  of  fleur-de-lis  is  termed  "  seme- 
de-Us,"  but  if  seme  of  bezants  it  is  bezante,  and  is 
termed  plate  if  seme  of  plates. 

A  field  seme  of  billets  is  billetty  or  billette,  and  when 
seme  of  cross  crosslets  it  is  termed  crusdly.  A  field  or 
charge  seme  of  drops  is  termed  goutte  or  gutty. 

Instances  of  coats  of  which  the  field  is  seme  wiU  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  De  la  Warr  (see  Fig.  68),  which  are : 


Fig.  6S. — Arms  of  John, 
Lord  De  la  Warr  (rf. 
139S).  (From  MS. 
Asbm.  S04,  iv.) 


Fig.  69. — Arms  of  John, 
Lord  Beaumont,  K.G. 
{d.  1396).  (From  his 
Garter  Plate  :  i  and  4, 
Beaumont ;  2  and  3, 
azure,  three  garbs  or 
(for  Comyn). 


fi 

^' 

J 

5? 

v_ 

w 

i 

% 

Fig.  70. — Arms  of  Gil- 
bert Umfraville,  Earl 
of  Kyme  (rf.  1421)- 
(From  Harl.  MS.  6163). 

Gules,  orusily,  and  a  lion  rampant  argent;  Beaumont 
(see  Fig.  69) :  Azure,  seme-de-hs  and  a  lion  rampant  or ; 
and  Umfraville  (see  Fig.  70) :  Gules,  seme  of  crosses  flory, 
and  a  cinquefoil  or. 

The  goutte  or  drop  occasionally  figures  (in  a  speci- 
fied number)  as  a  charge;  but  such  cases  axe  rare, 
its  more  frequent  use  being  to  show  a  field  seme. 
British  heraldry  alone  has  evolved  separate  names 
for  the  different  colours,  all  other  nations  simply  using 
the  term  "  goutte  "  or  "  gutte,"  and  specifying  the  colour. 
The  terms  we  have  adopted  are  as  follows :  For  drops 
of  gold,  "  gutte-d'or  " ;  silver,  "  gutte-d'eau  "  (when  borne 
as  a  charge  it  is  generally  termed  an  icicle) ;  for  gules, 
"  gutte-de-sang  "  ;  azure,  "  gutte-de-l'armes  "  ;  vert, 
"  gutte-de-l'huile  " ;  and  sable,  "  gutte-de-poix." 

A  field  seme  must  not  be  confused  with  diapering, 
for  whilst  the  objects  with  which  a  field  is  seme  are 
an  integral  part  of  the  arms,  diapering  is  a  purely 
artistic  "and  optional  matter. 

DIAPERING 

The  diapering  of  armorial  emblazonments  is  a  matter 
with  which  the  Science  of  armory  has  no  concern. 
It  never  forms  any  part  of  the  blazon,  and  is  never 
ofiicially  noticed,  being  considered,  and  very  properly 
allowed  to  remain,  a  purely  artistic  detail.  From  the 
artistic  point  of  view  it  has  some  unportance,  as  in 


54 


■^ 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


many  of  the  earliest  instances  of  handicraft  in  which 
armorial  decoration  appears  very  elaborate  diapering  is 
introduced.  The  frequency  with  which  diapering  is 
met  with  in  armorial  handicraft  is  strangely  at  vari- 
ance with  its  absence  in  heraldic  paintings  of  the  same 
periods,  a  point  which  may  perhaps  be  urged  upon 
the  attention  of  some  of  the  heraldic  artists  of  the 
present  day,  who  would  rather  seem  to  have  failed  to 
grasp  the  true  purpose  and  origin  and  perhaps  also 
the  use  of  diaper.  In  stained  glass  and  enamel  work, 
where  the  use  of  diaper  is  most  frequently  met  with, 
it  was  introduced  for  the  express  purpose  of  catching 
and  breaking  up  the  light,  the  result  of  which  was 
to  give  an  enormously  increased  effect  of  brilliance  to 
the  large  and  otherwise  flat  surfaces.  These  tricks  of 
their  art  and  craft  the  old  handicraftsmen  were  past 
masters  in  the  use  of.  But  no  such  purpose  could 
be  served  in  a  small  painting  upon  vellum.  For  this 
reason  early  heraldic  emblazonments  are  seldom  if  ever 
found  to  have  been  diapered.  With  the  rise  of  heraldic 
engraving  amongst  the  '■'  little  masters  "  of  German  art, 
the  opportunity  left  to  their  hands  by  the  absence 
of  colour  naturally  led  to  the  renewed  use  of  diaper  to 
avoid  the  appearance  of  blanks  in  their  work.  The 
use  of  diaper  at  the  present  day  needs  to  be  the 
result  of  careful  study  and  thought,  and  its  haphazard 
employment  is  not  recommended.  Plate  X.  gives 
some  number  of  typical  "  Gothic  "  and  "  Renaissance  " 


Fig.  71. — Arms  of  the  Herren  von  Schon- 
neck,  from  Griinenberg's  Wappenhuch, 
1483. 


Fig.  72. — Arms  of  Rich- 
ard de  Beauchamp, 
Earl  of  Worcester  {d. 
1422).  Gules,  a  fess 
between  sis  cross 
crosslets  or,  a  crescent 
sable  for  difference. 
(Note  the  early  form 
of  the  cross  crosslets.) 


diaperings.  A  very  effective  example  of  diapering  will 
be  found  in  Fig.  71,  which  shows  the  arms  of  von 
Schonneck  as  given  in  the  Wa2:>penbuch  (1483)  of 
Grflnenberg. 

Another  pleasing  example  will  be  found  in  Fig.  72, 
which  is  from  a  representation  in  stained  glass  of  the 
arms  of  the  Earl  of  Worcester. 

If  as  Woodward  states  (an  assertion  one  is  rather 
inclined  to  doubt),  there  are  some  cases  abroad  in  which 
the  constant  use  of  diapering  has  been  stereotyped 
into  an  integral  part  of  the  arms,  these  cases  must  be 
exceedingly  few  in  number,  and  they  certainly  have  no 
counterpart  in  the  armory  of  this  country.  Where 
diapering  is  for  artistic  reasons  employed,  care  must 
always  be  taken  that  the  decorative  form  employed 
cannot  be  mistaken  for  a  field  either  charged  or  seme. 


PARTITION  LINES 

K  there  is  one  subject  which  the  ordinary'  text-books 
of  armory  treat  in  the  manner  of  classification  adapted 
to  an  essay  on  natural  history  or  grammar,  with  its 
attending  rigidity  of  rule,  it  is  the  subject  of  partition 
lines ;  and  yet  the  whole  subject  is  more  in  the  nature 


of  a  set  of  explanations  which  must  each  be  learned 
on  its  own  merits.  The  usual  lines  of  partition  are 
themselves  well  enough  known;  and  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  elaborate  the  different  variations  at 
any  great  length.  They  may,  however,  be  enumerated 
as  follows:  Engrailed,  embattled,  indented,  invecked 
or  invected,  wavy  or  undy,  nebuly,  dancette,  raguly, 
potente,  dovetailed,  and  urdy.  These  are  the  lines 
which  are  recognised  by  most  modern  heraldic  text- 
books and  generally  recapitulated ;  but  we  shall  have 
occasion  later  to  refer  to  others  which  are  very  well 
known,  though  apparently  they  have  never  been 
included  in  the  classification  of  partition  lines  (Fig.  73). 
Engrailed,  as  every  one  knows,  is' formed  by  a  continuous 

ENGRAILED. 
INVECTED. 

EMBATTLED 

D.    A/V\/S/V\A/\/\   INDENTED. 


DANCETTY 


^ISTSiSlSZSl 


WAVY 


NEBULY 

(deep) 


X      "^      "^  RAGULY 


J.  aszs"ajEra,s"5szs^  potente. 

K  ZXZXZSrZXZXZSTL  DOVETAILED. 


.mm/mimm 


FLORY 
COUNTERFLORY 


RAYONNE. 


Fig.  73.— Lines  of  Partition. 

and  concurrent  series  of  small  semicircles  conjoined 
each  to  each,  the  sharp  points  formed  by  the  con- 
junction of  the  two  arcs  being  placed  outwards.  This 
partition  line  may  be  employed  for  the  rectilinear 
charges  known  as  "  ordinaries  "  or  "  sub-ordinaries."  In 
the  bend,  pale,  pUe,  cross,  chief  and  fess,  when  these  are 
described  as  engraUed  the  enclosing  lines  of  the  ordinary, 
other  than  the  edges  of  the  shield,  are  all  composed  of 
these  small  semicircles  with  the  points  turned  out- 
wards, and  the  word  "outwards"  must  be  construed 
as  pointing  away  from  the  centre  of  the  ordinary  when 
it  is  depicted.  In  the  case  of  a  chief  the  points  are 
turned  downwards,  but  it  is  rather  difiicult  to  describe 
the  use  of  the  term  when  used  as  a  partition  line  of  the 
field.    The  only  instance  I  can  call  to  mind  where  it  is 


55 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


so  employed  is  tlie  case  of  Baird  of  Ury,  the  arms  of  this 
family  being:  Per  pale  engrailed  gules  and  or,  a  boar 
passant  counterchanged.  In  this  instance  the  points 
are  turned  towards  the  sinister  side  of  the  shield,  which 
would  seem  to  be  correct,  as,  there  being  no  ordinary, 
they  must  be  outwards  from  the  most  important  posi- 
tion affected,  which  in  this  case  undoubtedly  is  the 
dexter  side  of  the  shield.  In  the  same  way  "  per  fess  en- 
grailed "  would  be  presumably  depicted  with  the  points 
outwards  from  the  chief  line  of  the  shield,  that  is,  point- 
ing downwards ;  and  I  should  imagine  that  in  "  per  bend 
engrailed  "  the  points  of  the  semicircles  would  again  be 
placed  inclined  towards  the  dexter  base  of  the  shield. 
This  point,  however,  which  puzzled  me  much  in  depict- 
ing the  arms  of  Baird  of  Ury,  I  could  find  explained  in 
no  text-book  upon  the  subject. 

The  term  invect  or  invecked  is  the  precise  opposite 
of  engrailed.  It  is  similarly  composed  of  small  semi- 
circles, but  the  points  are  turned  inwards  instead  of 
outwards,  so  that  it  is  no  more  than  the  exact  reverse 
of  engrailed,  and  all  the  regulations  concerning  the 
one  need  to  be  observed  concerning  the  other,  with 
the  proviso  that  they  are  reversed. 

The  partition  line  embattled  has  certain  peculiarities 
of  its  own.  When  dividing  the  field  there  can  be  no 
difficulty  about  it,  inasmuch  as  the  crenellations  are 
equally  inwards  and  outwards  from  any  point,  and  it 
should  be  noted  that  the  term  "  crenelle  "  is  almost  as 
often  used  as  "  embattled."  When,  however,  the  term 
describes  an  ordinary,  certain  points  have  to  be  borne 
in  mind.  The  fess  or  the  bar  embattled  is  drawn  with 
the  crenellations  on  the  upper  side  only,  the  under 
edge  being  plain  unless  the  ordinary  is  described  both 
as  "  embattled  and  counter-embattled."  Similarly  a 
chevron  is  only  crenellated  on  the  upper  edge  unless 
it  is  described  as  both  embattled  and  counter-embattled, 
but  a  pale  or  a  bend  embattled  is  crenellated  on  both 
edges  as  is  the  cross  or  saltire.  I  have  never  come 
across  a  pile  embattled;  but  it  would  naturally  be 
embattled  on  both  edges. 

The  terms  indented  and  dancette  need  to  be  con- 
sidered together,  because  they  differ  very  little,  and  only 
in  the  fact  that  whilst  indented  may  be  drawn  with  any 
number  of  teeth,  dancette  is  drawn  with  a  limited 
number,  which  is  usually  three  complete  teeth  in  the 
width  of  the  field.  But  it  should  be  observed  that  this 
rule  is  not  so  hard  and  fast  that  the  necessity  of  artistic 
depicting  may  not  modify  it  slightly.  An  ordinary 
which  is  indented  would  follow  much  the  same  rules  as 
an  ordinary  which  was  engrailed,  except  that  the  teeth 
are  made  by  small  straight  lines  for  the  indentations 
instead  of  by  small  semicircles,  and  instances  can  doubt- 
less be  found  of  all  the  ordinaries  qualified  by  the  term 
indented.  Dancette,  however,  does  not  lend  itself  so 
readily  to  general  application,  and  is  usually  to  be 
found  applied  to  either  a  fess  or  chief,  or  occasionally  a 
bend.  In  the  case  of  a  fess  dancette  the  indentations 
on  the  top  and  the  bottom  lines  are  made  to  fit  into 
each  other,  so  that  instead  of  having  a  straight  band 
with  the  edge  merely  toothed,  one  gets  an  up  and  down 
zig-zag  band  with  three  complete  teeth  at  the  top  and 
three  complete  teeth  at  the  bottom.  Whilst  a  fess,  a 
bar,  a  bend,  and  a  chief  can  be  found  dancette,  I  do  not 
see  how  it  would  be  possible  to  draw  a  saltire  or  a  cross 
dancette.  At  any  rate  the  resulting  figure  would  be 
most  ugly,  and  would  appear  ill-balanced.  A  pile  and 
a  chevron  seem  equally  impossible,  though  there  does 
not  seem  to  be  the  like  objection  to  a  pale  dancette. 
An  instance  of  a  bend  dancette  is  found  in  the  arms 
of  Cuffe  (Lord  Desart),  which  are:  Ai-gent,  on  a  bend 
dancette  sable,  plain  cotised  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis, 
and  on  each  cotise  as  many  liezants. 


Wavy  or  undy,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  taken 
from  water,  and  nebidy,  which  is  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  clouds,  are  of  course  lines  which  are  well  known. 
They  are  equally  applicable  to  any  ordinary  and  to  any 
partition  of  the  field ;  but  in  both  cases  it  should  be 
noticed  by  artists  that  there  is  no  one  definite  or 
accepted  method  of  depicting  these  lines,  and  one  is 
quite  at  liberty,  and  might  be  recommended  to  widen 
out  the  indentations,  or  to  increase  them  in  height  as  the 
artistic  requirements  of  the  work  in  hand  may  seem  to 
render  advisable.  It  is  only  by  bearing  this  in  mind 
and  treating  these  lines  with  freedom  that  really  artistic 
work  can  sometimes  be  produced  where  they  occur. 
There  is  no  fixed  rule  either  as  to  the  width  which 
these  lines  may  occupy  or  as  to  the  number  of  indenta- 
tions as  compared  with  the  width  of  the  shield,  and  it 
is  a  pity  to  introduce  or  recognise  any  regulations  of 
this  character  where  none  exist.  There  are  writers  who 
think  it  not  unlikely  that  vaire  and  barry  nebuly  were 
one  and  the  same  thing.  It  is  at  any  rate  difficult  in 
some  old  representations  to  draw  any  noticeable  dis- 
tinctions between  the  methods  of  depicting  barry 
nebuly  and  vair. 

The  line  raguly  has  been  the  subject  of  much  dis- 
cussion. It,  and  the  two  which  follow,  viz.  potente 
and  dovetailed,  are  all  comparatively  modern  intro- 
ductions. It  would  be  interesting  if  some  enthusiast 
would  go  carefully  through  the  ancient  Kolls  of  Arms 
and  find  the  earliest  occurrences  of  these  terms.  My  own 
impression  is  that  they  would  all  be  found  to  be  inven- 
tions of  the  mediaeval  writers  on  heraldry.  Kaguly  is  the 
same  as  embattled,  with  the  crenellations  put  upon 
the  slant.  Some  writers  say  they  should  slant  one  way, 
others  give  them  slanting  the  reverse.  In  a  pale  or 
a  bend  the  teeth  must  point  upwards ;  but  in  a  fess 
I  should  hesitate  to  say  whether  it  were  more  correct 
for  them  to  point  to  the  dexter  or  to  the  sinister,  and 
I  am  inclined  to  consider  that  either  is  perfectly  correct. 
At  any  rate,  whilst  they  are  usually  drawn  inclined  to 
the  dexter,  in  "  Woodward  and  Burnett "  they  are  to  the 
sinister,  and  Guilhm  gives  them  turned  to  the  dexter, 
saying,  "  This  form  of  line  I  never  yet  met  with  in 
use  as  a  partition,  though  frequently  in  composing  of 
ordinaries  referring  them  like  to  the  trunks  of  trees 
with  the  branches  lopped  off,  and  that  (as  I  take  it)  it 
was  intended  to  represent."  Modern  heraldry  supplies 
an  instance  which  in  the  days  of  Mr.  Guillim,  of  course, 
did  not  exist  to  refer  to.  This  instance  occurs  in  the 
arms  of  the  late  Lord  Leighton,  which  were :  "  Quarterly 
per  fess  raguly  or  and  gules,  in  the  second  and  thnd 
quarters  a  wyvern  of  the  first."  It  is  curious  that 
Guillim,  even  in  the  edition  of  1724,  does  not  mention 
any  of  the  remaining  terms.  Dovetailed  in  modern 
armory  is  even  yet  but  seldom  made  use  of,  though  I 
can  quote  two  instances  of  coats  of  arms  in  which  it  is 
to  be  found,  namely,  the  arms  of  Kirk,  which  are :"  Gules, 
a  chevron  dovetailed  ermine,  on  a  chief  argent,  three 
dragons'  heads  couped  of  the  field  ; "  and  Ambrose  (see 
Plate  XXX.) :  "Azure,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  argent, 
on  a  chief  dovetailed,  and  the  last  a  fleur-de-lis  between 
two  annulets  of  the  first."  Other  instances  of  dovetailed 
used  as  a  line  of  partition  will  be  found  in  the  case  of  the 
arms  of  Farmer  (Fig.  396),  which  are:  "  Per  chevron  dove- 
tailed gules  and  argent,  in  chief  two  lions'  heads  erased 
of  the  last,  and  in  base  a  salamander  in  flames  proper : " 
and  in  the  arms  of  Fenton  (Fig.  74),  namely :  "  Per  pale 
argent  and  sable,  a  cross  dovetailed,  in  the  first  and 
fourth  quarters  a  fleur-de-lis,  and  in  the  second  and  third 
a  trefoil  slipped  all  countercharged."  There  are,  of 
course,  many  others.  As  to  the  term  urdy,  which  is  given 
in  Woodward  and  Burnett  and  also  in  Beny,  I  can  only 
say  I  personally  have  never  come  across  an  instance  of  its 


56 


PLATE   XVII. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

(i)  THOMAS   WESTFALING    FRESTON.    Esq.  of    Eagle's  Nest,      i      (3)  WILLIAM  RAE  MACDONALD,  Esq.,  Caerick  Pursuivant  ok 

Prestwich.  Arms. 

(2)  ARTHUR    E.    H.    HUTTON,    Esq.    of    Houghton    Hall,    Co.  (4I  TREDENHAM  HUGH  SPRY,  Esq.  of  Witherdon,  Germansvveek. 

Durham.  1  Co.  Devon. 

IS)  JOSEPH  EDWARD  MOORE-GWYN,  Esq.  of  Dvffrvn,  Co.  Glamorgan. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


use  as  a  partition  line.  A  cross  or  a  billet  urdy  one 
knows,  but  urdy  as  a  partition  Hne  I  have  yet  to  find. 
It  is  significant  that  it  is  omitted  in  Parker  except  as  a 
term  applicable  to  a  cross,  and  the  instances  and  varia- 
tions given  by  Berry,  "  urdy  in  point  paleways "  and 
"  contrary  urdy,"  I  should  be  much  more  inclined  to 
consider  as  variations  of  vair ;  and,  though  it  is  always 
well  to  settle  points  which  can  be  settlell,  I  think  urdy 
and  its  use  as  a  partition  line  may  be  well  left  for 
further  consideration  when  examples  of  it  come  to 
hand.      The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  term  potentd. 


JlE-SVlBrPRESTi 


Fig.  74. — The  Arms  of  Fenton. 

There  is  one  term,  however,  which  is  frequently  to  be 
met  with  at  the  present  time,  but  which  I  have  never 
seen  quoted  in  any  text-book  under  the  heading  of 
a  partition  line ;  that  is,  "  flory  counter-flory,"  which  is 
of  course  formed  by  a  succession  of  ileurs-de-lis  alter- 
nately reversed  and  counterchanged.  They  might  of 
course  be  blazoned  after  the  quotation  of  the  field  as 
"per  bend"  or  "per  chevron"  as  the  case  might  be,  simply 
as  so  many  fleurs-de-lis  counterchanged,  and  alternately 
reversed  in  a  specified  position ;  but  this  never  appears 
to  be  the  case,  and  consequently  the  fleurs-de-lis  are 
essentially  parts  of  the  field  and  not  charges.  I  have 
sometimes  thought  whether  it  would  not  be  more  cor- 
rect to  depict  "  per  something "  flory  and  counter-flory 
without  completing  the  fleurs-de-lis,  simply  leaving  the 
alternate  tops  of  the  fleurs-de-lis  to  show.  In  the  cases 
of  the  illustrations  which  have  come  under  my  notice, 
however,  the  whole  fleur-de-lis  is  depicted,  and  as  an 
instance  of  the  use  of  the  term  may  be  mentioned  the 
arms  of  Dumas  (Fig.  137),  which  are:  "Per  chevron 
flory  and  counter-flory  or  and  azure,  in  chief  two  lions' 
gambs  erased,  and  in  base  a  garb  counterchanged."  But 
when  the  term  flory  and  counter-flory  is  used  in  con- 
juncti\on  with  an  ordinary,  e.g.  a  fess  flory  and  counter- 
flory,  the  half  fleurs-de-lis,  only  alternately  reversed, 
are  represented  on  the  outer  edges  of  the  ordinary.' 

I  think  also  that  the  word  "  arched  "  should  be  in- 
cluded as  a  partition  line.  I  confess  that  the  only  form 
in  which  I  know  of  it  is  that  it  is  frequently  used  by  York 
Herald  in  designing  coats  of  arms  with  chiefs  arched. 


But  if  a  chief  can  be  arched  I  see  no  reason  why  a  fess 
or  a  bar  cannot  equally  be  so  altered,  and  in  that  case 
it  undoubtedly  becomes  a  recognised  Hne  of  partition. 
Perhaps  it  should  be  stated  that  a  chief  arched  is  a 
chief  with  its  base  line  one  arc  of  a  large  circle  (Figs. 
172,  246,  and  262).  The  diameter  of  the  circle  and  the 
consequent  acuteness  of  the  arch  do  not  appear  to  be 
fixed  by  any  definite  rule,  and  here  again  artistic  re- 
quirements must  be  the  controlling  factor  in  any  deci- 
sion. Elvin  in  his  "  Dictionary  of  Heraldic  Terms  "  gives 
a  curious  assortment  of  Unes,  the  most  curious  of  all, 
perhaps,  being  indented  embowed,  or  hacked  and  hewed. 
Where  such  a  term  originated  or  in  what  coat  of  arms 
it  is  to  be  found  I  am  ignorant,  but  the  appearance  is 
exactly  what  would  be  presented  by  a  piece  of  wood 
hacked  with  an  axe  at  regular  intervals.  Elvin  again 
makes  a  ditt'erence  between  bretessed  and  embattled- 
counter-embattled,  making  the  embattlement  on  either 
side  of  an  ordinary  identical  in  the  former  and  alter- 
nated in  the  latter.  He  also  makes  a  difference  between 
raguly,  which  is  the  conventional  form  universally 
adopted,  and  raguled  and  trunked,  where  the  ordinary 
takes  the  representation  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree  with  the 
branches  lopped  ;  but  these  and  many  others  that  he 
gives  are  refinements  of  idea  which  personally  I  should 
never  expect  to  find  in  actual  use,  and  of  the  instances 
of  which  I  am  unaware.  I  think,  however,  the  term 
"  rayonne,"  which  is  found  in  both  the  arms  of  O'Hara 
and  the  arms  of  Colman  (Fig.  106),  and  which  is  formed 
by  the  addition  of  rays  to  the  ordinary,  should  take  a 
place  amongst  lines  of  partition,  though  I  admit  I  know 
of  no  instance  in  which  it  is  employed  to  divide  the  field. 


METHODS  OF  PARTITION 

The  field  of  any  coat  of  arms  is  the  surface  colour  of 
the  shield,  and  is  supposed  to  include  the  area  within 
the  limits  formed  by  its  outline.  There  are,  as  has  been 
already  stated,  but  few  coats  of  a  single  colour  minus  a 
charge  to  be  found  in  British  heraldry.  But  there  are 
many  which  consist  of  a  field  divided  by  partition  lines 
only,  of  which  some  instances  were  given  on  page  44. 

A  shield  may  be  divided  by  partition  lines  running 
in  the  direction  of  almost  any  "  ordinary,"  in  which 
case  the  field  will  be  described  as  "  per  bend  "  or  "  per 
chevron,"  &c.     It  may  be  : 


Per  fess 

Plate  IX.,  Fig.  10 

Per  bend 

„     42 

Per  bend  sinister 

..     43 

Per  pale 

2 

Per  chevron 

..     58 

Per  cross     . 

„     25 

(though  it  should  be  noted  that  the  more  usual 
term  employed  for  this  is  "  quarterly  ") 
Per  saltu-e  .         .        .     Plate  IX.,  Fig.  68 

But  a  field  cannot  be  "  per  pile  "  or  "  per  chief,"  because 
there  is  no  other  way  of  representing  these  ordinaries. 

A  field  can  be  composed  of  any  number  of  pieces  in 
the  form  of  the  ordinaries  filling  the  area  of  the  shield, 
in  which  case  the  field  is  said  to  be  "  paly,"  "  bendy," 
"  ohevronny,"  &c.,  but  the  number  of  pieces  must  be 
specified.  As  indicating  at  the  same  time  the  forms 
of  the  ordinaries  and  the  methods  of  partitioning  the 
shield,  we  cannot  do  better  than  annex  the  blazons  of 
the  shields  on  Plates  IX.  and  X.  before  considering 
the  charges  themselves  in  detail.  These  will  be  found 
after  the  chapter  on  the  Rules  of  Blazon. 

Another  method  of  partition  will  be  found  in  the 
fields  "  cheeky  "  (or  "  chequy  ")  and  lozengy  ;  but  these 
divisions,  as  also  the  foregoing,  will  be  treated  more 


57 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


specifically  under  the  different  ordinaries.  A  field  which 
is  party  need  not  necessarily  have  all  its  lines  of  parti- 
tion the  same.  This  peculiarity,  however,  seldom  occurs 
except  in  the  case  of  a  field  quarterly,  the  object  in 
coats  of  this  character  being  to  prevent  different  quar- 
ters of  one  coat  of  arms  being  ranked  as  or  taken  to  be 
quarterings  representing  different  families.  Examples  of 
this  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Croft  of  Croft  Castle*" 

^  Arms  of  Croft  of  Croft  Castle  :  l.  Quarterly  per  fess  indented 
azure  and  argent,  in  the  first  quarter  a  lion  passant  p:uardant  or  {for 
Croft) ;  2.  or,  two  lions  passant  gules  ;  3.  paly  of  six  argent  and  gules, 
a  lion  rampant  sable  (for  Owen  ap  Griffith  Vychan) ;  4.  gules,  a  bend 
between  six  lions'  heads  erased  argent  (for  Skull).  Crests:  I.  a  lion 
passant  guardant  argent;  2.  a  wyvern  sable,  vulned  in  the  side  gules. 


(see  Plate  XI.)  and  Farish  (see  Plate  XXXIL).  The 
latter  instance  consists  of  quarterings  of  Parish"  and 
Garthwaite.  But  the  design  in  the  second  and  third 
quarterings  is  really  one  indivisible  coat  of  arms,  though 
(admittedly  under  the  terms  of  the  grant)  founded  upon 
two  coats  originally  borne  quarterly. 

A.  C.  P-D.  AND  H.  S. 

c  Arms  of  Edward  Garthwaite  Farish,  Esq.  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
argent,  a  chevron  azure,  guttee-d'eau,  between  two  horse-shoes  in 
chief  and  a  bugle-horn  stringed  in  base  all  of  the  second  {for  Farish) ; 
2  and  3,  quarterly  per  fess  indented,  i.  and  iv.,  gules,  a  chevron  or  5 
ii.  and  iii.,  azure,  a  fret  of  the  secoud  (for  Garthwaite),  Mantling 
azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  two  horse- 
shoes or,  a  bugle-horn  stringed  azure.     Motto  :  *'  Forward." 


CHAPTER    XI 


THE   RULES   OF   BLAZON 


THE  word  "Blazon"  is  used  with  some  number 
of  meanings,  but  practically  it  may  be  confined 
to  the  verb  "  to  blazon,"  which  is  to  describe  in 
words  a  given  coat  of  arms,  and  the  noun  "  blazon," 
which  is  such  a  description. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  differentiate  between  the 
employment  of  the  term  "  blazon  "  and  the  verb  "  to 
emblazon,"  which  means  to  depict  in  colour. 

It  may  here  be  remarked,  however,  that  to  illustrate 
by  the  use  of  outline  with  written  iindications  of  colour 
is  termed  "  to  trick,"  and  a  picture  of  arms  of  this 
character  is  termed  "  a  trick." 

The  term  trick  has  of  late  been  extended  (though 
one  almost  thinks  improperly)  to  include  representa- 
tions of  arms  in  which  the  colours  are  indicated  by  the 
specified  tincture  lines  in  use. 

The  subject  of  blazon  has  of  late  acquired  rather 
more  importance  than  has  hitherto  been  conceded  to  it, 
owing  to  an  unoflicial,  and  outside,  attempt  to  introduce 
a  new  system  of  blazoning  under  the  guise  of  a  sup- 
posed reversion  to  earlier  forms  of  description.  This  it 
is  not,  but  even  if  it  were  what  it  claims  to  be,  merely 
the  revival  of  ancient  forms  and  methods,  its  reintro- 
duction  cannot  be  said  to  be  either  expedient  or  per- 
missible, because  the  ancient  practice  does  not  permit 
of  extension  to  the  limits  within  which  more  modern 
armory  has  developed,  and  modern  armory,  though 
less  ancient,  is  armory  equally  with  the  more  ancient 
and  simpler  examples  to  be  found  in  earlier  times.  To 
ignore  modern  armory  is  simply  futile  and  absurd. 

The  rules  to  be  employed  in  blazon  are  simple,  and 
comparatively  few  in  number. 

The  commencement  of  any  blazon  is  of  necessity  a 
description  of  the  field,  the  one  word  signifying  its 
colour  being  employed  if  it  be  a  simple  field;  or,  if  it  be 
composite,  such  terms  as  are  necessary.  Thus,  a  coat 
divided  "  per  pale "  or  "  per  chevron "  is  so  described, 
and  whilst  the  Scottish  field  of  this  character  is  offici- 
ally termed  "  Parted  "  [per  pale,  or  per  chevron],  the 
English  equivalent  is  "  Party,"  though  this  word  is  more 
often  omitted  than  not  in  the  blazon  which  commences 
"  per  pale,"  or  "  per  chevi'on,"  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  description  of  the  different  colours  and  different 
divisions  of  tlie  field  have  all  been  detailed  in  earlier 
chapters,  but  it  may  be  added  that  in  a  "  party " 
coloured  field,  that  colour  or  tincture  is  mentioned  first 
which  occupies  the  more  important  part  of  the  escut- 
cheon.    Thus,  in  a  field  "  per  bend,"  "  per  chevi'on,"  or 


"  per  fess,"  the  upper  portion  of  the  field  is  first  referred 
to ;  in  a  coat  "  per  pale,"  the  dexter  side  is  the  more  im- 
portant ;  and  in  a  coat  "  quarterly,"  the  tinctures  of  the 
I  St  and  4th  quarters  are  more  important  than  the 
tinctures  of  the  2nd  and  3rd. 

The  only  division  upon  which  there  has  seemed  any 
uncertainty  is  the  curious  one  "  gyronny,"  but  the 
correct  method  to  be  employed  in  this  ease  can  very 
easily  be  recognised  bj'  taking  the  first  quarter  of  the 
field,  and  therein  considering  the  field  as  if  it  were 
simply  "  per  bend."  After  the  field  has  been  described, 
anything  of  which  the  field  is  seme  must  next  be 
alluded  to,  e.g.  gules,  seme-de-lis  or,  &c. 

The  second  thing  to  be  mentioned  in  the  blazon  is 
the  principal  charge.  We  will  consider  first  those  cases 
in  which  it  is  an  ordinary.  Thus,  one  would  speak  of 
"  Or,  a  chevron  gules,"  or,  if  there  be  other  charges  as 
well  as  the  ordinary,  "  Azure,  a  bend  between  two 
horses'  heads  or,"  or  "  Gules,  a  chevron  between  three 
roses  argent." 

The  colour  of  the  ordinary  is  not  mentioned  until 
after  the  charge,  if  it  be  the  same  as  the  latter,  but  if 
it  be  otherwise  it  must  of  course  be  specified,  as  in  the 
coat :  "  Or,  a  fess  gules  between  three  crescents  sable." 
If  the  ordinary  is  charged,  the  charges  thereupon,  being 
less  important  than  the  charges  in  the  field,  are  men- 
tioned subsequently,  as  in  the  coat:  "Gules,  on  a  bend 
argent  between  two  fountains  proper,  a  rose  gules  be- 
tween two  mullets  sable." 

The  position  of  the  charges  need  not  be  specified 
when  they  would  natiu-ally  fall  into  a  certain  position 
with  regard  to  the  ordinaries.  Thus,  a  chevron  be- 
tween three  figures  of  necessity  has  two  in  chief  and 
one  in  base.  A  bend  between  two  figures  of  necessity 
has  one  above  and  one  below.  A  fess  has  two  above 
and  one  below.  A  cross  between  four  has  one  in  each 
angle.  In  none  of  these  cases  is  it  necessary  to  state  the 
position.  If,  however,  those  positions  or  numbers  do 
not  come  within  the  category  mentioned,  care  nuist  be 
taken  to  specify  what  the  coat  exactly  is. 

If  a  bend  is  accompanied  only  by  one  charge,  the 
position  of  this  charge  must  be  stated.  For  example  : 
"  Gules,  a  bend  or,  in  chief  a  crescent  argent."  A  chevron 
with  four  figures  would  be  described :  "  Argent,  a 
chevron  between  three  escallops  in  chief  and  one  in 
base  or,"  though  it  would  be  equally  correct  to  say: 
"  Argent,  a  chevron  between  four  escallops,  three  in 
chief  and  one  in  base  or."     In  the  same  way  we  should 


58 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


get:  "Vert,  on  a  cross  or,  and  in  the  1st  quarter  a 
bezant,  an  estoile  sable ; "  though,  to  avoid  conftision, 
this  coat  would  more  probably  be  blazoned :  "  Vert,  a 
cross  or,  charged  with  an  estoile  sable,  and  in  the  ist 
quarter  a  bezant."  This  example  will  indicate  the 
latitude  which  is  permissible  if,  for  the  sake  of  avoiding 
confusion  and  making  a  blazon  more  readily  under- 
standable, some  deviation  from  the  strict  rules  appears 
desirable. 

If  there  be  no  ordinary  on  a  shield,  the  charge  which 
occupies  the  chief  position  is  mentioned  first.  For  ex- 
ample :  ■'  Or,  a  lion  rampant  sable  between  three  boars' 
heads  erased  gules,  two  in  chief  and  one  in  base." 
Many  people,  however,  would  omit  any  reference  to  the 
position  of  the  boars'  heads,  taking  it  for  granted  that, 
as  there  were  only  three,  they  would  be  2  and  i,  which 
is  the  normal  position  of  three  charges  in  any  coat 
of  arms.  If,  however,  the  coat  of  arms  had  the  three 
boars'  heads  all  above  the  lion,  it  would  then  be  neces- 
sary to  blazon  it :  "  Or,  a  lion  rampant  sable,  in  chief 
three  hoars'  heads  erased  gules." 

When  a  field  is  semi  of  anything,  this  is  taken  to  be 
a  part  of  the  field,  and  not  a  representation  of  a 
number  of  charges.  Consequently  the  arms  of  Long 
are  blazoned  :  "  Sable,  seme  of  cross  crosslets,  a  lion 
rampant  argent."  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  seme  of. 
cross  crosslets  is  always  termed  crusilly,  and  a  seme  of 
fleurs-de-lis,  sevie  de  lys. 

When  charges  are  placed  around  the  shield  in  the 
position  they  would  occupy  if  placed  upon  a  bordure, 
these  charges  are  said  to  be  "  in  orle,"  as  in  the  arms  of 
Hutchinson  :  "  Quarterly,  azure  and  gules,  a  lion  rampant 
erminois,  within  four  cross  crosslets  argent,  and  as  many 
bezants  alternately  in  orle ; "  though  it  is  equally  per- 
missible to  term  charges  in  such  a  position  "  an  orle  of 
[e.g.  cross  crosslets  argent  and  bezants  alternately],"  or 
so  many  charges  "in  orle"  (see  Fig.  75). 

If  an  ordinary  is  engrailed,  or  invected,  this  is  at  once 
stated,  the  term  occurring  before  the  colour  of  the 
ordinary.  Thus :  "Argent,  on  a  chevron  nebuly  between 
three  crescents  gules,  as  many  roses  of  the  field."  When 
a  charge  upon  an  ordinary  is  the  same  colour  as  the 
field,  the  name  of  the  colour  is  not  repeated,  but  those 
charges  are  said  to  be  "  of  the  field." 

It  is  the  constant  endeavour,  under  the  recognised 


Fig.  75. — Arms  of  Aymer 
de  Valence,  Earl  of 
Pembroke  :  "  Baruly 
argent  and  azure,  an 
orle  of  martlets  gules." 
(From  his  seal) 


Fig.  76. — The  arms  of 
John  de  Eretagne,  Earl 
of  Richmond. 


system  of  blazon,  to  avoid  the  use  of  the  name  of 
the  same  colour  a  second  time  in  the  blazon.  Thus : 
"  Quarterly,  gules  and  or,  a  cross  counterchanged 
between  in  the  first  quarter  a  sword  erect  proper, 
pommel  and  hilt  of  the  second ;  in  the  second  quarter 
a  rose  of  the  first,  barbed  and  seeded  of  the  third ;  in 
the  third  quarter  a  fleur-de-hs  azure  ;  and  in  the  fourth 
quarter  a  muUet  gold " — the  use  of  the  term  "  gold  " 
being  alone  permissible  in  such  a  case. 

Any  animal  which  needs  to  be  described,  also  needs 


its  position  to  be  specified.  It  may  be  rampant,  segreant, 
passant,  statant,  or  trippant,  as  the  case  may  be.  It 
may  also  sometimes  be  necessary  to  specify  its  position 
upon  the  shield,  but  the  terms  peculiarly  appropriated 
to  specific  animals  will  be  given  in  the  chapters  in 
which  these  animals  are  dealt  with. 

With  the  exception  of  the  chief,  the  quarter,  the  canton, 
the  flaunch,  and  the  bordure,  an  ordinary  or  sub-ordinary 
is  always  of  greater  importance,  and  therefore  should 
be  mentioned  before  any  other  charge,  but  in  the  cases 
alluded  to  the  remainder  of  the  shield  is  first  blazoned, 
before  attention  is  paid  to  these  figures.  Thus  we 
should  get :  "  Ai'gent,  a  chevron  between  three  mullets 
gules,  on  a  chief   of    the   last  three  crescents  of  the 


Fig.  78. — Arms  of  John 
de  Eeaumont,  Lord 
Beaumont  {d.  1369} : 
Azure,  seme-de-lis  and 
a  lion  rampant  or,  over 
all  a  bend  gobouy  ar- 
gent and  gules.  (From 
his  seal. ) 


Fig.  77. — The  arms  of 
Robert  Ratclifie,  Earl 
of  Sussex  [d.  1542)  ; 
Quarterly,  I.  argent,  a 
bend  engrailed  sable 
(Ratcliffe) ;  2.  (Fitz 
Walter) ;  3.  argent,  a 
lion  rampant  sable, 
crowned  or,  within  a 
bordure  azure  (Eur- 
nel) ;  4.  argent,  three 
bars  gules  (for  Multon 
of  Egremont). 

second;"  or  "Sable,  a  lion  rampant  between  three 
fleurs-de-lis  or,  on  a  canton  argent  a  mascle  of  the  field;" 
or  "  Gules,  two  chevronels  between  three  mullets  pierced 
or,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  argent  charged  with  eight 
roses  of  the  field."  The  arms  in  Fig.  76  are  an  inter- 
esting example  of  this  point.  They  are  those  of  John 
de  Bretagne,  Earl  of  Richmond  (d.  1334),  and  would 
properly  be  blazoned:  "Chequy  or  and  azure,  a  bor- 
dure gules,  charged  with  lions  passant  guardant  or 
('  a  bordure  of  England '),  over  all  a  canton  (sometimes 
a  quarter)  ermine." 

if  two  ordinaries  or  sub-ordinaries  appear  in  _  the 
same  field,  certain  discretion  needs  to  be  exercised, 
but  the  arms  of  Fitzwalter  (see  Fig.  77),  for  example, 
are  as  follows :  "  Or,  a  fess  between  two  chevrons 
gules." 

When  charges  are  placed  in  a  series  following  the 
direction  of  any  ordinary  they  are  said  to  be  "  in  bend," 
"  in  chevron,"  or  "  in  pale,"  as  the  case  may  be,  and  not 
only  must  their  position  on  the  shield  as  regards  each 
other  be  specified,  but  their  individual  direction  must 
also  be  noted. 

A  coat  of  arms  in  which  three  spears  were  placed  side 
by  side,  but  each  erect,  would  be  blazoned :  "  Gules,  three 
tilting-spears  palewise  in  fess ; "  but  if  the  spears  were 
placed  horizontally,  one  above  the  other,  they  would  be 
blazoned:  "Three  tilting-spears  fesswise  ui  pale,"  be- 
cause in  the  latter  case  each  spear  is  placed  fesswise,  but 
the  three  occupy  in  relation  to  each  other  the  position 
of  a  pale.  Three  tilting-spears  fesswise  which  were  not 
ill  pale  would  be  depicted  2  and  i . 

When  one  charge  surmounts  another,  the  undermost 
one  is  mentioned  first,  as  in  the  arms  of  Beaumont  (see 
Fig.  78).  Here  the  lion  rampant  is  the  principal  charge, 
and  the  bend  which  debruises  it  is  consequently  men- 
tioned afterwards. 


59 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


In  the  cases  of  a  cross  and  of  a  saltire,  the  charges 
■when  all  are  alike  would  simply  be  described  as  between 
four  objects,  though  the  term  "  cantonned  by"  four 
objects  is  sometimes  met  with.  If  the  objects  are  not 
the  same,  they  must  be  specified  as  being  in  the  ist, 
2nd,  or  3rd  quarters,  if  the  ordinary  be  a  cross.  If  it  be 
a  saltire,  it  will  be  found  that  in  Scotland  the  charges 
are  mentioned  as  being  in  chief  and  base,  and  in  the 
"  flanks."  In  England  they  would  be  described  as  being 
in  jyale  and  in  f ess  if  the  alternative  charges  are  the 
same ;  if  not,  they  would  be  described  as  in  chief,  on  the 
dexter  side,  on  the  sinister  side,  and  in  base. 

When  a  specified  number  of  charges  is  immediately 
followed  by  the  same  number  of  charges  elsewhere 
disposed,  the  number  is  not  repeated,  the  words  "  as 
many  "  being  substituted  instead.  Thus  :  "  Argent,  on  a 
chevron  between  three  roses  gules,  as  many  crescents  of 
the  field."  When  any  charge,  ordinary,  or  mark  of 
cadency  surmounts  a  single  object,  that  object  is  termed 
"  debruised  "  by  that  ordinary.  If  it  surmounts  every- 
thing, as,  for  instance,  "  a  bendlet  sinister,"  this  would 
be  termed  "  over  all."  When  a  coat  of  arms  is  "  party  " 
coloured  in  its  field  and  the  charges  are  alternately  of 
the  same  colours  transposed,  the  term  coionterchanged  is 
used.  For  example,  "  Party  per  pale  argent  and  sable, 
three  chevronels  between  as  many  mullets  pierced  all 
counterchanged."  In  that  case  the  coat  is  divided 
down  the  middle,  the  dexter  field  being  argent,  and 
the  sinister  sable ;  the  charges  on  the  sable  being 
argent,  whilst  the  charges  on  the  argent  are  sable.  A 
mark  of  cadency  is  mentioned  last,  and  is  termed  "  for 
difference " ;  a  mark  of  bastardy,  or  a  mark  denoting 
lack  of  blood  descent,  is  termed  "  for  distinction." 

Certain  practical  hints,  which,  however,  can  hardly  be 
termed  rides,  were  suggested  by  the  late  Mr.  J.  Gough 
Nicholls  in  1863,  when  writing  in  the  Herald  and 
Genealogist,  and  subsequent  practice  has  since  con- 
formed therewith,  though  it  may  be  pointed  out  with 
advantage  that  these  suggestions  are  practically,  and  to 
all  intents  and  purposes,  the  same  rules  which  have  been 
observed  officially  over  a  long  period.  Amongst  these 
suggestions  he  advises  that  the  blazoning  of  every  coat 
or  quarter  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter,  and  that, 
save  on  the  occurrence  of  proper  names,  no  other  capi- 
tals should  be  employed.  He  also  suggests  that  punc- 
tuation marks  should  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible, 
his  own  practice  being  to  hmit  the  use  of  the  comma 
to  its  occurrence  after  each  tincture.  He  suggests 
also  that  figures  should  be  omitted  in  all  cases  except 
in  the  numbering  of  quarterings.  When  one  or  more 
quarterings  occur,  each  is  treated  separately  on  its 
own  merits  and  blazoned  entirely  without  reference  to 
any  other  quartering. 

In  blazoning  a  coat  in  which  some  quarterings  (grand 
quarterings)  are  composed  of  several  coats  placed  sub- 
quarterly,  sufficient  distinction  is  afforded  for  English 
purposes  of  writing  or  printing  if  Roman  numerals  are 
employed  to  indicate  the  grand  quarters,  and  Arabic 
figures  the  sub-quarters.  But  in  speaking  such  a 
method  would  need  to  be  somewhat  modified  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  Scottish  practice,  which  describes 
■grand  quarterings  as  such,  and  so  alludes  to  them. 

The  extensive  use  of  bordures,  charged  and  uncharged, 
in  Scotland,  which  figure  sometimes  round  the  sub- 
quarters,  sometimes  round  the  grand  quarters,  and 
sometimes  round  the  entire  escutcheon,  causes  so  much 
confusion  that  for  the  purposes  of  blazoning  it  is  essen- 


tial  that  the   difference  between  quarters   and   grand 
quarters  should  be  clearly  defined. 

In  order  to  simplify  the  blazoning  of  a  shield,  and  to 
express  the  position  of  the  charges,  the  field  has  been 
divided  into  points,  of  which  those  placed  near  the  top, 
and  to  the  dexter,  are  always  considered  the  more 
important.  In  heraldry,  dexter  and  sinister  are  deter- 
mined, not  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  onlooker,  but 
from  that  of  the  bearer  of  the  shield.  The  following 
diagrams  will  serve  to  explain  the  plan  of  a  shield's 
surface : — 


1 

^_ 

? 

4 

f 

s 

kl 

s 

y° 

Fig.  79. 

A  to  B,  the  chief  ;  C  to  D,  the  base  ; 
A  to  C,  dexter  side ;  B  to  D, 
sinister  side.  A,  dexter  chief ;  B, 
sinister  chief ;  C,  dexter  base ;  D, 
sinister  base.  I,  2,  3,  chief;  7, 
8,  9,  base ;  2,  5,  8,  pale ;  4,  5,  6, 
fess  ;  5,  fess  point. 

If  a  second  shield  be  placed  upon  the  fess  point, 
this  is  called  an  inescutcheon  (in  German,  the  "  heart- 
shield  ").  The  enriching  of  the  shield  with  an  in- 
escutcheon came  into  lively  use  in  Germany  in  the  course 
of  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Later  on, 
further  points  of  honour  were  added,  as  the  honour, 
point  (a.  Fig.  80),  and  the  nombril  point  (b,  Fig.  80). 


Fig.  80. 

These  extra  shields  laid  upon  the  others  should  corre- 
spond as  much  as  possible  in  shape  to  the  chief  shield. 
If  between  the  inescutcheon  and  the  chief  shield  still 
another  be  inserted,  it  is  called  the  "  middle  shield," 
from  its  position,  but  except  in  Anglicised  editions  of 
Continental  arms,  these  distinctions  are  quite  foreign 
to  British  armory. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  stated  that  although  the 
foregoing  are  the  rules  which  are  usually  observed,  and 
that  every  effort  should  be  made  to  avoid  unnecessary 
tautology,  and  to  make  the  blazon  as  brief  as  possible, 
it  is  by  no  manner  of  means  considered  officially,  or 
unofficially,  that  any  one  of  these  rules  is  so  unchange- 
able that  in  actual  practice  it  cannot  be  modified  if 
it  should  seem  advisable  so  to  do.  For  the  essential 
necessity  of  accuracy  is  of  far  greater  importance  than 
any  desire  to  be  brief,  or  to  avoid  tautology.  This 
should  be  borne  in  mind,  and  also  the  fact  that  in 
official  practice  no  such  hide-bound  character  is  given 
to  these  rules,  as  one  is  led  to  believe  is  the  case  when 
perusing  most  of  the  ordinary  text-books  of  armory. 
They  certainly  are  not  laws,  they  are  hardly  "  rules," 
perhaps  being  better  described  as  accepted  methods  of 
blazoning. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


60 


PLATE   XVIII. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF- 


(i)  Col.  JOHN  ALEXANDER  MAN  STUART,  C.B.,  C.M.G. 
a)  W.   BRUCE  BANNERMAN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  OF  Croydon. 
(3)  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  PIXLEY.  ESQ..  F.S.A. 


(4)  J.  B.  BROUN-MORISON,  Esq.  of  Murie.  Co.  Perth. 
(si  JOHN    J.    J.ACKSON    B.^RSTOW    OF    The    Lodge. 
Weston-Super-Mare. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XII 


PLATES     IX     AND     X 


THE  German  term  Heroldsshicken  (heraldic  pieces) 
is  the  nearest  approach  to  our  terms  "Ordi- 
naries" and  "  Sub-OrdLnaries,"  and  using  it  as 
an  equivalent  (though  it  has  no  such  meaning  of 
classification  as  our  own  terms  possess),  the  figures 
which  the  term  heroldsstiicken  comprises  would  add  to 
the  English  list  some  number  of  terms  and  figures  not 
met  with  in  our  own  science.  Probably  the  best 
method  of  dealing  with  the  matter  wDl  be  to  append 
the  descriptions  of  the  shields  and  figures  contained 
in  Plates  IK.  and  X.     These  are  as  follows : — 


PLATE  IX 

I.  Gules.  2.  Per  pale  argent  and  sable.  3.  Per  pale  gules  and 
azure,  a  pale  argent.  (This  is  sometimes  blazoned  "tierced  in 
pale"  gules,  argent  and  azure,  but  this  is  not  an  acceptable  English 
version.)  4.  Gules,  a  pale  or.  5  is  a  figure  which  is  never  found 
in  British  armory,  but  in  German  would  be  blazoned  :  Argent,  a 
dexter  flank  azure.  6.  Paly  of  four  or  and  azure.  7.  Or,  two 
pallets  azure.  The  difference  between  these  two  should  be  noted, 
because  whilst  the  one  is  merely  paly  the  other  has  the  field  gold 
with  two  distinct  charges  or  pallets  upon  it.  The  way  to  distinguish 
between  these  two  forms  will  be  found  in  the  fact  that  whilst  the 
one  begins  with  a  gold  stripe  and  ends  with  a  blue  one,  the  other 
begins  and  ends  with  gold.  This  means  that  it  has  an  uneven 
number  of  stripes,  and  it  may  he  ta,ken  as  a  certain  rule  that  when 
the  number  of  stripes  is  even,  4,  6,  8,  or  10,  it  is  paly,  and  when 
they  are  uneven,  5,  7,  or  9,  it  is  merely  a  field  with  so  many  charges 
upon  it.  S,  like  No.  5,  is  not  met  with  in  British  armory.  It 
would,  however,  in  our  terms  he  blazoned  :  Gules,  in  the  dexter  side 
of  the  shield  a  pallet  or.  9.  Argent,  a  pallet  azure.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  in  cases  g  and  7  the  width  of  the  pallets  varies,  and 
whilst  7  is  a  bit  too  wide,  g  is  a  little  too  narrow,  the  width 
apportioned  to  No.  9  being  really  the  width  which  would  be  found 
in  the  case  of  cottises  or  endorse,  as  to  which  we  shall  speak  later. 
But  it  may  be  taken  as  a  regular  rule  that  (dealing  with  the 
ordinary  of  the  pale)  if  there  are  more  than  three  stripes  upon  the 
shield  they  are  pallets  if  the  sheet  is  not  paly,  but  anything  of  a 
very  narrow  character  is  a  pallet  unless  accompanying  an  ordinary. 
A  single  cottise  is  unknown  to  English  armory.  10.  Per  fess  sable 
and  argent.  11.  Giiles,  a  chief  or.  1 2.  Argent,  the  base  vert,  though 
this  is  a  form  very  rarely  met  with  except  in  the  cases  where  the 
base  is  meant  to  represent  water.  In  English  heraldry  the  equivalent 
of  the  base  is  more  frequently  found  to  be  a  "  mount  in  base  vert " ; 
but  this  would  not  be  represented  by  an  absolutely  horizontal  line. 
13.  Per  fess  gules  and  argent,  a  fess  sable.  (An  alternative  blazon  is 
"tierced  in  fess  gules  sable  and  argent.")  14.  Gules,  a  fess  argent. 
15.  Barry  of  four  gules  and  argent.  16.  Argent,  two  bars  sable. 
17.  Vert,  a  bar  in  chief  or.  This  figure  will  not  be  met  with  in 
England,  the  nearest  approach  being  a  chief  per  fess.  Possibly  a 
more  correct  English  blazon  would  be  a  fess  "enhanced."  18. 
Azure,  a  barrulet  argent.  This  also  will  not  be  found  in  English 
heraldry,  the  barrulet  never  being  depicted  singly.  19.  Per  pale, 
the  dexter  argent,  the  sinister  per  fess  gules  and  sable.  20.  Per 
pale,  the  dexter  per  fess  argent  and  azure,  and  the  sinister  or.  21. 
Per  fess,  in  chief  per  pale  gules  and  argent  and  in  base  sable. 
22.  Per  fess  gules,  and  in  base  per  pale  sable  and  argent.  23. 
Argent,  a  pale  and  a  chief  sable.  24.  Per  fess,  the  chief  per  fess 
azure  and  argent,  the  base  per  pale  sable  and  gules,  in  base  a  pale 
argent.  25.  Per  cross  argent  and  sable,  or  alternatively,  quarterly 
argent  and  sable.  26.  Per  pale  argent  and  gules,  a  fess  counter- 
changed.  37.  Or,  a  cross  quarter-pierced  azure.  28.  Chequy  gules 
and  argent.  (It  should  be  noticed  in  blazoning  anything  which  is 
chequy  or  lozengy  that  the  colour  is  mentioned  first,  which  is  that 
which  occurs  firat  at  the  top  dexter  corner.)  29.  Paly  of  six  argent 
and  gules,  a  fess  counterchanged.  30.  Masonry.  31.  Gules,  a  pale 
rompu  argent.  32.  Or,  a  canton  gules.  33  is  a  figure  which  is 
never  met  with  in  British  armory  ;  in  German  it  is  blazoned  :  Sable 
a  "place"  argent.  34,  35,  and  "36  ai-e  never  met  with  in  British 
armory,  though  34  might  be  blazoned  :  Per  fess  rompu  argent  and 
sable.  This  would  not  be  an  impossible  coat  with  us,  though  I  have 
certainly  never  met  with  it.  37  is  also  purely  German,  and  I 
should  hesitate  to  put  it  into  English  blazon.  38.  Per  fess  em- 
battled azure  and  or.     39.  Per  pale  embattled  argent  and  gules. 


40.  Gules,  a  pale  embattled.  41.  Per  chevron  indented  azure  and 
or.  42.  Per  bend  argent  and  azure.  43.  Per  bend  sinister  gules 
and  argent.  44  has  no  British  equivalent,  and  the  same  remark 
applies  to  45.  *'  Per  bend  sinister  enhanced  or  and  azure,"  and 
"  per  bend  sinister  depressed  vert  and  argent "  might  respectively 
be  permissible  blazons.  46.  Per  bend  or  and  argent,  a  bend  sable. 
An  alternative  blazon  would  be  "tierced  in  bend  or,  sable  and  argent." 
47.  Or,  a  bend  gules.  48.  Bendy  of  four  argent  and  sable.  49. 
Azure,  two  bends  sinister  or.  50.  Vert,  a  bend  sinister  enhanced 
argent.  51.  Or,  a  bendlet  gules.  This  would  never  be  found  alone 
in  British  armory,  though  the  bendlet  described  as  such,  or  as  a 
riband,  is  not  infrequently  met  with  debruising  some  other  charge. 
52,  though  it  is  a  form  which  has  not  been  employed  up  to  the 
present  time,  can  easily  be  rendered  into  English  blazon  as  follows  ; 
Per  bend  sinister,  in  chief  per  bend  dexter  sable  and  argent,  in  base 
gules.  53  is  really  "gules,  a  pile  reversed  throughout  argent,"  but 
it  will  be  very  frequently  found  that  the  old  rendering  of  "per 
chevron "  approximates  closely  to  this.  It,  however,  introduces  a 
well-known  foreign  term  "the  point."  54,  55,  56,  and  57  are  forms 
which,  being  applications  of  the  point,  are  not  likely  to  be  met 
with  in  British  armory,  but  adopting  the  term  and  figure  of  the 
point  they  would  be  blazoned :  54.  Per  pale  gules  and  azure,  a 
point  or.  An  alternative  blazon  would  be  "  tierced  in  point  gules, 
or,  and  azure."  5  5.  Per  pale  gules  and  argent,  a  point  revei-sed  azure. 
56.  Per  fess  or  and  argent,  a  point  in  fess  to  the  dexter  gules.  57. 
Gules,  a  point  in  bend  argent.  58.  Per  chevron  sable  and  argent. 
59.  Per  chevron  azure  and  sable,  a  chevron  argent.  60  and  61  may 
be  both  blazoned  :  Gules,  a  chevron  argent.  In  German  heraldry, 
whilst  60  is  the  chevron  proper,  and  61  a  chevron  "flattened,"  the 
latter  figure  No.  61  is  the  more  usually  adopted  form  in  the  her- 
aldry of  the  present  day  in  this  country,  but  the  form  used  in  60 
and  also  in  59  differs  very  little  from  the  dra^ving  of  the  chevron 
to  be  found  in  most  of  the  ancient  examples.  62.  Sable,  two  chev- 
rons or.  63  and  64  are  not  forms  often  to  be  met  mth  in  British 
armory,  and  strictly  speaking  under  the  English  laws  of  blazon 
would  be  :  63.  Per  chevron  reversed  sable,  and  the  base  per  pale 
argent  and  gules,  or  alternatively  tierced  in  pairle.  64.  Per 
chevron,  the  chief  per  pale  argent  and  or  and  the  base  azure.  64, 
however,  is  a  form  of  division  which  was  introduced  into  the  Englisli 
Royal  Arms  when  the  arms  of  Hanover  came  to  be  marshalled  with 
those  of  this  country,  and  consequently  the  term,  though  foreign 
to  our  own  science,. should  properly  be  included.  In  the  case  of 
the  arms  of  Hanover  as  rendered  into  English  blazon,  the  division 
as  in  64  was  described  as  "tierced  in  pairle  reversed."  65  is  azure, 
a  pall  throughout  argent ;  and  66  is  gules,  a  pall  reversed  through- 
out. They  are  not  of  frequent  occurrence,  unless  the  representa- 
tion, which  is  of  rather  a  more  natural  form  of  representation  of 
an  actual  pallium  in  the  arms  of  the  Archbishoprics  of  York  and 
Canterbury,  can  be  considered  under  this  head.  The  figure,  how- 
ever, is  not  infrequent  in  Scottish  heraldry,  occurring  in  the  arms 
of  the  Cunningham  family,  and  in  the  case  of  themselves  and  allied 
famOies  it  is  constantly  to  be  Ibund  north  of  the  Tweed.  It  is, 
however,  known  in  that  country  as  a  shakefork,  and  the  shake- 
fork  has  been  included  in  some  Scottish  works  as  one  of  the 
ordinaries.  In  Scotland,  however,  the  "shakefork"  is  seldom 
represented  throughout,  the  ends  being  practically  always  couped 
and  pointed,  or,  to  use  the  proper  word,  "urdy."  67  is  a  form 
which  is  never  likely  to  be  met  with  in  this  country,  and  for 
which  there  is  no  English  equivalent.  68.  Per  saltire  gules  and 
argent.  69.  Per  chevron  reversed  argent  and  gules.  Wiilst  having 
the  form  of  the  pile,  it  is  too  abbreviated  in  length  properly  to 
serve  as  a  model  thereof.  70.  Gyronny  of  eight  azure  and  or. 
(When  this  division  is  of  eight  pieces,  which  is  the  natural  num- 
ber, it  is  usiially  merely  termed  gyronny  ;  but  if  of  six  or  twelve, 
it  is  essential  that  the  number  should  be  stated.)  71.  Argent, 
a  gyron  or  "esquire"  gules.  72.  Gules,  a  lozenge  throughout 
or.  In  English  armory  the  charge  of  a  lozenge  would  never  be 
continued  as  here  to  the  edges  of  the  shield.  73  may  be  blazoned 
in  two  ways.  The  figures  are  really  a  little  too  square  for  it  to 
be  a  true  example  of  a  "lozengy"  field,  though  I  doubt  not  that 
most  people  would  so  describe  it ;  74,  which  is  more  the  true 
lozengy  division,  might  perhaps  stand  for  fusily  if  the  figures 
were  rather  more  acutely  pointed,  but  taking  them  exactly  as 
they  are,  73  is  really  "bendy  gules  and  argent,  counterchanged 
bendy  sinister,"  or,  as  it  would  sometimes  be  described,  "bendy 
and  bendy  sinister  counterchanged  gules  and  argent."  74.  Lozengy 
sable  and  argent.  75  is  paly  bendy  sinister  argent  and  gules.  76  is 
harry  bendy  and  bendy  sinister  gules  and  or.  77.  Per  bend  indented 
argent  and  "gules.     78.  Per  bend  sinister  raguly  azure  and  or.     79. 


61 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Argent,  a  pale  ragiily  sable.  80.  Per  fess  engrailed  argent  and 
vert.  81.  Per  fess  invected  gules  and  argent,  (It  is  by  no  means 
with  any  great  certainty  that  these  last  two  blazons  are  put  forward, 
and  many  might  prefer  to  reverse  Nos.  So  and  81,  refer  to  page  56). 
82.  Pel-  fess  nebuly  argent  and  azure.  83  is  not  an  English  form, 
nor  is  84  ;  but  a  literal  translation  of  the  German  blazon  of  No.  83 
would  be  "gules,  a  snail  reversed  or  issuing  from  the  sinister,"  and 
No.  84  "per  bend  gules  and  argent  broken'in  the  form  of  a  linden 
leaf."^  85  is  really  azure,  a  point  arched  argent,  but  it  is  not  an 
English  form.  86  is  argent,  a  bend  wavy  azure.  87,  which  is 
purely  German,  is  gules,  three  wolves'  teeth  argent  issuing  from 
the  sinister  side.     88.  Azure,  a  bordure  or. 

There  are  many  other  forms  of  partition  which  can  be  drawn  from 
Continental  heraldry,  but  they  do  not  occur  in  Briti.sh  armory,  and 
tliey  may  well  be  disregarded. 


PLATE  X 

The  shields  on  Plate  X.  are  as  foUows  : — 

I.  Argent,  a  cross  sable.  2.  Sable,  a  cross  per  pale  argent  and 
gules.  3.  Per  fess  azure  and  argent,  a  cross  counterchanged.  4. 
Gules,  a  cross  quarterly  or  and  sable.  5.  Or,  a  cross  gyronny  gules 
and  argent.  6  is  a  form  never  met  with  in  EngUsli  armory.  A 
translation  of  the  German  blazon  is  "azure,  across  facetted  argent." 
7  and  8  are  not  English  forms  of  the  cross  if  treated  as  distinct 
forms  from  others  here  depicted,  though  old  representations  of  the 
cross  patee  throughout  may  be  found  closely  akin  to  these  two  figures 
(see  No.  14).  But  the  translation  of  the  German  blazon  is  respec- 
tively "aztire,  a  cross  or,  with  straight  arms  and  claws,"  and 
"gules,  a  pillar  cross  or."  9.  Azure,  a  cross  engrailed  argent. 
10.  Gules,  a  cross  potent  throughout  argent,  it.  Sable,  a  cross 
couped  and  "fitchee  of  two  points."  (It  is  not  found  in  English 
arms.)  12.  Gules,  a  Maltese  cross  argent.  13.  Vert,  a  cross 
wavy  argent.  14.  Or,  a  cross  patee  throughout  azure.  15.  Gules, 
a  cross  raguly  argent.  16.  This  is  blazoned  in  German  as  "argent, 
a  'thread'  cross  gules."  It  is  not  an  English  form.  17.  Azure, 
a  saltire  or.  iS  may  be  alluded  to  by  the  same  remarks  as  No. 
16.  19.  Gules,  a  fret  or.  20.  Gules,  a  cross  cramponne  through- 
out argent.  21.  Or,  four  lozenges  conjoined  in  cross  gules.  22. 
Azure,  a  cross  couped  argent.  23.  Argent,  a  passion  cross  gnles. 
24.  Sable,  a  passion  cross  reversed  or  (cross  of  St.  Peter).  25.  Gules, 
a  cross  of  Lorraine  argent.  26.  Azure,  a  Patriarchal  cross  or.  27. 
Vert,  a  "  Russian  "  cross  argent.  28.  Or,  a  "  cross-tan  "  azure  (cross 
of  St.  Anthony).  29.  Argent,  a  "  thieves'  "  cross  gules.  (This  is  very 
similar  to  the  Scottish  shakefork,  except  that  in  the  latter  tlie  ends 
are  usually  pointed.)  30.  Gules,  a  saltire  couped  or.  31.  Azure, 
a  cross  potent  or.  32.  Argent,  a  cross  of  Jerusalem  or.  33.  Argent, 
a  cross  crosslet  gules.  34.  Or,  a  cross  flory  vert.  35.  Sable,  a  cross 
of  bezants.  36.  Azure,  a  cross  pommelled  argent.  37.  Argent,  a 
cross  moline  gules.  38.  Argent,  a  cross  botonny  gules.  39.  (I 
know  of  no  English  term  for  this  cross.)  40.  Argent,  a  cross  patee 
fitchee  sable. 

Though  the  remaining  objects  depicted  upon  Plate  VII.  are  not 
included  even  in  the  German  term  Heroldsstudccn,  it  will  be  better 
for  purposes  of  reference  that  the  blazons  should  here  follow. 

41.  Azure,  a  sun  in  his  splendour  or.  42.  Gules,  a  decrescent 
moon  argent.     43.  Vert,  a  crescent  reversed  argent.      44.  Or,   a 


mullet  of  eight  points.  45.  Azure,  a  comet  in  beud  argent.  46. 
Sable,  in  chief  clouds  .and  issuant  therefrom  towards  the  base  rays 
of  the  sun  all  proper.  47.  Argent,  the  base  barry  wavy  of  the  same 
and  azure  (alternativel)'  "  argent,  in  base  a  representation  of  water 
proper"),  in  chief  a  rainbow  throughout  proper.  48.  "Gray" 
(unknown  in  English  armory),  in  base  a  triple  mound  or.  49. 
Argent,  in  base  a  triple  mound  sable,  from  each  issuant  a  flame  of 
tire.  50.  Or,  a  triple  mound  detached  in  base  vert.  51.  Argent, 
six  mounds  in  pyramid,  one,  two,  and  three  conjoined  and  issuing 
from  the  base  gules.  52.  Azure,  a  mountain  argent.  53.  Per  fess 
azure  and  a  battlemented  wall  or.  54.  Azure,  a  base  vert,  there- 
upon a  tower,  towered  argent,  with  a  pointed  roof  gules  and  port 
ouvert.  55.  Gules,  a  tower,  triple-towered  or,  the  port  azure.  56. 
Argent,  a  cramp-iron  azure.  57.  Sable,  an  escarbuncle  (the  Ger- 
man term  is  a  "lily-wheel").  58.  Or,  a  ^'double-hook"  (an  ex- 
clusively German  charge)  gules.  59.  Or,  a  black  carriage  frame 
and  wheel  (see  Fig.  8of().  60.  Argent,  a  ploughshare  in  bend 
azure.  61.  Azure,  a  sickle  argent,  the  liandle  or,  the  blade  serrated 
(used  for  reeds  or  heather).  62.  Argent,  a  mill-rind  sable  (this  is 
not  a  form  of  this  charge  to  be  met  with  in  English  heraldry). 
63.  Gules,   two  mUhlkli^pel  or.      64.  Or,  a  boat  sable,  with   two 


biSoto 


Fig.  Sott. — Carriage  frame  and 
wheels  from  Ulrich  Reicben- 
thal's  Concilium  zu  Constance 
{Augsburg,  14S3). 


Fig.  S06.— Armsof  Burckhart 
Zumel  Wernberr  von  Stoffen- 
burg  (U.  Reichenthal's  Con- 
cilium zu  Constance^  14S3). 


paddles  argent.  65.  Azure,  a  trestle  (for  a  table)  argent.  66.  Giiles, 
a  fire-steel  (or  "furison")  in  bend  sinister  or.  67.  Ardent,  a  kettle- 
hook  sable.  68.  Argent,  a  key  in  pale  wards  upwards  azure.  (A 
rather  different  type  of  key  is  used  in  English  armory.)  69.  Gules, 
a  mirror  or.  70.  Or,  a  staufen  (drinking-cup)  gules  (Fig.  806), 
71.  Argent,  a  chess-rook  sable.  (Though  this  form  would  be  readily 
recognisable,  nevertheless  a  rather  difl'erent  pattern  is  usually 
adopted  in  English  armory.)  72.  Gules,  a  broad-arrow  point  up- 
wards argent.  73.  Azure,  a  wolfsaiigel  argent.  (This  is  literally 
a  "  wolf -sting,"  and  is  a  name  applied  to  a  German  implement 
used  in  forestry.)  74.  Or,  a  mullet  of  six  points  pierced  gules. 
75.  Azure,  a  hunting-horn  or,  stringed  gules.  76.  Gules,  a  square 
buckle  in  bend  or.  77.  Or,  a  conical  hat  sable,  turned  up  and 
stringed  gules.  78.  Argent,  a  long  conical  cap  gules,  turned  up 
azure,  and  tasselled  or  79.  Or,  a  maunch  gules.  So.  Azure,  a 
hood  argent,  lined  gules. 


CHAPTER    XIII 

THE    SO-CALLED    ORDINARIES    AND    SUB-^ORDINARIES 


4  RMS,  and  the  charges  upon  arms,  have  been  divided 
/\  into  many  fantastical  divisions.  There  is  a  type  of 
Xr%^  the  precise  mind  much  evident  in  the  scientific 
writing  of  the  last  and  the  preceding  centuries  which  is 
for  ever  unhappy  unless  it  can  be  dividing  the  object  of 
its  consideration  into  classes  and  divisions,  into  sub- 
classes and  sub-divisions.  Heraldry  has  suffered  in  this 
way_ ;  for,  oblivious  of  the  fact  that  the  rules  enunciated 
are  impossible  as  rigid  guides  for  general  observance,  and 
that  they  never  have  been  complied  with,  and  that  they 
never  will  be,  a  "  tabular  "  system  exists  for  heraldry  as 
for  most  other  sciences.  The  "  precise  "  mind  has  applied 
a  system  obviously  derived  from  natural  history  classi- 
fication to  the  principles  of  armory.     It  has  selected  a 


certain  number  of  charges,  and  has  been  pleased  to  term 
them  ordinaries.  It  has  selected  others  which  it  has 
been  pleased  to  term  sub-ordinaries.  The  selection  has 
been  purely  arbitrary,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  writer,  and 
few  writers  have  agreed  in  their  classifications.  One 
of  the  foremost  rules  which  former  heraldic  writers 
have  laid  down  is  that  an  ordinary  must  contain  the 
third  part  of  the  field.  Now  it  is  doubtful  whether  an 
ordinary  has  ever  been  drawn  containing  the  third  part 
of  the  field  by  rigid  measurement,  except  in  the  solitary 
instance  of  the  pale  when  it  is  drawn  "  per  fess  counter- 
changed,"  for  the  obvious  purix'se  of  dividing  the  shield 
into  six  equal  portions,  a  practice  which  has  been  lately 
pursued  very  extensively  owing  to  the  ease  with  which. 


62 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


by  its  adoption,  a  new  coat  of  arms  can  be  designed 
bearing  a  distinct  resemblance  to  one  formerly  in  use 
without  infringing  the  rights  of  the  latter.  Certainly,  if 
the  ordinary  is  the  solitary  charge  upon  the  shield,  it  will 
be  drawn  about  that  specified  proportion.  But  when  an 
attempt  is  made  to  draw  the  Walpole  coat  (which  can- 
not be  said  to  be  a  modern  one)  so  that  it  shall  exhibit 
three  ordinaries,  to  wit,  one  fess  and  two  chevrons,  which 
being  interpreted  as  three-thirds  of  the  shield,  must  fill 
it  entirely  and  yet  leave  a  goodly  proportion  of  the  field 
stUl  visible,  the  absurdity  is  apparent.  And  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  classification  and  rules  which 
occupy  such  a  large  proportion  of  the  space  in  the 
majority  of  heraldic  text-books  are  equally  unnecessary, 
confusing,  and  incorrect,  and  what  is  very  much  more 
important,  such  rules  have  never  been  recognised  by  the 
powers  that  have  had  the  control  of  armory  froui  the 
beginning  of  that  control  down  to  the  present  day.  I 
shall  not  be  surprised  to  find  that  many  of  my  critics, 
bearing  in  mind  howstrenuously  I  have  pleaded  elsewhere 
for  a  right  and  proper  observance  of  the  laws  of  armory, 
may  think  that  the  foregoing  has  largely  the  nature  of  a 
recantation.  It  is  nothing  of  the  kind,  and  I  advocate 
as  strenuously  as  I  have  ever  done,  the  compliance  with 
and  the  observance  of  every  rule  which  can  be  sho"\vn  to 
exist.  But  this  is  no  argument  whatever  for  the  idle 
invention  of  rules  which  never  have  existed  ;  or  for 
the  recognition  of  rules  which  have  no  other  origin 
than  the  imagination  of  heraldic  writers.  Nor  is  it 
an  argument  for  the  deduction  of  unnecessary  regula- 
tions from  cases  which  can  be  shown  to  have  been 
exceptions.  Too  little  recognition  is  paid  to  the  fact 
that  in  armory  there  are  almost  as  many  rules  of  excep- 
tion as  original  rules.  There  are  vastly  more  plain 
exceptions  to  the  rules  which  should  govern  them. 

On  the  subject  of  ordinaries,  I  cannot  see  wherein 
lies  the  difference  between  a  bend  and  a  lion  rampant, 
save  their  diiference  in  form,  yet  the  one  is  said  to 
be  an  ordinary,  the  other  is  merely  a  charge.  Each 
has  its  special  rules  to  be  observed,  and  whilst  a 
bend  can  be  engrailed  or  invected,  a  lion  can  be 
guardant  or  regardant:  and  whilst  the  one  can  be 
placed  between  two  objects,  which  objects  will  occupy  a 
specified  position,  so  can  the  other.  Each  can  be  charged, 
and  each  furnishes  an  excellent  example  of  the  futility 
of  some  of  the  ancient  rules  which  have  been  coined 
concerning  them.  The  ancient  rules  allow  of  but  one 
lion  and  one  bend  upon  a  shield,  requiring  that  two 
bends  shall  become  bendlets,  and  two  lions  lioncels, 
whereas  the  instance  we  have  already  quoted — the  coat 
of  Walpole — has  never  been  drawn  in  such  form  that 
either  of  the  chevrons  could  have  been  considered 
chevronels,  and  it  is  rather  late  in  the  day  to  degrade 
the  lions  of  England  into  unblooded  whelps.  To  my 
mind  the  ordinaries  and  sub-ordinaries  are  no  more  than 
first  charges,  and  though  the  bend,  the  fess,  the  pale, 
the  pile,  the  chevron,  the  cross,  and  the  saltire  will 
always  be  found  described  as  honourable  ordinaries, 
whilst  the  chief  seems  also  to  be  pretty  universally 
considered  as  one  of  the  honourable  ordinaries,  such 
hopeless  confusion  remains  as  to  the  others  (scarcely 
any  two  writers  giving  similar  classifications),  that  the 
utter  absurdity  of  the  necessity  for  any  classification  at 
all  is  amply  demonstrated.  Classification  is  only  neces- 
sary or  desirable  when  a  certain  set  of  rules  can  be 
applied  identically  to  all  the  set  of  figures  in  that 
particular  class.  Even  this  -ivill  not  hold  with  the 
ordinaries  which  have  been  quoted. 

A  bend  embattled  is  embattled  upon  both  its  edges  ; 
a  fess  embattled  is  embattled  only  upon  the  upper 
edge ;  a  chief  is  embattled  necessarily  only  upon  the 
lower;    and   the   impossibility  of  distinguishing   "per 


pale  engrailed  "  from  "  per  pale  invected  "  shows  that  no 
rigid  rules  can  be  laid  down.  When  we  come  to  sub- 
ordinaries,  the  confusion  is  still  more  apparent,  for  as 
far  as  I  can  see  the  only  reason  for  the  classification  is 
the  tabulating  of  rules  concerning  the  lines  of  partition. 
The  bordure  and  the  orle  can  be,  and  often  are,  en- 
grailed or  embattled ;  the  fret,  the  lozenge,  the  fusU,  the 
mascle,  the  rustre,  the  flanche,  the  roundel,  the  billet, 
the  label,  the  pairle,  it  would  be  practically  impossible 
to  meddle  with ;  and  all  these  figures  have  at  some  time 
or  another,  and  by  some  writer  or  other,  been  included 
amongst  either  the  ordinaries  or  the  sub-ordinaries.  In 
fact  there  is  no  one  quality  which  these  charges  possess 
in  common  which  is  not  equally  possessed  by  scores  of 
other  well-known  charges,  and  there  is  no  earthly  reason 
why  a  certain  set  should  be  selected  and  dignified  by 
the  name  of  ordinaries ;  nor  are  there  any  rules  relating 
to  ordinaries  which  require  the  selection  of  a  certain 
number  of  figures,  or  of  any  figures  to  be  controlled  by 
those  rules,  with  one  exception.  The  exception  is  to  be 
found  not  in  the  rules  governing  the  ordinaries,  but  in 
the  rules  of  blazon.  After  the  field  has  been  specified, 
the  principal  charge  must  be  mentioned  first,  and  no 
charge  can  take  precedence  of  a  bend,  fess,  pale,  pile, 
chevron,  cross,  or  saltire,  except  one  of  themselves.  If 
there  be  any  reason  for  a  subdivision  those  charges 
must  stand  by  themselves,  and  might  be  termed  the 
honourable  ordinaries,  but  I  can  see  no  reason  for  treat- 
ing the  chief,  the  quarter,  the  canton,  gyron,  tianche, 
label,  orle,  tressure,  fret,  inescutcheon,  chaplet,  bordure, 
lozenge,  fusil,  mascle,  rustre,  roundel,  billet,  label,  shake- 
fork,  and  pairle,  as  other  than  ordinary  charges.  They 
certainly  are  purely  heraldic,  and  each  has  its  own 
special  rules,  but  so  in  heraldry  have  the  lion,  griffin, 
and  deer.  Here  is  the  complete  list  of  the  so-called 
ordinaries  and  sub-ordinaries  :  The  bend ;  fess ;  bar ; 
chief ;  pale ;  chevron ;  cross ;  saltire ;  pile  ;  pau'le,  shake- 
fork  or  pall ;  quarter ;  canton ;  gyron  ;  bordure ;  orle ; 
tressure ;  flanche ;  label ;  fret ;  inescutcheon ;  chaplet ; 
lozenge  :  fusil ;  mascle  ;  rustre ;  roundel ;  billet,  together 
with  the  diminutives  of  such  of  these  as  are  in  use. 

With  reference  to  the  origin  of  these  ordinaries,  by 
the  use  of  which  term  is  meant  the  rectilinear  figures 
pecuhar  to  armory,  it  may  be  worth  the  passing  mention 
that  the  said  origin  is  a  matter  of  some  mystery.  Guillim 
and  the  old  writers  almost  universally  take  them  to  be 
derived  from  the  actual  military  scarf  or  a  representation 
of  it  placed  across  the  shield  in  various  forms.  Other 
writers,  taldng  the  surcoat  and  its  decoration  as  the 
real  origin  of  coats  of  arms,  derive  the  ordinaries  from 
the  belt,  scarf,  and  other  articles  of  raiment.  Planche, 
on  the  other  hand,  scouted  such  a  derivation,  putting 
forward  upon  very  good  and  plausible  grounds  the 
simple  argument  that  the  origin  of  the  ordinaries  is 
to  be  found  in  the  cross-pieces  of  wood  placed  across 
a  shield  for  strengthening  purposes.  He  instances 
cases  in  which  shields,  apparently  charged  with  ordi- 
naries but  really  strengthened  with  cross-pieces,  can  be 
taken  back  to  a  period  long  anterior  to  the  existence  of 
regularised  armory.  But  then,  on  the  other  hand,  shields 
can  be  found  decorated  with  animals  at  an  equally  early 
or  even  an  earlier  period,  and  I  am  inclined  myself:  to 
push  Planche's  own  argument  even  further  than  he  him- 
self took  it,  and  assert  unequivocally  that  the  ordinaries 
had  in  themselves  no  particular  symbolism  and  no 
definable  origin  whatever  beyond  that  easy  method 
of  making  some  pattern  upon  a  shield  which  was  to 
be  gained  by  using  straight  Imes.  That  they  ever 
had  any  military  meaning,  I  cannot  see  the  slightest 
foundation  to  believe,  their  suggested  and  asserted 
symboKsm  I  totally  deny.  But  when  we  can  find,  as 
Planche  did,  that  shields  were  strengthened  with  cross- 


63 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


pieces  in  various  du-ections,  it  is  quite  natural  to 
suppose  that  these  cross-pieees  afforded  a  ready  means 
of  decoration  in  colour,  and  this  would  lead  a  good  deal 
of  other  decoration  to  follow  similar  forms,  even  in  the 
absence  of  cross-pieces  upon  the  definite  shield  itself. 
The  one  curious  point  which  rather  seems  to  tell  against 
Planche's  theory  is  that  in  the  earliest  "  rolls  "  of  arms 
but  a  comparatively  small  proportion  of  the  arms  are 
found  to  consist  of  these  rectihnear  figures,  and  if  the 
ordinaries  really  originated  in  strengthening  cross-pieces 
one  would  have  expected  a  larger  number  of  such  coats 
of  arms  to  be  found ;  but  at  the  same  time  such  arms 
would,  in  many  cases,  in  themselves  be  so  palpably  mere 
meaningless  decoration  of  cross-pieces  upon  plain  shields, 
that  the  resulting  design  would  not  carry  with  it  such  a 
compulsory  remembrance  as  would  a  design,  for  example, 
derived  from  lines  which  had  plainly  had  no  connection 
with  the  construction  of  the  shield.  Nor  could  it  have 
any  such  basis  of  continuity.  Whilst  a  son  would 
naturally  paint  a  lion  upon  his  shield  if  his  father  had 
done  the  same,  there  certainly  would  not  be  a  similar 
inducement  for  a  son  to  follow  his  father's  example  where 
the  design  upon  a  shield  were  no  more  than  diilerent- 
coloured  strengthening  pieces,  because  if  these  were  gilt, 
for  example,  the  son  would  naturally  be  no  more  inclined 
to  perpetuate  a  particular  form  of  strengthening  for  his 
shield,  which  might  not  need  it,  than  any  particular 
artistic  division  with  which  it  was  involved,  so  that  the 
absence  of  arms  composed  of  ordinaries  from  the  early 
roUs  of  arms  does  not  amount  to  very  much.  Still 
further,  it  may  well  be  concluded  that  the  compilers  of 
early  rolls  of  arms,  or  the  collectors  of  the  details  from 
which  early  rolls  were  made  at  a  later  date,  may  have 
been  tempted  to  ignore,  and  may  have  been  justified  in 
discarding  from  their  lists  of  arms,  those  patterns  and 
designs  which  palpably  were  then  no  more  than  a 
meaningless  colouring  of  the  strengthening  pieces,  but 
which  patterns  and  designs  by  subsequent  continuous 
usage  and  perpetuation  became  accepted  later  by  cer- 
tain families  as  the  "  arms "  their  ancestors  had  worn. 
It  is  easy  to  see  that  such  meaningless  patterns  would 
have  less  chance  of  survival  by  continuity  of  usage,  and 
at  the  same  time  would  require  a  longer  continuity  of 
usage,  before  attaining  to  fixity  as  a  definite  design. 

The  undoubted  symbolism  of  the  cross  in  so  many 
early  coats  of  arms  has  been  urged  strongly  by  those 
who  argue  either  for  a  symbolism  for  all  these  rectilinear 
figures  or  for  an  origin  in  articles  of  dress.  But  the 
figure  of  the  cross  preceded  Christianitj^  and  organised 
armory,  and  it  had  an  obvious  decorative  value  which 
existed  before,  and  which  exists  now  outside  any  attri- 
bute it  may  have  of  a  symbolical  nature.  That  it  is 
an  utterly  fallacious  argument  must  be  admitted  when 
it  is  remembered  that  two  lines  at  right  angles  make  a 
cross — probably  the  earliest  of  all  forms  of  decoration — 
and  that  the  cross  existed  before  its  symbolism.  Herein 
it  diSers  from  other  forms  of  decoration  (e.g.  the 
Masonic  emblems)  which  cannot  be  traced  beyond  their 
symbolical  existence.  The  cross,  like  the  other  heraldic 
re(^tilinear  figures,  came  into  existence,  meaningless  as  a 
decoration  for  a  shield,  before  armory  as  such  existed, 
and  probably  before  Christianity  began.  Then  being 
in  existence  the  Crusading  instinct  doubtless  caused  its 
frequent  selection  with  an  added  symbolical  meaning. 
But  the  argument  can  truthfully  be  pushed  no  farther. 

THE  BEND 

The  bend  is  a  broad  band  going  from  the  dexter  chief 
corner  to  the  sinister  base  (Plate  IX.  Fig.  47).  According 
to  the  old  theorists  this  should  contain  the  third  part 
of  the  field.     As  a  matter  of  fact  it  hardly  ever  does. 


and  seldom  did  even  in  the  oldest  examples.  Great 
latitude  is  allowed  to  the  artist  on  this  point,  in  accord- 
ance with  whether  the  bend  be  plain  or  charged,  and 
more  particularly  according  to  the  charges  which  accom- 
pany it  in  the  shield  and  their  disposition  thereupon. 

"Azure,  a  bend  or"  is  the  well-known  coat  concerning 
which  the  historic  controversy  was  waged  between 
Sorope  and  Grosvenor.  As  every  one  knows,  it  was 
finally  adjudged  to  belong  to  the  former  (see  Fig.  81), 


Fig.  Si. — Armorial  bearings  of  Simon  Conycrs  Scrope,  Esq.,  of  Dauby  : 
— Azure,  a  beud  or,  with  very  many  illustrious  quarterings.  Crest : 
out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  plume  of  five  ostrich  feathers  proper. 
Mottoes  :  "  Devant  si  je  puis ; "  "  En  espoir  je  vive  attendant  grace." 

and  a  right  to  it  has  also  been  proved  by  the  Cornish 
family  of  Carminow. 

"  Or,  a  bend  azure,"  is  the  coat  of  the  Gloucestershire 
family  of  Trye,  of  Leckhampton. 

A  bend  is,  of  course,  subject  to  the  usual  variations 
of  the  lines  of  partition.  Examples  of  a  bend  embattled 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Hornyold  (Fig.  82) ;  of 
a  bend  engrailed  in  the  arms  of  Alington  (Fig.  83) ; 
of  a  bend  invecked  (or  invected)  in  the  arms  of  Emerson" 
(see  Plate  XXXII.) ;  of  a  bend  indented  in  the  arms  of 
Horncastle  (Fig.  84) ;  of  a  bend  nebuly  in  the  arms  of 
Marshall  (Fig.  85). 

A  bend  compony  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Beau- 
mont (Fig.  86),  and  the  difference  between  this  and  a 
bend  barry,  as  in  the  arms  of  King ''  (see  Plate  XIV.), 
should  be  noticed. 

A  bend  wavy  is  not  very  usual,  but  will  be  found 
in  the  arms  of  Wallop,  De  Burton,  and  Conder. 

■^  Armorial  bearings  of  Peter  Henry  Emerson,  Esq.,  of  Ailsa  Lodge, 
Southbourne,  Bournemouth :  Per  fess  nebuly  or  and  vert,  on  a  bend 
invected  azure,  gutte-d'eau,  a  battle-axe  between  two  lions  passant 
argent.  Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  demi-lion  vert,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  two  barrulets 
dancette  or,  and  holding  in  the  paws  a  battle-axe  erect,  a  club  fess- 
wise  entwined  by  a  serpent  also  proper.     Motto  ;  "  Audacter  et  hilare." 

b  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Heury  Seymour  King,  K.C.I.E. :  Quarterly, 
argent  and  azure,  in  the  second  and  third  quarters  a  quatrefoil  of  the 
first,  over  all  a  bend  barry  of  six  of  the  second,  charged  with  a 
quatre  foil  also'of  the  first,  and  gules,  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded 
by  the  ribbon  and  badge  of  a  K.  CLE.  Mantling  azure  and  argent  ; 
and  for  his  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  rampant  or,  gorged 
with  a  collar  gcmel  azure,  and  holding  in  the  dexter  forepaw  a  trefoil 
slipped  vert.    Motto:  "  Floreo  in  ungue  leonis." 


G4 


PLATE   XIX. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF    CHARLES    WILBRAHA.M    FERRYMAN,    ESQ.    OF    BlFRONS, 

Farnborough,  Co.   South.*_mpton'. 


■Sl^Jt.'^^ 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  S2. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Vincent  Hornyold,  Esq.  (as 
recorded  in  the  College  of  Arms  in  England  under  the  Royal 
Licence,  Feb.  1859,  to  him  to  assume  the  name  and  arms  of 
Hornyold) :  Azure,  on  a  bend  embattled  counter- embattled  argent, 
a  wolf  passant  between  two  escallops  sable,  quartering  Gandolfi, 
&c.,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Langdale,  namely :  sable,  a  chevron 
between  three  estoiles  argent.  [Note. — These  arms  were  confirmed 
to  John  Hornyold,  Auditor  of  the  Exchequer  and  Governor  of 
Calais,  by  Thomas  Eenholt,  Clarenceux  King  of  Arms,  at  the  First 
Visitation  of  co.  "Worcester,  1536.]  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  demi-unicorn  gules,  armed,  crined,  and  unguled  or. 
Motto:  "Fidemtene." 

A  bend  raguly  appears  in  the  arms  of  Strangman^ 
(see  Plate  XIV.). 

When  a  bend  and  a  bordure  appear  upon  the  same 
arms,  the  bend  is  not  continued  over  the  bordure,  as 


Fig.  84. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Radcliffe  Horncastle,  of 
Hackney :  Argent,  on  a  bend  indented  sable,  between  two  bugle- 
horns  of  the  last,  stringed  vert,  a  tower  in  bend  of  the  field. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
upon  a  rock  proper,  the  battlements  of  a  tower  sable,  surmounted 
by  a  bugle-horn  or,  stringed  vert.    Motto  :  "  Audaces  fortuna  juvat." 


FiG.  85.— Armorial  bearings  of  Mark  Bell  Marshall,  Esq.,  J.P. :  Or,  on  a 
bend  nebuly,  between  four  passion  nails  two  and  two  sable,  three 
horse-shoes  of  the  first,  a  chief  azure  thereon  three  horses'  heads 
erased  argent.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting 
his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  two  arrows  in  saltire  or,  flighted  azure,  surmounted 
by  a  passion  nail  in  fesse  proper,  tied  with  a  riband  gules, 
pendent  therefrom  an  escocheon  of  the  last  charged  with  a  horse- 
shoe of  the  first.     Motto  :  "  Vi  martiali,  Deo  adjuvante." 


Fig.  83. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Hildebrand  Alington,  Esq., 
of  Swinhope  :  Sable,  a  bend  engrailed  between  six  billets  argent. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
talbot  passant  ermine.     Motto  :  "  Non  pour  haine." 

'^  Armorial  bearings  of  Strangman :  Per  bend  sable  and  argent,  a  bend 

ragulv  countercbanered.      Crest:  two  ragged  staffs   saltirewise,   en-  FiG.  86.— Arms  of  Henry  de  Beaumont,  Lord   Beaumont  (d.    1340): 

vironed  with  a  ducaf  crown  or.     Confirmed  at  the  Visitations  of  Essex,  Azure,  seme-de-lis  and  a  lion  rampant  or,  over  all  a  bend  compony 

155S  and  1612.  argent  and  gules. 

65  1 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


will  be  seen  from  the  arms  of  Fox  (Fig.  87),  and  simi-     (Fig.  88).     Cases  wliere  this  happens  need  to  be  care- 
larly  it  does  not  surmount  a  tressure,  but  stops  within  it.     fully  scrutinised  to  avoid  error  in  blazoning. 

A  bend  lozengy  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Bolding 
(Fig.  89). 

A  bend  flory  and  counterflory  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Fellows,  a  quartering  of  Tweedy^  (see  Plate  XXVIIL). 


Fig.  87. — Armorial  bearings  of  Fox  of  Erislington:  Azure,  on  a  bend 
engrailed  ermine,  plain  cottised  or,  three  foxes'  heads  erased 
gules,  within  a  bordure  of  the  second.  Mantling  azure  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fox  sejant  gules,  collared 
and  chained  or,  supporting  with  his  sinister  paw  a  flagstaff, 
thereon  a  banner  azure,  seme-de-lis  or.  Motto:  "J'ay  ma  foi 
tenu  h,  ma  puissance." 


Fig.  SS. — liookplate  of  William  Chapman  Waller,  Esq.  :  Argent, 
on  a  bend  engrailed  sable,  another  or,  charged  with  three 
walnut-leaves  of  the  second,  on  a  chief  per  pale  gules  and 
azure,  a  griflin's  head  erased  between  two  saltires  of  the  third. 
Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  heltuet  befitting  his  degree, 
with  a  mantling  sable  and  argent;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin's  head  erased  sable,  collared  with 
annulets  in  front  of  a  saltJre  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Fide  sed  cui 
vide." 

A  bend  upon  a  bend  is  by  no  means  unusual.     An 
example  of  this  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Waller 


Fig.  89. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  George  Frederick  Bolding, 
Esq.  :  Per  bend  or  and  azure,  a  beud  lozengy  between  two  bowls 
all  counterchanged.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-sea-horse  proper,  a  garb 
fesswise  or.     Motto  :  "  Sto  pro  veritate." 


Fig.  90. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Haldane,  Esq.  Quarterly,  i  and 
4,  argent,  a  saltire  engrailed  sable ;  2.  argent,  a  saltire  between 
four  roses  gules ;  3.  or,  a  bend  chequy  sable  and  argent,  in  the 
centre  of  the  shield  a  martlet  sable.  Mantling  gules,  doubled 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  an  eagle's  head  erased 
or.     Motto:  "Suffer." 


A  bend  chequy  will  be  found  in  the  third  quarter  of 
the  arms  of  Haldane  (Fig.  90),  and  it  will  be  noticed 
that  the  checks  run  the  way  of  the  bend. 

Ermine  spots  upon  a  bend  are  represented  the  way  of 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Hearne  Tweedy,  Esq.,  of  Widmore 
Lodge.  Bromley :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  a  saltire,  engrailed  be- 
tween two  escallops  in  fess  gules,  on  a  chief  azure  an  escallop  of  the 
field  (for  Tweedy) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  on  a  bend  flory  and  counterflory  be- 
tween two  increscents  argent,  three  lions'  heads  erased  sable.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  prick-spur 
fesswise,  a  peewit  rising  proper,  holding  in  the  beak  a  trefoil  slipped 
vert. 


66 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  bend,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  arms  of  Holbrow  (Fig. 

90- 

Occasionally  two  bends  will  be  found,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Lever :  Ai'gent,  two  bends  sable,  the  upper  one  engrailed 


bend  cannot  occupy  the  third  part  of  the  field)  occurs 
in  the  arms  of  Penrose,  matriculated  in  Lyon  Register  in 
1795   as  a  quartering  of  Cumming-Gordon  of  Altyre. 


Fig.  91. — Armorial  bearings  of  Holbrow :  Azure,  a  bend  ermine, 
between  six  mullets  pierced  argent.  Mantling  azure  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  pair  of  wings  elevated  argent, 
including  three  mullets  as  in  the  arms  in  triangle. 

{vide  Lyon  Register — escutcheon  of  pretence  on  the 
arms  of  Goldie-Scot  of  Craigmore,  1 868) ;  or  as  in  the 
ai'ms  of  James  Ford,  of  Montrose,  1804:  Gules,  two 
bends  vaire  argent  and  sable,  on  a  chief  or,  a  greyhound 
courant  sable  between  two  towers  gules.  A  different 
form  appears  in  the  arms  of  Zorke  or  Yorke  (see  Pap- 
worth),  which  are  blazoned :  Azure,  a  bend  argent,  im- 


Fig.  92. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lawrence  William  Vaile.  Esq. :  Ermine, 
on  a  bend  between  two  bendlets  azure,  each  charged  with  three 
cross  crosslets  fitchee  or,  three  calves  statant  argent.  Upon  the 
escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mant- 
ling azure  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  mount  vert,  thereon  in  front  of  two  cross  crosslets 
fitchee  in  saltire  gules,  a  wolfs  head  erased  azure,  in  the  mouth 
three  ears  of  wheat;  with  the  motto,  "  Semper  paratns," 

paling  argent,  a  bend  azure.      A  solitary  instance  of 
three  bends  (which,  however,  effectually  proves  that  a 


1'"1G.  93. — Arms  of  Tonga  of  Disley  :  Azure  on  a  bend  iuvected  plain 
cottised  or  between  six  martlets  of  the  last,  a  lion  passant  between 
two  grappling-irons  the  flukes  upwards  of  the  first.  Mantling 
azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colour's,  in  front  of  an 
arm  embowed  in  armour,  the  hand  proper  grasping  a  grappling- 
iron  in  bend  sinister  sable,  a  lion  sejant  of  the  last  pierced  in  the 
sinister  shoulder  with  an  arrow  proper.  Motto,  "  Ketineo  vi 
leonis." 

These  arms  of  Penrose  are :  Argent,  three  bends  sable, 
each  charged  with  as  many  roses  of  the  field  (see  Plate 
XIIL). 


Fig.  94. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Frederick  Eurnard,  Esq. : 
Argent,  three  escallops  in  bend  between  two  bendlets  azure,  in 
chief  and  in  base  a  leopard's  face  jessant-de-lis  of  the  last;  and 
for  a  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  rock  proper  an  escallop 
argent,  between  the  attires  of  a  stag  also  proper;  w^ith  the  motto, 
"  Bear  and  forbear." 

A  charge  half  the  width  of  a  bend  is  a  bendlet, 
and  one  half  the  width  of  a  bendlet  is  a  cottise,  but  a 
cottise  cannot  exist  alone,  inasmuch  as  it  has  of  itself 
neither  direction  nor  position,  but  is  only  found  accom- 


67 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


panying  one  of  the  ordinaries.     The  arms  of  Harley  (see 
Plate  XII.),  are  a  good  example  of  a  bend  cottised. 


Fig.  95. — Armorial  bearings  of  Franl^  Debenham,  Esq.  :  Per  bend 
gules  and  sable,  two  bendlets  indented  between  as  manj'  cres- 
cents eacb  witbin  an  annulet  all  or.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreatb  of  tbe  colours,  a  derai-lion  per  pale  indented  sable 
and  gules,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw^  a  key  in  bend  wards  upwards 
and  an  arrow  in  bend  sinister  point  downwards,  and  resting  the 
'•^  sinister  paw  on  a  decrescent  all  or.  Motto :  '•  Laborante  bona 
debentur." 


Fig.  96. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Eugene  Clausen,  Esq. :  Barry  of 
four  per  pale  sable  and  or,  counterchanged,  three  bendlets  argent, 
within  two  (launches  ermine,  impaling  the  arms  of  Makins,  namely  : 
argent,  on  a  fess  embattled  counter-embattled  gules,  between  in 
chief  two  falcons  proper  belled  or  and  in  base  a  lion's  face  of  the 
second,  an  annulet  or  between  two  bezants.  Above  the  escutcheon 
is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  upon  a  mantling  sable  and 
or ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mullet  of 
ten  points  encircled  by  an  annulet  or,  between  tw^o  wings  sable, 
the  dexter  charged  with  three  bendlets  and  the  sinister  with  as 
many  bendlets  in  sinister  argent  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Spes  et 
fldes." 


Bendlets  will  very  seldom  be  found  either  in  addition 
to  a  bend,  or  charged,  but  the  arms  of  Vaile  (Fig.  92) 
show  both  these  peculiarities. 


The  arms  of  Tonge  (Fig.  93)  are  another  example  of 
a  bend  cottised ;  and  the  arms  of  Brown  quartered  by 
Lees '  show  a  bend  with  double  cottises. 

The  arms  of  Burnard  (Fig.  94)  and  Debenham  (Fig. 
95)  are  examples  of  coats  of  arms  with  two  bendlets, 
either  plain  or  subject  to  the  variations  of  the  lines  of 
partition.  Three  bendlets  occur  in  the  arms  of  Clausen 
(Fig.  96),  and  four  in  the  arms  of  Benson  (Fig.  97). 

A  bend  will  usually  be  found  between  two  charges, 
as  in  some  of  the  above  instances.  Occasionally  it  will 
be  found  between  four,  but  more  frequently  between 
six.  In  none  of  these  oases  is  it  necessary  to  specify 
the  position  of  the  subsidiary  charge.  It  is  presumed 
that  the  bend  separates  them  into  even  numbers,  but 
their  exact  position  (beyond  this)  upon  the  shield  is 
left  to  the  judgment  of  the  artist,  and  their  disposi- 
tion is  governed  by  the  space  left  available  by  the  shape 
of  the  shield. 

A  further  presumption  is  permitted  in  the  case  of  a 
bend  between  three  objects,  which  are  presumed  to  be 


Fig.  97. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Christopher  Benson,  Esq.: 
Argent,  a  quatrefoil  between  two  trefoils  slipped  in  bend  sable 
between  four  bendlets  gules.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  bear's  head  argent,  erased  gules, 
gorged  with  a  collar  gemel,  and  muzzled  of  the  second,  and  hold- 
ing in  the  mouth  a  trefoil  slipped  as  in  the  arms.  Motto  :  "  Fay 
bieu  crain  rien." 


two  in  chief  and  one  in  base.  But  even  in  the  case  of 
three  the  position  will  be  usually  found  to  be  specifically 
stated,  as  would  be  the  case  with  any  other  uneven 
number. 

Charges  on  a  bend  are  placed  in  the  direction  of  the 
bend,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  arms  of  Whewell  (Fig.  98). 
In  such  cases  it  is  not  necessary  to  specify  that  the 
charges  are  bendwise. 

When  a  charge  or  charges  occupy  the  position  which 
a  bend  would,  they  are  said  to  be  placed  "  in  bend,"  as 

'^  Armorial  bearings  of  Eric  Brown  Lees,  Esq. :  Quarterly  i  and  4, 
argent,  two  bars  raguly  between  three  cross  crosslets  iltch^e  in  chief 
and  a  falcon  belled  in  base  all  gules  (for  Lees) ;  2.  argent,  on  a  bend 
invected  with  plain  double  cottises  sable,  gutte-d'-eau,  three  eagles, 
each  with  two  heads  displayed  ermine  (for  Brown) ;  3.  gules,  on  a 
bend,  invected  erminois  between  two  bezants,  three  martlets  azure,  all 
witbin  a  bordure  ermine  (for  Collins)  ;  and  for  a  crest,  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  in  front  of  two  cross  crosslets  fitchee  saltirewise  gules,  a 
falcon  belled  argent.     Motto  :  "  Fide  sed  cui  vide." 


68 


PLATE  XX. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF- 

(i)  The  Late  JOHN  PLATT.  Esq.  .  of  Llandudxo. 

(2)  GERALD  M.  CONRAN.  Esq.,  of  South  Bre.nt.  Dk\on. 

(3)  Rev.  W.   H.  WAYNE.  OF  WlLLEY.  Co.  .Salop. 


4)  ROBERT  S.  STONE,  Esq. 

=.)  CH.\RLES    H.   B.^RCL.AY.   Esq.  OF    INCHDUKA    {a  Cadel  of 
Barclay  of  Towie). 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 

will  be  seen  in  the  arms  of  Ince  (Fig.  99)  and  GelP  (see     shield,  but  the  position  of  the  charge  upon  the  shield 
Sj'f-    .  1   ''•  is  not  governed  thereby.     The  arms  of  Bate  (Fio-.  100) 

Ihis  is  not  the  same  thing  as  a  charge  placed  "  bend-     are  a  good  example  of  this. 


Fig.  98. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Whewell,  Esq. :  Vaire  argent 
and  gules,  on  a  bend  cottised  sable,  a  crescent  or  between  two 
Diana's  heads  crined  and  horned  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  wyvern.  wings 
elevated  proper,  gorged  with  a  collar  gemel  or,  supporting  with  the 
dexter  leg  a  torch  erect  sable,  fired  also  proper.  Motto:  "For 
faith  and  for  fatherland." 


Fig.  100. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Bate,  Esq.,  of  Kelsterton: 
Sable,  on  a  fess  cottised  argent,  between  four  dexter  hands  couped 
-  at  the  wrist,  three  in  chief  and  one  in  base  bendwise  or,  an  arrow 
fesswise  proper ;  and  for  the  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  stag's  head  couped  argent,  attired  or,  pierced  in  the  neck 
by  an  arrow  in  bend  proper,  a  hand  couped  at  the  wrist  fesswise 
also  or  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Live  to  live." 


Fig.  99. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Ince,  Esq. :  Argent,  three  torteaux 
in  bend  between  two  fleur-de-lis  gules.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  horse  argent,  hold- 
ing in  the  mouth  a  trefoil  slipped  vert,  resting  the  dexter  foreleg 
on  a  caduceus  erect  proper.     Motto  :  "  Lahore  et  scientia." 

wise  "  (or  bendways).     In  this  case  the  charge  itself  is 
slanted  into  the  angle  at  which  the  bend  crosses  the 

f  Armorial  bearings  of  Philip  Lyttelton  Gell,  Esq.,  of  Kirk  Langley, 
CO.  Derby,  and  Langley  Lodge,  Oxford :  Party  per  bend  argent 
and  gules,  a  rose  between  two  mullets  of  sis  points  in  bend 
counterchanged,  impaling  the  arms  of  Brodrick,  namely;  argent,  on 
a  chief  vert,  two  spear-heads  of  the  field,  the  points  embraed  gules. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
greyhound  passant  pean,  about  the  neck  a  coUar  argent,  charged 
with  a  rose  between  two  mullets  of  six  points  gules.  Motto,  "  Vocatus 
obedivi." 


Fig.  looa. — Armorial  bearings  of  Basil  Thomas  Fitz-Herbert,  Esq.: 
Argent,  a  chief  vaire  or  and  gules,  over  all  a  bend  sable,  impaling 
the  arms  of  Stafford  Jerningham  ;  and  for  the  crest,  a  dexter  cubit 
arm  in  armour  erect,  the  band  appearing  clenched  within  the 
gauntlet  all  proper;  with  the  motto,  "  Ung  je  serviray." 

When  a  bend  and  chief  occur  together  in  the  same 
arms,  the  chief  will  usually  surmount  the  bend,  the 
latter  issuing  fi'om  the  angle  between  the  base  of  the 
chief  and  the  side  of  the  shield.  An  instance  to  the 
contrary,  however,  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Fitz- 
Herbert  of  Swynnerton  (Fig.  lOOa),  in  which  the  bend  is 


69 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


continued  over  the  chief.  This  instance,  however  (as 
doubtless  all  others  of  the  kind),  is  due  to  the  use  of  the 
bend  in  early  times  as  a  marlc  of  dift'erence.  The  coat 
of  arms,  therefore,  had  an  earlier  and  separate  existence 


Fig.  lor. — Armorial  bearings  of  Wagstaff :  Argent,  two  bends  engrailed 
gules,  the  lower  one  couped  at  the  top,  in  chief  an  escallop  sable. 
Crest :  a  demi-lion  rampant  argent,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a 
staff  raguly  gules.     Motto  :  "  Suscipere  et  fiuire." 

without  the  bend,  which  has  been  superimposed  as  a 
difference  upon  a  previously  existing  coat.  The  use  of 
the  bend  as  a  difference  will  be  again  referred  to  when 
considering  more  fully  the  marlcs  and  methods  of  indi- 
cating cadency. 

A  curious  instance  of  the  use  of  the  sun's  rays  in 
bend  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Warde-Aldam.= 

The  bend  sinister  is  very  frequently  stated  to  be  the 
mark  of  illegitimacy.  It  certainly  has  been  so  used 
upon  some  occasions,  but  these  occasions  are  very  few 
and  far  between,  the  charge  more  frequently  made  use 
of  being  the  bendlet  or  its  derivative  the  baton.  These 
will  be  treated  more  fully  in  tbe  chapter  on  the  marks  of 
illegitimacy.  The  bend  sinister,  which  is  a  band  running 
from  the  sinister  chief  corner  through  the  centre  of  the 
escutcheon  to  the  dexter  base,  need  not  necessarily  indi- 
cate bastardy.  Naturally  the  popular  idea  which  has 
originated  and  become  stereotyped  concerning  it  renders 
its  appearance  extremely  rare,  but  in  at  least  two  cases 
it  occurs  without,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  carrying  any 
such  meaning.  At  any  rate,  in  neither  case  are  the 
coats  "  bastardised "  versions  of  older  arms.  These 
cases  are  the  arms  of  Shiffner :  "  Azure,  a  bend  sinister ; 
in  chief  two  estoiles,  in  like  bend  or ;  in  base  the  end 
and  stock  of  an  anchor  gold,  issuing  from  waves  of  the 
sea  proper.  Crest :  an  estoile  or,  between  the  rays  six 
annulets  azure ; "  and  Burne-Jones :  "  Azure,  on  a  bend 
sinister  argent  between  seven  mullets,  four  in  chief  and 
three  in  base  or,  three  pairs  of  wings  addorsed  purpure. 

E  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Warde-Aldam,  Esq.:  Quarterly,  i  and 
4,  party  per  fess  azure  and  ermine,  in  the  sinister  chief  and  dexter 
base  an  eagle  displayed  or,  in  the  dexter  canton  issuant  towards  the 
sinister  base  seven  rays,  the  centre  one  gold,  the  others  argent  (for 
Aldam) ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  cross  flory  or,  and  for  distinction  in  the 
dexter  chief  point  a  cross  crosslet  of  the  last  (for  Warde) ;  and  for  his 
crests,  I.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  issuant  from  a  mount  vert,  four 
ostrich  feathers  argent,  conjoined  at  1-he  points  by  a  millrind  or  (for 
Aldam) ;  2.  a  wolf's  head  erased  or,  charged  for  distinction  with  a  cross 
crosslet  azure  (for  Warde). 


Crest :  in  front  of  flames  of  fire  proper,  two  wings 
elevated  and  addorsed  purpure,  charged  with  a  mullet 
or.     Motto  :  '  Sequar  et  attingnam.' " 

No  coat  with  the  chief  charge  a  single  bendlet  occurs 
in  Papworth.  A  single  case,  however,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Lyon  Register  in  the  duly  matriculated  arms 
of  Portertield  of  that  Ilk :  "  Or,  a  bendlet  between  a 
stag's  head  erased  in  chief  and  a  hunting-horn  in  base 
sable,  garnished  gules."  Single  bendlets,  however,  both 
dexter  and  sinister,  occur  as  ancient  difference  marks 
and  are  then  sometimes  known  as  ribands.  So  de- 
scribed, it  occurs  in  blazon  of  the  arms  of  Abernethy : 
"Or,  a. lion  rampant  gules,  debruised  of  a  ribbon  sable," 
quartered  by  Lindsay,  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres ; 
but  here  again  the  bendlet  is  a  mark  of  cadency.  In  the 
Gelrc  Armorial  (see  Plate  LXXVL),  in  this  particular 
coat  the  ribbon  is  made  "  engrailed,"  which  is  most 
unusual,  and  which  does  not  appear  to  be  the  accepted 
form.  In  many  of  the  Scottish  matriculations  of  this 
Abernethy  coat  in  which  this  riband  occurs  it  is  termed 
a  "cost,"  doubtless  another  form  of  the  word  cottise. 

When  a  bend  or  bendlets  (or,  in  fact,  any -other 
charge)  are  raised  above  their  natural  position  in  the 
shield  they  are  termed  "  enhanced."  An  instance  of  this 
occurs  in  the  well-known  coat  of  Byron,  viz. :  "  Argent, 
three  bendlets  enhanced  gules,"  and  in  the  arms  of 
Manchester  *■  (Plate  CXVL),  which  were  based  upon 
this  coat. 

The  arms  of  Wagstaff  (Fig.  loi)  and  of  De  la  Ferte 
(Fig.  102)  are  rather  exceptional. 

When  the  field  is  composed  of  an  even  number  of 
equal  pieces  divided  by  lines  following  the  angle  of  a 


Fig.  102. — Armorial  bearings  of  C.  H.  J.  De  la  Ferte,  Esq.  :  Azure, 
three  bendlets  argent,  each  surmounted  by  another,  couped  sable, 
a  pine-tree  eradicated  and  fructed  proper.  Mantling  azure  and 
argent.  Crest  :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two  pine-trees  in 
saltire  eradicated  and  fructed  proper.  Motto :  "  Omnia  virtuti 
cedunt." 

bend  the  field  is  blazoned  "  bendy "  of  so  many  {e.g. 
Plate  IX.,  48  is  "  bendy  "  of  four  argent  and  sable).     In 

^  Armorial  beariugs  of  Manchester :  Gules,  three  bendlets  enhanced 
or,  a  chief  argent,  thereon  on  waves  of  the  sea  a  ship  under  sail  proper. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  terrestrial  globe,  semiS  of  bees 
volant  all  proper.  Supporters  :  on  the  dexter  side  an  heraldic  antelope 
argent,  attired,  collared,  and  chain  reflexed  over  the  back  or,  and  on 
the  sinister  side  a  lion  guardant  or,  murally  crowned  gules,  each 
charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  rose  of  tbe  last.  Motto:  "Concilio  et 
labore." 


70 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


most  cases  it  will  be  composed  of  six  or  eight  pieces,  but 
as  there  is  no  diminutive  of  "  bendy,"  the  number  must 
always  be  stated. 

THE   PALE 

The  pale  (Plate  IX.  Fig.  4)  is  a  broad  perpendicular 
band  passing  from  the  top  of  the  escutcheon  to  the 
bottom,  as  in  the  arms  of  Melles '  (Plate  XV.).  Like  all 
the  other  ordinaries,  it  is  stated  to  contain  the  third 
part  of  the  area  of  the  field,  and  it  is  the  only  one  which 
isat  all  frequently  drawn  in  that  proportion.  But  even 
with  the  pale,  the  only  occasion  upon  which  it  is  de- 
finitely given,  this  exaggerated  width  will  be  presently 
explained.  The  artistic  latitude,  however,  permits  the 
pale  to  be  drawn  of  this  proportion  if  this  be  con- 
venient to  the  charges  upon  it. 

Like  the  other  ordinaries,  the  pale  will  be  found  varied 
by  the  different  lines  of  partition,  and  the  arms  of  Wright^ 
(see  Plate  XV.),  Lancaster  (Fig.  103),  and  Pryse  (Fig. 
104)   show  the   pale  respectively  plain,  engrailed,   in- 


FlG.  103. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  John  Lancaster,  Esq. :  Or,  two 
bars  sable,  on  a  pale  engrailed  ermine,  four  cinqaefoils  palewise 
of  the  second.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  two  cinquefoils  fesswise,  that  on  the  dexter  sable, 
that  on  the  sinister  or,  surmounted  by  a  third  cinquefoil  per  pale 
of  the  last  and  iirst.     Motto:  "  Ornat  fortem  prudentia." 

vected  ;  and  the  arms  of  Brain  "^  (see  Plate  XXXIL)  show 
the  pale  cottised;  and  the  arms  of  Tillard  (Fig.  105) 
and  Colman  (Fig.  106)  are  examples  respectively  of  a 
pale  "per  pale  indented  point  in  point,"  and  a  pale 
"rayonnee." 

The  single  circumstance  in  which  the  pale  is  regu- 
larly drawn  to  contain  a  full  third  of  the  field  by 
measurement  is  when  the  coat  is  "  per  fess  and  a  pale 
counterchanged."     This,  it  will  be  noticed,  divides  the 

•  Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  William  Melles,  Esq.,  of  Gruline,  Arcs : 
Vert,  on  a  pale  between  two  cinquefoils  argent,  a  fir-tree  eradicated 
proper.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree, 
with  a  mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  bis 
liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  fir-tree  erect  and  eradicated  proper;  and  in 
an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Usque  fidelis." 

J  Arm6rial  bearings  of  Sir  Thomas  Wright ;  Or,  on  a  pale  gules,  a 
cross  botonny  fitchee  argent,  a  chief  azure,  thereon  a  pale  ermine, 
chained  with  a  rose  gules,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  between  t^o 
bezants.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  upon  a  rock,  a  falcon's  head  erased  proper,  holding  in  the 
beak  a  cross  botonny  fitchee  in  bend  argent,  and  charged  on  the  neck 
with  a  rose  as  in  the  arms.     Motto  :  "  Tam  arte  quam  marte." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Samuel  Arthur  Brain,  Esq.,  of  Roxburgh, 
Penarth  :  Per  pale  argent  and  gules,  on  a  pale  cottised,  three  leopards' 
heads  couped  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  leopard's  head  couped  argent,  charged 
with  a  pale  gules  and  encircled  by  a  branch  of  oak  vert.  Motto: 
"Ardna  tendo." 


shield  into  six  equal  portions.     The  ease  with  which,  by 
the  employment  of  these  conditions,  a  new  coat  can  be " 


Fig.  104.— Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Louis  Vanneok  Pryse,  Esq.  ; 
Azure,  on  a  pale  invected  argent,  plain  cottised  or,  a  lion  rampant 
between  two  crosses  botonny  sable.  Mantling  azure  and  argent. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  rampant  regardant  or, 
gorged  with  a  wreath  of  oak  vert,  holding  in  the  dexter  forepaw  a 
cross  botonny  fitchee  in  bend  sinister,  and  resting  the  dexter  hind 
leg  on  two  spears  in  saltire  proper.     Motto:  "Duwadigon." 

based  upon  an  old  one  which  shall  leave  three  original 
charges  in  the  same  position,  and  vipon  a  field  of  the 


Fig.  105. — Armorial  bearings  of  Philip  Francis  Tillard,  Esq.:  Argent,  on 
a  pale  per  pale  dancette  point  in  point  gules  and  azure,  between 
two  mascles  in  fess  sable,  three  mullets  or ;  and  upon  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Brooks,  namely  :  argent,  three 
bars  wavy  azure,  a  cross  fleury  erminois,  in  chief  a  fountain. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
upon  a  mount  vert,  a  dexter  hand  couped  proper,  grasping  a 
mascle  in  bend  sinister  sable.    Motto :  "  Audi,  vide,  sile." 

original  tincture,  and  yet  shall  produce  an  entirely 
different  and  distinct  coat  of  arms,  has  led  to  this  par- 
ticular   form    being    constantly   repeated    in    modern 


71 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


grants.      It  will   be   found    employed  in  the  arms  of 
"  Shuttlewortli "  (Fig.  107). 


Fig.  106. — Armorial  bearings  of  Jeremiah  Colman,  Esq.  :  Azure,  on  a 
pale  rayonnee  or,  gutte-de-larmes,  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  of  the 
second,  a  lion  rampant  between  two  annulets  palewise  gules  ;  and 
for  the  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  two  wings 
argent,  each  charged  with  an  estoile  azure,  a  rock  proper,  thereon 
a  caltrap  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Sat  cito,  si  sat  bene." 

The  diminutive  of  the  pale  is  the  pallet,  and  the  pale 
cottised  is  sometimes  termed  "  endorsed." 

Except  when  it  is  used  as  a  mark  of  difference  or 
distinction  (then  usually  wavy),  the  pallet  is  not  found 
singly ;  but  two  pallets,  as  in  the  arms  of  Ebblewhite 


Fig.  107.— Armorial  bearings  of  Frank  Shuttleworth,  Esq.  :  Per  fess 
argent  and  sable,  a  pale  and  three  weavers'  shuttles  counter- 
changed,  the  latter  tipped  and  furnished  with  quills  of  yarn  or. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  issuing  from  a  chaplet  of 
roses  gules,  a  cubit  arm  in  armour,  the  hand  in  a  gauntlet  proper, 
holding  a  shuttle  in  bend  sinister  sable,  tipped  and  furnished  or. 
Motto  :  "  Isto  velocior  vita." 

(Fig.  108),  or  three,  are  not  exceptional.  Charged  upon 
other  ordinaries,  particularly  on  the  chief  and  the 
chevron,  pallets  are  of  constant  occurrence.  An  ex- 
ample will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Walker  (Fig. 
109). 


When  the  field  is  striped  vertically  it  is  said  to  be 
"  paly  "  of  so  many,  as  in  the  arms  of  Wakeman  (Fig. 
no). 

The  arms  shown  in  Fig.  1 1 1  are  interesting  inas- 
much as  they  are  doubtless  an  early  form  of  the  coat 
per  pale  indented  argent  and  gules,  which  is  generally 
described  as  a  banner  borne  for  the  honour  of  Hinckley, 
by  the  Simons  de  Montfort,  Earls  of  Leicester,  and 
father  and  son.  In  a  Roll  temp.  Henry  III.,  to  Simon 
the  Younger  is  ascribed  "  Le  Banner  Party  endentee 
dargent  &  de  goules,"  although  the  arms  of  both  father 
and  son  are  known  to  have  been  as  Fig.  112:  "  Gules,  a 
lion  rampant  queue-fourchee  argent."  More  probably 
the  indented  coat  gives  the  original  Montfort  arms  (see 
pages  195  and  196,  and  Plate  LXXI.). 


Fig.  ioS. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ernest  Arthur  Ebblewhite,  Esq.  :  Per 
fess  indented  argent  and  azure,  within  two  pallets  as  many  roses 
in  pale  all  countercbanged,  on  a  canton  gules,  a  mullet  of  six 
points  pierced  of  the  first ;  impaling  the  arms  of  George,  namely  : 
per  fess  gules  and  sable,  on  a  fess  indented  argent,  between  two 
falcons  rising  in  pale  of  the  third,  beaked  and  legged  or,  a  talbot 
passant  of  the  second.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-wolf  rampant  ermine,  charged  on  the 
shoulder  with  a  mullet  as  in  the  arms,  and  holding  between  the 
paws  a  lyre  or  ;  with  the  motto  :  "  En  avant." 


THE  FESS 

The  fess  (Plate  IX.  Fig.  14)  is  a  broad  horizontal 
band  crossing  the  escutcheon  in  the  centre.  It  is 
seldom  drawn  to  contain  a  full  third  of  the  area  of  the 
shield. 

The  arms  of  Waddington '  (see  Plate  XVI.),  Pixley '" 

(see  Plate  XVIIL),  George  (Fig.  113),  and  West  (Fig.  1 14) 

are  examples  respectively  of  the  fess   plain,   the  fess 

"  engrailed,"  the  fess  "  indented,"  and  the  fess  "  dancette." 

I 

1  Armorial  bearings  pf  John  Waddington,  Esq.,  of  Ely  Grange, 
Frant,  and  Waddington  Old  Hall,  co.  York  :  Per  pale  argent  and  gules, 
a  fess  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  chief,  and  a  battle-axe  fesswise 
in  base,  blade  upwards,  and  head  to  the  sinister  all  couaterchanged. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
dexter  arm  embowed,  holding  in  the  hand  a  tilting-spear  in  bend,  and 
a  battle-axe  in  bend  sinister,  all  proper,  the  hand  surmounted  by  a 
fleur-de-lis  gules.     Motto  :  "  Fro  recto  semper." 

™  Armorial  bearings  of  Francis  William  Pixley,  F.S.A.,  of  the 
Middle  Temple :  Azure,  a  fess  engrailed  or,  gutte-de-larmes,  between 
two  daggers  points  downwards  in  chief  and  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  in 
base  or.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
in  front  of  a  cross  crosslet  fitchfee  or,  a  morion  proper  between  two 
wings  azure,  each  charged  with  a  dagger  as  in  the  arms.  Motto : 
"  Per  vias  rectas." 


72 


PLATE   XXI. 


THE  ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF   JOHN    MAURICE   COPPEN,   OF   ASCOT,    Berks. 


;'     PUBLIC 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  109.— Bookplate  of  K.  Crawford  Walker,  Esq.,  of  Wingate  Place, 
Newport,  Fifeshire,  Arms  :  Or,  a  saltire  sable,  on  a  cbief  ermine, 
a  cross  moliue  of  the  second  between  two  pallets  gules.  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  a  staghound's  head  couped  proper, 
collared  or.    Motto:  "  Sapere  aude." 


Fig.  110. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Offley  Wafceman,  Baronet:  Paly 
wavy  of  six  vert  and  argent,  a  saltire  engrailed  ermine,  im- 
paling the  arms  of  Kouse-Bonghton,  namely  :  quarterly,  i  and  4, 
sable,  two  bars  engrailed  argent  (for  Rouse) ;  2.  argent,  on  a 
chevron,  between  three  trefoils  slipped  sable,  as  many  bucks'  heads 
caboshed  or,  on  a  chief  gules  a  goat  passant  of  the  field  (for  Bough- 
ton  of  Loughton)  ;  3.  sable,  three  crescents  or  (for  Boughton). 
Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  charged  with  his  badge  of  Ulster 
as  a  baronet,  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mant- 
ling vert  and  argent;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
between  two  palm  branches  proper,  a  lion's  head  erased  argent, 
vomiting  flames,  gorged  with  a  collar  engrailed  and  cottised  vert., 
and  charged  with  three  ermines  spots  or.  Mottoes :  "  Nee  temere 
nee  timide,"  "Tout  sans  faiUir  et  sans  lucre." 


Fig.  III. — The  arras  of 
Amaury  de  Mon  tf  ort, 
Earl  of  Gloucester;  died 
before   1214.     (From  his 

seal.) 


Fig.  112. — Arms  of  Simon 
de  Montfort,  Earl  of 
Leicester  ;  died  1265. 
(From  MS.  Cott.,  Nero, 
D.I.) 


Fig.  113. — Armorial  bearings  of  Frederic  Brand  George,  Esq. :  Per  fess 
gules  and  sable,  on  a  fess  indented  argent,  between  two  falcons 
rising  in  pale  of  the  third,  beaked  and  legged  or,  a  talbot  passant 
of  the  second.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  demi-talbot  per  fess  indented  sable  and  gules,  charged 
on  the  shoulder  with  a  bezant,  thereon  a  lion's  head  erased  of  the 
secojid,  and  resting  the  sinister  paw  on  a  garb  vert.  Motto :  "  Strive 
to  attain." 


Fig.  114. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Cornwallis  Cornwall  is- West, 
Esq.,  of  Ruthin  Castle  :  Argent,  a  fess  dancette  sable.  Mantling 
argent  and  sable.  Crest  :  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  griffin's  head 
azure,  beaked  and  eared  gold.     Motto  :  "  Jour  de  ma  vie." 


A  curious  variety  of  the  fess  dancette  is  borne  by  the 
Shropshire  family  Plowden  of  Plowden.  They  bear: 
Azure,  a  fess  dancette,  the  upper  points  terminating  in 
fleurs-de-lis.  A  fess  couped  is  found  in  the  arros  of 
Lee  (Fig.  115). 

The  "fess  embattled"  is  only  crenellated  upon  the 
upper  edge ;  but  when  both  edges  are  embattled  it  is  a 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


fess  embattled  and  counter  -  embattled.  The  terra 
hretessd  (which  is  said  to  indicate  that  the  battlements 
on  the  upper  edge  are  opposite  the  battlements  on  the 
lower  edge,  and  the  indentations  likewise  corresponding) 


Fig.  115. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ambrose  Lee,  Bluemantle  :  Argent,  on 
a  fess  couped  between  three  crescents  sable,  as  many  hawks'  lures 
or,  impaling  the  arms  of  Wallace,  namely :  gules,  seme-de-lis  or,  a 
lion  rampant  argent  within  a  bordure  compony  azure  and  of  the 
third.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  an  eagle's  leg 
fesswise  erased  at  the  thigh,  the  claws  to  the  sinister  azure,  a 
falcon  belled  or,  legged  gules,  twined  round  the  body  and  neck  by 
a  hawk's  lure  sable;  with  the  motto,  "Fide  et  constantia." 

is  a  term  and  a  distinction  neither  of  which  are  regarded 
in  British  armory. 

A  fess  wreathed  (Fig.  1 16)  is  a  bearing  which  seems  to 
be  almost  pecuhar  to  the  Carmichael  family,  but  the 


Fig.  116. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Carmichael,  Esq.  :  Or,  a  fess 
wreathed  azure  and  gules,  between  a  crescent  of  the  third  in  chief 
and  a  cinquefoil  of  the  second  in  base.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is 
placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure, 
doubled  or;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  an 
arm  in  armour  embowed,  the  hand  grasping  a  broken  tilting-spear 
proper;  and  in  an  escroU  above  this  motto,  "Toujours  prest." 

arms  of  Waye   of  Devon  are  an  additional  example, 
being :  Sable,  two  bars  wreathed  argent  and  gules. 


The  arms  of  Hervey  "  (Plate  XLV.)  show  a  curious  dis- 
position of  the  fess  over  a  field  "per  chevron/'  and 
Fig.  1 1 7,  which  represents  the  arms  of  Smith,  exemplifies 
a  fess  flory  and  counterflory. 

It  is  a  fixed  rule  of  British  armory  that  there  can 
be  only  one  fess  upon  a  shield.  If  two  figures  of  this 
character  are  found  they  are  termed  hai's.  But  it  is 
hardly  correct  to  speak  of  the  bar  as  a  diminutive  of 
the  fess,  because  if  two  bars  only  appear  on  the  shield 


Fig.  117. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Cecil  Clementi  Smith,  G.C.M.G.:  Per 
fess  azure  and  gules,  a  fess  flory  counterflory  argent,  between 
three  mullets  in  chief  or.  and  a  rock,  thereon  a  dove  in  base  proper. 
Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  encircled  by  the  ribbon  of  the  Most 
Distinguished  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  and  by  bis 
collar  and  pendant  therefrom  his  badge  as  a  Knight  Grand  Cross 
of  that  Order,  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  bis  degree,  with  a 
mantling  azure  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  a  lion's  head  erased  argent,  gorged  with  a 
collar  tlory  counterflory  azure,  on  the  head  of  a  crown  vallery  or, 
three  mullets  fesswise  or;  with  the  motto,  "  Perseverando." 

there  would  be  little,  if  any,  diminution  made  from  the 
width  of  the  fess  when  depicting  the  bars.     As  is  the 


Fig.  iiS. — Arms  of  Michael  de  la  Pole,  Earl  of  Suffolk :  Azure,  a  fess 
between  three  leopards'  faces  or.     (From  his  seal,  1384.) 

case  with  other  ordinaries,  there  is  much  latitude 
allowed  to  the  artist  in  deciding  the  dimensions,  it  being 
usually  permitted  for  these  to  be  governed  by  the 
charges  upon  the  fess  or  bars,  and  the  charges  between 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Matthew  Wilson  Hervey,  Esq.  :  Parted  per 
chevron  gules  and  vert,  a  fess  chequy  argent  and  azure  between  three 
trefoils  slipped  or,  a  bordure  of  the  fourth.  Above  the  shield  is  placed 
a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules,  doubled  or ;  and 
upon  a  wreath  ofhis  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules, 
holding  in  his  de.xter  paw  a  trefoil  slipped  or ;  and  in  an  escroll  over 
the  same  this  motto,  "  Delectat  et  ornat." 


74 


PLATE  XXII. 


THE   ARMORIAL  BEARINGS    OF— 

(i)  Lt -Col.  JAMES  GROVE  WHITE.  OF  KlLBYRXE,  Co.  COKK.              l  (3)  HENRY    THO.\I.\S    .\L\CDER.\IOTr,    Esq.    of    TR[.sitv    House. 

(21  Major  JOHN  FISHWICK  LEEMING  OF  Wh-^lley  R.\nge.              |  St  Leonardson-Sea. 

(4)  THORNTON  of  Yorkshire.  (5)  Rev.  Dr  NICHOL.AS  HOPKINS  JAMES. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


which  tliese  are  placed.     Figs.   iiS,   119,  and   120  ex- 
emplify varying  dimensions. 

The   fess   and   bars   are   of    course    equally   subject 


Fig.  119. — Arms  of  Thomas 
Cromwell,  Earl  of  Esses  {d. 
1540);  Azure,  on  a  fess  be- 
tween three  lions  rampant 
or,  a  rose  gules,  barbed  vert, 
between  two  Cornish  choughs 
proper.  Granted  1533.  (From 
his  seal.) 


Fig.  120.— Arms  of  Wil- 
liam Mauduit,  Earl  of 
Warwick  {d.  126S); 
Argent,  two  bars  gules. 
(M.S.  Cott.,  Nero,  D.  i, 
f.  170.) 


in  chief  and  two  placed  closely  together  in  base,  the 
disposition  being  governed  by  the  fact  that  the  two 
barrulets  comprising  the  "  bar  gemel "  are  only  one 
cJiarge.  An  exception  to  this  is  found  ia  the  arms  of 
Moore-Gwyn  P  (see  Plate  XVIL). 

There  is  theoretically  no  limit  to  the  number  of  bars 
or  bars  gemel  which  can  be  placed  upon  the  shield. 
In  practical  use,  however,  four  will  be  found  the  maxi- 
mum. Bars  gemel  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Burlton  (Fig.  122). 

A  field  composed  of  four,  six,  eight,  or  ten  horizontal 
pieces  of  equal  width  is  "barry  of  such  and  such  a 
number  of  pieces,"  the  number  being  always  specified. 

A  field  composed  of  an  equal  number  of  horizontally 
shaped  pieces,  when  these  exceed  ten  in  number,  is 
termed  "barruly"  of  such  and  such  a  number.  The 
term  barruly  is  also  sometimes  used  for  ten  pieces. 
If  the  number  is  omitted  it  will  usually  be  of  six  pieces, 
though  sometimes  of  eight.  On  the  other  hand  a  field 
composed  of  five,  seven,  or  nine  pieces  is  not  barry, 
but   {e.g.  argent)  two  bars,  three  bars,  and  four  bars 


to  the  varying  lines  of  partition,  and  the  arms  of 
Langhans  (Fig.  121)  and  Ferryman^  (see  Plate  XIX.) 
are  both  instances  in  which  bars  occur. 

The  diminutive  of  the  bar  is  the  barrulet,  which  is 
half  its  width  and  double  the  width  of  the  cottise.  But  the 
barrulet  will  almost  invariably  be  found  borne  in  'pairs, 
when  such  a  pair  is  usually  known  as  a  "  bar  gemel "  and 
not  as  two  barrulets.  Thus  a  coat  with  four  barrulets 
would  have  these  placed  at  equal  distances  from  each 
other;  but  a  coat  with  two  bars  gemel  would  be  de- 
picted with  two  of  its  barrulets  placed  closely  together 


Fig.  I2r. — Armorial  bearings  of  Johann  Gottlieb  Julius  Langhans,  Esq.: 
Argent,  two  bars  wavy  azure,  gutte-d'eau,  as  many  trout  naiant, 
one  in  chief  the  other  in  fess  gules,  on  a  chief  arched  sable,  two 
kingfishers  proper.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  in  flags  on  the  sinister  side  the  stump  of 
an  oak-tree  in  bend  sinister,  one  branch  sprouting  to  the  dexter, 
thereon  a  kingfisher  all  proper.     Motto :  "  Ich  Wart  Der  Stund." 


o  Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Wilbraham  Ferryman,  Esq.,  of 
Bifrons,  Famborough,  Hants:  Parted  per  pale  ermine  and  azure,  two 
bars  indented,  each  charged  with  three  pears  slipped  all  counter- 
changed.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  wolTs  head  ermine,  erased  gules,  charged  with  a  fess 
indented  azure,  surmounted  by  two  pear  branches,  leaved,  fructed,  and 
slipped  in  saltire  proper.     Motto :  "  Per  ardua  stabilis." 


Fig.  122. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Davies  Burlton,  Esq.:  Argent, 
three  bars  gemel  between  four  horse-shoes,  three  in  chief  and  one 
in  base  aU  azure.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-gryphon,  couped,  wings  elevated  and 
addorsed  argent,  holding  in  the  dexter  claw  a  horse-shoe  and  rest- 
ing the  sinister  on  a  fleur-de-lis,  both  azure.  Motto  :  "  Mens  sana 
in  corpore  sano." 


respectively.  -  This  distiaction  in  modern  coats  needs 
to  be  carefully  noted,  but  in  ancient  coats  it  is  not  of 
equal  importance.     Anciently  also  a  shield  "barry"  was 

P  Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Edward  Moore-Gwyn,  Esq.,  of 
Dyffryn,  co.  Glamorgan  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  sable,  gutte-d'or,  two 
barrulets  invected  or,  between  as  many  lozenges  in  pale  of  the  last, 
each  charged  with  a  sword  erect  sable  (for  Gwyn) ;  2  and  3,  per  pale 
argent  and  sable,  a  moor-cock  between  two  greyhounds  current,  and  as 
many  flanches  all  counterchanged  (for  Moore).  Mantling  sable  and  or. 
Crests:  i.  on  awreath  of  the  colours,  between  two  antlers  sable.acubifc 
arm  erect  proper,  charged  with  two  lozenges  palewise  also  sable,  the 
hand  grasping  a  sword  proper,  pommel  and  hilt  or,  the  blade  transfixing 
a  boar's  head  erect  and  erased  gules  (for  Gwyn) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  a  moor-cock  sable,  gorged  with  a  collar 
nebuly  argent,  and  resting  the  dexter  leg  on  a  greyhound's  head 
erased  at  the  neck  also  sable  (for  Moore).  Motto :  "  Vim  vi  repellere 
licet." 


75 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


drawn  of  a  greater  number  of  pieces  (see  Figs.  123  and 
124)  than  would  nowadays  be  employed.  In  modern 
armory  a  field  so  depicted  would  more  correctly  be 
termed  "barruly." 


m 

- 

<u-- 

[g 

_ 

s 

— 

i 

Fig.  I2J. — Arms  of  William  de 
Valence,  Earl  of  Pembroke 
{d.  1296) :  Barruly  azure  and 
argent,  a  label  of  five  points 
gules,  the  files  depending 
from  the  chief  line  of  the 
shield,  and  each  file  charged 
with  three  lions  passant 
guardant  or.  (From  MS. 
Reg.  14,  C.  vii.) 


Fig.  124. — Arms  of  Laurence 
de  Hastings,  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke {d.  134^):  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  or,  a  maunoh  gules 
(for  Hastings) ;  2  and  3, 
barruly  argent  and  azure,  an 
orle  of  martlets  (for  Valence). 
(From  his  seal ) 


0  0  n 

^ 

m 

'S^ 

n 

000 

y 

1 

/ 

y 

"Lozengy"  is  made  by  use  of  lines  in  bend  crossed 
by  lines  in  bend  sinister,  and  "fusilly"  the  same,  only 
drawn  at  a  more  acute  angle. 


THE  CHEVEON 

Probably  the  ordinary  of  most  frequent  occurrence  in 
British,  as  also  in  French  armory,  is  the  chevron.  It  is 
comparatively  rare  in  German  heraldry.  The  term  is 
derived  from  the  French  word  chevron,  meaning  a 
rafter,  and  the  heraldic  chevron  is  the  same  shape  as  a 
gable  rafter.  In  early  examples  of  heraldic  art  the 
"chevron  will  be  found  depicted  reaching  very  nearly  to 
the  top  of  the  shield,  the  angle  contained  within  the 
chevron  being  necessarily  more  acute.  The  chevron  then 
attained  very  much  more  nearly  to  its  full  area  of  one- 
third  of  the  field  than  is  now  given  to  it.  As  the  chevron 
became  accompanied  by  charges,  it  "was  naturally  drawn 
so  that  it  would  allow  of  these  charges  being  more 
easily  represented,  and  its  height  became  less  whilst  the 
angle  it  enclosed  was  increased.  But  now,  as  then,  it 
is  perfectly  at  the  pleasure  of  the  artist  to  design  his 
chevron  at  the  height  and  angle  which  will  best  allow 
the  proper  representation  of  the  charges  which  accom- 
pany it. 

The  arms  of  Brown  i  (see  Plate  XXVI.)  and  Davenport 
(Fig.  127)  are  instances  of  the  chevron  drawn  rather 
more  after  the  ancient  form,  which  heraldic  artists 
nowadays  seem  pretty  generally  to  follow  whenever 
possible. 


Fig.  125. — Arms  of  Edmund  Grey,  Earl  of  Kent  (d.  1489) :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  barry  of  six,  argent  and  azure,  in  chief  three  torteaux 
(for  Grey)  ;  2  and  3,  Hastings  and  Valence  sub-quarterly.  (From 
his  seal,  1442.) 

Whilst  a  field  can  be  and  often  is  barry  of  two  colours 
or  two  metals,  an  uneven  number  of  pieces  must  of 
necessity  be  of  metal  and  colour  or  fur.  Consequently 
in  a  shield  e.g.  divided  into  seven  equal  horizontal 
divisions,  alternately  gules  and  sable,  there  must  be  a 
mistake  somewhere. 

Although  these  distinctions  require  to  be  carefully 
noted  as  regards  modern  arms,  it  should  be  remembered 
that  they  are  distinctions  evolved  by  the  intricacies  and 
requirements  of  modern  armory,  and  ancient  arms  were 
not  so  trammelled. 

A  field  divided  horizontally  into  three  equal  divisions 
of  e.g.  gules,  sable,  and  argent  is  theoretically  blazoned 
by  British  rules  "  party  per  fess  gules  and  argent,  a  fess 
sable  "  (see  Plate  IX.  Fig.  14).  This,  however,  gives  an 
exaggerated  width  to  the  fess  which  it  does  not  really 
possess  with  us,  and  the  German  rules,  which  would 
blazon  it  "  tierced  per  fess  sable,  ermine,  and  gules," 
would  seem  preferable. 

A  field  which  is  barry  may  also  be  counterchanged,  as 
in  the  arms  of  Ballingall  (Fig.  126),  where  it  is  counter- 
changed  per  pale;  but  it  can  also  be  counterchanged 
per  chevron,  or  per  bend  dexter  or  sinister. 

Such  counterchanging  should  be  carefully  distin- 
guished from  fields  which  are  "  barry-bendy  "  or  "  paly- 
bendy."  In  these  latter  cases  the  field  is  divided  first 
by  lines  horizontal  (for  barry)  or  perpendicular  (for 
paly),  and  subsequently  by  lines  bendy  (dexter  or 
sinister). 

The  result  produced  is  very  similar  to  "lozengy," 
and  care  should  be  taken  to  distinguish  the  two. 

Barry-bendy  is  sometimes  blazoned  "  fusilly  in  bend," 
whilst  paly-bendy  is  sometimes  blazoned  "  fusilly  in  bend 
sinister,"  but  the  other  terms  are  the  more  acceptable. 


Fig.  126. — Armorial  bearings  of  Hugh  Ballingall,  Esq.:  Parted  per  pale 
argent  and  vert,  three  bars  counterchanged.  Mantling  vert, 
doubled  argent.  Crest :  ou  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  demi-e^le 
displayed  vert,  between  two  lilies  issuing  out  of  the  wreath  proper. 
Motto:  "Decore." 

The  chevron  appears  in  the  arms  of  Stafford  (Fig. 
128),  Grove  White ''  (see  Plate  XXIL),  Wedderburn '  (see 

■1  The  arms  of  Brown  of  Bonnytoun  (matriculated  in  Lyon  Register 
1721)  :  Or,  on  a  chevron  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  aaure,  a  bezant. 
Crest:  a  ship  under  sail  proper.     Motto:  "  Caute  et  sedulus." 

'  The  arms  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  James  Grove-White:  Quarterly,  I 
and  4,  argent,  on  a  chevron  gules,  between  three  roses  of  the  last, 
barbed  vert,  seeded  gold,  a  cross  patee  or  (tor  White) ;  2  and  3,  ermine, 
on  a  chevron  engrailed  gules,  three  escallops  argent  (for  Grove). 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour, 
holding  in  the  hand  a  dagger  all  proper,  the  arm  charged  with  a  cross 
patee  or.     Motto:  '*  Nourissez  Tesperance." 

s  The  arms  of  Alexander  D.  0.  Wedderburn,  Esq.,  K.C.  :  Argent,  on 
a  chevron,  invected  (for  difference)  between  three  roses  gules,  b.arbed 
vert,  a  crescent  of  the  first  (all  within  a  bordure  engrailed  of  the 
second,  for  difference).  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  an  eagle's  head  erased  proper  ;  and  in  an  escroll 
over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Non  degener,"  and  below  the  arms, 
"  Aquila  non  captat  muscas." 


76 


PLATE   XXIII. 


^Dev5-Ae  n^m^. 


^/»ft,».r.>'.. 


(1)  SIDNEY  FLAVEL,   Esg.  of  Leamingtox  Spa. 

(2)  The  Late  Sik  WOODBIXE  PARISH.   K.H. 

(3)  JOSEPH  LUCAS.  Eso-  OF  Foxhunt  .VIanor.  Co.  Susse.v 


THE   .A.RMORIAL    BE.\RINGS    OF— 

I       (4)  AMDREW  ALEX.ANDER  HUN^TER,  Esq.,  Rursar  of  Chei.tk\ham 

College. 
I       (5)  HOWELL  POWELL  EDWARDS.   Esq. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig  i27.-Armorial  bearings  of  Cyril  James  Humphreys  Davenport, 
itsq.  :  Argent,  a  chevron  between  three  cross  crosslets  Btchee  sable 
a  canton  azure  for  distinction.  Mantling  sable  and  argent! 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  man's  head  afErontee  proper 
around  his  neck  a  rope  or,  and  charged  upon  the  neck  for  distinc- 
tion with  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  sable.  Motto :  "  Audaces  fortuna 
javat. ' 


Fig.  130.— Armorial  bearings  of  Major  Francis  Ignatius  Ricarde-Seaver, 
F.R.S.E.,  F.R.G.S.,  F.G.S.,  A.M.I.C.E. :  Azure,  a  chevron  embattled 
between  two  wreaths  of  oak  in  chief  or  and  a  pickaxe  and  sword 
in  base  proper,  surmounted  by  a  tower  or.  Mantling  azure  and  or. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  picka.xe  erect,  a 
Moor's  head  aflrontee,  couped  at  the  shoulders  proper,  the  turban 
argent,  pierced  through  the  head  by  a  sword  fesswise  point-to  the 
dexter  also  proper.     Motto  :  "  Malo  mori  quam  fcedari." 


Fie.  128.— The  arms  of 
Stafford:  Or,  a  chev- 
ron gules. 


Fig.  129. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  Alfred  Cock,  Esq. ,  Q.C. :  Azure, 
a  chevron  cottised  and  couped  between  two  roses  in  chief  and  a 
leopard's  face  in  base  all  or ;  and  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence 
the  arms  of  Liebreich,  namely :  per  pale  argent  and  vert,  a  stag's 
attire  surmounted  by  an  elephant's  tusk  salterwise  between  four 
eagles  displayed  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  azure  and  or. 
Crest ;  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  the  stump  of  an 
oak-tree,  one  branch  sprouting  from  the  dexter  side  and  fructed 
proper,  thereon  a  cock  or,  holding  in  the  beak  a  sprig  of  oak  of 
the  tirsfc,  five  mascles  conjoined  fesswise  of  the  second.  Motto : 
"  Talent  de  bieu  faire." 


EX-LIBRIS 
SPRVLE5' 


383=032 


Fig.  131. — Bookplate  of  George  Henry  Sprules,  Esq.  Arms  :  Gules,  a 
chevron  chequy  argent  and  azure,  ensigned  with  a  fleur-de-lis  of  the 
second,  between  two  palmer's  scrips  in  chief  and  a  lion  rampant 
in  base  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  his  crest,  a  hunting-horn  vert,  garnished  or, 
stringed  gules.     Motto  :  "  Spe  ruo." 


77 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Plate  XXVI.),  Coppen '  (see  Plate  XXL),  Cock  (Fig.  1 29), 
Ricarde-Seaver  (Fig.  130),  Sprules  (Fig.  131),  Worsley- 
Taylor  (Fig.  132),  and  Athill  (Fig.  iV),  it,  of  course, 
being  subject  to  the  usual  variation  of  partition  lines. 


Fig.  132. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Wilson  Worsley-Taylor,  K.C.  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  ermine,  on  a  chief  dovetailed  gules,  a  mallet 
between  two  escallops  or  ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  chevron  flory  counter- 
flory  or,  between  in  chief  two  falcons  and  in  base  a  wolf's  head 
erased.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crests  :  i.  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  sable,  seme  of  mallets  or,  holding 
between  the  paws  an  acorn  gold,  slipped  vert ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  wolf's  head  erased,  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  oak,  and 
pierced  by  a  tilting-spear  fesswise.  Motto  :  "  Annoso  robore 
quercus." 

The  chevron,  of  course,  can  be  cottised  and  doubly 
cottised. 

It  is  usually  found  between  three  charges,  but  the 
necessity  of  modern  differentiation  has  recently  intro- 
duced the  disposition  of  four  charges,  three  in  chief 
and  one  in  base,  which  is  by  no  means  a  happy  inven- 
tion. An  even  worse  disposition  occurs  in  the  arms 
of  a  certain  family  of  Mitchell,  where  the  four  escallops 
which  are  the  principal  charges  are  arranged  two  in 
chief  and  two  in  base. 

Ermine  spots  upon  a  chevron  do  not  follow  the  direc- 


FiG.  133. — Arms  of  Richard  de  Beaucbamp,  Earl  of  Warwick  [d.  1439) : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  chequy  or  and  azure,  a  chevron  ermine  (for 
Neuborg) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  fess  between  six  cross  crosslets  or 
(for  Beauchamp).    (From  his  seal.) 

tion  of  it  (see  Fig.  133),  but  in  the  cases  of  chevrons  vair, 
and  chevrons  chequy,  authoritative  examples  can  be 
found  in  which  the  chequers  and  rows  of  vair  both  do, 
and  do  not,  conform  to  the  direction  of  the  chevron. 

*■  The  arms  of  John  Maurice  Coppen,  of  Ascot:  Azure,  a  chevron 
invected  argent  between  two  boars'  heads  couped  in  chief  and  a  demi- 
gryphon  also  couped  in  base  or.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  out  of  the  battlements  of  a  tower  proper,  a 
demi-gryphon  or,  holding  between  the  claws  a  saltire  azure.  Motto  : 
*'  Copia  sine  peuuria." 


A  chevron  quarterly  is  divided  by  a  line  chevronwise, 
apparently  dividing  the  chevron  into  two  chevronels, 
and  then  by  a  vertical  line  in  the  centre. 

A  chevron  in  point  embowed  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Trapand  quartered  by  Adiercron  (Fig.  134). 


Fig.  134. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rodolph  Ladeveze  Adiercron,  Esq.  : 
Quarterly,  1  and  4,  argent,  an  eagle  displayed,  wings  inverted  sable, 
langued  gules,  membered  and  ducally  crowned  or  (for  Adiercron) ; 
2  and  3,  argent,  a  chevron  in  point  embowed  between  in  chief  two 
mullets  and  in  base  a  liou  rampant  all  gules  (for  Trapaud).  Mant- 
ling sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi- 
eagle  displayed  sable,  langued  gules,  ducally  crowned  or,  the  dexter 
wing  per  fess  argent  and  azure,  the  sinister  per  fess  of  the  last  and 
or.     Motto  :  "  Quo  fata  vocant." 


Fig.  1 35.  —Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Irvine,  Esq.:  Parted  per  chevron  ' 
argent  and  vert,  three  holly-leaves  all  countercharged.     Mantling 
vert  and  argent.    Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  holly-wreath 
proper.     Motto  :  "  Sub  sole  sub  umbra  virens." 

A  field  per  chevron  is  often  met  with,  as  in  the  arms 
of  Irvine  (Fig.  135).     The  division  line  in  per  chevron 


78 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


(like  the  enclosing  lines  of  a  real  chevron)  is  subject  to 
the  usual  partition  lines,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  arms  of 
Reid  (Fig.  136)  and  Dumas  (Fig.  137). 


The   diminutive   of  the    chevron    is   the   chevronel, 
which  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Mitohell-Carruthers 


Fig.  13S.— Arms  of 
Gilbert  de  Clare, 
Earl  of  Gloucester 
and  Hertford  {</. 
1230)  (from  his 
seal) :  Or,  three 
chevrons  gules. 


Fig.  136. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Archibald  Alexander  Reid,  Esq. : 
Party  per  chevron  indented  gules  and  or,  in  chief  two  eagles  dis- 
played argent,  beaked  and  membered  of  the  second,  and  in  base  a 
ship  of  three  masts  in  full  sail  proper,  flagged  of  the  first.  Mant- 
ling gules,  doubled  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a 
demi-eagle  displayed  argent.    Motto:  "  Fortitudine  et  labore." 


Fig.  139.— Armorialr  bearings  of  Camithers,  of  Howmains  (matri- 
culated in  Lyon  Register  c.  1672) :  Gules,  two  chevronels  engrailed 
between  three  [fleurs-de-lis  or.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  cherub's  head  proper. 
Motto:  "Promptus  et  fldelis." 


Fig.  137. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  John  Philip  Dumas,  Esq.  :  Per 
chevron  flory  and  counterflory  or  and  azure,  in  chief  two  lions' 
gambs  erased,  and  in  base  a  garb  counterchanged.  Mantling 
azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  issuant  from  a 
chaplet  of  roses  an  arm  embowed  in  armour  proper,  charged  with 
a  fleur-de-lis  azure,  and  grasping  a  scythe  in  bend  sinister  also 
proper.     Motto  :  "  Adsum." 

An  example  of  three  chevrons  on  one  field  is  found 
in  the  historic  arms  of  De  Clare  (Fig.  138). 

The  field  when  entirely  composed  of  an  even  number 
of  chevrons  is  termed  "  chevronny." 


Fig.  140.  Arms  of  Rev.  H.  G.  Morse  :  Party  per  pale  argent  and  sable, 
two  chevronels  between  three  mullets  all  counterchanged.  Crest : 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-man  in  complete  armour 
proper,  garnished  or,  his  helmet  surmounted  by  a  plume  of  three 
ostrich  feathers  azure,  on  his  breast  a  cross-belt  sable,  and  in  his 
dexter  hand  a  halberd  proper.     Motto  :  "  Deo  non  armis  fido." 


[40),  North"  (Plate  X5IV),  and 


(Fig.  139),  Morse  (Fig. 
Davies  (Fig.  141). 

"  Arms  of  Major  Hairy  North  of  Eltham :  Argent,  two  chevronels 
nebuly,  between  two  mullets  in  chief,  and  a  decrescent  in  base  sable, 
impaling  the  arms  of  Evans,  namely:  or,  a  dragon  sable,  in  chief  three 
roses  gules,  slipped  and  leaved  proper,  and  in  base  a  fleur-de-lis  also 
gules.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  lion's  head  erased  argent,  gorged  with  a  collar  nebuly  sable,  and 
between  two  mullets  also  sable.     Motto  :  "  Animo  et  fide." 


79 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Chevronels  interlaced  or  "braced"  will  be  found  in 
the  arms  of  Sirr  (Fig.  142).  The  chevronel  is  very 
seldom  met  with  singly,  but  a  case  of  tliis  will  be  found 
in  the  arms  of  Spry  ^'  (see  Plate  XVII.). 


Fig.  141. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  David  Davies,  Esq. :  Per  pale 
gales  and  azure,  three  chevronels  nebuly  between  two  lions  passant 
argent.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  two  flag-staves  in  saltire  proper,  flowing  from 
each  a  banner  gules  charged  with  a  shepherd's  crook  erect  or,  a 
lion  passant  also  proper.     Motto  :  "  Duw  dy  ras." 


Fig.  142. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Joseph  Arthur  Sirr,  Esq.  : 
Azure,  two  chevronels  interlaced  argent,  between  three  estoiles  or, 
in  chief  a  harp  of  Ireland,  above  it  the  Imperial  Crown  both  proper. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
an  estoile  or  as  in  the  arms,  within  two-olive  branches  proper; 
above,  on  an  escroU,  the  motto,  "  Nautfe  Fida"  ;  and  for  the  motto 
beneath  the  arms,  "  Lyne  nervos  aptavi." 

^  Arms  of  Tredenham  Hugh  Spry,  Esq.,  of  Witherdon,  Germanswerk, 
CO.  Devon :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  two  bars  or.  in  chief  a  chevronel 
of  the  last  (for  Spry) ;  2  and  3,  sable,  a  plate  between  three  towers 
argent,  each  charged  with  a  cross  crosslet  gules  {for  Carlyon). 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crests  :  i.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dove 
argent,  standing  on  a  serpent  nowed  proper  (for  Spry) ;  2.  on  a  wreath 


THE   PILE 

The  pile  is  a  triangular  wedge  usually  (and  unless 
otberwise  specified)  issuing  from  the  chief.     It  occurs 


Fig.  143. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  William  Legg,  M.A.  :  Sable,  on  a 
pile  or,  between  two  books  argent,  clasped  and  garnished  in  base 
of  the  second,  a  leg  couped  at  the  thigh  in  armour  of  the  field, 
spurred  and  garnished  gold.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  arm  in  armour  sable,  garnished 
gold,  holding  in  the  hand  a  roll  of  paper  argent,  between  roses  or. 
Motto:  "Tolle,  lege." 


Fig.  144. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  David  Lamplugh,  M.A. :  Sable,  on 
a  pile  nebuly  between  two  roses  or,  barbed  and  seeded  vert,  a  cross 
flory  of  the  field.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  in  front  of  a  goat's  head  couped  argent,  armed  or, 
gorged  with  a  collar  nebuly  sable,  two  roses  gules,  barbed  and 
seeded  proper.     Motto  :  "  Providential  Dei  stabiliuntur  familije." 

in  the  arms  of  Legg  (Fig.  143)  and  Terry '''  (see  Plate 
XXXIIL),  and  will  be  found  subject  to  the  lines  of 
partition  in  the  arms  of  Lamplugh  (Fig.  144). 

of  the  colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules,  ducally  crowned  or,  holding 
between  the  paws  a  bezant.     Motto  :  "  Soyez  sage  et  simple." 

^  Arms  of  Major-General  Astley  Fellowes  Terry :  Argent,  gutte-de- 
I'armes,  on  a  pile  gules  a  leopard's  face  jessant-de-lys  or,  within  a 
bordure  engrailed  sable,  charged  with  eight  roses  of  the  first.  Mantling 
azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion's  head 
erased  argent,  gutte-de-rarmes,  between  two  oak  branches  fructed  in 
arch  proper.     Motto  :  "  Perseveranti  dabitur."- 


80 


PLATE   XXIV. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF    MAJOR    HARRY   NORTH,    OF   Eltham,    Co.    Kent. 


PUBLIC 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  early  representation  of  the  pile  (when  coats  of  escutcheon,  and  as  a  consequence  it  naturally  was  not 
arms  had  no  secondary  charges  and  were  nice  and  so  wide.  It  is  now  usually  drawn  so  that  its  upper 
simple)  made  the  point  nearly  reach  to  the  base  of  the     edge  occupies  very  nearly  the  whole  of  the  top  line  of 


Fig.  145. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Parkin-Moore,  Esq.:  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  ermine,  on  a  chevron  between  three  moorcocks  sable,  an 
escallop  between  two  cross  crosslets  argent  (for  Moore) ;  2  and  3, 
argent,  on  a  pile  sable,  between  two  fir-cones  erect,  slipped  and 
leaved  in  base  proper,  an  eagle  displayed  of  the  field,  each  wing 
charged  with  a  cross  crosslet  of  the  second  (for  Parkin).  Mantling 
sable  and  argent.  Crests  :  i.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  Moor's 
head  couped  at  the  shoulders  in  profile  pi'oper,  wreathed  round  the 
temples  or  and  gules,  and  suspended  from  the  neck  by  a  double 
chain  gold,  an  escocheon  argent,  charged  with  a  cross  crosslet 
sable  (for  Moore) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert, 
a  fir-cone  as  in  the  arms,  between  two  wings  sable.  Motto  :  *'  Aut 
nunquam  tentes  aut  perfice." 


Fig.  146.— Armorial  bearings  of  James  Edward  Darbishire :  "  Quarterly, 
1  and  4,  gules,  on  a  pile  issuant  from  the  dexter  canton  argent, 
three  leopards'  faces  of  the  field  (for  Darbishire) ;  2  and  3,  argent, 
a  cross  pointed  and  voided  sable  (for  Dukinfield).  [The  family  are 
entitled  to  quarter  the  arms  of  other  families  appertaining  to 
Dukinfield.]  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  issuant  from  clouds,  a  dexter  arm  in  armour  embowed, 
the  hand  proper,  grasping  a  cross  pointed  and  voided  sable. 
Motto:  " Durate  et  vincite." 


Fig.  147. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  William  Anstruther-Duncan, 
Esq.  :  Quarterly,  I.  and  IV.,  argent,  three  piles  issuing  from  the 
chief  sable  (for  Anstruther) ;  II.  and  III.,  quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules 
a  chevron  or  between  two  ciuquefoils  in  chief  argent  and  a  hunt- 
ing-horn in  base,  garnished  azure,  stringed  of  the  second,  a  bordure 
of  the  second  for  difference  (for  Duncan) ;  2.  argent,  three  Moors' 
heads  couped  sable,  banded  or,  in  the  centre  a  saltire  couped  of  the 
second,  charged  with  a  man's  head  of  the  third  (for  Morison) ;_  3. 
counterquartered  i.  and  iii. ,  argent,  a  saltire  engrailed  sable;  ii., 
argent,  a  saltire  between  four  roses  gules ;  iii.,  or,  a  bend  chequy 
sable  and  argent,  all  within  a  bordure  gules  for  difference  (for 
Haldane).  Mantling  sable,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries,  two  arms  in  armour,  holding  in  the  gauntlets  a 
battle-axe  proper.     Motto  :  "  Periissem  ni  periissem." 

the  escutcheon ;  but  the  angles  and  proportions  of  the 
pile  are  very  much  at  the  discretion  of  the  artist  and 
i^joverned  by  the  charges  which  need  to  be  introduced 
in  the  field  of  the  escutcheon  or  upon  the  pile.  The 
arms  of  Parkin-Moore  (Fig.  145)  show  of  necessity  a  very 
wide  pile. 

A   single   pile   may   issue   from    any   point    of    the 


Fig.  148. — Arms  of  John  le  Scot,  Earl  of  Huntingdon  and  Chester 
(from  MS.  Cott.,  Nero,  D.  i) :  Or,  three  piles  in  point  gules. 

escutcheon  except  the  base ;  the  arms  of  Darbishire 
(Fig.  146)  showing  a  pile  issuing  from  the  dexter  chief 
point. 

A  single  pile  cannot  issue  in  base  if  it  be  unaccom- 
panied by  other  piles,  as  the  field  would  then  be 
blazoned  per  chevron. 

Two  piles  issuing  in  chief  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Hollis,  Earl  of  Clare,  and  three  in  the  arms  of  An- 
struther-Duncan (Fig.  147). 

81  L 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


When  the  three  piles,  instead  of  pointing  directly  at 
right  angles  to  the  line  of  the  chief,  all  point  to  the  same 
point,  touching  or  nearly  touching  at  the  tips,  as  in  the 
arms  of  the  Earl  of  Huntingdon  and  Chester  (Fig.  148), 
Isham,''  they  are  described  as  three  piles  in  point. 
This  term  and  its  differentiation  probably  are  modern 
refinements,  as  with  the  early  long-pointed  shield  any 
other  position  was  impossible.  The  arms  of  Henderson 
(Fig.  149)  show  three  piles  issuing  from  the  sinister  side 
of  the  escutcheon. 


Fig.  149. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Henderson,  Esq.:  Gules,  tliree 
piles  issuing  from  the  sinister  or,  a  chief  embattled  ermine.  Upon 
-the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mant- 
ling gules,  doubled  or ;  and  upon  a  wi-eath  of  the  liveries  is  set  for 
crest,  a  cubit  arm  erect  proper,  holding  in  the  hand  a  star  of  eight 
points  wavy  argent,  ensigued  with  a  crescent  of  the  last.  Motto  : 
"  Sola  virtus  uobilitat." 


Fig.  150. — Armorial  bearings  of  Moses  Cornwall,  Esq.,  of  Kimberley, 
.  South  Africa  :  Or,  three  piles,  two  issuing  in  chief  and  one  in  base 
ermine,  each  charged  with  a  lion  rampant  regardant  gules,  a 
bordure  engrailed  of  the  last,  thereon  four  bezants  and  as  many 
trefoils  alternately  of  the  field.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest ; 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  Cornish  chough  proper,  holding  in 
its  beak  a  bezant.     Motto  :  "  La  vie  durante." 

A  disposition  of  three  piles  which  will  very  frequently 
be  found  in  modern  British  heraldry  is  two  issuing  in 

'^  Armorial  bearings  of  Isham  :  Gules,  a  fess  wavy,  and  in  chief  three 
piles  also  wavy,  the  points  meeting  in  fess  argent. 


chief  and  one  in  base,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  arms  of 
Cornwall  (Fig.  1 50). 

Piles  terminating  in  fleurs-de-lis  are  by  no  means 
unusual,  and  reference  may  be  made  to  the  arms  of 
Sir  J.  Dickson- Poynder,  Bart.* 

An  unusual  instance  of  a  pile  in  which  it  issues  from 
a  chevron  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Wright,  which 
are :  "  Sable,  on  a  chevron  argent,  three  spear-heads  gules 
in  chief,  two  unicorns'  heads  erased  argent,  armed  and 
maned  or,  in  base  on  a  pile  of  the  last,  issuant  from  the 
chevron,  a  unicorn's  head  erased  of  the  field." 


THE  SHAKEFORK 

The  pall,  pairle,  or  shakefork,  is  almost  unknown  in 
English  heraldry,  but  in  Scotland  its  constant  occur- 
rence in  the  arms  of  the  Cunninghame  and  allied 
families  has  given  it  a  recognised  position  amongst 
the  ordinaries. 

As  usually  borne  by  the  Cunninghame  family  the  ends 
are  couped  and  pointed  (Fig.  1 50a.),  but  in  some  cases 
it  is  borne  throughout  (Fig.  1 50b). 


Fig  1 50rt. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Hardinge  Samuel  Cunninghame, 
Esq. :  Argent,  a  shakefork  sable,  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  azure, 
one  in  chief  and  two  in  the  flanges,  above  a  helmet  with  mantle 
gules,  the  doubling  argent.  On  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for 
crest,  a  unicorn  unguled,  maned  and  armed  or,  lying  on  a  mount 
vert.     In  an  escroll  above  the  crest  this  motto,  "Over  fork  over." 

The  pall  in  its  proper  ecclesiastical  form  appears  in 
the  arms  of  the  Archiepisoopal  Sees  of  Canterbury, 
Armagh,  and  Dublin.  Though  in  these  cases  the  pall 
or  pallium  is  now  considered  to  have  no  other  heraldic 
status  than  that  of  an  appropriately  ecclesiastical  charge 
upon  an  official  coat  of  arms,  there  can  be  very  little 
doubt  that  originally  the  pall  of  itself  was  the  heraldic 
symbol  in  this  country  of  an  archbishop,  and  borne  for 
that  reason  by  all  archbishops,  including  the  Archbishop 
of  York,  although  his  official  archiepiscopal  coat  is  now 

y  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  J.  Dickson-Poynder,  Bart :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4  (Poynder),  pily  counterpily  of  four  nails  or  and  sable, 
the  points  ending  in  crosses  formee,  two  in  chief  and  one  in  base, 
in  the  centre  chief  point  a  castle  of  the  second,  and  in  base  two  mart- 
lets of  the  first,  a  chief  azure  thereon  a  key  erect,  the  wards  upwards 
and  to  the  sinister  gold,  between  a  rose  on  the  dexter  side  aud  a  fleur- 
de-lis  on  the  sinister  argent ;  2  and  3  (Dickson),  azure,  an  anchor  erect  or, 
encircled  with  an  oak  wreath  vert,  between  tliree  mullets  pierced  or,  on 
a  chief  of  the  second  three  pallets  gules,  in  the  centre  of  the  chief  a 
mural  crown  argent. 


82 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


changed  to :  "  Gules,  two  keys  in  saltire  argent,  in  chief 
a  royal  crown  or." 

The  necessity  of  displaying  this  device  of  rank — the 
pallium — upon  a  field  of  some  tincture  has  led  to  its 
corruption  into  a  usual  and  stereotyped  "  charge." 

THE  CROSS 

The  heraldic  cross,  the  huge  preponderance  of  which 
in  armory  we  of  course  owe  to  the  Crusades,  like  all 
other  armorial  charges,  has  strangely  developed.  There 
are  nearly  four  hundred  varieties  known  to  armory,  or 


possible  equal.  The  Sacred  Cross,  therefore,  in  heraldry 
is  now  known  as  a  "  Passion  Cross  "  (or  sometimes  as  a 
"  long  cross "),  or,  if  upon  steps  or  "  grieoes,"  the 
number  of  which  needs  to  be  specified,  as  a  "  Cross 
Calvary." 

The  ordinary  heraldic  cross  (which  is  always  con- 
tinued throughout  the  shield  unless  stated  to  be  couped) 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Bigod  (Fig.  151),  Burke 
(Fig.  152),  De  Ufford  (Fig.  153),  Atkin-Roberts  (Fig. 
154),  Douglas  (Fig.  155),  and  Oppenheimer^  (see  Plate 
XXVII.). 

Of  the  crosses  more  regularly  in  use  may  be  men- 


FlG.  150&. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Anstruther  Smith  Cunninghame,  Esq.,  of  Caprington  Castle  : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  shakefork  sable,  within  a  bordure  ermine;  2  and  3,  ermine,  a  fess 
azure,  between  two  mullets  in  chief  and  a  hart's  bead  erased  in  base,  attired  with  ten  tynes 
gules.  Crests :  l.  a  dexter  baud  holding  a  plumb-rule  proper,  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same 
this  motto,  "  Ad  Amussim  ;  "  2.  a  ship  in  distress  proper,  and  in  an  escroll  over  this  motto,  "  At 
spes  infracta."    Supporters  :  two  horses  at  liberty  argent,  maned  and  hoofed  or. 


rather  to  heraldic  text-books,  and  doubtless  authenti- 
cated examples  could  be  found  of  most  if  not  of  them 
all.  But  some  dozen  or  twenty  forms  are  about  as  many 
as  will  be  found  regularly  or  constantly  occurring. 

When  the  heraldic  cross  was  first  assumed  with 
any  reason  beyond  geometrical  convenience,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  it  was  intended  to  represent  the 
Sacred  Cross  itself.  The  syinbohsm  of  the  cross 
is  older  than  our  present  system  of  armory,  but  the 
cross  itself  is  more  ancient  than  its  symbolism.  A 
cross  depicted  upon  the  long,  pointed  shields  of  those 
who  fought  for  the  Cross  would  be  of  that  shape,  with 
the  elongated  arm  in  base. 

But  the  contemporary  shortening  of  the  shield,  to- 
gether with  the  introduction  of  charges  in  its  angles, 
led  naturally  to  the  arms  of  the  cross  being  so  disposed 
that  the  parts  of  the  field  left  visible  were  as  nearly  as 


tioned  the  cross  bottony,  as  in  the  arms  of  Humphry 
(Fig.  156);  the  cross  flory,  as  in  the  arms  of  I'Anson" 
(Plate  XXVII.),  which  must  be  distinguished  from  the 
cross  fieurette  as  in  the  arms  of  Galpin  as  quartered  by 

2  Armorial  bearings  of  Francis  Charles  Oppenheimer,  Esq.,  M.A., 
H.M.'s  Consul-Generai  at  Frankfort-on-Maine :  Quarterly,  gules  and 
azure,  a  cross  inveoted  between  a  lion  rampant  regardant,  supporting 
a  flagstaff  therefrom  flowing  to  the  dexter  a  banner  in  the  first  and 
fourth  quarters,  and  an  anchor  erect  in  the  second  and  third  all  or. 
Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two 
branches  of  oak  in  saltire  vert,  fructed  or,  in  front  of  a  flagstaff  in 
bend  proper,  therefrom  flowing  a  banner  gules,  surmounting  a  trident 
in  bend  sinister  also  proper.     Motto:  ■' Nihil  sine  labore." 

=^  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Andrew  I'Anson,  Esq,  :  Quarterly, 
azure  and  gules,  a  cross  flory,  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  an 
annulet  or,  a  chief  indented  of  the  last,  a  crescent  for  difference. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cubit 
arm  habited  per  pale  indented  azure  and  or,  encircled  by  an  annulet 
of  the  last,  the  hand  proper  holding  a  cross  as  in  the  arms.  Motto : 
"  Faire  mon  devoire." 


83 


THE    ART    OP    HERALDRY 


Watney^  (Plate  XXVII.);  the  cross  moline,  as  in  the 
arms  of  Dugdale;"  the  cross  potent,  as  in  the  arms  of 


Fig.  151. — Arms  of  Roger  le  Bigod,  Earl  of  Norfolk  {d.  1270) : 
Or,  a  cross  gules.     (Fiom  MS.  Cott,,  Nero,  D.  i.) 


Fig.  154.— Armorial  bearings  of  John  Roberts  Atkin-Roberfcs,  Esq.: 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  ou  a  chevron  argent  cottised  or,  three 
mullets  of  sis  points  pierced  sable  (for  Roberts) ;  2  and  3,  argent, 
guttc-de-sang,  a  cross  cottised  flory,  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters 
a  trefoil  slipped  sable,  and  in  the  second  and  thii'd  quarters  a  mullet 
of  six  points  of  the  last,  pierced  of  the  field  {for  Atkiu) ;  and  for  his 
crests,  I.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  ou  a  mount  vert,  an  eagle 
displayed  ermine,  the  wings  argent,  gorged  with  a  chaplet  of  ivy 
proper  {for  Roberts) ;  2.  upon  a  wieath  of  the  colours,  two  grey- 
hounds' heads  addorsed  and  erased  argent,  guttc-de-sang,  gorged 
with  a  collar  vair,  and  each  holding  in  the  niouth  a  trefoil  slipped 
sable  (for  Atkin) ;  with  the  motto,  "  Post  funera  vktus." 


Fig.  152. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ulick  John  Burke,  Esq.  :  Or,  a  cross 
gules,  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  a  lion  rampant  sable.  Mant- 
ling gules  and  or ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  cat-a-mountain  proper,  collared  and  chained  or,  charged  on  the 
breast  with  a  cross  of  the  last.  Motto  :  "  Ung  roy,  ung  foy,  ung 
loy." 


Fig.  153.— Arms  of  Robert  de  Ufford,  Earl  of  Suffolk  {d.  1369) : 
Sable,  a  cross  engrailed  or.     (From  his  seal.) 


^  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  John  Watney,  F.S.A. :  Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
azure,  a  cross  engrailed  ermine,  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  a  dove 
argent,  and  in  the  second  and  third  a  garb  or  (for  Watney);  2  and  3, 
quarterly,  argent  and  or,  a  cross  fieurettee  gules,  in  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters  a  lion  rampant  of  the  last,  charged  with  three  bars  of  the 
second  (for  Galpin).  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  in  front  of  a  garb  erect  or,  a 
greyhound  courant  sable,  gorged  with  a  collar,  therefrom  pendent  a 
bugle-horn  of  the  second.     Motto  :  "  Auxilium  ab  alto." 

'^  Armorial  bearings  of  Adam  Dugdale,  Esq. :  Ermine,  a  cross  moline 
gules  between  four  hurts.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet 
befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  argent ;  and  for  his 
crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin's  head  and  wings  endorsed 
erminois,  gorged  with  a  collar  gemelle  azure,  and  charged  on  the  neck 
with  a  cross  as  in  the  arms ;  with  the  motto,  "  Perseverando." 


Fig.  155. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Charles  Douglas,  Esq. :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  argent,  a  heart  gules  imperially  crowned  or,  on  a 
chief  azure  three  mullets  of  the  field ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  cross 
embattled  sable,  over  all  dividing  the  quarters  a  cross  raguly  of  the 
last,  the  whole  within  a  bordure  invected  azure,  charged  with 
eight  hoUjvleaves  or.  Mantling  sable,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  salamander  in  flames  of  fire 
proper.     Motto  :  "Jamais  arri^re." 


84 


PLATE   XXV. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

(1)  Sir  WILLIAM  H.  QUAYLE  JONES.  I      (3)  R.  R-  MEADE-KING,  Esq.,  of  West  Derby,  Liverpool. 

(2)  FRANKLEN  G.  EVANS.   Esq..  of  Llwynaeth.^x,   Castlktox,  (4)  THOM.AS  FIELDIiNG  JOHNSON.  Esq.  op  Brookfiei.i),  Knighton, 

Nr.  Cardiff.  I  Nr.  Leicester. 

(5)  SiK  EDMUND  T.   1-iEWLEY. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Leeming^  (see  Plate  XXII.);  the  cross  patee,  as  in  the 
arms  of  Crookes  (Fig.  157);  the  cross  patonce,  as  in  the 


arms  of  Lascelles ;  ^  and  the  ci'oss  crosslet,   as  in  the 
arms  of  Moore  (Fig.  158). 


Fig.  156. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alfred  Paget  Humphry,  Esq.  :  Argent, 
on  a  cross  bottony,  between  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  a 
talbot's  head  erased  gules,  a  rose  of  the  first  barbed  and  seeded 
proper,  between  four  escallops  also  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  fi'out  of  a  rock, 
thereon  a  falcon  close  proper,  belled  and  jessed  or,  holding  in  the 
beak  a  key  argent,  four  escallops  also  or.     Motto  :  "  Persiste." 


Fig.  158. — Armorial  bearings  of  Hon.  Charles  Moore:  Azure,  a  cross 
crosslet  or,  on  a  canton  argent,  a  kangaroo  sejant  proper. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  out 
of  a  mural  crown  gules,  a  Moor's  head  in  profile,  couped  at  the 
shoulders  proper,  wreathed  round  the  temples  or  and  azure,  and 
charged  on  the  neck  with  a  cross  crosslet  gold ;  with  the  motto, 
"  Perseverando  et  cavendo." 


Of    other    but    much    more    uncommon    varieties 
examples  will  be  found  of  the  cross  couped  in  the  arms 


Fig.  157.— Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  William  Crookes,  F.E.S. :  Or,  on  a 
chevron  vert,  three  prisms  proper,  between  in  chief  two  crosses 
pattees  of  the  second,  and  in  base  a  radiometer  proper.  Mantling 
vert  and  or.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  elephant 
quarterly  or  and  vert,  charged  with  two  crosses  pattdes  counter- 
changed,  resting  the  dexter  forefoot  on  a  prism  proper.  Motto : 
"  Ubi  cms  ibi  lux." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Major  John  Fishwick  Leeming :  Per  chevron 
argent  and  ermine,  a  chevron  gules,  in  chief  an  oak-branch  fructed  and 
slipped  proper  between  two  roses  gules,  barbed  and  seeded  also  proper, 
and  in  base  a  cross  potent  azure.     Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 


Fig.  159. — Armorial  beai'ings  of  Edward  Ashworth,  Esq.  :  Quarterly, 
gules  and  argent,  a  cross  couped  and  indented  between  two  fleurs- 
de-lis  in  chief  and  as  many  quatrefoils  in  base  all  counterchanged. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  two  crosses  bottonnee  fitch(5e  in  saltire  or,  a  fox  passant 
proper,  charged  on  the  body  with  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  fess,  also 
gold.     Motto:  "  Vincit  amor  patriEe." 

of  Ashworth  (Fig.  159),  of  the  cross  parted  and  fretty 
in  the  arms  of  Moresby  (Fig.  160),  of  the  cross  patee 

helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  argent ;  and 
for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  between  two  crosses  potent 
azure,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour,  the  hand  grasping  a  sword 
all  proper,  charged  with  two  oak-leaves,  the  one  above  and  the  other 
below  the  elbow  vert ;  with  the  motto  :  "  In  hoc  siguo  vinces." 

^  Armorial  bearings   of    Lascelles,   Earls   of  Harewood :    Sable,   a 
cross  patonce  within  a  bordure  or. 


85 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


quadrate  in  the  arms  of  Vickers  (Fig.  i6i),  of  a  cross 
pointed  and  voided  in  the  arms  of  Dukinfield  (quartered 


patee,  it  is  then  termed  "  fitchee  at  the  foot,"  as  in  the 
arms  of  Ffinden  (Fig.  163). 


SOMOLT-  SOMOtr- 


FiG.  160. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Moresby,  Esq.:  Sable,  a  cross 
parted  and.  fretty  between  in  dexter  chief  an  anchor  erect  and  in 
the  sinister  base  a  cinquefoil  or.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest : 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  heraldic  antelope  rampant  gules, 
navally  gorged,  and  with  chain  reflesed  over  the  back  or,  support- 
ing a  tilting-spear  erect  sable;  with  the  motto,  "  Je  le  feraj  durant 
ma  vie." 

by  Darbishire,  Fig.  146),  and  of  a  cross  cleche  voided 
and  pomette  as  in  the  arms  of  Cawston  (Fig.  162). 


FXG.  161. — Armorial  bearings  of  Cuthbert  Bainbridge  Vickers,  Esq.  : 
Gules,  on  a  cross  patee  quadi*ate  or,  five  mullets  of  eight  points  of 
the  first,  on  a  chief  arched  ermine,  two  Cornish  choughs  proper. 
Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  demi-leopard  proper,  charged  with  three  mullets  of 
eight  points  palewise,  and  holding  between  the  paws  an  increscent 
or,  a  mount  vert.     Motto  :  "  Vulneror  non  vincor." 


Whenever  a  cross  or  cross  crosslet  has  the  bottom 
arm  elone^ated  and  pointed  it  is  said  to  be  "  fitched,"  as 
in  Plate  VII.  Fig.  40,  or  in  the  arms  of  Davenport  (Fig. 
1 27),  but  when  a  point  is  added  at  the  foot  e.g.  of  a  cross 


Fig.  162. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Cawston,  Esq.  :  Argent,  on  a 
bend  sable,  four  crosses  clechee,  voided  and  pomettee  of  the  first, 
on  a  chief  nebuly  azure  a  falcon,  wings  expanded  of  the  field. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  an  oak-tree  proper,  a  falcon  argent,  charged  on  the  wing 
with  a  cross  crosslet  sable,  preying  on  a  hare  azure.  Motto : 
"  Sohou,  Sohou," 


Fig.  163. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  George  Sketchley  Ffinden :  Azure, 
two  chevrouels  engrailed  argent  between  three  escutcheons  of  the 
last,  each  charged  with  a  cross  patee  fitchee  at  the  foot  sable,  in 
the  centre  point  a  bull's  head  cabossed  of  the  second.  Crest:  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  a  bull  argent,  pied 
and  yoked  sable,  resting  the  dexter  foot  upon  an  escutcheon  azure, 
charged  with  a  cross  patee  fitcb(ie  at  the  foot  argent;  with  the 
motto,  "  Suchet  und  ihr  werdet  finden." 


Fig.  164. — Arms  of  Thomas  Eeaucbamp,  Earl  of  Warwick  {d.  1401) : 
Gules,  a  fess  between  six  cross  crosslets  or.     (From  his  seal.) 

Of  the  hundreds  of  other  varieties  it  may  confidently 
be  said  that  a  large  proportion  originated  in  misunder- 


m 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


standings  of  the  crude  drawings  of  early  armorists, 
added  to  the  varying  and  alternating  descriptions 
applied  at  a  more  pliable  and  fluent  period  of  heraldic 
blazon.  A  striking  illustration  of  this  will  be  found  in 
the  cross  botonny  which  is  now,  and  has  been  for  lono-, 
regularised  with  us  as  a  distinct  variety  of  constant 
occurrence.  From  early  illustrations  (Fig.  164)  there 
is  now  no  doubt  that  this  was  the  original  form  of  the 
cross  crosslet.  It  is  foolish  to  ignore  these  varieties, 
reducing  all  crosses  to  a  few  original  forms,  for  they  are 
now  mostly  stereot3^ped  and  accepted ;  but  at  the  same 
time  it  is  useless  to  attempt  to  learn  them,  for  in  a  life- 
time they  will  mostly  be  met  with  but  once  each  or 
thereabouts. 

THE   SALTIRE 

The  saltire  or  saltier  is  more  frequently  to  be  met 
with  in  Scottish  than  in  English  heraldry.  This  is  not 
surprising,  inasmuch   as   the  saltire  is   known  as  the 


VlG.  165. — Armorial  bearings  of  Laurence  Currie,  Esq. :  Gules,  a  saltire 
couped  argent,  in  the  centre  chief  point  a  rose  of  the  last,  barbed 
and  seeded  proper ;  and  impalingtbearmsof  Finch, namely  :  argent, 
a  chevron  between  three  griffins  passant  sable,  a  bordure  wavy 
ermines.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  cock  proper,  resting  its  claw  upon  a  rose  argent,  barbed 
and  seeded  proper. 

Cross  of  St.  Andrew,  the  Patron  Saint  of  Scotland.  Its 
form  is  too  well  known  to  need  description.  Instances 
of  its  use  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Stable  ^  (Plate 
XXVIIL),  Johnston  &'  (Plate  XXVIII.),  Napier,*^  Currie 

f  Armorial  bearings  of  Daniel  Wintringham  Stable,  Esq.  :  Ar- 
gent, a  saltire  between  four  acorns  slipped  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the 
last  three  mullets  pierced  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-lion  gules,  holding 
between  the  paws  a  mullet  of  six  points  pierced  argent,  an  acorn 
slipped  between  two  mullets  pierced  fesswise  of  the  last.  Motto : 
"  Virtute." 

e  Armorial  bearings  of  George  L.  Lawson  Johnston,  Esq, :  Argent, 
on  a  saltire  engrailed  sable,  between  four  daggers  points  downwards 
gules,  the  sun  in  his  splendour  or,  on  a  chief  of  the  third,  three 
cushions  of  the  fourth.  Mantling  sable,  doubled  argent.  Crest:  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  spur,  between  two  wings  or,  and  in  an  escrol 
over  the  same  this  motto  :  *'  Nunquam  non  paratus." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Theodore  Napier,  Esq.  :  Gules,  on  a  sal- 
tire, engrailed  between  four  roses  argent,  a  lion's  head  affronte  of 


(Fig.  165),  Haldane  (Fig.  90),  Sir  Henry  Harben  (see 
Plate  XIX,),  Scarisbrick  (Fig.  166).  Gould  (Fig.  167), 
Beridge  (Fig.  168),  and  Chance  (Fig.  169). 


Fig.  166. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Scarisbrick,  Esq. :  Argent,  a 
saltire  engrailed  parted  and  fretty,  between  two  mullets  of  six 
points  in  pale  all  sable.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  between  two  trefoils  slipped  vert,  a  falcon 
close  proper,  belled  and  jessed,  and  charged  on  the  breast  with  a 
mullet  of  six  points  or.     Motto  :  "  Patientia  vincit  omnia." 


Fig.  167. — Armorialbearingsof  Hon,  Albert  John  Gould, V.D. :  Ermine, 
on  a  pale  per  saltire  gules  and  or,  between  two  saltires  in  fess  of 
the  second,  a  lion  rampant  gorged  with  a  collar  gemel  counter- 
changed.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  demi-lion  ermine,  grasping  with  the  dexter  paw 
a  saltire  argent,  and  resting  the  sinister  on  a  bezant.  Motto  : 
"Honor  virtutis  premium." 

When  a  saltire  is  charged  the  charges  usually  are 
placed  conformably  therewith. 

the  first.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  crest,  an  arm  in  chain  armour  erabowed,  the  hand 
grasping  a  battle-axe  proper ;  and  in  an  escroll  above  this  motto :  "  Pro 
rege  et  patria." 


87 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  field  of  a  coat  of  arms  is  often  per  saltire,  as  in 
the  arms  of  Hickman  (Fig.  i/O). 


lines,  as  in  the  arms  of  Gould  (Fig.  167),  or  by  lines  at 

right  angles,  as  in  the  arms  of  Greenwood  (Fig.  1 7  \  ). 


Fig.  16S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  Basil  Jamts  Harold  Berldge: 
Argent,  a  saltire  nebuly  between  two  bears'  heads  erased  in  pale 
and  as  many  escallops  in  fess  sable.  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreatli  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  bear's  head  erased 
sable,  three  escallops  inverted  or. 


When  one  saltire  couped  is  the  principal  charge  it 
will  usually  be  found  that  it  is  couped  conformably  to 
the  outline  of  the  shield,  as  in  the  arms  of  Currie  (Fig. 


Fig.  170. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Alfred  Hickman  :  Party  per  saltire 
sable  and  or,  two  leopards'  faces  jessant-de-lis  in  pale,  and  as 
many  fleurs-de-lis  in  less,  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  sable, 
doubled  or.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  phoenix  issuing 
out  of  flames,  transfixed  through  the  mouth  by  a  tilting-spear 
palewise  proper,  each  wing  charged  with  two  annulets  erect  and 
interlaced  or.     Motto  :  "Igne  et  ferro." 


Fig.  i6g.— Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  James  Timmins  Chance,  Bart.: 
Gules,  a  saltire  vair  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  pale  and  as  many 
towers  in  fess  argent,  the  escutcheon  being  charged  with  his 
badge  of  Ulster  as  a  Baronet.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  coIour.=,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules,  seme  of 
annulets  or,  holding  between  the  paws  a  sword  erect,  entwined  by 
a  wreath  of  oak  all  proper.     Motto  :  "  Deo  non  fortuna." 


165);  but  if  the  couped  saltire  be  one  of  a  number  or  a 
subsidiary  charge  it  will  be  found  couped  by  horizontal 


;.  171. — Bookplate  of  Hubert  John  Greenwood,  Esq.  Arms:  per 
chevron  sable  and  argent,  a  chevron  ermine  between  three  escut- 
cheons, each  charged  with  a  saltire  couped  counterchanged. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  leopard  sejant  guardant  or,  resting  the  dexter  foreleg  on  an 
escutcheon  sable,  thereon  a  raltire  couped  argent. 


88 


PLATE  XXVI. 


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tfiHlNC    GARB/E    N05TRXI 


(i)  GUSTAVUS  ROCHFORT  HYDE,  Esq.  of  Lynnbuey,  Mullingar. 
Co.  Westmeath. 

(2)   BROWN   OF   BONNYTOUN. 

{3}  M.AjoR  H.  A.  CUMMINS  OF  Devereox  House,  Great  Malvern. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

(4)  CLEMENT  DUNSCOMBE.  Esq..  of  King  Williamstown,  Co. 
Cork. 

(5)  ALEX.^NDER  D.  O.  WEDDERBURN.  Esq.,  K.C. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


THE  CHIEF 

The  chief,  which  is  a  broad  band  across  the  top  of  the 
shield  contaming  (thereotically,  but  not  in  fact)  the 
uppermost  third  of  the  area  of  the  field,  is  a  very 
favourite  ordinary.  It  is  of  course  subject  to  the  vari- 
ations of  the  usual  partition  lines.  It  is  usually  drawn 
to  contain  about  one-fifth  of  the  area  of  the  field,  though 
in  cases  where  it  is  used  for  a  landscape  augmentation 
it  will  usually  be  found  of  a  rather  greater  area.  A 
chief  will  be  found,  for  example,  in  the  arms  of  Dewar 


of    Vogrie'   (Plate    XXX.).    Bowman   (Plate    XXXL), 


Fig.  172.— Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  George  Preston  Eelsall  Winlaw  : 
Argent,  fretty  sable,  two  salmon  naiant  proper,  on  a  chief  arched 
gules,  as  many  crosses  patee  or.  llantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colonrs,  upon  a  hillock  vert  three  jave- 
lins, one  in  pale  and  two  in  saltire  proper,  suspended  therefrom  by 
a  ribbon  or  an  escutcheon  sable,  charged  with  an  acorn  leaved  and 
slipped  also  or.    Motto  :  "  What  I  win  I  keep." 


Fig.  173. — Armorial  bearings  of  Count  E.  de  Poher  de  la  Poer :  Argent, 
a  chief  indented  sable ;  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Monsell,  namely : 
argent,  on  a  chevron  between  three  mullets  sable,  a  trefoil  slipped 
or.  Mantling  sable  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colonrs,  a  stag's  head  caboshed  proper,  attired  or,  and  be- 
tween the  attires  a  crucifix  of  the  last;  with  the  motto,  "Per 
cmcem  ad  coronam." 


KiG.  174. — Armorial  bearings  of  Theodore  Maxwell,  Esq.:  Argent,  a 
saltire  sable,  a  chief  paly  of  sis  of  the  first  and  second,  a  mullet  for 
difference.  Manthng  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  stag's  head  erased  proper,  a  mullet  for  difference  as 
in  the  arms.     Motto  :  "  Je  suis  pret." 


Fig.  175. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ross-of-Bladensburg :  Per  fess  em- 
battled ai^ent  and  or,  in  chief  issuant  a  dexter  arm  embowed 
vested  gules,  the  cuff  azure,  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  laurel,  the 
hand  grasping  a  flagstaff  broken  in  bend  sinister,  therefrom  fiowing 
the  colours  of  the  United  States  of  America  proper,  in  base  the 
arms  of  Ross  of  Ross-Trevor,  namely :  or,  a  chevron  embattled 
counter- embattled  between  three  water-bougets  sable,  on  a  canton 
of  the  third  pendent  from  a  riband  a  representation  of  the  cross 
presented  by  command  of  His  Majesty  to  the  late  Major-General 
Ross-of-Bladensburg,  in  testimony  of  his  Royal  approbatioa  of  his 
services ;  with  the  motto,  '*  Bladensburg  " ;  and  impaling  the  arms 
of  Foster- Skeffington ,  namely :  quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  three 
bulls'  heads  erased  sable,  armed  or  (for  Skeffington) ;  2  and  3, 
azure,  a  chevron  between  three  chaplets  or  (for  Clotworthy). 
Mantling  sable  and  or ;  and  for  a  crest,  of  honourable  augmentation, 
out  of  a  mural  crown  or,  a  dexter  arm  grasping  the  colours  as  in 
the  arms ;  in  addition  to  the  crest  of  the  family  of  Ross  of  Ross- 
Trevor,  namely  :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  arm  vambraced 
and  embowed,  the  hand  grasping  a  dagger  all  proper. 

'  Arms  of  Dewar  of  Vogrie  :  Or,  a  chief  azure.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  dexter  arm  vam- 
braced and  embowed  brandishing  a  sword  proper,  hilted  and  pom- 
melled or.     Motto  :  "  Quid  non  pro  patria." 

89  M 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Winlaw  (Fig.  172),  De  la  Poer  (Fig.  173),  Ambrose' 
(Plate  XXX.),  Brine"  (Plate  XXXI.),  and  Maxwell 
(Fig.  174). 


Fig.  176. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  David  Gamble,  Bart.,  C.B. :  Or,  on  a 
pile  gules,  between  two  trefoils  slipped  in  base  vert,  a  fleur-de-lis  of 
the  first,  a  chief  ermine.  Mantling  gules  and  or  ;  and  for  his  crest, 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  between  two  trefoils 
slipped  vert,  a  stork  argent,  holding  in  the  beak  a  rose  gules, 
stalked,  leaved,  and  slipped  proper.     Motto  :   "  Vis  ea  nostra  voco." 


Fig.  177. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Maxtone- Graham,  Esq.: 
Quarterly,  i  and  4.  or,  a  chevron  gules,  between  three  cross 
crosslets  fitch^e  azure  (for  Maxtone) ;  2  and  3,  or,  three  piles  sable, 
within  a  double  tressure  flory  counterflory  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the 
second,  a  rose  between  two  escallops  of  the  first  (for  Graham). 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent;  and  for  his  crests,  i.  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  bee  proper  (for  Maxtone) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  liveries,  a  dove  proper  (for  Graham).  Mottoes  :  "  Providus 
esto,"  and  "  Candide  ut  secure." 

J  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Ambrose,  Esq.,  F.R.G.S. : 
Azure,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  argent,  on  a  chief  dovetailed  of  the 
last,  a  fleur-de-lis  between  two  annulets  of  the  first ;  and  for  his  crest, 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  and  issuant  from  the  battlements  of  a 
tower,  a  cubit  arm  proper,  holding  a  billet  in  bend  sinister  or ;  with  the 
motto,  '•  J'espere  eu  Dieu." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  Algernon  Lindesay  Brine,  M.A. :  Argent, 
an  eagle  displayed  sable,  charged  with  an  anchor  or,  on  a  chief 
embattled  gules,  a  cross  moline  also  gold.  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  sem^  of 
billets  and  holding  in  the  fore-paws  a  cross  moline  gules.  Motto : 
"  Confido." 


The  chief  especially  lent  itself  to  the  purposes  of 
honourable  augmentation,  and  is  constantly  found  so 
employed.  As  such  it  will  be  referred  to  in  the  chap- 
ter upon  augmentations,  but  a  chief  of  this  character 
may  perhaps  be  here  interposed  with  advantage,  as  this 
will  indicate  the  greater  area  often  given  to  it  imder 
these  conditions,  as  in  the  arms  of  Ross-of-Bladensburg 

(Fig.  175). 

Knights  of  the  old  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
and  also  of  the  modern  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem  in  England  display  above  their 
personal  arms  a  chief  of  the  order,  but  this  will  be  dealt 
with  more  fully  in  the  chapter  relating  to  the  insignia 
of  knighthood. 

Save  in  exceptional  circumstances,  the  chief  is  never 
debruised  or  surmounted  by  any  ordinary. 

The  arms  of  Gamble  (Fig.  176),  of  Maxtone-Graham 
(Fig.  177),  of  Graham- Wigan  (Fig.  178),  and  of  Scott 
(Fig.  179),  show  respectively  a  chief  and  pile,  a  chief 
and  bend,  a  chief  and  tressure,  a  chief  and  three  piles, 
and  a  chief  and  bordure. 


Fig.  17S. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Alfred  Graham- Wigan,  Esq. : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  vair,  on  a  pile  or,  a  mount,  thereon  a  mountain 
ash-tree  proper  (for  Wigan) ;  2  and  3,  or,  three  piles  wavy  sable, 
the  centre  one  charged  with  a  crescent  of  the  field,  within  a  double 
tressure  ilory  and  counterflory  gules,  on  a  chief  engrailed  sable, 
three  escallops  of  the  field,  a  canton  ermine  for  distinction  {for 
Graham),  and  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  these  same  arms  of 
Graham  without  the  canton.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crests:  I. 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  mountain  ash-tree 
under  a  rainbow  proper  (for  Wigan) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  flame  of  fire  proper,  charged  with  a  cross  crosslet  sable, 
for  difference  (for  Graham).     Motto  :  "  Recta  sursum." 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  the  chief  is 
superimposed  over  the  tressure  and  over  the  bordure, 
partly  defacing  them.  This  only  happens  with  the 
iDordure  when  it  is  a  part  of  the  original  coat  of  arms. 
If,  however,  the  chief  was  in  existence  at  an  earlier 
period  and  the  bordure  is  added  later  as  a  mark  of 
difference,  the  bordure  surrounds  the  chief  as  in  the 
arms  of  Kyd  (see  Fig.  180).  On  the  other  hand,  if  a 
bordure  exists,  even  as  a  mark  of  difference,  and  a  chief 
of  augmentation  is  subsequently  added,  or  a  canton  for 
distinction  (Fig.  178),  the  chief  or  the  canton  in  these 
cases  would  surmount  the  bordure. 

Similarly  a  bend  when  added  later  as  a  mark  of 
difference  surmounts  the  chief.  Such  a  case  is  very 
unusual,  as  the  use  of  the  bend  for  differencing  has  long 
been  obsolete.  It  will  be  found,  however,  in  the  arms 
of  Fitzherbert  (Fig.  looa). 

A  chief  is  never  couped  or  cottised,  and  it  has  no 
diminutive  in  British  armory. 


90 


PLATE   XXVII. 


^Mwtabi^ 


Vr^OftAttl 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF- 


(1)  SlK  TOHN  WATNEY,  F.S.A. 

(2)  FRANCIS    CHARLES    OPPENHEIMER,    Esq..    of 

Frankfort-on-Maine. 

(3)  WILLIAM  A.  lANSON.  Esq.  of  Denton  Hall.  Scotswood. 


(4)  SAMUEL   HYNMAN   MONTGOMERIE,    Esq    op    SOUTHASNAN. 

Fairlie,  N.R. 

(5)  JOSEPH  BILLI.AT.  Esq.  of  Alsthoepe  Hall,  Lincoln. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


.:^         W  AA\0  i 


Fig.  179.— Armorial  bearings  of  John  Alexander  Eobson  Scott,  Esq.  : 
Or,  on  a  bend  azure,  a  mnllet  between  two  crescents  of  the  first, 
within  a  bordure  of  the  third ;  on  a  chief  gules,  a  stag  trippant 
also  of  the  first,  between  two  boars'  heads  couped  argent. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  stag  trippant  proper.     Motto  :  "  Patriam  amo."  ' 


Quem'iiontorrgt  hy^m^ 


Fig..  180. — Armorial  bearings  of  AJexander  Kyd,  Esq. :  Argent,  a  pine- 
tree  eradicated  proper,  with  a  bngle-horn  pendent  on  one  of  the 
branches  or,  stringed  gnles,  on  a  chief  azure,  three  mullets  of  the 
third,  a  crescent  for  difference  also  azure,  all  within  a  bordure 
wavy  ermine.  Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  in  front  of  a  cubit  arm  proper,  holding  three  ears  of 
wheat  on  one  stalk,  an  increscent  or,  the  whole  debruised  by  a 
bendlet  sinister  wavy  ermine.     Motto  :  "  Quem  non  torret  hyems." 


THE  QUARTER 

The  quarter  is  not  often  met  with  in  English  armory, 
the  best-known  instance  being  the  well-known  coat  of 
Shirley,  Earl  Ferrers,  viz. :  Paly  of  six  or  and  azure,  a 


A  /\  A 

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Fig.  iSi.— Anns  of  Peter  de  Dreux,  Earl  of  Richmond  (c.  1230) : 
Chequy  or  and  azure,  a  quarter  ermine.     (From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  1S2.— Arms  of  De  Vere,  Earls  of  Oxford :  Quarterly  gules  and 
or,  in  the  first  quarter  a  mullet  argent. 

quarter  ermine.  The  arms  of  the  Earls  of  Richmond 
(Figs.  76  and  1 8 1 )  supply  another  instance.  Of  course 
as  a  division  of  the  field  under  the  blazon  of  "  quarterly  " 
{e.g.  or  and  azure)  it  is  constantly  to  be  met  with,  but  a 
single  quarter  is  rare. 

Originally  it  was  drawn  to  contain  the  full  fourth  part 
of  the  shield,  but  with  the  more  modern  tendency  to 


Fig.  183.  —Armorial  bearings  of  Berners :  Quarterly  or  and  vert.  Crest  : 
a  monkey  proper,  environed  about  the  loins  and  lined  or.  holding 
a  scroll  with  the  motto,  "  Del  fugo  I  avola." 

reduce  the  size  of  all  charges,  its  area  has  been  some- 
what diminished.  The  diminutive  of  the  quarter  is 
the  canton,  and  the  diminutive  of  that  the  chequer  of 
a  chequy  field.  Whilst  a  quarter  will  only  be  found 
within  a  plain  partition  line,  a  field  divided  quarterly 
(occasionally,  but  I  think  hardly  so  correctly,  termed 


91 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"per  cross")  is   not  so  limited.     Examples  of  quarterly 
fields  will  be  found  in  the  historic  shield  of  De  Vere 


Fig.  1S4. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thellusson  :  Qaarterly,  wa\'y  or  and 
argent,  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  two  wings  expanded 
barwise  sable,  each  charged  with  a  trefoil  slipped  of  the  first ; 
in  the  second  and  third  quarters  an  oak-tree  eradicated  proper, 
charged  with  an  escutcheon  bendwise  gules,  thereon  three  gottes- 
d'eau.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  demi-greyhound  salient  argent,  collared  sable,  between  two  wings 
of  the  last,  each  charged  with  a  trefoil  slipped  or.  Motto  :  "'  Lahore 
et  honore." 


(Fig.  182),  arms  of  Berners  (Fig.  183),  Croft  (Plate  XI.), 
Thellusson  (Fig.  184),  and  Marples  (Fig.  185).     As  has 


Fig.  185. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Jobson  Marples,  Esq.  :  Quar- 
terly, per  fess  nebuly  sable  and  ermine,  in  the  fii-st  and  fourth 
quarters  a  griffin  segreant  or.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin  segreant  or,  restin*'  the 
sinister  claw  on  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  sable  between  two  wings  of 
the  latter.    Motto ;  "  Tenax  justitije." 

been  done  in  the  case  of  Thellusson,  an  irregular  parti- 
tion line  is  often  introduced  in  a  new  grant  to  conjoin 
quarterings  borne  without  authority  into  one  single 
coat. 


THE  CANTON 

The  canton  is  supposed  to  occupy  one-third  of  the 
chief,  and  that  being  supposed  to  occupy  one-third  of 
the  held,  a  simple  arithmetical  sum  gives  us  one-ninth 
of  the  field  as  the  theoretical  area  of  the  canton.  Curi- 
ously enough,  the  canton  to  a  certain  extent  gives  us  a 
confirmation  of  these  ancient  proportions,  inasmuch  as 
aU  ancient  drawings  containing  both  a  fess  and  a  canton 
depict  these  conjoined.  This  will  be  seen  in  the  Garter 
plate  of  Earl  Rivers.  In  modern  days,  however,  it  is 
very  seldom  that  the  canton  will  be  depicted  of  such 
a  size,  though  in  cases  where,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Boothby,  it  forms  the  only  charge,  it  is  even  nowadays 
drawn  to  closely  approximate  to  its  theoretical  area 
of  one-ninth  of  the  field.  It  may  be  remarked  here 
perhaps  that,  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  are  but  few 
instances  in  which  the  quarter  or  the  canton  have  been 
used  as  the  sole  or  principal  charge,  a  coat  of  arms  in 


Fig.  1S6. — Armorial  bearings  of  Martin  John  .Sutton.  Esq. :  Argent,  on 
the  trunk  of  a  tree  eradicated  fesswise,  a  squirrel  sejant  cracking  a 
nut  all  proper,  a  bordure  invected  azure,  charged  with  eight  fleurs- 
de-lis  or,  a  canton  sable,  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis  of  the  field. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
squirrel  sejant  proper,  resting  the  forepaws  on  an  escutcheon 
argent;  charged  with  a  wolfs  head  erased  proper,  a  canton  as  in 
the  arms.     Motto  :  '■  Toujours  prest  pour  y  parvenir." 

which  these  are  employed  would  be  granted  with  fewer 
of  the  modern  bedevilments  than  would  a  coat  with  a 
chevron  for  example.  I  know  of  no  instance  in  modern 
times  in  which  a  quarter,  when  figuring  as  a  charge,  or 
a  canton  have  been  subject  to  the  usual  lines  of  parti- 
tion. The  canton  (with  the  single  exception  of  the 
bordure,  when  used  as  a  mark  of  cadency  or  distinction) 
is  superimposed  over  every  other  charge  or  ordinary,  no 
matter  what  this  may  be,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  arms  of 
Sutton  (Fig.  186)  and  Lowndes'  (Plate  XXXV.). 

Theoreticallj'  the  canton  is  supposed  to  be  always  a 
later  addition  to  the  coat,  and  even  though  a  charge 
may  be  altogether  hidden  or  "  absconded  "  by  the  canton, 
the  charge  is  always  presumed  to  be  there,  and  is 
mentioned  in  the  blazon. 

1  Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Chaddock  Lowndes,  Esq. ;  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  argent,  fretty  azure,  on  a  canton  gules  a  lion's  head  erased  or 
(for  Lowndes) ;  2  and  3,  ermine,  on  a  pile  per  pale  sable  and  azure, 
three  pheons  or  {for  Gorst).  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crests  :  i. 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion's  head  erased  or,  gorged  with  a 
laurel  wreath  vert  (for  Lowndes)  ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  pheon  or,  the  shaft  entwined  with  a  serpent  proper  (for  Gorst). 
Motto  :  "  Quod  adest  gratum." 


92 


PLATE   XXVIII. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

(1)  CAMPBELL  OF  IXVERNEIL. 

(2)  WILLLAM  \VELCHNL\N,   ESQ.    OF   BiRDBECK   House,    Upwell, 

Wisbech. 

(3)  GEORGE  L-WVSON  L.\WSON-JOHNSTON.  Esq. 


(4)  DANIEL  WINTRINGHAM  STABLE,  ESQ. 

(5)  ARTHUR    HE.^RNE    TWEEDY,    ESQ.    OF    WiDMORE 
Bromley.  Kent. 


THE   ART    OF   HERALDRY 


Both  a  cross  and  a  saltire  are  sometimes  described  as 
"  cantonned  "  by  such-and-such  charges,  when  they  are 
placed  in  the  bh\nk  spaces  left  by  these  ordinaries.  In 
addition,  the  spaces  left  by  a  cross  (but  not  by  a  saltire) 
are  frequently  spoken  of  e.g.  as  the  dexter  chief  canton 
or  the  smister  base  canton. 

The  canton  is  frequently  used  to  carry  an  augmenta- 
tion, and  these  cantons  of  augmentation  wUl  be  referred 
to  under  that  heading,  though  it  may  be  here  stated 
that  a  "  canton  of  England  "  is  a  canton  gules,  charged 
with  three  lions  passant  guardant  or,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Lane  (Fig.  57). 

The  canton,  unless  it  is  an  original  charge,  need  not 
conform  to  the  rule  forbidding  colour  on  colour,  or 
metal  on  metal ;  otherwise  the  canton  of  Ulster  would 
often  be  ixn  impossibility. 

The  canton,  with  rare  exceptions,  is  always  placed  in 
the  dexter  chief  comer.  The  canton  of  augmenfation 
in  the  arms  of  Gierke,  Bart. — "  Argent,  on  a  bend  gules, 
between  three  pellets  as  many  swans  of  the  field ;  on  a 
sinister  canton  azure,  a  demi-ram  salient  of  the  first, 
and  in  chief  two  fleurs-de-lis  or,  debruised  by  a  baton  " 
— is,  however,  a  sinister  one,  as  is  the  canton  upon  the 
arms  of  Charlton.  In  this  latter  case  the  sinister  canton 
is  used  to  signify  illegitimacy.  This  will  be  more  fully 
dealt  with  in  the  chapter  upon  marks  of  illegitimacy. 
The  Gierke  canton  is  an  augmentation. 

A  curious  use  of  the  canton  for  the  purposes  of 
marshalling  occurs  in  the  case  of  a  woman  who,  being  an 
heiress  herself,  has  a  daughter  or  daughters  only,  whilst 
her  husband  has  sons  and  heirs  by  another  marriage. 
In  such  an  event,  the  daughter  being  heir  (or  in  the 
case  of  daughters  these  being  coheirs)  of  the  mother,  but 
not  heir  of  the  father,  cannot  transmit  as  quarterings 
the  arms  of  the  father,  whilst  they  ought  to  transmit 
the  arms  of  the  mother  whom  they  do  re23resent.  The 
husband  of  the  daughter,  therefore,  places  upon  an  escut- 
cheon of  pretence  the  arms  of  the  mother,  with  those 
of  the  father  on  a  canton  thereupon.  The  children  of 
the  marriage  quarter  this  combined  coat,  the  arms  of  the 
father  always  remaining  upon  a  canton.  This  will  be 
more  fully  dealt  with  under  the  subject  of  marshalling. 

The  canton  has  yet  another  use  as  a  "mark  of 
distinction."  When,  under  a  Royal  Licence,  the  name 
and  arms  of  a  family  are  assumed  where  there  is  no  blood 
descent  from  the  famUy,  the  arms  have  some  mark  of  dis- 
tinction added.  This  is  usuallya  plain  canton.  This  point 
will  be  treated  more  fully  under  "  Marks  of  Gadency." 

Woodward  mentions  three  instances  in  which  the 
lower  edge  of  the  canton  is  "  indented,"  one  taken  from 
the  Calais  Roll,  viz.  the  arms  of  Sir  William  de  la 
Zouche — "  Gules,  bezantee,  a  canton  indented  at  the 
bottom" — and  adds  that  the  canton  has  been  some- 
tunes  thought  to  indicate  the  square  banner  of  a  knight- 
baronet,  and  he  suggests  that  the  lower  edge  being 
indented  may  give  some  weight  to  the  idea.  As  the 
canton  does  not  appear  to  have  either  previously  or 
subsequently  formed  any  part  of  the  arms  of  Zouche, 
it  is  possible  that  in  this  instance  some  such  meaning 
may  have  been  intended,  but  it  can  have  no  such  appli- 
cation generally.  The  "  Canton  of  Ulster  " — i.e.  "  Argent, 
a  sinister  hand  couped  at  the  wrist  gules" — is  the 
badge  of  a  baronet  of  England,  Ireland,  Great  Britain, 
or  the  United  Kingdom.  This  badge  may  be  borne 
upon  a  canton,  dexter  or  sinister,  or  upon  an  inescut- 
cheon,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  wearer. 

THE  GYRON 

As  a  charge,  the  gyron  (sometimes  termed  an  esquire) 
is  very  seldom  found,  but  as  a  subdivision  of  the  field, 
a  coat  "  gyronny "  is  constantly  met  with,  all  arms  for 


the  name  of  Campbell  being  gyronny.     Save  in  rare 
cases,  a  field  gyronny  is  divided  quarterly  and  then  per 


Fig.  1S7. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Archibald  Spencer  Lindsey  Campbell, 
Bart.,  of  Succotb  :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  gyronny  of  eight  engrailed 
or  and  sable  {for  Campbell) ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  lion  rampant  argent, 
within  a  bordure  counter-compony  of  the  second  and  first  (for 
Wallace  of  Ellerslie).  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon 
a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  camel's  head  couped 
proper ;  and  for  his  supporters,  dexter,  a  lion  rampant  guardant ; 
sinister,  a  savage  wreathed  about  the  temples  and  loins  all  proper ; 
and  in  an  escroU  over  his  crest  this  motto,  "  Labor  omnia  superat." 


Fig.  1S8. — Armorial  bearings  of  Louis  Mortimer  Lanyon,  Esq. ;  Gules, 
on  waves  of  the  sea  aaure.  a  castle  of  two  towers,  on  the  battle- 
ments thereof  a  falcon  rising  all  proper,  on  a  chief  or,  a  pallet 
between  two  gyrons  of  the  field.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  falcon  rising  proper, 
belled  and  jessed  or.    Motto  :  "  Vive  ut  vivas." 


93 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


saltire,  making  eight  divisions,  but  it  may  be  gyronny 
of  sis,  ten,  twelve,  or  more  pieces,  though  such  cases 
are  seldom  met  with.  Fig.  54  shows  the  arms  of  the 
late  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  Fig.  187  shows  the  arms  of  Sir 


refinement    not    officially   recognised    or    adhered    to, 
though  one  unconsciously  often   is  led  to  make  this 


Nil/ 

^L 

A^ 

\- 

N  iW 

^/ 

Fig.  1S9. — The  arms  of  Roger  Mortimer,  Earl  of  March  and  Ulster  (rf. 
139S):  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  three  bars  or  (sometimes  but 
not  so  correctly  quoted  barry  of  sis),  on  a  chief  of  the  first  two 
pallets  between  two  base  esquires  of  the  second,  over  all  an 
inescutcheon  argent  (for  Mortimer) ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  cross  gules  (for 
Ulster).     (From  his  seal.) 

Archibald  Campbell,  Bart.,  of  Succoth,  which  are  gyronny 
of  eight  engrailed,  a  most  unusual  circumstance.  A 
field  gyronny  of  argent  and  gules  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Welchman"'  (Plate  XX VIII.),  and  Fig.  188,  the  arms  of 
Lanyon,  affords  an  example  of  the  gyron  as  a  charge,  as 
does  also  the  well-known  shield  of  Mortimer  (Fig.  1 89). 


THE  INESCUTCHEON 

The  inescutcheon  is  a  shield  appearing  as  a  charge 
upon  the  coat  of  arms.  Certain  writers  state  that  it  is 
termed  an  inescutcheon  if  only  one  appears  as  the 
charge,  but  that  when  more  than  one  is  present  they 
are  merely  termed  escutcheons.     This  is  an  unnecessary 


Fig.  191. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Marion  Chadwick.  Esq. :  Party 
per  pale  gules  and  sable,  within  an  orle  of  eight  martlets  an 
inescutcheon  argent,  charged  with  a  cross  of  the  first,  and  in  the 
first  quarter  a  crescent  of  the  second.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  martlet  argent,  bearing  in  his  bill  a  white  lily  slipped, 
stemmed,  and  leaved  proper,  borne  fesswise,  the  flower  to  the 
sinister.  Mottoes  :  (above)  "In  candore  decus,"  (below)  "Toujours 
pret." 

distinction,  which  seems  to  spring  naturally  to  one's 
mind. 

When  one  inesciitcheon  appears,  it  is  sometimes 
difficult  to  tell  whether  to  blazon  the  arms  as  charged 
with  a  bordure  or  an   inescutcheon.     Some   coats   of 


Fig.  190. — Armorial  bearings  of  Molesworth :  Gules,  an  escutcheon 
vair,  between  eight  cross  crosslets  in  orle  or.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  arm  in 
armour,  embowed  proper,  holding  a  cross  crosslet  or;  with  the 
motto  :  "  Vincit  amor  patriiE." 


Fig.  192. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alfred  Chadwick,  Esq. :  Per  pale  gules 
and  sable,  an  inescutcheon  argent,  within  an  orle  of  the  last, 
charged  with  eight  martlets  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lily  stalked  and 
leaved  proper  between  two  quatrefoils  or.  Motto:  "Nil  desper- 
andum." 


"  Armorial  bearmgs  of  William  Welchman,  Esq. :  Gyronny  of  eight 
argent  and  gules,  a  goat's  head  erased  proper,  within  ten  mullets  in 
orle,  counterchanged.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  goat's  head  couped  proper,  charged  on  the 
neck  with  a  mullet  of  six  points  argent,  an  eagle's  wing  fesswise  or 
Motto :  "  Steadfast." 


arms,  for  example  the  arms  of  Moles  worth  (Fig. 
190),  will  always  remain  more  or  less  a  matter  of 
uncertainty. 

But  as  a  matter  of  fact  a  bordure  should  not  be  wide 
enough  to  fill  up  the  field  left  by  an  inescutcheon,  nor 


94 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


an  inescutcheon  large  enough  to  occupy  the  field  left 


FlG-  193. — Armorial  beariDgs  of  James  Mitchell  Matter,  Esq. :  Gules,  on 
a  fess  between  three  inesuutcheons  or,  a  boar's  head  couped  be- 
tween two  mascles  of  the  first.  Mantling  gnles,  doubled  or ;  and 
on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  castle  triple-towered 
sable,  masoned  argent,  from  the  centre  tower  a  flag  flying  of  the 
last,  charged  with  a  cross  gnles  ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same 
this  motto,  "  Patience  and  Resolution." 


by  a  bordure.  Examples  of  an  inescutcheon  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Chad  wick  (Figs.  191  and  192). 

Three  or  more  inescutoheons  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Mutter  (Fig.  193),  Hay  (Fig.  194),  and  in  the 
arms  of  Portugal  (see  Plate  CXXXI.). 

The  inescutcheon  in  German  armory  (or,  as  they 
term  it,  the  heart  escutcheon),  when  superimposed  upon 
other  quarterings,  is  usually  the  paternal  or  most  im- 
portant coat  of  arms.  The  same  method  of  marshalling 
has  sometimes  been  adopted  in  Scotland,  and  the  arms 
of  Hay  here  quoted  are  an  instance.  It  usually  in 
British  heraldry  is  used  to  carry  the  arms  of  an 
heiress  wife,  but  both  these  points  will  be  dealt  with 
later  under  the  subject  of  marshallLug.  The  ines- 
cutcheon, no  matter  what  its  position,  should  never  be 


Fig.  194.— Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Hector  Maclean  Hay,  Bart. :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4.  azure,  three  fraises  argent  (for  Fraser) ;  2  and  3, 
gules,  three  bars  ermine  (for  Gifford) ;  over  aU,  on  an  inescutcheon 
argent,  three  escutcheons  gtiles,  in  the  centre  a  key  fesswise. 
pointing  to  the  dexter,  wards  downwards  sable  for  difference 
(for  Hay) ;  and  pendent  from  the  escutcheon  by  an  orange-tawny 
ribbon  his  badge  as  a  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia.  Mantling  gnles, 
doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest, 
a  goat's  head  erased  argent,  horned  or.     Motto  :  "  Spare  nought." 


Fig.  195. — Armorial  bearings  of  Herbert  Francis  Webb  Gillman,  Esq.  : 
Quarterly,  i.  argent,  a  man's  leg  couped  at  the  thigh  sable,  en- 
circled below  the  knee  by  a  gemel  or  ;  2.  argent,  a  doable-headed 
eagle  displayed  sable,  beaked  and  membered  gules,  ducally  gorged 
or ;  3.  argent,  three  firebrands  proper :  4.  or,  on  a  chevron  between 
three  martlets  sable,  an  inescutcheon  of  the  last  charged  with  a  cross 
moline  between  four  crescents  argent.  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest  :  on  a  wreath  o£  the  colours,  an  eagle's  head  sable,  holding  in 
the  beak  gules  a  brand  sable,  fired  proper.  Motto  :  "  Non  cantu 
sed  acta." 

termed  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  if  it  forms  a  charge 
upon  the  original  arms.  A  curious  instance  of  the  use 
of  an  inescutcheon  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Cumming-Gordon  (Plate  XIII.),  and  in  the  arms  of 
Gillman  (Fig.  19S). 

When  an  inescutcheon  appears  on  a  shield  it  should 
conform  in  its  outline  to  the  shape  of  the  shield  upon 
which  it  is  placed. 


THE  BOKDURE 

The  bordure  occurs  both  as  a  charge  and  as  a  mart 
of  difference.  As  may  be  presumed  from  its  likeness  to 
our  word  border,  the  bordure  is  simply  a  border  round 
the  shield.      Except  in  modern  grants  in  which  the 


95 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


hordiire  forms  a  part  of  the  original  design  of  the  arms, 
there  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  the  bordure  has 
always  been  a  mark  of  difference  to  indicate  cadency 
or  bastardy,  but  its  stereotyped  continuance  without 


Fig.  196. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Edmondstone  Kirk,  Esq.:  Gules, 
a  crosier  or,  and  a  sword  proper,  pomraelled  and  hilted  gold,  in 
sallire  within  a  bordure  indented  argent,  on  a  chief  of  the  second, 
a  thistle  between  two  trefoils  slipped  also  proper.  Mantling  gules 
and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  crosier  and  sword 
in  saltire  as  in  the  arms,  enfiled  by  a  garland  of  thistle  and  trefoils 
proper.     Motto  :  "  Optimum  quod  primum." 

further  alteration  in  so  many  coats  of  arms  in  which  it 
originally  was  introduced  as  a  difference,  and  also  its 
appearance  in  new  grants,  leave  one  no  alternative  but  to 
treat  of  it  in  the  ordinary  way  as  a  charge,  leaving  the 
consideration  of  it  as  a  mark  of  difference  to  a  future 
chapter. 

There  is  no  stereotj'ped  or  offUcial  size  for  the  bordure. 


Fig.  197. — Armorial  bearings  of  Michael  Tomkinson,  Esq.  :  Azure,  a 
cross  flory  between  in  the  lirst  and  fourth  quarters  a  martlet,  and 
in  the  second  and  third  quarters  an  heraldic  tiger's  head  erased 
or,  all  within  a  bordure  nebuly  ermine.  Mantling  azure  and  or. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  cross  flory  gules, 
an  heraldic  tiger's  head  erased  argent,  gorged  with  a  collar  flory 
and  counterflory  also  gules  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Sperans  pergo." 

the  width  of  which  has  at  all  times  varied,  though  it 
will  almost  invariably  be  found  that  a  Scottish  bor- 
dure is  depicted  rather  wider  than  is  an  English  one  ; 


and  naturally  a  bordure  which  is  charged  is  a  little  wider 
than  an  entirely  plain  one. 

The  bordure  has  long  since  ceased  to  be  a  mark  of 
cadency  in  England,  but  as  a  mark  of  distinction  the 
bordure  wavy  is  still  used  to  indicate  bastardy.  The 
use  of  the  bordure  is,  however,  the  recognised  method 
of  differencing  in  Scotland,  but  it  is  curious  that  with 
the  Soots  the  bordure  wavy  is  in  no  way  a  mark  of  illegiti- 
macy. The  Scottish  bordure  for  indicating  this  fact  is 
the  bordure  compony  which  has  been  used  occasionally 
for  the  same  purpose  in  England,  but  the  bordures  added 
to  indicate  cadency  and  the  various  marks  to  indicate 
illegitimacy  will  be  discussed  in  later  chapters.  Whilst 
the  bordure  as  a  mark  of  cadency  or  illegitimacy  sur- 
rounds the  whole  shield,  being  superimposed  upon  even 
the  chief  and  canton,  a  bordure  when  merely  a  charge 
gives  way  to  both. 

The  bordure,  which  of  course  is  subject  to  all  the  lines 
of  partition,  occurs  as  a  charge  in  the  arms  of  Kirk  (Fig. 
196),  Tomkinson  (Fig.  197),  Buchanan"  (Plate  XXXIIL), 
Garnet-Orme  (Fig.  198),  and  Graham  (Fig.  199). 


Fig.  19S. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  George  Garnett-Orme,  Esq. : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  azure,  an  eagle  displayed,  and  in  chief  three 
battle-axes  or  (for  Orme)  ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  a 
bordure  invected  or,  over  all  a  bend  ermine,  charged  with  three 
covered  cups  azure  (for  Garnett).  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crests  : 
1.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  battle-axe  in  bend  sur- 
mounted by  a  tilting-spear  in  bend  sinister  proper,  a  dolphin 
naiant  argent  (for  Orme) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter 
cubit  arm  erect  proper,  grasping  two  sea-lions'  heads  erased  re- 
spectant  and  saltirewise  argent.    Motto:  "  Deusrefugium  nostrum." 

A  certain  rule  regarding  the  bordure  is  the  sole 
remaining  instance  in  modern  heraldry  of  the  formerly 
recognised  practice  of  conjoining  two  coats  of  arms 
(which  it  might  be  necessary  to  marshal  together)  by 
"  dimidiation  "  instead  of  using  our  present-day  method 
of  impalement.  To  dimidiate  two  coats  of  arms,  the 
dexter  half  of  one  shield  was  conjoined  to  the  sinister 
half  of  the  other.  The  objections  to  such  a  practice, 
however,  soon  made  themselves  apparent  {e.g.  a  dimi- 
diated chevron  was  scarcely  distinguishable  from  a 
bend),  and  the  "dimidiation"  of  arms  was  quickly 
abandoned  in  favour  of  "  impalement,"  in  which  the 

"  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Frederick  Buchanan,  Esq.,  of 
Sydney,  N.S.W. :  Erminois,  a  lion  rampant  sable,  charged  on  the 
shoulder  with  a  mullet  of  eight  points  or,  in  chief  two  horses'  heads 
couped  of  the  second,  all  within  a  bordure  invected  gules.  Mantling 
sable  and  or.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  dexter 
hand  couped  at  the  wrist  proper,  holding  an  escutcheon  sable,  charged 
with  a  rose  argent,  barbed  and  seeded  of  the  first,  two  branches  of 
laurel  slipped  and  fructed  in  saltire  of  the  last.  Motto  :  "Clarior  hinc 
bonos." 


96 


PLATE  XXIX. 


(II  Sir  henry  HARBEN. 

(2)  I    D    G   DALRYMPLE    Esq.  OF  WooDHEAD,  Kirkintilloch. 

(3)  Major    ARTHUR    DILLON     DENNIS    KELLY    OF    MUCKLON, 

Ballyfoea.n.',  Co.  Galway. 


THE  ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF— 

(4)  PEARKES.  OP  London. 

(5)  W.    J.    SANDFORD    THOMPSON,    Esq. 
Montrose. 


of    The    Villa, 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


entire  designs  of  both  coats  of  arms  are  depicted.  But 
in  impaling  a  coat  of  arms  which  is  surrounded  by  a 
bordure,  the  bordure  is  not  continued  down  the  centre 
between  the  two  coats,  stopping  short  top  and  bottom 


Fig.  199. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Noble  Graham,  Esq.  ;  Or,  a 
bordure  azure,  on  a  chief  invected  erniioe,  three  escallops  of  the 
first.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries,  a  falcon  proper,  beaked  and  armed  or,  killing  a  stork 
argent,  armed  gules.     Motto ;  "  Ne  oublie." 

at  the  palar  line.  This  will  be  seen  in  Pig.  200.  The 
same  rule,  by  the  way,  applies  to  the  tressure,  but  not 
to  the  orle.  The  curious  fact,  however,  remauis  that 
this  rule  as  to  the  dimidiation  of  the  bordure  in  eases 
of  impalement  is  often  found  to  have  been  ignored  in 
ancient  seals  and  other  examples  (Fig.  201).  The 
charges  upon  the  bordure  are  often  three,  but  more 


Fig.  200. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Cos,  Esq. :  Or,  a 
chevron  azure  between  two  spur-revels  in  chief  and  a  lion's  head 
erased  in  base  gules,  laugued  of  the  second,  within  a  bordure  of  the 
third,  impaling  the  arms  of  Kinloch  of  Gonrdie,  namely :  azure,  on  a 
chevron  between  three  mascles  or,  a  boars  head  erased  of  the  field, 
a  fleur-de-lis  in  chief  of  the  second.  Above  the  shield  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure,  doubled  or; 
and  on  a  wreath  of  his  hveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  dexter  arm  em- 
bowed  issuing  out  of  the  sea,  holding  in  the  hand  an  anchor  in 
bend  sinister,  cabled  proper,  and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same  this 
motto  :  "  Premium  virtutis  honos." 

usually  eight  in  number,  in  the  latter  case  being 
arranged  three  along  the  top  of  the  shield,  one  at  the 
base  point,  and  two  on  either  side.  The  number  should, 
however,   always  be  specified,  unless  (as  in  a  bordure 


bezantee,  &c.)  it  is  immaterial;  in  which  case  the 
number  eight  must  be  exceeded  in  emblazoning  the 
shield.  The  rule  as  to  colour  upon  colour  seems  often 
to  be  ignored  in  the  cases  of  bordures,  noticeably  when 
these  occur  as  marks  of  Scottish  cadency  (see  Hervey, 
in  Plate  XLV.). 


Fig.  201. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  de  Holland,  Duke  of  Sun-ey 
(M.S.  Hail.  5805,  f.  392) :  Dexter,  a  coat  of  augmentatiou  "  azure,  a 
cross  flory  between  five  martlets  or,"  being  the  arms  of  St.  Edward 
the  Confessor  differenced  by  a  bordure  eimine,  impaling  on  the 
sinister  side  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale  or,  a 
bordure  argent.     (From  a  drawing  of  his  seal,  1399.) 


THE  OKLE 

The  orle,  or,  as  it  was  originally  termed  ia  ancient 
British  rolls  of  arms,  "un  faux  ecusson,"  is  a  narrow 
bordure  following  the  exact  outline  of  the  shield,  but 
within  it,  showing  the  field  (for  at  least  the  width 
usually  occupied  by  a  bordure)  between  the  outer  edge 
of  the  orle  and  the  edge  of  the  escutcheon.  An  orle  is 
half  the  width  of  a  bordure,  rather  less  than  more. 
Examples  of  the  orle  will  be  found  iu  the  arms  of 
Kutherfurd  (Fig.  202)  and  Surtees  (Fig.  203). 


Fig.  202. — Armorial  bearings  of  Andrew  Rutherfurd:  Argent,  an  orle, 
and  in  chief  three  martlets  gules,  all  within  a  bordure  ermine. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries 
is  set  for  crest,  a  mermaid  holding  in  her  dexter  hand  a  mirror, 
and  in  her  sinister  a  comb,  all  proper ;  and  upon  an  escroll  above 
the  crest  this  motto,  "  Per  mare  per  terras." 

Though  both  forms  are  very  seldom  so  met  with,  an 
orle  may  be  subject  to  the  usual  lines  of  partition,  and 
may  also  be  charged.     Examples  of  both  these  varia- 


97 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Lions  are  met  with  in  the  arms  of  Yeatman-Biggs  (Fig.  often  be  found  blazoned  "  an  orle  of  e.g.  martlets  or 
204),  and  the  arms  of  Gladstone^  (Plate  XXXIl.)  alford  mounds,"  as  in  the  arms  of  Chadwick  (Fig.  191),  and 
an  instance  of  an  orle  "  fiory."   The  arms  of  Knox,  Earl  of     Lamont  (Fig.  205). 


Fig.  203  — Armorial  bearings  of  Surtees;  Ermine,  a  bordiire 
or,  on  a  canton  gules,  an  orle  of  the  second. 


Ranfurly,  are :  Gules,  a  falcon  volant  or,  within  an  orle 
wavy  on  the  outer  and  engrailed  on  the  inner  edge 
argent. 

When  a  series  of  charges  are  placed  round  the  edges 
of  the  escutcheon  {theoretically  in  the  position  occupied 
by  the  orle,  but  as  a  matter  of  actual  fact  usually  more) 


Fig.  204.— Aimorial  bearings  of  Yeatmau-Biggs :  Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
per  pale  argent  and  azure,  a  lion  passant  within  an  orle  engrailed, 
charged  with  ten  fleurs-de-lis  all  counterohanged  (for  Biggs) ;  2 
and  3,  per  pale  argent  and  sable,  on  a  fesse  dovetailed  counter- 
dovetailed  or,  between  two  gates  in  chief  and  a  goat's  head  erased 
in  base  countercbanged,  three  boars'  heads  erased  gules  (for 
Yeatman) ;  the  escutcheon  being  surmounted  by  his  mitre.  Crests : 
I.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  javelin  erect  proper,  a 
leopard's  head  affroute  erased  azure,  charged  with  two  fleur-de-lis 
fesswise  or  (for  Biggs) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  goat's 
head  erased  sable,  horned,  bearded,  and  charged  with  a  gate  or 
(Yeatman) ;  and  the  mottoes,  "  Propositi  tenax "  (for  Biggs), 
"  Those  heights  must  be  taken  "  (for  Yeatman). 

in  the  position  occupied  by  the  bordure,  they  are  said 
to  be  "in  orle,"  which  is  the  correct  term,  but  they  will 

0  Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Gladstone,  Esq.:  Argent,  a  savage's 
head  affronte,  distilling  drops  of  blood,  wreathed  about  the  temples 
with  holly  proper,  within  an  orle  fleury  gules,  all  within  eight  martlets 
in  orle  sable.  Mantling  argent  and  gules.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  issuant  from  a  wreath  of  holly  proper,  a  demi-grifiin  sable, 
supporting  between  the  claws  a  sword,  the  blade  eufiled  by  a  wreath 
of  oak  also  proper.     Motto :  "  Fide  et  virtute." 


Fig.  205.— Armorial  bearings  of  James  Lamont,  Esq.  :  Azure,  a  lion 
rampant  argent,  armed  and  langued  gules,  within  an  orle  of  mounds 
or,  crossed  and  surmounted  of  a  cross  patee  of  the  third.  Mantling 
azure,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for 
crest,  a  dexter  hand  couped  at  the  wrist  holding  a  dagger  erect  in 
pale  proper  ;  and  in  an  escroll  above  this  motto,  "  Ne  parcas  nee 
spernas." 


THE   TRESSURE 

The  tressure  is  really  an  orle  gemel,  i.e.  an  orle 
divided  into  two  narrow  ones  set  closely  together,  the 
one  inside  the  other.  It  is,  however,  usually  depicted  a 
trifle  nearer  the  edge  of  the  escutcheon  than  the  orle  is 
generally  placed. 

The  tressure  cannot  be  borne  singly,  as  it  would  then 
be  an  orle,  but  plain  tressures  under  the  name  of  "  con- 
centric orles  "  will  be  found  mentioned  in  Papworth.  In 
that  Ordinary  eight  instances  are  given  of  arms  contain- 
ing more  than  a  single  orle,  though  the  eight  instances 
are  plainly  varieties  of  only  four  coats.  Two  concentric 
orles  would  certainly  be  a  tressure,  save  that  perhaps 
they  would  be  drawn  of  rather  too  great  a  width  for  the 
term  "  tressure  "  to  be  properly  applied  to  them. 

If  these  instances  be  disregarded,  and  I  am  inclined 
to  doubt  them  as  genuine  coats,  there  certainly  is  no 
example  of  a  plain  tressure  in  British  heraldry,  and 
one's  attention  must  be  directed  to  the  tressure  flory 
and  counterflory  so  general  in  Scottish  heraldry. 

Originating  entirely  in  the  Royal  escutcheon,  one 
cannot  do  better  than  reproduce  the  remarks  of  Lyon 
King  of  Arms  upon  the  subject  from  his  work 
"  Heraldry  in  relation  to  Scottish  History  and  Art " : — 

"  William  the  Lion  has  popularly  got  the  credit  of 
being  the  first  to  introduce  heraldic  bearings  into 
Scotland,  and  to  have  assumed  the  lion  as  his  personal 
cognisance.  The  latter  statement  may  or  may  not  be 
true,  but  we  have  no  trace  of  hereditary  arms  in  Scot- 
land so  early  as  his  reign  (1165-1214).  Certainly  the 
lion  does  not  appear  on  his  seal,  but  it  does  on  that  of 
his  son  and  successor  Alexander  II.,  with  apparent 
remains  of  the  double  tressure  flory  counterflory,  a 
device  which  is  clearly  seen  on  the  seals  of  Alexander 
III.  (1249-1285).  We  are  unable  to  say  what  the 
reason  was  for  the  adoption  of  such  a  distinctive  coat ; 
of  course,  if  you  turn  to  the  older  writers  you  will  find 
all  sorts  of  fables  on  the  subject.  Even  the  sober  and 
sensible  Nisbet  states  that '  the  lion  has  been  carried 
on  the  armorial  ensign  of  Scotland  since  the  first  found- 
ing of  the  monarchy  by  King  Fergus  I.' — a  very  mythical 
personage,  who  is  said  to  have  flourished  about  300  B.C., 
though  he  is  careful  to  say  that  he  does  not  believe  arms 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


are  as  old  as  that  period.  He  says,  however,  that  it  is 
'  without  doubt'  that  Charlemagne  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  Aohaius,  King  of  Scotland,  and  for  the  services  of 
the  Scots  the  French  king  added  to  the  Scottish  lion 
the  double  tressure  Heur-de-lisee  to  show  that  the 
former  had  defended  the  French  lilies,  and  that  there- 
fore the  latter  would  surround  the  lion  and  be  a  defence 
to  him." 

All  this  is  very  pretty,  but  it  is  not  history. 
Chalmers  remarks  in  his  "Caledonia"  that  the  lion 
may  possibly  have  been  derived  from  the  arms  of  the 
old  Earls  of  Northumberland  and  Huntingdon,  from 
whom  some  of  the  Scottish  kings  were  descended ;  and 
he  mentions  an  old  roll  of  arms  preserved  by  Leland,'' 
which  is  certainly  not  later  than  1272,  in  which  the 
arms  of  Scotland  are  blazoned  as :  Or,  a  lion  gules  within 
a  bordure  or  fleurette  gules,  which  we  may  reasonably 
interpret  as  an  early  indication  of  what  may  be  con- 
sidered as  a  foreign  rendering  of  the  double  tressure. 
Sylvanus  Morgan,  one  of  the  very  maddest  of  the 
seventeenth-century  heraldic  writers,  says  that  the 
tressure  was  added  to  the  shield  of  Scotland,  in  testi- 
mony of  a  league  between  Scotland  and  France,  by 
Charles  V. ;  but  that  king  did  not  ascend  the  throne  of 
France  till  1 364,  at  which  time  we  have  clear  proof  that 
the  tressure  was  a  firmly  established  part  of  the  Scottish 
arms.  One  of  the  earliest  instances  of  anything  ap- 
proaching the  tressure  in  the  Scottish  arms  which  I 
have  met  with  is  in  an  armorial  of  Matthew  Paris,  which 
is  now  in  the  Cottonian  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  at  one  time  belonged  to  St.  Alban's  Monastery. 
Here  the  arms  of  the  King  of  Scotland  are  given 
as :  "  Or,  a  lion  rampant  flory  gules  in  a  bordure  of 
the  same."  The  drawing  represents  a  lion  within  a 
bordure,  the  latter  being  pierced  by  ten  fleurs-de-lis, 
their  heads  all  looking  inwards,  the  other  end  not  being 
free,  but  attached  to  the  inner  margin  of  the  shield. 
This,  you  will  observe,  is  very  like  the  arms  I  mentioned 
as  described  by  Chalmers,  and  it  may  possibly  be  the 
same  volume  which  may  have  been  acquired  by  Sir 
Robert  Cotton.  In  147 1  there  was  a  curious  attempt  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  to  displace  the  tressure.  An 
Act  was  passed  in  that  year,  for  some  hitherto  un- 
explained reason,  by  which  it  was  ordained  "that  in 
tyme  to  cum  thar  said  be  na  double  tresor  about  his 
(the  king's)  armys,  but  that  he  suld  ber  hale  armys  of 
the  lyoun  without  ony  mair."  Seeing  that  at  the  time 
of  this  enactment  the  Scottish  kings  had  borne  the 
tressure  for  upwards  of  220  years,  it  is  difficult  to 
understand  the  cause  of  this  procedure.  Like  many 
other  Acts,  however,  it  never  seems  to  have  been  carried 
into  effect ;  at  least  I  am  not  aware  of  even  a  solitary 
instance  of  the  Scottish  arms  without  the  tressure  either 
at  or  after  this  period. 

There  are  other  two  representations  of  the  Scottish 
arms  in  foreign  armorials,  to  which  I  may  briefly  allude. 
One  is  in  the  Armorial  de  Oelre,  a  beautiful  MS.  in  the 
Royal  Library  at  Brussels,  the  Scottish  shields  in  which 
have  been  figured  by  Mr.  Stodart  in  his  book  on  Scot- 
tish arms,  and,  more  accurately,  by  Sir  Archibald 
Dunbar  in  a  paper  read  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland  in  1890.  The  armorial  is  believed  to  be  the 
work  of  Claes  Heynen,  Gelre  Herald  to  the  Duke  of 
Gueldres  between  1334  and  1372,  with  later  additions 
by  another  hand.  The  coat  assigned  in  it  to  the  King 
of  Scotland  is  the  lion  and  double  tressure ;  the  lion  is 
uncrowned,  and  is  armed  and  langued  azure ;  above  the 
shield  is  a  helmet  argent  adorned  behind  with  a  short 
capeline  or  plain  mantling,  on  which  is  emblazoned  the 


P  Collectanea,  ed.  1774,  ii.  61 


saltire  and  chief  of  the  Bruces,  from  which  we  may 
gather  that  the  arms  of  David  IL  are  here  represented ; 
the  lining  is  blue,  which  is  unusual,  as  mantlings  are 
usually  lined  or  doubled  with  a  metal,  if  not  with 
ermine.  The  helmet  is  surmounted  by  an  Imperial 
crown,  with  a  dark  green  bonnet  spotted  with  red.''  On 
the  crown  there  is  the  crest  of  a  lion  sejant  guardant 
gules,  imperially  crowned  or,  holding  in  his  paw  a  sword 
upright ;  the  tail  is  coue  or  placed  between  the  hind- 
legs  of  the  lion,  but  it  then  rises  up  and  flourishes  high 
above  his  back  in  a  sufficiently  defiant  fashion.  This 
shows  that  the  Scottish  arms  were  well  known  on  the 
Continent  of  Europe  nearly  a  hundred  years  before  the 
date  of  the  Grtinenberg  MS,,  while  Virgil  de  Soils  (c. 
1555)  gives  a  sufficiently  accurate  representation  of  the 
Royal  shield,  though  the  fleurs-de-lis  all  project  out- 
wards as  in  the  case  of  Grtinenberg ;  he  gives  the  crest 
as  a  lion  rampant  holding  a  sword  in  bend  over  his 
shoulder.  Another  ancient  representation  of  the  Scot- 
tish arms  occurs  in  a  MS.  treatise  on  heraldry  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  containing  the  coats  of  some  foreign 
sovereigns  and  other  personages,  bound  up  with  a 
Scottish  armorial,  probably  by  David  Lindsay,  Lyon  in 
1568." 

The  tressure,  like  the  bordure,  in  the  case  of  an 
impalement  stops  at  the  line  of  impalement,  as  will  be 
seen  by  a  reference  to  the  arms  of  Queen  Anne  after 
the  union  of  the  crowns  of  England  and  Scotland. 

It  is  now  held,  both  in  England  and  Scotland,  that 
the  tressure  flory  and  counterflory  is,  as  a  part  of  the 
Royal  Arms,  protected,  and  cannot  be  granted  to  any 
person  without  the  express  licence  of  the  Sovereign. 
This,  however,  does  not  interfere  with  the  matriculation 
or  exemplification  of  it  in  the  case  of  existing  arms  in 
which  it  occurs. 

Many  Scottish  families  bear  or  claim  to  bear  the 
Royal  tressure  by  reason  of  female  descent  from  the 
Royal  House,  but  it  would  seem  much  more  probable 
that  in  most  if  not  in  all  eases  where  it  is  so  borne  by 
right  its  origin  is  due  rather  to  a  gift  by  way  of  aug- 
mentation than  to  any  supposed  right  of  inheritance. 
The  apparently  conflicting  statements  of  origin  are  not 
really  antagonistic,  inasmuch  as  it  will  be  seen  from  many 
analogous  English  instances  (e.g.  Mowbray,  Manners, 
and  Seymour)  that  near  relationship  is  often  the  only 
reason  to  account  for  the  grant  of  a  Royal  augmenta- 
tion. As  an  ordinary  augmentation  of  honour  it  has 
been  frequently  granted. 

The  towns  of  Aberdeen  and  Perth  obtained  early  the 
right  of  honouring  their  arms  with  the  addition  of  the 
Royal  tressure.  It  appears  on  the  still  existing  matrix 
of  the  burgh  seal  of  Aberdeen,  which  was  engraved  in 
1430. 

James  V.  in  1542  granted  a  warrant  to  Lyon  to 
surround  the  arms  of"  John  Scot,  of  Thirlestane,  with 
the  Royal  tressure,  in  respect  of  his  ready  services  at 
Soutra  Edge  with  three  score  and  ten  lances  on 
horseback,  when  other  nobles  refused  to  follow  their 
Sovereign.  The  grant  was  put  on  record  by  the 
grantee's  descendant,  Patrick,  Lord  Napier,  and  is  the 
tressured  coat  borne  in  the  second  and  third  quarters 
of  the  Napier  arms. 

When  the  Royal  tressure  is  granted  to  the  bearer  of  a 
quartered  coat  it  is  usually  placed  upon  a  bordure  sur- 
rounding the  quartered  shield,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
arms  of  the  Marquess  of  Queensberey,  to  whom,  in 
1682,  the  Royal  tressure  was  granted  upon  a  bordure  or. 
A  like  arrangement  is  borne  by  the  Earls  of  Eglinton, 
occurring  as  far  back  as  a  seal  of  Earl  Hugh,  appended 
to  a  charter  of  1 598. 

1  In  M.  Victor  Bouton's  edition  of  the  Artiumal  de  Gelre  (Paris  1881) 
the  bonnet  is  described  as  a  mount. 


99 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  Royal  tressure  had  at  least  twice  been  granted  as 
an  augmentation  to  the  arms  of  foreigners.  James  V. 
granted  it  to  Nicolas  Canivet  of  Dieppe,  secretary  to 
JouN,  Duke  of  Albany  (Reg.  Mag.  Sig.„  xxiv.,  263 
Oct.  24,  1529).  James  VI.  gave  it  to  Sir  Jacob  Van 
EiDEX,  a  Dutchman  on  whom  he  conferred  the  honour 
of  knighthood. 

On  1 2th  March  1762,  a  Royal  Warrant  was  granted 


"  Scottish  Arms,"  vol.  i.  pp.  262,  263,  where  mention 
is  also  made  of  an  older  use  of  the  Royal  tressure  or, 
by  "Sir  Archibald  Primrose  of  Dalmenie,  knight  and 
baronet,  be  his  majesty  Charles  ii.  create,  Vert,  three 
prinnroseB  within  a  double  tressiire  flowered  counter- 
flowered  or.")  Another  well-known  Scottish  instance  in 
which  the  tressure  occurs  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  the  Marquess  of  Ailsa  (Fig.  206). 


Fig.  206. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Archibald  Kennedy,  Marquess  of  AUsa:  Argent,  a  chevron 
gules  between  three  cross  crosslets  fitchee  sable,  all  within  a  double  tressure  flory  and  counter- 
fiory  of  the  second.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  ermine.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a 
dolphin  naiant  proper.  Supporters;  two  swans  proper,  beaked  and  membered  gules.  Motto: 
"  Avise  la  fin."     (From  the  painting  by  Mr.  Graham  Johnston  in  the  Lyon  Register.) 


directing  Lyon  to  add  a  "double  tressure  counterflowered 
as  in  the  -  Royal  arms  of  Scotland "  to  the  arms  of 
Archibald,  Viscount  Primrose.  Here  the  tressure  was 
gides,  as  in  the  Royal  arms,  although  the  field  on  which 
it  was  placed  was  fert.  In  a  later  record  of  the  arms  of 
Archibald,  Earl  of  Rosebery,  in  1S23,  this  heraldic 
anomaly  was  brought  to  an  end,  and  the  blazon  of  the 
arms  of  Primrose  is  now :  "  Vert,  three  primroses  within 
a  double  tressure  flory  counterflory  or."     (See  Stodart, 


Two  instances  are  known  in  which  the  decoration  of 
the  tressure  has.  differed  from  the  usual  conventional 
fleurs-de-lis.  The  tressure  granted  to  Charles,  Earl  of 
Aboyne,  has  crescents  without  and  demi-fleurs-de-lis 
within,  and  the  tressure  round  the  Gordon  arms  in  the 
case  of  the  Earls  of  Aberdeen  "■  (see  Plate  LVIII.)  is  of 
thistles,  roses,  and  fleurs-de-lis  alternately. 

>■  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  John  Campbell  Gordon,  Earl  of  Aberdeen, 
G.C.M.G. :    Azure,  three   boars'   heads  couped  or,  armed  proper  and 


100 


PLATE   XXX. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 
(i)  JAMES  WATTS.  Esq.  of  Abnev  H.\ll,  Cheadle.  |      (3I  PETER  DUGUID-M'COMBIE._EsQ.  OF  Easter  Skene.  .Aberdeen, 


(2)  HOW.4RD  MEURIC  LLOYD,  Esq.  of  Glasvuanxell,  Llaxivrda, 
South  Wales. 


(4)  WILLI.AM  HENRY  .AMBROSE,  ESQ.,  F.R.G.S. 

(5)  DEWAR,  OF  VOGRIE,   N.B. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  tressure  gives  way  to  the  chief  and  canton,  as 
may  be  seen  from  the  arms  of  Graham- Wigan  (Fig.  178) 
and  Maxtone-Graham  (Fig.  177),  but  all  other  ordinaries 
are  enclosed  by  the  tressure,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
arms  of  Lord  Ailsa  (Fig.  206). 


THE  LOZENGE,  THE  FUSIL,  THE  MASCLE, 
AND  THE  EUSTRE 

Why  these,  which  are  simply  varying  forms  of  one 
charge,  should  ever  have  been  included  amongst  the  list 
of  ordinaries  is  difficult  to  understand,  as  they  do  not 
seem  to  be  "  ordinaries  "  any  more  than  say  the  mullet 
or  the  crescent.  My  own  opinion  is  that  they  are  no 
more  than  distinctively  heraldic  charges.  The  lozenge, 
which  is  the  original  form,  is  the  same  shape  as  the 
"  diamond "  in  a  pack  of  cards,  and  will  constantly  be 
found  as  a  charge.  In  addition  to  this,  the  arms  of  a 
lady  as  maid,  or  as  widow,  are  always  displayed  upon  a 
lozeno^e.  Upon  this  point  reference  should  be  made  to 
the  onapters  upon  marshalling.  The  arms  of  Kyrke ' 
show  a  single  lozenge  as  the  charge,  but  a  single 
lozenge  is  very  rarely  met  with.     The  arms  of  Hyde' 


ITiG.  207. — Armorial  bearings  of  Eev.  Thomas  Lindsay :  Gules,  a  fess 
chequy  argent  and  azure,  between  three  fusils  in  chief  and  one  in 
base  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  an  ostrich  proper  holding  in  the  beak  a  key  or,  the  dexter 
leg  supported  by  a  fusO  gules.     Motto  :  "  Endure  Fort." 


langned  gules,  within  a  tressure  flowered  and  couuterflowered  inter- 
changeably with  thistles,  roses,  and  fleurs-de-lis  of  the  second.  Crest : 
two  arms  holding  a  bow  and  arrow  straight  upwards  in  a  shooting 
posture,  and  at  full  draught  all  proper.  Supporters  :  dexter,  an  Earl ; 
sinister,  a  Doctor  of  Laws  habited  in  their  robes  all  proper.  A  further 
addition  has  since  been  made  to  the  record  of  these  arms  in  Lyon 
Register,  a  second  scroll  with  the  words  '*Ne  niminm"  having  been 
added  below  the  shield. 

s  Armorial  bearings  of  Kyrke  :  Quarterly,  party  per  fess  or  and 
gules,  a  lozenge  counterchanged.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  boar  passant  sable. 

t  Armorial  bearings  of  Gustavus  Rochfort  Hyde,  Esq.,  M.A.  (Camb,), 
J.P.  (fonnerly  Wade) :  Azure,  ac  hevi-ou  between  three  lozenges  or. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  eagle 
with  wings  expanded  sable,  beaked  and  membered  or.  Motto :  "  Soyez 
Ferme.* 


(Plate  XXVI.)  and  Lindsay  (Fig.  207)  afford  examples 
of  the  lozenge  as  a  charge.  The  arms  of  Guise  show 
seven  lozenges  conjoined.  The  arms  of  Barnes  (Fig. 
208)  show  four  lozenges  conjoined  in   cross,  and  the 


Fig.  208. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Barnes,  Esq. :  Gules,  four  lozenges 
conjoined  in  cross  between  as  many  trefoils  slipped  all  argent. 
Crest ;  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  rock  a  bear  proper, 
muzzled  or,  and  resting  the  dexter  forepaw  on  a  trefoil  slipped  vert. 
Motto  :  "  For-bear." 


arms  of  Bartlett "  (Plate  XXXVIII.)  show  five  lozenges 
conjoined  in  fess.  Although  the  lozenge  is  very  seldom 
found  in  English  armory  as  a  single  charge,  never- 
theless as  a  lozenge  throughout  (that  is,  with  its  four 
points  touching  the  borders  of  the  escutcheon)  it  will 
be  found  in  some  number  of  instances  in  Continental 
heraldry,  for  instance  in  the  family  of  Eubing  of  Bavaria. 
An  indefinite  number  of  lozenges  conjoined  as  a  bend  or 
a  pale  are  known  as  a  bend  lozengy,  or  a  pale  lozengy, 
but  care  should  be  taken  in  using  this  term,  as  it  is 
possible  for  these  ordinaries  to  be  plain  ordinaries 
tinctured  "lozengy  of  two  colours."  The  arms  of 
Bolding  (see  Fig.  89)  are  an  example  of  a  bend  lozengy. 
The  fusil  is  supposed  to  be,  and  is  generally  depicted 
of  a  greater  height  and  less  width  than  a  lozenge,  being 
an  altogether  narrower  figure.  Though  this  distinction 
is  generally  observed,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  decide 
which  it  is  intended  to  represent,  unless  the  blazon  of 
the  arms  in  question  is  known.  In  many  oases  the 
variations  of  different  coats  of  arms  to  suit,  or  to  fit  the 
varying  shapes  of  shields,  have  resulted  in  the  use  of 
lozenges  and  fusils  indifferently.  FusUs  occur  in  the 
historic  arms  of  Daubeney  (Fig.  310),  and  the  same  coat 
(Plate  XXXVI.)  belongs  to  the  family  of  Daubeny ''  of 
Cote,  near  Bristol,  one  of  the  few  families  who  have  an 
undoubted  male  descent  from  a  companion  of  William 
the  Conqueror.  In  the  ordinary  way  five  or  more 
lozenges  in  fess  would  be  fusils,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Percy,  Duke  of  Northumberland,  who  bears  in  the  first 
quarter :  Azure,  five  fusils  conjoined  in  fess  or.  The 
charges  in  the  arms  of  Montagu,  though  only  three  in 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Bartlett,  of  Liverpool :  Quarterly,  argent  and 
gules,  five  lozenges  conjoined  in  fess,  between  four  crescents  all 
counterchanged.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  moor-cock  sable,  combed  and 
wattled  gules,  in  the  beak  an  ear  of  wheat  leaved  and  slipped  proper, 
resting  the  dexter  claw  on  a  crescent  gules.  Motto:  "Deo  favente 
cresco." 

>■  Armorial  bearings  of  Daubeney,  of  Cote :  Gules,  four  fusils  con- 
joined in  fess  argent.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  hoUy  tree  proper. 


101 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


number,  are  always  termed  fusils  (Figs.  21  r,  212,  213). 
The  cantinoj  crest  of  Fussell "'  is  also  termed  a  Fusil. 


The  mascle  is  a  lozenge  voided,  i,e,  only  the  outer 
framework   is   left,  the  inner  portion   being  removed. 


Fig.  210.  —  Arms  of 
Henrj  Daubeney,  Earl 
of  Bridgwater  [d.  1 54S): 
Gules,  four  fusils  con- 
joined in  fess  argent. 


Fig.  211. — Arms  of  Wil- 
liam de  Montagu,  Earl 
of  Salisbury  [d.  1344) : 
Argent,  three  fusils 
conjoined  in  fess 
gnles.    (From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  212.  —  Arms  of 
Thomas  de  Montagu, 
Earl  of  Salisbury  (d. 
1428) :  Quarterly,  i  and 
4, the  arms  of  Montagu; 
2  and  3,  or,  an  eagle 
displayed  vert,  armed 
and  beaked  gules  (for 
Monthermer).  (From 
his  seal.) 


Fig.  213. — Arms  of  Richard 
Nevill,  Earl  of  Salisbury 
and  Warwick,  "  The  King- 
maker'' {d.  1471):  Quar- 
terly, i.  and  iiii.,  quarterly, 
I  and  4,  Montagu  ;  2  and  3, 
Monthermer ;  quarterly, 
ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  a  saltire 
argent,  a  label  compony 
argent  and  azure  (for 
Nevill).     (From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  214. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Munro  Coats,  Esq. :  Or,  a  stag's 
head  erased  gules,  charged  on  the  neck  with  a  mullet  of  the  first, 
between  the  attires  a  pheon  azure,  all  between  three  mascles  sable. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  bis  liveries,  an 
anchor  gules;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "Be 
firm." 


w  Armorial  bearings  of  James  Cecil  Coldham  Fussell,  Esq.  :  Sable, 
a  fess  engrailed  between  four  fusils  or,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  three 


Fjg.  215. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Ferrers,  Esq.,  of  Baddesley 
Clinton :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  seven  mascles  conjoined  or, 
three,  three,  and  one,  a  canton  ermine  (for  Ferrers) ;  2  and  3, 
or,  a  fess  nebuly  between  three  cross  crosslets  fitch^e  in  chief 
azure,  and  a  tun  in  base  proper  (for  Croston).  Mantling  gules 
and  or.  Crests:  i.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  unicorn  passant 
ermine  (for  Ferrers) ;  2.  on[a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  cubit 
arm  vested  azure,  cuffed  argent,  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  oak, 
the  hand  supporting  a  cross  botony  fitcht^e  or,  on  the  dexter  side 
of  the  wreath  (for  Croston).    Motto :  "  Splendeo  tritus." 


Fig.'  216. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  David  Avenel  Vipont :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  argent,  a  saltire  engrailed  sable  between  a  lion  rampant 
in  chief  and  two  crescents  in  flanks  gules  (for  Anderson) ;  2  and  3, 
gules,  three  mascles  interlaced  between  as  many  quatrefoils  or  (for 
Whyte).  Mantlings  sable,  doubled  argent,  and  gules,  doubled  or. 
Crests:  i.  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  on  the  dexter  side,  a  thistle 
slipped  proper,  with  the  motto,  in  an  escroll  above,  "  Per  aspera  ad 
alta  " ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  on  the  sinister  side,  a  demi- 
eagle  displayed  gules,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  mascle  or  (for 
Whyte),  with  the  motto  on  the  escroll,  "  Vinculis  fortior." 

Mascles  have  no  particular  or  special  meaning,  but  are 
frequently   to   be   met  with,  as   in  tbe  arms  of  Coats 

crosses  flory  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest:  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  between  two  laurel  branches  proper,  a  fusil  or,  charged 
with  a  cross  flory  sable.     Motto  :  "  AIA." 


102 


THE   AKT    OF    HERALDKY 


(Fig.  214),  Whittaker  (sable,  three  mascles  argent), 
Ferrers  (Fig.  215),  Vipont  (Fig.  216),  De  Quincy  (Fig. 
217),  and  Mitchell. 

The  blazon  of  the  arms  of  De  Quincy  in  Charles's 
EoU  is  :  "  De  goules  poudre  a  fause  losengez  dor,"  and 
in  another  Roll  (iMS.  Brit.  Mus.  29,796)  the  arms  are 
described  :  ■'  De  gules  a  set  fauses  lozenges  de  or."     The 


Fig.  217. — Arms  of  Koger 
de  QuincT.  Earl  of  Win- 
che.ster{rf.  1264):  Gules, 
seven  mascles  conjoined, 
three,  three  and  one  or. 
(From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  21S.— Arms  of  Seiher 
de  QninCT,  Earl  of  Win- 
chester (d.  1219)  :  Or,  a 
fess  gales,  a  label  of 
seven  points  azure. 
(From  his  seal. ) 


gi-eat  Seiher  de  Quincj',  Earl  of  Winchester,  father  of 
Roger,  bore  quite  different  arms  (Fig.  218).  In  1472 
Louis  de  Bruges,  Lord  of  Gruthuyse,  was  created  Earl  of 
Winchester,  having  no  relation  to  the  De  Quincy  line. 
The  arms  of  De  Bruges,  or  rather  of  Gruthuj'se,  were 
very  diti'erent,  yet,  nevertheless,  we  find  upon  the  Patent 
RoU  (12  Edward  IV.  pt.  i,  m.  11)  a  grant  of  the  follow- 
ing arms :  "  Azure,  dix  mascles  d'Or,  enorme  d'une 
canton  de  nostre  propre  Armes  de  Angleterre ;  cest 
a  savoir  de  Gules  a  une  Lipard  passant  d'Or,  armee 
d' Azure,"  to  Louis,  Earl  of  Winchester  (Fig.  219).  The 
recurrence  of  the  mascles  in  the  arms  of  the  successive 
Earls  of  Winchester,  whilst  each  had  other  family  arms, 
and  in  the  arms  of  Ferrers,  whilst  not  being  the  original 
Ferrers  coat,  suggests  the  thought  that  there  may  be 
hidden  some  reference  to  a  common  saintly  patronage 
which  all  enjoyed,  or  some  territorial  honour  common 
to  the  three  of  which  the  knowledge  no  longer  remains 
with  us. 

There  are  some  number  of  coats  which  are  said  to 
have  a  field  masculy.      Of  course  this  is  quite  possible, 


Fig.  219. — Arms  of  Louis 
de  Bruges,  Earl  of  "Win- 
chester (d.  1492. ) 


Fig.  220  — Ai'ms  of  Hubert 
de  Burgh,  Earl  of  Kent 
{d.  1243).  (From  his 
seal.) 


and  the  difference  between  a  field  masculy  and  a  field 
fretty  is  that  in  the  latter  the  separate  pieces  of  which 
it  is  composed  interlace  each  other ;  but  when  the  field 
is  masculy  it  is  all  one  fretwork  surface,  the  field  being 
visible  through  the  voided  apertures.  ISTevertheless  it 
seems  by  no  means  certain  that  in  every  case  in  which 
the  field  masculy  is  found  it  may  not  be  found  in  other, 
and  possibly  earlier,  examples  as  fretty.  At  any  rate, 
very  few  such  coats  of  arms  are  even  supposed  to 
exist.  The  arms  of  De  Burgh  (Fig.  220)  are  blazoned 
in  the  Griraaldi  Roll :  "  Masclee  de  vere  and  de  goules," 
but  whether  the  inference  is  that  this  blazon  is  wrong  or 


that  lozenge  and  mascle  were  identical  terms  I  am  not 
aware. 

The  rustre  is  comparatively  rare.  It  is  a  lozencre 
pierced  in  the  centre  with  a  circular  hole.  It  occurs 
in  the  arms  of  J.  D.  G.  Dalrymple,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  (Plate 
XXIX.).  Some  few  coats  of  arms  are  mentioned  in  Pap- 
worth  in  which  the  rustre  appears;  for  example  the  arms 
of  Pery,  which  are :  "  Or,  three  rustres  sable;"  and  Good- 
chief,  which  are  :  "  Per  fess  or  and  sable,  three  rustres 
counterchanged ; "  but  so  seldom  is  the  figure  met  ivith 
that  it  may  be  almost  dropped  out  of  consideration. 
How  it  ever  reached  the  position  of  being  considered 
one  of  the  ordinaries  has  always  been  to  me  a  profound 
mystery. 

THE  FRET 

The  fret,  which  is  very  frequently  found  occurring  in 
British  armory,  is  no  doubt  derived  from  earher  coats 
of  arms,  the  whole  field  of  which  was  covered  by  an 
interlacing  of  alternate  bendlets  and  bendlets  sinister, 
because  many  of  the  families  who  now  bear  a  simple 
fret  are  found  in  earlier  representations  and  in  the  early 
rolls  of  arms  bearing  coats  which  were  fretty.  Instances 
of  this  kind  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Maltravers, 
Verdon,  ToUemache,  and  other  families. 

"  Sable  fretty  or  "  was  the  original  form  of  the  arms  of 
the  ancient  and  historic  family  of  Maltravers.    At  a  later 


Fig.  221. — Arms  of  John  Fitz  Alan,  Earl  of  Arundel  {d.  1435);  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  or  (for  Fitz  Alan)  ;  2  and  3,  sable, 
fretty  or  (for  Maltravers).     (From  his  seal,  c.  1432.) 

date  the  arms  of  Maltravers  are  found  simply  ''sable,  a 
fret  or,"  but,  Hke  the  arms  of  so  many  other  families 
which  we  now  find  blazoned  simply  as  charged  with  a 
fret,  their  original  form  was  undoubtedly  "  fretty."  Thej' 
appear  fretty  as  late  as  the  year  142 1,  which  is  the  date 
at  which  the  Garter  plate  of  Sir  William  Arundel,  K.G. 
(1395-1400),  was  set  up  in  St.  George's  Chapel  at  Wind- 
sor. His  arms  as  there  displayed  are  in  the  first  and 
fourth  quarters,  "  gules,  a  lion  rampant  or,"  and  in  the 
second  and  third,  "  purpure  fretty  or  "  for  Maltravers. 
Probably  the  seal  of  John  Fitz  Alan,  Earl  of  Arundel 
{'1.  1435),  roughly  marks  the  period,  and  shows  the  source 
of  the  confusion  (Fig.  221).  But  it  should  be  noted  that 
Su-  Richard  Arundel,  Lord  Maltravers,  bore  at  the  siege 
of  Rouen,  in  the  year  141 8,  gules  a  lion  rampant  or, 
quarterly  with  "  sable  a  fret  or  "  (for  Maltravers).  This 
would  seem  to  indicate  that  those  who  treat  the  fret 
and  fretty  as  interchangeable  have  good  grounds  for 
so  doing.  A  Su-  John  Maltravers  bore  "  sable  fretty  or  " 
at  the  siege  of  Calais,  and  another  Sir  John  Maltravers, 
a  knight  banneret,  bore  at  the  first  Dunstable  tourna- 
ment "sable  fretty  or,  a  label  of  three  points  argent." 
As  he  is  there  described  as  Le  Fitz,  the  label  was  pro- 
bably a  purely  temporary  mark  of  diflCerence.  In  a  roll 
of  arms,  which  is  believed  to  belong  to  the  latter  part 
of  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  a  Sir  William  Maltravers  is 
credited  with  "  sable  fretty  or,  on  a  quarter  argent,  three 
lions  passant  in  pale  gules."  The  palpable  origin  of  the 
fret  or  fretty  in  the  case  of  the  arms  of  Maltravers  is 


103 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


simply  the  canting  similarity  between  a  traverse  and 
the   name  Maltravers.      Another  case,  which  starting 


Fig.  222. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  HeuryElake,  G.C.M.G.:  Quai-terly, 
I  and  4,  argent,  a  fret  gules  (for  Blake)  ;  2  and  3,  sable,  three 
lions  passant  between  four  bendlets  argent,  in  chief  a  fleur-de-lis 
of  the  last  for  difference  (for  Browne).  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cat-a-mountain 
passant  guardant  proper,  charged  with  a  crescent  gules  for  differ- 
ence.    Motto:  "  Virtus  sola  nobilitat." 

fretty  has  ended  in  a  fret,  occurs  in  the  arms  of  the 
family  of  Haringtou.     Sir  John  de  Haverington,  or  Sir 


Fig.  223. — Armorial  bearings  of  Deuys  Alexander  Lawlor-Huddleston, 
Esq. :  Quarterly  i  and  4,  gules,  a  fret  argent  {for  Huddleston) ; 
2  and  3,  argent,  a  hon  rampant  gules,  between  four  trefoils  vert 
(for  Lawlor).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crests  :  I.  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  two  arms  embowed  dexter  and  sinister,  vested  and 
cuffed  argent,  the  hands  proper  holding  a  stone  sable  (for  Huddle- 
ston); 2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  a  stag 
lodged  in  front  of  a  spear-head  in  pale  point  upwards  all  proper 
(for  Lawlor).  Mottoes:  over  the  Lawlor  crest,  "  Mea  culpa  fides," 
and  under  the  arms,  "  Soli  Deo  honor  et  gloria." 


this  coat  of  arms  variously  differenced  appears  in  some 
number  of  the  other  early  rolls  of  arms.  The  Haring- 
ton  family,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  current  baronet- 
ages, now  bear  "  sable  a  fret  argent,"  but  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  in  this  case  the  origin  of  the  fretty  is 
to  be  found  in  a  representation  of  a  herring-net. 

The  fret  is  usually  depicted  throughout  when  borne 
singly,  and  is  then  composed  of  a  bendlet  dexter  and  a 
bendlet  sinister,  interlaced  in  the  centre  by  a  mascle. 
Occasionally  it  will  be  found  couped,  but  it  is  then,  as  a 
rule,  only  occupying  the  position  of  a  subsidiary  charge. 
A  coat  which  is  fretty  is  entirely  covered  by  the  inter- 
lacing bendlets  and  bendlets  sinister,  no  mascles  being 
introduced.  Instances  in  which  the  fret  occurs  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Blake  (Fig.  222),  Lawlor-Huddle- 
stone  (Fig.  223),  Howard  (Fig.  224),  and  Farish'*  (Plate 
XXXII.) ;  whilst  the  arms  of  Lowndes  (Plate  XXXV.) 
afford  an  example  of  fretty. 


John  de   Harington,  is   found  at    the  first  Dunstable 
tournament  in  1 308  bearing  "  sable  fretty  argent,"  and 


Fig.  224. — The  bookplate  of  the  late  Joseph  Jackson  Howard,  Esq., 
Maltravers  Herald :  Gules,  on  a  bend  or,  between  a  fret  couped  in 
chief  and  a  cross  crosslet  in  base,  both  of  the  last,  three  annulets 
vert,  the  escutcheon  being  sui-mounted  by  his  collar  of  SS. 
Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
lion  rampant  proper,  charged  on  the  body  with  two  annulets  in 
pale  vert,  holding  between  the  paws  a  fret  as  in  the  arms,  and 
resting  the  dexter  hind  paw  on  two  S's  as  linked  in  a  herald's 
collar  argent.  Motto:  "Credo  Christi  cruce."  (From  au  etched 
plate  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E.) 


THE  FLAUNGH 

The  tlaunch,  which  is  never  borne  singly,  and  for 
which  the  additional  names  of  "  flasks  "  and  "  voiders  " 
are  sometimes  found,  is  the  segment  of  a  circle  of  large 
diameter  projecting  from  either  side  of  the  escutcheon, 
of  a  different  colour  to  the  field.     It  is  by  no  means  an 

•■^  Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Garthwaite  Farish,  Esq. :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  argent,  a  chevron  azure,  gutee-d'eau,  between  two  horse-shoes 
in  chief  and  a  bugle-horn  stringed  in  base,  all  of  the  second  (for 
Farish)  ;  2  and  3,  quarterly  per  fess  indented  i.  and  iiii.,  gules,  a 
chevron  or ;  ii.  aud  iii.,  azure,  a  fret  of  the  second  (for  Garthwaite). 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon 
two  horse-shoes  or,  a  bugle-horn  stringed  azure.    Motto  :  '*  Forward." 


104 


PLATE  XXXI. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF- 


(i)  JOHN    THOMAS    HARTHILL.    ESQ..    M.R.C.S..    &c..    OF    thk 

Ma.\or  House.  Willenhali.. 
(2)  ALFRED  JOHN  BOWMAN.  Esq.  of  Rusthall  Lodge. 

TuNBRiDGE  Wells. 


Esq.    of    Broomhead    Hall, 


(3)  HENRY    RIMLNGTON-WILSON. 

Co.  York. 

(4)  Rev.  ..ALGERNON  LINDES.\Y  BRINE.   M.A. 

(5)  RICHMOND  R.  ALLEN.  Esq..  F.R.C.SI.,  &c.,  of  West  Hill,  Dakti-ord. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


unusual  charge  to  be  met  with,  and,  like  the  majority 
of  other  ordinaries,  is  subject  to  the  usual  lines  of 


I  iI})oScmtioDi&-  my'<^\ory^ 


Fig.  225. — Armorial  bearings  of  Godfrey  Fitzhugh,  Esq. :  Ermine,  two 
flaunches  sable,  on  a  chief  gules,  four  martlets  or.  Mantling  sable 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  quatrefoil  sable, 
thereon  a  martlet  erminois.     Motto :  "  Moderation  is  my  glory." 


-.  22b. — ^Armorial  bearings  of  (Edward  Charles)  Robson  Roose,  Esq. : 
Gules,  three  water-bougets  in  pale  between  two  flaunches  invected 
argent.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  peacock  in  bis  pride  proper,  gorged  with  a  collar  and 
pendent  therefrom  a  four-leaved  shamrock  or.  Motto;  "Je  ne 
change  qu'en  mourant." 

partition,  but  so  subject  is,  however,  rather  rare.  Ex- 
amples of  flaunches  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Allen  ^ 
(Plate  XXXIII.)  and  Pickering^  (Plate  XXXVL),  Fitz- 

y  Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  George  Cantrell  Allen,  M.A. :  Per  fess 
indented  sable  and  gnles,  a  garb  or,  between  two  flaunches  of  the  last, 
each  charged  with  two  bars  ragnly  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable  and  or. 
Crest  :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  wheatear 
rising  and  regardant,  holding  in  the  beak  an  ear  of  wheat,  stalked  and 
bladed  between  four  similar  ears  of  wheat,  two  on  either  side  or. 
Motto:  '*  God  giveth  the  increase." 

*  Armorial  bearings  of  Benjamin  Pickering,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  Bellefield, 
Hull :  Argent,  guttee-de-poix,  a  lion  rampant  azure,  between  two 
flaunches  of  the  last,  each  charged  with  a  bear's  paw  erect  and  erased 

10 


hugh  (Fig.  225),  and  Roose  (Fig.  226),  the  latter  being 
an  example  of  flaunches  invected. 

Planche,  in  his  "  Pursuivant  of  Arms,"  mentions  the 
old  idea,  which  is  repeated  by  Woodward,  "that  the 
base  son  of  a  noble  woman,  if  he  doe  gev  armes,  must 
give  upon  the  same  a  surooat,  but  unless  you  do  well 
mark  such  coat  you  may  take  it  for  a  coat  flanchette." 
The  surcoat  is  much  the  same  figure  that  would  remain 
after  flaunches  had  been  taken  fi-om  the  field  of  a  shield, 
with  this  exception,  that  the  flaunches  would  be  wider 
and  the  intervening  space  necessarily  much  narrower. 
In  spite  of  the  fact  that  this  is  supposed  to  be  one 
of  the  recognised  rules  of  armory,  one  instance  only 
appears  to  be  known  of  its  employment,  which,  however, 
considering  the  circumstances,  is  not  very  much  to  be 
wondered  at. 

THE  ROUNDLE 

The  roundle  is  a  generic  name  which  comprises  all 
charges  which  are  plain  circular  figures  of  colour  or 
metal  (Plate  LXVII.).  Foreign  heraldry  merely  terms 
them  roundles  of  such  and  such  a  colour,  but  in 
England  we  have  special  terms  for  each  tincture. 

When  the  roundle  is  gold  it  is  termed  a  "  bezant "  (a), 
when  silver  a  "  plate  "  (6),  when  gules  a  "  torteau  "  (c), 
when  azure  a  "  hurt "  (i),  when  sable  an  "  ogress,"  "  pellet," 
or  "  gunstone  "  (/),  when  vert  a  "  pomeis  "  (7t),  when  pur- 
pure  a  "  golpes  "  (e),  when  tenne  an  "  orange  "  ((/),  when 
sanguine  a  "  guze  "  (d).  The  golpes,  oranges,  and  guzes 
are  seldom,  if  ever,  met  with,  but  the  others  are  of  con 
stant  occurrence,  and  roundles  of  fur  are  by  no  means 
unknown.  A  roundle  of  more  than  one  colour  is  de- 
scribed as  a  roundle  "  per  pale,"  for  example  of  gules  and 
-  azure,  or  whatever  it  may  be.  The  plates  and  bezants  are 
naturally  flat  and  must  be  so  represented.    They  should 


Fig.  227. — The  Arms  of  Stourton. 

never  be  shaded  up  into  a  globular  form.  The  torteau 
is  sometimes  found  shaded,  but  is  more  correctly  flat, 
but  probably  the  peUet  or  ogress  and  the  pomeis  are 
intended  to  be  globular.  Roundles  of  fur  are  always 
flat.  One  curious  roundle  is  a  very  common  charge  in 
British  armory,  that  is  the  "  fountain "  (k),  which  is  a 
roundle  barry  wavy  argent  and  azure.  This  is  the 
conventional  heraldic  representation  of  water,  of  course. 
A  fountain  will  be  found  termed  a  "  syke  "  when  occur- 
ring in  the  arms  of  any  family  of  the  name  of  Sykes. 
It  typifies  naturally  anything  in  the  nature  of  a  well,  in 
which  meaning  it  occurs  on  the  arms  of  Stourton  (Fig. 
227).  These  arms  as  an  instance,  the  meaning  of  which 
can  be  clearly  shown,  are  of  some  interest,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  following  remarks. 

The  arms  of  Stourton  are  one  of  the  few  really  ancient 
coats  concerning  which  a  genuine  explanation  exists. 
The  blazon  of  them  is :  Sable  a  bend  or,  between  six 
fountains  proper. 

argent.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  In  front  of  a  bear's  paw  erect  and  erased  argent,  encircled  with 
a  wreath  of  oak  vert,  a  demi-catherine-wheel  azure.  Motto:  "  Je 
garde  bien." 

5  O 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Concerning  this  coat  of  arms  Aubrey  says :  "  I  believe 
anciently  'twas  only  Sable  a  bend  or."  With  all  defer- 
ence to  Aubrey,  I  personally  neither  think  he  was  right, 


Fig.  22S. — Arms  of  Hugh 
Couitenay,  Earl  of 
Devon  {d.  1422) ;  Or, 
three  torteaux,  a  label 
azure.  (From  his 
seal.) 


Fig.  229. — Arms  of  De- 
vereux,  Viscounts  Here- 
ford :  Argent,  a  fess 
gules,  and  in  chief  three 
torteaux.  (From  the 
cloisters  at  Hereford.) 


Fig.  230. — Arms  of  George  Hastings,  Earl 
of  Huntingdon  (MS,  Add.,  22,306) : 
Quarterly,  I.  argent,  a  maunch  sable  (for 
Hastings) ;  2.  sable,  two  bars  argent,  and 
in  chief  three  plates  (for  Hungerford) ;  3. 
argent,  a  griffin  segreant  gules,  armed 
azure  {for  Botreaux) ;  4.  paly  wavy  of  four 
or  and  gules  (for  Moleyns). 

nor  do  I  pay  much  attention  to  his 
opinions,  particularly  in  this  case,  inas- 
much as  every  known  record  of  the 
Stourton  arms  introduces  the  six  fountains. 

The  name  Stourton,  originally  "  de  Stour- 
ton," is  emphatically  a  territorial  name,  and 
there  is  little  opportunity  for  this  being 
gainsaid,  inasmuch  as  the  lordship  and 
manor  of  Stourton,  in  the  counties  of  Wilts 
and  Somerset,  remained  in  the  possession 
of  the  Lords  Stourton  until  the  year  17 14. 
The  present  Lord  Mowbray  and  Stourton 
still  owns  land  within  the  parish.  Con- 
sequently there  is  no  doubt  whatever  that 
the  Lords  Stourton  derived  their  surname 
from  this  manor  of  Stourton. 

Equally  is  it  certain  that  the  manor  of 
Stourton  obtained  its  name  from  the  river 
Stour,  which  rises  within  the  manor.  The 
sources  of  the  river  Stour  are  six  wells, 
which  exist  in  a  tiny  valley  in  Stourton 
Park,  which  to  this  day  is  known  by  the 
name  of  "  The  Six  Wells  Bottom."  In  the 
present  year  of  grace  only  one  of  the  six 
wells  remains  visible.  When  Sir  Richard 
Colt  Hoare  wrote,  there  were  four  visible. 
Of  these  four,  three  were  outside  and  one 
inside  the  park  wall.  The  other  two  within 
the  park  had  been  then  closed  up.  When 
Leland  wrote  in  1540  to  1542,  the  six  wells 
were  in  existence  and  visible;  for  he  wrote: 
"  The  ryver  of  Stoure  risith  ther  of  six 
fountaynes  or  springes,  wherof  3  be  on  the 
northe  side  of  the  Parke,  harde  withyn  the 
Pale,  the  other  3  be  north  also,  but  with- 
oute  the  Parke.  The  Lorde  Stourton  giveth 
these  6  fountaynes  yn  his  Armes." 


Guillim  says  the  same  thing :  "  These  six  Fountains 
are  borne  in  signification  of  six  Springs,  whereof  the 
River  of  Sture  in  Wiltshire  hath  his  beginning,  and 
passeth  along  to  Sturton,  the  seat  of  that  Barony." 
Here,  then,  is  the  origin  of  the  six  fountains  upon  the 
coat  of  arms ;  but  Aubrey  remarks  that  three  of  the 
six  springs  in  the  park  are  in  the  county  of  Wilts, 
whereas  Mr.  Camden  has  put  them  all  in  Somerset- 
shire. However,  the  fact  is  that  three  of  the  springs 
were  inside  the  park  and  three  outside,  and  that  three 
were  in  Wiltshire  and  three  in  Somersetshire.  Here, 
then,  is  to  be  found  the  division  upon  the  coat  of  arms 
of  the  six  fountains  in  the  two  sets  of  three  each,  and  it 
is  by  no  means  an  improbable  suggestion  that  the  bend 
which  separates  the  three  from  the  three  is  typical  of, 
or  was  suggested  by,  either  the  park  wall  or  pale,  or  by 
the  line  of  division  between  the  two  counties,  and  the 
more  probable  of  the  two  seems  to  be  the  park  wall. 
The  coat  of  arms  is  just  a  map  of  the  property. 
Now,  with  regard  to  the  arms,  as  far  as  is  known 
there  has  not  been  at  any  time  the  slightest  devia- 
tion by  the  family  of  the  Lords  Stourton  from  the 
coat  quoted  and  illustrated.  But  before  leaving  the 
subject  it  may  be  well  to  point  out  that  in  the  few 


Fig.  231. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Fitzalan  Hope,  Esq.:  Azure,  on  a  chevron 
or,  between  three  bezants,  a  bay-leaf  slipped  vert,  a  bordure  ermine  for 
difference.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  or ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is 
^set  for  crest,  a  broken  globe  surmounted  of  a  rainbow  proper ;  and  in  a 
scroll  above,  this  motto,  "At  spes  infracta." 

106 


PLATE   XXXII. 


(l)  PETER  HENRY   EMERSON 

SOUTHBOURNE,    HANTS. 
(2|  .SAMUEL  .ARTHUR   BR.A.IN. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 
ES,..  M.B.,  .C,  o.  A.S.  Loo.e,       I       (3)  .'OHN^MACRAE=-GILSTRAP^  Es^^^^^^^^^^  Co.  AROVU 

ESQ    OF  ROXBURGH,  Penar TH.  I       (4)  EDWARD  GARTHWAITE  PARISH,  Esq, 

(5)  ROBERT  GLADSTONE,  Esq.  OF  Wooi.TON  Vale,   Liverpool. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


cases  in  wMoli  an  ancient  coat  of  arms  carries  with  it 
an  explanation,  such,  explanation  is  usually  to  be  found 
either  in  some  siich  manner  as  that  in  which  these 
arms  of  Stourton  have  been  explained,  or  else  in  some 
palpable  pun,  and  not  in  the  mythical  accounts  and 
legends  of  supernatural  occurrences  which  have  been 
handed  down,  and  seldom  indeed  in  any  explanation  of 
personal  nobility  which  the  tinctures  or  charges  are 
sometimes  said  to  represent. 

Amongst  the  arms  in  which  roundles  of  various 
colour  are  to  be  found  are  the  arms  of  Courtenay  (Fig. 
228),  Devereux  (Fig.  229),  Hungerford  (Fig.  230),  and 
Hope  (Fig.  231). 

What  is  now  considered  quite  a  different  charge  from 
the  fountain  is  the  whirlpool  or  gurges,  which  is  like- 
wise intended  to  represent  water,  and  is  borne  by  a 
family  of  the  name  of  Gorges,  the  design  occupying  the 
whole  of  the  field.  This  is  represented  by  a  spiral  line 
of  azure  commencing  in  the  centre  of  an  argent  field, 
continuing  round  and  round  until  the  edges  of  the 
shield  are  reached ;  but  there  can  be  very  little  doubt 
that  this  was  an  early  form  of  representing  the  watery 


arms  of  De  Plessis  (Fig.  233),  Lowther,  Hutton  (Fig. 
234),  and  many  other  families.  Annulets  appear 
anciently  to  have  been  termed 
false  roundles. 

Annulets  will  frequently  be 
found  interlaced,  as  in  the  crest 
of  Athill(Fig.  17). 

A  curious  instance  of  the 
annulet  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Gossett  (Fig.  235). 

Care  should  be  taken  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  gem-rings, 
which    are    always    drawn    in    ,,  ,         -  t  1.    j 

,     ■^  -^7       tlG.  2-^1. — Arms  of  John  de 

a   very   natural    manner   with       piessis,  Ead  o£  Warwick 
stones,  which,  however,  in  real       (d.  1263):  Ai-gent,'sixannu- 

life  would  approach  an  impos-       !«'^  g"3f  •    Jfi"™"^'^  '^°? 

...       .  ^^  ^  terms  the    charges,    'six 

SlDle  Size.  faux  rondelettes  de  gules." 


Fig.  232 Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Piatt,  Esq. :  Sable,  semd  of 

plates,  a  fret  couped  or,  between  four  roses  in  cross  argent.  Crest : 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-lion  proper,  seme 
of  plates,  holding  between  the  paws  a  rose  argent,  an  escallop  or. 
Motto  :  "  Virtute  et  labore." 

roimdle  which  happens  to  have  been  perpetuated  in 
the  instance  of  that  one  coat.  The  fountains  upon  the 
seal  of  the  first  Lord  Stourton  are  represented  in  this 
manner. 

Examples  of  a  field  seme  of  roundles  are  very  usual, 
these  being  termed  bezante  or  plate  if  seme  of  bezants 
or  plates ;  but  in  the  cases  of  roundles  of  other  colours 
the  words  "seme  of"  need  to  be  used.  Examples  of 
this  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Piatt  (Fig.  232). 


THE    ANNULET 

Closely  akin  to  the  roundel  is  the  annulet,  and  though, 
as  far  as  I  am  aware,  no  text-book  has  as  yet  included 
this  in  its  Hst  of  ordinaries  and  sub-ordinaries,  one  can 
see  no  reason,  as  the  annulet  is  a  regularly  used  heraldic 
fio-ure,  why  the  lozenge  should  have  been  included  and 
the  annulet  excluded,  when  the  annulet  is  of  quite  as 
frequent  occurrence.  It  is,  as  its  name  implies,  simply 
a  plain  ring  of  metal  or  colour,  as  will  be  found  in  the 


Fig.  234.— Armorial  bearings  of  Bev.  Charles  Frederick  Hutton,  M.A.: 
Per  chevron  nebuly  or  and  gules,  in  chief  two  annulets,  and  in  base 
a  crescent  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest ;  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  two  annulets  in  fess  gules,  a  crescent 
or.     Motto  :  "  Dat  Deus  incrementum." 


Fig.  235.— Armorial  bearings  of  Gosset :  "  D' Azure,  a  uu  annulet  d'or, 
et  trois  gousses  de  dves,  f  railles  et  tiges  manorantes  de  I'annulet,  et 
rangees  en  pairies  de  meme,  an  chef  d'argent,  charg<5  d'une  aiglette 
de  sable."  Crest:  a  greyhound's  head  erased  proper,  coUared 
gules.     Motto  :  "  Probitas  verus  honos." 


107 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


THE   LABEL 

The  label  as  a  charge  must  be  distinguished  from  the 
label  as  a  mark  of  ditlerence  for  the  eldest  son,  though 
there  is  no  doubt  that  in  those  oases  in  which  it  now 
exists  as  a  charge  its  use  as  a  difference  must  have  been 
the  origin.  Concerning  its  use  as  a  difference  it  will  be 
treated  further  in  the  chapter  upon  marks  of  difference 
and  cadency,  but  as  a  charge  it  will  seldom  be  found  in 
any  position  except  in  chief,  and  not  often  of  other  than 
three  points,  and  it  will  always  be  found  drawn  through- 
out, that  is,  with  the  upper  line  extended  to  the  size  of 
the  field.  It  consists  of  a  narrow  band  straight  across 
the  shield,  from  which  depend  at  right  angles  three 
short  bands.  These  shorter  arms  have  each  of  late 
years  been  drawn  more  in  the  shape  of  a  dovetail,  but 
this  was  not  the  case  until  a  comparatively  recent  period, 
and  nowadays  we  are  more  inclined  to  revert  to  the 
old  forms  than  to  perpetuate  this  modern  variety. 
Other  names  for  the  label  are  the  "lambel"  and  the 
"  file."  The  label  is  the  only  mark  of  difference  now 
borne  by  the  Royal  Family.  Every  member  of  the 
Royal  Family  has  the  Royal  arms  assigned  to  him  for 
use  presumably  during  life,  and  in  these  warrants,  which 
are  separate  and  personal  for  each  individual,  both  the 
coronet  and  the  difference  marks  which  are  to  be  borne 
upon  the  label  are  quoted  and  assigned.  This  use  of 
the  label  as  its  more  usual  use  for  the  purpose  of  differ- 
encing will  be  found  fully  dealt  with  later.  As  a  charge, 
the  label  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Barrington:  "Argent, 
three  chevronels  gules,  a  label  azure  ;  "  and  Babington  : 
"  Argent,  ten  torteaux,  four,  three,  two,  and  one,  in  chief 
a  label  of  three  points  azure;"  also  in  the  earlier  form 
of  the  arms  of  De  Quincy  (Fig.  218)  and  Courtenay 
(Fig.  228).  Various  curious  coats  of  arms  in  which  the 
label  appears  are  given  in  Papworth  as  follows : — 

"  .  .  .  a  label  of  four  points  in  bend  sinister  .  .  .  Wm.  de  Curli,  2oth 
Hen.  III.     (Cotton,  Julius  F.,  vii.  175.) 

"  Argent,  a  label  of  five  points  azure.  Henlington,  co.  Gloucester. 
{Harl.  MS.  1404,  fo.  109.) 

"  Or  a  file  gules,  witli  three  bells  pendent  azure,  clappers  saltire. 
(Belflle.) 

"  Sable,  three  crescents,  in  chief  a  label  of  two  drops  and  in  fess  an- 
other of  one  drop  argent.     Fitz-Simous.     (Harl.  MS.  1441  and  5866.) 

"  Or,  three  files  borne  barways  aules,  the  first  having  five  points,  the 
second  four,  and  the  last  three.     Liskirke,  Holland.     (Gwillim)." 

A  curious  label  will  have  been  noticed  in  the  arms  of 
De  Valence  (Fig.  123). 


THE    BILLET 

The  biUet,  though  not  often  met  with  as  a  charge, 
does  sometimes  occur,  for  example,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Alington  (Fig.  83). 

Another  instance  is  in  the  case  of  the  crest  of  Am- 
brose (Plate  XXX.).  Its  more  frequent  appearance  is  as 
an  object  with  which  a  field  or  superior  charge  is  seme, 
in  which  case  these  are  termed  billette.  The  best 
known  instance  of  this  is  probably  the  coat  borne  on  an 
inescutcheon  over  the  arms  of  England  during  the  joint 
reign  of  William  and  Mary.  The  arms  of  Gasceline  afford 
another  example  of  a  field  billette.  These  are  "  or,  billette 
azure,  and  a  label  gules."  Though  not  many  instances 
are  given  under  each  subdivision,  Papworth  affords  ex- 
amples of  coats  with  every  number  of  billets  from  i  to 
20,  but  many  of  them,  particularly  some  of  those  from 
10  to  20  in  number,  are  merely  mistaken  renderings  of 
fields  which  should  have  been  termed  billette.  The 
billet,  slightly  widened,  is  sometimes  known  as  a  block, 
and  as  such  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Paynter  (Fig. 
236).     Other  instances  are  to  be  found  where  the  billets 


are  termed  delves  or  gads.  The  billet  will  sometimes 
be  found  pointed  at  the  bottom,  in  which  case  it  is 
termed  "  urdy  at  the  foot."  But  neither  as  a  form  of 
seme,  nor  as  a  charge,  is  the  billet  of  sufficiently  fre- 
quent use  to  warrant  its  inclusion  as  one  of  the  ordi- 
naries or  sub-ordinaries. 


Fig.  236. — Armorial  bearings  of  Paynter:  Quarterly,  I.  azure,  three 
blocks  argent,  on  each  of  them  an  annulet  sable  (for  Paynter) ; 
2.  azure,  three  faggots  argent  (for  Antron) ;  3.  argent,  three 
bends  gules  (for  Bodrugan) ;  4.  argent,  two  chevronels  nebuly 
gules,  between  three  sheaves  of  as  many  aiTows  sable,  banded 
of  the  second  (for  Best).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest: 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  three  broken  broad-arrows  gold,  knit 
with  a  lace  gules  (for  Paynter).     Motto:  "Carpediem." 


THE  CHAPLET 

Why  the  chaplet  was  ever  included  amongst  the 
ordinaries  and  sub-ordinaries  passes  my  comprehension. 
It  is  not  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  I  have  yet  to 
ascertain  in  which  form  it  has  acquired  this  status. 
The  chaplet  which  is  usually  meant  when  the  term  is 
employed  is  the  garland  of  oak,  laurel,  or  other  leaves  or 
flowers  which  is  found  more  frequently  as  part  of  a 
crest.  There  is  also  the  chaplet,  which  it  is  difficult  to 
describe,  save  as  a  large  broad  annulet  such  as  the  one 
which  figures  in  the  arms  of  Nairn,  and  which  is 
charged  at  four  regular  intervals  with  roses,  mullets,  or 
some  other  objects.  Examples  of  chaplets  will  be 
found  in  the  shield  of  Berry  (see  Fig.  237),  in  which 
these  arms  of  Nairn  are  quartered,  and  in  the  arms  of 
Yerburgh  (see  Fig.  238). 

The  chaplet  of  oak  and  acorns  is  sometimes  known 
as  a  civic  crown,  but  the  term  chaplet  will  more 
frequently  be  found  giving  place  to  the  use  of  the  word 
wreath,  and  a  chaplet  of  laurel  or  roses,  unless  com- 
pletely conjoined  and  figuring  as  a  charge  upon  the 
shield,  will  be  far  more  likely  to  be  termed  a  wreath  or 
garland  of  laurel  or  roses  than  a  chaplet. 

There  are  many  other  charges  which  have  no  great 
distinction  from  some  of  these  which  have  been 
enumerated,  but  as  nobody  hitherto  has  classed  them 
as  ordinaries  we  suppose  there  could  be  no  excuse  for 


108 


PLATE  XXXIII. 


(1)  Sir  KENNETH  JAMES  MATHESON.  Bart. 

(2)  Rev.  GEORGE  CANTRELL  ALLEN,  M.A. 

(3)  Dr  GEORGE  B.\GOT  FERGUSON  OF  Altidore  Villa.  Pitville, 

Cheltenham. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

I       (4)  WILLLAM    FREDERICK    BUCHAN.-\N,    Esq.    of    Clak     I.wis 
1  Sydney.  New  South  Wales. 

(5)  Major-Gen.  .-^STLEY  FELLOWES  TERRY. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


so  introducing  them,  but  the  division  of  any  heraldic 
charges  into  ordinaries  and  sub-ordinaries,  and  their 


Fig.  237. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Berry,  Esq. :  Quarterly,  i  and  4 , 
vert,  a  cross  crosslet  argent  (for  Berry) ;  2  and  3,  parted  per  pale 
argent  and  sable,  on  a  chaplet  four  mullets  coanterchanged  {for 
Nairne),  in  the  centre  of  the  quarters  a  crescent  or,  for  difference. 
Mantling  vert.,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules,  armed  and  langued,  holding  in 
his  dexter  paw  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  azure  ;  and  in  an  escroll  over 
the  same  this  motto,  "  In  hoc  signo  vinces,"  and  in  another  under 
the  shield,  "  L'esperance  me  comforte." 


FiG-  238. — Armorial  bearings  of  R.  E.  Yerburgh,  Esq.  ;  Per  pale  argent 
and  azure,  on  a  chevron  between  three  chaplets  all  counterchanged, 
an  annulet  for  difference.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  falcon  close  or,  beSed  of  the  last, 
preying  upon  a  mallard  proper. 

separation  from  other  figures,  seems  to  a  certain  extent 
incomprehensible  and  very  unnecessary. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


I 


CHAPTER   XIV 

THE  HUMAIS^  FIGURE  IN  HERALDRY 

"F  we  include  the  many  instances  of  the  human  head 
and  the  human  figure  which  exist  as  crests,  and  also 
the  human  figure  as  a  supporter,  probably  it  or  its 
parts  will  be  nearly  as  frequently  met  with  in  armory 
as  the  lion ;  but  if  crests  and  supporters  be  disregarded, 
and  the  human  figure  be  simply  considered  as  a  charge 
upon  the  shield,  it  is  by  no  means  often  to  be  met 
with. 

English  official  heraldry  now  and  for  a  long  time 
past  has  set  its  face  against  the  representation  of  any 
specific  saint  or  other  person  in  armorial  bearings.  In 
many  cases,  however,  partieulaily  in  the  arms  of  ecclesi- 
astical sees  and  towns,  the  armorial  bearings  registered 
are  simply  the  conventionalised  heraldic  representa- 
tion of  seal  designs  dating  from  a  very  much  earlier 
period. 

Seal  engravers  laboured  under  no  such  limitations,  and 
their  representations  were  usually  of  some  specific  saint 
or  person  readily  recognisable  from  accompanying  ob- 
jects. Consequently,  2'  it  be  desirable,  the  identity  of  a 
figure  in  a  coat  of  arms  can  often  be  traced  in  such 
cases  by  reference  to  a  seal  of  early  date,  whilst  all  the 
time  the  official  coat  of  arms  goes  no  further  than  to 
term  the  figure  that  of  a  saint. 

The  only  representation  which  will  be  found  in 
British  heraldry  of  the  Deity  is  in  the  arms  of  the 
See  of  Chichester,  which  certainly  originally  repre- 
sented our  Lord  seated  in  glory.  Whether  by  inten- 
tion or  carelessness,  this,  however,  is  now  represented 
and  blazoned  as:  "Azure,  a  Prester  [Presbyter]  John 
sitting  on  a  tombstone,  in  his  left  hand  a  mound, 
his  right  hand  extended  all  or,  with  a  linen  mitre  on 
his  head,  and  in  his  mouth  a  sword  proper."  Pos- 
sibly it  is  a  corruption,  but  I  am  rather  inclined  to 
think  it  is  an  intentional  alteration  to  avoid  the 
necessity  of  any  attempt  to  pictoriaUy  represent  the 
Deity. 

Christ  upon  the  Cross,  however,  will  be  found  repre- 
sented in  the  arms  of  Inverness  (Fig.  239),  and  in  the 
arms  used  by  the  town  of  Halifax.  The  latter  shield 
has  the  canting  "  Holy  Face "  upon  a  chequy  field. 
This  coat,  however,  is  without  authority,  though  it  is 
sufiiciently  remarkable  to  quote  the  blazon  in  full: 
"  Chequy  or  and  azure,  a  man's  face  with  long  hair  and 
bearded  and  dropping  blood,  and  surmounted  by  a  halo, 
all  proper ;  in  chief  the  letters  halez,  and  in  base  the 
letters  fax." 

No  other  instance  is  known,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
representations  of  the  Virgin  Mary  with  her  babe  are 
not  uncommon.  She  will  be  found  so  described  in  the 
arms  of  the  Royal  Burgh  of  Banft'. 

The  Virgin  Mary  and  ChUd  appear  also  in  the  arms 
of  the  town  of  Leith,  viz.:  "Argent,  in  a  sea  proper,  an 
ancient  galley  with  two  masts,  sails  furled  sable,  flagged 
gules,  seated  therein  the  Virgin  Mary  with  the  Infant 
Saviour  in  her  arms,  and  a  cloud  resting  over  their 
heads,  all  also  proper." 

The  Virgin  and  ChUd  appear  in  the  crest  of  Mary- 
lebone  (Fig.  240),  but  in  this  case,  in  accordance 
with  the  modern  English  practice,  the  identity  is  not 
alluded  to.  The  true  derivation  of  the  name  from  "  St. 
Mary  le  Bourne"  (and  not  "le  bon")  is  perpetuated  in 
the  design  of  the  arms. 

A  demi-figure  of  the  Virgin  is  the  crest  of  Ruther- 


109 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  239. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Royal  Bargh  of  Inverness  :  Gules, 
our  Lord  upon  the  Cross  proper.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  proper  liveries  a  cornucopia  proper. 
Supporters  :  dexter,  a  dromedary  ;  sinister,  an  elephant, both  proper. 
(From  a  painting  b}-  Mr.  Graham  Johnston  in  Lyon  Register.) 

glen;"-  and  the  Virgin  and  Child  figure,  amongst  other 
ecclesiastical  arms,  on  the  shields  of  the  Sees  oF  Lincoln 
["  Gules,  two  lions  passant-guardant  or ;  on  a  chief  azure, 
the  Holy  Virgin  and  Cliild,  sitting  crowned,  and  bearing 
a  sceptre  of  the  second"],  Salisbury  ["Azure,  the  Holy 
Virgin  and  Child,  with  sceptre  in  her  left  hand  all  or  "], 
Sodor  and  Man  ["  Argent,  upon  three  ascents  the  Holy 
Virgin  standing  with  her  arms  extended  between  two 
pillars,  on  the  dexter  whereof  is  a  church ;  in  base  the 
ancient  arms  of  Man  upon  an  inescutcheon  "],  South- 
well ["  Sable,  three  fountains  proper,  a  chief  paly  of 
three,  on  the  first  or,  a  stag  couohant  proper,  on  the 
second  gules,  the  Virgin  holding  in  her  arms  the  in- 
fant Jesus,  on  the  third  also  or,  two  staves  raguly 
couped  in  cross  vert "],  and  Tuam  ["  Azure,  three  figures 
erect  under  as  many  canopies  or  stalls  of  Gothic  work 
or,  their  faces,  hands,  and  legs  proper ;  the  first  repre- 
senting an  archbishop  in  his  pontificals ;  the  second  the 
Holy  V  irgin  Mary,  a  circle  of  glory  over  her  head, 
homing  in  her  left  arm  the  infant  Jesus  ;  and  the  third 
an  angel  having  his  dexter  arm  elevated,  and  under  the 
sinister  arm  a  lamb,  all  of  the  second  "]. 

Various  saints  figure  in  different  Scottish  coats  of 

f^  Arms  of  Rutherglen  :  Argent,  in  a  sea  proper  an  ancient  galley 
sable,  flagged  gules,  therein  two  men  proper,  one  rowing,  the  other 
furling  the  sail.  Above  the  shield  is  placed  a  suitable  helmet,  with  a 
mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  on  a  wreath  of  the  proper  liveries 
is  set  for  crest,  a  demi-iigure  of  the  Virgin  Mary  with  the  Infant 
Saviour  in  her  arms  proper ;  and  on  a  compartment  below  the  shield, 
on  which  is  an  escroll  containing  this  motto,  "Ex  fumo  fama,"  are 
placed  for  supporters,  two  angels  proper,  winged  or. 


arms,  and  amongst  them  will  be  found  the  follow- 
ing :— 

St.  Andrew,  in  the  arms  of  the  National  Bank  of 
Scotland,  granted  in  1826  ["Or,  the  image  of  St. 
Andrew  with  vesture  vert  and  surcoat  purpure 
bearing  before  him  the  cross  of  his  martyrdom 
argent,  all  resting  on  a  base  of  the  second,  in  the 
dexter  flank  a  garb  gules,  in  the  sinister  a  ship  in 
full  sail  sable,  the  shield  surrounded  with  two 
thistles  proper,  disposed  in  orle "] ;  St.  Britius,  in 
the  arms  of  the  Royal  Burgh  of  Kirkcaldy  ["  Azur, 
ane  abbay  of  three  pyramids  argent,  each  ensigned 
with  a  cross  patee  or.  And  on  the  reverse  of  the 
seal  is  insculped  in  a  field  azure  the  figure  of  St. 
Bryse  with  long  garments,  on  his  head  a  mytre,  in 
the  dexter  a  fleur-de-lis,  the  sinister  laid  upon  his 
breast  all  proper.  Standing  in  ye  porch  of  the 
church  or  abbay.  Ensigned  on  the  top  as  before 
all  betwixt  a  decrescent  and  a  star  in  fess  or.  The 
motto  is  '  Vigilando  Munio.'  And  round  the  escut- 
cheon of  both  svdes  these  words — 'Sis-ilium  civitatus 


Fig.  240. — Arms  of  Maryleboue  :  Per  chevron  sable  and  bany  wavy 
of  six,  argent  and  azure  in  chief,  in  the  dexter  a  fleur-de-lis,  and 
in  the  sinister  a  rose,  both  or.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
upon  two  bars  wavy  argent  and  azure,  between  as  many  lilies  of 
the  first,  stalked  and  leaved  vert,  a  female  figure  aflfronte  proper, 
vested  of  the  first,  mantled  of  the  second,  on  the  left  arm  a  child 
also  proper,  vested  or,  around  the  head  of  each  a  halo  of  the  last. 
Motto  :  "  Fiat  secundum  verbum  tuum.'' 


110 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Kirkaldie ' "] ;  St.  Columba,  in  the  arms  of  the  College  ot 
the  Holy  Spirit  at  Cumbrae  ["  Quarterly,  i  and  4  grand 
quarters,  azure,  St.  Columba  in  a  boat  at  sea,  in  his  sinister 
hand  a  dove,  and  in  the  dexter  chief  a  blazing  star  all 
proper ;  2  and  3  grand  quarters,  quarterly,  i.  and  iv., 
argent,  an  eagle  displaj^ed  with  two  heads  gules ;  ii.  and 
iii.,  parted  per  bend  embattled  gules  and  argent ;  over  the 
second  and  third  grand  quarters  an  escutcheon  of  the 
arms  of  Boyle  of  Kelburne,  viz.  or,  three  stags'  horns 
gules  "] ;  St.  Duthacus,  in  the  arms  of  the  Royal  Burgh 
of  Tain  [■'  Gules,  St.  Duthacus  in  long  garments  argent, 
holding  in  his  dexter  hand  a  staff  garnished  with  ivy,  in 
the  sinister  laid  on  his  breast  a  book  expanded  proper"] ; 
St.  ^Egidius  (St.  Giles),  in  the  arms  of  the  Royal  Burgh 
of  Elgin  ["  Argent,  Sanotus  jEgidius  habited  in  his  robes 
and  mitred,  holding  in  his  dexter  hand  a  pastoral  staff, 
and  in  his  left  hand  a  clasped  book,  all  proper.  Sup- 
porters :  two  angels  proper,  winged  or  volant  upwards. 
Motto :  '  Sicitur  ad  astra,'  upon  ane  compartment  suita- 
bill  to  a  Burgh  Roj^al,  and  for  their  colours  red  and 
white  "] ;  St.  Ninian,  in  the  arms  of  the  Episcopal  See  of 
Galloway  ["  Argent,  St.  Ninian  standing  and  full-faced 
proper,  clothed  with  a  pontifical  robe  purple,  on  his  head 
a  mitre,  and  in  his  dexter  hand  a  crosier  or  "]  ;  and  St. 
Adrian,  in  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Pittenweem  ["  Azur, 
in  the  sea  a  gallie  with  her  oars  in  action  argent, 
and  therein  standing  the  figure  of  St.  Adrian,  with  long 
garments  close  girt,  and  a  mytre  on  his  head  proper, 
holding  in  his  sinister  hand  a  crosier  or.  On  the  stern  • 
a  flag  developed  argent,  charged  with  the  Royall  Armes 
of  Scotland,  with  this  word,  '  Deo  Duce '  "]. 

Biblical  characters  of  the  Old  Testament  have  found 
favour  upon  the  Continent,  and  the  instances  quoted  by 
Woodward  are  too  amusing  to  omit : — 

"  The  families  who  bear  the  names  of  saints,  such  as 
St.  Andrew,  St.  Geokge,  St.  Michael,  have  (perhaps 
not  unnaturally)  included  in  their  arms  representations 
of  their  family  patrons. 

"  The  Bavarian  family  of  Reider  include  in  their  shield 
the  mounted  effigy  of  the  good  knight  St.  Martin  divid- 
ing his  cloak  with  a  beggar  (date  of  diploma  1760).  The 
figure  of  the  great  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles  appears  in 
the  arms  of  Von  Pauli  Joerg,  and  Jorger,  of  Austria, 
similarly  make  use  of  St.  George. 

"  Continental  Heraldry  affords  not  a  few  examples  of 
the  use  of  the  personages  of  Holy  Writ.  The  Adamoli 
of  Lombardy  bear :  "  Azure,  the  Tree  of  Life  entwined 
with  the  Serpent,  and  accosted  with  our  first  parents, 
all  proper  "  (i.e.  in  a  state  of  nature).  The  addition  of  a 
chief  of  the  Empire  to  this  coat  makes  it  somewhat 


mconsrruous. 


"  The  famUy  of  Adam  in  Bavaria  improve  on  Sacred 
History  by  eliminating  Eve,  and  by  representing  Adam 
as  holding  the  apple  in  one  hand,  and  the  serpent  wrig- 
gling in  the  other.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Spanish 
family  of  Eva  apparently  consider  there  is  a  sufficiently 
transparent  allusion  to  their  own  name,  and  to  the 
mother  of  mankind,  in  the  simple  bearings  :  "  Or,  on  a 
mount  in  base  an  apple-tree  vert,  fruited  of  the  field, 
and  encircled  by  a  serpent  of  the  second." 

"  The  family  of  Abel  in  Bavaria  make  the  patriarch  in 
the  attitude  of  prayer  to  serve  as  their  crest ;  while  the 
coat  itself  is :  "  Sable,  on  a  square  altar  argent,  a  lamb 
lying  surrounded  by  fire  and  smoke  proper." 

"  Samson  slaying  the  lion  is  the  subject  of  the  arms  of 
the  Vesentina  family  of  Verona.  The  field  is  gules, 
and  on  a  terrace  in  base  vert  the  strong  man  naked  be- 
strides a  golden  lion  and  forces  its  jaws  apart.  The  Polish 
family  of  Samson  naturally  use  the  same  device,  but 
the  field  is  azure  and  the  patriarch  is  decently  habited. 
The  Staeckens  of  the  Island  of  Oesel  also  use  the  like 
as  armes  parlantes ;  the  field  in  this  case  is  or.     After 


these  we  are  hardly  surprised  to  find  that  Daniel  in  the 
lions'  den  is  the  subject  of  the  arms  of  the  Rhenish 
family  of  Daniels,  granted  late  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury ;  the  field  is  azure.  The  Bolognese  Daniels  are 
content  to  make  a  less  evident  allusion  to  the  prophet ; 
their  arms  are  :  "  Per  fess  azure  and  vert,  in  chief '  the  lion 
of  the  tribe  of  Judah  '  naissant  or,  holding  an  open  book 
with  the  words  '  Libri  Apeetx  Sunt'  "  (Daniel  vii.  10). 

"  The  Archangel  St.  Michael  in  full  armour,  as  con- 
ventionally represented,  treading  beneath  his  feet  the 
great  adversary,  sable,  is  the  charge  on  an  azure  field  of 
the  Van  Schorel  of  Antwerp." 

Other  instances  will  be  found,  as  St.  Kentigern  (who 
is  sometimes  said  to  be  the  same  as  St.  Mungo),  and  who 
occurs  as  the  crest  of  Glasgow  :  "  The  half-length  figure 
of  St.  Kentigern  affronte,  vested  and  mitred,  his  right 
hand  raised  in  the  act  of  benediction,  and  having  in 
his  left  hand  a  crosier,  all  proper  "  (Plate  CXVII.) ;  St. 
Michael,  in  the  arms  of  Linlithgow  :  "  Azure,  the  figure 
of  the  Archangel  Michael,  with  wings  expanded,  treading 
on  the  belly  of  a  serpent  lying  with  its  tail  nowed  fess- 
wise  in  base,  all  argent,  the  head  of  which  he  is  piercing 
through  with  a  spear  in  his  dexter  hand,  and  grasping 
with  his  sinister  an  escutcheon  charged  with  the  Royal 


Fig.  241.— Arms  of  Dover  :  A  man  on  horseback  (St.  Martin)  and  tbe 
beggar  within  a  bordiire  seme  of  lions. 

Arms  of  Scotland.  The  same  saint  also  figures  in  the 
arms  of  the  city  of  Brussels  (see  Plate  CXVIIL);  while 
the  family  of  Mitchell-Carruthees  bears  as  a  crest : 
"  St.  Michael  in  armour,  holding  a  spear  in  his  dexter 
hand,  the  face,  neck,  arms  and  legs  bare,  all  proper,  the 
wings  argent,  and  hair  auburn." 

St.  Martin  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Dover  (Fig.  241), 
and  he  also  figures,  as  has  been  already  stated,  on  the 
shield  of  the  Bavarian  family  of  Reider,  whilst  St.  Paul 
occurs  as  a  charge  in  the  arms  of  the  Dutch  family 
of  Von  Pauli. 

The  arms  of  the  See  of  Clogher  are :  "  A  Bishop  in 
pontifical  robes  seated  on  his  chair  of  state,  and  leaning 
towards  the  sinister,  his  left  hand  supporting  a  crosier, 
his  right  pointing  to  the  dexter  chief,  all  or,  the  feet 
upon  a  cushion  gules,  tasselled  or." 

A  curious  crest  will  be  found  belonging  to  the  arms 
of  Stewart  (Fig.  242),  which  is  :  "A  king  in  his  robes, 
crowned."  The  arms  of  the  Episcopal  See  of  Ross  afford 
another  instance  of  a  bishop,  together  with  St.  Boniface. 

The  arms  of  the  town  of  Queensferry,  in  Scotland, 
show  an  instance  of  a  queen.  "  A  king  in  his  robes,  and 
crowned,"  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Dartmouth 
["  Gules,  the  base  barry  wavy,  argent  and  azure,  thereon 
the  hulk  of  a  ship,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  kmg  robed 
and  crowned,  and  holding  in  his  sinister  hand  a  sceptre, 
at  each  end  of  the  ship  a  lion  sejant  guardant  all  or]." 


Ill 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Allegorical  figures,  though  numerous  as  supporters, 
are  comparatively  rare  as  charges  upon  a  shield ;  but  the 
arms  of  the  University  of  Melbourne  show  a  representa- 
tion of  the  figure  of  Victory,  which  also  appears  in  other 
coats  of  arms  ["  Azure,  a  figure  intended  to  represent 
Victory,  robed   and   attired   proper,  the   dexter   hand 


Fig.  242.— Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Balfour  Stewarb,  M.A.,  B.C. 
(Cantab),  M.E.  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4 grand  quarters,  quarterly!,  and 
iiii.,  or,  a  lion  rampant  within  a  double  tressure  flory  and  counter- 
flory  gules,  debruised  by  a  ribbon  sable  ;  ii.  and  iii.,  azure,  a  ship 
with  her  sails  trussed  up  or  (for  Orkney),  the  whole  within  a  bordure 
compony  argent  and  azure  (for  Stewart)  ;  2  and  3  grand  quarters, 
argent,  a  chevron  sable,  charged  with  an  otter's  head  erased  of 
the  field  (tor  Balfour  of  Pharay).  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or. 
Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  king  enthroned,  holding  in 
his  dexter  hand  a  sword,  and  in  his  sinister  a  falcon  all  proper. 
Motto  ;  "  Sic  fuit  est  et  erit." 

extended  holding  a  wreath  of  laurel  or,  between  four 
stars  of  eight  points,  two  in  pale  and  two  in  fess 
argent."] 

The  figure  of  Truth  will  be  found  in  the  coats  of 
arms  for  various  members  of  the  family  of  Sandeman.*^ 

The  bust  of  Queen  Elizabeth  was  granted  by  that 
Queen,  as  a  special  mark  of  her  Eoyal  favour,  to  Sir 
Anthony  Weldon,  her  Clerk  of  the  Spicery. 

Apollo  is  represented  in  the  arms  of  the  Apothe- 
caries' Company :  "  Azure,  Apollo,  the  inventor  of  physic, 
proper,  with  his  head  radiant,  holding  in  his  left  hand  a 
bow  and  in  his  right  hand  an  arrow  or,  supplanting  a 
serpent  argent."  The  figure  of  Justice  appears  in  the 
arms  of  Wiergman  [or  Wergman]. 

*>  Armorial  bearings  of  John  Glas  Sandeman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :  Argent, 
the  emblem  of  Truth,  a  naked  woman  standing  on  a  terrestrial  globe, 
issuing  out  of  the  base  in  her  dexter  hand  an  open  book,  in  her 
sinister,  which  is  elevated  above  her  head,  a  branch  of  palm,  on  her 
breast  the  sun  in  his  splendour  all  proper,  and  a  veil  across  her  middle 
of  the  first,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  gules,  charged  with  three 
fleurs-de-lis,  and  as  many  trefoils  alternately  also  of  the  first.  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent  ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest, 
a  rock  proper  ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  '*  Stat 
Veritas,"  and  under  the  arms,  "  Olim  craore  nunc  candore." 


Neptune  appears  in  the  arms  granted  to  Sir  Isaac 
Heard,  Lancaster  Herald,  afterwards  Garter  King  of 
Arms,  and  is  again  to  be  found  in  the  crest  of  the  arms 
of  Monneypenny  ["  On  a  dolphin  embowed,  a  bridled 
Neptune  astride,  holding  with  his  sinister  hand  a  trident 
over  his  shoulder  "]. 

The  figure  of  Temperance  occurs  in  the  crest  of 
Goodfellow  (Fig.  243). 

The  head  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  in  a  charger  figures 
in  the  crest  fPlate  CXX.)  of  the  Tallow  Chandlers'  Livery 
Company  and  in  the  arms  of  Ayr,  whilst  the  head  of 
St.  Denis  is  the  charge  upon  the  arms  of  a  family  of 
that  name. 

Angels,  though  very  frequently  met  with  as  sup- 
porters, are  far  from  being  usual,  either  as  a  charge 
upon  a  shield  or  as  a  crest.  The  crest  of  Leslie  (Fig. 
244),  however,  is  an  angel. 

The  crest  of  Lord  Kin  tore  is  an  angel  praying  [Arms : 
"Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  falcon  displayed  argent, 
charged  on  the  breast  with  a  man's  heart  gules,  between 
three  mullets  of  the  second  (for  Falconer)  ;  2  and  3, 
argent,  on  a  chief  gules,  three  pallets  or  (for  Keith), 
on  an  escutcheon  gules,  a  sword  in  bend  sinister,  sur- 
mounted by  a  sceptre  in  bend  dexter ;  in  chief  an  im- 
perial crown,  the  whole  within  an  orle  of  eight  thistles 
or,  as  a  coat  of  augmentation  for  preserving  the  regalia 
of  Scotland.  Crest :  an  angel  in  a  praying  posture  or, 
within  an  orle  of  laurel  proper.  Supporters  :  two  men 
in  complete  armour,  each  holding  a  pike  or  spear  in  a 
sentinel's  posture  proper.    Motto  :  '  Qua3  amissa  salva' "]. 

Cherubs   are   far   more  frequently  to  be  met  with. 


Fig. 


.  243. — Armorial  bearings  of  General  William  West  Goodfellow,  C.B.: 
Argent,  a  chevron  gules,  between  two  gabions  in  chief  proper,  and 
in  base  on  a  mount  vert  an  elephant  sable,  a  chief  embattled 
azure,  thereon  on  the  dexter,  pendent  from  a  riband  of  the  second, 
a  representation  of  the  silver  medal  presented  to  Samuel  Good- 
fellow by  the  Honourable  East  India  Company,  in  commemora- 
tion of  his  services  at  the  taking  of  Seringapatam ;  and  on  the 
sinister,  pendent  from  a  riband  also  of  the  second,  a  representa- 
tion of  the  gold  medal  presented  to  the  said  Samuel  Goodfellow  by 
the  Grand  Seignor,  for  his  services  in  Egypt.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-female  figure  representing  Temper- 
ance, vested  argent,  mantle  azure,  in  the  dexter  hand  a  palm- 
branch,  and  in  the  sinister  a  bridle  proper.  Motto :  "  Temperance." 


112 


PLATE   XXXIV. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 


p  U  B  i-  1  <^ 


(i)  Lt.-Col.    ROBERT    MILDMAY,    Clerk    of    Westholme,    Co. 

Somerset.  „        „ 

(2)  Rev.   JOHN   ARCHIBALD    DUNBAR-DUNB.AR   OF   Se.\    Park, 

Forres. 


(3)  Major  E.  UVEDALE  PRICE. 
5)  T.  -A  C-^RLYON,  Esq.  OF  Boscombe  Park.  Bournemouth. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


They  are  represented  in  various  forms,  and  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Thackeray  (Fig.  245),  Haddocks 
(Fig.  246),  and  in  the  crest  of  Carruth'ers  (Fig.  139). 


and  examples  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Wood  (Lord 
Halifax),  as  shown  upon  Plate  LXIL,  and  in  the  arms 
of  Oswald  (Fig.  247). 

The  arms  of  Dalziell  show  an  example — practically 
unique  in  British  heraldry — of  a  naked  man,  the 
earliest  entry  (1685)  of  the  arms  of  Dalziell  of  Binns 


Fig.  244. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Charles  Leslie,  Esq.:  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  argent,  on  a  bend  azure,  three  buckles  or  (for  Leslie) ;  2 
and  3,  argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable  (for  Abernethy).  Upon  the 
escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree.  Mantling  azure 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  angel  affronte 
proper.     Motto  :  "  Grip  fast." 


Fig.  246. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Haddocks,  Esq, :  Argent,  on  a 
pale  indented  azure,  a  flaming  sword  erect  proper,  pommel  and  hilt 
or,  on  a  chief  arched  sable,  a  cherub's  head  of  the  fourth  between 
two  roses  of  the  field.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  passion  cross  gules,  a  cherub's 
head  or,  each  wing  charged  with  a  rose  also  gules.  Motto: 
"  Justice  and  gi-atitude." 

(a  cadet  of  the  family)  in  the  Lyon  Register,  having 
them  then  blazoned:  "Sable,  a  naked  man  with  his 
arms  extended  au  naturel,  on  a  canton  argent,  a  sword 
and  pistol  disposed  in  saltire  proper." 

This  curious  coat  of  arms  has  been  the  subject  of 
much   speculation.     The   fact   that  in  some  early  ex- 


FlG.  245. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  Arthur  Thomas  James  Thackeray, 
M.A. :  Vert,  two  garbs  or,  in  base  an  arrow  argent,  on  a  chief  pur- 
pure,  a  cherub's  head  proper,  between  the  like  number  of  estoiles 
of  the  third.  Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  an  eagle,  the  wings  elevated  proper,  charged  on  the  breast 
with  a  like  cherub's  head,  and  holding  in  the  beak  an  arrow  as  in 
the  arras.     Motto  :  "  Nobilitas  sola  virtus." 


The  nude  figure  is  perhaps  the  most  usual  form  in 
which  the  human  being  is  made  use  of  as  a  charge, 


Fig.  247. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Oswald,  Esq. :  Azure,  ane  savage 
proper  wreathed  with  bay  leaves,  and  bearing  in  the  sinister  ane 
batton  erected  on  his  shoulder  vert,  and  in  the  dexter  a  cross-stail 
pointing  to  a  star  placed  in  the  dester  chief  or.  Above  the  shield 
ane  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantle  gules,  doubled 
argent ;  with  this  motto,  "  Monstrant  astra  viam." 

amples  the  body  is  swinging  from  a  gibbet  has  led 
some  to  suppose  the  arms  to  be  an  allusion  to  the  fact, 
or  legend,  that  one  of  the  family  recovered  the  body  of 
Kenneth  IIL,  who  had  suffered  death  by  hanging  at 
the  hands  of  the  Plots.  But  it  seems  more  likely  that 
if  the  gibbet  is  found  in  any  authoritative  versions  of 


113 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  arms  possibly  the  coat  may  owe  its  origin  to  a 
similar  reason  to  that  which  is  said,  and  probably  cor- 
rectly, to  account  for  the  curious  crest  of  the  Daven- 
port faudly  (Fig.  127),  viz.:  "A  man's  head  in  profile 
couped  at  the  shoulders  proper,  about  the  neck  a  rope  or," 
or  as  it  is  sometimes  termed, "  a  felon's  head  proper,  about 


Fig.  24S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Bryan  O'Loghlen,  Bart.  :  Gules, 
a  man  in  armour  shooting  an  arrow  from  a  cross-bow  proper ; 
the  escutcheon  charged  with  his  badge  of  Ul.ster  as  a  Baronet. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest ;  on  a  ducal  coronet  or,  an  anchor 
erect,  entwined  with  a  cable  proper.     Motto:  " Anchora  salutis." 

the  neck  a  halter  or."     There  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  Capesthorne  branch  of  the  Davenport  family  a 


Fig.  249. — Armorial  bearings  of  Julian  Marshall,  Esq.  :  Barry  of  six 
.'iable  and  argent,  on  a  pale  ermine,  three  horse-shoes  palewise  or. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
man  affronte  in  armour  proper,  holding  in  his  dexter  hand  a  javelin 
in  bend  or,  and  supporting  with  his  sinister  hand  a  flagstaff  proper, 
therefrom  flowing  to  the  sinister  a  banner  sable,  charged  with 
two  horse-shoes  fesswise  also  or.    Motto  :  "Nee  cit5  nee  tardfe." 

long  and  very  ancient  roll,  containing  the  names  of  the 
master  robbers  captured  and  beheaded  in  the  times  of 
Koran,  Roger,  and  Thomas  de  Davenport,  and  probably 
the  Davenport  family  held  some  office  or  Royal  Com- 
mission which  empowered  them  to  deal  in  a  summary 


way  with  the  outlaws  which  infested  the  Peak  country. 
It  is  more  than  probable  that  the  crest  should  be  traced 
to  some  such  source  as  this. 

As  a  crest  the  savage  and  demi-savage  are  constantly 
met  with. 

Men  in  armour  are  sometimes  met  with.  The  arms 
of  O'Loghlen  (Fig.  248)  are  an  instance  in  point,  as 
are  the  crests  of  Marshall  (Fig.  249),  Morse  (Fig.  140), 
Bannerman  (Plate  XVIII.),  and  Seton  of  Mounie 
(Fig.  250).  _ 

Figures  of  all  nationalities  and  m  all  costumes  will 
be  found  in  the  form  of  supporters,  and  are  occa- 
sionally met  with  as  crests,  but  it  is  difficult  to  classify 
them,  and  it  must  suffice  to  mention  a  few  curious 
examples.  The  human  figure  as  a  supporter  is  fully 
dealt  with  in  the  chapter  devoted  to  that  subject. 

The  arms  of  Jedburgh  have  a  mounted  warrior,  and 


Fig.  250. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  David  Seton  of  Mounie : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  or,  three  crescents,  and  in  the  fess  point  a 
man's  heart  distilling  drops  of  blood,  within  a  Royal  double 
tressure  flowered  and  counterflowered  of  fieurs-de-lis  gules  (for 
Seton) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  issuing  out  of  a  bar  wavy  sable,  a  demi- 
otter  of  the  last  crowned  with  an  antique  crown  or  (for  Meldrum). 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  issuing  from  a  wreath  of  the 
liveries  or  and  gules,  is  set  for  crest,  a  demi-man  in  armour,  bear- 
ing up  in  his  dexter  hand  the  Royal  banner  of  Scotland,  namely ; 
gules,  on  a  canton  azure,  a  saltire  argent  bendwise,  and  displayed 
all  proper,  scarf  over  dexter  shoulder,  plume  and  waistbelt  argent ; 
and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto  :  '*  Sustento  sanguine 
signo." 

the  same  device  occurs  in  the  crest  of  the  Duke  of  Fife 
(Fig.  251),  and  in  the  arms  of  Lanigan-O'Keefe  (Fig. 
252). 

The  arms  of  Londonderry  afford  an  instance  of  a 
skeleton. 

The  emblematical  figure  of  Fortune  is  a  very  favourite 
charge  in  foreign  heraldry,  and  the  blazon  of  the  crest 
of  Langer  ■=  will  indicate  the  form  in  which  it  is  usually 
represented. 

A  family  of  the  name  of  Rodd  use  the  Colossus  of 
Rhodes  as  a  crest :  and  the  arms  of  Sir  William  Dunn, 

^  Crest  of  Langer  and  others :  Upon  a  globe  or,  winged  sable,  a 
maiden  balancing  herself  proper,  the  hair  or,  her  eyes  covered  with  a 
bandage  argent,  the  dexter  arm  embowed  and  extended  grasping  the 
end  of  a  veil  sable,  passing  in  an  arch  above  her  head  and  held 
around  the  loins  by  her  sinister  hand.     Motto:  "Ora  et  labora." 


114 


PLATE   XXXV. 


^Jjipe&t; 


THE   ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF   EDWARD    CHADDOCK   LOWNDES,   Esq.  OF  CASTLE  COMBE,  Chippenham. 


PU  BLI(~ 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

— fT.^  Z"'^^  K^®  Pf '"",  mention  ["Azure,  on  a     tween   a  thistle  slipped   proper  on  the  dexter  and  a 
SZ?    <f  ""  ^'^'^  °^  ''''%^  P'°P''''  ^^^"'°''  '^'"^'^^  '"^     fleur-de-lis  azure  on  the  sinister.     Crest:  a  cornu^pia 

female   fagure   representmg   Commerce,  vested  argent,     fesswise,  surmounted  by  a  dexter  hand  couped  proper 


Sra.^  a  «  »  S  a  S  H  =J. 


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H 


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.a7i*^d.A3SciH^5n3^  ^ 
■g  5ic  a  a  «        °  o  g  g,"i  =3  o 

o  OGo'^.-Orr-a^i-'S 

a  rt  0.2  o  w  JTot  K— '  !>,      »■:? 

g  a  "c  g's-g-a  §  g.^S'sa  * 


--  S  >,  g  o  "S 


resting  the  dexter  hand  on  a  stock  of  an  anchor,  and  in     holding  a  key  in  bend  sinister  or.      Motto :  '  Vigilans 

the  sinister  a  oaduoeus,  both  or,  on  the  chief  of  the  last     et  audax ' "]. 

a  tree  eradicated,  thereon  hanging  a  hunting-horn  be-         The  crest  of  Lord  Vivian  ["  A  demi-hussar   of  the 

115 


^ 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


1 8th  Regiment,  holding  ia  his  right  hand  a  sabre,  and 


Fig.  252. — Armorial  bearings  of  Stephen  Martin  Lanigan-O'Keefe, 
Esq. :  Quarterly,  i.  azure,  a  lion  rampant  argent ;  2.  gules,  a 
knight  in  armour  on  horseback  at  full  speed  proper,  the  horse 
argent ;  3.  or,  a  peacock  in  his  pride  proper  ;  4.  vert,  three  lizards 
in  pale  or.  Mantling  azure  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon 
an  antique  crown  a  gryphon  segreant  or,  holding  in  the  dester 
claw  a  sword  erect  argent,  pommelled  gold.  Motto :  "  Forti  et 
fideli  nihil  difficile." 


Fig.  253. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Mure  M'Kerrell,  Esq.  :  Azure, 
on  a  fess  or,  three  lozenges  gnles,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  ar- 
gent. Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  Roman  soldier  on  his  march,  with  standard 
and  utensils  all  proj^er;  and  upon  an  escroll  above  the  same  this 
motto,  "  Dulcis  pro  patria  labor." 

in  his  left  a  pennon  flying  to  the  sinister  gules,  and 


inscribed  in  gold  letters,  '  Croix  d'Orade,'  issuant  from 
a  bridge  of  one  arch,  embattled,  and  at  each  end  a 
tower"],  and  Maogregor  ["two  brass  guns  in  saltire 
in  front  of  a  demi-Highlander  armed  with  his  broad- 
sword, pistols,  and  with  a  target,  thereon  the  family 
arms  of  Maogregor,"  viz. :  "  Argent :  a  sword  in  bend 
dexter  azure,  and  an  oak-tree  eradicated  in  bend 
sinister  proper,  in  the  dexter  chief  an  antique  crown 
gules,  and  upon  an  escroll  surmounting  the  crest  the 
motto,  '  E'en  do  and  spare  not ' "]  are  typical  of  many 
crests  of  augmentation  granted  in  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

The  crest  of  the  Devonshire  family  of  Arscot  ["A 
demi-man  affronte  in  a  Turkish  habit,  brandishing  in  his 
dexter  hand  a  scimitar,  and  his  sinister  hand  resting  on 
a  tiger's  head  issuing  from  the  wreath  "]  is  curious,  as  is 
the  crest  granted  by  Sir  William  Le  Neve  in  1642  to 
Sir  Robert  Minshull,  viz. :  "  A  Turk  kneeling  on  one 
knee,  habited  gules,  legs  and  arms  in  mail  proper,  at 
the  side  a  soymitar  sable,  hilted  or,  on  the  head  a  turban 


Fig.  254. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  John  Home  Mylne,  Esq.,  M.A., 
F.R.S.  :  Or,  a  cross,  moline  azure,  quartered-pierced  of  the  iield, 
between  three  mullets  of  the  second  within  a  bordure  gules  for 
difference.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  or;  and  on  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  Pallas's  head  coupcd  at  the  shoulders 
proper,  vested  about  the  neck  vert,  on  the  head  a  helmet  azure, 
beaver  turned  up,  and  on  the  top  a  plumaish  gules ;  and  in  an 
escroll  over  this  motto,  "  Tam  arte  quam  marte." 

with  a  crescent  and  feather  argent,  holding  in  the  dexter 
hand  a  crescent  of  the  last." 

The  crests  of  M'Kerrel  (Fig.  253)  and  Mylne  (Fig. 
254)  are  rather  uncommon,  as  are  also  those  of  Pil- 
kington  ["  a  mower  with  his  scythe  in  front  habited 
as  follows :  a  high-crowned  hat  with  flap,  the  crown 
party  per  pale,  flap  the  same,  counterchang'ed ;  coat 
buttoned  to  the  middle,  with  his  scythe  in  bend  proper, 
habited  through  quarterly  and  counterchanged  argent 
and  gules"],  and  De  Trafford  (Fig.  255). 

The  crest  of  Clerk  of  Pennycuick  ^  (Plate  XXXIV.) 
refers  to  the  curious  tenure  by  which  the  Pennycuick 
estate  is  supposed  to  be  held,  namely,  that  whenever  the 
sovereign  sets  foot  thereupon,  the  proprietor  must  blow  a 

ti  Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Mildmay  Clerk,  Esq.,  of  Westholme  : 
Or.  a  fess  chequy  azure  and  argent,  between  two  crescents  in  chief 
gules  and  in  base  a  boar's  head  couped  sable,  all  within  a  bordure  in- 
vected  of  the  second,  charged  with  three  cross  crosslets  fitchee  of  the 
first.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
demi-hnntsman  winding  a  horn  all  proper.  Mottoes  (over  the  crest) : 
"  Free  for  a  blast ;  "  (under  the  arms),  "  Amat  victoria  curam." 


116 


PLATE   XXXVI. 


"  U  e  u  1  o 


(i)  DAUBENEY  OF  Cote. 

(2)  HENRY  WILLIAM  DAUGLISH,  Esq. 

I3)  Rt.   Hon.   viscount  DILLON. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 

I      14)  WILLIAM  HiCMRY  CLELAND.  ESQ.  OF  Rook's  Nest,  Banste.iu. 

"Surrey. 
I      (5)  BENI-AMIN  PICKERING,  Esq.  of  Bellefield,  Sutton,  Hull. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


J^iG-  255.— Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Humphrey  Francis  de  Trafford, 
Bart.  :  Quarterly  of  twenty,  i.  argent,  a  griffin  segreant  gules  (for 
Trafford)  ;  2.  argent,  two  bears,  and  in  chief  two  mullets  pierced 
azure  (for  Venables) ;  3.  argent,  on  a  bend  azure,  three  garbs  proper 
(for  Tritten) ;  4,  quarterly,  gules  and  or,  in  the  first  quarter  a  lion 
passant  argent  (for  Massey) ;  5.  paly  of  six  argent  and  gales,  a 
chief  vaire  (for  "Whitney) ;  6.  argent,  on  a  bend  gules,  three  escar- 
buncles  sable  (for  Thornton) ;  7.  vert,  a  cross  engrailed  ermine  {for 
Kingsley) ;  S.  or,  a  saltire  sable  (for  Hellesby) ;  9.  azure,  a  chevron 
argent,  between  three  garbs  proper  (for  Hatton) ;  10.  bendy  barry 
gules  and  argent  (for  Crispen);  11.  argent,  a  chevron  gules,  be- 
tween three  chaplets  (for  Ashton) ;  12.  argent,  three  bars  sable  (for 
Legh) ;  13.  gnles,  two  hons  passant  guardant  in  pale  argent  (for 
De  la  Mere) ;  14.  argent,  on  a  chevron  quarterly  gules  and  sable, 
between  three  birds  of  the  second  as  many  bezants  (for  Kitchen) ; 


15.  argent,  three  garbs  proper,  banded  or  (for  Aughton)  ;  16.  argent, 
a  fess  sable,  in  chief  three  torteaux  (for  Mason) ;  17.  argent  on  a  child 
proper,  wrapped  in  swaddling  clothes  gules,  and  banded  or,  an  eagle 
sable  (for  Culcheth) ;  18.  argent,  a  grilBn  segreant  azure  (for  Culchetb) ; 

19.  argent,  a  griffin  segreant  sable,  ducally  crowued  or  (for  Kisseley) ; 

20.  azure,  a  hind  trippant  argent  (for  Hludley),  and  impaling  the  arms 
of  Franklin,  namely  :  azure,  on  a  bend  invected  between  two  martlets 
or,  a  dolphin  naiant  between  two  lions'  heads  erased  of  the  field. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
thrasher  proper,  his  hat  and  coat  per  pale  argent  and  gnles,  his  breeches 
and  stockings  of  the  third  and  second,  holding  in  both  hands  a  flail 
or,  uplifted  over  a  garb  on  the  dexter  side ;  and  over  the  crest  upon  an 
escroll  the  motto,  "  Now  thus,"  and  below  the  arms  the  motto,  "  Gripe 
griffin  "  ('*  hold  fast "). 


117 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


horn  from  a  certain  rooky  point.     The  motto,  "  Free  tor 
a  blast,"  has  reference  to  the  same. 

The  arms  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  in  Edinburgh 
afford  the  only  instance  of  what  is  presumably  a  corpse, 
the  blazon  being:  "Azure,  a  man  (human  body)  fess- 
wise  between  a  dexter  hand  having  an  eye  on  the  palm 
issuing  out  of  a  cloud  downward  and  a  castle  situate  on 
a  rock  proper,  within  a  bordure  or  charged  with  several 
instruments  peculiar  to  the  art  (sic) ;  on  a  canton  of 
the  first  a  saltire  argent  surmounted  of  a  thistle  vert, 
cro^vned  of  the  third." 

When  we  come  to  parts  of  the  human  body  instances 
of  heads,  arms,  and  legs  are  legion. 

There  are  certain  well-known  heraldic  heads,  and 
though  many  instances  occur  where  the  blazon  is 
simply  a  "man's  head,"  it  will  be  most  frequently 
found  that  it  is  more  specifically  described. 

Sloane  Evans  in  his  '•  Grammar  of  Heraldry  "  specifies 
eight  different  varieties,  namely:  i.  The  wild  man's; 
2.  The  Moor's;  3.  The  Saracen's;  4.  The  Saxon's;  5. 
The  Enghshman's :  6.  The  old  man's ;  7.  The  woman's ; 
8.  The  child's. 

The  wUd  man's  or  savage's  head  is  usually  repre- 
sented with  a  wreath  of  leaves  about  the  temples,  but 
not  necessarily  so. 

The  head  of  the  Moor,  or  "  blackamoor,"  as  it  is  more 
usually  described,  is  almost  always  in  profile,  and  nearly 
always  adorned  with  a  twisted  wreath  (torse)  about  the 
temples. 

The  head  of  the  Saracen  is  also  usually  found  with 
wreaths  about  the  temples. 

The  head  of  the  Saxon  is  borne  by  several  Welsh 
families,  and  is  supposed  to  be  known  by  the  absence  of 
a  beard. 

The  Englishman's  head,  which  is  borne  by  the  Welsh 
family  of  Lloyd  of  Plymog,  has  no  very  distinctive 
features,  except  that  whUst  the  hair  and  beard  of  the 
savage  are  generally  represented  brown,  they  are  black 
in  the  case  of  the  Moor  and  Saracen,  and  fair  for  the 
Saxon  and  Englishman. 

The  old  man's  head,  which,  hke  that  of  the  Saxon 
and  Englishman,  is  seldom  met  with,  is  bald  and  grey 
haired  and  bearded. 

But  for  all  practical  purposes  these  varieties  may  be 
all  disregarded  except  the  savage's,  the  blackamoor's, 
and  the  Saracen's.  Examples  of  the  savage's  head  will 
be  found  in  the  arms  of  Eddington  of  Balbartan  ["  Azure, 
three  savages'  heads  oouped  argent "],  in  the  arms  of 
Gladstone  (Plate  XXXIL),  and  in  the  canting  coat  of 
Rochead  of  Whitsonhill  ["  Argent,  a  savage's  head  erased, 
distUling  drops  of  blood  proper,  between  three  combs 
azure"].  Moir  of  Otterburn  bears  the  Moors'  heads 
["  Argent,  three  negroes'  heads  couped  proper  within  a 
bordure  counter-indented  sable  and  or"],  and  Moir  of 
Stonniwood  matriculated  a  somewhat  similar  coat  in 
which  the  heads  are  termed  Mauritanian  ["Argent,  three 
Mauritanian  negroes'  heads  couped  and  distilling  guttes- 
de-sang  "].  The  crest  of  Broiin-Morison  =  (Plate'XVIII.) 
is  curious.  Alderson  of  Homerton,  Middlesex,  bears 
Saracens'  heads  ["Argent,  three  Saracens'  heads  affronte, 
couped  at  the  shoulders  proper,  wreathed  about  the 
temples  of  the  first  and  sable  "]. 

The  woman's  head  in  heraldry  is  always  represented 

o  Armorial  bearings  of  John  Eroiin  Broiin-Morison,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L.. 
F.S.A.  ;  Quarteriy,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  fess  sable  between  three  Moors' 
heads  couped  proper,  banded  or  (for  Morison) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a 
chevron  between  three  iieurs-de-lis  argent  (for  Broiin).  Mantling  gules, 
doubled  argent.  Crests  ;  on  the  dexter  side,  on  a  wreath  of  the 
liveries,  three  Moors'  heads  conjoined  in  one  neck  proper,  banded  or, 
one  looking  upwards,  the  others  to  the  dexter  and  sinister  {for  Morison) ; 
and  on  the  sinister  side,  on  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  Hon  rampant 
proper,  holding  in  the  dexter  fore-paw  a  fleur-de-lis  argent  (for  Broiin) ; 
and  in  escrolls  above  the  crests  these  mottoes,  "  Prudentia  prajstat," 
and  "  Floreat  majestas." 


young  and  beautiful  (that  is,  if  the  artist  is  capable  of 
so  drawing  it),  and  it  is  almost  invariably  found  with 
golden  hair.  The  colour,  however,  should  be  blazoned, 
the  term  "crined"  being  used.  Five  maidens'  heads 
appear  upon  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Reading  and 
the  crest  of  Thornhill  shows  the  same  figure.  The 
arms  of  the  Mercers'  Livery  Company  ["  Gules,  a  demi- 
virgin  couped  below  the  shoulders,  issuing  from  clouds 
all  proper,  vested  or,  crowned  with  an  Eastern  crown  of 
the  last,  her  hair  dishevelled,  and  wreathed  round  the 
temples  with  roses  of  the  second,  all  within  an  orle  of 
clouds  proper  "]  (see  Plate  CXXI.)  and  of  the  Master  of 
the  Revels  in  Scotland  ["  Argent,  a  lady  rising  out  of  a 
cloud  in  the  nombril  point,  richly  apparelled,  on  her 
head  a  garland  of  ivy,  holding  in  her  right  hand  a 
poinziard  croivned,  in  her  left  a  vizard  all  proper, 
standing  under  a  veil  or  canopy  azure,  garnished  or,  in 
base  a  thistle  vert "]  are  worthy  of  quotation. 

The  boy's  head  wUl  seldom  be  found  except  in  Welsh 
coats,  of  which  the  arms  of  Vaughan  and  Price'  (Plate 
XV.)  are  examples. 

Another  case  in  which  the  heads  of  children  appear 
are  the  arms  of  Fauntleroy  ["  Gules,  three  infants'  heads 
couped  at  the  shoulders  proper,  crined  or"],  which  are 
a  very  telling  instance  of  a  canting  device  upon  the 
original  form  of  the  name,  which  was  "  Enfantleroy." 

Children,  it  may  be  here  noted,  are  seldom  met 
with  in  armory,  but  instances  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Davies,  of  Marsh,  county  Salop  ["Sable,  a 
goat  argent,  attired  or,  standing  on  a  child  proper 
swaddled  gules,  and  feeding  on  a  tree  vert"],  of  the 
Foundling  Hospital  ["Per  fesse  azure  and  vert,  in 
chief  a  crescent  argent,  between  two  mullets  of  six 
points  or,  in  base  an  infant  exposed,  stretching  out  its 
arms  for  help  proper"],  and  in  the  familiar  "bu-d  and 
bantling"  crest  of  Stanley,  Earls  of  Derby.  Arms  and 
hands  are  constantly  met  with,  and  have  certain  terms 
of  their  own.  A  hand  should  be  stated  to  be  either 
dexter  or  sinister,  and  is  usually  blazoned  and  always 
understood  to  be  couped  at  the  wrist.  If  the  hand  is 
open  and  the  palm  visible  it  is  "apaume,"  but  this  being 
by  far  the  most  usual  position  in  which  the  hand  is  met 
with,  unless  represented  to  be  holding  anything,  the 
term  "apaume"  is  not  often  used  in  blazon,  that  position 
being  presumed  unless  anything  contrary  is  stated. 
The  arms  of  Bate  (Fig.  100)  and  Maynard  (Fig.  256) 
are  instances. 

The  hand  is  occasionally  represented  "  clenched,"  as 
in  the  arms  and  crest  of  Fraser-Maokintosh  (Fig.  257). 
When  the  thumb  and  first  two  fingers  are  raised,  they 
are  said  to  be  "  raised  in  benediction." 

The  cubit  arm  should  be  carefully  distinguished  from 
the  arm  couped  at  the  elbow.  "The  former  includes 
only  about  two-thirds  of  the  entire  arm  from  the  elbow. 

The  arm  "  couped  at  the  elbow  "  is  not  so  frequently 
met  with. 

When  the  whole  arm  from  the  shoulder  is  used,  it  is 
always  bent  at  the  elbow,  and  this  is  signified  bj'  the 
term  "  embowed  "  and  an  "  arm  embowed  "  necessarily 
includes  the  whole  arm.  Fig.  1 16  shows  the  usual  posi- 
tion of  an  arm  embowed,  but  it  is  sometimes  placed 
upon  the  point  of  the  elbow,  and  also,  but  stOl  more 
infrequently,  on  the  upper  arm.  Either  of  the  latter 
positions  must  be  specified  in  the  blazon.  An  example 
of  the  last  mentioned   occurs  in  the  crest   of  Pretor- 


'  Armorial  bearings  of  Howel  John  James  Price,  Esq.  :  Party  per 
fess  sable  and  or,  a  pale  counterchanged,  three  boys'  heads  affronte, 
couped  at  the  shoulders  two  and  one  proper,  and  as  many  serpents 
nowed  one  and  two  vert.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  boys'  head  affronte,  couped  at  the  shoulders  proper,  two 
serpents  saUirewise,  heads  upward  vert,  and  a  spear-head  fessewise ; 
with  the  motto,  "Innocente-?  sicut  pueri  sagaces  sicut  serpentes." 


lis 


THE    ART    OF    HEEALDRY 


Pinney  (Fig,  35S).    The  crest  of  Longstaflfs  (Plate  XIV.) 
shows  two  arms  "  counter-embowed." 


n^^' — -^"^^"^  bearings  of  Edmund  Anthony  Jefferson  Mavnard: 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  on  a  chevron  vert,  between  three  sinister 
hands  couped  at  the  wrist  gules,  five  ermine  spots  or  (for  Maynard) ; 
2  and  3.  barry  of  sis  erminois  and  gales,  on  a  chief  azure  three 
Catherine-wheels  or  (for  Las).  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  stag  trippant  or,  gorged  with  a  collar  invected  argent 
fimbriated  sable.     Motto :  "  Manns  justa  nardus. 


Fig.  257. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Fraser-Mackintosh,  Esq. : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  pale  or  and  argent,  a  lion  rampant  between 
three  dester  hands  fesswise,  conped  at  the  wrist  and  clenched 
gales  (for  Mackintosh) ;  2  and  3,  per  chevron  argent  and  azure, 
three  escutcheons,  each  charged  with  a  cinqaefoil  all  counter- 
changed  (for  Eraser).  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crests  :  i.  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cat  proper,  collared  gules,  resting  the 
dexter  paw  upon  an  escutcheon  or.  charged  with  a  dester  hand  as 
in  the  arms  (for  Mackintosh);  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
stag's  head  erased  argent,  attired  and  collared  gules,  in  the  mouth 
a  sprig  of  fern  proper,  and  pendent  from  the  collar  an  escutcheon 
azure,  charged  with  a  cinquefoil  argent  (for  Eraser).  Motto : 
''  Onwards." 


B  Armorial  bearings  of  Lieutenant- Colonel  Llewellyn  Wood  Long- 
staff,  of  Ridgelands,  Wimbledon  :  Quarterly,  argent  and  sable,  on  a 
bend  indented  gules,  between  two  pheons  of  the  first  a  qnarterstaff  or ; 
and  for  a  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two  arms  embowed, 
vested  sable,  seme-de-lis,  and  cuffed  argent,  the  hands  proper,  grasping 
a  quarterstaff  fesswise  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Vigilate." 


When  the  arm  is  bare  it  is  termed  "  proper,"     When 


Fig.  25S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Wake  Pretor-Pinney,  Esq. : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  three  crescents  or,  issuing  from  each  a 
cross  crosslet  fitchee  argent  (for  Pinney);  2  and  3,  or,  an  eagle 
displayed  with  two  heads  vert,  beaked  and  membered  gules, 
standing  on  a  fasces  proper,  and  holding  in  each  beak  a  trefoil 
slipped  of  the  second,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Smith,  namely  :  or, 
a  chevron  cottised  between  three  demi-griffins,  the  two  in  chief 
respecting  each  other  sable.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crests :  i. 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  arm  in  armour  embowed,  the  part 
above  the  elbow  in  fess  proper,  the  hand  holding  a  cross  crosslet 
fitchee  argent  (for  Pinney) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
demi-eagle  couped  or,  wings  endorsed  sable,  seme  of  trefoils 
slipped  of  the  first,  and  holding  in  the  beak  a  trefoil  slipped  vert 
(for  Pretor).     Motto:  "  Amor  patriie." 


Fig  259. — Armorial  bearings  of  Briane  Barttelot  Barttelot,  Esq.  : 
Quarterly  of  8,  i.  sable,  three  sinister  gloves  pendent  argent, 
tasselled  or  (for  Barttelot) ;  2.  quarterly  per  fesse  indented  argent 
and  gules,  four  crescents  counterchanged  (for  Stopham);  3.  azure, 
three  cbevronels  argent,  in  the  sinister  chief  a  martlet  for  differ- 
ence (for  Lewknor) ;  4.  gules,  three  bucks'  heads  caboshed  argent 
(for  Doyley) ;  5.  azure,  two  bars  gemel,  in  chief  a  lion  passant 
guardant  or  (for  Tregoz);  6.  or,  on  a  chief  gules,  three  bezants 
(for  Camoys) ;  7.  argent,  three  hawks'  heads  erased  sable  (for 
Walton) ;  S.  argent,  an  eagle  with  two  heads  displayed  sable  (for 
Sykeston) ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,,  a  swan 
conchant  with  wings  endorsed  argent ;  and  the  motto,  "  Matura." 


119 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


clothed  it  is  termed  either  "  vested "  or  "  habited." 
The  cuff  is  very  frequently  of  a  different  colour,  and  the 
crest  is  then  also  termed  "  cuffed."  The  hand  is  nearly 
always  bare,  but  if  not  represented  of  iJesh  colour  it 
will  be  presumed  and  termed  to  be  "  gloved "  of  such 
and  such  a  tincture.  When  it  is  represented  in  armour 
it  is  termed  "  in  armour  "  or  "  vambraced."  Even  when 
in  armour  the  hand  is  usually  bare,  but  if  in  a  gauntlet 
this  must  be  specifically  so  stated. 

The  armour  is  always  represented  as  rivetted  pltite 
armour  unless  it  is  specifically  stated  to  be  chain  armour, 
as  in  the  crest  of  Bathurst  (see  Plate  LXII.),  or  scale 
armour. 

The  armour  is  sometimes  decorated  with  gold,  when 
the  usual  term  employed  will  be  ■'  garnished  or,"  though 
occasionally  the  word  "  purfled  "  is  used. 

Gloves  are  occasionally  met  with  as  charges,  e.g.  in 
the  arms  of  Barttelot  (Fig.  259). 

Gauntlets  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Wayne ''  (Plate 
XX.). 

Legs  are  not  so  frequently  met  with  as  arms.  They 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Gillman  (Fig.  195),  Bower 
(Fig.  260),  Legg  (Fig.  143),  and  as  the  crest  of 
Eyre. 

Boots  will  be  found  in  the  crest  of  Hussey  (Fig.  261). 

Bones  occur  in  the  arms  of  Scott- Gatty  (Fig.  262), 
and  Baines  (Fig.  263). 

A  skull  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Grfeme  ["  Two  arms 
issuing  from  a  cloud  erected  and  lighting  up  a  man's 
skull  encircled  with  two  branches  of  palm,  over  the 
head  a  marquess's  coronet,  all  proper"]. 


breast  distilling  drops  of  milk  proper.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi  sea-dog  azure,  collared, 
maned,  and  tinned  or"].    . 

An  eye  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Blount  of  Maple-Durham 


Fig.  260. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edmund  Tliomas  Chivers  Bower,  Esq. : 
Azure,  a  human  leg  couped  at  the  thigh  and  pierced  beudwise  by 
a  broken  tilting-spear  or,  a  chief  argent,  thereon  between  two 
castles  sable  a  pale  of  the  first  charged  with  a  rose  of  the  second, 
impaling  the  arms  of  TroUope,  namely :  vert,  three  stags  courant 
within  a  bordure  argent.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert  a  quiver  azure,  garnished 
or,  and  filled  with  arrows  proper  in  saltire,  with  a  bow  unstrung 
also  proper.     Motto  :  "  Veritas  pnevalebit." 

A   woman's   breast    occurs   in    the   arms   of   Dodge 
["  Barry  of  six  or  and  sable,  on  a  pale  gules,  a  woman's 

["  On  a  wreath   of  the  colours,  the  sun  in  splendour 

1  Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  William  Henry  Wayne  :  Gules,  a  chevron       charged  in  the  centre  with  an  eye  all  proper  "]. 

ermine,  between  three  dexter  gauntlets  or.     Mantling_  gules  and         rpj^^  man-lion,  the  merman,  mermaid,  melusine,  satyr. 


Fig.  261. — Arms  of  Thomas  Hussey,  Esq.  :  Quarterly  of  twenty-five, 
namely,  i.  barry  of  sis  ermine  and  gules,  on  a  canton  of  the 
second  a  cross  patonce  argent  {for  Hussey) ;  2.  azure,  a  pale 
lozengy  or,  between  two  Haunches  of  the  last  (for  Daniel) ;  3. 
azure,  an  eagle  displayed  argent  {for  Cotton,  otherwise  Redware) ; 

4.  argent,  a  bend  sable  between  three  pellets  (for  Cotton,  ancient) ; 

5.  azure,  an  eagle  displayed  argent  ;  6.  sable,  three  swords,  two 
and  one  palewise  proper,  pommels  and  hilts  or  (for  Waldechef); 

7.  or,  sis  eagles  displayed  sable,  a  canton  ermine  {for  Basing); 

8.  argent,  three  falcons  gules,  belled  or  (for  Falconer) ;  9.  sable, 
three  owls  or  (for  Thurcaston) ;  10.  azure,  two  bars  argent  (for 
Ven^bles);  11.  or,  a  fesse  azure  (for  Vernon);  12.  sable,  a  fesse 
dancette  between  three  mullets  argent  (for  Wesenham) ;  13. 
azure,  a  saltire  and  chief  or  {for  Bruce  of  Connington) ;  14.  or,  a 
saltire  and  chief  gules  (for  Bruce  of  Annandale) ;  15.  or,  three 
piles  in  point  issuing  from  the  chief  gules  {for  David,  Earl  of 
Huntingdon) ;  16.  or,  a  lion  rampant  within  a  double  tressure 
flory  and  counterflory  gules  (for  Scotland) ;  17.  azure,  a  cross  flory 
between  four  martlets  or  {for  the  Saxon  kings  of  England) ;  18. 
azure,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  a  chief  gules  (for  Waltheof,  Earl  of 
Northumberland);  19.  gules,  a  saltire  argent  (for  Aldred,  Earl  of 
Northumberland) ;  20.  azure,  six  garbs,  three,  two  and  one  or  (for 
Kevelioc,  Earl  of  Chester);  21.  gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent 
(for  Gernons,  Earl  of  Chester) ;  22.  or,  a  lion  rampant  gules  (for 
Meschines,  Earl  of  Chester)  ;  23.  azure,  a  wolf's  head  erased  argent 
{for  Lupus,  Earl  of  Chester) ;  24.  sable,  a  double-headed  eagle 
displayed  or  (for  Algar,  Earl  of  Leicester) ;  25.  or,  a  chevron  be- 
tween three  leopards'  faces  gules  (for  Harvey).  Upon  the  escut- 
cheon is  placed  a  Iielraet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling 
gules  and  argent;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  boot  sable,  spurred  or,  turned  over  ermine,  surmounted  by  a 
heart  proper,  supported  by  two  arms  embowed  in  armour,  the 
hands  gauntleted  also  proper  ;  with  the  motto  :  "  Cor  immobyle." 


argent.     Crest;    on   a  wreath  of  tlie  colours,  a  pelican  feeding  her 


young  or,  collared  gules,  on  the  body  an  ermine  spot,  nest  azure, 


satyral,  harpy,  sphinx,  centaur,  saggitarius,  and  weir- 


120 


PLATE  XXXVII. 


PUBLIC 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF- 


(i)  E    R.  FISHER-ROWE,  Esq.  of  Thoencombe.  Nk.  Guildford. 

(2)  ALEXANDER   JOHN   FORBES-LEITH,   Esq.   of  Fvvie  Castle. 

.Aberdeen'. 

(3)  Sir  J0N.\THAN  E.   B.ACKHOUSE,  Bart. 


(4)  Capt.    JOHN    GEORGE    EDMUND   TEiMPLER    OF    LlNDRlDGE, 

Teign.mol-ih,  Co.  Devon. 

(5)  CLIFFORD    JOHN    CORY,    ESQ.    OF    Llantarnam    Abbev, 

Monmouthshire. 


^ 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


wolf    are    included    in    the    chapter    upon    mythical 

animals. 


Fig.  262.— Arms  of  Alfred  Scott  Scott-Gatty,  Esq.,  York  Heiald  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  fess  sable  and  azure,  in  chief  a  demi-cat 
issuant  gaardant  argent,  and  in  base  a  shin-bone  in  bend  sur- 
mounted by  another  in  bend  sinister,  between  four  fleurs-de-lis 
or  (for  Gatty) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  guttd-de-poix,  on  a  bend  cottised 
azure,  a  mullet  of  sis  points  pierced  between  two  crescents  of  the 
first  (for  Scott) ;  the  escutcheon  being  encircled  by  his  collar  of 
SS) ;  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Foster,  namely :  ermine,  a  bugle- 
horn  vert.,  garnished  and  stringed  or,  on  a  chief  arched  gules  two 
roses  argent.  Mantling  sable  and  argent;  and  for  his  crests,  i. 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fern-brake,  rising  therefrom  a  cock 
pheasant  all  proper  (for  Gatty) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
on  a  mount  vert,  a  stag  trippant  proper,  gorged  with  a  collar 
gemelle  ai^ent,  and  supporting  with  the  sinister  foreleg  a  trident 
in  bend  sinister  or  (for  Scott) ;  with  the  motto,  "  Gate  at  caute." 


Fig.  263. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  Montague  Charles  Alexander 
Eaines,  M-A.:  Quarterly,  i.  sable,  a  thigh-bone  in  pale  surmounted 
by  another  in  fess  argent,  between  two  crosses  pat^e  in  bend  or 
(for  Baines) ;  2,  argent,  a  bend  sable,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  three 
cushions  of  the  first  (for  Johnson) ;  3.  argent,  a  fess  sable,  a  demi- 
lion  rampant  issuant  gules,  in  base  three  mullets  of  six  points 
azure  (for  Oeils);  4.  argent,  on  a  fess  gules,  a  cross  patee  between 
two  cross  crosslets  fitchee  or  (for  Guthbert).  Mantling  sable  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  arm  embowed, 
vested  azure,  cuff  argent,  the  hand  grasping  a  jaw-bone  proper,  on 
the  arm  a  cross  pat^e  or.     Motto  :  "  Furor  arma  ministrat." 


CHAPTER    XV 

THE    HERALDIC    LION 

HERAIjDIC  art  without  the  lion  would  not 
amount  to  very  much,  for  no  figure  plays 
such  an  important  or  such  an  extensive 
part  in  armory  as  the  lion,  in  one  or  other  of  its 
many  positions.  These  nowadays  manifold  positions 
are  the  results  of  modern  differentiations,  arising 
from  the  necessity  of  a  larger  number  of  varying 
coats  of  arms ;  but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  in 
early  times  the  majority  of  these  positions  did  not  exist, 
having  been  gradually  evolved,  and  that  originally  the 
heraldic  animal  was  just  "  a  lion."  The  shape  of  the 
shield  was  largely  a  governing  factor  in  the  manner 
in  which  we  find  it  depicted ;  the  old  artists,  with  a 
keener  artistic  sense  than  is  evidenced  in  so  many 
later  examples  of  heraldic  design,  endeavoured  to  fill 
up  as  large  a  proportion  of  the  space  available  as  was 
possible,  and  consequently  when  only  one  lion  was  to 
be  depicted  upon  the  shield  they  very  naturally  drew 
the  animal  in  an  upright  position,  this  being  the  one 
most  convenient  and  adaptable  for  their  purpose.  Pro- 
bably their  knowledge  of  natural  history  was  very 
limited,  and  this  upright  position  would  seem  to  them 
the  most  natural,  and  probably  was  the  only  one  they 
knew ;  at  any  rate,  at  first  it  is  almost  the  only  position 
to  be  found.  A  curious  commentary  upon  this  may 
be  deduced  from  the  head-covering  of  Geoffrey  of  Anjou 
(Fig.  41),  which  shows  a  lion.  This  lion  is  identically 
of  the  form  and  shape  of  the  lions  rampant  upon  the 
shield,  but  from  the  nature  of  the  space  it  occupies, 
is  what  would  now  be  termed  statant ;  but  there  is  at 
the  same  time  no  such  alteration  in  the  relative  position 
of  the  limbs  as  would  now  be  required.  This  would 
seem  to  indicate  very  clearly  that  there  was  but  the  one 
stereotyped  pattern  of  a  lion,  which  answered  all  their 
purposes,  and  that  they  applied  that  one  pattern  to  the 
spaces  they  desired  to  decorate. 

Early  heraldry,  however,  when  the  various  positions 
came  into  recognised  use,  soon  sought  to  impose  this 
definite  distinction,  that  the  lion  coiud  only  be  depicted 
erect  in  the  rarapant  position,  and  that  an  animal  re- 
presented to  be  walking  must  therefore  be  a  leopard  from 
the  very  position  which  it  occupied.  This,  however, 
was  a  distinction  known  only  to  the  more  pedantic 
heralds,  and  found  greatest  favour  amongst  the  French ; 
but  we  find  in  Glover's  Roll,  which  is  a  copy  of  a  roll 
originally  drawn  up  about  the  year  1250,  that  whilst  he 
gives  lions  to  six  of  the  English  earls,  he  commences 
with  "le  Roy  d'Angleterre  porte,  Goules,  trois  lupards 
d'or."  On  the  other  hand,  the  monkish  chronicler  John 
of  Harmoustier  in  Touraine  (a  contemporary  writer) 
relates  that  when  Henry  I.  chose  Geoffrey,  son  of  Foulk, 
Earl  of  Anjou,  Tourain,  and  Main,  to  be  his  son-in-law, 
by  marrying  him  to  his  only  daughter  and  heir,  Maud 
the  Empress,  and  made  him  knight,  after  the  bathing 
and  other  solemnities  (pedes  ejus  solutaribus  in  super- 
ficie  Leonculos  aureos  habentibus  muniuntur),  boots 
embroidered  with  golden  lions  were  drawn  on  his  legs, 
and  also  that  (Clypeus  Leonculos  aureos  imaginarios 
habens  collo  ejus  suspenditur)  a  shield  with  lions  of 
gold  therein  was  hung  about  his  neck. 

It  is,  therefore,  evident  that  the  refinement  of  dis- 
tinction between  a  lion  and  a  leopard  was  not  of  the 
beginning ;  it  is  a  later  addition  to  the  earlier  simple 
term  of  lion.  This  distinction  having  been  invented 
by  French  heralds,  and  we,  taking  so  much  of  our 
heraldry,  our  language,  and  our  customs  from  France, 
adopted,  and  to  a  certain  extent  used,  this  description 


121 


Q 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  lions  passant  as  "  leopards."  There  can  be  no  doubt, 
however,  that  the  lions  passant  guardant  upon  the 
English  shield  "have  always  been  represented  as  lions, 


Fig.  264. — Shield,  helmet,  and  crest  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince, 
suspended  over  his  tomb  in  Canterbury  Cathedral. 

no  matter  what  they  may  have  been  called,  and  the 
use  of  the  term  leopard  in  heraldry  to  signify  a  cer- 
tain position  for  the  lion  never  received  any  extensive 
sanction,  and  has  long  since  become  obsolete  in  British 
armory.  In  French  blazon,  however,  the  old  distinction 
is  still  observed.  The  French  lion  is  our  lion  rampant, 
the  French  leopard  is  our  lion  passant  guardant,  whilst 
they  term  our  lion  passant  a  Uopard-lionni,  and  our 
lion  rampant  guardant  is  their  Uon-Uoimrdi. 

A  lion  rampant  and  any  other  beast  of  prey  is  usually 


represented  in  heraldry  with  the  tongue  and  claws  of  a 
different  colour  from  the  animal.  If  it  is  not  itself  gules, 
its  tongue  and  claws  are  usually  represented  as  of  that 
colour,  unless  the  lion  be  on  a  held  of  gules.  They  are 
then  represented  azure,  the  term  being  "armed  and 
langued  "  of  such  and  such  a  colour.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  mention  that  a  lion  is  "armed  and  langued"  in  the 
blazon  when  they  are  emblazoned  in  gules,  but  when- 
ever any  other  colour  is  introduced  for  the  purpose 
it  is  better  that  it  should  be  specified.  Outside  British 
heraldry  a  lion  is  always  supposed  to  be  rampant  unless 
otherwise  specifically  described.  The  earliest  appear- 
ance of  the  lions  in  the  arms  of  any  member  of  the  Royal 
Family  in  England  would  appear  to  be  the  seal  of  King 
John  when  he  was  Prince  and  before  he  ascended  the 
throne.  This  seal  shows  his  arms  to  be  two  lions 
passant.  The  English  Royal  crest,  which  originated 
with  Richard  I.,  is  now  always  depicted  as  a  lion  statant 
guardant.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  however,  that  this 
guardant  attitude  is  a  subsequent  derivation  from  the 
position  of  the  lions  on  the  shield,  when  heraldry  was 
ceasing  to  be  actual  and  becoming  solely  pictorial.  We 
find  in  the  case  of  the  crest  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince, 
now  suspended  over  his  tomb  in  Canterbury  Cathedral, 
that  the  lion  upon  the  chapeau  looks  straight  forward 
over  the  front  of  the  helm  (see  Fig.  264). 

Another  ancient  rule  belonging  to  the  same  period 
as  the  controversy  between  leopards  and  lions  was  that 
there  cannot  be  more  than  one  lion  upon  a  shield,  and 
this  was  one  of  the  great  arguments  used  to  determine 
that  the  charges  on  the  Royal  Arms  of  England  must  be 
leopards  and  not  lions.  It  was  admitted  as  a  rule  of 
British  armory  to  a  limited  extent,  viz.  that  when  two 
or  more  lions  rampant  appear  upon  the  same  shield, 
unless  they  are  combatant,  they  were  always  formerly 
described  as  lioncels.  Thus  the  arms  of  Bohun  are : 
"  Azure,  a  bend  argent,  cottised  between  six  lioncels  ram- 
pant or  "  (Fig.  265).  British  heraldry  has,  however,  long 
since  disregarded  any  such  rule  (if  any  definite  rule  ever 
really  existed  upon  the  point),  though  curiously  enough 
in  the  recent  grant  of  arms  to  the  town  of  Warrington 
(Fig.  51)  the  animals  are  there  blazoned  six  "lioncels." 

The  artistic  evolution  of  the  lion  rampant  can  be 
readily  traced  in  the  examples  and  explanations  which 
follow,  but,  as  will  be  understood,  the  employment  in 
the  case  of  some  of  these  models  cannot  strictly  be  said 
to  be  confined  within  a  certain  number  of  years,  though 
the  details  and  periods  given  are  roughly  accurate,  and 
sufficiently  so  to  typify  the  changes  which  have  occurred. 

Until  perhaps  the  second  half  of  the  thirteenth  century 
the  body  of  the  lion  appears  straight  upright  {"  zim 
Grimmen  geschicM  [set  into  a  fury]  rampant "),  so  that 
the  head,  the  trunk,  and  the  left  hind-paw  fall  into  the 
angle  of  the  shield.  The  left  fore-paw  is  horizontal,  the 
right  fore-  and  the  right  hind-paw  are  placed  diagonally 
(or  obliciuely)  upwards  (Fig.  266).  The  paws  each  end 
Ln  three  Knobs,  similar  to  a  clover  leaf,  out  of  which  the 
claws  come  forth.  The  fourth  or  inferior  toes  appeared 
in  heraldry  somewhat  later.  The  jaws  are  closed  or 
only  very  slightly  opened,  without  the  tongue  being 
visible.  The  tail  is  thickened  in  the  middle  with  a  bunch 
of  longer  hair  and  is  turned  down  towards  the  body. 

In  the  course  of  the  period  lasting  from  the  second 
half  of  the  thirteenth  to  the  second  half  of  the  four- 
teenth centuries,  the  right  hind-paw  sinks  lower  until 
it  forms  a  right  angle  with  the  left.  The  mouth  grows 
pointed,  and  in  the  second  haK  of  the  period  the  tongue 
becomes  visible.  The  tail  also  shows  a  knot  near  its 
root  (Fig.  267). 

In  examples  taken  from  the  second  half  of  the  four- 
teenth century  and  the  fifteenth  century  the  lion's  body 
is  no  longer  placed  like  a  pillar,  but  lays  its  head  back 


122 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


to  the  left  so  that  the  right  fore-paw  falls  into  an 
oblique  upward  line  with  the  trunk.  The  toes  are 
lengthened,  appearing  almost  as  fingers,  and  spread  out 
from  one  another;  the  tail,  adorned  with  flame-like 
bunches  of  hair,  strikes  outwards  and  loses  the  before- 
mentioned  knot,  which  only  remams  visible  in  a  forked 


Fig.  265. — Arms  of  Humphrey  de  Eohun,  Earl  of  Hereford  {d.  1275)  : 
Azare,  a  bend  ai^ent,  cottised  or,  between  six  lioncels  oi  "the  last. 
(From  MS.  Reg.  14,  C.  vii.) 

tail  {qiLeue-fourche).  The  jaws  grow  deep  and  are 
widely  opened,  and  the  breast  rises  and  expands  under 
the  lower  jaw  (Fig.  268). 

The  actual  evolution  may  perhaps  be  more  readily 
grasped  from  the  instances  collected  on  Plate  XL.  by 
Herr  Strohl,  which  to  the  heraldic  artist  are  distinctly 
instructive. 

The  notes  relating  to  the  figures  upon  Plate  XL.,  it 


Fig.  267. 


Fig.  268. 


should  be  remarked,  are  not  given  here  in  the  order  in 
which  they  occur  on  the  plate,  but  are  arranged  chrono- 
logically. 

Fig.  I  (Plate  XL.).  Shield  from  the  convent  of  Seedorf 
in  the  canton  of  Uri,  from  the  first  half  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  shield  shows :  Azure,  a  Hon  rampant 
argent.  The  lion  is  so  modelled  that  it  is  partially 
raised  from  the  chalk  background.     In  the  base  of  the 


Fig.  269. — Arms  of  Ulrlch  der  Schenke  von  Hauspach. 

shield  appears  a  silver  rectangle.  The  shield  is  one 
centimetre  thick  and  made  of  firwood,  is  covered  in 
front  with  parchment  and  at  the  back  with  leather. 
The  nails  visible  in  front  served  for  the  attaching  of  the 
shield-chain  and  arm-frames.  Seedorf,  originally  a 
monastery,  was  founded  in  1 1 84  by  Arnold  v.  Briens, 
and  it  is  always  possible  that  this  shield  belonged  to 
some  member  of  this  family. 

Fig.  2  (Plate  XL.).  Lion  from  the  seal  of  "Karvlvs 
De.  Gvtrat"  in  the  year  1231. 


Fig.  9  (Plate  XL.).  Lion  from  the  seal  of  Heinrich 
von  Silberberg  (Karnten),  1249.  The  legend  runs: 
"  Sigillvm  Heinrici  De  Sdberberch."  The  arms  are 
probably :  Gules,  a  lion  rampant  or,  surmounting  a 
bend  argent. 

Fig.  10  (Plate  XL.).  Lion  from  the  shield  of  "Tan- 
credi  De  Rosciano." 

Fig.  3  (Plate  XL.).  Lion  from  the  seal  of  a  Schenk 
von  Hausbach  (Lower  Austria),  of  the  year  1250.  The 
seal  legend  runs :  "  S.  Heinrici  De  Havspach  Pincerne." 
The  arms  are :  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable,  crowned 
gules.  The  Vienna  Minoriten  Necrologium  (Index  or 
Register  of  the  patrons  of  the  order  buried  in  the 
Monastery  of  the  Minoriten),  drawn  up  at  the  turn  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  also  contains,  amongst  many 
other  coats  of  arms,  that  of  a  Schenken  von  Hausbach 
(Fig.  269),  with  an  exquisitely  conventionalised  lion. 

Fig.  4  (Plate  XL).  Lion  from  the  seal  of  Ezelinus 
von  Egna  (Enn,  near  Neumarkt,  in  S.  Tyrol),  on  a 
document  dated  May  28,  1276.  The  seal  legend  runs: 
"  Sigillvm  Ecerini  De  Egna,"  and  the  arms  are :  Azure, 
a  lion  rampant  argent,  armed  or.  The  gravestone  of 
WUhelmus  de  Enna,  died    133 5,   is   of   great  heraldic 


B'iG.  270, — Arms  of  Strange  and  Talbot.     (From  a  design 
for  a  banner. ) 

interest,  inasmuch  as  there  are  on  the  shield  two  paU- 
helmet  rests  facing  one  another.  It  is  probably  the 
oldest  example  of  such  a  position. 

Fig.  12  (Plate  XL.).  Arms  of  the  kingdom  of 
Bohemia,  from  the  monument  of  Przemisl  Ottokar  I. 
in  St  Veit's  Cathedral  at  Prague,  fourteenth  century. 
The  lion  is  there  represented  in  low  relief,  and  is 
crowned.  The  lion  rampant  argent  crowned  or  on  a 
field  gules  has  been  the  territorial  arms  of  Bohemia 
since  the  second  half  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

Fig.  6  (Plate  XL.).  Armorial  shield  of  "Lewppolt 
von  Ekchartsaw  "  (beginning  of  fifteenth  century).  The 
arms  are :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  crowned  and 
chained,  the  chain  hanging  down  the  back  or.  The 
shield  is  taken  from  the  Sti  Christophori  Bruder- 
■schaftsbuche  von  Arlberg  (the  "  Book  of  the  Brother- 
hood of  St.  Christopher  of  Arlberg  ").  Further  examples 
of  arms  from  this  source  will  be  found  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  volume. 

Fig.  7  (Plate  XL).  Armorial  shield  from  Conrad 
Griinenberg's  Wappenhuch,  1483,  the  arms  being  there 
ascribed  to  "  Das  Land  von  Rusen "  (Reuss).  The 
narrow  white  border  of  the  shield  there  shown  has 
here  been  omitted  as  superfluous.  The  arms  on  the 
shield  are :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant,  armed  and  eyed 
gules.     This  lion  is  magnificently  drawn. 


123 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  5  (Plate  XL.).  Armorial  shield  of  Paulus  Hector         Fig.  13  (Plate  XL.).  Armorial  shield  of  the  Dukes  ot 
Mair  (Augsburg,   1550)  by  an  unknown  artist.     As  a     Swabia:  Or,  three  lions  passant  guard  ant  in  pale  sable, 
charge  appears  a  lion  brandishing  a  club  (or  Pusikan).  The  two  last  drawings  are  from  Jost  Amman's  hand 


Fig.  271. 


Fig.  273. — Lion  rampant. 
(By  Mr.  G.  Scmby.) 


Fig.  274. — Lion  passant  guardant. 
(By  Mr.  G.  Scmby.) 


Fig.  275. — Lion  rampant. 
(By  Mr.  G.  Scraby.) 


Fig.  276. — Lion  i-ampant  and  lioii  statant 
guardant,  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve.  (From 
*'  Decorative  Heraldry.") 


Fig.  272.— Lions.     (Drawn  bv  Mr.  J.  Forbes  Ni.xou.)  FiG.  277.— Lion  statant,  lion  passant  guardant, 

and  lion  passant  regardant,  by  Mr.  G. 
W.Eve.    (From  "Decorative  Heraldry.") 

Fig.   1 1   (Plate  XL.).  Armorial  shield  of  the  Counts      and    are   taken   from   the   Tournament   Book    of    the 
Palatine  of  the  Rhine :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant,  crowned      Count    Palatine's    Herald    George    Rixner,   surnamed 

"  Jerusalem,"  1566. 
124 


gules. 


PLATE   XXXVIII. 


THE   ARMORIAL  BEARINGS    OF- 
<i]  IA.MES  BINNEY,  Esq.  of  Pampisford  Hall,  Cambs.                             I       (4)  PHILIP  LYTTELTON  GELL.  Esq.  of  Kirk  Langlev,  Co.  Derkv. 

(2)  B.'\RTLETT.  OF  Liverpool.  -  (5)  WILLIAM    KID    M.ACDON.\LD,    Esq.    of    Windmill    House. 

(3)  JOH.V  WILLL\M-\IACFIE.Esq..ofDreghorn  andColinton.N.B.      I  Arbroath. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Lions  of  peculiar  virility  and  beauty  appear  upon  a 
fourteentli-century  banner  wbich  shows  the  arms  of  the 
family  of  Talbot,  Earls  of  Shrewsbury :  Gules,  a  lion 
rampant  within  a  bordure  engrailed  or,  quartered  with 
the  arms  of  Strange :  Argent,  two  lions  passant  in  pale 
gules,  armed  and  langued  azure.  Fig.  270  gives  the 
lower  half  of  the  banner  which  was  published  in  colours 
in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Heraldic  Exhibition  in  London, 
1S94.  Other  examples  from  the  series  will  be  found  on 
Plates  LXXXII.  and  LXXXIIL 

Fig.  8  (Plate  XL.)  shows  the  arms  of  St.  Gimignano, 
in  the  province  of  Siena.  The  shield  is :  Per  fess  gules 
and  or,  a  lion  rampant  argent.  This  shield,  with  the  con- 
ventionalised lion  of  a  genuinely  Italian  type,  is  taken 
from  the  work  on  the  arms  of  Tuscan  towns,  Le  Amii 
dei  Municipj  Toscani,  Florence,  1864,  by  L.  Passerini. 

Fig.  27 1  is  an  Italian  coat  of  arms  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  shows  a  Hon  of  almost  exactly  the  same 
design,  except  the  paws  are  here  rendered  somewhat 


passant  crowned.  A  lion  passant.  A  lion  rampant 
A  lion  rampant  to  the  sinister.  A  lion  passant  guardant, 
ducally   gorged.      A   lion    statant    guardant,    ducally 


Fig.  27S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Lazenby  Liberty,  Esq.,  of  The 
Lee  Manor,  Great  ilissenden,  Bucks  ;  Per  fess  azure  and  gules,  a 
tower  between  two  fiears-de-lis  in  chief  and  a  lion  passant  in 
base,  all  or.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  a  tower  gules,  a  lion  passant,  holding  in  the 
dester  forepaw  a  fleur-de-lis,  both  or.  Motto  :  "  Libertas."  (Re- 
produced from  a  painting  br  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E.) 

more  heraldioally.  The  painting  (azure,  a  Uon  rampant 
argent)  served  as  an  '  Ex  libris,"  and  bears  the  inscrip- 
tion "  Libe  accusacionum  mey  p.  he  .  .  ."  (The  remainder 
has  been  cut  away.)  It  is  reproduced  from  Warnecke's 
"  German  Bookplates,"  1 890. 

When  we  come  to  modern  examples  of  Hons,  it  is 
evident  that  the  artists  of  the  present  day  very  largely 
copy  hons  which  are  really  the  creations  of,  or  adaptations 
from,  the  work  of  their  predecessors.  The  lions  of  Mr. 
Forbes  Nixon,  as  shown  in  Fig.  272,  which  were  specially 
drawn  by  him  at  my  request  as  typical  of  his  style, 
are  respectively  as  follows : — 

A  winged  lion  passant  coward.  A  lion  rampant 
regardant.      A  lion   rampant   queue-fourche.     A   lion 


Fig.  279. — AiTuorial  bearings  of  Alexander  Charles  Richards  Maitland, 
Esq.  :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  couped  in  all  his  joints  of  the 
field,  within  a  double  tressure  flory  and  counterflory  azure,  a  bor- 
dure engrailed  ermine.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  lion  sejant  erect  and  affronte  gules,  hold- 
ing in  his  dexter  paw  a  sword  proper,  bHted  and  pommelled  gold, 
and  in   his   sinister  a  fleur-de-lis  argent.     Motto:   "Consilio  et 


Fig.  2S0. — Armorial  bearings  of  Capt.  Michael  James  Hughes,  of 
Sherdley  Hall ;  Gules,  two  lions  passant  in  pale,  and  in  chief  a 
rose  argent,  in  the  dexter  chief  point  a  mullet  for  difference. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  out  of  a  coronet  or,  a  demi- 
lion  rampant  argent,  holding  in  the  paws  a  rose  gules,  slipped 
vert.     Motto :  "  Heb  Dduw  heb  ddim,  Duw  a  digon." 


125 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


crowned.  A  lion  rampant.  A  lion  statant  guardant. 
A  lion  sejant  guardant  erect.  The  lions  on  the  cover 
of  this  volume,  however,  are  far  better  examples  of  Mr. 
Forbes  Nixon's  artistic  powei'.  Lions  drawn  by  Mr. 
Scruby  will  be  found  in  ligs.  273,  274,  and  275,  which 
are  respectively :  "  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable," 
"  Sable,  a  lion  passant  guardant  argent,"  and  "  Sable,  a 
lion  rampant  argent."  These  again  were  specially  drawn 
by  Mr.  Scruby  as  typical  of  his  style. 

The  lions  of  Mr.  Eve  would  seem  to  be  entirely 
origiaal.  Their  singularly  graceful  form  and  propor- 
tions are  perhaps  best  shown  by  Figs.  276  and  277, 
which  are  taken  from  his  book  "  Decorative  Heraldry." 
His  lions  upon  the  Windsor  Castle  bookplates,  which 
will  be  figured  later,  are  worthy  of  notice,  as  are  the 
lions  ia  the  arms  of  Liberty  (see  Fig.  278). 

The  lions  of  Mr.  Graham  Johnston  can  be  appreci- 
ated from  the  examples  of  the  arms  of  Eyton  "■  (Plate 
XXXIV.),  Hervey''  (Plate  XLV.),  Maitland  (Fig.  279), 
and  Hughes  (Fig.  280). 

Examples  of  lions  drawn  by  Miss  Helard  will  be 
found  in  Figs.  281,  282,  283. 


Some  ot  the  earliest  known  English  examples  will  be 
found  on  Plates  LXXI.  and  LXXIL,  and  those  in 
Prince  Arthur's  Book  (Plates  XGIX.  and  C),  and 
the  extravagant  creatures  on  Plates  LXXXV.  and 
LXXXVI.  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  their  period. 
Other  examples  which  will  be  appreciated  are  given 
in  Figs.  2S4-291. 

Some  number  of  lions  as  supporters,  from  various 


Fig.  2S1.— Bookplate  of  Eev.  F.  B.  Dickinson.    (Designed  by 
Miss  C.  Helard.) 


Good  examples  of  lions  drawn  after  the  old-fashioned 
naturalistic  type  will  be  found  on  Plate  XLIL  These 
are  from  "  Knight  and  Rumley  "  and  Fairbairn's  "  Book 
of  Crests."  They  are  all  represented  as  crests,  and 
are  respectively:  (i)  Rampant  regardant;  (2)  rampant 
guardant ;  (3)  rampant ;  (4)  passant  guardant ;  (5) 
statant  tail  extended ;  (6)  statant  guardant ;  (7)  pas- 
sant;  (8)  dormant;  (9)  couchant ;  (10)  sejant;  (11)  sejant 
affronte  erect  ;  and  (12)  sejant  erect. 

To  revert  to  rather  more  ancient  examples  of  lions, 
it  will  be  noticed  that  although  closely  following  upon 
the  German  lines  which  Herr  Strtihl  has  traced,  the 
development  in  England  has  not  been  quite  identical. 

a  Armorial  bearings  of  Eyton.  Arms ;  ermine,  a  lion  rampant  gules. 
Crest :  a  demi-lion  rampant,  holding  between  the  paws  a  ducal  coronet 
all  or.     Motto  ;  "  Fy  nuw  fy  ngwlad  a'i  gwyrthiau." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Matthew  Wilson  Hei-vey,  Esq.,  M.I.C.E. : 
Parted  per  chevron  yules  and  vert,  a  fess  chequy  argent  and  azure 
between  three  trefoils  slipped  or,  all  within  a  bordure  of  the  fourth. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a 
demi-lion  rampant  gules,  holding  in  his  dexter  paw  a  trefoil  slipped 
or.     Motto:  "  Delectat  et  ornat." 


Fig.  2S2.— a  lion  rampant.    (By  Miss  Helard.) 

sources  and  by  different  artists,  will  be  found  in 
the  chapter  devoted  to  Supporters. 

The  various  positions  which  modern  heraldry 
has  evolved  for  the  lions,  together  with  the  terms 
of  blazon  used  to  describe  these  positions,  are  as 
follows : — 

Lion  ranvpant. — The  animal  is  here  depicted  in 
profile,  and  erect,  resting  upon  its  sinister  hind 
paw  (see  Figs.  273  and  275).  Amongst  the  many 
families  which  bear  the  lion  rampant  may  be 
mentioned  the  family  of  Price  (Barts.)  who  bear : 
Gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent  (see  Plate  XXXIV.). 

Lion  ranvpant  guardant. — In  this  case  the  head 


Fig.  283. — A  lion  rampant.     (By  Miss  Helard.) 

of  the  lion  is  turned  to  face  the  spectator  (Plate  XLII. 
Fig.  2). 

Lion  ramjiant  regardant. — In  this  case  the  head  is 
turned  completely  round,  looking  backwards  (Plate 
XLII.  Fig.  I). 

Lion  rampant  double-queued. — In  this  case  the  lion 
is  represented  as  having  two  tails.  These  must  both  be 
apparent  from  the  base  of  the  tail,  otherwise  confusion 
will  arise  with  the  next  example. 

Lion  ravipant  queue-fonrche. — ^^In  this  case  one  tail 


126 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


springs  from  tlie  base,  which  is  divided  or  "  forked  "  in 
the  centre.     There  is  no  doubt  that  whilst  in  modern 


Fig.  2S4.— Arms  of  Hugh 
de  Albini,  Earl  of  Arun- 
del (rf.  1243) :  Gules,  a 
lion  rampant  or.  (MS. 
Cott.,  Nero,  D.  i.) 


Fig.  2S6.— Arms  of  Edmund, 
Earl  of  Cornwall :  Argent, 
a  lion  rampant  gules, 
crowned  or,  within  a  bor- 
dure  sable,  bezante.  (From 
his  seal,  1275.) 


Fig.  2S8.— Arms  of  Lyon  de 
Welles,  Baron  de  Welles : 
Or,  a  lion  rampant  sable, 
queue  -fourche.arm  ed  gules. 
(From  his  seal,  1447.) 


Fig.  290. — Arms  of  William 
Herbert,  Earl  of  Pembroke 
{d.  1469) :  Per  pale  gules 
and  azure,  thi'ee  hons  ram- 
pant argent.  (From  MS. 
Reg.  18,  D.  ii) 


Fig.  2S5.— Arms  of  William 
Marshall,  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke (d.  1234) :  Per  pale 
vert  and  or,  a  lion  ram- 
pant gules.  (MS.  Cott., 
Nerc,  D.  i.) 


FiG.  2S7.— Arms  of  Richard 
Fitz  Alan,  Earl  of  Arundel 
(d.  1302):  Gules,  a  lion 
rampant  or.  (From  his 
seal.) 


Fig.  2S9. — Arms  of  Mow- 
bray {d.  1461):  Gules,  a 
lion  rampant  or.  He 
more  usually  used  the 
arms  of  England  with  a 
label  argent.  (From  a 
seal  of  John  Mowbray.) 


Fig.  29 1 . — Arms  of  John 
de  Mowbray,  Earl  of  Not- 
tingham. (From  MS. 
Ashmole,  804,  iv.) 


times  and  with  regard  to  modern  arms  this  distinction 
must  be  adhered  to,  anciently  queue-fourche  and  double- 
queued  were  interchangeable  terms. 


Lion  rampant  tail  nowed. — The  tail  is  here  tied  in  a 
knot.  It  is  not  a  term  very  frequently  met  with,  but  an 
example  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Bewes  (Fig.  292). 

Lion  rampant  tail  elevated  and  tut^.ed  over  its 
head. — The  _  only  instances  of  the  existence  of  this 
curious  variation  which  have  come  under  mv  own 
notice  occur  in  the  coats  of  two  families  of  the"  name 
of  Buxton,  the  one  being  obviously  a  modern  grant 
founded  upon  the  other. 

Lion  ramjKint  ivith  two  heads,~Th.is  occurs  in  the 
coat  of  arms,  probably  founded  on  an  earlier  instance, 
granted  in  1739  to  Mason  of  Greenwich,  the  arms 
being :  "  Per  fess  ermine  and  azure,  a  lion  rampant  with 
two  heads  counterchanged."  This  curious  charge  had 
been  adopted  by  Mason's  College  in  Birmingham,  and 
on  the  foundation  of  Birmingham  University  it  was 
incorporated  in  its  arms  (Fig.  293). 

Lion  rampant  guardant  hicorporated. — In  this  case 
the  lion  has  one  head  and  two  bodies.     An  instance  of 


Fig.  292. — Armorial  bearings  of  Cecil  Edward  Bewes,  Esq. :  Argent,  a 
lion  rampant  tail  nowed  gules,  gorged  with  an  Ea-«tern  crown  or, 
in  chief  three  falcons  proper,  belled  of  the  third.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest;  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a 
Pegasus  rearing  on  bis  hind  legs,  of  a  bright  bay  colour,  mane 
and  tail  sable,  wings  displayed  or,  holding  in  the  mouth  a  laurel 
branch  proper.     Motto  ;  "  Major  ab  adversis." 


be 


the 


of 


this   curious   creature   wUl 
Attewater  (Plate  XCIX.). 

Lion  rampant  tricorporate. — In  this  case  three  bodies 
are  united  in  one  head.  Both  this  and  the  preceding 
variety  are  most  unusual,  but  the  tricorporate  lion  occurs 
in  a  coat  of  arms  (temp.  Car.  II.)  registered  in  Ulster's 
Office :  "  Or,  a  tricorporate  lion  rampant,  the  bodies 
disposed  in  the  dexter  and  sinister  chief  points  and  in 
base,  all  meeting  in  one  head  guardant  in  the  fess  point 
sable." 

Lion  corvard. — In  this  case  the  tail  of  the  lion  is  de- 
pressed, passing  between  its  hind  legs.  The  exactitude 
of  this  term  is  to  some  extent  modern.  Though  a  lion 
oowarded  was  known  in  ancient  days,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  formerly  an  artist  felt  hunself  quite  at 
liberty  to  put  the  tail  between  the  legs  if  this  seemed 


127 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


artistically  desii-able,  without  necessarily  having  inter- 
fered with  the  arms  by  so  doing. 

Lion  cowped  in  all  its  joints  is  a  charge  which  seems 


Fig.  293. — The  Seal  of  the  University  of  Birmingham,  (Actual  size. 
Designed  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E.).  The  Arms  are  :  Per  chevron,  the 
chief  per  pale  gules  and  azure,  in  de.xter  a  lion  rampant  with  two 
heads,  in  sinister  a  mermaid  holding  in  the  dexter  hand  a  mirror, 
and  in  the  sinister  a  comb  or,  the  base  sable  charged  with  an  open 
book  proper  with  two  buckles  and  straps  and  edges  of  the  third, 
inscribed  "Per  ardua  ad  alta"  of  the  fourth.  (Granted  August 
27,  1900.) 

peculiar  to  the  family  of  Maitland,  and  it  would  be 
interesting  to  learn  to  what  source  its  origin  can  be 
traced.  It  is  represented  with  each  of  its  four  paws,  its 
head  and  its  tail  severed  from  the  body,  and  removed 
slightly  away  therefrom.  A  Maitland  coat  of  arms 
exhibiting  this  peculiarity  will  be  found  in  Fig.  279. 

Lions  rani/pant  combatant  are  so  termed  when  two 
are  depicted  in  one  shield  facing  each  other  in  the  atti- 
tude of  fighting. 

A  very  curious  and  unique  instance  of  a  lion  rarnpant 
occurs  in  the  arms  of  Williams  (matriculated  in  Lyon 
Register  in  1862,  as  the  second  and  third  quarterings  of 
the  arms  of  Sir  James  Williams  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thornden),  the  coat  in  question  being ;  "  Argent,  a  lion 
rampant,  the  body  sable,  the  head,  paws,  and  tuft  of  the 
tail  of  the  field." 

Lion  passant. — A  lion  in  this  position  is  represented 
in  the  act  of  walking,  the  dexter  forepaw  being  raised, 
but  all  three  others  being  upon  the  ground.  An  example 
of  lions  passant  occurs  in  the  case  of  the  arms  of 
Ambrose  (see  Plate  XXX.)  and  Strangways  (see  Plate 
XCIX.).  These  same  arms  of  Strangeways  are  now  borne 
within  a  bordure  by  Mr.  L.  R.  Strangways  (Fig.  294). 

Lion  passant  guardant. — This  is  the  same  as  the 
previous  position,  except  that  the  head  is  turned  to  face 
the  spectator  (Plate  XLII.  Fig.  4).  The  lions  in  the 
quartering  for  England  in  the  Royal  coat  of  arms  are 
"  three  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale."  Examples  of 
the  Royal  lions  will  be  found  in  Fig.  295,  which  at  the 
same  time  strikingly  illustrates  the  greater  freedom  and 
virility  of  the  work  of  the  older  artists. 

Lion  of  England. — This  is  "  a  lion  passant  guardant 
or,"  and  the  term  is  only  employed  for  a  lion  of  this 
description  when  it  occurs  as  or  in  an  honourable  aug- 
mentation then  being  usually  represented  on  a  field  of 
gules.  Lions  passant  guardant  or,  are  now  never 
granted  to  any  applicant  except  under  a  specific  Royal 


Warrant  to  that  effect.  It  occurs  in  many  augmenta- 
tions, e.g.  Wolfe,  Camperdown,  and  many  others  ;  and 
when  three  lions  passant  guardant  or  upon  a  canton 
gules  are  granted,  as  in  the  arms  of  Lane  (Fig.  57),  the 
augmentation  is  termed  a  "  canton  of  England." 

Lion  pa^ssant  regardant  is  as  the  lion  passant,  but 
with  the  head  turned  right  round  looking  behind. 
A  lion  is  not  often  met  with  in  this  position. 

Lions  passant  dimidiated. — A  curious  survival  of 
the  ancient  but  now  obsolete  practice  of  dimidiation 
is  found  in  the  arms  of  several  English  seaport  towns. 
Doubtless  all  can  be  traced  to  the  "  so-called "  arms 
of  the  "  Cinque  Ports,"  ■=  which  show  three  lions  pas- 
sant guardant  dimidiated  with  the  hulls  of  three  ships. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  this  originally 
came  from  the  dimidiation  of  two  separate  coats,  viz. 
the  Royal  Arms  of  England  (the  three  lions  passant 
guardant),  and  the  other  "  azure,  three  ships  argent," 
typical  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  referring  perhaps  to  the 
protection  of  the  coasts  for  which  they  were  liable, 
or  possibly  merely  to  their  seaboard  position.  Whilst 
Sandwich  ■■  uses  the  two  separate  coats  simply  dimidi- 
ated upon  one  shield,  the  arms  of  Hastings  ''  vary 
slightly,  being :  "  Party  per  pale  gules  and  azure,  a  lion 
passant  guardant  or,  between  in  chief  and  in  base  a  lion 
passant  guardant  of  the  last  dimidiated  with  the  hull  a 
ship  argent."  From  long  usage  we  have  grown  acccus- 
tomed  to  consider  these  two  conjoined  and  dimidiated 
figures  as  one  figure,  and  in  the  recent  grant  of  arms 
to  Ramsgate  ^  a  figure  of  this  kind  was  granted  as  a 
simple  charge. 


Fig.  294. — Armorial  bearings  of  Leonard  Richard  Fleming  Strangways, 
Esq.,  of  Merton,  CuUenswood,  co.  Dublin :  Sable,  two  lions  pas- 
sant paly  of  six  argent  and  gules,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  or. 
Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion 
as  in  the  arms,  gorged  with  a  ducal  coronet  or.  Motto :  '"  Soys 
joyeux  et  ne  doubte  point." 


^  Arms  of  Sandwich :  Party  per  pale  gules  and  azure,  three  demi- 
lions  passant  guardant  or,  conjoined  to  the  hulks  of  as  many  ships 
argent. 

<i  Arms  of  Hastings  :  Party  per  pale  gules  and  azure,  a  lion  passant 
guardant  or,  between  in  chief  and  in  base  a  lion  passant  guardant  or, 
dimidiated  with  the  hulk  of  a  ship  argent. 

"  Arras  of  Kamsgate  :  Quarterly  gules  and  azure,  a  cross  parted  and 
fretty  argent  between  a  horse  rampant  of  the  last  in  the  first  quarter, 
a  demi-lion  passant  guardant  of  the  third  conjoined  to  the  hulk  of  a 
ship  or  in  the  second,  a  dolphin  naiant  proper  in  the  third,  and  a 
lymphad  also  or  in  the  fourth.  Crest :  a  naval  crown  or,  a  pier-head, 
thereon  a  lighthouse,  both  proper.  Motto:  "Salus  naufragis  salus 
JEgris." 


128 


PLATE  XXXIX. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  arms  of  Yarmontli '  aflbrd  another  instance  of 
a  resulting  figure  of  this  class,  the  three  lions  passant 
guardant  of  England  being  here  dimidiated  with  as 
many  herrings  naiant. 

Lion  atatant. — The  distinction  between  a  lion  passant 
and  a  lion  statant  is  that  the  lion  statant  (Plate  XLII. 
Fig.  6)  has  all  four  paws  resting  upon  the  ground.  The 
two  forepaws  are  sometimes  placed  together.     Whilst 


Lion  statant  guardant. — This  (crowned)  is  of  course 
the  Royal  crest  of  England,  and  examples  of  it  will 
be  found  in  the  arms  of  the  Sovereign  and  other 
descendants,  legitimate  and  illegitimate,  of  Sovereigns 
of  this  country.  Aa  exceptionally  fine  rendering  of 
it  occurs  in  the  Windsor  Castle  Bookplates,  which  are 
reproduced  in  a  later  chapter. 

Lion   salient. — This,  which  is  a  very  rare   position 


Fig.  295. — The  Arms  of  Edward  III.     (From  his  tomb  in  Westminster  Abbey.) 


but  seldom  met  with  as  a  charge  upon  a  shield,  it  is  by 
no  means  rare  as  a  crest. 

Lion  statant  tail  extenxled. — This  term  is  a  curious 
and,  seemingly,  a  purposeless  refinement,  resulting  from 
the  perpetuation  in  certain  cases  of  one  particular 
method  of  depicting  the  crest — originally  when  a  crest 
a  lion  was  always  so  drawn — but  it  cannot  be  overlooked, 
because  in  the  crests  of  both  Talbot,  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, and  Percy,  Duke  of  Northumberland,  the  crest  is 
now  stereotyped  as  a  lion  in  this  form  upon  a  chapeau 
(see  Plate  XLII.  Fig.  5). 

^  Arms  of  Yarmouth  :  Party  per  pale  gales  and  azure,  three  derui- 
iions  passant  goardant  or,  conjoined  to  the  bodies  of  as  many  herrings 
argent.     Motto:  "  Rex  et  nostra  jura." 


for  a  lion,  represents  it  in  the  act  of  springing,  the  two 
hind  legs  being  on  the  ground,  the  others  in  the  air. 
An  instance  of  a  lion  salient  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Keegan  (Fig.  296). 

Lion  salient  guardant. — There  is  no  reason  why  the 
lion  salient  may  not  be  guardant  or  regardant,  though 
an  instance  of  the  use  of  either  does  not  come  to  mind. 

Lion  sejant. — Very  great  laxity  is  found  in  the  terms 
applied  to  hons  sejant,  consequently  care  is  necessary  to 
distinguish  the  various  forms.  The  true  lion  sejant  is 
as  in  Plate  XLII.  Fig.  10,  i.e.  represented  in  profile,  seated 
on  its  haunches,  with  the  forepaws  resting  on  the  ground. 

Lion  sejant  guardant. — This  is  as  the  foregoing,  but 
with  the  face  (only)  turned  to  the  spectator,  as  in  the 


129 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


crest  of  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms 
(Plate  IV.). 

Lion  sejant  regardant. — In  this  the  head  is  turned 
right  back  to  gaze  behind. 

Lion  sejant  erect  (or,  as  it  is  sometimes  not  very  happily 
termed,  sejant-rampant). — In  this  position  the  lion  is 
sitting  upon  its  haunches,  but  the  body  is  erect,  and  it 
has  its  forepaws  raised  in  the  air  (Plate  XLII.  Fig.  12). 


Fig.  296. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Wells  Keegan,  Esq. ;  Gules,  a 
lion  salient,  crowned,  and  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  crescent  all 
or,  a  chief  nebuly  of  the  last.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest ;  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  hand  holding  a  sheaf  of  five 
arrows  all  proper,  charged  on  the  wrist  with  a  harp  or,  stringed 
argent,     Motto:  "Nnnquam  non  paratus." 

In  this  form  it  occurs  in  a  crest  of  Goodwin  ["  A  lion 
sejant  guardant  erect  sable,  holding  between  the  paws 
a  lozenge  vair  "]. 

Lion  sejant  guardant  erect  is  as  the  last  figure,  but 
the  head  faces  the  spectator. 

Lion  sejant  regardant  erect  is  as  the  foregoing,  but 
with  the  head  turned  right  round  to  look  backwards. 

Lion  sejant  affronts. — In  this  case  the  lion  is  seated 
on  its  haunches,  but  the  whole  body  is  turned  to  face 
the  spectator,  the  forepaws  resting  upon  the  ground  in 
front  of  its  body.  Ugly  as  this  position  is,  and  im- 
possible as  it  might  seem,  it  certainly  is  to  be  found  in 
some  of  the  early  rolls. 

Lion  sejant  erect  affrontd  (Fig.  279). — This  position  is 
by  no  means  unusual  in  Scotland.  A  lion  sejant  erect 
and  af&onte,  &o.,  is  the  Royal  crest  of  Scotland,  and  it 
will  also  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Lyon  Office  (see 
Plate  IV.). 

A  good  representation  of  the  lion  sejant  afi'ronte  and 
erect  is  shown  in  Fig.  297,  which  is  taken  from 
Jost  Amman's  Wappen  und  Stammbuch  (1589).  It  re- 
presents the  arms  of  the  celebrated  Lansquenet  Cap- 
tain Sebastian  Schartlin  (Schertel)  von  Burtenbach 
["Gules,  a  lion  sejant  affronte 
erect,  double-queued,  holding  in 
its  dexter  paw  a  key  argent,  and 
in  its  sinister  a  fleur-de-lis  '  eradi- 
cated ' "].  His  victorious  assault 
on  Rome  in  1527,  and  his  striking 
successes  against  France  in  1532, 
are  strikingly  typified  in  these 
arms,  which  were  granted  in  1534. 
Lion  couchant  (Plate  XLII.  Fig. 
9). — In  this  position  the  lion  is  re- 
presented lying  down,  but  the  head 
is  erect  and  alert.  An  instance 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Sir  Lawrence  Jones,  Bart. 
["  Azure,  on  a  fess  or,  three  grenades  fired  proper,  in  chief 
a  castle  and  over  it  the  word  '  Netherlands '  in  letters 
of  gold,  and  in  base  a  lion  couchant  argent.  Crest :  in 
front  of  a  castle  argent,  a  lion  couchant  or,  gorged  with 
a  wreath  of  laurel  and  pendent  therefrom  an  escutcheon 


Fig.  297. — Arms  of  Se- 
bastian Schartlin  von 
Burtenbach. 


gules  charged  with  a  representation  of  the  Badajoz 
medal  as  in  the  arms.     Motto :  '  Marte  et  arte ' "]. 

Lion  dormant  (Plate  XLII.  Fig.  S). — A  lion  dormant 
is  in  much  the  same  position  as  a  lion  couchant,  except 
that  the  eyes  are  closed,  and  the  head  rests  on  the  ex- 
tended forepaws.  Lions  dormant  are  seldom  met  with, 
but  they  occur  in  the  arms  of  Lloyd,  of  Stockton  Hall, 
near  York  ["  Argent,  three  lions  dormant  in  pale  sable 
between  two  flaunches  of  the  last,  each  charged  with 
three  mullets  palewise  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a 
cubit  arm  vested  azure,  cuff  argent,  the  hand  grasping  a 
lizard  fesswise  proper,  a  lion  dormant  sable  "]. 

Lion  moi'nd. — This  is  a  lion  without  teeth  and  claws, 
but  no  instance  of  the  use  of  the  term  would  appear  to 
exist  in  British  armory.  Woodward  mentions  amongst 
other  Continental  examples  the  arms  of  the  old  French 
family  of  De  Mornay  ["  Fasce  d'argent  et  de  gueules 
au  lion  morne  de  sable,  couronne  d'or  brochant  sur  le 
tout"]. 

Lions  as  supporters. — Refer  to  the  chapter  on  Sup- 
porters. 

Winged  lion  (Fig.  298). — The  winged  lion — usually 
known  as  the  lion  of  St.  Mark — is  not  infrequently  met 


Fig.  29S.  —The  Arms  of  Markham. 

with.  It  will  be  found  both  passant  and  sejant,  but 
more  frequently  the  latter,  in  which  position  it  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  and  crest  of  Sir  John  Mark.  These 
are:  "Azure,  on  a  rock  in  base  proper,  a  lion  of  St. 
Mark  sejant,  with  wings  addorsed  or,  resting  the  dexter 
paw  upon  an  escutcheon  of  the  last  charged  with  a  bee 
volant  of  the  second,  on  a  chief  also  or,  a  terrestrial 
globe  also  proper  between  two  saltires  couped  gules. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  lion  as  ia  the  arms,  seme  of  bees  volant 
proper,  and  resting  the  dexter  paw  upon  a  rose  gules ; 
with  the  motto,  '  Manu  et  oorde.'"  It  also  occurs  in 
the  crest  of  Markham  ["  the  lion  of  St.  Mark  sejant 
guardant  supporting  a  harp"]  (Fig.  298)  and  Domeni- 
chettL  The  true  lion  of  St.  Mark  (that  is,  when  used 
as  a  badge  for  sacred  purposes  to  typify  St.  Mark)  is 
illustrated  later.  Winged  lions  are  the  supporters  of 
Lord  Braye. 


130 


PLATE   XL 


\'ARIOUS    EXAMPLES    OF    HERALDIC    LIOXS. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Sea  lion  (or,  to  use  another  name  for  it,  a  tnorse)  is 
the  head, forepaws,  and  upper  part  of  a  lion  conjoined  to 
the  tail  of  a  fish.  The  most  frequent  form  in  which 
sea  lions  appear  are  as  supporters,  but  they  are  also 
met  with  as  crests  and  charges.  When  placed  horizon- 
tally they  are  termed  naiant.  Sea  lions,  however,  wUl 
also  be  found  "sejant"  and  "sejant-erect."  When 
issuing  from  waves  of  the  sea  they  are  termed 
"  assurgeant."  A  sea  lion's  head  appears  in  the  arms 
of  PoUard  (Fig.  299). 

Lion-dragon. — One  hesitates  to  believe  this  creature 
has  any  existence  outside  heraldry  books,  where  it  is 
stated  to  be  of  similar  form  and  construction  to  the  sea 
lion,  the  difference  being  that  the  lower  half  is  the  body 
and  tail  of  a  wyvern.  I  know  of  no  arms  in  which  it 
figures. 

Man-lion  or  man-tiger. — This  is  as  a  lion  but  with  a 
human  face.  Two  of  these  are  the  supporters  of  Lord 
Huntingdon,  and  one  was  granted  to  the  late  Lord 
Donington  as  a  supporter  (Fig.  300),  whilst  as  charges 
they  also   occur   in  the   arms  of  Radford   (Fig.  301). 


fact    that    the   same   books   state   "dismembered"   or 
"demembre"  to  mean  (when   applied  to  a  lion)  that 


Fig.  299. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rear-Admiral  E.  J.  Pollard,  of  Hayn- 
ford  Hall,  CO.  Norfolk :  Azure,  a  chevron  ermine  between  two 
crosses  fleury  in  chief  and  a  sea  lion's  head  erased  in  base  or, 
impaling  the  arms  of  Hawkins-Whitshed,  namely  :  quarterly,  l  and 
4,  party  per  pale  indented  argent  and  vert,  three  demi-lions 
rampant,  those  in  chief  respectively  gules  and  or,  and  the  one  in 
base  party  per  pale  indented  of  the  third  and  fourth  (for  Whitshed) ; 
2  and  3,  party  per  chevron  argent  and  vert,  three  hinds  trippant 
(for  Hawkins).  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  stag  trippant  proper,  holding  in  the  mouth 
two  wheat  ears  or,  gorged  with  a  collar  and  therefrom  pendent  a 
cross  fieury  of  the  last ;  with  the  motto,  "  Fortiter  Deo  juvante." 


This    semi-human    animal    is    sometimes    termed    a 
"lympago." 

Other  terms  relating  to  lions  occur  in  many  heraldic 
works — both  old  and  new — but  their  use  is  very  limited, 
if  indeed  of  some,  any  example  at  all  could  be  found  in 
British  armory.  In  addition  to  this,  whilst  the  fact  may 
sometimes  exist,  the  term  has  never  been  adopted  or 
officially  recognised.  Personally  I  believe  most  of  the 
terms  which  follow  may  for  all  practical  purposes  be 
entirely  disregarded.  Amongst  such  terms  are  con- 
tourne,  applied  to  a  Hon  passant  or  rampant  to  the 
sinister.  It  would,  however,  be  found  blazoned  in 
these  words  and  not  as  contoume.  "Dismembered," 
"  Demembre,"  "  Dechaussee,"  and  "  Trononnee  "  are  all 
"heraldry-book"  terms  specified  to  mean  the  same  as 
"couped  in  all  its  joints,"  but  the  uselessness  and  un- 
certainty concerning  these  terms  is  exemplified  by  the 


Fig.  300. — Arms  of  the  late  Lord  Donington,  showing  a 
man-lion  as  the  dexter  supporter. 


the  animal  is  shown  without  legs  or  tail.  The  term 
"embrued"  is  sometimes  applied  to  a  lion  to  signify 
that  its  mouth  is  bloody  and  dropping  blood ;  and 
"  vulned  "  signifies  wounded,  heraldically  represented  by 
a  blotch  of  gules,  from  which  drops  of  blood  are  falling. 
A  lion  "  disarmed  "  is  without  teeth,  tongue,  or  claws. 

A  term  often  found  in  relation  to  lions  rampant,  but 
by  no  means  peculiar  thereto,  is  "  debruised,"     This  is 


Fig.  301. — Armorial  bearings  of  Radford:  Per  pale  sable  and  argent, 
three  lions  passant  in  pale  couuterchanged,  with  human  faces 
proper,  between  two  iianches  also  counterchanged,  a  chief  arched 
ermine  (a  mullet  for  difference).  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  salient  guardant  argent, 
gutti5e-de-sang,  with  a  human  face  proper,  holding  in  the  dexter 
forepaw  a  rose  argent,  slipped  and  leaved,  and  resting  the  sinister 
on  the  point  of  a  sword  erect  also  proper,  pommel  and  hilt  or. 

used  when  it  is  partly  defaced  by  another  charge 
(usually  an  ordinary)  being  placed  over  it.  Instances 
of  this  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Beaumont  (Fig.  86). 
Another  of  these  guide-book  terms  is  "decollated," 
which  is  said  to  be  employed  in  the  case  of  a  lion  which 


131 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


has  its  liead  cut  off.  A  lion  "  defamed  "  or  "  diffamed  " 
is  supposed  to  be  rampant  to  the  sinister  but  looking 
backwards,  the  supposition  being  that  the  animal  is 
being  (against  his  will)  chased  off  the  field  with  infamy. 
A  lion  "  evire "  is  supposed  to  be  emasculated  and 
without  signs  of  sex.  In  this  respect  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  in  earlier  days,  before  mock  modesty  and 
prudery  had  become  such  prominent  features  of  our 
national  life,  the  genital  organ  was  always  represented 
of  a  pronounced  size  in  a  prominent  position,  and  it  was 
as  much  a  matter  of  course  to  paint  it  gules  as  it  now 
is  to  depict  the  tongue  of  that  colour. 

Lions  placed  back  to  back  are  termed  "  endorsed  "  or 
"  addorsed,"  but  when  two  lions  passant  in  pale  are 
represented,  one  passing  to  the  dexter  and  one  to  the 
sinister,  they  are  termed  "  counter-passant."  This  term 
is,  however,  also  used  sometimes  when  they  are  merely 
passant  towards  each  other,  as  in  the  arms  of  Lafone 
(Fig.  302)  or  Lord  Gardner  ["  Or,  on  a  chevron  gules 


FjG.  302. — Bookplate  of  Alfred  Lafone,  Esq.  Arms:  azure,  within  two 
cbevronels  or,  two  lions  passant  counter-passant  of  the  last, 
supporting  a  fleur-de-lis  argent,  the  whole  between  three  mullets 
argent,  pierced  of  the  field.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  or ;  and 
for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  sable,  charged 
on  the  body  with  a  fleur-de-lis  argent,  gorged  with  a  collar  nebuly 
and  ducallj  crowned  or,  resting  the  dexter  forepaw  on  a  mullet  as 
in  the  arms.     Motto :  "  Fidus  ut  olim." 


between  three  griffins'  heads  erased  azure,  an  anchor 
erect,  between  two  lions  guardant  counter-passant 
chevronwise  of  the  field.  Crest :  A  demi-griffin  azure, 
collared  and  lined,  and  supporting  in  the  claws  an 
anchor  or.  Motto;  'Valet  anohora virtus.'  Supporters: 
two  griffins,  wings  elevated  azure,  beaked,  membered, 
and  gorged  with  a  naval  coronet  or,  each  resting  the 
interior  hind  foot  on  an  anchor,  with  cable  sable"].  A 
more  correct  description  in  either  of  these  cases  would 
be  passant  "  respecting  "  or  "  regarding  "  each  other. 

The  term  lionne  is  one  stated  to  be  used  with  animals 
other  than  lions  when  placed  in  a  rampant  position. 
Whilst  doubtless  of  regular  acceptation  in  French 
heraldry  as  applied  to  a  leopard,  it  is  unknown  in 
English,  and  the  term  rampant  is  indifferently  applied ; 
e.g.  in  the  case  of  a  leopard,  wolf,  or  tiger  when  in  the 
rampant  position. 

Lionced  is  a  term  seldom  met  with,  but  it  is  said  to 
be  applied  (for  example  to  a  cross)  when  the  arms  end 
in  lions'  heads.  I  have  3'et  to  find  an  authentic  ex- 
ample of  the  use  of  such  a  cross. 

When  a  bend  or  other  ordinary  issues  from  the 
mouths  of  lions  (or  other  animals),  the  heads  issuing 
from  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  escutcheon,  the  ordinary 
is  said  to  be  "  engouled." 

A  curious  term,  of  the  use  of  which  I  know  only  one 
example,  is  "fleshed"  or  "flayed."  This,  as  doubtless 
will  be  readily  surmised,  means  that  the  skin  is  re- 
moved, leaving  the  flesh  gules.     This  was  the  method 


by  which  the  supporters  of  Wurtemburg  were  "  dif- 
ferenced" for  the  Duke  of  Teck,  the  forepaws  being 
'•  fleshed." 

Woodward  gives  the  following  very  curious  instances 
of  the  lion  in  heraldry : — 

"  Only  a  single  example  of  the  use  of  the  lioness  as  a 
heraldic  charge  is  known  to  me.  The  family  of  Going, 
in  Lorraine,  bears :  d'Azure,  a  une  lionne  arretee  d'or. 

"  The  following  fourteenth-century  examples  of  the 
use  of  the  lion  as  a  heraldic  charge  are  taken  from  the 
oft-quoted  WappenroUe  von  Zurich,  and  should  be  of 
interest  to  the  student  of  early  armor)' : — 


"51.  End:  Azure,  a  lion  rampant-guardant  argent, 
its  feet  or. 

"  305.  WiLDENVELS :  Per  pale  argent  and  sable,  in  the 
first  a  demi-lion  statant-guardant  issuant  from  the  divid- 
ing line. 

"  408.  Tannenvels  :  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  or,  queue 
argent. 

"489.  RiNACH:  Or,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  headed  azure. 

"  A  curious  use  of  the  lion  as  a  charge  occurs  in 
several  ancient  coats  of  the  Low  Gountries,  e.g.  in 
that  of  TRA.SEGNIES,  whose  arms  are:  Bande  d'or  et 
d'azur,  a  I'ombre  du  lion  brochant  sur  le  tout,  a  la 
bordure  engrelee  d'or.  Here  the  ombre  du  lion  is  pro- 
perly represented  by  a  darker  shade  of  the  tincture 
(either  of  or  or  of  azure),  but  often  the  artist  contents 
himself  with  simply  drawing  the  outline  of  the  animal 
in  a  neutral  tint. 

"  Among  other  curiosities  of  the  use  of  the  lion  are 
the  following  foreign  coats : — 

"  BoissiAU,  in  France,  bears :  De  gueules,  seme  de  lions 
d'argent. 

"  MiNUTOLi,  of  Naples :  Gules,  a  lion  rampant  vair,  the 
head  and  feet  or. 

"  LoEN,  of  Holland :  Azure,  a  decapitated  lion  ram- 
pant argent,  three  jets  of  blood  spurting  from  the  neck 
proper. 

"  Papacoda,  of  Naples :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  or,  its 
tail  turned  over  its  head  and  held  by  its  teeth. 

"  The  Gounts  Reinach,  of  Frauconia  :  Or,  a  lion  ram- 
pant gules,  hooded  and  masked  azure  (see  above)." 

To  these  instances  the  arms  of  Westbury  may  well 
be  added,  these  being :  Quarterly,  or  and  azure,  a  cross 
patonce,  on  a  bordure  twenty  lions  rampant  all  counter- 
changed.  No  doubt  the  origin  of  such  a  curious 
bordure  is  to  be  found  in  the  "  bordure  of  England," 
which,  either  as  a  mark  of  cadency  or  as  an  indication 
of  affinity  or  augmentation,  can  be  found  in  some 
number  of  instances.  Probably  one  will  suffice  as  an 
example.  This  is  forthcoming  in  Fig.  ^6,  which  shows 
the  arms  of  John  de  Bretagne,  Earl  of  Richmond.  Of 
a  similar  nature  is  the  bordure  of  Spain  (indicative  of 
his  maternal  descent)  borne  by  Richard  of  Gonisburgh, 
Earl  of  Gam  bridge,  who  bore:  Quarterly  France  and 
England,  a  label  of  three  points  argent,  each  charged 
with  as  many  torteaux,  on  a  bordure  of  the  same  twelve 
lions  rampant  purpure  (Fig.  303).  Before  leaving  the 
lion,  the  hint  may  perhaps  be  usefully  convej'ed  that 
the  temptation  to  over-elaborate  the  lion  when  depict- 
ing it  heraldically  should  be  carefully  avoided.  The 
only  result  is  confusion — the  very  contrary  of  the 
essence  of  heraldic  emblazonment,  which  was,  is,  and 
should  be,  the  method  of  clear  advertisement  of  identity. 
Examples  of  over-elaboration  can,  however,  be  found  in 
the  past,  as  will  be  seen  from  Fig.  304.  This  example 
belongs  to  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
represents  the  arms  of  Bohemia.  It  is  taken  from  a 
shield  on  the  "  Pulver  Turme  "  at  Prague. 

Parts  of  lions  are  very  frequently  to  be  met  with. 


132 


PLATE   XLI. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF    HANNEN,    OF   LONDON. 


I-  u  e  L 1  o 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


particularly  as  crests.  In  fact  the  most  common  crest 
is  the  demi-lion  rampant.  This  is  the  upper  half  of  a 
Hon  rampant.  It  is  comparatively  seldom  found  other 
than  rampant  and  couped,  so  that  the  term  "  a  demi- 
lion,"  unless  otherwise  qualified,  may  always  be  assumed 
to  be  a  demi-lion  ramuant  couped.  As  charges 
upon  the  shield  three  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Bennet,  Earl  of  Tankerville  ["  Gules,  a  bezant  between 
three  demi-lions  rampant  argent.     Crests:    i.  out  of  a 


Demi-lion  naissant   issues   from   the  centre   of  an 
ordinary,  and  not  from  behind  it. 

Lions'  heads,  both  couped  and  erased,  are  very  fre- 


Fjg.  303. — Arms  of  Richard  of  Conisburgh,  Earl  of  Cambridge. 
(From  MS.  Cott.,  Julius  C.  vii.) 

mural  coronet  or,  a  lion's  head  gules,  charged  on  the 
neck  with  a  bezant.  Supporters:  two  lions  argent, 
ducally  crowned  or,  each  charged  on  the  shoulder  with 
a  torteau"],  and  it  appears  as  the  crest  of  Hannen  = 
(Plate  XLI.). 

The  demi-lion  may  be  both  guardant  and  regardant. 

Demi-lions  rampant  and  erased  are  more  common  as 
charges  than  as  crests.  They  are  to  be  found  in  many 
Harrison  coats  of  arms. 

Demi-lions  passant  are  rather  unusual,  but  in  addi- 
tion to  the  seeming  eases  in  which  they  occur  by  dimi- 
diation  they  are  sometimes  found,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Newman  (Fig.  305). 

Demi-lion  affronte. — The  only  case  which  has  come 


Fig.  304. — Arms  of  Bohemia,  from  the  "  Pulver  Torme  "  at  Prague. 
{Latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.) 

under  notice  would  appear  to  be  the  crest  of  Campbell 
of  AberuchUl. 

Demi-lion  iisiMnt. — This  term  is  applied  to  a  demi- 
lion  when  it  issues  from  an  ordinary,  e.g.  from  the  base 
line  of  the  chief,  as  in  the  arms  of  Dormer,  Markham, 
and  Abney ;  or  from  behind  a  fess,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Chalmers. 

s  Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  Hon.  James  Chitty  Hannen,  B.A.  ; 
Sable,  a  demi-lion  between  three  portcullises  or,  within  a  bordure  of 
the  last.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  demi-lion  sable,  gorged  with  a  collar,  and  therefrom  pendent  from 
a  chain  an  escutcheon  or,  charged  with  a  portcullis  sable.  Motto : 
"  His  truth  shall  be  thy  shield." 


Fig.  305. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Robert  Branston  Newman,  Esq. 
Argent,  a  chief  azure,  a  chevron  between  three  demi-lions  passant 
gules,  impaling  the  arms  of  Plonket.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crest:  an  eagle's  head  erased  azure,  charged  with  a  scollop  or. 
Motto:  "  Fidelitatis  vis  Magna." 


Fig.  306.— Bookplate  of  Francis  Alexander  Newdigate,  Esq.  Arms: 
Gules,  three  lions'  gambs  erased  argent,  impaling  the  arms  of 
B^ot,  namely  :  ermine,  two  chevronels  azure.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fleur=de-lis  argent. 
Motto  :  "  FoyaU  loyall." 

quently  met  with  both  as  charges  on  the  shield  and  as 
crests. 

Lion's  gamb. — Many  writers  make  a  distinction  be- 
tween the  gamb  (which  is  stated  to  be  the  lower  part 
only,  couped  or  erased  half-way  up   the  leg)  and  the 


IS 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


paw,  but  this  distinction  cannot  be  said  to  be  always 
rigidly  observed.  In  fact  some  authorities  quote  the  exact 
reverse  as  the  definition  of  the  terms.  As  charges  the 
gamb  or  paw  will  be  found  to  occur  in  the  arms  of 
Lord  Lilford  ["  Or,  a  lion's  gamb  erased  in  bend  dexter 
between  two  orosslets  titchee  in  bend  sinister  gules  "], 
and  in  the  arms  of  Newdigate  (Fig.  306).  This  last  is  a 
curious  example,  inasmuch  as,  without  being  so  specified 
in  the  blazon,  the  gambs  are  represented  in  the  curious 
position  there  shown.  The  almost  invariable  position 
in  which  they  will  be  found  is  as  they  appear  in  the 
arms  of  Dumas  (Fig.  137). 

The  crest  upon  the  Garter  Plate  of  Edward  Cherleton, 
Lord  Cherleton  of  Powis,  must  surely  be  unique.  It  con- 
sists of  two  lions'  paws  embowed,  the  outer  edge  of  each 
being  adorned  with  fleurs-de-lis  issuant  therefrom. 

A  lion's  tail  will  sometimes  be  found  as  a  crest  and 
it  also  occurs  as  a  charge,  in  the  arms  of  Corke,  viz. : 
"  Sable,  three  lions'  tails  erect  and  erased  argent." 

A  lion's  face  should  be  carefully  distinguished  from 
a  lion's  head.  In  the  latter  case  the  neck,  either  couped 
or  erased,  must  be  shown ;  but  a  lion's  face  is  affronte 
and  out  off  closely  behind  the  ears.  The  distinction 
between  the  head  and  the  face  can  be  more  appro- 
priately considered  in  the  case  of  the  leopard. 


CHAPTER   XYI 

BEASTS 

NEXT  after  the  lion  should  be  considered  the  tiger, 
but  it  should  be  distinctly  borne  in  mind  that 
heraldry  knows  two  kinds  of  tigers — the  heraldic 
tiger  and  the  Bengal  tiger.  Doubtless  the  heraldic  tiger, 
which  was  the  only  one  found  in  British  armory  until  a 
comparatively  recent  date,  is  the  attempt  of  artists  to 
depict  their  idea  of  a  tiger.  The  animal  was  unknown 
to  them,  except  by  repute,  and  consequently  the  creature 
they  depicted  bears  little  relation  to  the  aninjal  in  real 
life ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  their  intention 
was  to  depict  an  animal  which  they  knew  to  exist.  The 
heraldic  tiger  had  a  body  much  like  the  natural  tiger, 
it  had  a  lion's  tufted  tail  and  mane,  and  the  curious 
head  which  it  is  so  difficult  to  describe,  but  which 
appears  to  be  more  like  the  wolf  than  any  other  animal 
we  know.  This,  however,  will  be  again  dealt  with  in 
the  chapter  on  fictitious  animals,  and  is  here  only  intro- 
duced to  demonstrate  the  difference  which  heraldry 
makes  between  the  heraldic  tiger  and  the  real  animal. 

A  curious  conceit  is  that  the  heraldic  tiger  will 
anciently  be  often  found  spelt  "  tyger,"  but  this  peculiar 
spelling  does  not  seem  ever  to  have  been  applied  to  the 
tiger  of  nature.  When  it  became  desirable  to  introduce 
the  real  tiger  into  British  armory  as  typical  of  India 
and  our  Eastern  Empire,  something  of  course  was 
necessary  to  distinguish  it  from  the  tiger  which  had 
previously  usurped  the  name  in  armory,  and  for  this 
reason  the  natural  tiger  is  always  heraldically  known 
as  the  Bengal  tiger.  This  armorial  variety  appears 
towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  in  this 
country,  though  in  foreign  heraldry  it  appears  to  have 
been  recognised  somewhat  earlier.  Fig.  307  represents 
the  arms  showing  a  tiger  thereupon,  which  are  the 
arms  of  Barberino  di  Valdesa. 

There  are,  however,  few  cases  in  which  the  Bengal 
tiger  has  appeared  in  armory,  and  in  the  majority  of 
these  cases  as  a  supporter,  as  in  the  supporters  of 
Outram,  which  are  two  tigers  rampant  guardant  gorged 
with  wreaths  of  laurel  and  crowned  with  Eastern  crowns 
all  proper. 


Another  instance  of  the  tiger  as  a  supporter  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Bombay  (see  Plate  CXVIIL).  An 
instance  in  which  it  appears  as  a  charge  upon  a  shield 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  granted  to  the  University  of 
Madras  (Fig.  308). 


Fig.  307. — Arms  of  Barberino  di  Valdesa. 

Another  coat  is  that  granted  in  1874  to  Augustus 
Beaty  Bradbury  of  Edinburgh,  which  was :  "  Argent,  on 
a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  Bengal  tiger  passant  proper, 
on  a  chief  of  the  second  two  other  tigers  dormant  also 
proper." 


Fig.  308. — Arms  of  llie  University  of  Madra;;:  Aigcnt,  on  a  mount 
issuing  from  the  base  veit,  a  tiger  passant  proper,  on  a  chief 
sable,  a  pale  or,  thereon  between  two  elephants'  heads  couped  of 
the  field,  a  lotus-flower,  lea%'ed  and  slipped  of  the  third.  Motto : 
"  Doctrina  vim  promovet  insitam." 

A  tigress  is  said  to  be  occasionally  met  with,  and 
when  so,  is  sometimes  represented  with  a  mirror,  in 
relation  to  the  legend  that  ascribes  to  her  such  personal 
vanity  that  her  young  ones  might  be  taken  from  under 


134 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


her  charge  if  she  had  the  counter  attraction  of  a  hand- 
glass ! 

The  leopard  has  to  a  certain  extent  been  referred 
to  already.  Doubtless  it  is  the  peculiar  cat-like  and 
stealthy  walk  which  is  so  characteristic  of  the  leopard 
which  led  to  any  animal  in  that  position  being  con- 
sidered a  leopard ;  but  the  leopard  in  its  natural  state 
was  of  course  known  to  Europeans  in  the  early  days 
of  heraldrj',  and  appears  amongst  the  lists  of  heraldic 
animals  apart  from  its  existence  as  "  a  lion  passant." 


visible,  and  this  should  be  borne  in  mind,  because 
this  constitutes  the  difference  between  the  leopard's 
head  and  the  leopard's  face.  The  leopard's  face  is 
by  far  the  most  usual  form  in  which  the  leopard 
will  be  found  in  armory,  and  can  be  traced  back  to 
quite  an  early  period  in  heraldry.  The  leopard's  face 
snows  no  neck  at  all,  the  head  being  removed  close 
behind  the  ears.  It  is  then  represented  atii-onte.  It 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Freston  =*  (Plate  XVII.),  and 
in  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Shrewsbury  ["  Azure,  three 


JTlG.  309. —  Facsimile  of  the  Grant  of  Arms  to  Shropshire. 


The  animal,  however,  except  as  a  supporter  or  crest, 
is  by  no  means  common  ia  English  heraldry.  It  will 
be  found,  however,  in  the  crests  of  some  number  of 
famUies ;  for  example  ia  the  crest  of  Taylor  and  in  the 
crests  of  Potts. 

A  very  similar  animal  is  the  ounce,  which  for  heraldic 
purposes  is  in  no  way  altered  from  the  leopard.  Parts 
of  the  latter  will  be  found  in  use  as  of  the  lion. 
As  a  crest  the  demi-leopard,  the  leopard's  head,  and 
the  leopard's  head  aftronte  are  often  to  be  met  with. 
In  all  these  cases  it  should  be  noticed  that  the  neck  is 


leopards'  faces.  Motto:  'Floreat  Salopia'"].  For  some 
unfathomable  reason  these  charges  are  locally  usually 
referred  to  as  "  loggerheads."  They  were  perpetuated 
in  the  arms  of  the  county  in  its  recent  grant  (Fig.  309). 
As  a  crest  a  leopard's  face  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Griggs,  Uu  Moulin-Browne,  and  Bunbury.  A  curious 
development  or  use  of  the  leopard's  face  occurs  when 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Westfalihg  Freston,  Esq.,  of  Prest- 
wich,  Lanes. :  Azure,  on  a  f  ess  or,  three  leopards' faces  gules.  Mantling 
azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-greyhonud 
sable,  collared  or,  charged  with  three  torteaux. 


135 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


it  is  jessant-de-lis.  This  will  be  found  referred  to  at 
greater  length  under  the  heading  of  the  Fleur-de-lis. 

The  'pantlier  is  an  animal  which  in  its  relation  to 
heraldry  it  is  difficult  to  know  whether  to  place 
amongst  the  mythical  or  actual  animals.  No  instance 
occurs  to  me  in  which  the  panther  figures  as  a  charge  in 
British  heraldry,  and  the  panther  as  a  supporter,  in 
the  few  cases  in  which  it  is  met  with,  is  certainly 
not  the  actual  animal,  inasmuch  as  it  is  invariably 
found  tiammant,  i.e.  with  tiames  issuing  from  the  mouth 
and  ears.  In  this  character  it  will  be  found  as  a 
supporter  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  and  derived  there- 
from as  a  supporter  of  Lord  Raglan. 

Foreign  heraldry  carries  the  panther  to  a  most  curious 


Fig.  310. — Arms  of  Styria.     (Drawn  by  Hans  BurgkmaiT;  1523.) 

result.  It  is  frequently  represented  with  the  tail  of  a  lion, 
horns,  and  for  its  forelegs  the  claws  of  an  eagle.  It  is 
always  represented  vomiting  flames,  but  the  usual  method 
of  depicting  it  on  the  Continent  (see  Plate  XLVI.  Fig.  3) 
is  greatly  at  variance  with  our  own.  This  is  from  a 
bas-relief  in  stone  above  the  porch  of  the  doorway 
of  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral  in  Vienna;  flames  issue 
from  the  jaws,  nose,  and  ears.  Fig.  310  represents 
the  same  arms  of  Styria — Vert,  a  panther  argent, 
armed  close,  vomiting  flames  of  fire — from  the  title-page 
of  the  Land-bond  of  Styria  in  the  year  1523,  drawn  by 
Hans  Burgkmair.  Plate  XLVI.  Fig.  4  is  yet  another  illus- 
tration of  the  arms  of  Styria,  drawn  in  the  manner 
in  which  the  animal  is  now  represented.  In  Physiologiis, 
a  Greek  writing  of  early  Christian  times  of  about  the 
date  140,  which  in  the  course  of  time  has  been  trans- 
lated   into    every   tongue ;    mention   is   made   of    the 


panther,  to  which  is  there  ascribed  the  gaily  spotted 
coat  and  the  pleasant,  sweet  -  smelling  breath  which 
induces  all  other  animals  to  approach  it ;  the  dragon 
alone  retreats  into  its  hole  from  the  smell,  and  conse- 
quently the  panther  appears  to  have  sometimes  been 
used  as  a  symbol  of  Christ.  The  earliest  armorial  re- 
presentations of  this  animal  show  the  form  not  greatly 
dissimilar  to  nature ;  but  very  soon  the  similarity  dis- 
appears in  Continental  representations,  and  the  fancy  of 
the  artist  transferred  the  animal  into  the  fabulous  crea- 
ture which  is  now  represented.  The  sweet-smelling 
breath,  suozzon-stanch  as  it  is  called  in  the  early  Ger- 
man translation  of  the  Physiologiis,  was  expressed  by 
the  flames  issuing  from  the  mouth,  but  later  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  flames  issued  from  every  opening  in 
the  head.  The  head  was  in  old  times  similar  to  that  of 
a  horse,  occasionally  horned  (as  in  the  seal  of  Count 
Heinrich  von  Lechsgemilnd,  1197);  the  forefeet  were 
well  developed.  In  the  second  half  of  the  fourteenth 
century  the  forefeet  assume  the  character  of  eagle's  claws, 
and  the  horns  of  the  animal  were  a  settled  matter. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Lake  Constance  we  find  the 
panther  with  divided  hoofs  on  his  hind  feet;  perhaps 
with  a  reference  to  the  panther's  "  cleanness."  According 
to  the  Mosaic  law,  of  course,  a  four-footed  animal,  to  be 
considered  clean,  must  not  have  paws,  and  a  ruminant 
must  not  have  an  undivided  hoof.  Italian  heraldry  is 
likewise  acquainted  with  the  panther,  but  under  another 
name  (La  Bolce,  the  sweet  one)  and  another  form.  .  The 
dolce  has  a  head  like  a  hare,  and  is  unhorned.  (See 
A.  Anthony  v.  Siegenfeld.  "  The  Territorial  Arms  of 
Styria,"  Graz,  1898.) 

The  panther  as  given  by  Segar,  Garter  King  of  Arms 
1603-1633,  as  one  of  the  badges  of  King  Henry  VI., 
where  it  is  silver,  spotted  of  various  colours,  and  with 
flames  issuing  from  its  mouth  and  ears.  No  doubt  this 
Royal  badge  is  the  origin  of  the  supporter  of  the  Duke 
of  Beaufort. 

English  armory  knows  an  animal  which  it  terms  the 
male  griflin,  which  has  no  wings,  but  which  has  gold 
rays  issuing  from  its  body  in  all  directions.  Strohl 
terms  the  badge  of  the  Earls  of  Ormonde,  which  from 
his  description  are  plainly  male  griffins,  keythongs, 
which  he  classes  with  the  panther  ;  and  probably  he  is 
correct  in  looking  upon  our  male  griflin  as  merely  one 
form  of  the  heraldic  panther. 

The  cat,  under  the  name  of  the  cat,  the  wild  cat,  the 
cat-a-mountain,  or  the  cat-a-mount,  is  by  no  means 
infrequently  found  in  British  armory,  though  it  will 
usually  be  found  in  Scottish  examples,  as  the  crest 
of  Macpherson  (Fig.  311)  and  Duguid  M'Combie'' 
(Plate  XXX.).  It  is  constantly  met  with  in  Scotland, 
and  it  will  be  found  for  example  in  the  arms  of  Keates 
(Fig.  312),  and  Scott-Gatty  (Fig.  262). 

■The  wolf  is  a  very  frequent  charge  in  English  armory. 
Apart  from  its  use  as  a  supporter,  in  which  condition 
it  is  found  in  conjunction  with  the  shields  of  Lord 
Welby  ["  On  either  side  a  wolf  regardant  sable,  seme 
of  fleurs-de-lis  argent "],  Lord  Rendell  (Plate  LXII.) 
and  Viscount  Wolseley  ["Two  wolves  proper,  each 
charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  laurel  and  palm- 
branch  in  saltire  or,  gorged  with  a  mural  crown  also 
or,  and  holding  in  the  paw  a  sword  erect  proper, 
pommel  and  hilted  gold  "],  it  will  be  found  in  the  arms 

t»  Armorial  bearings  of  Peter  Duguid  -  M'Combie,  Esq.,  of  Easter 
Skene,  Aberdeen :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  or,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  armed 
and  langued  azure,  a  chief  of  the  second  (for  M'Combie)  ;  2  and  3, 
azure,  a  tess  between  three  crosses  patee  argent,  a  bordure  parted  per 
pale  of  the  second  and  or  (for  Duguid).  MantUng  gules,  doubled 
argent.  Crests  :  I.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  wild  cat  sejant 
proper ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  dove  holding  a  laurel 
branch  in  her  beak  proper.  Mottoes :  "  Touch  not  the  cat  but  a 
glove";  "  Patientia  et  spe." 


136 


PLATE   XLII. 


jyi^^A 


>^^&., 


r 


Ci)  Rampant  regardant. 
(2)  Rampant  guardant. 


THE    VARIOUS    POSITIONS    OF   THE    HERALDIC    LION. 

Reproduced  from  Fairbairn's  Book  of  Crests. 
(3I  Rampant.  (5)  Statant  with  tail  extended.  (7)  Passant.  (9)  Couchant.         (ii)  Sejant  affronte  erect. 

^4)  Paisant  guardant.         (6)  Statant  guardant.  (8)  Dormant.       (10)  Sejant  {12)  Sejant  erect. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  Lovett  "^ ;  and  in  by  far  the  larger  proportion  of  the 
coats  for  the  name  of  Wilson  ■*  (Plate  XXXI.  and  Fig. 
313)  and  in  the  arms  of  Low  (Fig.  3 14). 

The  wolf,  however,  in  earlier  representations  has  a 
less  distinctly  wolf-like  character,  it  being  sometimes 
diflicult  to  distinguish  the  wolf  from  other  heraldic  ani- 
mals. This  is  one  of  these  cases  in  which,  owing  to  in- 
sufficient knowledge  and  crude  draftsmanship,  ancient 


Wolfe.  The  latter  crest  is  worthy  of  remark,  inasmuch 
as  the  Royal  crown  which  is  held  within  its  paws  typifies 
the  assistance  given  to  King  Charles  II.,  after  the  battle 
of  Worcester,  by  Mr.  Francis  Wolfe  of  Madeley,  to  whom 
the  crest  was  ^ranted.  King  Charles,  it  may  be  noted, 
also  gave  to  Sir.  Wolfe  a  silver  tankard,  upon  the  lid  of 
which  was  a  representation  of  this  crest. 

Wolves'  heads  are  particularly  common,  especially  in 


r^^"^.  .j)iii/L_^ 


Fig.  311. — Armorial  bearings  of  "Cluny"  Macptierson :  Per  fess  or  and  azure,  a  lymphad  of  the  fii-st, 
witti  her  sails  furled,  oars  in  action,  mast  and  tackling  all  proper,  flags  flying  gules,  in  the  dexter 
chief  point  a  hand  couped  grasping  a  dagger  point  upwards  gules,  in  the  sinister  chief  a  cross 
crosslet  fitchee  of  the  last.  Upont  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a 
mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreLth  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  cat  sejant 
proper.  Supporters ;  two  Highlanders  in  short  tartan  jackets  and  hose,  with  steel  helmets  on  their 
heads,  thighs  bare,  their  shirts  tied  between  them,  and  round  targets  on  their  arms.  Motto  : 
"  Touch  uot  the  cat  bot  a  glove." 


heraldry  is  not  to  be  preferred  to  more  realistic  treat- 
ment. Examples  of  well-drawn  wolves  wUl  be  found  in 
the  chapter  dealing  with  supporters,  a  notable  instance 
being  the  arms  of  Lord  Rendel,  as  shown  on  Plate  LXII. 
The  demi-wolf  is  a  very  frequent  crest,  occurring  not 
only  in  the  arms  and  crests  of  members  of  the  Wilson 
and   many   other   families,   but   also    as   the   crest    of 

*^  Axmorial  bearings  of  Lovett :  Argent,  three  wolves  passant  in  pale 
sable.    Crest :  a  wolf  passant  proper. 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Reginald  H.  R.  Rimington  -  Wilson,  Esq. : 
Sable,  a  wolf  salient,  in  chief  three  estoHes  or. 


Scottish  heraldry.  An  example  of  them  will  be  found 
in  the  arms  of  "  Struan  "  Robertson,  and  m  the  coats 
used  by  all  other  members  of  the  Robertson  Clan 
having  or  claiming  descent  from,  or  relationship  with, 
the  house  of  Struan. 

The  wolfs  head  also  appears  in  the  arms  of  Skeen 
(Fig.  315),  which  affords  a  good  representation  of  the 
usual  form  adopted  for  a  wolfs  head.  Woodward 
states  that  the  wolf  is  the  most  common  of  all 
heraldic  animals  in  Spanish  heraldry,  where  it  is  fre- 
quently   represented   as    ravissant,    i.e.    carrying    the 


137 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


body  of  a  lamb  in  its  mouth  or  across  its  back.  A 
curious,  but  unusual,  and  not  officially  recognised  method 
of  representing  a  wolfs  head  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Paton  (Fig/ 3 1 6). 


is  often  confused  with  a  wolf,  is  said  by  Woodward  to  be 
very  seldom  met  with   in  British  heraldry.      This   is 


Fig.  312. — Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Andrew  Keates,  Esq. :  Argent, 
on  a  pale  sable,  three  cats-a-mountain  of  the  field,  on  a  canton  of 
the  second  a  cake  of  copper  proper.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed 
a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  argent; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  tiger  proper, 
charged  with  three  bezants  fesswise  resting  the  dexter  paw  upon 
an  escutcheon  sable,  thereon  a  cake  of  copper  proper.  Motto  : 
"  Esto  memor," 

Much  akin  to  the  wolf  is  the  Lynx;  in  fact  the 
heraldic  representation  of  the  two  animals  is  not  greatly 
different.  The  lynx  does  not  often  occur  in  heraldry 
except  as  a  supporter,  but  it  will  be  found  as  the  crest 
of  the  family  of  Lynch.     The  lynx   is  nearly  always 


e-^ SEMPER  VIGTLA: 


lOSEPH'BOWSTEAD'WILSONMA 


Fig.  313. — Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  Joseph  Eowstead  Wilson  :  Vert, 
on  a  cross  argent,  between  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  a  wolf 
salient  of  the  last,  and  in  the  second  and  third  a  mullet  of  sis 
points  or,  a  rose  gules,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  between  four 
quatrefoils  also  gules,  in  the  dexter  chief  a  crescent  or  for  differ- 
ence. Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-lion  sable,  holding  between  the  paws  a 
quatrefoil  gules,  a  pommee  charged  with  a  mullet  of  sis  points 
or;  with  the  motto,  "  Semper  vigOans." 

depicted  and  blazoned  "  coward,"  i.e.  with  its  tail  be- 
tween its  legs.  Another  instance  of  this  particular 
animal  is  the  crest  of  Comber  (Fig.  317). 

A  Fox,  which  from  the  similarity  of  its  representation 


Fig. 


;I4. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  James  Low,  of 
Kincraig  House,  Arbroath. 


hardly  a  correct  statement,  inasmuch  as  countless  in- 
stances can  be  produced  in  which  a  fo.x  figures  as  a 
charge,  a  crest,  or  a  supporter.  The  fox  as  a  supporter 
is  found  with  the  arms  of  Lord  Ilchester,  and  instances 
of  its  appearance  will  be  found  amongst  others  in 
the  arms  or  crests,  for  example,  of  Fox  (Fig.  318), 
Colfox  (Fig.  319),  Ashworth  (Fig.  159).  Sir  Joseph 
Kenals,  Bart.,  bears  as  crest :  "  Upon  a  rock  a  fox  sejant 
regardant   proper,   charged    on    the    shoulder  with    a 


Fig.  315. — Armorial  bearings  of  Skene. 

lozenge  or;  and  supporting  with  the  dexter  foreleg  a 
fasces  also  proper."  Probabty  the  most  curious  example 
of  the  heraldic  fox  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Sir 
Watkin  WiUiams  Wynn,  who  for  the  arms  of  Williams 
quarters  :  "  Argent,  two  foxes  counter-salient  gules,  the 
dexter  surmounted  of  the  sinister."  The  representation 
of  this  coat  of  arms  in  Foster's  Baronetage  is  strikingly 
good. 

Tlie  Bear  is  constantly  met  with  figuring  largely  in 
coats  of  arms  for  the  names  of  Barnard,  Baring,  Barnes, 
and  Bearsley,  and  for  other  names  which  can  be  con- 
sidered to  bear  canting  relation  to  the  charge.  In  fact 
the  arms,  crest,  and  motto  of  Barnard  together  form 


138 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


such   an  excellent  example  of  the  little  jokes  which     not  be  presumed  unless  mentioned  in  the  blazon.    Bears' 
characterise  early  heraldry  that  I  quote  it  in  full     The     paws  are  often  found  both  in  crests  and  as  charges  upon 


Fig.  316. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  Sir  Noel  Paton  :  Azure,  a 
wolTs  head  erased  argent,  between  two  crescents  in  chief  and  a 
fleur-de-lis  in  base  or.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon 
a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  between  two  doves'  wings 
expanded  proper,  a  cubit  arm  erect  also  proper,  charged  on  the 
pahn  with  a  passion  cross  gules ;  and  in  an  escroll  above,  this 
motto,  *'  Do  richt  and  fear  nocht." 


coat  is  "argent,  a  bear  rampant  sable,"  the  crest  is  a  demi- 
bear  sable,  and  the  motto,  "  Bear  and  forbear."  Other 
examples  of  the  use  of  the  bear  will  be  found  in  the 


BlG.  317. — ^Armorial  bearings  of  John  Comber,  Esq. :  Quarterly,  i  and 
4,  or,  a  fess  dancette  gules,  between  three  estoiles  sable  (for 
Comber) ;  2  and  3.  argent,  a  chevron  sable,  between  three  thorn- 
trees  proper  (for  Thornton).  Manthng  gules  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  or  and  sable,  a  lyns's  head  couped  or,  pellete. 

arms  of  Layland-Barratt  (Fig.  320)  and  in  the  crest  of 
Christie  (Fig.  321).     The  representation  of  a  bear  on 
Plate  LXXI.  in  the  arms  of  FitzUrse  is  most  curious. 
The  bear  is  generally  found  muzzled,  but  this  must 


Fig.  3  iS. — Armorial  bearings  of  Fox,  of  Grovehill,  co.  Cornwall :  Ermine, 
on  a  chevron  azure,  three  foxes'  heads  erased  or,  within  a  bordure 
flory  of  the  second,  and  on  a  canton  of  the  same,  a  drinking-cup  of  the 
third,  surmounted  by  three  fleurs-de-lis  argent.  Upon  the  escut- 
cheon is  placed  a  hehnet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure 
and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fox 
sejant  or,  collared  flory  azure,  the  paw  resting  on  a  fleur-de-lis  of 
the  last ;  with  the  motto,  "  Faire  sans  dire." 

shields  (see  Pickering,  Plate  XXSVI.),  but  as  they  differ 
little  if  anything  in  appearance  from  the  lion's  gamb, 
they  need  not  be  further  particularised.  To  the  bear's 
head,  however,  considerable  attention  should  be  paid, 
inasmuch  as  the  manner  of  depicting  it  in  England  and 
Scotland  differs.  The  bears'  head,  according  to  English 
ideas  of  heraldry,  would  be  depicted  down  to  the 
shoulders,  and  would  show  the  neck  couped  or  erased. 
In  Scottish  heraldry,  bears'  heads  are  almost  invariably 
found  couped  close  behind  the  ears  without  any  of 
the  neck  being  visible ;  they  are  not,  however,  repre- 


FlG.  319.— Armorial  bearings  of  William  Colfox,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  of 
Allington,  Dorset :  Sable,  three  spinning-cogs  erect  and  in  fess  or, 
on  a  chief  argent  as  many  foxes'  heads  couped  at  the  neck  gules. 
Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fox 
proper,  charged  on  the  body  with  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  fess  sable, 
and  resting  the  sinisterpawona  fleur-de-lis  gules.  Motto:  "Lux, 
lex,  libertas." 

sented  as  caboshed  or  affironte,  and  the  form  can  best 
be  seen  from  the  illustration  in  the  an/is  of  Forbes-Leith 
(Plate  XXXVIL),  though  singularly  enough  the  crest 


139 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  this  case  has  the  boar's  head  depicted  in  the  English 
style. 


Fig.  320. — Armorial  bearings  of  Francis  Layland-Barratt,  Esq.  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  on  a  chevron  indented  between  three 
bears  statant  sable,  muzzled  or,  as  many  pallets  of  the  last,  each 
charged  with  a  cross  crosslet  litchee  of  the  second  (for  Barratt)  ; 
2.  per  pale  argent  and  or,  a  greyhound  coarant  between  in  chief 
two  Cornish  choughs  and  in  base  as  many  crosses  patee  all  sable 
(for  Williams) ;  3.  per  fess  gules  and  sable,  in  chief  two  demi-lions 
rampant,  and  in  base  as  many  bezants  (for  Bennetts) ;  impaling  the 
arms  of  Layland,  namely  :  argent,  on  a  fess  raguly  gules,  between 
six  ears  of  wheat,  three  and  three  vert,  banded  or,  in  chief  and 
two  escallops  in  base  of  the  third,  a  lion  passant  of  the  first. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
bear  sable,  muzzled,  seme  of  escallops,  and  resting  the  dexter 
forepaw  on  an  escallop  all  or.    Motto:  "  Cui  debeo  fidus." 


Fig.  321. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Langham  Christie,  Esq  :  Azure, 
a  lamb  passant,  the  dexter  leg  supporting  in  bend  sinister  a 
banner  argent,  staff  or,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  a  tower  with  two 
turrets  between  as  many  gabions  proper,  and  upon  an  escutcheon 
of  pretence  the  arms  of  Cleveland,  namely  :  azure,  a  hare  salient  or, 
collared  gules,  to  the  collar  a  bugle-horn  pendent  sable.  Mantling 
azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  brown 
bear  passant  muzzled,  the  chain  refiexed  over  the  shoulder  or,  on 
the  back  a  bezant  charged  with  a  cross  sable,  the  dexter  paw 
resting  on  an  escutcheon  per  pale  of  the  last  and  gules.  Motto : 
"  Integer  vita;." 

The  Boar  is  an  animal  which,  with  its  parts,  will  con- 
stantly be  met  with  in  British  armory.  Theoretically 
there  is  a  ditference  between  the  boar,  which  is  the  male 
of  the  domestic  animal,  and  the  wild  boar,  which  is  the 


untamed  creature  of  the  woods.  Whilst  the  latter  is 
usually  blazoned  as  a  wUd  boar  or  sanglier,  the  latter  is 
just  a  boar ;  but  for  all  practical  purposes  no  difference 
whatever  is  made  in  heraldic  representations  of  these 
varieties,  though  it  may  be  noted  that  the  crest  of 
Swinton  (Plate  LXIII.)  is  often  described  as  a  sanglier, 
as  is  also  the  crest  of  Douglas,  Lord  Penrhyn  ["A 
sanglier  sticking  between  the  cleft  of  an  oak-tree 
fructed,  with  a  look  holding  the  clefts  together  all 
proper  "].  The  boar,  like  the  lion,  is  usually  described 
as  armed  and  langued,  but  this  is  not  necessary  when 
the  tusks  are  represented  in  their  own  colour  and  when 
the  tongue  is  gules.  It  will,  however,  be  very  frequently 
found  that  the  tusks  are  or.  The  "  armed,"  however, 
does  not  include  the  hoofs,  and  if  these  are  to  be  of  any 
colour  different  from  that  of  the  animal,  it  must  be 
blazoned  "  unguled  "  of  such  and  such  a  tincture. 

Precisely  the  same  distinction  occurs  in  the  heads  of 


Fig.  322. — Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Robert  Heaven,  Esq.,  of 
Forest  of  Birse :  Azure,  seme  of  cross  crosslets  argent,  three  boars' 
heads  couped  or,  armed  and  langued  gules,  a  chief  of  the  third. 
Mantling  azure,  doubled  or.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries, 
a  boar's  head  couped  or,  semd  of  cross  crosslets  azure ;  and  in  an 
escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Non  omnis  moriar." 

boars  that  was  referred  to  in  bears.  The  real  difference 
is  this,  that  whilst  the  English  boar's  head  has  the  neck 
attached  to  the  head  and  is  couped  or  erased  at  the 
shoulders,  the  Scottish  boar's  head  is  separated  close 
behind  the  ears.  No  one  ever  troubled  to  draw  any 
distinction  between  the  two,  because  the  English  boars' 
heads  were  more  usually  drawn  with  the  neck,  and  the 
boars'  heads  in  Scotland  were  drawn  couped  close. 
Matters  of  coats  of  arms,  however,  are  now  cosmopolitan, 
and  one  can  no  longer  ascertain  that  the  crest  of 
Campbell  must  be  Scottish,  or  that  the  crest  of  any 
other  family  must  be  English ;  and  consequently, 
though  the  terms  will  not  be  found  employed  officially, 
it  is  just  as  well  to  distinguish  them,  because  armory 
provides  means  of  such  distinction — the  true  term  for 
an  English  boar's  head  being  couped  or  erased  "  at  the 
neck,"  and  the  Scottish  term  being  a  boar's  head  couped 
or  erased  "close."  Examples  of  a  boar's  head  of  the 
English  type  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  McDermot  '^ 
(Plate  XXII.),  and  of  a  Scottish  type  in  the  arms  of 

i^  Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Thomas  McDermott,  Esq. :  Party  per 
pale  chevron  argent  and  or,  on  a  chevron  gules,  between  in  chief 
three  boars'  heads  erased  at  the  neck  and  in  base  a  cross  crosslet 
azure,  three  trefoils  slipped  of  the  second ;  and  for  his  crest,  oh  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  or,  holding  between  the 
paws  a  boar's  head  erased  as  in  the  arms ;  with  the  motto,  "  Honor 
virtutis  pnemium." 


140 


PLATE   XLIII. 


THE   ARMORIAL   BEARINGS    OF    GEORGE    ROBERT    CLOVER,    Esq.    OF   Ramle,    BIRKENHEAD— 


;    ;--  u  s  L I  c;    ■ 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Gooden-Chisholm  (Plate  LVII.\  Abercromby '  (Plate 
XXXIX.),  Sandford-Thompson  (Plate  XXIX.),  Banner- 
man   (Plate   XVIII.),   Heaven   (Fig.   322),  and  Wyatt 


Fig.  323. — Armorial  bearings  of  Hugh  Richard  Penfold  Wyatt,  Esq. : 
Gules,  on  a  fess  or,  between  three  boars'  heads  couped  ermine,  a 
lion  passant,  enclosed  by  two  pheons  azure.  Mantling  gules  and 
or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-llon  rampant  erased 
azure,  holding  in  his  dexter  paw  an  arrow  proper,  headed  with  a 
pheon  argent. 

(Fig.  323).  Occasionally  a  boar's  head  will  be  stated  to 
be  borne  erect;  tbis  is  then  shown  with  the  mouth 
pointing  upwards.  A  curious  example  of  this  is  found 
in  the  crest  of  Tyrrell:  "A  boar's  head  erect  argent, 
in  the  mouth  a  peacock's  tail  proper." 

Woodward  mentions  three  very  strange  coats  of 
arms  in  which  the  charge,  whilst  not  being  a  boar, 
bears  very  close  connection  with  it.  He  states  that 
among  the  curiosities  of  heraldry  we  may  place  the 
canting  arms  of  Ham,  of  Holland :  "  Gules,  five  hams 
proper,  2,  i,  2."  The  Verhammes  also  bear:  "  Or,  three 
hams  sable."  These  commonplace  charges  assume 
almost  a  poetical  savour  when  placed  beside  the  matter- 
of-fact  coat  of  the  family  of  Bacquere :  "  d' Azur,  a  un 
ecusson  d'or  en  abime,  accompagne  de  trois  groins  de 
pore  d'argent,"  and  that  of  the  Wursters  of  Switzerland : 
"  Or,  two  sausages  gules  on  a  gridiron  sable,  the  handle 
in  chief." 


HORSES 

It  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise  that  the  horse  is 
frequently  met  with  in  armory.  It  will  be  found,  as  in 
the  arms  of  Jedburgh,  carrying  a  mounted  warrior,  and 

'  Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  Abercromby,  Esq.  :  Parted  per 
pale  argent  and  gules,  a  chevron  between  two  boars'  heads  erased 
in  chief,  and  a  bee  volant  en  arriere  in  base  all  countercbanged. 
Above  the  shield  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a 
mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is 
set  for  crest,  a  bee  volant  or,  and  upon  an  escroll  above,  this  motto, 
'*  Vive  ut  vivas." 


the  same  combination  appears  as  the  crest  of  the  Duke 
of  Fife  (Fig.  251). 

The  horse  will  be  found  rampant  (or  forcene,  or 
salient),  as  in  the  arms  of  Bewes  (Fig.  292),  and  will 
be  found  courant  in  the  crest  of  Stone  (Plate  XX.), 
and  trotting  in  the  arms  of  Trotter  (Fig.  324). 

When  it  is  "  comparisoned  "  or  "  furnished  "  it  is  shown 
with  saddle  and  bridle  and  all  appurtenances ;  but  if 
the  saddle  is  not  present  it  would  only  be  blazoned 
"  bridled." 

"  Gules,  a  horse  argent,"  really  the  arms  of  West- 
phalia, is  popularly  known  in  this  country  as  the  coat 
of  Hanover,  inasmuch  as  it  was  the  most  prominent 
charge  upon  the  inescutcheon  or  quartering  of  Hanover 
formerly  borne  with  the  Royal  Arms.  Every  one  in  this 
country  is  familiar  with  the  expression  "  the  white  horse 
of  Hanover." 

Horses  will  also  be  found  in  many  cases  as  supporters, 
and  these  will  be  referred  to  Ln  the  chapter  upon  that 
subject,  but  reference  should  be  particularly  made  here 
to  the  crest  of  the  family  of  Lane,  of  King's  Bromley 
(Fig.  57),  which  is  a  strawberry  roan  horse,  couped  at  the 
flanks,  bridled,  saddled,  andholding  in  its  feet  thelmperial 
crown  proper.  This  commemorates  the  heroic  action  of 
Mistress  Jane  Lane,  afterwards  Lady  Fisher,  and  the 
sister  of  Sir  Thomas  Lane,  of  King's  Bromley,  who,  after 
the  battle  of  Worcester  and  when  King  Charles  was  in 
hiding,  rode  from  Staffordshire  to  the  south  coast  upon 
a  strawberry  roan  horse,  with  King  Charles  as  her 
serving-man.  For  this  the  Lane  family  were  first  of  all 
granted  the  canton  of  England  as  an  augmentation  to 
their  arms,  and  shortly  afterwards  this  crest  of  the 
demi-horse. 

The  arms  of  Trevelyan  afford  an  interesting  example 
of  a  horse,  being :  "  Gules,  issuant  out  of  water  in  base 
proper,  a  demi-horse  argent,  hoofed  and  maned  or." 


Fig.  324. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Trotter,  Esq. :  Quarterly,  I 
and  4,  argent,  a  crescent  gules,  on  a  chief  indented  azure,  three 
mullets  pierced  of  the  field  (for  Trotter) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  lion 
rampant  argent,  crowned  or,  armed  and  langued  azure,  charged 
on  the  shoulder  with  a  crescent  of  the  first  (for  Mowbray),  all 
within  a  bordure  engrailed  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  his  hveries,  a  horse  trotting  proper.  Motto :  "  Fes- 
tina  lente." 

The  heads  of  horses  are  either  so  described  or  (and 
more  usually)  termed  "  nags'  heads,"  though  what  the 
difference  may  be  is  beyond  the  comprehension  of  most 
people;  at  any  rate  heraldry  knows  none.     These  will 


141 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


be  found,  amongst  other  coats,  in  the  arms  of  Lloyd 
(Fig.  325)  and  Barstow  (Plate  XVIIL).  As  a  crest  its 
use  is  even  more  frequent. 

The  crest  of  the  family  of  Duncombe  is  curious,  and 
is  as  follows :  "  Out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  horse's  hind 


Fig.  325. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Cramptou  Lloyd,  Esq.,  of  Stock- 
ton, CO.  Salop :  Quarterly  of  five,  viz. :  i.  Lloyd  of  Stockton :  Sable, 
three  nags'  heads  ei-ased  argent ;  2.  Sir  Griffith  Vaughan,  Knight 
Banneret  of  Agincoui-t :  quarterly  i  and  4,  sable,  three  nags'  heads 
erased  argent ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  "  castle  "  triple -towered  sable,  port 
overt  chained  transverse  or  (Sir  John  Oldcastle,  Lord  Cobham) ;  3. 
Griffith  ap  Beli,  de  la  Garth,  Lord  of  Guilsfield :  Per  pale  or  and 
gules,  two  lions  rampant  addorsed  counterchanged ;  4.  Sable,  three 
escutcheons  or,  each  charged  with  a  lion  rampant  gules;  5.  Beli 
Mawr,  or  Belinus  the  Great,  King  of  Britain:  Azure,  three  ducal 
crowns  in  pale  or. 


Fig.  326. — Armorial  bearings  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Marshall,  Rouge  Croix  Pur- 
suivant of  Arms :  Barry  of  six  ermine  and  azure,  a  horse-shoe  or 
between  three  bezants.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  bezant  charged  with  a  horse-shoe  azure, 
between  two  wings  harry  of  six  ermine  and  azure ;  with  the  motto, 
"  Vimartiali." 


leg  sable,  the  shoe  argent."  Founded  upon  this,  doubt- 
less, was  the  confirmation  of  arms  and  crest  to  the 
family  of  Dunscombe  (Plate  XXVL).  Though  they  can 
hardly  be  termed  animate  charges,  perhaps  one  may 
be  justified  in  here  mentioning  the  horse-shoe,  which  is 


tar  from  being  an  uncommon  charge.  It  will  be  found 
in  various  arms  for  the  name  of  Ferrar,  Ferrers  (Figs. 
64  and  215),  and  Farrer;  and  Marshall  (Figs.  249  and 
326),  and,  in  the  arms  of  Smith,  three  horse-shoes  inter- 
laced together  form  rather  a  curious  charge  (Fig.  327). 
Other  instances  in  which  it  occurs  will  be  found  in  the 


Fig.  327. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Binn  Cottage. 
Dundee:  Argent,  a  bend  azure,  between  three  horse-shoes  interlaced 
sable  in  chief  and  an  eagle  displayed  of  the  third  in  base,  beaked 
and  membered  gules.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  argent.  Crest: 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  Seur-de-lis  argent,  interlaced  with 
a  horse-shoe  sable ;  and  on  an  escroU  over  same  this  motto,  "  Ready 
and  fit." 


arms  of  Burlton  (Fig.  122),  and  in  the  arms  used  by  the 
town  of  Oakham.     In  the  latter  case  it  doubtless  has 


Fig.  32S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Pirrie  of  Belfast :  Argent,  a  saltire 
gules,  between  in  chief  and  in  base  a  bugle-horn  stringed  sable, 
and  in  fess  two  sea-horses  respecting  one  another  proper.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  falcon's  head  erased  per  saltire  argent 
and  gules.     Motto  :  "  Deeds,  not  words." 

reference  to  the  toll  of  a  horse-shoe,  which  the  town 
collects  from  every  peer  or  member  of  the  Royal  Family 
who  passes  through  its  limits.     The  collection  of  these.. 


142 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


which  are  usually  of  silver,  and  are  carefully  preserved, 
is  one  of  the  features  of  the  town. 

The  sea-horse,   the   unicorn,  and   the  pegasus  may 
perhaps   be    more    properly    considered    as    mythical 


r\' 

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^^^^^^k/n 

^%. 

m 

^St: 

'^^^ 

m 

si   tv\§^^^^i^Sls| 

^S 

1  JSl^P'^Ki 

^0 

■  rairSRCdisoij^m 

Wfi\ 

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^m 

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J — — ii 

Fig.  329. — Bookplate  of  Walter  Edwin  Carson  M'Cammond,  Esq. 
Arms  :  or,  a  fess  vair  between  three  sea-horses  proper.  Mantling 
azure  and  or.  Crest ;  out  of  a  mural  crown  a  lion's  head  gules, 
charged  on  the  neck  with  a  bell  ardent.  Motto:  "Justus  ac 
tenas."     (Designed  by  J.  Vinycomb,  Esq.,  M.R.I.A.) 


i^nomnfe;^  mt  bonorabo.1  . 


Fig.  330. — Armorial  bearings  of  Jolin  Maunsell  Richardson,  Esq. :  Per 
pale  sable  and  or,  a  pegasns  rampant  between  three  lions'  heads 
erased  aU  counterchanged,  impaling  the  arms  of  Hare,  namely : 
gules,  two  bars  or,  and  a  chief  indented  of  the  last.  Mantling 
sable  and  or.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colom-s,  a  pegasus  sejant 
sable,  resting  the  dexter  foot  on  a  pheon  or.  Motto:  "  Honorantes 
me  honorabo." 

animals,  and  the  unicorn  wLU,  of  course,  be  treated 
imder  that  heading ;  but  the  sea-horse  and  the  pegasus 
are  so  closely  allied  in  form  to  the  natural  animal  that 


perhaps  it  will  be  simpler  to  treat  of  them  in  this 
chapter.  The  sea-horse  is  composed  of  the  head  and 
neck  of  a  horse  and  the  tail  of  a  fish,  but  in  place  of  the 
forefeet,  legs  and  webbed  paws  are  usually  substituted. 


Fig.  331. — Armorial  bearings  of  Tankerville  James  Chamberlayne,  Esq. : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  gules,  a  chevron  engrailed  argent,  between 
three  escallops  or  (for  Chamberlayne);  2  and  3,  argent,  a  hand 
gloved,  couped  at  the  wrist,  and  grasping  a  thistle  between  three 
holly-leaves  aU  proper  (for  Ii-win  of  Tanragoe) ;  impaling  the  arms 
of  Ruspoli,  "  d'azur,  b,  un  mont  de  six  coupeaus  d'or,  somme  de 
deux  ceps  devigne  passes  en  double  sautoir  et  fruites  de  deux 
grappes  de  raisins  h  dextre  et  h,  sinestre  le  tout  au  naturel " 
(vide  Reitstap).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  pegasus  argent.  Motto :  "  Nemo  me 
impune  lacessit." 

Two  sea-horses  respecting  each  other  will  be  found  in 
the  coat  of  arms  of  Pirrie  (Fig.   328);  and  sea-horses 


Fig.  332. — Arms  of  Herr  von  Frouberg. 

naiant  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  M'Cammond  (Fig. 
329).  It  is  a  matter  largely  left  to  the  discretion  of  the 
artist,  but  the  sea-horse  will  be  found  as  often  as  not 
depicted  with  a  fin  at  the  back  of  its  neck  in  place  of  a 
mane.  A  sea-horse  as  a  crest  will  be  found  in  the  case 
of  Belfast  and  in  the  crests  of  Clippingdale  and  Jenkin- 
son.  The  sea-horse  is  sometimes  represented  winged, 
but  I  know  of  no  officially  sanctioned  example.  When 
represented  rising  from  the  sea  the  animal  is  said  to 
be  "  assurgeant." 

The  pegasus,  though  often  met  with  as  a  crest  or 
found  in  use  as  a  supporter,  is  very  unusual  as  a  charge 
upon  an  escutcheon.     It  will  be  found,  however,  in  the 


143 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arms  of  the  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple  and  in  the 
arms  of  Richardson  (Fig.  330),  which  affords  an  example 
of  a  pegasus  rampant  and  also  an  example  of  a  pegasus 
sejant,  which  at  present  is  the  only  one  which  exists  in 
British  heraldry.  Another  example  of  the  pegasus  will 
be  found  in  the  crest  of  Chamberlayne  (Fig.  331). 

Fig.  332  gives  a  solitary  instance  of  a  mare.  The 
arms,  which  are  from  Griinenberg's  Wappenbuch  (1483), 
are  attributed  to  "  Herr  von  Frouberg  from  the  Forest 
in  Bavaria,"  and  are :  Gules,  a  mare  rampant  argent, 
bridled  sable. 


DOGS 

Dogs  will  be  found  of  various  kinds  in  many  English 
and  Scottish  coats  of  arms,  though  more  frequently  in 
the  former  than  in  the  latter.  The  original  English 
dog,  the  hound  of  early  days,  is,  of  course,  the  talbot. 
Under  the  heading  of  supporters  certain  instances  will  be 
quoted  in  which  dogs  of  various  kinds  and  breeds  figure 
in  heraldry,  but  the  talbot  as  a  charge  will  be  found  in 
the  arms  of  the  old  Staffordshire  family,  Wolseley  of 
Wolseley,  a  cadet  of  which  house  is  the  present  Field- 
Marshal,  Viscount  Wolseley.  Their  arms  are :  "  Argent, 
a  talbot  passant  gules"  (Fig.  333). 

Other  instances  of  the  talbot  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  or  crests  of  the  famihes  of  Grosvenor,  Gooch, 
Smith-Ryland,  and  Allen  (see  Plate  XXXI.).  The  arms 
"  Azure,  three  talbots  statant  or  "  were  granted  by  Cooke 
to  Edward  Peke  of  Heldchurchgate,  Kent.  A  sleuth- 
hound  treading  gingerly  upon  the  points  of  a  coronet 
['•  On  a  ducal  coronet,  a  sleuthhound  proper,  collared 


hold  amongst  the  galtraps  which  is  provided  for  the 
supporters. 


Fig.  333. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lieutenant-General  Sir  George  Benjamin 
Wolseley,  K.C.B. :  Argent,  a  talbofc  passant  gules,  a  crescent  for 
difference.  Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  surrounded  by  the 
ribbon  of  the  Most  Honourable  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  pendent 
therefrom  his  badge  as  a  Knight  Commander  thereof,  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degi'ee,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  argent ; 
and  for  his  crest,  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  wolf's  head  proper ; 
with  the  motto,  *'  Homo  homini  lupus." 


and  leashed  gules  "]  was  the  crest  of  the  Earl  of  Perth 
and  Melfort,  and  one  wonders  whether  the  motto,  "  Gang 
warily,"  may  not  really  have  as  much  relation  to  the 
perambulations  of  the  crest  as  to  the  dangerous  foot- 


FlG.  334. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Hunter,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L., 
r.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  of  Plas  Coch,  Anglesey  :  Vert,  three  greyhounds 
courant  at  full  speed  in  pale  argent,  collared  gules,  within  a 
bordure  or,  on  a  chief  engrailed  of  the  second  a  fleur-de-lis  azure 
between  two  bugles  of  the  field,  stringed  and  veruled  of  the  third. 
Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest  :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries, 
a  greyhound's  head  and  neck  couped  argent,  collared  gules. 
Motto  :  "  Dum  spiro  spero." 


Greyhounds  are,  of  course,  very  frequently  met  with, 
amongst  the  instances  which  can  be  mentioned  being 
the  arms  of  Clayhills  (see  page  46),  and  in  the  arms  of 
Hunter  of  Plas  Coch  (Fig.  334),  and  Hunter  of  Hunter- 
ston  (Fig.  800).  A  very  artistic  representation  of  a 
greyhound  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Blackwall  (Fig. 
345),  and  a  curious  coat  of  arms  will  be  found  under  the 
name  of  Udney  of  that  Ilk,  registered  in  the  Lyon 
Office,  namely :  "  Gules,  two  greyhounds  counter-salient 
argent,  collared  of  the  field,  in  the  inner  point  a  stag's 
head  couped,  and  attired  with  ten  tynes,  all  between 
the  three  fieurs-de-lis,  two  in  chief  and  one  in  base,  or." 
Another  very  curious  coat  of  arms  is  registered  as  the 
design  of  the  reverse  of  the  seal  of  the  Royal  Burgh 
of  Linlithgow,  and  is :  "  Or,  a  greyhound  bitch  sable, 
chained  to  an  oak-tree  within  a  loch  proper."  This 
curious  coat  of  arms,  however,  being  the  reverse  of  the 
seal,  is  seldom  if  ever  made  use  of  Two  bloodhounds 
are  the  supporters  to  the  arms  of  Campbell  of  Aberuchill. 

The  dog,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  is  not  found  rampant, 
but  may  be  salient,  that  is,  springing,  its  hind  feet  on 
the  ground ;  passant,  when  it  is  sometimes  known  as 
trippant,  otherwise  walking ;  and  courant  when  it  is  at 
full  speed.  It  will  be  found  occasionally  couchant  or 
lying  down,  but  if  depicted  chasing  another  animal  it  is 
described  as  "  in  full  chase." 

A  mastitf  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Crawshay  (Fig. 
346),  and  there  is  a  well-known  crest  of  a  family 
named  Phillips  which  has  for  its  crest  "  a  dog  sejant 
regardant   surmounted   by   a   bezant  charged  with   a 


144 


PLATE   XLIV. 


THE  ARMORIAL  BEARINGS  OF 
COL.  ALBERT  CANTRELL  CANTRELL-HUBBERSTY,  ESQ.  OF  TOLLERTON   H.\LL,  NOTTS. 


F-U  B  LI  C 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


representation  of  a  dog  saving  a  man  from  drown- 
ing." Whether  this  crest  has  any  official  authority 
or  not  I  do  not  know,  but  I  should  imagine  it  is 
highly  doubtful. 

Foxhounds  appear  as  the  supporters  of  Lord  Hindlip  ; 


pflDELITAS 


Fig.  345, 


Anuorial  bearings  of  Blackball  :  Argent,  a  greyhound 
courant  sable,  collared  cheqiiy  or  and  gules,  on  a  chief  in- 
dented sable  three  bezants.  Crest :  two  arms  embowed  in  chain 
mail,  holding  in  the  hands  proper  a  greyhound's  head  couped  sable, 
collared  chequy  or  and  gules.     Motto;  "Fidelitas." 


A  winged  greyhound  is  stated  to  be  the  crest  of  a 
family  of  BenweU.  A  "reyhound  in  full  course  or 
"courant"  will  be  found  in  the  crest  of  Daly  and 
Watney  (see  Plate  XXVII.) ;  and  a  curious  crest  is  that 
of  Biscoe,  which  is  a  greyhound  seizing  a  hare.  The 
crest  of  Anderson,  now  borne  by  the  Earl  of  Yar- 
borough,  is  a  water  spaniel. 

The  sea-dog  (Fig.  347)  is  a  most  curious  animal.  It  is 
represented  much  as  the  talbot,  but  with  scales,  webbed 


Fig.  347. — The  Sea-dog. 

feet,  and  a  broad  scaly  tail  like  a  beaver.  In  my  mind 
there  is  very  little  doubt  that  the  sea-dog  is  really  the 
early  heraldic  attempt  to  represent  a  beaver,  and  I  am 
confirmed  in  that  opinion  by  the  arms  of  the  city  of 
Oxford.  There  has  been  considerable  uncertainty  as  to 
what  the  sinister  supporter  was  intended  to  represent. 
A  reference  to  the  original  record  shows  that  a  beaver 
is  the  real  supporter,  but  the  representation  of  the 
animal,  which  in  form  has  varied  little,  is  very  similar 
to  that  of  a  sea-dog.  The  only  instances  I  am  aware 
of  in  British  heraldry  in  which  it  occurs  under  the 
name  of  a  sea-dog  are  the  Stourton  supporters  and 
the  crest  of  Dodge.^ 


BULLS 

The  buU,  and  also  the  calf,  and  very  occasionally  the 
cow  and  the  buffalo,  have  their  allotted  place  in  her- 
aldry. They  are  amongst  the  few  animals  which  can 
never  be  represented  proper,  inasmuch  as  in  its  natural 
state  the  bull  is  of  very  various  colours.  And  yet 
there  is  an  exception  to  even  this  apparently  obvious 
fact,  for  the  bulls  connected  with  or  used  either  as 
crests,  badges,  or  supporters  by  the  various  branches 
of  the  Nevill  family  are  aU  pied  bulls  ["Arms  of  the 
Marquis  of  Abergavenny:  Gules,  on  a  saltire  argent,  a 
rose  of  the  field,  barbed  and  seeded  proper.  Crest :  a 
bull  statant  argent,  pied  sable,  collared  and  chain  re- 
flexed  over  the  back  or.  Supporters :  two  bulls  argent, 
pied  sable,  armed,  unguled,  collared  and  chained,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  chain  two  staples  or.  Badges:  on  the 
dexter  a  rose  gules,  seeded  or,  barbed  vert ;  on  the 
sinister  a  portcullis  or.  Motto :  '  Ne  vUe  velis.' "]  The 
buU  in  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Abergavenny,  which 
are  obviously  based  upon  the  arms  and  crest  of  the 
Marquess  of  Abergavenny,  is  the  same  (Fig.  348). 

Examples  of  the  buU  wiU  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Verelst  (Fig.  349),  Blyth  (Fig.  350),  and  Ffinden  (Fig. 
163).  In  the  arms  of  Oxford  (Plate  CXVIII.)  the 
animal  naturally  would  be  blazoned  an  ox.  A  bull 
salient  occurs  in  the  arms  of  De  Hasting  ["Per  pale 
vert   and   or,  a   bull   salient   counterchanged"].      The 

B  Armorial  bearings  of  Dodge ;  Barry  of  six  or  and  sable,  on  a  pale 
and  when  depicted  with  its  nose  to  the  gxwnd  a  dog     lt'e.t^Z''.T:ioZ::  "^!et^^^^^^^  ma^:ed,rd 

is  termed  a  hound  on  scent.  finned  or.     Motto:  "Leni  perfrnar  otio." 

145  T 


PERSEVE  RANGE 


Fig.  346. — Armorial  bearings  of  Codrington  Fraser  Crawshay,  Esq,  : 
Argent,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  plough  proper,  on  a  chief  azure 
a  pale  or,  charged  with  the  chemical  sign  of  Mars  6  sable,  between 
two  lions'  heads  erased  gold.  Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  mount  vert,  a  dog  standing  over  a  heap  of  cannon-balls  pro- 
per.    Motto:  "Perseverance." 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arms  of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  show  three  bulls,  which 
happen  to  be  the  quartering  for  Ashley.  This  coat  of 
arms  affords  an  instance,  and  a  striking  one,  of  the 
manner  in  which  arms  have  been  assumed  in  England. 
The  surname  of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  is  Ashley- 
Cooper.  It  may  be  mentioned  here  in  passing,  though 
the  subject  is  properly  dealt  with  elsewhere  in  the 
volume,  that  in  an   English   sub-quarterly  coat  for  a 


lordship)   are :   "  Gules,  a   bend   engrailed  between  six 
lions  rampant  or."     The  ludicrous  result  has  been  that 


Fig.  34S.  — Arms  of  Abergavenny :  Gules,  a  saltire  argent,  between  a 
rose  in  chief  and  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  fess  and  a  portcnllis  chained 
in  base  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  the  trunk  of 
a  tree  fesswise,  eradicated  and  sprouting  to  the  dexter  proper, 
a  bull  passant  argent,  pied  and  nnguled  sable,  gorged  with  a 
collar  and  chain  reflexed  over  the  back  and  charged  on  the  body 
with  two  flenrs-de-lis  all  or.     Motto:  "Hostes  nunc  amici." 


double  name  the  arms  for  the  last  and  most  important 
name  are  the  first  and  fourth  quarterings.  But  Lord 
Shaftesbury  himself  is  the  only  person  who  bears  the 
name  of  Cooper,  all  other  members  of  the  family  except 
his  lordship  being  known  by  the  name  of  Ashley  only. 
Possibly  this  may  be  the  reason  which  accounts  for  the 
fact  that  by  a  rare  exception  Lord  Shaftesbury  bears 
the  arms  of  Ashley  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  and 
Cooper  in  the  second  and  third.  But  by  a  very  general 
mistake  these  arms  of  Ashley  ["  Argent,  three  bulls  pas- 
sant sable,  armed  and  unguled  or  "]  were  until  recently 
almost  invariably  described  as  the  arms  of  Cooper.  The 
result  has  been  that  during  the  last  century  they  were 
"jumped"  right  and  left  by  people  of  the  name  of 
Cooper,  entirely  in  ignorance  of  the  fact  that  the  arms 
of  Cooper  (if  it  were,  as  one  can  only  presume,  the 
popular  desire  to  indicate  a  false  relationship  to  his 


Fig.  349. — Armorial  bearings  of  Harry  William  Verelst,  Esq. ;  Argent, 
on  a  mount  in  front  of  an  oak-tree  fructed  proper,  a  bull  passant 
sable,  in  chief  two  estoUes  of  the  last.  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  a  rudder  with  tiller 
proper,  between  two  elephants'  trunks  or. 

to  those  who  know  the  arms  have  stood  self-condemned, 
and  in  the  course  of  time,  as  it  has  become  necessary 
for  these  Messrs.  Cooper  to  legalise  these  usurped  in- 


FlG.  350. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  James  Blyth,  rst  baronet:  Azure, 
on  a  mount  vert,  a  bull  statant  argent,  ringed  and  chained  or, 
on  a  chief  arched  of  the  fourth,  a  stag's  head  erased  proper  be- 
tween two  annulets  gules,  the  escutcheon  being  charged  with  his 
badge  of  Ulster  as  a  baronet.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  mount  vert  thereon  a  bull 
as  in  the  arms,  three  roses  gules.     Motto:  "  Spero  meliora." 

signia,  the  new  grants,  differentiated  versions  of  arms 
previously  in  use,  have  nearly  all  been  founded  upon 
this  Ashley  coat.  At  any  rate  there  must  be  a  score  or 
more  Cooper  grants  with  bulls  as  the  principal  charges, 


146 


PLATE  XLV. 


(i)  JOHN  ALEXANDER  GALBRAITH,  Esq. 
2)  MATTHEW  WILSON  HERVEY,  Esq. 
(3)  FR.\NCIS    JAMES    GRANT,    Esq.,    Rothesay 
Lyon  Clerk. 


THE   ARMORIAL   BEARINGS    OF— 

(4)  ALBEMARLE    O'BEIRNE    WILLOUGHBY    DEWAR,    Esq.    of 
"  Doles"  Hants. 
Herald      and  (5)  REGINALD  HENRY  TUDOR  DRUMMOND.  ESQ.  OF  Balquhandy. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  irmumerable  others  are  still  using  without  authority 
the  old  Ashley  coat  pure  and  simple. 

The  bull  as  a  crest  is  not  uncommon,  belonging 
amongst  other  families  to  Ridley,  Sj'kes,  and  De 
Hoghton ;  and  the  demi-bull,  and  more  frequently  the 
bull's  head,  are  often  met  with.  A  bull's  leg  is  the 
crest  of  De  la  Vache,  and  as  such  appears  upon 
two  of  the  early  Garter  plates.  Winged  bulls  are  the 
supporters  of  the  Butchers'  Livery  Company. 

A  bull's  scalp  occurs  upon  a  canton  over  the  arms 
of  Cheney,  a  coat  quartered  by  Johnston  and  Cure. 

The  ox  seldom  occurs,  except  that,  in  order  sometimes 
to  preserve  a  pun,  a  bovine  animal  is  sometimes  so 
blazoned.  Cows  also  are  equally  rare,  but  occur  in 
the  arms  of  Cowell  ["  Ermine,  a  cow  statant  gules, 
within  a  bordure  sable,  bezantee"]  and  in  the  recent 
grants  to  the  towns  of  Eawtenstall  and  Cowbridge. 
Cow.s'  heads  appear  on  the  arms  of  V^eitch  ["  Argent, 
three  cows'  heads  erased  sable"],  and  these  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  cadency  bordure  of  the  Haig  arms  when 
these  were  rematriculated  for  Mr.  H.  Veitch  Haig 
(Plate  LXV.). 

Calves  are  of  much  more  fi-equent  occurrence  than 
cows,  appearing  in  many  coats  of  arms  in  which  they  are 
a  pun  upon  the  name.  They  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Vaile   (Fig.   92)   and   Metcalfe   (Fig.  351).     Special 


nature  ot  a  stag  must  be  subject  to  the  following  terms. 
If  lying  down  it  is  termed  lodged,  if  walking  it  is  termed 
trippant,  if  running  it  is  termed  courant  or  at  speed 
or  at  full  chase.     It  is  termed  salient  when  springing. 


FlG.  351. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Henry  Metcalfe,  Esq.:   Argent, 
three  calves  passant  sable,  a  canton  gales. 

attention  may  well  be  drawn  to  the  last-mentioned  illus- 
tration, inasmuch  as  it  is  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Metcalfe,  whose 
heraldic  work  has  obtained  a  well-deserved  reputation. 
A  bull  or  cow  is  termed  "  armed "  if  the  horns  are  of 
a  different  tincture  from  the  head.  The  term  "  un  ■ 
guled "  applies  to  the  hoofs,  and  "  ringed "  is  used 
when,  as  is  sometimes  the  case,  a  ring  passes  through 
the  nostrils.  A  bull's  head  is  sometimes  found  caboshed, 
as  in  the  crest  of  Macleod,  or  as  in  the  arms  of 
Wahond.  The  position  of  the  tail  is  one  of  those 
matters  which  are  left  to  the  artist,  and  unless  the 
blazon  contains  any  statement  to  the  contrary,  it  may 
be  placed  in  any  convenient  position. 

STAGS 

The  stag,  using  the  term  in  its  generic  sense,  under 
the  various  names  of  stag,  deer,  buck,  hart,  hind,  doe, 
reindeer,  springbok,  roebuck,  and  other  varieties,  is 
constantly  met  with  in  British  armory,  as  well  as  in 
that  of  other  countries. 

In  the  specialised  varieties,  such  as  the  springbok 
and  the  reindeer,  naturally  an  attemj)t  is  made  to  foUow 
the  natural  animal  in  its  salient  peculiarities,  but  as  to 
the  remainder,  heraldry  knows  little  if  any  distinction 
after  the  following  has  been  properly  observed.  The 
stag,  which  is  really  the  male  red  deer,  has  horns  which 
are  branched  with  pointed  branches  from  the  bottom 
to  the  top  ;  but  a  buck,  which  is  the  fallow  deer,  has 
broad    and    flat    palmated    horns.     Anything   in    the 


Fig.  352. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Thomas  Richardson :  Per  fess  azure 
and  barry  wavy  of  six  argent  and  of  the  first,  a  stag  statant  at  gaze 
or,  on  a  chief  arched  of  the  last,  two  lions'  heads  erased  sable. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
mount  vert,  thereon,  in  front  of  the  battlements  of  a  tower,  a  lion's 
head  erased  sable,  gorged  with  a  collar  vair.  Motto :  "  Virtute 
acquiritur  honos." 

though  the  term  springing  is  sometimes  employed,  and 
it  is  said  to  be  "  at  gaze  ■"  when  statant  with  the  head 
turned  to  face  the  spectator ;  but  it  should  be  noted 
that  a  stag  may  also  be  statant ;  and  it  is  not  "  at  gaze  " 


Fig.  353. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Walter  Charles  Rothe,  Esq. ;  Or, 
on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  stag  trippant  argent,  under  an  oak-tree 
of  the  second.  Mantling  vert  and  or ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  stag  lodged  argent, 
attired  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Solo  salus  servire  Deo." 

unless  the  head  is  turned  round.  When  it  is  necessary 
owing  to  a  difference  of  tincture  or  for  other  reasons  to 
refer  to  the  horns,  a  stag  or  buck  is  described  as  attired 
of  such  and  such  a  colour,  whereas  bulls,  rams,  and 
goats  are  said  to  be  armed. 


1-17 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


When  the  stag  is  said  to  be  attired  ot  ten  or  any 
other  number  of  tynes,  it  means  that  there  are  so 
many  points  to  its  horns.  Like  other  cloven-footed 
animals,  the  stag  can  be  unguled  of  a  different  colour. 

The  animal  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Harthill'^ 
(Plate  XXXL),  Richardson  (Fig.  352),  Rothe  (Fig.  353), 
and  Greene  (Fig.  354). 

The  stag's  head  is  very  frequently  met  with,  as  in  the 
arms  of  Rodger  (Fig.  355),  but  it  will  be  more  frequently 
found  as  a  stag's  head  caboshed,  as  in  the  arms  of 
Wakely  (Fig.  356),  and  Barton  (Fig.  357).  In  these 
cases  the  head  is  represented  affronte  and  removed  close 
behind  the  ears,  so  that  no  part  of  the  neck  is  visible. 


the  crest  of  Hatton '  whilst  a  hind's  head  is  the  crest  of 
ConranJ  (Plate  XX.). 

The  reindeer  is  less  usual,  but  reindeer  heads  will  be 


Fig.  354. — Armorial  bearings  of  Richard  Greene,  Esq. :  Vert,  three  bucks 
trippaut  or,  each  gorged  with  a  ducal  coronet  gules.  Mantling  vert 
and  or.  Crest :  issuant  from  a  ducal  coronet  gules,  a  buck's  head 
or.     Motto:  "  Nee  timeo  nee  sperno." 

A  roebuck  feeding  is  the  crest  of  Bell. 

The  attires  of  a  stag  are  sometimes  met  with,  either 
singly  or  in  the  form  of  a  pair  attached  to  the  scalp. 
The  crest  of  Jeune  (Fig.  358)  shows  an  instance  of  a 
scalp.     The  hind  or  doe  is  sometimes  met  with,  as  in 

•1  Armorial  bearings  of  John  Thomas  Harthill,  Esq.,  J.P.,  M.R.C.S., 
of  Manor  House,  Willenhall :  Argent,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  hart 
lodged  and  regardant  gules,  a  chief  of  the  last,  thereon  an  arrow  in 
pale  point  downwards  between  two  hearts  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent ;  and  for  the  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a 
mount  vert,  a  hart  lodged  and  regardant  gules,  holding  in  the  mouth 
an  arrow  in  bend  sinister  argent,  and  resting  the  dexter  fore-leg  on  a 
heart  also  gules.     Motto  :  "Diligentes  Deus  ipse  juvat." 


Fig.  355. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Eodger,  Esq.,  ofJ^Glasgow : 
Sable,  a  stag's  head  erased  argent,  holding  inihis  mouth  a  mullet 
or,  within  a  bordure  part.y  per  pale  of  the  last  and  ermine,  charged 
with  three  escallops  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable,  doubled  argent ; 
and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  on  a  mount  a  stag 
courant  between  two  laurel  branches,  all  proper  ;  and  in  an  escroll 
over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Nos  nostraque  Deo." 

found  in  the  arms  of  Fellows.^  It,  ^however,  appears 
as  a  supporter  for  several  English  peers.  The  stag's 
head  caboshed  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Cavendish  and 
Stanley  (Fig.  359),  and  also  in  the  arms  of  Legge, 
Earl  of  Dartmouth. 

Much  akin  to  the  stag  is  the  antelope,  which,  unless 
specified  to  be  an  heraldic  antelope,  or  found  in  a  very 


Fig.  356.— Armorial  bearings  of  Wakely  :  Gules,  a  chevron  between 
three  cross  orosslets  argent,  on  a  chief  of  the  second,  a  stag's 
head  caboshed  of  the  first. 


i  Armorial  bearings  of  Villiers  Hatton,  Esq. :  Azure,  on  a  chevron 
between  three  garbs  or,  an  annulet  gules.  Mantling  azure  and  or. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  hind  statant  or,  charged  on 
the  body  with  an  annulet  as  in  the  arms.  Motto;  "  Virtus  tutissima 
cassis." 

J  Armorial  bearings  of  Captain  Gerald  Marcell  Conran,  of  South 
Brent :  Vert,  on  a  chevron  argent,  three  martlets  of  the  field  between  as 
many  hinds'  heads  erased  of  the  second.  Mantling  vert  and  argent. 
Crest  :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  hind's  head  erased  argent. 
Motto  ;  "In  Deo  spes  mea." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Burnington  Fellows,  Esq.  :  Per 
fess  or  and  azure,  in  chief  two  reindeer  heads  erased  proper,  and  in 
base,  on  the  base  thereof  bai-ry  wavy  of  four  argent  and  of  the  second, 
an  ancient  ship  of  three  masts,  sails  furled  also  proper.  Mantling  azure 
and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  lion's  head 
erased  proper,  crowned  with  a  crown  vallery  of  the  first,  holding  in 
the  mouth  an  antler  of  a  reindeer  also  proper.    Motto  :  "  Fac  et  spera." 


148 


PLATE   XLVI. 


HERALDIC    MONSTERS. 


rrintcd   lit  Sturtgai 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


old  coat,  is  usually  represented  in  the  natural  form  of 
the  animal,  and  subject  to  the  foregoing  rules. 


Fig.  357.— Armorial  bearings  of  Evei-ard  William  Barton,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : 
Party  per  fess  argent  and  azure,  four  stags'  heads  caboshed 
two  and  two  within  a  bordure  charged  with  eight  crescents,  the 
whole  counterchanged ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  an  owl  argent  between  two  acorns 
slipped  and  leaved  proper ;  with  the  motto,  "  I  byde  my  time." 


SIR    FRANCIS  HENRY  JEUN  E.K.C.B. 

Fig.  358 Armorial  bearings  of  the  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Francis  Henry  Jeone, 

K.C.B. :  Sable,  a  stag  trippant  between  four  estoUes  argent,  im- 
paling the  arms  of  Stewart-Mackenzie,  namely  :  quarterly,  I  and  4, 
azure,  a  stag's  head  caboshed  or  (for  Mackenzie) ;  2  and  3,  or,  a 
double  tressure  flory  counterflory  of  the  last  (for  Stewart}.  Upon 
the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree.  Mantling 
sable  and  argent.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the  Golours,  between 
the  attires  of  a  stag  affixed  to  the  scalp,  an  estoile  all  argent;  with 
the  motto,  "  Faire  sans  dire." 


Fig.  359. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Stanley,  Earl  of  Derby  (d. 
1504) :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  on  a  bend  azure,  three  bucks' 
heads  cabossed  or  (for  Stanley)  ;  2  and  3,  or.  on  a  chief  indented 
azure,  three  bezants  (for  Latham).  (From  a  drawing  of  his  seal, 
MS.  Cott.,  Julius,  C.  vii.) 


Antelope  (heraldic). — This  animal  is  found  in  English 
heraldry  more  frequently  as  a  supporter  than  as  a 
charge.  As  an  instance,  however,  ot  the  latter  form 
may  be  mentioned  the  family  of  Dighton  (Lincolnshire): 
"  Per  pale  argent  and  gules,  an  antelope  passant  counter- 


FlG.  360. — The  Heraldic  Antelope. 

changed."  It  bears  little  if  any  relation  to  the  real 
animal,  though  there  can  be  but  small  doubt  that  the 
earliest  forms  originated  in  an  attempt  to  represent 
an  antelope  or  an  ibex.  Since,  however,  heraldry  has 
found  a  use  for  the  antelope,  it  has  been  necessary  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  creations  of  the  early  armorists, 
which  are  now  known  as  heraldic  antelopes.  Examples 
will  be  found  in  the  supporters  of  Lord  Carew,  in  the 
crest  of  Moresby,  and  of  Bagnall. 

The  difference  chiefly  consists  in  the  curious  head  and 
horns  and  in  the  tail,  the  heraldic  antelope  being  an 
heraldic  tiger,  with  the  feet  and  legs  similar  to  those  of 
a  deer,  and  with  two  straight  serrated  horns. 

Ibex. — This  is  another  form  of  the  antelope,  but  with 
two  saw-edged  horns  projecting  from  the  forehead. 


Fig.  361. — Armorial  bearings  of  Marindin. 

A  curious  animal,  namely,  the  sea-stag,  is  often  met 
with  in  German  heraldry.  This  is  the  head,  antlers, 
forelegs,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a  stag  con- 
joined to  the  fish-tail  end  of  a  mermaid.  The  only 
instance  which  occurs  in  British  armory  is  in  the  case 


149 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  the  arms  of  Marindin,  which  were  recently  matricu- 
lated in  Lyon  Register  (Fig.  361).  This,  coat,  however, 
it  should  be  observed,  is  really  of  German  or  perhaps  of 
Swiss  origin. 

THE  EAM 

The  ram,  the  consideration  of  which  must  of  neces- 
sity include  the  sheep,  the  paschal  lamb,  and  the  fleece, 
plays   no   unimportant    part   in    armory.      The    chief 


Fig.  362, — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Francis  Marwood,  Esq.  : 
Gules,  a  chevron  ermine,  between  three  goats'  heads  erased  argent. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on 
a  mount  vert,  a  ram  couchant  argent,  horned  and  hoofed  or. 


Fjg.  363. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  MacMorran,  Esq.,  K.C.  : 
Azure,  a  sword  in  bend  proper,  pommelled  and  hilted  or,  in  the 
sinister  chief  a  dexter  hand  couped,  and  in  the  dexter  base  a 
paschal  lamb  or,  carrying  a  banner  argent  charged  with  a  cross 
gules.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  or ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  dexter  hand  couped  gules ;  and  in  an 
escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Virtus  virtutis  praemium." 

heraldic  difference  between  the  ram  and  the  sheep,  to 
some  extent,  in  opposition  to  the  agricultural  dis- 
tinctions, lies  in  the  fact  that  the  ram  is  always  repre- 
sented with  horns  and  the  sheep  without.     The  lamb 


and  the  ram  are  always  represented  with  the  natural 
tail,  but  the  sheep  is  deprived  of  it.  A  ram  can  of 
course  be  "armed"  (i.e.  with  the  horns  of  a  different 
colour)  and  "  unguled,"  but  the  latter  will  seldom  be 
found  to  be  the  case.  The  ram,  the  sheep,  and  the 
lamb  will  nearly  always  be  found  either  passant  or 
statant,  but  a  demi-ram  is  naturally  represented  in  a 
rampant  posture,  though  in  such  a  case  the  word  "  ram- 
pant "  is  not  necessary  in  the  blazon.  Occasionally,  as 
in  the  crest  of  Marwood  (Fig.  362),  the  ram  will  be 
found  couchant.  As  a  charge  upon  a  shield  the  ram 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Sydenham  ["  Argent,  three 
rams  passant  sable"],  and  a  ram  couchant  occurs  in  the 
arms  of  Pujolas  (granted  1762)  ["Per  fess  wavy  azure 
and  argent,  in  base  on  a  mount  vert,  a  ram  couchant 
sable,  armed  and  unguled  or,  in  chief  three  doves 
proper  "]. 

The  arms  of  Ramsey  ["Azure,  a  chevron  between  three 
rams  passant  or  "]  and  the  arms  of  Harman  ["  Sable,  a 
chevron  between  six  rams  counter-passant  two  and  two 
argent,  armed  and  unguled  or  "]  are  other  instances  in 
which   rams  occur.      A   sheep  occurs  in  the  arms  of 


Fig.  364. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lees  Knowles,  Esq.  ;  Gules,  on  a 
chevron  cottised  between  two  crescents  in,  chief  and  a  cross 
crosslet  in  base  argent,  three  roses  of  the  field.  Upon  the 
escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mant- 
ling gules  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  a  ram's  head  couped  argent,  attired  or,  three 
roses  gules.    Motto:  "Nee  diu  nee  frustra." 

Sheepshanks  ["Azure,  a  chevron  erminois  between  in 
chief  three  roses  and  in  base  a  sheep  passant  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  mount  vert,  a  sheep  passant  argent "]. 

The  lamb,  which  Ls  by  no  means  an  unusual  charge  in 
Welsh  coats  of  arms,  is  most  usually  found  in  the  form 
of  a  "paschal  lamb,"  or  some  variation  evidently 
founded  thereupon.  The  lamb  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  or  crests  of  MacMorran  (Fig.  363),  Piatt'  (Plate 
XX.),  Fisher-Rowe™  (Plate  XXXVII.),  and  also  in  the 
arms  of  the  city  of  Perth  and  the  town  of  Preston. 

1  Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  John  Piatt,  Esq.,  of  Llandudno  : 
Azure,  on  a  chevron  or,  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  chief  and  a  lamb 
statant  in  base  of  the  last,  a  fleur-de-lis  between  two  cinquefoils  of  the 
first ;  and  for  the  crest,  on  a  w  reath  of  the  colours,  a  lamb  or,  resting 
the  dexter  foreleg  on  a  fleur-de-lis  azure,  holding  in  the  mouth  three 
cinquefoils  slipped  vert  :  with  the  motto,  "  Neminem  metue  innocens." 

'"  Armorial|bearings  of  Edward  Rowe  Fisher-Rowe,  Esq.  :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  party  per  pale  sable  and  gules,  thi-ee  crosses  patee  in  fess  or, 
between  as  many  lambs  passant  proper,  each  supporting  with  the  dexter 
foreleg  a  pennon  argent,  charged  with  the  Cross  of  St.  George  (for 
Rowe) :  2  and  3,  ermine,  on  a  fe.ss  wavy  vert,  between  three  king- 
fishers, as  many  fountains  proper,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Liddell, 
namely :  argent,  fretty  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  three  leopards' 
faces  or.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree, 
with  a  mantling  sable  and  or,  and  for  his  crests,  I.  upon  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  lamb  resting  the  dexter  foreleg  on  a  bee-hive  proper,  and 
charged  on  the  body  with  a  cross  patee  or  (for  Rowe) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  on  a  fountain  between  six  bulrushes,  a  kingfisher  all 
proper  (for  Fisher)  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Favente  Deo." 


150 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

tlJ^htrl^f  "f7l°^  nT"  Tl?'"'^^y,j°^  "iT^  '^P,"'^  ''''  industry.     In  this  connection  it  will  be  found  in  the 

the  badge  ot  the  Order  ot  the  Golden  Fleece— has  in  arms  of  Johnson  (Plate  XXV.)  the  city  of  Leeds  rPlate 

recent  years  been  frequently  employed  in  the  grants  of  CXVII.),  and  the  town  of  Nelson 

arms  to  towns  or  mdividuals  connected  with  the  woollen  The  demi-ram  and  the  demi-lamb  are  to  be  found  as 


Fig.  365.— Armorial  bearings  of  James  Ritchie,  Esq.  :  Vert,  a  chevron 
engrailed  between  two  lions'  heads  erased  in  chief  or,  and  a 
ram's  head  caboshed  in  base  proper,  horned  of  the  second.  Upon 
the  escntcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a 
mantling  Tert,  doubled  or ;  and  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set 
for  crest,  a  cnbit  arm  and  hand  proper,  holding  a  cross  fleury 
or;  and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto,  "Ostendo  non 
ostento." 


Fig.  367. — Armorial  bearings  of  Wilson  Lloyd,  Esq.  :  Azure,  a  chevron 
between  three  cocks  argent,  armed,  crested,  and  wattled  or. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  fern-brake  proper,  a  goat  salient  argent,  armed  and 
unguled  or,  gorged  with  a  collar  flory  counterflory  sable.  Motto  : 
"Esto  vigilans." 


Fig.  366. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  Fowler  Roberts,  Esq. :  Gales, 
a  hawk's  lure  argent,  between  two  cushions  or,  in  chief  and  in 
base  a  ram's  head  proper,  horned  gold,  all  within  a  bordure  of  the 
second.  Mantling  gules,  doabled  argent.  Crest,  on  a  wreath  of 
his  liveries,  a  demi-lion  rampant  azure,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw 
a  fleur-de-lis  or.    Motto  :  "  Indnstria  et  probitate." 


Fig.  36S. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Fleming,  Esq.  :  Argent,  a 
chevron  charged  with  three  towers  triple-towered  of  the  field,  a 
chevron  gules,  between  two  fir-trees  eradicated  in  chief  and  a 
lymphad  with  sails  furled  sable  in  base,  flagged  of  the  second. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries, 
a  goat's  head  erased  argent,  armed  or.  Motto:  "Let  the  deed 
shaw." 


151 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


crests,  but  far  more  usual  are  the  rains'  heads,  which 
figure  in  the  arms  of  Ramsden,  and  Knowles  (Fig.  364), 
and  in  the  arms  of  the  towns  of  Huddersfield,  and 
Barrow-LQ-Furness.  The  ram's  head  will  sometimes  be 
found  caboshed,  as  in  the  arms  of  Ritchie  (Fig.  365) 
and  Roberts  (Fig.  366). 

Perhaps  here  reference  may  fittingly  be  made  to  the 
arms  granted  by  Lyon  OfiSce  iu  1S12  to  Thomas  Bonar, 
CO.  Kent  ["Argent,  a  saltire  and  chief  azure,  the  last 
charged  with  a  dexter  hand  proper,  vested  with  a  shirt- 
sleeve argent,  issuing  from  the  dexter  chief  point,  hold- 
ing a  shoulder  of  mutton  proper  to  a  lion  passant  or,  all 
within  a  bordure  gules  "]. 

The  Goat  is  very  frequently  met  with  in  armory.  Its 
positions  are  passant,  statant,  rampant,  and  salient. 
When  the  horns  are  of  a  different  colour  it  is  said  to  be 
"  armed." 

Examples  of  the  goat  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Lloyd  (Fig.  367),  and  Fleming  (Fig.  368). 

The  Elephant  is  by  no  means  unusual  in  heraldry, 
appearing  as  a  crest,  as  a  charge,  and  also  as  a  sup- 
porter. Nor,  strange  to  say,  is  its  appearance  modern. 
It  will  be  found  in  the  arms  or  crest  of  Goodfellow 
(Fig.  243),  Butcher  (Fig.  369),  Crookes  (Fig.  157),  and 
Concanon.  The  elephant's  head,  however,  is  much 
more  frequently  met  with  than  the  entire  animal,  and 
an  example  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Saunders 
(Fig.  370). 

Heraldry  generally  finds  some  way  of  stereotyping 
one  of  its  creations  as  peculiarly  its  own,  and  in  regard 
to  the  elephant,  the  curious  "  elephant  and  castle  "  is  an 
example,  this  latter  object  being,  of  course,  simply  a 
derivative  of  the  howdah  of  Indian  life.  Few  early 
examples  of  the  elephant  omit  the  castle.  The  elephant 
and  castle  is  seen  in  the  arms  of  Dumbarton  and  in  the 
crest  of  Corbet. 


met  in  Viking  and  other  pre-heraldic  days.  As  heraldry 
found  its  footing  it  did  not  in  Germany  displace  those 
horns  which  in  many  cases  continued  alone  as  the  crest 
or  remained  as  a  part  of  it  in  the  form  of  additions  to 
other  objects.      The  craze  for  decoration  at  an  early 


Fig.  369. — Armorial  bearings  of  Samuel  Butcher.  Esq..  F.R.G.S.  ; 
Vert,  an  elephant  argent.  Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  branch  of  a  cotton-tree  fructed  proper. 
Motto:  "Be  steady." 


A  curious  practice,  the  result  of  pure  ignorance,  has 
manifested  itself  in  British  armory.  As  will  be  ex- 
plained in  the  chapter  upon  crests,  a  large  proportion  of 
German  crests  are  derivatives  of  the  stock  basis  of  two 
bull's  horns,  which  formed  a  recognised  ornament  for  ahel- 


FlG.  370. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Radcliffe  Saunders, 
Esq. :  Per  chevron  azure  and  argent,  a  chevron  per  chevron  between 
two  elephants'  heads  erased  in  chief  and  a  lion  sejant  in  base 
all  connterchanged.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  an  elephant's  head  argent,  erased  gules, 
charged  on  the  neck  with  an  annulet  azure,  between  two  palm- 
branches  slipped  vert.    Motto  :  "  Fide  sed  cui  vide." 

period  seized  upon  the  horns,  which  carried  repeti- 
tions of  the  arms  or  their  tinctures.  As  time  went 
on  the  decoration  was  carried  further,  and  the  horns 
were  made  with  bell-shaped  open  ends  to  receive  other 
objects,  usually  bunches  of  feathers  or  flowers.  So  uni- 
versal did  this  custom  become  that  even  when  nothing 
was  inserted  the  horns  came  to  be  always  depicted  with 
these  open  mouths  at  their  points.  But  German  heraldry 
now,  as  has  always  been  the  case,  simply  terms  the 
figures  "horns." 

In  course  of  time  German  immigrants  made  applica- 
tion for  grants  of  arms  in  this  country,  which,  doubtless, 
were  based  upon  other  German  arms  previously  in  use, 
but  which,  evidence  of  right  not  being  forthcoming, 
could  not  l3e  recorded  as  borne  of  right  and  needed  to 
be  granted  with  alteration  as  a  new  coat.  The  curious 
result  has  been  that  these  horns  have  been  incorporated 
in  some  number  of  English  grants,  but  they  have  uni- 
versally been  described  as  elephants'  proboscides,  and 
are  now  always  so  represented  in  this  country.  A  case 
in  point  is  the  crest  of  Verelst  (Fig.  349). 

Elephants'  tusks  have  also  been  introduced  into  grants, 
as  in  the  arms  of  Liebreich,  borne  in  pretence  by  Cock 
(Fig.  129)  and  Randies  ["Or  a  chevron  wavy  azure 
between  three  pairs  of  elephants'  tusks  in  saltire 
proper  "]. 

The  Hare  is  but  rarely  met  with  in  British  armory.  It 
appears  in  the  arms  of  Cleland  "  (Plate  XXXVL),  and  also 

"  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Cleland,  Esq. :  Azure, 
a  hare  salient  argent,  holding  between  the  forelegs  a  bugle-horn 
stringed  or,  within  two  flaunches  of  the  second,  each  charged  with  a 
bugle-horn  stringed  of  the  first,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Chichester, 
namely  :  chequy  or  and  gnles,  a  chief  vair.  Mantling  azure  and 
argent.  Crest  :'  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert  a  falcon 
proper,  belled  and  jessed  or,  between  two  dexter  hands  couped  at 
the  wrist  also  proper.     Motto  :  "  Je  pense  a  qui  pense  plus." 


152 


PLATE   XLVII. 


THE    HERALDIC    EAGLE. 


Frinied  ai  StuU^rt. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  the  crest  of  Shakerley,  Bart.  [*'  A  hare  proper  restmg 
her  forefeet  on  a  garb  or  "]. 

A  very  curious  coat  ["  Argent,  three  hares  playmg 


than  the  hare,  being  the  canting  charge  on  the  arms 
of  Cunliffe  ["  Sable,  three  conies  courant  argent "],  and 


Fig.  371. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Rev.  Edward  John  Gumming 
Whittington-Ince  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  three  torteaux,  each 
charged  with  a  cross  or,  between  two  bendlets  engrailed  sable, 
the  whole  between  as  many  crosses  patee  fitcbee  gules  (for  Ince) ; 
2  and  3,  gales,  a  lion's  bead  erased  argent,  collared  sable,  between 
three  annulets  or,  a  chief  invected  chequy  of  the  last  and  azure 
(for  Whittington}.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crests  :  i.  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  rock  proper,  a  rabbit  sejant  argent, 
gorged  with  a  collar  gemel  gules,  resting  the  dester  foreleg  on  a 
cross  patee  fitchee  sable  (for  Ince)  ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
on  a  mount  vert,  a  lion's  head  erased  sable,  seme  of  mullets  or, 
gorged  with  a  collar  invected  argent,  and  holding  in  the  mouth  an 
annulet  gold  (for  Whittington).     Motto  :   "Garde  la  foi." 

bagpipes  gules"]  belongs  to  an  ancient  Derbyshire 
famity  FitzErcald,  now  represented  (through  the 
Sacheverell  family)  by  Coke  of  Trussley  who  quarter 
the  FitzErcald  shield. 

The  Rabbit,  or,  as  it  is  more  frequently  termed  heraldi- 
cally,  the  Coney,  appears  more  frequently  in  heraldry 


Fig.  372. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Warren  Samuels,  Esq. :  Argent, 
two  squirrels  sejant  and  addorsed  gules,  between  two  crosses 
formee  fitchee  in  pale  sable.  Mantling  gnles  and  argent.  Crest: 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  the  stump  of  a  tree  couped  proper, 
sprouting  on  each  side  vert,  a  squirrel  sejant  gules,  cracking  a  nut 
or,  stalked  and  leaved  also  proper,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a 
cross  formee  fitchee  gold.     Motto :  "  Licet  ex  multo  parvum." 


REPELLO' 


Fig.  373. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  John  Atkinson  Baldwin,  Esq. 
Or,  a  chevron  ermines,  between  two  sprigs  of  oak  in  chief  vei-t 
and  an  acorn  in  base  azure.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  squirrel  sejant  or,  charged  with  a  fess 
azure,  holding  in  his  paws  a  feather  argent.  Motto:  "Vim  vi 
repello." 

figuring  also  as  the  supporters  of  Montgomery- Cunning- 
ham ["Two  conies  proper"].  It  will  also  be  found  as 
one  of  the  crests  of  Whittington-Ince  (Eig.  371). 

The  Squirrel  occurs  in  many  English  coats  of  arms. 
It  is  always  sejant,  and  very  frequently  cracking  a 
nut.     It  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Samuels  (Fig.  372)  and 


Fig.  374. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Blackstone  Lee,  Esq.,  of  Seend, 
Melksham  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  a  fess  chequy  or  and  azure, 
between  ten  billets,  four  in  chief,  and  three,  two  and  one  in  base 
argent  (for  Lee) ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  cinquefoil  pierced  ermine  within 
a  bordure  engrailed  of  the  last  (for  Astley).  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  staff  raguly  lying 
fesswise,  a  squu-rel  sejant  proper  cracking  a  nut,  from  the  dexter 
end  of  the  staff  an  oak-branch  vert,  fructed  or.  Motto  :  "  Ne 
incautus  futuri." 

Chambers  and  as  the  crest  of  De  Cartaret,  Pearkes 
(Plate  XXIX.),  Baldwin  (Fig.  373),  and  Lee  (Eig.  374). 
Fouquet,  the  celebrated  Finance  Minister  of  Louis  XIV., 
bore :  "  Argent,  a  squirrel  gules,  a  bordure  of  the  last, 
seme-de-lis."  The  family  of  Fouquet,  who  has  been 
sometimes  identified  with  the  Man  in  the  Iron  Mask, 
is  now  represented  by  an  English  family  of  the  name 


153 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  Sutton,  to  whom  the  arms  borne  by  Fouquet  in  a 
slightly  modified  form  have  been  granted  (Fig.  1 86). 

The  Ape  is  not  often  met  with,  except  in  the  cases  of 
the  different  families  of  the  great  Fitzgerald  clan.  It  is 
usually  the  crest,  though  the  Duke  of  Leinster  also  has 
apes  as  supporters.  One  family  of  Fitzgerald,  however, 
bear  it  as  a  charge  upon  the  shield  ["  Gules,  a  saltire 
invected  per  pale  argent  and  or,  between  four  monkeys 
statant  of  the  second,  environed  with  a  plain  collar  and 
chained  of  the  second.  Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  monkey  as  in  the 
arms,  charged  on  the  body  with  two  roses,  and  resting 
the  dexter  foreleg  on  a  saltire  gules.  Motto ;  '  Crom-a- 
boo ' "],  and  the  family  of  Yorke  bear  an  ape's  head  for  a 
crest. 

The  ape  is  usually  met  with  "  collared  and  chained," 
though,  unlike  any  other  animal,  the  coUar  of  an  ape 
environs  its  loins  and  not  its  neck.  A  winged  ape  is 
included  in  Elvin's  "  Dictionary  of  Heraldry "  as  a 
heraldic  animal,  but  I  am  not  aware  to  whom  it  is 
assigned.  Other  examples  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Berners  (Fig.  183)  and  Carter. 

The  Broch  or  Badger  figures  in  some  number  of 
English  arms.  It  is  most  frequently  met  with  as  the 
crest  of  Brooke,  but  will  be  also  found  in  the  arms  or 
crests  of  Brocklebank  and  Motion  (Fig.  375). 


on  the  breast  an  escutcheon  of  the  first,  charged  with  a 
saltire  of  the  second,  surcharged  in  the  centre  with  a 


Fig.  375. — Armorial  bearmgs  ol  Audj-ew  Richard  Motion,  Esq.:  Gules, 
on  a  pale  argent,  between  two  lions  rampant  of  the  last,  a  lion 
rampant  of  the  fii-st,  a  chief  or,  thereon  a  badger  statant  proper 
between  two  roses  of  the  field,  barbed  and  seeded,  also  proper. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest;  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  raillrind;  fesswise  or,  thereon  a  badger  as  in  the  arms;  with  the 
motto,  "  Suscipere  et  finite." 


Tlie  Otter  is  not  often  met  with  except  in  Scottish 
coats,  but  an  English  example  is  that  of  Sir  George 
Newnes,  and  a  demi-otter  issuant  from  a  fess  wavy  will 
be  found  quartered  by  Seton  of  Mounie  (Fig.  250). 

An  otter's  head,  sometimes  called  a  seal's  head,  for  it 
is  impossible  to  distinguish  the  heraldic  representations 
of  the  one  or  the  other,  appears  in  many  coats  of  arms 
of  different  families  of  the  name  of  Balfour,  and  two 
otters  are  the  supporters  belonging  to  the  head  of  the 
Scottish  house  of  Balfour. 

The  Ermine,  the  Stoat,  and  the  Weasel,  &c.,  are  not 
very  often  met  with,  but  the  ermine  appears  as  the 
crest  of  Crawford  and  the  marten  as  the  crest  of  a 
family  of  that  name. 

The  Hedgehog,  or,  as  it  is  usually  heraldioally  termed, 
the  TJreheon.  occurs  in  some  number  of  coats.  For 
example,  in  the  arms  of  Maxwell  ["  Argent,  an  eagle  with 
two  heads  displayed  sable,  beaked  and  membered  gules. 


Fig.  376. — Armorial  bearings  of  Walter  Henry  Harris,  Esq.,  C.M.G. : 
Per  bend  gules  and  sable,  on  a  bend  or  between  two  crescents 
fesswise  in  cliief  of  the  last  and  a  sword  erect  in  base  proper, 
pommel  and  hilt  gold,  three  hedgehogs  of  the  second,  and  pendent 
below  the  escutcheon  his  badge  as  a  C.M.G.  Mantling  gules  and 
or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  rock  proper,  a 
hedgehog  azure  between  on  the  dexter  side  a  decrescent  and 
on  the  sinister  side  an  increscent  or.  Motto  :  "  Ubique  patriam 
reminisci." 

luircheon  (hedgehog)  or,  all  within  a  bordure  gules"], 
Harris  (Fig.  376),  and   as   the   crest   of  Money-Kyrle 

(Fig-  935)- 

The  Beaver  has  been  introduced  into  very  many  coats 
of  late  years  for  those  connected  in  any  way  with 
Canada.  It  figures  in  the  arms  of  Lord  Strathcona 
and  Mount  Koyal,  and  in  the  arms  of  Christopher 
(Fig.  377)  and  Evans"  (Plate  XXV.). 


Fig.  377. — Armorial  bearings  of  Captain  Alfred  Charles  Seton  Chris- 
topher :  Per  chevron  wavy  azure  and  erminois,  a  chart  of  Chester- 
field's Inlet,  between  two  estoiles  in  chief  argent  and  on  a  mount 
in  base  vert  a  beaver  passant  proper,  impaling  the  arms  of 
Chenevix-Trench,  namely  :  argent,  a  lion  passant  gules,  between 
three  fleurs-de  lis  azure,  on  a  chief  of  the  last,  the  sun  in  his 
splendour  or.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  two  arms  embowed,  vested  azure,  the  hands  proper, 
supporting  an  anchor  erect  sable,  cable  argent.  Motto:  "Arte 
conservatus." 

The  beaver  is  one  of  the  supporters  of  the  city  of 
Oxford,  and  is  the  sole  charge  in  the  arms  of  the  town 
of  Biberach   (Fig.   378).      Originally   the   arms   were: 

°  Armorial  bearings  of  Franklen  George  Evans,  Esq. :  Azure,  on  a  chev- 
ron^nvected  or,  between  two  beavers  statant  in  chief  proper  and  a  mullet 
in  base  of  six  points  of  the  second,  three  crosses  couped  gules.  Mant- 
ling azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  between  two 
crosses  as  in  the  arms,  a  tower  proper,  thereon  a  flagstaff  of  the  last 
with  a  pennant  flying  to  the  sinister  gules,  charged  with  two  mullets 
of  six  points  argent.     Motto:  "  Nisi  Dominus  fruslra." 


154 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"Argent,  a  beaver  azure,  crowned  and  armed  gules," 
but  the  arms  authorised  by  the  Emperor  Frederick  IV., 
iSth  July  1848,  were :  "  Azure,  a  beaver  or." 

It  is  quite  impossible,  or  at  any  rate  very  unnecessary, 
to  turn  a  work  on  armory  into  an  Illustrated  Guide 
to  Natural  History,  which  would  be  the  result  if  under 
the  description  of  heraldic  charges  the  attempt  were 
made  to  deal  with  all  the  various  animals  which  have 

bi'bmtb 


KlG.  37S. — Arms  of  the  town  of  Biberach.     (From  Ulrich  Reichenthal's 
Ctytunlium  von  Constanz,  Augsburg,  1483.) 

by  now  been  brought  to  the  armorial  fold,  owing  to 
their  inclusion  for  special  and  sufficient  reasons  in  one 
or  two  isolated  grants. 

Far  be  it  from  me,  however,  to  make  any  remark 
which  should  seem  to  indicate  the  raising  of  any  objec- 
tion to  such  use.  In  my  opinion  it  is  highly  admirable, 
providing  there  is  some  definite  reason  in  each  case  for 
the  introduction  of  these  strange  animals  other  than 
mere  caprice.  They  add  to  the  interest  of  heraldry, 
and  they  give  to  modern  arms  and  armory  a  definite 
status  and  meaning,  which  is  a  relief  from  the  endless 
monotony  of  meaningless  lions,  bends,  chevrons,  mullets, 
and  martlets. 

But  at  the  same  time  the  isolated  use  in  a  modern 


Fig.  379. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Cole  Kemsley,  Gentleman :  Or, 
on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  man  in  armour  holding  over  his  dexter 
shoulder  a  battle-ase,  head  downwards  proper,  a  chief  arched  per 
pale  sable  and  gules,  thereon  two  lions  passant  counter-passaut 
argent.  Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  demi-zebra  proper,  gorged  with  a 
collar  gem  el  or,  resting  the  sinister  foreleg  on  an  Esquire's  helmet 
also  proper.     Motto  :  "  .Semper  paratus." 


sequently  many  such  instances  must  be  dismissed 
herein  with  brief  mention,  particularly  as  many  of 
these  creatures  heraldically  exist  only  as  supporters,  in 
which  chapter  some  are  more  fully  discussed.  Save  as 
a  supporter,  the  only  instance  I  know  of  the  Kangaroo 
is  in  the  coat  of  Moore  (Fig.  158)  and  in  the  arms  of 
Arthur,  Bart. 

The  Zebra  will  be  found  as  the  crest  of  Kemsley 
(Fig.  379). 

The  Camel,  which  will  be  dealt  with  later  as  a  sup- 
porter, in  which  form  it  appears  in  the  arms  of  Viscount 


grant  of  such  an  animal  as  the  kangaroo  does  not  make 
it  one  of  the  peculiarly  heraldic  menagerie,  and  con- 


FiG.  3S0. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Heru-y  Caramel,  Esq. :  Sable, 
on  a  chevron  argent,  cottised  or,  between  three  camels  statant  of 
the  second,  as  many  trefoils  slipped  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable 
and  argent ;  and  for  Ms  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
camel's  head  erased  argent,  gorged  with  a  collar  gemel  sable, 
holding  in  the  mouth  a  trefoil  as  in  the  arms.  Motto  :  "  Per- 
severando." 

Kitchener,  the  town  of  Inverness  (Fig.  239),  and  some  of 
the  Livery  Companies,  also  figures  in  the  reputed  but 
unrecorded  arms  of  Camelford,  and  in  the  arms  of 
Cammell  of  Sheffield  (Fig.  380),  Cloven'  (Plate  XLIIL), 
and  various  other  families  of  a  similar  name. 

The  fretful  Porcupine  was  borne  ["  Gules,  a  porcu- 
pine erect  argent,  tusked,  collared,  and  chained  or  "]  by 
Simon  Eyre,  Lord  Mayor  of  London  in  1445  :  and  the 
creature  also  figures  as  one  of  the  supporters  and  the 
crest  of  Sidney,  Lord  De  Lisle  and  Dudley. 

Tlie  Bat  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Heyworth  and 
as  the  crest  of  a  Dublin  family  named  Wakefield. 

The  Tortoise  occurs  in  the  arms  of  a  Norfolk  family 
named  Gandy,  and  is  also  stated  by  Papworth  to  occur 
in  the  arms  of  a  Scottish  family  named  Goldie.  This 
coat,  however,  is  not  matriculated.  It  also  occurs  in  the 
crests  of  Deane  and  Hayne. 

The  Springbok,  which  is  one  of  the  supporters  of 
Cape  Colony  (Plate  LXL),  and  two  of  which  are  the 
supporters  of  Viscount  Milner,  is  also  the  crest  of 
Randies  ["  On  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  springbok  or 
South  Afi'ican  antelope  statant  in  front  of  an  assegai 
erect  all  proper  "]. 

The  Rhinoceros  occurs  as  one  of  the  supporters  of 
Viscount  Colville  of  Culross,  and  also  as  the  crest  of 
Wade. 

P  Armorial  bearings  of  George  Robert  Clover,  Esq.:  Sable,  a 
camel  with  two  humps  between  three  trefoils  slipped  all  or.  Mant- 
ling sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  camel's  head 
erased  or,  charged  with  three  trefoils  slipped  in  pale  sable,  and  holding 
in  the  mouth  a  like  trefoil.     Motto  :  ■'  TJt  vinclo  vir  verbo  ligitur." 


155 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  Alpaca,  and  also  two  Angora  Goats  heads  figure 
in  the  arms  of  Benn  (Fig.  381). 


Fig.  3S1. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Heniy  Benn,  Esq.  :  Party 
per  chevi'on  or  and  azure,  on  a  mount  in  base  an  alpaca  statant, 
and  two  angora  goats'  heads  affronts  in  chief  all  proper. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an 
alpaca's  head  couped  at  the  neck  between  two  sprigs  of  oak  fructed 
all  proper.     Motto  :  "  Cura  atque  industria." 

The  Rat  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Katton,'!  which  is  a 
peculiarly  good  example  of  a  canting  coat. 

The  Mole  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Mitford  ["  Argent,  a 
fess  sable  between  three  moles  displayed  sable  "]  and 
Cantiell-Hubbersty  (Plate  XLIV.). 

The  Crocodile,  which  is  the  crest  and  one  of  the 
supporters  of  Speke  (Plate  XXXIX.),  is  also  the  crest  of 
Westcar  ["  A  crocodile  proper,  collared  and  chained  or  "]. 


CHAPTER   XVII 

MONSTERS 

THE  heraldic  catalogue  of  beasts  runs  riot  when 
we  reach  those  mythical  or  legendary  creatures 
which  can  only  be  summarised  under  the 
eeneric  term  of  monsters.  Most  mythical  animals,  how- 
gver,  can  be  traced  back  to  some  comparable  counter- 
part in  natural  history. 

The  fauna  of  the  New  World  was  of  course  unknown 
to  those  early  heraldic  artists  with  whose  knowledge 
and  imagination,  no  less  than  with  their  skill  (or  lack  of 
it)  in  draughtsmanship,  lay  the  nativity  of  so  much  of 
our  heraldry.  They  certainly  thought  they  were  repre- 
senting animals  in  existence  in  most  if  not  in  all  cases, 
though  one  gathers  that  they  considered  many  of  the 
animals  they  used  to  be  misbegotten  hybrids.  Doubtless, 
working  on  the  assumption  of'  the  mule  as  the  hybrid  of 
the  horse  and  the  ass,  they  jumped  to  the  conclusion 
that  animals  which  contained  salient  characteristics  of 
two  other  animals  which  they  knew  were  likewise  hybrids. 

1  Armorial  bearings  of  James  Joseph  Louis  Ration,  Esq.  :  Azure, 
in  base  the  sea  argent,  and  thereon  a  tunny  sable,  on  a  chief  of  the 
second  a  rat  passant  of  the  third.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  argent ;  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  ibex  statant  guardant 
proper,  charged  on  the  body  with  two  fleurs-de-lis  fesswise  azure,  and 
resting  the  de.xter  foreleg  on  a  shield  argent  charged  with  a  passion 
cross  sable.    Motto  :  "  In  Deo  spero." 


A  striking  e.'tample  of  their  theories  is  to  be  found  in 
the  heraldic  Camelopard,  which  was  anciently  devoutly 
believed  to  be  begotten  by  the  leopard  upon  the  camel. 
A  leopard  they  would  be  familiar  with,  also  the  camel, 
for  both  belong  to  that  corner  of  the  world  where  the 
north-east  of  the  African  Continent,  the  south-east  of 
Europe,  and  the  west  of  Asia  join,  where  were  fought 
out  the  wars  of  the  Cross,  and  where  heraldry  took  on 
itself  a  definite  being.  There  the  known  civilisations  of 
the  world  met,  taking  one  from  the  other  knowledge, 
more  or  less  distorted,  ideas  and  wild  imaginings.  A 
stray  giraffe  was  probably  seen  by  some  journeyer  up 
the  Nile,  who,  unable  to  otherwise  account  for  it,  con- 
sidered and  stated  the  animal  to  be  the  hybrid  offspring 
of  the  leopard  and  camel.  Another  point  needs  to  be 
borne  in  mind.  Earlier  artists  were  in  no  way  fettered 
by  any  supposed  necessity  for  making  their  pictures 
realistic  representations.  Realism  is  a  modernity.  Their 
pictures  were  decoration,  and  they  thought  far  more  of 
making  their  subject  fit  the  space  to  be  decorated  than 
of  making  it  a  "  speaking  likeness." 

Nevertheless,  their  work  was  not  all  imagination. 
In  the  Crocodile  we  get  the  basis  of  the  dragon,  if 
indeed  the  heraldic  dragon  be  not  a  perpetuation  of 
ancient  legends,  or  even  perhaps  of  then  existing 
representations  of  those  winged  antediluvian  animals,  the 
fossilised  remains  of  which  are  now  available.  Wings, 
however,  need  never  be  considered  a  difficulty.  It  has 
ever  been  the  custom  (from  the  angels  of  Christianity  to 
the  personalities  of  Mercury  and  Pegasus)  to  add  wings 
to  any  figure  held  in  veneration.  Why,  it  would  be 
difficult  to  say,  but  nevertheless  the  fact  remains. 

Tlic  Unicorn,  however,  it  is  not  easy  to  resolve  into 
an  original  basis,  because  until  the  seventeenth  century 


Fig.  3S2, — Armorial  bearings  of  Hamon  Le  Strange,  Esq. :  Quarterly, 
I.  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  gules,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  argent  (for 
Le  Strange) ;  ii.  and  iii.,  sable,  a  unicorn  statant  or,  on  a  chief  of 
the  last,  three  billets  of  the  first  (for  Styleman)  ;  2.  the  same  arms 
of  Styleman ;  3.  the  same  arms  of  Le  Strange  ;  4.  or,  a  maunch 
gules  (for  Hastings).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crests  :  i.  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  statant,  tail  extended  or  (for  Le 
Strange) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  bear's  head  erased 
azure,  bezantee,  collared  and  chained  or  (for  Styleman).  Motto: 
"Mihi  parta  tueri."  Supporters  (dexter,  a  stag  argent,  with  a 
lion's  forepaws  and  tail,  collared,  and  sinister,  a  lion  gules)  are 
used,  but  they  are  not  of  official  authority. 

every  one  fondly  believed  in  the  existence  of  the  animal. 
Mr.  Beckles  Wilson  appears  to  have  paid  considerable 
attention  to  the  subject,  and  was  responsible  for  the 
article  "  The  Rise  of  the  Unicorn "  which  recently 
appeared  in  Gassell's  Magazine.  That  writer  traces 
the    matter    to   a   certain    extent    from    non-heraldic 


156 


PLATE  XLVIII. 


THE   ARMS   OF   CULLEN. 

Or,  an  eagle  displayed  sable,  beaked  and  membered  gules. 

Designed  by  Miss  C  Hblard, 


PUBLIC    ) 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


sources,  and  the  following  remarks,  which  are   taken 
from  the  above  article,  are  of  considerable  interest : — 

"The  real  genesis  of  the  unicorn  was  probably  this: 
at  a  time  when  armorial  bearings  were  becoming  an 
indispensable  part  of  a  noble's  equipment,  the  attention 
of  those  knights  who  were  fighting  under  the  banner  of 
the  Cross  was  attracted  to  the  wild  antelopes  of  Syria 
and  Palestine.  These  animals  are  armed  with  long, 
straight,  spiral  horns  set  close  together,  so  that  at  a 
side  view  they  appeared  to  be  but  a  single  horn.  To 
confirm  this,  there  are  some  old  illuminations  and 
drawings  extant  which  endow  the  early  unicorn  with 
many  of  the  attributes  of  the  deer  and  goat  kind.  The 
sort  of  horn  supposed  to  be  carried  by  these  Eastern 
antelopes  had  long  been  a  curiosity,  and  was  occasion- 
ally brought  back  as  a  trophy  by  travellers  from  the 
remote  parts  of  the  earth.  There  is  a  fine  one  to  be 
seen  to-day  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis,  and  others  in 
various  collections  in  Europe.  We  now  know  these 
so-called  unicorn's  horns,  usually  carved,  to  belong  to 
that  marine  monster  the  narwhal,  or  sea-unicorn. 
But  the  fable  of  a  breed  of  horned  horses  is  at  least 
as  old  as  Pliny  [Had  the  '  gnu '  anything  to  do  with 
this  ?  ],  and  centuries  later  the  Crusaders,  or  the 
monkish  artists  who  accompanied  them,  attempted  to 
delineate  the  marvel.  From  their  first  rude  sketches 
other  artists  copied  ;  and  so  each  presentment  was  passed 
along,  until  at  length  the  present  form  of  the  unicorn 
was  attained.  There  was  a  time — not  so  long  ago — 
when  the  existence  of  the  unicorn  was  as  impUcitly 
believed  in  as  the  camel  or  any  other  animal  not  seen 
in  these  latitudes ;  and  the  translators  of  the  Bible  set 
then-  seal  upon  the  legend  by  translating  the  Hebrew 
word  reem  (which  probably  meant  a  rhinoceros)  as 
'unicorn.'  Thus  the  worthy  Thomas  Fuller  came  to 
consider  the  existence  of  the  unicorn  clearly  proved  by 
the  mention  of  it  in  Scripture !  Describing  the  horn 
of  the  animal,  he  writes, '  Some  are  plain,  as  that  of  St. 
Mark's  in  Venice ;  others  wreathed  about  it,  which  pro- 
bably is  the  effect  of  age,  those  wreaths  being  but  the 
wrinkles  of  most  vivacious  unicorns.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  the  colour  :  white  when  newly  taken  from  the 
head ;  yellow,  like  that  lately  in  the  Tower,  of  some  hun- 
dred years'  seniority  ;  but  whether  or  no  it  will  soon  turn 
black,  as  that  of  Plinie's  description,  let  others  decide.' 

"  All  the  books  on  natural  history  so  late  as  the  seven- 
teenth century  describe  at  length  the  unicorn ;  several 
of  them  carefully  depict  him  as  though  the  artist  had 
drawn  straight  from  the  life. 

"  If  art  had  stopped  here,  the  wonder  of  the  unicorn 
would  have  remained  but  a  paltry  thing  after  all.  His 
finer  qualities  would  have  been  unrecorded,  and  all  his 
virtues  hidden.  But,  happily,  instead  of  this,  about  the 
animal  first  conceived  in  the  brain  of  a  Greek  (as 
Pegasus  also  was),  and  embodied  through  the  fertile 
fancy  of  the  Crusader,  the  monks  and  heraldists  of  the 
Middle  Ages  devised  a  host  of  spiritual  legends.  They 
told  of  his  pride,  his  purity,  his  endurance,  his  match- 
less spirit. 

" '  The  greatnesse  of  his  mynde  is  such  that  he 
ehooseth  rather  to  dye  than  be  taken  alive.'  Indeed, 
he  was  only  conquerable  by  a  beautiful  maiden.  One 
fifteenth-century  writer  gives  a  recipe  for  catching  a 
unicorn.  '  A  maid  is  set  where  he  hunteth ;  and  she 
openeth  her  lap,  to  whom  the  unicorn,  as  seeking 
rescue  from  the  force  of  the  hunter,  yieldeth  his  head 
and  leaveth  all  his  fierceness,  and  resteth  himself  under 
her  protection,  sleepeth  until  he  is  taken  and  slain.' 
But  although  many  were  reported  to  be  thus  enticed 
to  their  destruction,  only  their  horns,  strange  to  say, 
ever  reached  Europe.  There  is  one  in  King  Edward's 
collection  at  Buckiuwham  Palace. 


"  Naturally,  the  horn  of  such  an  animal  was  held  a 
sovereign  specific  against  poison,  and  'ground  unicorn's 
horn '  often  figures  in  mediaeval  books  of  medicine. 

"  Tiiere  was  in  Shakespeare's  time  at  Windsor  Castle 
the  '  horn  of  a  unicorn  of  above  eight  spans  and  a  half 
in  length,  valued  at  above  i^io.oco.'  This  may  have 
been  the  one  now  at  Buckingham  Palace.  One  writer, 
describing  it,  says : — 

" '  I  doe  also  know  that  horn  the  King  of  England 
possesseth  to  be  wreathed  in  spires,  even  as  that  is 
accounted  in  the  Chm'ch  of  St  Dennis,  than  which  they 
suppose  none  greater  in  the  world,  and  I  never  saw  any- 
thing in  any  creature  more  worthy  praise  than  this 
home.  It  is  of  soe  great  a  length  that  the  tallest  man 
can  scarcely  touch  the  top  thereof,  for  it  doth  fully 
equal  seven  great  feet.  It  weigheth  thirteen  pounds, 
with  their  assize,  being  only  weighed  by  the  gesse  of 
the  hands  it  seemeth  much  heavier.' 


Fig.  3S3. — Bookplate  of  Charles  Thomas  -  Stanford,  Esq.  Arms: 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  per  pale  or  and  sable,  on  a  chevron  nebuly 
between  three  bugles  stringed,  as  many  martlets  all  counterchanged, 
and  (fur  distinction)  in  the  centre  chief  point  a  cross  crosslet  also 
counterchanged  {for  Stanford) ;  2  and  3,  gules, two  chevronels  argent 
between  in  chief  as  many  plates,  each  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis 
of  the  field,  and  in  base  a  wolf's  head  erased  of  the  second  (for 
Thomas).  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crests:  I.  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  buffalo's  head  cabosbed  sable  within  a  chain  in  arch  or, 
the  head  charged,  for  distinction,  with  a  cross  crosslet  also  or  (for 
Stanford) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-unicorn  gules, 
cTiarged  on  the  body  with  two  chevronels  as  in  the  arms,  and 
supporting  with  the  sinister  forepaw  a  plate  charged  with  a  fleur- 
de-lis  of  the  first.  Motto  :  "  jEquus  in  arduis."  (From  an  engraved 
plate  by  C.  W.  Sherborne,  B.E.) 

"  Spenser,   in  the    '  Faerie  Queen,'  thus  describes   a 
contest  between  the  unicorn  and  the  lion : — 

'  Like  as  tlie  lyon,  wliose  imperial  powre 
A  proud  rebellious  unicorn  defyes, 
T'avoide  the  rash  assault  and  wratlifiUl  stowre 
Of  his  tiers  foe,  him  to  a  tree  applies. 
And  wlien  him  running  in  full  course  he  spyes 
He  sliiw  aside  ;  the  whiles  that  furious  beast 
His  precious  home,  souglit  of  his  enimyes, 
Strikes  in  the  strolie,  ne  thence  can  be  released, 
But  to  the  victor  yields  a  bounteous  feast.' 


157 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"'It  hatli,'  remarked  Guillim,  in  1600,  'been  much 
questioned  among  naturalists  which  it  is  that  is  properly 
called  the  unicorn;  and  some  have  made  doubt  whether 
there  be  such  a  beast  or  no.  But  the  great  esteem  of 
his  horn  in  many  places  to  be  seen  may  take  away  that 
needless  scruple.' 

"  Another  old  writer,  Topsell,  says : — 

" '  These  beasts  are  very  swift,  and  their  legs  have  not 
articles.  They  keep  for  the  most  part  in  the  deserts, 
and  live  solitary  in  the  tops  of  the  mountaines.  There 
was  nothing  more  horrible  than  the  voice  or  braying  of 
it,  for  the  voice  is  strained  above  measure.  It  fighteth 
both  with  the  mouth  and  with  the  heeles,  with  the  mouth 
biting  like  a  lyon,and  with  the  heeles  kicking  like  a  horse.' 

■'  Nor  is  belief  in  the  unicorn  confined  to  Europe. 
By  Chinese  writers  it  is  characterised  as  a  '  spiritual 
beast.'  The  existence  of  the  unicorn  is  firmly  credited 
by  the  most  intelligent  natives  and  by  not  a  few  Euro- 
peans. A  very  trustworthy  observer,  the  Abbe  Hue, 
speaks  very  positively  on  the  subject:  'The  unicorn 
reaUy  exists  in  Tibet.  .  .  .  We  had  for  a  long  time  a 
small  Mongol  treatise  on  Natural  History,  for  the  use 
of  children,  in  which  a  unicorn  formed  one  of  the 
pictorial  illustrations.' " 

The  unicorn,  however,  as  it  has  heraldically  developed, 
is  drawn  with  the  body  of  a  horse,  the  tail  of  the 
heraldic  lion,  the  legs  and  feet  of  the  deer,  the  head 
and  mane  of  a  horse,  to  which  is  added  the  long  twisted 
horn  from  which  the  animal  is  named  and  a  beard.  Good 
representations  of  the  unicorn  will  be  found  in  the  various 
figures  of  the  Royal  Arms  which  appear  herein,  and  in 
Fig.  384,  which  is  as  fine  a  piece  of  heraldic  design  as 
could  be  wished. 

The  crest  of  Yonge  of  Colbrooke,  Devonshire,  is  "  a 
demi-sea-unicorn  argent,  armed  gules,  finned  or,"  and 
the  crest  of  Tynte  (Kemeys-Tynte  of  Cefn  Mably  and 


A  unicorn  rampant.     (Designed  by  Miss  Helard.) 


Fig.  3S5. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Eev.  Thomas  Erskine  SwanzT: 
Gules,  a  fess  argent  between  two  unicorns  counter-courant  or. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
unicorn's  head  or,  collared  with  a  bar  gemel  gules.  Motto:  "Per 
Deum  et  ferrum  obtinui." 


Halswell)  is  "on  a  mount  vert,  a  unicorn  sejant 
argent,  armed  and  crined  or." 

The  unicorn  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Style- 
man,  quartered  by  Le  Strange  (Fig.  382),  Thomas- 
Stanford  (Fig.  383),  and  Swanzy  (Fig.  385). 

Tlie  Griffin  or  Oryphon. — Though  in  the  popular 
mind  any  heraldic  monster  is  generically  termed  a 
griffin,  the  griffin  has,  nevertheless,  very  marked  and 
distinct  peculiarities.  It.,is  one  of  the  hybrid  mon- 
strosities which  heraldry  is  so  fond  of,  and  is  formed 
by  the  body,  hind  legs,  and  tail  of  a  lion  conjoined 
to  the  head  and  claws  of  an  eagle,  the  latter  acting 
as  its  forepaws.  It  has  the  wings  of  the  eagle,  which 
are  never  represented  close,  but  it  also  has  ears,  and 
this,  by  the  way,  should  be  noted,  because  herein  is 
the  only  distinction  between  a  griffin's  head  and  an 
eagle's  head  when  the  rest  of  the  body  is  not  repre- 
sented. Though  but  very  seldom  so  met  with,  it 
is  occasionally  found  proper,  by  which  description 
is  meant  that  the  plumage  is  of  the  bro^vn  colour 
of  the  eagle,  the  rest  of  the  body  being  the  natural 
colour  of  the  lion.  The  griffin  is  frequently  found 
with  its  beak  and  forelegs  of  a  different  colour  from 
its  body,  and  is  then  termed  "armed,"  though  an- 
other term,  "beaked  and  forelegged,"  is  almost  as 
frequently  used.  A  very  popular  idea  is  that  the 
origin  of  the  griffin  was  the  dimidiation  of  two  coats 
of  arms,  one  having  an  eagle  and  the  other  a  lion  as 
charges,  but  taking  the  origin  of  armory  to  belong 
to  about  the  end  of  the  eleventh  century,  or  there- 
abouts, the  griffin  can  be  found  as  a  distinct  creation, 
not  necessarily  heraldic,  at  a  very  much  earlier  date. 
An  exceedingly  good  and  an  early  representation  of 
the  griffin  will  be  found  in  Fig.  386.  It  is  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  great  seal  of  the  town  of  Schweid- 
nitz  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Breslau.  and  belongs  to 
the  year  1 3 1 5.  The  inscription  is  "  -|- S  universitatis 
civium  de  Swidnitz."  In  the  grant  of  arms  to  the 
town  in  the  year  1452,  the  griffin  is  gules  on  a  field 


158 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  argent.  Fig.  5  on  Plate  XLYI.  is  taken  from  Conrad 
Griineuberg's  Wapj^enhxich,  1483,  and  is  the  imaginary 
coat  of  arms  ascribed  by  that  writer  to  Judas  Maccabajus, 
who  assigns  him  :  "  Azure,  a  griffin  segreant  or,  armed 
gules."  Plate  XLVl.  Fig.  6  represents  a  coat  of  arms 
showing  a  griffin  with  the  label  of  three  points  which 
exists  at  the  Palazzi  Guadagni  in  Florence.  It  belongs 
to  the  second  half  of  the  fifteenth  centurj'.  Fig.  7  on  the 
same  plate  is  a  carving  in  relief  belonging  to  the  end  of 
the  thirteenth  centmy,  and  shows  the  arms  of  Fornbach, 
a  Bavarian  dynastic  familj'  which  became  extinct  so  long 
ago  as  1158.  The  monastery  at  Fornbach,  now  Vornbach, 
between  Neuburg  and  Scharding  on  the  Inn,  made  use  of 
.  the  same  arms,  which  are :  "  Argent,  a  griffin  segreant 
gides.  holding  in  its  claws  a  hare  or."  The  grilBn  will  be 
found  in  all  sorts  of  positions,  and  the  terms  applied  to 
it  are  the  same  as  would  be  applied  to  a  lion,  except  in 
the  single  instance  of  the  rampant  position.  A  griffin 
is  then  termed  "  segreant."  The  wings  are  usually  repre- 
sented as  endorsed  and  erect,  but  this  is  not  compulsory, 
as  will  be  seen  by  a  reference  to  the  supporters  of  the 
Earl  of  Mar  and  Kellie.     There  is  a  certain  curiosity  in 


the  world),  and  more  gret  and  stronger  than  an   100 
egles  such   as   we  han  amonges  us  .  .  .  ,"  and   other 


Fig.  3S6. — Seal  of  the  Town  of  Schweidnitz. 

English  heraldry  wholly  pecuUar  to  it  which  may  be 
here  referred  to.  A  griffin  in  the  ordinary  way  is  merely 
so  termed,  but  a  male  griffin  bj'  some  curious  reasoning 
has  no  wings,  but  is  adorned  with  spikes  showing  at 
some  number  of  points  on  its  body.  I  have,  under 
remarks  upon  the  panther,  hazarded  the  supposition 
that  the  male  griffin  of  English  heraldry  is  nothing  more 
than  a  British  development  and  form  of  the  Continental 
heraldic  panther  which  is  unknown  to  us.  The  origin 
of  the  clusters  and  spikes,  uidess  they  are  to  be  found 
in  the  flames  of  fire  associated  with  the  panther, 
must  remain  a  mystery.  The  male  griffin  is  very 
seldom  met  with,  but  two  of  these  creatures  are  the 
supporters  of  Sir  George  John  Egerton  Dashwood,  Bart. 
Whilst  we  consider  the  griffin  a  purely  mythical  animal, 
there  is  no  doubt  whatever  that  earlier  writers  devoutly 
believed  that  such  animals  existed.  Sir  John  Maunde- 
ville  tells  us  in  his  "  Travels "  that  they  abound  in 
Bacharia.  "  Sum  men  seyn  that  thei  han  the  body  up- 
ward as  an  egle,  and  benethe  as  a  lyoun;  and  treuly 
thei  seyn  sothe  that  thei  ben  of  that  schapp.  But  a 
Griffoim  hathe  the  body  more  gret  and  more  strong 
than  eight  lyouns  of  such  lyouns  as  ben  o'  this  half  (of 


Fig  3S7. — Armorial  bearlDgs  of  Thomas  Myles  Sandys,  Esq.  :  Or.  a 
f ess  dancette  between  three  cross  crosslets  fitohe  gales.  Mantling 
gales  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin  segreant 
per  fess  or  and  gules.     Motto  :  "  Probum  non  poenitet." 


Fig.  3SS. — Bookplate  of  WiUiam  Swaine  Chisenhale-Marsh,  Esq. : 
Sable,  a  horse's  head  erased  between  two  phebns  in  pale  argent, 
two  flaunches  of  the  last,  each  charged  with  a  cross  crosslet 
fitche  gules.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  cross  crosslet  fitche  gules,  a  griffin 
argent,  resting  the  dexter  claw  on  a  pheon  in  bend  and  erect  sable. 
Motto;  "In  hoc  signo  vinces."  (Designed  and  etched  by  G.  "W. 
Eve,  E.E.) 


writers,  whilst  not  considering  them  an  original  type  of 


159 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


animal,  undoubtedly  believed  in  their  existence  as 
hybrid  of  the  eagle  and  the  lion.  It  is  of  course  a  well- 
known  fact  that  the  mule,  the  most  popular  hybrid, 
does  not  breed.  This  fact  would  be  accepted  as  account- 
ing for  the  rarity  of  animals  which  were  considered  to 
be  hybrids. 

Though  there  are  examples  of  griffins  in  some  of  the 
earliest  rolls  of  arms,  the  animal  cannot  be  said  to  have 
come  into  general  use  until  a  somewhat  later  period. 
Nowadays,  however,  it  is  next  in  popularity  possibly  to 
the  lion.  It  will  be  found  in  the  coats  of  arms  of  Marples 
(Fig.  1 84),  De  Trafford  (Plate  XXXIX.),  and  Sandys  (Fig. 
387),  in  all  of  which  cases  it  is  segreant.  It  is  salient  in 
the  arms  of  Murray-Stewart,  and  passant  in  the  crest  of 
Chisenhale-Marsh  (Fig.  388),  and  the  arms  of  Rylands 
(Fig.  389).  It  is  not  often  found  sejant,  but  it  so 
occurs  in  the  crest  of  Sir  John  Wolfe-Barry  ["A  gry- 
phon sejant  gules,  wings  elevated  and  addorsed,  barry 
of  six  or  and  azure,  Ln  its  mouth  a  rose  argent,  leaved 
and  slipped  proper,  resting  the  dexter  claw  on  a  port- 
cullis as  in  the  arms"],  and  in  the  achievements  of 
Benj'on,  Forsaith,  and  Thomas. 

The  demi-griffin  is  very  frequently  found  as  a  crest, 


and  as  a  charge  upon  the  shields  it  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Raikes  (Fig.  390),  Kay,  and  many  other  families. 


Fig.  389. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Paul  Rylands :  Qaarterly,  l 
and  4,  per  fess  dancette  or  and  gales ;  2  and  3,-  ermine ;  over  aU 
on  a  fess  azure  a  griffin  passant  regardant  between  two  fleurs-de- 
lis  of  tlie  first,  impaling  tbe  arms  of  Glazebrook,  namely :  ermine, 
an  eagle  displayed  gules,  beaked,  legged,  and  holding  in  the  beak 
a  fleur-de-lis  or,  on  a  chief  sable  two  bezants,  each  charged 
with  a  fleur-de-lis  azure  ;  and  for  bis  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  demi-lion  azure,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  bezant, 
thereon  a  fleur-de-lis  also  azure,  and  supporting  a  flagstaff  entwined 
with  a  branch  of  oak  proper,  therefrom  flowing  to  the  sinister  a 
banner  gules,  charged  with  a  lion  passant  and  fringed  gold  ;  with 
tbe  motto,  *'  Dum  spiro  spero.'' 


as  in  the  arms  of  Burlton  (Fig.    122),  Watts"  (Plate 
XXX.),  Johnson "  (Plate  XXV.). 

A  griffin's  head  is  stUl  yet  more  frequently  met  with, 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  James  Watts.  Esq.  :  Ermine,  on  a  chief  sable, 
a  garb  between  two  bees  or.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet 
befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  argent ;  and  for  his 
crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-griffin  sable,  with  wings 
extended  chequy  or  and  sable,  the  sinister  claw  resting  on  a  garb  or  ; 
with  the  motto,  "'  Fide  sed  cui  vide." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Fielding  Johnson,  Esq. :  Argent, 
three  chevronels  between  two  griffins'  heads  erased  in  chief  and  a 
fleece  in  base  gules.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  demi-griffin  gules  holding  a  pheon  in  the  dexter  claw 
and  resting  the  sinister  on  a  lozenge  or.     Motto:  "  Lahore  et  honore." 


Fig.  390. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lieut.-Col.  Frederick  Duncan  Raikes, 
CLE.  :  Argent,  a  clievron  engrailed  peau  between  three  griffins' 
heads  erased  sable,  each  charged  with  an  ermine  spot  gules,  and 
pendent  below  the  escutcheon  his  badge  as  CLE.  Mantling  sable 
and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin's  head 
as  in  the  arms.     Motto  :  ■'  Honestum  prseferre  utili." 

A  variety  of  the  griffin  is  found  in  the  gryphon- 
marine,  or  sea-griffin.  In  it  the  fore  part  of  the  creature 
is  that  of  the  eagle,  but  the  wings  are  sometimes 
omitted;  and  the  lower  half  of  the  animal  is  that  of  a 
fish,  or  rather  of  a  mermaid.  Such  a  creature  is  the 
charge  in  the  arms  of  the  Silesian  family  of  Mestich : 
"Argent,  a  sea-griffin  proper"  (Siebmacher,  Wcq^j^enbuch, 
i.  69).  "  Azure,  a  (winged)  sea-griffin  per  fess  gules  and 
argent  crowned  or,"  is  the  coat  of  the  Barons  von  Putt- 
kammer.  One  or  two  other  Pomeranian  families  have 
the  like  charge  without  wings. 

The  Dragon. — Much  akin  to  the  griffin  is  the  dragon, 
but  the  similarity  of  appearance  is  more  superficial  than 
real,  inasmuch  as  in  all  details  it  difi'ers,  except  in  the 
broad  similarity  that  it  has  four  legs,  a  pair  of  wings,  and 
is  a  terrible  creature.  The  much  referred  to  "  griffin  " 
opposite  the  Law  Courts  in  the  Strand  is  reall}'  a  dragon. 
The  head  of  a  dragon  is  like  nothing  else  in  heraldry,  and 


Fig.  391.— The  Dragon. 

from  what  source  it  origlaated  or  what  basis  existed  for 
ancient  heraldic  artists  to  imagine  it  from  must  remain 
a  mystery,  unless  it  has  developed  from  the  crocodile  or 
some  antediluvian  animal  much  akin.  It  is  like  noth- 
ing else  in  heaven  or  on  earth.    Its  neck  is  covered  with 


160 


PLATE   XLIX. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


scales  not  unlike  those  of  a  fish.  All  four  legs  are 
scaled  and  have  claws,  the  back  is  scaled,  the  tongue 
is  barbed,  and  the  under  part  of  the  body  is  likewise 
scaled,  but  here,  in  rolls  of  a  much  larger  size.  Great 
differences  will  be  found  in  the  shape  of  the  ears, 
but  the  wings  of  the  dragon  are  always  represented  as 
the  wings  of  a  bat,  with  the  long  ribs  or  bones  carried 
to  the  base.  The  dragon  is  one  of  the  most  artistic  of 
heraldic  creations,  and  lends  itself  very  readily  to  the 
genius  of  any  artist.  In  nearly  all  modern  representa- 
tions the  tail,  like  the  tongue,  will  be  found  ending  in  a 
barb,  but  it  should  be  observed  that  this  is  a  compara- 
tively recent  addition.  All  dragons  of  the  Tudor  period 
were  invariably  represented  without  any  such  additions 
to  their  taUs.  The  tail  was  long  and  smooth,  ending  in 
a  blunt  point.  A  good  example  of  the  Tudor  dragon  will 
be  found  in  the  chapter  herein  on  "Prince  Arthur's  Book." 
Whilst  we  have  separate  and  distinct  names  for 
many  varieties  of  dragonian  creatures,  other  countries 
in  their  use  of  the  word  "  dragon  "  include  the  wy  vem, 
basUisk,  cockatrice,  and  other  similar  creatures,  but 
the  distinct  name  in  German  heraldry  for  our  four- 
footed  dragon  is  the  Liiidunirm,  and  Fig.  391  is  a 
representation  of  the  dragon  according  to  German 
ideas,  which  nevertheless  might  form  an  example  for 
English  artists  to  copy,  except  that  we  very  seldom 
represent  ours  as  coward.     Fig.  392  is  a  clever  design  of 


Fig.  392. — Example  of  a  dragon.     (Designed  by 
Miss  C.  Helard.) 


a  dragon  by  Miss  Helard,  the  wings  in  this  case  being 
expanded. 

The  red  dragon  upon  a  mount  vert,  which  forms  a 
part  of  the  Royal  achievement  as  the  badge  of  Wales,  is 
known  as  the  red  dragon  of  Cadwaller,  and  in  deference 
to  a  loudly  expressed  sentiment  on  the  subject,  His 
Majesty  the  King  has  just  added  the  Welsh  dragon 
differenced  by  a  label  of  three  points  as  an  additional 
badge  to  the  achievement  of  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  The  red  dragon  was  one  of  the  sup- 
porters of  the  Tudor  kings,  being  used  by  Henry  VII., 
Henry  Till,  and  Edward  VI.  Queen  Elizabeth,  how- 
ever, whose  liking  for  gold  is  evidenced  by  her  changing 
the  Royal  mantle  from  gules  and  ermine  to  gold  and 
ermine,  also  changed  the  colour  of  the  dragon  as  her 
supporter  to  gold.  There  is  some  room  for  doubt 
whether  the  dragon  in  the  Royal  Arms  was  really  of 
Welsh  origin.  The  point  was  discussed  at  some  length 
by  the  present  writer  in  the  Genealogical  Mctgazins 
(October  1902).  It  was  certainly  in  use  by  King 
Henry  HI. 


A  dragon  may  be  statant,  rampant,  or  passant,  and 
the  crests  of  Bicknell  and  of  Sir  Charles  Young,  Garter 
King  of  Arms,  are  examples  of  dragons  couchant. 

Dragons  are  not  so  frequently  met  with  as  griffins, 
but  they  occur  in  the  arms  of  Evans  impaled  by  North 
(see  Plate  XXIV.),  Sloggett  (Fig.  393),  and  Lowdell, 
and  the  favourite  Welsh  device  of  the  dragon's  head 


161 


Fig.  393.— Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Sloggett,  Esq. :  Or, 
on  a  bend  sable  between  two  pellets,  a  bezant  within  a  bordiire 
of  the  second,  charged  with  annulets  of  the  field  and  bezants 
alternately,  on  a  canton  argent,  gutte-de-poix,  a  dragon  passant 
sable.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his 
degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  or ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dragon  sable,  seme  of  annulets  or, 
and  resting  the  dexter  claw  on  a  bezant  ;  with  the  motto, 
"Eethon  dur." 

holding  a  human  hand  will  be  met  with,  for  example, 
in  the  arms  of  Edwards  (Plate  XXIII.),  and  a  sea- 
dragon,  whatever  that  creature  may  be,  occurs  in  one 
of  the  crests  of  Mr.  Mainwaring-EUerker-Onslow  (Fig. 
686).  A  curious  crest  is  that  of  Langton,  namely :  "  On 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  eagle  or  and  a  wyvern  vert, 
interwoven  and  erect  on  their  tails,"  and  an  equally 
curious  one  is  the  crest  of  Maule,  i.e.  "  A  wyvern  vert, 
with  two  heads  vomiting  fire  at  both  ends  proper, 
charged  with  a  crescent  argent." 

Variations  such  as  that  attributed  to  the  family  of 
Raynor  ["  Argent,  a  dragon  volant  in  bend  sable  "]  and 
the  sinister  supporter  of  the  arms  of  Viscount  Gough 
["  The  dragon  (or)  of  China  gorged  with  a  mural  crown 
and  chained  sable"]  may  be  noted.  The  Chinese 
dragon,  which  is  also  the  dexter  supporter  of  Sir  Robert 
Hart,  Bart.,  follows  closely  the  Chinese  model,  and  is 
without  wings. 

Tlie  Wyvern. — There  is  no  difference  whatever  between 
a  wyvern's  head  and  a  dragon's,  but  there  is  consider- 
able difference  between  a  wyvern  and  a  dragon,  at  any 
rate  in  English  heraldry,  though  the  wyvern  appears 
to  be  the  form  more  frequently  met  with  under  the 
name  of  a  dragon  ■  in  other  countries.  The  wyvern 
has  only  two  legs,  the  body  curling  away  into  the 
tail,  and  is  usually  represented  as  resting  upon  its 
legs  and  tail.  On  the  other  hand,  it  will  occasionally 
be  found  sitting  erect  upon  its  tail  with  its  claws  in  the 
air,  and  the  supporters  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  are 
generally  so  represented.  As  a  charge  or  crest,  how- 
ever, probably  the  only  instance  of  a  wyvern  sejant 
erect  is  the  crest  of  Mansergh  (Fig.  394). 

Plate  XLVI.  Fig.  10  is  another  of  those  mythical  coats 
taken  from  Conrad  Griinenberg's  Wappenhuch  of  1483. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


In  this  he  assigns  "  argent  a  wyvern  sable  vomiting 
flames  of  fire "  to  the  "  First  Emperor  Julius,"  and 
the  arms  as  represented  give  one  some  notion  of  the 
German  idea  of  what  this  creature  should  be. 

Occasionally  the  wyvern  is  represented  without  wings 
and  \vith  the  tail  nowed.  Both  these  peculiarities  occur 
in  the  case  of  the  crest  of  a  Lancashire  family  named 
Ffarington. 

The  wyvern  will  also  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Maolulich 
and  in  the  crest  of  Whewell  (Fig.  98). 


sented  the  real  giraffe  (which  they  may  have  known), 
taking  that  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  two  animals 
stated.  It  occurs  as  the  crest  of  several  coats  of  arms  for 
the  name  of  Crisp,  one  of  which  will  be  seen  in  Fig.  395, 


Fig.  394.— Armorial  bearings  of  James  Mansergh,  Esq. :  Barry  wavy  of 
eight  argent  and  azm-e,  guttd-d'eau,  on  a  bend  between  six  arrows 
barbed  and  flighted  gules,  three  fountains  proper.  Mantling  azure 
and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  wyvern  sejant 
and  erect  gules,  gorged  with  a  collar  wavy  argent,  and  supporting 
with  the  claws  an  arrow  erect  gules,  barbed  and  flighted  argent. 
Motto:  "  Tout  jour  prgt." 

'The  Cockatrice. — The  next  variety  is  the  cockatrice, 
which  is,  however,  comparatively  rare.  Two  cockatrices 
are  the  supporters  to  the  arms  of  the  Earl  of  West- 
meatli,  and  also  to  the  arms  of  Sir  Edmund  Charles 
Nugent,  Bart.  But  the  animal  is  not  common  as  a 
charge.  The  difl'erence  between  a  wyvern  and  a  cocka- 
trice is  that  the  latter  has  the  head  of  a  cock  substituted 
for  the  dragon's  head  with  which  the  wyvern  is  decor- 
ated. Like  the  cock,  the  beak,  comb,  and  wattles  are 
often  of  another  tincture,  and  the  animal  is  then,  termed 
armed,  combed,  and  wattled. 

The  cockatrice  is  sometimes  termed  a  basilisk,  and 
according  to  ancient  writers  the  basilisk  is  produced  from 
an  egg  laid  by  a  nine-year-old  cock  and  natched  by  a 
toad  on  a  dunghill.  Probably  this  is  merely  the  ex- 
pression of  the  intensified  loathing  which  it  was  desired 
to  typify.  But  the  heraldic  basilisk  is  stated  to  have 
its  tail  terminating  in  a  dragon's  head.  In  English 
heraldry,  at  any  rate,  I  know  of  no  such  example. 

The  Hydra,  or  Seven-headed  Dragon,  as  the  crest, 
is  ascribed  to  the  families  of  Barret,  Crespine,  and 
Lownes. 

'•  The  Camelopard,  which  is  nothing  more  or  less  than 
an  ordinary  giraffe,  must  be  properly  included  amongst 
mythical  animals,  because  the  form  and  semblance  of 
the  giraffe  was  used  to  represent  a  mythical  hybrid 
creation  which  the  ancients  believed  to  be  begotten 
•between  a  leopard  and  a  camel.     Possibly  they  repre- 


FlG.  395. — Armorial  bearings  of  Fred  Crisp,  Esq. :  Sable,  on  a  chevron 
argent,  surmounted  by  a  pale  engrailed  of  the  last,  pierced  of  the 
field,  five  horse-shoes  counterchanged.  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  camelopard  statant 
argent,  semi^  of  pellets,  gorged  with  a  coUar  with  line  reflexed 
over  the  back  gules,  three  horse-shoes  sable.  Motto :  "  Mens 
conscia  recti." 


The  Cainelopardel,  which  is  another  mythical  animal 
fathered  upon  armory,  is  stated  to  be  the  same  as  the 
camelopard,  but  with  the  addition  of  two  long  horns 
curved  backwards.  I  know  of  no  instance  in  which  it 
occurs. 

The  human  face  or  figure  conjoined  to  some  other 
animal's  body  gives  us  a  number  of  heraldic  creatures, 
some  of  which  play  no  inconsiderable  part  in  armory. 

The  human  figure  (male)  conjoined  to  the  tail  of  a 
fish  is  known  as  the  Triton  or  Merman.  Though 
there  are  some  number  of  instances  in  which  it  occurs 
as  a  supporter  (Plate  CXVL),  it  is  seldom  met  with 
as  a  charge  upon  a  shield.  It  is,  however,  assigned 
as  a  crest  to  the  family  of  Tregent,  and  a  family  of 
Robertson,  of  London. 

The  Mermaid  is  much  more  frequently  met  with.  It 
is  generally  represented  with  the  traditional  mirror  and 
comb  in  the  hands.  It  wUl  be  found  appearing,  for 
example,  in  the  arms  of  Ellis,  of  Glasfryn,  co.  Mon- 
mouth. The  crest  of  Mason,  used  without  authority  by 
the  founder  of  Mason's  College,  led  to  its  inclusion  in 
the  arms  of  the  University  of  Birmingham  (Fig.  293).  It 
will  also  be  found  as  the  crest  of  Rutherford  (Fig.  202). 

The  Mehi^'iine,  i.e.  a  mermaid  with  two  tails,  though 
not  unknown  in  British  heraldry,  is  more  frequent  in 
German.     It  is  represented  on  Plate  LVI. 

The  Sphinx,  of  course  originally  derived  from  the 
Egyptian  figure,  has  the  body,  legs,  and  tail  of  a  lion 
conjoined  to  the  breasts,  head,  and  face  of  a  woman 
(Fig.  i).  As  a  charge  it  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Cochrane 
(Plate  LXVIII.)  and  Cameron  of  Fassiefern.  This  last- 
mentioned  coat  affords  a  striking  example  of  the  over- 
elaboration  to  be  found  in  so  many  of  the  grants  which 
owe  their  origin  to  the  Peninsular  War  and  the  other 
"  fightings  "  in  which  England  was  engaged  at  the  period. 


162 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


A  winged  sphinx  is  the  crest  of  a  family  of  the  name 
of  Asgile. 

Tlie  Centaur — the  familiar  fabulous  animal,  half  man, 
half  horse — is  sometimes  represented  carrying  a  bow 
and  arrow,  when  it  is  called  a  '■  Sagittarius."  It  is  not 
infrequently  met  with  in  heraldry,  though  it  is  to  be 
found  more  often  in  Continental  than  in  Enghsh 
blazonry'.  In  its  "  Sagittarius  "  form  it  is  sculptured  on 
a  collimn  in  the  Romanesque  cloister  of  St.  Aubin  at 
Angers.  It  will  be  found  as  the  crest  of  most  families 
named  Lambert,  and  it  is  one  of  the  supporters  of  Lord 
Hood  of  Avelon.  It  is  also  the  crest  of  a  family  of 
Fletcher.  A  very  curious  crest  was  borne  by  a  family 
of  Lambert,  and  is  to  be  seen  on  their  monuments. 
They  could  estabUsh  no  official  authority  for  their  arms 
as  used,  and  consequently  obtained  official  authorisa- 
tion in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when 
the  crest  then  granted  was  a  regulation  Sagittarius 
(Fig.  495).  Up  to  that  time,  however,  they  had  always 
used  a  "  female  centaur." 

Chimera. — This  legendary  animal  happily  does  not 
figure  in  English  heraldry,  and  but  rarely  abroad. 
Instances  where  it  occurs  depict  it  as  having  the  head 
and  breast  of  a  woman,  the  forepaws  of  a  lion,  the  body 
of.  a  goat,  the  hind  legs  of  a  griffin,  and  the  tail  of  a 
dragon.  It  is  about  as  ugly  and  misbegotten  a  creature 
as  can  readUy  be  imagined. 

The  Man-Lion  will  be  found  under  the  heading  of 
lions,  and  Elvin  mentions  in  addition  the  Weir-Wolf, 
i.e.  the  wolf  with  a  human  face  and  horns.  Probably 
this  creature  has  strayed  into  heraldic  company  by 
mistake.     I  know  of  no  armorial  use  of  it. 

Tlie  Satyr,  which  has  a  well-established  existence  in 
other  than  heraldic  sources  of  imagination,  is  com- 
posed of  a  demi-savage  united  to  the  hind  legs  of  a 
goat. 

Tlie  Satyral  is  a  hybrid  animal  having  the  body  of 
a  lion  and  the  face  of  an  old  man,  with  the  horns  of 
an  antelope. 

The  Sarpy — which  is  a  curious  creature  consisting  of 
the  head,  neck,  and  breasts  of  a  woman  conjoined  to  the 
wings  and  body  of  a  vulture — is  peculiarly  German, 
though  it  does  exist  in  the  heraldry  of  this  country. 
The  German  name  for  it  is  the  Juiigfraunadler.  The 
German  method  of  depicting  this  will  be  seen  on  Plate 
XLYI.  Fig.  II,  which  represents  the  arms,  or  more 
correctly  speaking  the  seal-device,  of  the  town  of  Ntirn- 
berg,  where. it  occurs  as  early  as  1243.  The  arms  are: 
"  Azure,  a  jungfraunadler  crowned  or,"  and  the  example 
here  given  is  from  Jost  Amman  (Rixner's  "  Tournament 
Book,"  1566). 

The  shield  of  the  Rietbergs,  Princes  of  Ost-Friesland, 
is :  •'  Sable,  a  harpy  crowned,  and  with  wings  dis- 
played all  proper ;  between  four  stars,  two  in  chief  as 
many  in  base,  or." 

The  harpy  will  be  found  as  a  crest  in  this  country. 

The  Devil  is  not,  as  may  be  imagined,  a  favourite 
heraldic  charge.  The  arms  of  Sissinks  of  Groningen, 
for  instance,  are :  "  Or,  a  horned  devil  having  six  paws, 
the  body  terminating  in  the  tail  of  a  fish  all  gules." 
The  family  of  Bawde  have  for  a  crest :  "  A  satyr's  head 
in  profile  sable,  with  wings  to  the  side  of  the  head  or, 
the  tongue  hanging  out  of  his  mouth  gules."  Though 
so  blazoned,  I  feel  sure  it  is  really  intended  to  repre- 
sent a  fiend.  On  the  Garter  Hall-plate  of  John  de 
GraUly,  Captal  de  Buch,  the  crest  is  a  man's  head 
with  ass's  ears.  This  is,  however,  usually  termed  a 
Midas'  head.  A  certain  coat  of  arms  which  is  given  in 
the  "  General  Armory  "  under  the  name  of  Dannecourt, 
and  also  under  the  name  of  Morfyn  or  Murfyn,  has 
crest :  "  A  blackamoor's  head  couped  at  the  shoulders, 
habited   paly  of  six  ermine  and  ermines,  pendents  in 


his  ears  or,  wreathed  about  the  forehead,  with  bat's 
wings  to  the  head  sable,  expanded  on  each  side." 

Many  mythical  animals  can  be  more  conveniently 
considered  under  their  natural  counterparts.  Of  these 
the  notes  upoji  the  heraldic  antelope  and  the  heraldic 
ibex  accompany  those  upon  the  natural  antelope,  and 
the  heraldic  panther  is  included  with  the  real  animal. 
The  heraldic  tiger,  likewise,  is  referred  to  concurrently 
with  the  Bengal  or  natural  tiger.  The  pegasus,  the 
sea-horse,  and  the  winged  sea-horse  are  mentioned  with 
other  examples  of  the  horse,  and  the  sea-dog  is  included 
with  other  breeds  and  varieties  of  that  useful  animal. 
The  winged  bull,  of  which  only  one  instance  is  known 
to  me,  occurs  as  the  supporters  of  the  Butchers'  Livery 
Company,  and  has  been  already  alluded  to,  as  also 
the  winged  stag.  The  sea-stag  is  referred  to  under 
the  sub-heading  of  stags.  The  two-headed  lion,  the 
double-queued  lion,  the  lion  queue-fourche,  the  sea- 
lion  (which  is  sometimes  found  winged)  are  all  included 
in  the  chapter  upon  lions,  as  are  also  the  winged  lion 
and  the  lion-dragon.  The  winged  ape  is  mentioned 
when  considering  the  natural  animal,  and  perhaps  it 
may  be  as  well  to  allude  to  the  asserted  heraldic 
existence  of  the  sea-monkey,  though  I  am  not  aware  of 
any  instance  in  which  it  is  borne. 

The  arms  of  Challoner  afford  an  instance  of  the  Sea- 
Wolf,  the  crest  of  that  family  being :  "  A  demi-sea-wolf 
rampant  Or."  Guillim,  however  (p.  271),  in  quoting  the 
arms  of  Fennor,  would  seem  to  assert  the  sea-wolf  and 
sea-dog  to  be  one  and  the  same. 

The  Phcenix  and  the  Double-headed  Eagle  will  natur- 
ally be  more  conveniently  dealt  with  in  the.  chapter 
upon  the  eagle. 

The  Salamander  has  been  represented  in  various 
ways,  and  is  usually  described  as  a  dragon  in  flames 
of  fire.     It  is   sometimes   so  represented,  but  without 


Fig.  395. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  William  Farmer:  Per  chevron 
dovetailed  gules  and  argent,  in  chief  two  lions'  heads  erased  oE 
the  last,  and  in  base  a  salamander  in  flames  proper,  and  impaling 
the  arms  of  Perkins,  namely  :  erminois,  an  eagle  displayed,  in  chief, 
an  escallop  between  two  fleurs-de-lis,  and  in  base  a  fleur-de-lis 
between  two  escallops  all  azure.  Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  an 
antelope  argent,  seme  of  estoiles  sable,  armed  and  unguled  or 
resting^the  dexter  forefoot  upon  a  fountain  proper;  with  the 
motto,  "  Agendo  honeste." 


163 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


wings,  but  the  more  usual  form  in  which  it  is  seen  is  as  in 
Fig.  155,  which  represents  the  arms  and  crest  of  Douglas. 
It  also  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Farmer  (Fig.  396). 

The  salamander  is,  however,  best  known  as  the  per- 
sonal device  of  Francis  I.,  Bang  of  France.  It  is  doubt- 
less from  this  origin  that  the  arms  of  the  city  of  Paris 
(Plate  CXVIII.)  are  taken. 

The  remainder  of  the  list  of  heraldic  monsters  can  be 
very  briefly  dismissed.  In  many  cases  a  good  deal  of  re- 
search has  failed  to  discover  an  instance  of  their  use, 
and  one  is  almost  inclined  to  believe  that  they  were 
invented  by  those  mediaeval  writers  of  prolific  imagina- 
tion for  their  treatises,  without  ever  having  been  borne 
or  emblazoned  upon  helmet  or  shield. 

The  Allocavieius  is  supposed  to  have  the  head  of 
an  ass  conjoined  to  the  body  of  a  camel.  I  cannot  call 
to  mind  any  British  instance  of  its  use. 

The  Amjjhi^jtere  is  the  term  applied  to  a  "  winged 
serpent,"  a  charge  of  but  rare  occurrence  in  either  Eng- 
lish or  foreign  heraldry.  It  is  found  in  the  arms  of  the 
French  family  of  Potior,  viz. :  "  Azure,  a  bendlet  pur- 
pure  between  two  amphipteres  or,"  while  they  figure  as 
supporters  also  in  that  family,  and  in  those  of  the  Dues 
de  Tresmes  and  De  Gevres. 

The  Apres  is  an  animal  with  the  body  similar  to 
that  of  a  bull,  but  with  a  bear's  tail.  It  is  seldom  met 
with  outside  heraldic  text-books. 

The  A-m.phishene  is  usually  described  as  a  winged  ser- 
pent (with  two  legs)  having  a  head  at  each  end  of  its 
body,  but  in  the  crest  of  Gwilt  ["  On  a  saltire  or,  inter- 
laced by  two  amphisbasnse  azure,  langued  gules,  a  rose 
of  the  last,  barbed  and  seeded  proper  "]  the  creatures 
certainly  do  not  answer  to  the  foregoing  description. 

The  Cockfish  is  a  very  unusual  charge,  but  it  is  to  be 
met  with  in  the  arms  of  the  family  of  Creyss,  in  Bavaria, 
i.e. :  "  Or,  a  cock  sable,  beaked  of  the  first,  crested  and 
armed  gules,  its  body  ending  in  that  of  a  fish  curved 
upwards,  proper." 

The  Enfield  is  a  purely  fanciful  animal,  having  the 
head  of  a  jfox,  chest  of  a  greyhound,  talons  of  an  eagle, 
body  of  a  lion,  and  hind  legs  and  tail  of  a  wolf  It 
occurs  as  the  crest  of  most  Irish  families  of  the  name  of 
Kelly=  (Plate  XXIX.). 

I'he  Bagwyn  is  an  imaginary  animal  with  the  head 
of  and  much  like  the  heraldic  antelope,  but  with 
the  body  and  tail  of  a  horse,  and  the  horns  long  and 
curved  backwards.  It  is  difficult  to  say  what  it  is 
intended  to  represent,  or  to  give  any  instance  in 
which  it  occurs. 

The  Musiinon  is  a  fabulous  animal  with  the  body  and 
feet  of  a  goat  and  the  head  of  a  ram,  with  four  horns. 
It  is  supposed  to  be  the  hybrid  between  the  ram  and 
the  goat,  the  four  horns  being  the  two  straight  ones  of 
the  goat  and  the  two  curled  ones  of  the  ram.  Though 
no  heraldic  instance  is  known  to  me,  one  cannot  defin- 
itely say  such  an  animal  never  existed.  Another  name 
for  it  is  the  tityron. 

The  Opinicus  is  another  monster  seldom  met  with 
in  armory.  When  it  does  occur  it  is  represented  as  a 
winged  gryphon,  with  a  lion's  legs  and  short  tail.  An- 
other description  of  it  gives  it  the  body  and  forelegs 
of  a  lion,  the  head,  neck,  and  wings  of  an  eagle,  and  the 
tail  of  a  camel.     It  is  the  crest  of  the  Livery  Company 

"  Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Dillon  Denis  Kelly,  Esq.  :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  azure,  a  tower  triple-towered,  supported  by  two  lions  ram- 
pant argent,  as  many  chains  descending  from  the  battlements  between 
their  legs  or  (for  Kelly);  2  and  3,  argent,  a  lion  rampant  between 
three  crescents  gules,  issuant  from  each  a  star  with  six  points  of  the 
field,  over  all  a  fess  azure  {for  Dillon),  and  impaling  the  arms  of 
Skefiington,  namely  :  quarterly,  !  and  4,  argent,  three  bulls'  heads 
erased  sable  ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  chevron  between  three  chaplets  or. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an 
enfield  statant  vert  with  a  bushy  tail  turned  over  the  batk.  Motto : 
'*  Turris  fortis  mihi  Deus." 


of  Barbers  in  London,  which  doubtless  gives  us  the 
origin  of  it  in  the  recent  grant  of  arms  to  Sir  Frederick 
Treves,  Bart.     Sometimes  the  wings  are  omitted. 

Tlie  Manticora,  Mantegre,  or  Man-Tiger  is  the  same 
as  the  man-Uon,  but  has  horns  attached  to  its  forehead. 

The  Hi'ppogriff  has  the  head,  wings,  and  foreclaws  of 
the  griffin  united  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  of  a  horse. 

The  Calopus  or  Chatloiip  is  a  curious  horned  animal 
difficult  to  describe,  but  which  appears  to  have  been  at  one 
time  the  badge  of  the  Folj  ambe  family.  No  doubt,  as  the 
name  would  seem  to  indicate,  it  is  a  variant  of  the  wolf. 

Many  of  the  foregoing  animals,  particularly  those 
which  are  or  are  supposed  to  be  hybrids,  are,  however  well 
they  may  be  depicted,  ugly,  inartistic,  and  unnecessary. 
Their  representation  leaves  one  with  a  disappointed 
feeling  of  crudity  of  draughtsmanship.  No  such  objec- 
tion applies  to  the  pegasus,  the  griffin,  the  sea-horse, 
the  dragon,  or  the  unicorn,  and  in  these  modern  days, 
when  the  differentiation  of  well-worn  animals  is  produc- 
ing singularly  inept  results,  one  would  urge  that  the 
sea-griffin,  the  sea-stag,  the  winged  bull,  the  winged 
stag,  the  winged  lion,  and  the  winged  heraldic  antelope 
might  produce  (if  the  necessity  of  differentiation  con- 
tinue) very  much  happier  results. 

^^  AC.F-D. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

BIRDS 

BIRDS  of  course  play  a  large  and  prominent  part  in 
heraldry.     Those  which  have  been  impressed 
into  the  service  of  heraldic  emblazonment  com- 
prise almost  every  species  known  to  the  zoological  world. 

Though  the  earliest  rolls  of  arms  give  us  instances  of 
various  other  birds,  the  bud  which  first  makes  the  most 
prominent  appearance  is  the  Eagle,  and  in  all  early 
representations  this  will  invariably  be  found  "  dis- 
played." A  double-headed  eagle  displayed,  from  a 
Byzantine  silk  of  the  tenth  century,  is  illustrated  by 
Mr.  Eve  in  his  "  Decorative  Heraldry,"  so  that  it  is 
evident  that  neither  the  eagle  displayed  nor  the  double- 
headed  eagle  originated  with  the  science  of  armory, 
which  appropriated  them  ready-made,  together  with 
their  symbohsm.  An  eagle  displayed  as  a  symbolical 
device  was  certainly  in  use  by  Charlemagne. 

It  may  perhaps  here  be  advantageous  to  treat  of  the 
artistic  development  of  the  eagle  displayed.  Of  this, 
of  course,  the  earliest  prototype  is  the  Roman  eagle  of 
the  Ctesars,  and  it  will  be  to  English  eyes,  accustomed 
to  our  conventional  spread-eagle,  doubtless  rather  start- 
ling to  observe  that  the  German  type  of  the  eagle 
which  follows  the  Roman  disposition  of  the  wings 
(which  so  many  of  our  heraldic  artists  at  the  present 
day  appear  inclined  to  adopt  either  in  the  accepted 
German  or  in  a  slightly  modified  form  as  an  eagle  dis- 
played) is  certainly  not  a  true  displayed  eagle  according 
to  our  English  ideas  and  requirements,  inasmuch  as  the 
wings  are  inverted.  It  should  be  observed  that  in 
German  heraldry  it  is  simply  termed  an  eagle,  and  not 
an  eagle  displayed.  Considering,  however,  its  very  close 
resemblance  to  our  eagle  displayed,  and  also  its  very 
artistic  appearance,  there  is  every  excuse  for  its  em- 
ployment in  this  country,  and  I  for  one  should  be  sorry 
to  observe  its  slowly  increasing  favour  checked  in  this 
country.  It  is  quite  possible,  however,  to  transfer  the 
salient  and  striking  points  of  beauty  to  the  more  ortho- 
dox position  of  the  wings,  and  this  has-  been  adopted 
with  singular  success  by  Miss  Helard  in  Plate  XLVIIL, 
and  in  the  bookplate  (Fig.  397)  which  she  designed  for 


164 


PLATE    L. 


EXAMPLES    OF    HELMETS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Mr.  J.  G.  Crozier.    Fig.  398  is  another  example  of  the 
application  of  the  German  model  to  English  require- 


FlG.  397. — Bookplate  of  Mr.  John  George  Crozier. 
(Designed  by  C.  Helard.) 

ments.  The  eagle  (compared  with  the  lion  and  the 
ordinaries)  had  no  such  predominance  in  early  British 
heraldry  that   it  enjoyed  in  Continental  armory,  and 


Fig,  39S.-^Arms  of  the  poet  Milton  (d.  1764) : 
Argent,  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed 
gnles,  armed  sable. 

therefore  it  may  be  better  to  trace  the  artistic  develop- 
ment of  the  German  eagle. 

In  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries  the  eagle 
appears  with  the  head  raised  and  the  beak  closed.  The 
sachsen  (bones  of  the  wings)  are  rolled  up  at  the  ends 
like  a  snaU,  and  the  pinions  (Uke  the  talons)  take  a 


X) 


(9  y  6) 


A 


Fig.  399. 


-o 


y^ 


Fig.  400. 


Fig.  401. 


vertical  downward  direction.  The  tail,  composed  of  a 
number  of  stiff  feathers,  frequent!}'  issues  from  a  knob 
or  ball,  as  is  shown  in  the  Zuricherrolle  (Plate  LXXV. 
Fit's.  2  and  6)  and  in  Fig.  1 1  of  Plate  XLVII.  Com- 
pare also  Fig.  399  herewith. 

With  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century  the  head 
straightens  itself,  the  beak  opens  and  the  tongue 
becomes  visible.  The  rolling  up  of  the  wing-bones 
oraduaUy  disappears,  and  the  claws  form  an  acute  angle 


with  the  direction  of  the  body ;  and  at  this  period  the 
claws  occasionally  receive  the  "hose"  covering  the 
upper  part  of  the  leg.  The  feathers  of  the  tail  spread 
out  sicklewise  (Fig.  400). 

The  fifteenth  century  shows  the  eagle  with  sachsen 
forming  a  half  circle,  the  pinions  spread  out  and  radiat- 
ing therefrom,  and  the  claws  more  at  a  right  angle 
(Fig.  401).  The  sixteenth  century  draws  the  eagle  in  a 
more  ferocious  aspect  and  depicts  it  in  as  ornamental 
and  ornate  a  manner  as  possible.  Plate  XLVII.  gives 
some  specimens  of  eagles  illustrative  of  the  development 
of  the  bird.  The  notes  in  explanation  are  arranged  in 
chronological  sequence,  and  not  according  to  the  order 
of  their  numbers  on  the  Plate. 

Fig.  4  (Plate  XLYIL).  Eagle  from  the  seal  of  Heinrich 
von  Modling  (i  158-1223),  the  son  of  Heinrich  Jasomir- 
gott,  brother  of  Duke  Leopold  the  Virtuous,  as  on  a 
document  of  the  year  1203,  now  remaining  in  the 
Archives  of  the  monastery  of  Heiligenkreuz  in  Lower 
Austria.     Inscription:  ">J<  Hainricvs." 

Fig.  3  (Plate  XLVII.).  Eagle  from  the  oldest  seal  of 
the  city  of  Vienna,  on  a  document  of  the  year  1239. 
Legend :  "  ►J*  Sigillvm  Civivm  Winnensivm." 

Fig.  1 1  (Plate  XLVII.).  Eagle  from  the  counter-seal  of 
Duke  Bolco  II.  of  Silesia,  on  a  document  of  the  year  1 334. 
Legend :  "  ►J"  Sigillvm  Dvcis  Bolconis."  The  eagle  has  a 
crescent  placed  over  it,  the  head  being  hidden  in  a  "  pot " 
helmet  carrying  the  SUesian  crest,  viz. :  "  Two  peacock's 
feathers  with  the  ends  crossed  in  saltire,"  which  has  been 
customary  in  the  family  of  the  SUesian  Piasten  since 
the  year  1290,  and  which  took  the  place  of  the  former 
displayed  plume  of  a  peacock's  tail. 

Fig.  5  (Plate  XLVII.).  This  figure  represents  an  arched, 
three-cornered  pageant-shield  belonging  to  the  middle 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  discovered  in  the  church  of 
Notre  Dame  de  Valere,  near  Sitten  (Sion),  in  the  canton 
of  Valais  (Switzerland),  (80  cm.  high).  It  shows  a  coat 
of  arms  which  unfortunately  cannot  be  identified,  viz. : 
"  Azure,  an  eagle  argent."  The  beak  is  broken  ofi'.  The 
method  of  the  manufactmre  of  this  shield  is  the  same 
as  that  of  the  Seedorf  shield  depicted  on  Plate  XL.,  and 
described  on  page  123. 

Fig.  I  o  (Plate  XLVII.).  Armorial  shield  of  the  kingdom 
of  Bohemia.  Abas-rehef  on  the  monument  of  Ottokar  I. 
in  the  Sternberg  Chapel  of  St.  Veit's  Cathedral  at  Prague, 
fourteenth  century.  The  flaming  eagle  sable,  on  a  field 
of  argent,  was  the  old  armorial  device  of  Bohemia, 
which,  however,  about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  under  Przemisl  Ottokar  II.,  gave  way  to  the 
double-queued  Hon.  The  coat  of  arms  with  the  eagle 
thus  unappropriated  was  later  (1339),  at  the  request  of 
Bishop  Nicolaus  of  Trient,  assigned  to  that  bishopric  by 
King  John  of  Bohemia,  and  is  borne  as  the  coat  of  the 
bishopric  at  the  present  day. 

Fig.  I  (Plate  XLVII.).  Eagle  from  an  Italian  seal  of 
the  fourteenth  century.  Inscription :  "  >J<  S.  Gottifredi 
Amatoris  D'  Preotis." 

Fig.  2  (Plate  XLVII.).  Crowned  eagle,  from  a  heart- 
shaped  seal  of  Bartholomaus  Ermanni  von  Perugio,  end 
of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  seal  shows  three  armorial 
devices,  (i)  the  keys  of  the  Pope,  (ii.)  the  eagle  of  the  Ger- 
man Emperor  (as  in  Fig.  2),  and  (iii)  the  family  arms  of 
the  Ermanni.  The  legend  runs  :  "  S.  Btholomei  Ermanni 
De  Perusio  ililitis  Et  Legvm  Doctoris  Palatni  Comitis 
Apostohci  Et  Imperialis."  (An  impression  of  this 
peculiarly  shaped  seal  is  now  in  the  Imperial  and 
Royal  House,  Court  and  State  Archives  of  Vienna.) 

Fig.  6  (Plate  XLVII.).  Armorial  shield  of  the  Duke- 
dom of  Silesia,  from  Konrad  Grilnenberg's  TFfy>2Jem- 
buch,  Constance,  1483.  The  eagle  in  this  shield  is  one 
of  the  most  successful  figures  of  this  period  of  late 
Gothic  heraldic  work.     From  the  same  Register  is  repro- 


165 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


duced  the  shield  (Fig.  402)  with  the  boldly  sketched 
Adlcrfiilgel  mit  Scliu'c.rtlmnd  (eagle's  wing  with  the 
sword  hand),  the  supposed  arms  of  the  Duke  of 
Calabria. 


Fig.  404. — A  modern  German  eagle  drawn  by  H.  G. 
Strohl.  The  illustration  is  of  the  arms  of  the  Prussian 
province  of  Brandenburg. 


Fig.  402. — Arms  of  Duke  of  Calabria. 

Fig.  9  (Plate  XLVII.).  Eagle  from  the  arms  of  the 
town  of  Schongau  in  Bavaria,  viz. :  "  Or,  an  eagle  sable, 
charged  on  the  breast  with  the  arms  of  Bavaria,  a  chief 
gules."  This  example  is  from  a  shield  in  the  Bavarian 
National  Museum  at  Munich,  and  belongs  to  the  last 
quarter  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Fig.  12  (Plate  XLy II.).  Armorial  shield  of  Johannes 
Stabius  (compare  Plate  XXXV.  Fig.  2),  from  a  drawing 
by  Albrecht  Dftrer  (1471-1528). 

Quite  in  the  same  stjde  is  the  eagle  of  Tyrol  on  a 
corporate  flag  of  the  Society  of  the  Schwazer  Bergbute 
(Fig.   403),  which   belongs  to  the  last  quarter  of  the 


Fig.  403. — Eagle  of  Tyrol. 

fifteenth  century.  This  is  reproduced  from  the  im- 
pression in  the  Bavarian  National  Museum  given  in 
Hefner- Alteneck's  "  Book  of  Costumes." 

Fig.  7  (Plate  XLVII.).  German  Imperial  (or  State) 
eagle,  from  a  drawing  by  Hans  Burgkmair  (1473-1531). 
This  shows  the  initials  of  the  artist.  The  breast  of  the 
eagle  is  charged  with  a  shield  containing  the  arms  of 
Austria,  Hungar)',  Burgundy,  Tyrol,  Limburg,  and 
Flanders. 

Fig.  8  (Plate  XLVII.)  Ls  an  eagle  drawn  by  .lost 
Amman,  and  is  reproduced  from  the  TTa^jpen  und 
Stammbiich,  Frankfort-on-Maine,  1589. 


Fig.  404. — Arms  of  the  Prassian  Province  of  Brandenburg. 
(From  Strohl's  Deutsche  WappenroUe.) 

The  double  eagle  has,  of  course,  undergone  a  some- 
what similar  development.  Plate  XLVI.  Fig.  i  shows 
the  Imperial  arms  of  the  Roman-German  Empue  as  they 
appear  in  a  vignette  on  the  title-page  of  the  Imperial 
County  Court  Order  for  Swabia.  This  representation 
belongs  to  the  second  half  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  artist  is  unknown.  On  the  shield  with  which  the 
breast  of  the  eagle  is  charged  (the  shield  being  crowned 
and  surrounded  by  the  Collar  of  the  Golden  Fleece)  are 
shown  the  arms  of  Old  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Austria,  and 
Old  Burgundy,  as  also  the  sub-quarterly  quartering  of 
Castile  and  Leon.  Over  the  nimbussed  heads  of  the 
eagle  is  placed  the  Imperial  crown. 

Fig.  2  (Plate  XLVI.).  Double  eagle.  Arms  of  the  city 
of  Vienna  from  the  grant  thereof  dated  26th  September 
1461,  at  Leoben,  by  the  Emperor  Friedrieh  III.  (IV.): 
"  Sable,  a  double  eagle  or,  langued  gules,  with  a  nimbus, 
and  surmounted  by  the  Imperial  crown  or,  the  labels 
gules."  In  1463,  after  he  had  deprived  the  city  of  these 
arms  as  a  punishment  to  the  rebelKous  Viennese,  the 
Emperor  bestowed  the  shield  on  the  sister  towns  of  Krems 
and  Stein,  which  had  remained  faithful  to  him  and  which 
still  bear  it  at  the  present  day.  In  1465,  after  a  successful 
reconciliation  between  the  Kaiser  and  the  Viennese, 
these  latter  again  bore  the  Imperial  eagle,  but  it  was 
then  charged  on  the 
breast  with  a  shield, 
"Gules,  a  cross  argent." 
This  addition,  it  may 
be  stated,  was  an  older 
emblem  of  the  Viennese 
than  the  double  eagle, 
and  can  be  pointed  out 
as  early  as  1346  on  the 
breast  of  the  then  one- 
headed  Viennese  eagle 
(Plate  IX.  Fig.  3). 

The  annexed  illustra- 
tion (Fig.  405)  shows  the 
Russian  double  eagle  on 
the  gold  seal  depend- 
ing, from  the  Treaty  of 
Alliance  between  the 
WassUij   Iwanowitsch   ( 1 


Fig.  405.- 


-Russian  Double  Eagle 
(1574)- 


Grand    Duke    and    Gospodar 
505-1533),  and   the   Emperor 


166 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRl 


7 


Fig.  406. — Bookplate  of  Thomas  Greer,  Esq.:  Azure, 
a  lion  rampant  or,  armed  and  langued  gules, 
between  three  antique  crowns  of  the  second,  on 
a  canton  argent,  an  oak-tree  eradicated  surmounted 
by  a  sword  in  bend  sinister,  ensign  ed  on  the  point 
with  a  roTal  crown  all  proper ;  and  for  the  crest, 
apon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  eagle  displayed 
proper,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  quadrangular 
lock  argent.    Motto:  "MemorEsto." 


Fig.  407. — Ajmorial  bearings  of  the  Earl  of  Southesk.  K.T. :  Argent,  an  eagle  displayed 
azure,  armed,  beaked,  and  membered  gnles,  on  its  breast  an  antique  covered  cup  or; 
the  escutcheon  being  surrounded  by  the  tibbon  and  by  the  collar,  and  pendent  there- 
from the  badge  of  the  Most  Ancient  and  Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Thistle,  and  by  an 
orange-tawny  ribbon  his  badge  as  a  Baronet  of  Nova  Scotia.  Mantling  gules,  doubled 
ermine ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  thunderbolt  proper, 
winged  or;  and  in  an  escroll  above,  the  motto,  "Dred  God."  Supporters  :  two  talbots 
ai^ent,  collared  gules. 


Fig.  40S. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Joseph  Kelson 
Millard,  M.D. :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  or,  charged 
on  the  shoulder  with  a  fer-de-moline  of  the  first 
within  an  orle  of  five  fers-de-moline  of  the  second 

■  arid  as  many  bezants  alternately.     Mantling  sable 

■  and  or.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an 
eagle  displayed  sable,  entwined  round  the  body 
and  neck  by  a  serpent  and  holding  in  each  claw 
a  fer-de-moIine  or.  Motto:  "Beware,  ye  MyU- 
warde." 


Fig.  409.— rArmorial  bearings  of  Eobert  George  Gentleman, Esq. :  Ermine, 
two  eagles  displayed,  each  with  two  heads  in  chief  sable,  and  an 
esquire's  helmet  in  base  proper,  a  chief  indented  gnles.  Mantling 
sable  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  demi-eagle  displayed  with  two  heads  sable,  on  each  wing  a 
trefoil  or.     Motto :  "  Truth,  honour,  and  courtesy." 

167 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Max  I.  (15 14).     The  original  is  in  the  Imperial   and 
Royal  House,  Court  and  State  Archives  of  Vienna. 
The  double  easfle  occurs  in  the  East  as  well  as  in  the 


family  were  in  currency,  so  a  few  years  ago  Lord 
Southesk  rematriculated  his  arms  in  Lyon  Office,  and 
Fig.  407  correctly  depicts  them.  Other  examples  of  eagles 


F1G.410. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  SwaTiAitcliison,M.D.,F.R.C.P.E.: 
Or,  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed  sable,  beaked  and  membered 
gules,  on  a  cbief  engrailed  vert,  a  pheon  between  two  spur-revels 
of  tbe  first ;  in  the  centre  of  the  shield  an  escutoheon  of  pretence 
gules,  on  a  chevron  between  three  demi-lions  rampant,  and  in 
chief  a  cross  crosslet  fitcbe  or,  a  trefoil  between  two  anchors 
sable  {for  Pepper-Staveley).  Mantling  sable,  doubled  or ;  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  an  eagle's  head  erased 
sable ;  and  on  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Vigilantibus," 

West  in  very  early  times.  Since  about  1335  the  double 
eagle  has  appeared  sporadically  as  a  symbol  of  the 
Roman-German  Empire,  and  under  the  Emperor  Sigis- 
mund  {d.  1447)  became  the  settled  armorial  device  of  the 
Roman  Empire.  King  Sigismund,  before  his  coronation 
as  Emperor,  bore  the  single-headed  eagle. 

An  example  of  an  eagle  displayed,  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve, 


Fig.  411. — Armorial  bearings  of  Iain  Ramsay,  Esq.,  of  Kildalton,  Islay, 
CO.  Argyll  :  Parted  per  fess  argent  and  sable,  an  eagle  displayed, 
beaked  gules,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  galley,  sails  furled,  all 
countercharged.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries,  a  unicorn's  head  couped  argent,  armed  and  crined  or. 
Motto  :  "  Nunquam  sine  spe." 

will  be  found  in  Fig.  406,  which  is  a  reproduction  of  a 
bookplate  by  him  of  T.  Greer,  Esq.  Another  is  given  in 
Fig.  407,  which  is  a  reproduction  of  the  arms  of  Ihe  Earl 
of  Southesk.    Many  incorrect  versions  of  the  arms  of  this 


Fig.  412. — Armorial  bearings  of  Captain  John  Howard  Cartland  :  Or,  a 
demi-eagle  rising,  couped  proper,  on  a  chief  nebuly  sable,  three 
garbs  argent.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-eagle  as  in  the  arms,  holding  in 
the  beak  an  ear  of  wheat  leaved  and  slipped,  a  garb  fesswise  or. 
Motto  :  "  Loyal  h,  devoir." 

displayed  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Millard  (Fig.  408), 
Parkin-Moore  (Fig.  145),  and  Gentleman  (Fig.  409),  these 
being  from  designs  by  Mr.  Scruby.  Mr.  Graham 
Johnston  has  been  responsible  for  the  eagles  displayed 
in  the  arms  of  Aitchison  (Fig.  410),  Adlercron  (Fig. 
134),  Ramsay  (Fig.  411),  and  Reid  (Fig.  136). 


i.  413. — Bookplate  of  Tertius  Joynson,  Esq. :  Azure,  an  eagle's  head 
erased  or,  between  four  roses  saltirewise  argent,  impalingthearms 
of  Glazebrook.  namely  :  ermine,  an  eagle  displayed  gules,  beaked, 
legged,  and  holding  in  the  beak  a  fleur-de-Hs  or,  on  a  chief  sable, 
two  bezants,  each  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis  azure.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  an  eagle  with  two  heads 
displayed  azure,  seme  of  roses  argent.  Motto  :  "  Ad  honorem  in- 
dustria  ducit."     (Engraved  by  C.  W.  Sherborne,  R.E.) 


168 


PLATE   LI. 


THE    IMPERIAL   STATE   CROWN    OF    KING    EDWARD    VII. 

This  Plate  is  very  kimji,v  Presentem  to  the  Present  Work  bv  Messrs  Garrard  of  The  Havmarket,  London,  S.W, 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Reference  may  also  be  made  to  the 
arms  of  Brine  (Plate  XXXI.). 

Eagles  in  other  positions  will  be  found 
in  the  arms  or  crests  of  Cartland  (Fig. 
412),  JoNTison  (Fig.  413),  Pretor-Pinney 
(Fi^.  2  58),  M'Donald"  (Plate  XXXVni), 
and  Goldthorpe  (Fig.  414). 


Fig.  414. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Gold- 
thorpe, Esq. :  Per  pale,  argent  and  or,  in 
base  a  mount  vert,  issnant  therefrom  sis 
oak-trees,  three  on  either  side  proper,  a  chief 
nebaly  azure,  thereon  three  bezants.  Mant- 
ling vert  and  argent.  Crest ;  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  rock,  and  volant  above  an 
eagle  proper,  in  the  beak  a  billet  or,  sur- 
mounted by  a  rainbow,  also  proper.  Motto  : 
'•  Endeavour." 


Fig.  41 5,  specially  drawn  for  me  by  Mr.  Forbes  Nixon 
as  typical  of  his  style,  shows  the  following :  An  eagle 
rising  with  wings  addorsed:  an  eagle  displayed  with 
wings  inverted ;  an  eagle  rising  with  wings  addorsed 
and  inverted ;  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed ;  an 
eagle  displayed  with  wings  inverted;  an  eagle  rising 
with  wings  displayed  and  inverted ;  an  eagle  displayed 
with  wings  inverted;  as  the  previous  one;  an  eagle 
rising  with  wings  addorsed  and  inverted ;  an  eagle  dis- 
played ;  an  eagle  close  preying  on  an  eagle's  leg  erased 
a  la  quise. 

It  may  perhaps  be  as  well  to  point  out,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  two  positions  "displayed"  and  "close,"  very 
httle  if  any  agreement  at  all  exists  amongst  authorities 
either  as  to  the  terms  to  be  employed  or  as  to  the 
position  intended  for  the  wings  when  a  given  term  is 
used  in  a  blazon. 

Practically  every  other  single  position  is  simply 
blazoned  "  rising,"  this  term  being  employed  without 
any  additional  distinctive  terms  of  variation  in  official 
blazons  and  emblazonments.  Xor  can  one  obtain  any 
certain  information  from  a  reference  to  the  real  eagle, 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  'William  Kid  Macdonald,  Esq. :  Party  per 
bend  indented  or  and  ermine,  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed  proper, 
beaked  and  membered  gules,  surmounted  of  a  galley  sable  flagged 
of  the  third,  and  in  the  sinister  chief  point  a  pine-tree  eradicated 
proper.  Mantling  sable,  doubled  or  ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries 
is  set  for  crest,  a  raven  proper  on  a  rock  azure.  Motto  :  "  Nee  tempore 
nee  fato." 


Fig.  415. — Examples  of  eagles.     (Drawn  by  Mr.  Forbes  Nixon.) 

for  the  result  of  careful  observation  would  seem  to  show 
that  in  the  first  stroke  of  the  wings,  when  rising  from  the 
ground,  the  wings  pass  through  every  position  from  the 
wide  outstretched  form,  which  I  term  with  wings  dis- 
played, to  a  position  practically  "  close."  As  a  conse- 
quence, therefore,  no  one  form  can  be  said  to  be  more 
correct  than  any  other,  either  from  the  point  of  view  of 
nature  or  from  the  point  of  view  of  ancient  precedent. 
This  state  of  aiFairs  is  eminentty  unsatisfactorj-,  because 
in  these  days  of  necessary  diii'erentiation  no  heraldic 
artist  of  any  appreciable  knowledge  or  ability  has  claimed 
the  liberty  (which  certainly  has  not  been  officially  con- 
ceded) to  depict  an  eagle  rising  with  wings  displayed, 
when  it  has  been  granted  with  the  wings  in  the  position 
addorsed  and  inverted.  Such  a  liberty  when  the  wings 
happen  to  be  charged,  as  thej-  so  frequently  are  in 
English  crests,  must  clearty  be  an  impossibility. 

Until  some  agreement  has  been  arrived  at,  I  can  only 
recommend  my  readers  to  follow  the  same  plan  which 
I  have  long  adopted  in  blazoning  arms  of  which  the 
official  blazon  has  not  been  available  to  me.  That  is,  to 
use  the  term  "  rising,"  followed  by  the  necessary  descrip- 
tion of  the  position  of  the  wings.  ITiis  obviates  both 
mistake  and  uncertainty.  Originally  with  us,  as  stiU  in 
Germany,  an  eagle  was  always  displayed,  and  in  the 
days  when  coats  of  arms  were  few  in  number  and  simple 
in  character  the  artist  may  well  have  been  permitted  to 
draw  an  eagle  as  he  chose,  providing  it  was  an  eagle.     But 


169 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arms  and  their  elaboration  in  the  last  tour  hundred  years 
have  made  this  impossible.  It  is  foolish  to  overlook 
this,  and  idle  in  the  face  of  existing  facts  to  attempt 
to  revert  to  former  ways.  Although  now  the  English 
eagle  displayed  has  the  tip  of  its  wings  pointed  upwards, 
and  the  contrary  needs  now  to  be  mentioned  in  the 
blazon,  this  even  with  us  was  not  so  in  the  beginning. 
A  reference  to  Plate  LXXI.,  and  Figs.  416,417,  and  418 
will  show  how  the  eagle  was  formerly  depicted. 


Fig.  416. — Arms  of  Ralph  de 
Montbermer,  Earl  of  Gloucester 
and  Hereford:  Or,  an  eagle  vert. 
See  also  Figs.  212  and  213. 
(From  his  seal,  1301.) 


Fig.  417. — Crest  of  Ralph  de 
Montbermer,  Earl  of  Gloucester 
and  Hereford,  (From  his  seal, 
1301.) 


Fig.  418.  —Arms  of  Piers  de  Gaveston,  Earl  of  Cornwall  {d.  J312)  ; 
Vert,  six  eagles  or. 

The  earliest  instance  of  the  eagle  as  a  definitely 
heraldic  charge  upon  a  shield  would  appear  to  be  its 
appearance  upon  the  Great  Seal  ot  the  Markgrave 
Leopold  of  Austria  in  11 36,  where  the  equestrian  figure 
of  the  Markgrave  carries  a  shield  so  charged.  More  or 
less  regularly,  subsequently  to  the  reign  of  Frederick 
Barbarossa,  elected  King  of  the  Romans  in  1 152,  and 
crowned  as  Emperor  in  1 155,  the  eagle  with  one  or  two 
heads  (there  seems  originally  to  have  been  little  un- 
animity upon  the  point)  seems  to  have  become  the 
recognised  heraldic  symbol  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  ; 
and  the  seal  of  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall,  elected  King 
of  the  Romans  in  1257,  shows  his  arms  ["Argent,  a  lion 
rampant  gules,  within  a  bordure  sable,  bezante"]  dis- 
played upon  the  breast  of  an  eagle,  but  no  properly 
authenticated  contemporary  instance  of  the  use  of 
this  eagle  by  the  Earl  of  Cornwall  is  found  in  this  country. 
The  origin  of  the  double-headed  eagle  has  been  the 
subject  of  endless  controversy,  the  tale  one  is  usually 
taught  to  believe  being  that  it  originated  in  the  dimi- 
diation  upon  one  shield  of  two  separate  coats  of  arms. 
Nisbet  states  that  the  Imperial  eagle  was  "  not  one 
eagle  with  two  heads,  but  two  eagles,  the  one  laid  upon 
the  other,  and  their  heads  separate,  looking  different 
ways,  which  represent  the  two  heads  of  the  Empire 
after  it  was  divided  into  East  and  West."  The  whole 
discussion  is  an  apt  example  of  the  habit  of  earlier 
writers  to  find  or  provide  hidden  meanings  and  symbol- 
isms when  no  such  meanings  existed.  The  real  truth 
undoubtedly  is    that  the  double-headed  eagle  was  an 


accepted  figure  long  before  heraldry  came  into  exist- 
ence, and  that  when  the  displayed  eagle  was  usurped 
by  armory  as  one  of  its  peculiarly  heraldic  figures,  the 
single-headed  and  double-headed  varieties  were  used 
indifferently,  until  the  double-headed  eagle  became 
stereotyped  as  the  Imperial  emblem.  Napoleon,  how- 
ever, reverted  to  the  single-headed  eagle,  and  the  present 
German  Imperial  eagle  has  Ukewise  only  one  head. 

The  Imperial  eagle  of  Napoleon  had  little  in  keeping 
with  then  existing  armorial  types  of  the  bird.  There 
can  be  little  doubt  that  the  model  upon  which  it  was 
based  was  the  Roman  eagle  of  the  Cresars  as  it  figured 
upon  the  head  of  the  Roman  standards.  In  English 
terms  of  blazon  the  Napoleonic  eagle  would  be:  "An 
eagle  displayed  with  wings  inverted,  the  head  to  the 
sinister,  standing  upon  a  thunderbolt  or." 

The  then  existing  double-headed  eagles  of  Austria 
and  Russia  probably  supply  the  reason  which  explains 
why,  when  the  German  Empire  was  created,  the  Prussian 
eagle  in  a  modified  form  was  preferred  to  the  resusci- 
tation of  the  older  double-headed  eagle,  which  had 
theretofore  been  more  usually  accepted  as  the  symbol 
of  Empire. 

By  the  same  curious  idea  which  was  noticed  in  the 
earlier  chapter  upon  lions,  which  ruled  that  the  appear- 
ance of  two  or  more  lions  rampant  in  the  same  coat 
of  arms  ipse  facto  made  them  into  lioncels,  more 
than  one  eagle  upon  a  shield  resulted  sometimes 
in  the  birds  becoming  eaglets.  Such  a  rule  has  never 
had  official  recognition,  and  no  artistic  difference  is 
made  between  the  eagle  and  the  eaglet.  The  charges 
on  the  arms  of  Piers  Gaveston,  Earl  of  Cornwall,  are 
blazoned  as  eagles  (Fig.  418).  In  the  blazon  of  a  few 
coats  of  arms,  the  term  eaglet,  however,  still  survives, 
e.g.  in  the  arms  of  Child  ["  Gules,  a  chevron  ermine, 
between  three  eaglets  close  argent"],  and  in  the  arms 
of  Smitheman  ["  Vert,  three  eaglets  statant  with  wings 
displayed  argent,  collared  or  "]. 

When  an  eagle  has  its  beak  of  another  colour,  it  is 
termed  "  armed "  of  that  colour,  and  when  the  legs 
differ  it  is  termed  "  membered." 

An  eagle  volant  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Jessel  ["  On 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  torch  fesswise,  fired  proper, 
surmounted  by  an  eagle  volant  argent,  holding  in  the 
beak  a  pearl  also  argent.  Motto  :  '  Persevere ' "].  Parts 
of  an  eagle  are  almost  as  frequently  met  with  as  the 
entire  bird.  Eagles'  heads  abound  as  crests  (they  can 
be  distinguished  from  the  head  of  a  griiBn  by  the  fact 
that  the  latter  has  always  upstanding  ears).  As  a 
charge  upon  the  shield  the  eagle's  head  occurs  in  the 
arms  of  Joynson  (Fig.  413).  Unless  otherwise  specified 
{e.g.  the  crest  of  the  late  Sir  Noel  Paton  was  between 
the  two  wings  of  a  dove),  wings  occurring  in  armory 
are  always  presumed  to  be  tne  wings  of  an  eagle. 
This,  however,  in  English  heraldry  has  little  effect 
upon  their  design,  for  probably  any  well-conducted 
eagle  (as  any  other  bird)  would  disown  the  English 
heraldic  wing,  as  it  certainly  would  never  recognise 
the  German  heraldic  variety.  A  pair  of  wings  when 
displayed  and  conjoined  at  the  base  is  termed  "  con- 
joined in  leure,"  from  the  palpable  similarity  of  the 
figure  in  its  appearance  to  the  lure  with  which,  thrown 
into  the  air,  the  falconer  brought  back  his  hawk 
to  hand.  The  best  known,  and  most  frequently  quoted 
instance,  is  the  well-known  coat  of  Seymour  or  St.  Maur 
["  Gules,  two  wings  conjoined  in  leure  the  tips  do"wn- 
wards  or  "].  It  should  always  be  stated  if  the  wings  (as 
in  the  arms  of  Seymour)  are  inverted.  Otherwise  the 
tips  are  naturally  presumed  to  be  in  chief.  Other  in- 
stances in  which  wings  conjoined  in  leure  occur  will 
be  found  in  the  arms  of  Cloeto  (Fig.  419),  Willans  (Fig. 
420),  and  Wingfield  (Fig.  421). 


170 


PLATE   Lll. 


IMPERIAL   AND    ROYAL   CROWNS   OF   EUROPE. 


I'tintod    lit  Stiitt-Brl 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

Pairs  of  wings  not  conjoined  can  be  met  witli  in  tlie     with  a  miillet  or.     Crest :  in  front  of  fire  proper  two 
arms  and  crest  of  Burne-Jones  ["Azure,  on  a  bend  sinister     wings  elevated  and  addorsed  purpure,  charged  with  a 


Fig.  419. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Erodrick  Cloete,  Esq. :  Per 
pale  argent  and  or,  two  wings  conjoined  in  leure  gales,  on  a  chief 
engrailed  of  the  last  two  javelins  in  saltire  of  the  first.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two  javelins 
in  pale  points  upwards  interlaced  by  as  many  saltirewise,  banded 
gules,  between  two  wings  perfess  argent  and  gules.  Motto:  "Ubi 
eras." 


Fig.  420.— Armorial  bearings  of  John  Bancroft  "Willans,  Gentleman : 
Per  chevron  gules  and  or,  two  che\Tonels  between  as  many  catherine- 
wheels  in  chief  and  in  base  a  pair  of  wings  conjoined  in  leure,  tips 
downwards,  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-man  affronte  proper,  supporting 
with  his  dexter  hand  a  rod  of  Esculapius  proper,  and  resting  his 
sinister  on  a  catherine-wheel or.     Motto:  "Hold  on." 


Fig.  421. — Arms  of  Michael  de  la  Pole,  Earl  of  Suffolk  (d.  1415): 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  fess  between  three  leopards'  faces  or 
(for  De  la  Pole) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  on  a  bend  gules,  three  pairs  of 
wings  conjoined  in  leure  of  the  field  (for  Wingfield), 

argent  between  seven  mullets,  four  in  chief  and  three  in 
base  or,  three  pairs  of  wings  addorsed  purpure,  charged 


-ASSl'DU  ITY" 


Fig.  422. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Nicholl  Byass,  Esq. :  Argent, 
three  wings  bendwise  azure,  in  chief  two  escutcheons  of  the 
last,  each  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis  of  the  first.  Mantling 
azure  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  coloors, 
between  two  wings  azure,  a  wing  argent,  charged  with  an  escut- 
cheon as  in  the  arms.     Motto  :  "  By  assiduity."' 

mullet  or"] ;  but  two  wings,  unless  conjoined  or  addorsed, 
will  not  usually  be  described  as  a  pair.  Occasionally, 
however,  a  pair  of  wings  will  be  found  in  saltire,  but 
such  a  disposition  is  most  unusual.     Single  wings,  unless 


Fig.  423. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Eccles  Edmond 
Williams,  Clerk  in  Holy'Orders,  D.D.  (Oson.) :  Argent,  three  piles, 
two  in  chief  and  one  in  base  azure,  each  charged  with  a  wing  of 
the  first.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  three  arrows,  one  in  pale  and  two  in  saltire  or,  barbed  and 
flighted  proper,  between  two  wings  argenc,  each  charged  with  an 
annulet  azure.     Motto  :  "  Fidus  in  finem." 

specified  to  be  the  contrary,  are  presumed  to  be  dexter 
wings.  Examples  of  single  wings  as  a  charge  occur  in 
the  arms  of  B3-ass  (Fig.  422)  and  Williams  (Eig.  423). 


171 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


A  single  wing,  or  two  wings,  as  crests,  or  a  crest  be- 
tween two  wings,  is  a  form  so  very  frequently  to  be 
met  with  that  one  need  hardly  detail  examples  as 
such,  though  possibly  it  may  be  well  to  add  the  con- 
ceptions of  wings  according  to  the  ideas  of  diflerent 
artists.  For  this  purpose  reference  may  perhaps  be 
made  to  the  arms  of  Hallen  (Fig.  424)  and  Johnston'' 
(Plate  XXVIIL). 

Care  needs  to  be  exercised  in  some  crests  to  observe 
the  diflerence  between  a  bird's  head  hetiueen  two  wings, 
a  bird's  head  winged  (a  form  not  often  met  with,  but  in 
which  rather  more  of  the  neck  is  shown,  and  the  wings 
are  conjoined  thereto),  and  a  bii-d's  head  between  two 
wings  addorsed.  The  latter  form,  which  of  course  is 
really  no  more  than  a  representation  of  a  crest  between 
two  wings  turned  to  be  represented  upon  a  profile  helmet, 
is  one  of  the  painful  results  of  our  absurd  position  rules 
for  the  helmet. 

A  pair  of  wings  conjoined  is  sometimes  termed  a  vol, 
and  one  wing  a  demi-vol.  Though  doubtless  it  is  desir- 
able to  know  these  terms,  they  are  but  seldom  found  in 
use,  and  are  really  entirely  French. 

Eagles'  legs  are  by  no  means  an  infrequent  charge. 


cult  to  conjecture  what  may  have  been  the  origin  of  the 
bird  in  this  debased  form,  unless  its  first  beginnings 


Fig.  424. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Erskine  Herbert  Cornelius 
Hallen,  Gentleman,  M,D.  (Edin.) :  Gules,  a  lion  rampant  or, 
crowned,  armed,  and  langued  azure,  charged  on  the  shoulder 
with  a  hammer  of  the  last  for  difference.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is 
placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  or. 
Crest ;  a  demi-lion  rampant  or,  crowned,  armed,  and  langued,  and 
charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  hammer  azure,  between  two  antique 
wings  sable.     Motto:  "  Sine  Deo  nil." 

They  will  usually  be  found  erased  at  the  thigh,  for 
which  there  is  a  recognised  term  "  erased  a  la  quise," 
which,  however,  is  by  no  means  a  compulsory  one. 
The  eagle's  leg  will  sometimes  be  found  couped  below 
the  feathers.  The  eagle's  leg  erased  at  the  thigh  will 
be  found  in  the  crest  of  Lee  (Fig.  115),  and  in  the 
arms  of  Willis-Bund  (Fig.  425). 

A  curious  form  of  the  eagle  is  found  in  the  alerion, 
which  is  represented  without  beak  or  legs.     It  is  diffi- 


FlG.  425. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  William  Willis-Bund,  Esq.:  Er- 
mine, three  piles  gules,  two  issuing  from  the  chief  and  one  in  base, 
each  charged  with  an  eagle's  leg  erased  at  the  thigh  or  ;  and  impal- 
ing the  arms  of  Temple,  namely :  quarterly,  l  and  4,  or,  an  eagle 
displayed  sable  ;  2  and  3,  argent,  two  bars  sable,  each  charged  with 
three  martlets  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  two  lions'  gambs  erased  and  erect  or,  hold- 
ing a  griffin's  head  erased.     Motto ;  "  Optivo  iioreo  nomine." 

may  be  taken  to  be  found  in  the  unthinking  perpetua- 
tion of  some  crudely  drawn  example.  Its  best-known 
appearance   is,    of   course,   in    the    arms    of    Loraiae ; 


Fig.  426 Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Robert  Pullar,  Knight  Bachelor  :  Or, 

tliree  alerions  sable,  on  a  chief  gules,  a  Holy  Lamb  passant  re- 
gardant, staff  and  cross  argent,  with  the  banner  of  St.  Andrew 
proper.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wTcath  of  his  liveries, 
a  demi-eagle  displayed  or,  beaked  and  membered  gules.  Motto : 
"  Perseverantia  et  industria." 


^  Armorial  bearings  of  George  Lawson  Johnson,  Esq. :  Argent,  on  a 
saltire  sable,  between  four  daggers  points  downwards  gules,  the  sun 
in  his  splendour  or,  on  a  chief  of  the  third,  three  cushions  of  the 
fourth.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries, 
a  spur  between  two  wings  or;  and  upon  an  escrol  over  the  same  this 
motto,  *■  Nunquam  non  paratus." 


and  as  Planche  has  pointed  out,  this  is  as  perfect  an 
example  of  a  canting  anagram  as  can  be  met  with  in 
armory.  Another  example  of  the  use  of  alerions  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Pullar  (Fig.  426). 


172 


PLATE   LIII. 


i*u  e  Lie  ) 


CORONETS    OF    RANK    IN    GREAT    BRITAIN. 

This  Plate  has  bebk  presented  bt  the  Goldsmiths  and  Silversmiths  Compant,  Ltd.,  of  112,  Keoest  Street,  London,  w.,  by  ^VH0M 

THE  ACTUAL  COBONETS  WERE  UADE  FOB  USE  ON  THE  OCCASION  OF  THE  CORONATION  OF  KiNG  EDWAKD  VII. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ThePliosnix,  one  of  the  few  mythical  birds  which 
heraldry  has  familiarised  us  with  is  another,  and  per- 
haps the  most  patent  example  of  all,  of  the  appro- 
priation by  heraldic  art  of  an  ancient  symbol,  and  its 
symbohsm  ready  made.  It  belongs  to  the  period  of 
Grecian  mythology.  As  a  charge  upon  a  shield  it  is 
comparatively  rare,  though  it  so  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Samuelson.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  frequently  to 
be  found  as  a  crest.  It  is  always  represented  as  a 
demi-eagle  issuing  from  flames  of  fire,  and  though  the 
flames  of  fire  wHl  generally  be  found  mentioned  in 
the  verbal  blazon,  this  is  not  essential.  Without  its 
fiery  surroundings  it  would  cease  to  be  a  phoenix. 
On  the  other  hand,  though  it  is  always  depicted  as  a 
fZe)?ii-bird  (no  instance  to  the  contrary  exists),  it  is 
never  considered  necessary  to  so  specify  it.  It  occurs 
as  the  crest  of  the  Seymour  family  ["  Out  of  a  ducal 
coronet  a  phosnix  issuant  from  flames  of  fire  "].  Amongst 
the  many  other  families  who  bear  it  as  a  crest  may  be 
mentioned  Mitchell,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

The  Osprey  may  perhaps  be  here  mentioned,  because 
its  heraldic  representation  always  shows  it  as  a  white 
eagle.  It  is  however  seldom  met  with,  though  it  figures 
in  the  crests  of  Roche  (Lord  Fermoy)  and  Trist.  The 
osprey  is  sometimes  known  as  the  sea-eagle,  and  heraldi- 
cally  so  termed. 

The  Vulture  (probably  from  its  repulsive  appearance 
in  nature  and  its  equally  repulsive  habits)  is  not  a 
heraldic  favourite.  Two  of  these  birds  occvir,  however, 
as  the  supporters  of  Lord  Graves. 

The  Falcon  naturally  falls  next  to  the  eagle  for  con- 
sideration.    Considering  the  very  important  part  this 


Fig.  427. —Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Arthur  NicolsoD,  Bart.,  K.C.I.E., 
&c.  &c. :  Or,  a  lion's  head  between  three  falcons'  heads  erased 
gules,  a  bordure  azore.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  lion's  head  erased  gules.  Motto  :  "Nil 
sistere  contra." 

bird  played  in  the  social  life  of  earlier  centuries,  this 
cannot  be  a  matter  of  any  surprise.  Heraldry,  in  its 
emblazonment,  makes  no  distinction  between  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  hawk  and  the  falcon,  but  for  canting 
and  other  reasons  the  bird  will  be  found  described  by 
aU   its  difterent  names,  e.g.  in  the  arms  of  Hobson'^ 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Hobson,  Gentleman:  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  per 
pale  azure  and  sable,  two  hobbies  close  in  chief  proper,  and  a  sun  in 


(Plate  XLIX.);  to  preserve  the  obvious  pun,  the  two 
birds  are  blazoned  as  hobbie-hawks.  The  falcon  is  fre- 
quently (more  often  than  not)  found  belled. 

With  the  slovenliness  (or  some  may  exalt  it  into  the 
virtue  of  freedom  from  irritating  restriction)  character- 
istic of  many  matters  in  heraldic  blazon,  the  simple  term 


Fig.  428. — Bookplate  of  William  Ridley  Richardson  :  Sable,  two  hawks 
belled  or,  on  a  chief  indented  ermine,  a  pale  ermine  and  three 
lions'  heads  erased  counterchanged,  impaling  the  arms  of  Tweedy, 
namely :  quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  saltire  engrailed  between 
two  escallops  in  fess  gules,  on  a  chief  azure  an  escallop  of  the  field 
(for  Tweedy) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  on  a  bend  flory  and  counterflory 
between  two  increscents  argent,  three  lions'  heads  erased  sable. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert  and  in  front 
of  a  tilting-spear  fesswise,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour  pro- 
per, encircled  by  an  annulet  or,  the  hand  grasping  a  sword  by  the 
blade  in  bend  sinister  also  proper,  pommel  and  hilt  gold,  pendent 
from  the  wrist  by  a  riband  gules  an  escutcheon  argent,  charged 
with  a  hawk  likewise  proper  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Ben  ti  voglio." 

"belled"  is  found  used  indiscriminately  to  signify  that  the 
falcon  is  belled  on  one  leg  or  belled  on  both,  and  if  it 
is  belled  the  bell  must  of  necessity  be  on  a  jess.  Others 
state  that  every  falcon  must  of  necessity  (whether  so 
blazoned  or  not)  be  belled  upon  at  least  one  leg,  and 
that  when  the  term  "  belled  "  is  used  it  signifies  that  it 
is  belled  upon  both  legs.  There  is  still  yet  another 
alternative,  viz.  that  when  "  belled  "  it  has  the  bell  on 
only  one  leg,  but  that  when  "jessed  and  belled"  it  is 
belled  on  both  legs. 

The  jess  is  the  leather  thong  with  which  the  bells  are 
attached  to  the  leg,  and  it  is  generally  considered,  and 
this  may  be  accepted,  that  when  the  term  "jessed  "  is 
included  in  the  wording  of  the  blazon  the  jesses  are 
represented  with  the  ends  flying  loose,  unless  the  use 
of  the  term  is  necessitated  by  the  jesses  being  of  a 
different  colour.  When  the  term  "vervelled"  is  also 
employed  it  signifies  that  the  jesses  have  small  rings 

splendour  in  base  or  (for  Hobson) ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  chevron  between 
two  fleurs-de-lis  in  chief  and  a  battle-axe  in  base  argent  (for  Falshaw). 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cubit  arm 
erect  proper,  holding  a  rose  argent,  barbed,  seeded,  and  slipped  of  the 
first,  and  two  lilies  in  saltire  of  the  second.    Motto :  "  Vive  ut  vivas." 


173 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


attached  to  the  floatmg  ends.  In  actual  practice,  how- 
ever, it  should  be  remembered  that  if  the  bells  and 
jesses  are  of  a  diiierent  colour,  the  use  of  the  terms 


Fig.  429. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Falconer,  Esq.  :  Parted  per  fess 
argent  and  azure,  in  chief  a  falcon's  head  issuing  out  of  a  heart 
proper  between  two  mullets  of  the  second,  and  in  base  two  clay- 
mores in  saltire  points  downwards  proper,  entwined  at  the  point 
of  intersection  by  a  serpent  embowed  biting  his  tail,  head  to  the 
sinister  or.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  argent;  and  upon  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  falcon  rising  proper;  and  in  an 
escroU  above  this  motto,  "Ad  sethera." 


Fig.  430. — Armorial  bearings  of  Utrick  Alexander  Ritson,  Esq.  :  Sable, 
a  falcon  close  and  belled,  and  in  chief  two  lions'  heads  erased  all 
argent.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  issuant  from  the  battlements  of  a  tower  or,  a  lion's  head 
sable,  in  front  thereof  a  hawk's  lure  fesswise  also  or.  Motto  : 
"  Virtute  acquiritur  hones." 


"jessed"  and  "belled"  is  essential.  A  falcon  is  seldom 
drawn  without  at  least  one  bell,  and  when  it  is  found 
described  as  "  belled,"  in  most  cases  it  will  be  found  that 
the  intention  is  that  it  shall  have  two  bells.     Like  all 


other  birds  ot  prey  the  falcon  may  be  "  armed,"  a  tech- 
nical term  which  theoretically  should  include  the  beak 
and  legs,  but  in  actual  practice  a  falcon  will  be  far  more 
usually  found  described  as  "  beaked  and  legged  "  when 
these  differ  in  tincture  from  its  plumage. 

When  a  falcon  is  blindfolded  it  is  termed  "  hooded." 
It  was  always  so  carried  on  the  wrist  until  it  was  flown. 
The  position  of  the  wings  and  the  confusion  in  the  terms 
applied  thereto  is  even  more  marked  in  the  case  of  the 
falcon  than  the  eagle. 

Demi-falcons  are  not  very  frequently  met  with,  but 
an  example  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Jerningham. 

A  falcon's  head  is  constantly  met  with  as  a  crest,  and 
will  also  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Nicolson  (Fig.  427). 

Examples  of  arms  in  which  falcons  occur  will  be  found 
in  the  cases  of  Richardson  (Fig.  428),  Falconer  (Fig.  429), 
Ritson  (Fig.  430),  Sandford  Thompson  (Plate  XXIX), 
and  George  (Fig.  1-13).  ,  - 

When  a  falcon  is  represented  preying  upon  anything 
it  is  termed  "  trussing  "  its  prey,  though  sometimes  the 
description  "  preying  upon  "  is  (perhaps  less  accurately) 
employed.  Examples  of  this  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Madden  ["  Sable,  a  hawk  or,  trussing  a  mallard  proper. 


Fig.  431. — Armorial  bearings  of  "Joscelin"  of  the  ",Iiibertie  of  St. 
Bartholomew  the  Greate  "  given  at  p.  22  of  vol.  ii.  of  Harl.  Vis. 
London  (pub.  1SS3),  and  the  quarterings  of  the  shield  are  there 
given  as:  I.  Joscelin;  2.  Joscelin;  3.  Chaselin ;  4.  Battaile ; 
5.  Enfeild  ;  6.  Hide  ;  7.  Patmer ;  S.  Baude. 

on  a  chief  of  the  second  a  cross  botonny  gules  "],  and  in 
the  crests  of  Graham  (Fig.  199),  Cawston  (Fig.  162), 
and  Yerburgh  (Fig.  238). 

A  falcon's  leg  appears  in  the  crest  of  Joscelin  (Fig. 

431)- 

The  Pelican,  with  its  curious  heraldic  representation 
and  its  strange  terms,  may  almost  be  considered  an 
instance  of  the  application  of  the  existing  name  of  a 
bird  to  an  entirely  fanciful  creation. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  in  his  "  Decorative  Heraldry,"  states 
that  in  early  representations  of  the  bird  it  was  depicted 
in  a  more  naturalistic  form,  but  I  confess  I  have  not 
myself  met  with  it  in  such  a  character. 

Heraldically,  it  has  been  practically  always  depicted 
with  the  head  and  bodj'  of  an  eagle,  with  wings  elevated 
and  with  the  neck  embowed,  pecking  with  its  beak  at  its 
breast.  The  term  for  this  is  "  vulning"  itself,  and  although 
it  appears  to  be  necessary  always  to  describe  it  in  the 
blazon  as  "vulning  itself,"  it  will  never  be  met  with  save  in 


1.74 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


this  position ;  a  pelican's  head  even,  when  erased  at  the 
neck,  being  always  so  represented.  It  is  supposed  to  be 
pecking  at  its  breast  to  provide  drops  of  blood  as  nourish- 


FlG.'  432. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  John  Wastell  Coulson,  Esq., 
Barrister-at-Law:  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  per  pale  argent  and  ermine, 
on  a  bend  sable,  three  flem-s-de-lis  or  (for  Coulson) ;  2  and  3,  argent, 
a  fess  between  three  garbs  banded  sable  (for  Blenkinsopp). 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
between  two  spears,  a  pelican  in  her  piety  all  proper.  Motto :  "  Je 
■mourrai,  pour  ceux  que  j'aime." 


ment  for  its  young,  and  it  is  termed  " in  its  piety"  when 
depicted  standing  in  its  nest  and  with  its  brood  of  young. 
"It  is  diiEcult  to  imagine  how  the  pelican  came  to  be  always 
considered  in  this  position,  because  there  is  nothing  in 
the  nature  of  a  natural  habit  from  which  this  could  be 
derived.  There  are,  however,  other  birds  which,  during 
the  brooding  season,  lose  their  feathers  upon  the  breast, 


'•  433- — Armorial  bearings  of  Edmund  Frost,  Esq.,  M.B. :  Argent, 
a  pelican  vulning  itself,  between  three  trefoils  slipped  azure. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
upon  a  rock  proper,  between  two  wings  azure,  each  charged 
with  a  quatrefoii  argent,  a  trefoil  as  in  the  arms.  Motto : 
"  Terra  ad  coelnm." 


and   some  which   grow   red   feathers  there,   and   it   is 
doubtless  from  this  that  the  idea  originated. 

In  heraldic  and  ecclesiastical  symbohsm  the  pelican 


has  acquired  a  somewhat  sacred  character  as  typical 
of  maternal  solicitude.  It  will  never  be  found  "  close," 
or  in  any  other  positions  than  with  the  wings  endorsed 
and  either  elevated  or  inverted. 

When  blazoned  "proper,"  it  is  always  given  the  colour 
.and  plumage  of  the  eagle,  and  not  its  natural  colour  of 
white.  In  recent  years,  however,  the  tendency  has 
rather  made  itself  manifest  to  give  the  pelican  its 
natural  and  more  ungainly  appearance,  and  its  curious 
pouched  beak. 

Pelicans  will  be  found  in  the  arms  and  crest  of 
Coulson  (Fig.  432)  and  Frost  (Fig.  433),  whilst  the  arms 
of  Gibson  (Fig.  434)  afford  an  instance  of  pelicans' 
heads. 


iPANDlTLCOELESTES 


Fig.  434. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Gibson,  Esq. :  Per  pale 
gules  and  or,  three  pelicans'  heads  erased  in  fess  between  two 
keys  fesswise,  wards  downwards,  all  counterchanged.  Mantling 
gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  fesswise  eradicated  and  sprouting  to  the  de.xter  all 
proper,  a  pelican,  wings  elevated  and  addorsed  argent,  vulned  and 
charged  on  the  wings  with  a  key  erect,  wards  to  the  sinister  gules. 
Motto :  "  Pandite  ccelestes  portse." 


The  Ostrich  is  doubtless  the  bird  which  is  most  fre- 
quently met  with  after  the  falcon,  unless  it  be  the  dove. 
1  he  former  bird  is  heraldically  emblazoned  in  a  very 
natural  manner,  and  it  is  dilficult  to  understand  why  in 
the  case  of  such  a  bird  heraldic  artists  of  earlier  days 
should  have  remained  so  true  to  the  natural  form  of  the 
bird,  whilst  in  other  cases,  in  which  they  could  have  had 
no  less  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  bird,  greater 
variation  is  to  be  found. 

As  a  charge  it  is  not  common,  although  instances  are 
to  be  found  in  the  arms  of  MaoMahon  ["  Argent,  an 
ostrich  sable,  in  its  beak  skhorse-shoe  or"],  and  in  the  arms 
of  Mahon  ["  Per  fess  sable  and  argent,  an  ostrich  counter- 
changed,  holding  in  its  beak  a  horse-shoe  or  "]. 

It  is  curious  that,  until  quite  recent  times,  the  ostrich 
is  never  met  with  heraldically,  unless  holding  a  horse- 
shoe, a  key,  or  some  other  piece  of  old  iron  in  its  beak. 

The  digestive  capacity  of  the  ostrich,  though  some- 
what exaggerated,  is  by  no  means  fabulous,  and  in  the 
earliest  forms  of  its  representation  in  all  the  old  natural 
history  books  it  is  depicted  feeding  upon  this  unnatural 
food.  If  this  were  the  popular  idea  of  the  bird,  small 
wonder  is  it  that  heraldic  artists  perpetuated  the  idea. 


175 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  even  now  the  ostrich  is  seldom  met  with  without 
a  key  or  a  horse-shoe  in  its  beak. 

The  ostrich's  head  alone  is  sometimes  met  With,  as  in 
the  crest  of  the  Earl  of  Carysfort. 

The  wing  of  an  ostrich  charged  with  a  bend  sable  is 
the  crest  of  a  family  of  Grulston  (Fig.  435),  but  an  ostrich 
wing  is  by  no  means  a  general  heraldic  charge. 


II.)  are  always  represented  with  the  sinister  wing  close, 
and  the  dexter  wing  extended  and  inverted.     This  has 


Fig.  435 — Bookplate  of  Alan  Stepney  Gulston  :  Argent,  two  bars  nebuly 
gules,  over  all  a  bend  sable  charged  with  three  plates.  Crest :  an 
ostrich  wing  of  five  feathers  alternately  argent  and  gules,  over  all 
a  bend  sable  charged  with  three  plates.  Motto  (over  crest) :  "Cres- 
cent sub  pondere  virtus." 

Ostrich  feathers,  of  course,  play  a  large  part  in  armory, 
but  the  consideration  of  these  may  be  postponed  for  the 
moment  until  the  feathers  of  cocks  and  peacocks  can  be 
added  thereto. 

The  Dove — at  least  the  heraldic  bird — has  one  curious 
peculiarity.  It  is  always  represented  with  a  slight  tuft 
on  its  head.  Mr.  Eve  considers  this  to  be  merely  the 
perpetuation  of  some  case  in  which  the  crude  draughts- 
man has  added  a  tuft  to  its  head.  Possibly  he  is  correct, 
but  I  think  it  may  be  an  attempt  to  distinguish  between 
the  domestic  dove  and  the  wood-pigeon — both  of  which 
varieties  would  be  known  to  the  early  heraldic  artists. 

The  dove  with  an  olive  branch  in  its  beak  is  con- 
stantly and  continually  met  with.  When  blazoned 
"  proper  "  it  is  quite  correct  to  make  the  legs  and  feet 
of  the  natural  pinky  colour,  but  it  will  be  more  usually 
found  that  a  dove  is  specifically  described  as  "  legged 
gules."  It  is  usually  met  with  close,  but  it  is  also  re- 
ferred to  as  volant,  and  instances  are  known  in  which 
the  wings  are  raised.     These  are,  however,  infrequent. 

The  ordinary  heraldic  dove  will  be  found  most  fre- 
quently holding  a  branch  of  laurel  in  its  beak,  but  it  also 
occurs  volant  and  with  outstretched  wings.  It  is  then 
frequently  termed  a  "  dove  rising."  It  will  be  found  in 
the  arms  of  Tweedy  (Fig.  436),  and  Smith  -  Shand 
(Fig.  437). 

The  doves  in  the  arms  of  the  College  ot  Arms  (Plate 


FlG.  436. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Colpoys  Tweedy  :  Quarterly,  I 
and  4,  argent,  a  saltire  engrailed  gules,  on  a  chief  azure,  three 
fleams  or  (for  Tweedy) ;  2.  argent,  on  a  saltu-e  sable,  five  trefoils 
slipped  or,  on  a  chief  gules,  three  cushions  of  the  third  (for  John- 
ston); 3.  argent,  a  maunch  ermine  (for  Colpoys),  and  upon  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Meredith,  namely  :  azure,  a 
lion  rampant  per  pale  argent  and  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dove  volant  argent.  Motto  : 
"  Pais  ce  que  doit  advienne  que  pourra." 


given  rise  to  much  curious  speculation;  but  whatever 
may  be  the  reason  of  the  curious  position  of  the  wings, 
there  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  the  coat  of  arms  itself 
is  based  upon  the  coat  of  St.  Edward   the  Confessor. 


Fig.  437. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  Kenneth  Smith-Shand : 
Azure,  a  boar's  head  couped  argent,  on  a  chfef  of  the  second,  a 
mullet  between  two  chess-rooks  sable.  Mantling  gules,  doubled 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  dove  volant  over  the 
waters  with  an  olive  branch  in  its  beak  proper.  Motto  :  '*  Virtute 
duce  comite  fortuna." 


The  so-called  coat  of  St.  Edward  the  Confessor  (refer  to 
Fig.  201)  is  a  cross  patonce  between  five  martlets,  but 
it  is  pretty  generally  agreed  that  these  martlets  are  a 
corruption  of  the  doves  which  figure  upon  his  coins. 


}76 


PLATE   LIV. 


QO 


CORONETS    OF    RANK. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  one  of  whicli  surmounts  the  sceptre  which  is  known 
as  St.  Edward's  statf,  or  "the  sceptre  with  the  dove." 

The  Wood-Pigeon  is  not  often  met  with,  but  it  does 
occur,  as  in  the  crest  of  the  arms  of  Bradbury  ["  On  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-wood-pigeon, 
wings  dispLxyed  and  elevated  argent,  each  wing  charged 
with  a  round  buckle  tongue  pendent  sable,  and  holding 
in  the  beak  a  sprig  of  barberry,  the  trunk  of  a  tree  fess- 
wise  eradicated,  and  sprouting  to  the  dexter,  both 
proper  "]. 

The  Martlet  is  another  example  of  the  curious  per- 
petuation in  heraldry  of  popular  errors  in  natural 
history.  Even  at  the  present  day,  in  many  parts  of  the 
coimtry,  it  is  popularly  believed  that  a  swallow  has  no 
feet,  or,  at  any  rate,  cannot  perch  upon  the  ground,  or 
raise  itself  therefrom.  The  fact  that  one  never  does  see 
a  swallow  upon  the  ground  supports  the  foundation  of 


official  instance  in  which  the  martlet  is  so  depicted. 
The  martlet,  however,  is  frequently  met  with,  but  a  few 


Fig.  43S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Eonald  Bailey,  Gentleman  :  Gules,  on  a 
fess  nebuly  between  four  martlets,  three  in  chief  and  one  in  base 
argent,  two  roses  of  the  first,  barbed  and  seeded  proper.  Mant- 
ling gnles  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front 
of  an  anchor  in  bend  sinister  proper,  a  female  figure  vested  vert, 
supporting  with  the  right  hand  an  escocheon  gules,  charged  with 
a  martlet  argent,  and  resting  the  left  on  the  stock  of  the  anchor. 
Motto  :  '■  Valium  £eneum  esto." 

the  idea.  At  any  rate  the  heraldic  swallow,  which  is 
known  as  the  martlet,  is  never  represented  with  feet,  the 
legs  terminating  in  the  feathers  which  cover  the  upper 
parts  of  the  leg.  It  is  curious  that  the  same  idea  is 
perpetuated  in  the  little  legend  of  the  explanation,  which 
may  or  may  not  be  wholly  untrue,  that  the  reason  the 
martlet  has  been  adopted  as  the  mark  of  cadency  for 
the  fourth  son  is  to  typify  the  fact  that  whilst  the 
eldest  son  succeeds  to  his  father's  lands,  and  whilst  the 
second  son  may  succeed,  perhaps,  to  the  mother's,  there 
can  be  very  little  doubt  that  by  the  time  the  fourth  son 
is  reached,  there  is  no  land  remaining  upon  which  he 
can  settle,  and  that  he  must,  perforce,  fly  away  from  the 
homestead  to  gather  him  means  elsewhere.  At  any  rate, 
whether  this  be  true  or  false,  the  martlet  certainly  is 
never  represented  in  heraldry  with  feet. 

Most  heraldry  books  state  also  that  the  martlet  has 
no  beak.  How  such  an  idea  originated  I  am  at  a  loss 
to  understand,  because  I  have  never  yet  come  across  an 


I"IG.  439. — Armorial  bearings  of  Bertram  C.  A.  Windle,  Esq.,  D.Sc, 
M.D.,  F.S.A.,  &c.,  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  Birmingham  Univer- 
sity :  Gules,  on  a  pile  between  two  crosses  patee  in  base  or,  three 
martlets  of  the  field.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  stag's  head  caboshed  proper,  between  two  crosses 
patee  or.    Motto :  "  Non  omnis  moriar." 


:.  440. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Moels  Pyke-Nott,  Esq.,  of  By- 
down  :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  gules,  on  a  bend  engrailed  or,  between 
four  leopards'  faces,  two  and  two  argent,  an  estoile  of  eight  points 
between  two  martlets  of  the  field  (for  Nott) ;  2  and  3,  quarterly  or 
and  gules,  on  a  chevron  barry  wavy  of  four  argent  and  azure, 
between  two  trefoils  in  chief  and  another  in  base  connterchanged, 
a  pike  naiant  proper  (for  Pyke).  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crests  : 
I.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two  mascles  fesswise,  interlaced 
or,  thereon  a  martlet  gules,  ducaUy  gorged  gold,  in  the  beak  a 
sprig  of  laurel  proper  (for  Nott) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
on  a  mount  vert,  a  demi-pike  haurient  proper,  between  two  wings 
gules,  each  charged  with  a  trefoil  or  (for  Pyke).  Motto ;  "  Res  es 
spes." 


177 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


instances  must  be  sufficient  as  examples.  The  arms  of 
the  County  Council  of  West  Sussex  show  six  martlets, 
and  other  instances  occur  in  the  arms  of  Baile}-  (Fis;.  43S), 
and  as  a  crest  it  will  be  found  in  the  cases  of  Hartley 
["Upon  a  mount  vert,  a  martlet  sable,  holding  in 
the  beak  a  cross  patee  iitchee  or"]  and  Pyke-Nott 
(Fig.  440). 

It  is  very  seldom  that  the  martlet  occurs  except 
close,  and  consequently  it  is  never  specified  as  such. 
An  instance,  however,  in  which  it  occurs  "  rising "  will 
be  found  in  the  crest  of  Smith  (Fig.  441). 


wings  elevated  and  displayed  argent,  beaked  gules."  It 
is,  however,  more  usually  blazoned  as:  "A  demi-swan 
issuant  (from  the  coronet,  per  pale  gules  and  sable  "). 


Fig.  441. — Armorial  bearings  of  Francis  Patrick  Smith,  Gentleman: 
Erminois,  a  clievron  gules,  on  a  chief  engrailed  of  the  last  a  rose 
argent,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  between  two  martlets  or,  quarter- 
ing Green  and  McKenzie.  a  crescent  for  difference,  and  impaling 
the  arms  of  Gatty,  namely :  party  per  fess  sable  and  azure,  in  chief 
a  demi-cat  issuant  guardant  argent,  and  in  base  a  shin  bone  in 
bend,  surmounted  by  another  in  bend  sinister  between  four  fleurs- 
de-lis  or.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  issuant  from  a  chaplet  of 
roses  argent,  a  rock  proper,  thereon  a  martlet  rising  or,  holding  in 
the  beak  a  rose  as  in  the  arms,  leaved  and  slipped  proper.  Motto : 
"  Suaviter  sed  fortiter." 


The  Swallow,  as  distinct  from  the  martlet,  is  some- 
times met  with,  as  in  the  case  of  the  arms  of  the  family 
of  Arundell,  which  are :  "  Sable,  six  martlets,  three,  two 
and  one  or."  The  pun  upon  "  I'hirondelle"  was  too  good 
for  ancient  heralds  to  pass  by. 

A  swallow  "  volant "  appears  upon  the  arms  usually 
ascribed  to  the  town  of  Arundel.  These,  however,  are 
not  recorded  as  arms  in  the  Visitation  books,  the  design 
being  merely  noted  as  a  seal  device,  and  one  hesitates 
to  assert  definitely  what  the  status  of  the  design  in 
question  may  be. 

Perhaps  the  confusion  between  the  foreign  merlette — 
which  is  drawn  like  a  duck  without  the  wings,  feet,  or 
forked  tail — and  the  martlet  may  account  for  the  idea 
that  the  martlet  should  be  depicted  without  a  beak. 

The  Sivan  is  a  very  favourite  charge,  and  will  be  found 
both  as  a  crest  and  as  a  charge  upon  a  shield,  and  in  all 
varieties  of  position.  It  is  usually,  however,  when 
appearing  as  a  charge,  to  be  found  "  close,"  and  as  such 
occurs  in  the  arms  of  Brodribb  (Fig.  442).  A  swan 
couchant  appears  as  the  crest  of  Barttelot  (Fig.  259), 
a  swan  regardant  as  the  crest  of  Swaby,  and  a  swan 
"  rising "  will  be  found  as  a  crest  of  Guise  and  as  a 
charge  upon  the  arms  of  Muntz  (Fig.  443).  Swimming 
in  water  it  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Stilwell,  and  a  swan 
to  which  the  unusual  term  of  "  rousant "  is  sometimes 
applied  figures  as  the  crest  of  Stafford :  "  Out  of  a  ducal 
coronet  per  p:tle  gules  and  sable,  a  demi-swan  rousant. 


Fig.  442. — Armorial  bearings  of  Brodribb,  of  Victoria,  Australia: 
Party  per  chevron  gules  and  argent,  in  chief  two  swans  ermine, 
beaked  of  the  first,  legged  sable,  and  in  base  a  mount  vert,  there- 
from springing  three  roses  gules,  stalked  and  leaved  proper.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mount  vert,  therefrom  spring- 
ing three  roses  gules,  stalked  and  leaved  proper,  interlaced  by 
as  many  mascles  also  interlaced  fesswise  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Pru- 
dentia  tutus.' 


Swans'  heads  and  necks  are  not  often  met  with  as  a 
charge,  though  they  occur  in  the  arms  of  Baker.     As  a 


FIG.  443. — Armorial  bearings  of  Muntz :  Peau,  on  a  mount  in  base 
proper,  a  swan  rising  argent,  charged  on  each  wing  with  a  trefoil 
slipped  vert,  in  chief  a  staff  raguly  erect  between  two  estoiles  or. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  demi-swan  wings  expanded  argent,  seme  of  trefoils 
slipped  vert,  a  staff  raguly  fesswise  or.  Motto:  "Fortiter  sed 
suaviter." 


crest  they  are  very  common,  and  will  be  found  in  the 
cases  of  Lindsay  and  Bates. 

The  Duck  —  with  its  varieties  of  the  moorhen  and 
eider-duck — is  sometimes  met  with,  and  appears  in  the 

.178 


PLATE   LV. 


P.-inied  at  Slaltgart. 

EX.AMPLES    OF    SUPPORTERS. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arms  of  Duckworth  (Fig.  444)  and  Billiat<>  (Plate  XXVII. ). 
Few  better  canting  examples  can  be  found  than  the  latter 
coat,  in  which  the  duck  is  holding  the  billet  in  its  bill. 


Fig.  444. — .Irmoiial  bearings  of  Sir  Dyce  Diicliworth,  Knight  Bachelor, 
Knight  of  Grace  of  the  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of 
Jernsalem  in  England  :  Argent,  on  a  chevron  engrailed  azure, 
bet\yeen  two  leopards'  faces  in  chief  and  a  garb  in  base  sable, 
three  crosses  patee  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon 
a  mount  between  two  palm-branches  vert,  a  garb  fesswise  or, 
charged  with  two  crosses  patee  in  fess,  and  surmounted  by  a  duck 
sable;  with  the  motto,  " Perseverantia." 


The  other  domestic  bird — the   Gock — is  often  met 
with,  though  it  more  often  figures  as  a  crest  than  upon 


Fig.  445. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Aitken  of  Saltcoats  and  Dar- 
roch.  Gentleman:  Argent,  a  chevron  gules,  between  three  cocks 
sable.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries,  an  oak-tree  proper.     Motto  :  "  Robore  et  vigilantia." 

d  Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Billiat,  Esq.,  of  Aisthorpe  Hall,  Lin- 
coln :  Quarterly,  per  fess  embattled  vert  and  or,  a  pen  in  bend  sinister 
sable  between  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  a  duck  close  of  the  second, 
each  holding  in  the  beak  a  billet  argent.  Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  duck  close  or,  holding  in  the  beak  a  billet 
argent,  between  two  bulrushes  proper.     Motto  ;  "  Ung  Dieu  ung  Roy." 


a  shield.  A  cook  "  proper  "  is  generally  represented  of 
the  kind  which  in  farmyard  phraseology  is  known  as  a 
gamecock.  Nevertheless  the  gamecock — as  such' — does 
occur;  though  in  these  cases,  when  so  blazoned,  it  is 
usually  depicted  in  the  artificial  form — deprived  of  its 
comb  and  wattles.  Birds  of  this  class  are  usually  met 
with,  with  a  comb  and  wattles,  &c.  of  a  different  colour, 
and  it  is  then  termed  "combed,  wattled,  and  jelopped" 
—  if  it  is  desired  to  be  strictly  accurate  —  though  it 
will  be  generally  found  that  the  term  is  dropped  to 
"  combed  and  jelopped."  If  it  is  termed  "  armed,"  the 
beak  and  spurs  are  thereby  referred  to.  It  occurs  in 
the  arms  of  Handcock  (Lord  Castlemaine)  ["Ermine, 
on  a  chief  sable,  a  dexter  hand  between  two  cocks 
argent "]  and  in  the  arms  of  Cokayne  ["  Argent,  three 
cocks  gules,  armed,  crested,  and  jelopped  sable"],  and 
also  in  that  of  Law.  It  likewise  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Aitken  (Fig.  445). 

The  Sheldrake  appears  occasionally  under  another 
name,  i.e.  that  of  the  Shoveller,  and  as  such  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Jackson,''  of  Doncaster. 

The  gorgeous  plumage  of  the  Peacock  has  of  course 
resulted  in  its  frequent  employment.  It  has  a  special 
term  of  its  own,  being  stated  to  be  "  in  his  pride  "  when 
shown  affronte,  and  with  the  tail  displayed.  It  is  seldom 
met  with  except  in  this  position,  though  the  well- 
known  crest  of  Harcourt  is  an  example  to  the  contrary, 
as  is  the  crest  of  Sir  Jamsetjee  Jejeebhoy,  Bart.  :  "A 
mount  vert,  thereon  a  peacock  amidst  wheat,  and  in  the 
beak  an  ear  of  wheat  all  proper." 

With  the  tail  closed  it  also  figures  as  one  of  the  sup- 
porters of  Sir  Eobert  Hart,  Bart.  ["  Sinister,  a  peacock 
close  proper "] :  its  only  appearance  in  such  a  position 
that  I  am  aware  of. 

As  a  charge  upon  a  shield  it  is  rather  uncommon,  its 
most  frequent  appearance  being  in  the  form  of  a  crest, 
but  it  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Lanigan-O'Keefe  (Fig.  252). 

A  peacock's  tail  is  not  a  familiar  figure  in  British 
armory,  though  the  exact  contrary  is  the  case  in 
German  practices.  "  Issuant  from  the  mouth  of  a 
boar's  head  erect "  it  occurs  as  the  crest  of  Tyrell,  and 
"  A  plume  of  peacock's  feathers " — which  perhaps  is 
the  same  thing — "  issuant  from  the  side  of  a  chapeau  " 
is  the  crest  of  Lord  Sefton. 

Another  bird  for  which  heraldry  has  created  a  term 
of  its  own  is  the  Crane.  It  is  seldom  met  with  except 
holding  a  stone  in  its  claw,  the  term  for  which  stone  is 
its  "  vigilance,"  a  curious  old  fable,  which  explains  the 
whole  matter,  being  that  the  crane  held  the  stone  in  its 
foot  so  that  if  by  any  chance  it  fell  asleep,  the  stone,  by 
dropping,  would  awaken  it,  and  thus  act  as  its  "  vigil- 
ance." It  is  a  pity  that  the  truth  of  such  a  charmmg 
example  of  the  old  world  should  be  dissipated  by  the 
fact  that  the  crest  of  Cranstoun  is  the  crane  a-deep — or 
rather  dormant — with  its  head  under  its  wing,  and 
nevertheless  holding  its  "  vigilance "  in  its  foot !  The 
crane  is  not  often  met  with,  but  it  occurs  in  the  arms 
of  Cranstoun,  with  the  curious  and  rather  perplexing 
motto,  "  Thou  shalt  want  ere  I  want."  Before  leaving 
the  crane,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  observe  that  the 
derivation  of  the  word  "  pedigree  "  is  from  pied  de  grue, 
the  appearance  of  a  crane's  foot  and  the  branching  lines 
indicative  of  issue  being  similar  in  shape. 

Heraldic  representation  makes  little  if  any  difference 
when  depicting  a  crane,  a  stork,  or  a  heron,  except  that 
the  tuft  on  the  head  of  the  latter  is  never  omitted  when 
a  heron  is  intended. 

■^  Armorial  bearing  of  Jackson,  of  Doncaster;  Party  per  pale  gules 
and  azure,  on  a  fess  ermine,  cottised  argent,  between  three  shovellers 
of  the  last,  a  cross  crosslet  between  two  annulets  of  the  first.  Crest: 
npon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-grilEn  gules,  collared  and  chain 
reflexed  over  the  back  or,  holding  in  the  dexter  claw  a  shoveller's 
head  erased  argent.     Motto  :  "Strenue  et  honeste." 


179 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Instances  of  the  Storh  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Gibson  (Fig.  446),  the  usual  heraldic  method  of  depicting 
the  bird,  however,  being  with  the  wings  close. 


Fig.  446. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  George  Gibson,  Esq. :  Per 
pale  azure  and  argent,  three  acorns  slipped  and  leaved  in  fess, 
between  as  many  storks  rising  all  counterchauged.  Mantling  azure 
and  argetit.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  stork  rising 
argent,  between  two  acorns  slipped  and  leaved,  and  holding  in  the 
beak  an  acorn  slipped  proper.  Motto:  "Per  ardua  ad  alta." 
(Reproduced  from  a  painting  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E.) 


More  often  than  not  the  stork  is  met  with  a  snake  in 
its  beak ;  and  the  fact  that  a  heron  is  generally  provided 
with  an  eel  to  play  with  adds  to  the  confusion. 

The  Heron — or,  as  it  is  more  frequently  termed  heraldi- 
cally,  Heme — will  naturally  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Hearne  and  some  number  of  other  coats  and  crests. 

The  Raven  occurs  almost  as  early  as  any  other 
heraldic  bird.     It  is  said  to  have  been  a  Danish  de- 


KlG.  447. — Armorial  bearings  "of  Thomas  Williams  Cfaster,  Esq.,  of 
Craster:  Quarterly,  or  and  gules,  in  the  first  quarter  a  raven  proper, 
impaling  the  arms  of  Osborn,  namely  :  argent,  a  bend  between  tvro 
lions  rampant  sable.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  raven  proper,  charged  on  the  breast  with  an 
escallop  or.     Motto:  "  Hodie  felix  eras  ter." 


tvTyH\  iSrfU.' 


vice.  The  powerful  Norman  family  of  Corbet,  one  of 
the  few  remaining  families  which  can  show  an  unbroken 
male  descent  from  the  time  of  the  Conquest  to  the 
present  day,  have  always  remained  faithful  to  the  raven, 
though  they  have  added  to  it  sometimes  a  hordiire 
or  additional  numbers  of  its  kind.  "  Or,  a  raven 
sable,"  the  well-known  Corbet  coat,  is,  of  course,  a 
canting  allusion  to  their  Norman  name,  or  nickname, 
"  Le  Corbeau."  Their  name,  like  their  pedigree,  is 
unique,  inasmuch  as  it  is  one  of  the  few  names  of 
undoubted  Norman  origin  which  are  not  territorial,  and 
possibly  the  fact  that  their 
lands  of  Moreton  Corbett,  one 
of  their  chief  seats,  were  known 
by  their  name  has  assisted  in 
the  perpetuation  of  what  was, 
originally,  undoubtedly  a  | 
nickname. 

The  raven  will  also  be  found  I 
in  the  arms  of  Jones '  (Plate  I 
XXV.)  and  Craster  (Fig.  447). 

Fig.  448  is  a  striking  ex- 
ample of  the  virility  which 
can  be  imparted  to  the  raven. 
It  is  reproduced  from  Gru- 
nenberg's  "  Book  of  Arms " 
(1483).  Herr  Strohl  suggests 
it  may  be  of  "  Corbie "  in  Picardy,  but  the  identity  of 
the  arms  leads  one  to  fancy  the  name  attached  may 
be  a  misdescription  of  the  English  family  of  Corbet. 

Heraldically,  no  difference  is  made  in  depicting  the 
raven,  the  rook,  and  the  crow;  and  examples  of  the 
Crow  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Crawhall  (Fig.  449), 
and  of  the  Rooh  in  the  crest  of  Abraham. 


Fig.  449. — Bookplate  of  George  Crawball,  Esq. :  Argent,  three  battle- 
axes  chevronwise  sable,  between  two  obevronels  engrailed  gules, 
the  whole  between  three  crows,  also  sable,  impaling  the  arms 
of  Synnott,  namely :  argent,  three  swans  in  pale  sable,  ducally 
gorged  or ;  on  a  canton  gules  a  sword  in  pale  proper.  Mantling 
sable  and  argent.  Crest;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a 
mount  vert,  a  crow  sable,  holding  in  the  dexter  claw  a  battle-axe 
in  bend  proper.     Motto :  "  Presto  et  persto." 


^  Armorial  bearings  of  the  Sir  William  Quayle  Jones :  Quarterly,  i 
and  4,  argent,  a  chevon  ermines  between  three  ravens  sable,  on  a  chief 
engrailed  of  the  second  a  heart  or  (for  Jones) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  on  a 
chevron  sable,  guttiS-d'eau,  between  three  quails  proper,  in  the  centre 
chief  point  a  pellet,  two  swords  points  upward  of  the  first  (for  Quayle), 
and  for  his  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  heart  or,  a  raven 
sable,  gorged  with  a  collar  gemel  argent;  with  the  motto,  "  Deus 
pascit  corvos." 


180 


PLATE   LVI. 


HUMAN    FIGURES   AS    SUPPORTERS. 


Printed    nt  Stwtt-nrt 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  arms  of  the  Yorkshu-e  family  of  Creyke  are  always 
blazmed  as  rooks,  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  they  may 
possibly  have  been  originally  creykes,  or  corn-crakes. 

The  Cornish  Chough  is  very  much  more  frequently 
met  with  than  either  the  crow,  rook,  or  raven,  and  it 
occurs  in  the  arms  of  Bewleys  (Plate  XXV.),  the  town 
of  Canterbury,  and  (as  a  crest)  Cornwall  (Fig.  1 50). 

It  can  be  distinguished  from  the  raven  by  the  fact 
that  the  Cornish  chough  is  always  depicted  and  fre- 
quently blazoned  as  "  beaked  and  legged  gules,"  as  it  is 
found  in  its  natural  state. 

The  Owl,  too,  is  a  very  favourite  bird.     It  is  always 


Fig.  450. — Armorial  bearings  of  Oldham  :  Sable,  a  chevron  invected 
plain  cottised  or,  between  three  owls  argent,  on  a  chief  engrailed 
of  the  second,  a  rose  gnles,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  between  two 
annulets,  also  gules.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of 
a  rock  thereon  an  owl  argent,  three  roses  f  esswise  gules,  Ijarbed  and 
seeded  proper.  The  motto  is"  SapereAude."  [Granted  Nov.  7, 1894.] 

E  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Edmund  Thomas  Bewley :  Argent,  a 
chevron  sable,  between  three  Cornish  choughs'  heads  erased  proper, 
in  chief  an  ermine  spot.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours  (argent  and  sable),  an  ibex's  head  or,  issuant 
:from  the  centre  of  a  rose  gules,  stalked  and  leaved  proper.  Motto : 
"  Virtutis  gloria  merces." 


depicted  with  the  face  afironte,  though  the  body  is  not 
usually  so  placed.  It  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Leeds 
(Plate  CXVll.) — which,  by  the  way,  are  an  example  of 
colour  upon  colour — Oldham  (Fig.  450),  Dewsbury,  and 
in  the  arms  of  the  family  of  Howatson  (Fig.  451). 


Fig.  451. — Armorial  bearings  of  Cliarles  Howatson,  Esq. :  tSable,  two 
clievronels  between  as  many  owls  in  chief  and  a  wolf's  head  erased 
argent  in  base.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries,  a  dexter  baud  couped  at  the  wrist  apaum^  proper. 
Motto  :  "Hinc  orior." 


The  Lark  will  be  found  in  many  cases  of  arms  or 
crests  for  families  of  the  name  of  Clarke,  and  also  in 
the  arms  of  Mylchreest  (Fig.  452). 


Fig.  452. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  George  Mylchreest,  Esq.  ; 
Azure,  a  cross  crosslet  argent,  in  chief  two  larks  with  wings 
elevated  and  addorsed  proper.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  rock  proper,  two  cross  crosslets 
or,  thereou  a  lark  as  in  the  arms.  Motto  ;  "  My  shegin  dy  ve  bee 
eh." 


The  Parrot,  or,  as  it  is  more  frequently  termed  her- 
aldically,  the  Pojnnjay,  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Saville,  i.e.  as  a  charge  upon  supporters :  "  Two  talbots 


181 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ermine,  each  gorged  witli  a  collar  wavy  sable  ;  pendent 
therefrom  an  escutcheon  or,  charged  with  a  popinjay 
vert,  collared  gules."  It  also  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Curzon:  "Argent,  on  a  bend  sable  three  popinjays 
or,  collared  gules." 

There  is  nothing  about  the  bird,  or  its  representations, 
which  needs  special  remark,  and  its  usual  heraldic 
form  follows  nature  pretty  closely. 

The  Moorcock  or  Heathcock  is  curious,  inasmuch  as 
there  are  two  distinct  forms  m  which  it  is  depicted. 
Neither  of  them  are  correct  from  the  natural  point  of 
view,  and  they  seem  to  be  pretty  well  interchangeable 
from  the  heraldic  point  of  view.  The  bird  is  always 
represented  with  the  head  and  body  of  an  ordinary  cock, 
but  sometimes  it  is  given  the  wide  flat  tail  of  black 
game,  and  sometimes  a  curious  tail  of  two  or  more  erect 
feathers  at  right  angles  to  its  body. 

Examples  of  the  latter  kind  will  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  Highmore  and  Middlemore,  and  of  the  former  kind  in 
Bartlett,  of  Liverpool  (Plate  XXXVIII.). 

Though  usually  represented  close,  it  is  sometimes 
with  open  wings,  as  in  the  crest  of  a  certain  family  of 
Moore. 

Many  other  birds  are  to  be  met  with  in  heraldry,  but 
they  have  nothing  at  all  especial  in  their  bearing,  and 
no  special  rules  govern  them. 

The  Lapwing,  under  its  alternative  names  of  Peewhit, 


The  Magpie   occurs  in   the  arms   of  Dusgate   (Fig. 
454),  and  in  those  of  Finch.'' 


Fig.  454.  —Armorial  bearings  o{  Eichard  Dusgate  Dusgate,  Gentleman  ; 
Argent,  three  magpies  proper.  Mantling  sable  and  argent;  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion's  bead  erased  sable. 

Woodward  mentions  an  instance  in  which  the  Bird  of 
Paradise  occurs  (p.  267) :  "  Argent,  on  a  terrace  vert,  a 
cannon  mounted  or,  supporting  a  Bird  of  Paradise  pro- 
per" [Rjevski  and  Yeropkin],  and  the  arms  of  Thornton 
show  upon  a  canton  the  Swedish  bird  tjader:  "  Ermine, 
a  chevron  sable  between  three  hawthorn  trees  eradicated 
.proper,  acanton  or,  thereon  the  Swedish  bird  tjader,  or 
cock  of  the  wood,  also  proper."  Two  similar  birds  were 
granted  to  the  late  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  'G.C.B.,  the 
father  of  the  present  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  G.C.B.,  as 
supporters,  he  being  a  Knight  Grand  Gross. 

Single  feathers  as  charges  upon  a  shield  are  sometimes 
met  with,  as  in  the  "  shield  of  peace  "  of  Edward  the 


Fig.  453. — Bookplate  of  Charles  Villiers  S.  Downes,  Esq. :  Per  pale 
sable  and  gules,  a  stag  lodged  argent,  holding  in  the  mouth  an  ear 
of  wheat  leaved  and  slipped  or,  between  four  garbs  saltirewise  of 
the  third  (for  Downes).  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  two  ears  of  wheat  leaved  and  slipped 
or,  a  lapwing  with  wings  addorsed  proper.  Motto  :  "  Soies 
content." 


Plover,  and  Tyrwhitt,  wUl  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
Downes  (Fig.  453).  Tyrwhitt,  and  Tweedy  (see  Plate 
XXVIII). 

The  Pheasant  will  be  found  in  the  crest  of  Scott- 
Gatty  (Fig.  262),  and  the  Kingfisher  in  many  cases  of 
arms  of  the  name  of  Fisher  (Plate  XXXVII.). 


Fig.  455.— The  "  Shield  of  Peace  "  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince  (d.  1376) : 
Sable,  three  ostrich  feathers  with  scrolls  argent.  (From  his  tomb 
in  Canterbury  Cathedral.) 

Black  Prince  (Fig.  455),  and  in  the  arms  of  Clarendon 
(Plate  LXVIL).  These  two  examples  are,  however,  deri- 
vatives from  the  historic  ostrich-feather  badges  of  the 
English  Royal  Family,  and  will  be  more  conveniently 
dealt  with  later  when  considering  the  subject  of  badges. 
The  single  feather  enfiled  by  the  circlet  of  crosses  patee 
and  fleurs-de-lis,  which  is  borne  upon  a  canton  of  aug- 
mentation upon  the  arms  of  Gull,  Bart.,  is  likewise  a 
derivative,  but  feathers  as  a  charge  occur  in  the  arms  of 
Jervis :  "  Argent,  six  ostrich  feathers,  three,  two,  and  one 
sable."  A  modern  coat  founded  upon  this,  in  which  the 
ostrich  feathers  are  placed  upon  a  pile,  between  two 
bombshells  fracted  in  base,  belongs  to  a  family  of  the 
sanie  name,  and  the  crest  granted  therewith  is  a  single 

h  Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Finch,  Gentleman :  Azure,  on  a 
chevron  engrailed  ermine,  between  three  gryphons  passant,  with  wings 
elevated  or,  a  lion's  head  erased  sable,  between  two  magpies  proper ; 
and  for  a  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  gryphon  segreant 
azure,  bezanti5,  the  wings  elevated  or,  holding  between  the  paws  an 
escocheon  ermine,  charged  with  a  lion's  head  erased  as  in  the  arms ; 
with  the  motto,  "Carpediem." 


182 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ostrich  feather  between  two  bombs  fired.    Cock's  feathers 
occur  as  charges  in  the  arms  of  Galpin  (Fig.  456). 


Fig.  456. — Armorial  bearings  of  tlie  Kev.  Arthur  John  Galpin,  il.A.;  Per 
chevron  gules  and  or,  two  cock's  feathers  in  chief  of  the  last,  and 
a  bear's  head  erased  in  base  sa  le.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest: 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cock's  head  erased  sable,  combed 
and  wattled  gules,  chai-ged  with  a  galtrap  between  two  cock's 
feathers  or.     Motto:  **  Vigilat  validus." 


In  relation  to  the  crest,  feathers  are  constantly  to  be 
found,  which  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  inasmuch  as 
fighting  and  tournament  helmets,  when  actually  in  use, 
frequently  did  not  carrj'  the  actual  crests  of  the  owners, 
but  were  simply  adorned  with  the  plume  of  ostrich 
feathers.  A  curious  instance  of  this  will  be  found  in  the 
case  of  the  family  of  Dymoke  of  Scrivelsby,  the  Honour- 
able the  King's  Champion.  The  crest  is  really:  "Upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  the  two  ears  of  an  ass  sable," 
though  other  crests  [''  i.  a  sword  erect  proper;  2.  a  lion 
as  in  the  arms  "]  are  sometimes  made  use  of  When  the 
Champion  performs  his  service  at  a  Coronation  the  shield 
which  is  carried  by  his  esquire  is  not  that  of  his  sove- 
reign, but  is  emblazoned  with  his  personal  arms  of 
Dymoke :  "Sable,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  argent,ducally 
crowned  or."  The  helmet  of  the  champion  is  decorated 
with  a  triple  plume  of  ostrich  feathers  and  not  with  the 
Dymoke  crest.  In  old  representations  of  tournaments 
and  warfare  the  helmet  will  far  oftener  be  found  simply 
adorned  with  a  plume  of  ostrich  feathers  than  with  a 
heritable  crest,  and  consequently  such  a  plume  has  re- 
mained in  use  as  the  crest  of  a  very  large  number  of 
families.  This  point  is,  however,  more  fully  dealt  with 
in  the  chapter  upon  crests. 

The  plume  of  ostri(3h  feaXhers  is,  moreover,  attributed 
as  a  crest  to  a  far  greater  number  of  famiUes  than  it 
really  belongs  to,  because  if  a  family  possessed  no  crest 
the  helmet  was  generally  ornamented  with  a  plume  of 
ostrich  feathers,  which  later  generations  have  accepted 
and  adopted  as  their  heritable  crest,  when  it  never  pos- 
sessed such  a  character.  A  notable  instance  of  this  will  bo 
found  in  the  crest  of  Astley,  as  given  in  the  Peerage  Books. 

The  number  of  feathers  in  a  plume  requires  to  be 
stated ;  it  will  usually  be  found  to  be  three,  five,  or 
seven,  though  sometimes  a  larger  number  are  met  with. 
When  it  is  termed  a  double  plume  they  are  arranged  in 
two  rows,  the  one  issuing  above  the  other,  and  a  triple 
plume  is  arranged  in  three  rows ;  and  though  it  is  correct 


to  speak  of  any  number  of  feathers  as  a  plume,  it  will 
usually  be  found  that  the  word  is  reserved  for  five  or 
more.  A  plume  of  three  feathers  would  simply  be  termed 
three  ostrich  feathers.  Whilst  they  are  usually  white 
they  are  also  found  of  varied  colours,  and  there  is  even 
an  instance  to  be  met  with  of  ostrich  feathers  of  ermine. 
When  the  feathers  are  of  different  colours  they  need  to 
be  carefully  blazoned  ;  if  alternately,  it  is  enough  to  use 
the  word  "  alternately,"  the  feather  at  the  extreme  dexter 
side  being  depicted  of  the  colour  first  mentioned.  In  a 
plume  which  is  of  three  colours,  care  must  be  used  in 
noting  the  arrangement  of  the  colours,  the  colours  first 
mentioned  being  that  of  the  dexter  feather;  the  others 
then  follow  from  dexter  to  sinister,  the  fourth  feather 
commencing  the  series  of  colours  again.  If  any  other 
arrangement  of  the  colours  occurs  it  must  be  specifically 
detailed.  The  rainbow-hued  plume  from  which  the 
crest  of  Sir  Reginald  Barnewall '  issues  is  the  most 
variegated  instance  I  have  met  with. 

Two  peacock's  feathers  in  saltire  will  be  found  in  the 
crest  of  a  family  of  Gatehouse,  and  also  occur  in  the 
crest  of  Crisp-Molineux-Montgomerie  (Fig.  684).  The 
pen  in  heraldry  is  always  of  course  of  the  quill  variety, 
and  consequently  should  not  be  mistaken  for  a  single 
feather.  Ostrich  and  other  feathers  are  very  fre- 
quently found  on  either  side  of  a  crest,  both  in 
British  and  Continental  armory  ;  but  though  often 
met  with  in  this  position,  there  is  nothing  peculiar 
about  this  use  in  such  character.  German  heraldry 
has  evolved  one  use  of  the  peacock's  feather,  or  rather 
for  the  eye  from  the  peacock's  feather,  which  happily 
has  not  yet  reached  this  country.  It  will  be  found 
adorning  the  outer  edges  of  evei-y  kind  of  object,  and 
it  even  occurs  as  a  kind  of  dorsal  fin  down  the  back  of 
animals  as  on  Plates  LXXIII.  and  LXXIV.  Bunches 
of  cock's  feathers  are  also  frequently  made  use  of 
for  the  same  purpose.  There  has  been  considerable 
diversity  in  the  method  of  depicting  the  ostrich  feather. 
In  its  earliest  form  it  was  stiff  and  erect  as  if  cut  from 
a  piece  of  board  (Fig.  455),  but  gradually,  as  the  realistic 
type  of  heraldic  art  came  into  vogue,  it  was  represented 
more  naturally  and  with  flowing  and  drooping  curves. 
Of  later  years,  however,  we  have  followed  the  example 
of  His  Majesty  when  Prince  of  Wales  and  reverted  to  the 
earlier  form,  and  it  is  now  very  general  to  give  to  the 
ostrich  feather  the  stiff  and  straight  appearance  which  it 
originall}'  possessed  when  heraldically  depicted.  Occa- 
sionally a  plume  of  ostrich  feathers  is  found  enclosed  in  a 
"  case,"  that  is,  wrapped  about  the  lower  part  similar  to  a 
bouquet,  and  this  form  is  the  more  usual  in  Germany. 

In  German  heraldi-y  these  plumes  are  constantly  met 
with  in  the  colours  of  the  arms,  or  charged  with  the 
whole  or  a  part  of  the  device  upon  the  shield.  This  is 
not  a  common  practice  in  this  country,  but  an  instance 
of  it  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Lord  Waldegrave : 
"  Per  pale  argent  and  gules.  Crest :  out  of  a  ducal 
coronet  or  a  plume  of  five  ostrich  feathers,  the  first  two 
argent,  the  third  per  pale  argent  and  gules,  and  the  last 
two  ffules."  "        A.  C.  F.-D. 


CHAPTER   XIX 

FISH 

HERALDRY  has  a  system  of  "  natural "  history  all 
its  very  own,  and  included  in  the  comprehensive 
heraldic  term  of  fish  are  dolphins,  whales,  and 
other  creatures.    There  are  certain  terms  which  apply  to 

'  Upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  from  a  plume  of  five  ostrich  feathers 
or,  gules,  azure,  vert,  and  argent,  a  falcon  rising  of  the  last ;  with  the 
motto,  "Malo  mori  quam  foedari." 


183 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


heraldic  fish  which  should  be  noted.  A  fish  in  a  hori- 
zontal position  is  termed  "  naiant,"  whether  it  is  in  or 
upon  water  or  merely  depicted  as  a  charge  upon  a  shield. 
A  fish  is  termed  "  hauriant "  if  it  is  in  a  perpendicular 
position,  but  though  it  will  usually  be  represented  with 
the  head  upwards  in  default  of  any  specific  direction  to  the 
contrary,  it  by  no  means  follows  that  this  is  always  the 
case,  and  it  is  more  correct  to  state  whether  the  head  is 
upwards  or  downwards,  a  practice  which  it  is  usually 
found  will  be  conformed  to.  When  the  charges  upon  a 
shield  are  simply  blazoned  as  "  fish,"  no  particular  care 
need  be  taken  to  represent  any  particular  variety,  but 
on  the  other  hand  it  is  not  in  such  cases  usual  to  add 
any  distinctive  signs  by  which  a  charge  which  is  merely 
a  fish  might  become  identified  as  any  particular  kind 
of  fish. 

The  heraldic  representations  of  the  Dolphin  are 
strangely  dissimilar  from  the  real  creature,  and  also 
show  amongst  themselves  a  wide  variety  and  latitude. 
It  is  early  foimd  in  heraldry,  and  no  doubt  its  great 
importance  in  that  science  is  derived  from  its  use  by 
the  Dauphins  of  France.  Concerning  its  use  by  these 
Princes  there  are  all  sorts  of  curious  legends  told,  the 
most  usual  being  that  recited  by  Berry. 

Woodward  refers  to  this  legend,  but  states  that  "  in 
1343  King  Philip  of  France  purchased  the  domains  of 
Humbert  III.,  Dauphin  de  Viennois,"  and  further  re- 
marks that  the  legend  in  question  "  seems  to  be  with- 
out solid  foundation."  But  neither  Woodward  nor  any 
other  writer  seems  to  have  previously  suggested  what  is 
doubtless  the  true  explanation,  that  the  title  of  Dauphin 
and  the  province  of  Viennois  were  a  separate  dignity  of 
a  sovereign  character,  to  which  were  attached  certain 
territorial  and  sovereign  arms  ["  Or,  a  dolphin  embowed 
azure,  finned  and  langued  gules"].  The  assumption  of 
these  sovereign  arms  with  the  sovereignty  and  territory 
to  which  they  belonged,  was  as  much  a  matter  of  course 
as  the  use  of  separate  arms  for  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster 
by  his  present  Majesty  King  Edward  VII.,  or  the  use  of 
separate  arms  for  his  Duchy  of  Cornwall  by  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales. 

The  arms  of  the  Dauphin  of  France  will  be  found  in 
Fig^  39  and  upon  Plate  CXXVIII. 

Berry  is  wrong  in  asserting  that  no  other  family  were 
permitted  to  display  the  dolphin  in  France,  because 
a  very  similar  coat  (but  with  the  dolphin  lifeless)  to 
that  of  the  Dauphin  was  quartered  by  the  family  of  La 
Tour  du  Pin,  who  claimed  descent  from  the  Dauphins 
d'Auvergne,  another   ancient    House  which   originally 


Fig.  457. — Arms  of  the  Grauff  voa  DJilffin  lett  och  in  Dalffinat  (Coiint 
von  Dalffin),  wbich  also  lies  in  Dauphin^  (from  Griinenberg's  "  Book 
of  Arms  ") ;  Argent,  a  dolphin  azure  within  a  bordure  compony  of 
the  first  and  second. 

bore  the  sovereign  title  of  Dauphin.  A  dolphin  was  the 
charge  upon  the  arms  of  the  Grauff  von  Dalftin  (Fig.  457). 
The  dolphin  upon  the  coat  of  the  Dauphin,  it  will  be 
noticed,  is  neither  naiant  nor  hauriant,  but  is  "  em- 
bowed,"  that  is,  with  the  tail  curved  towards  the  head. 


But  the  term  "  embowed  "  really  signifies  nothing  further 
than  "  bent "  in  some  way,  and  as  a  dolphin  is  never 
heraldically  depicted  straight,  it  is  always  understood 
to  be  and  usually  is  termed  "  embowed,"  though  it  will 
generally  be  "naiant  embowed"  or  "hauriant  em- 
bowed." The  dolphin  occurs  in  the  arms  of  many 
British  families,  e.g.  in  the  arms  of  Ellis  (Fig.  461), 
Monypenny,  Loder-Symonds,  Symonds-Taylor,  Fletcher, 
and  Stuart- French. 

Woodward  states  that  the  dolphin  is  used  as  a  sup- 
porter by  the  Trevelyans,  Burnabys,  &c.  In  this  state- 
ment he  is  clearly  incorrect,  for  neither  of  those  families 
are  entitled  to  or  use  supporters.  But  his  statement 
probably  originates  in  the  practice  which,  in  accordance 
with  the  debased  ideas  ot  artistic  decoration  at  one 
period  added  all  sorts  of  fantastic  objects  to  the  edges 
of  a  shield  for  purely  decorative  (!)  purposes.  The 
only  instance  within  my  knowledge  in  which  a  dol- 
phin figures  as  a  supporter  will  be  found  in  the  case 
of  the  arms  of  Waterford. 

The  Whale  is  seldom  met  with  in  British  armory,  one 
of  its  few  appearances  being  in  the  arms  of  Whalley, 
viz. :  "  Argent,  three  whales'  heads  erased  sable." 

The  crest  of  an  Irish  family  named  Yeates  is  said  to 
be :  "A  shark,  issuant  regardant  swallowing  a  man  all 
proper,"  and  the  same  device  is  also  attributed  to  some 
number  of  other  families. 

Another  curious  piscine  coat  of  arms  is  that  borne, 
but  still  unmatriculated,  by  Inveraray,  namely:  "The 
field  is  the  sea  proper,  a  net  argent  suspended  to  the 
base  from  the  dexter  chief  and  the  sinister  fess  points, 
and  in  chief  two  and  in  base  three  herrings  entangled  in 
the  net." 

Salmon  are  not  infrequently  met  with,  but  they  need 


Fig.  458. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  David  Lurosden,  Esq. :  Azure, 
a  ship  under  sail  between  two  wolves'  heads  couped  in  chief  and 
an  escallop  in  base,  all  within  a  bordure  argent.  Mantling  azure, 
doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest, 
an  eagle  preying  on  a  salmon  proper  ;  and  In  an  escroU  above  this 
motto,  "Fide  et  perseverantia." 

no  specific  description.  They  occur  in  the  arms  of 
Peebles,"  a  coat  of  arms  which  introduces  to  one's 
notice  the  term  "  contra-naiant."  The  explanation  of 
the  quaint  and  happy  conceit  of  these  arms  and 
motto  is  that  for  every  fish  which  goes  up  the  river  to 
spawn  two  return  to  the  sea.     A  salmon  on  its  back 

'^  Armorial  bearings  of  Peebles  :  Gules,  three  salmon  naiant  in  pale, 
the  centre  towards  the  dexter,  the  others  towards  the  sinister. 
Motto  :  "  Contra  nando  incrementum." 


184 


PLATE   LVII. 


•'•V(.V..i?R 


.MrT^W5,:3^y5JTiy^A^i^!?jf^^ 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF    CHISHOLM    GOODEN-CHISHOLM— "THE   CHISHOLM.' 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


figures  in  tte  arms  of  the  city  of  Glasg-ow  (Plate  CXVII.), 
and  also  in  the  arms  of  Lumsden  (Fig.  458)  and  Finlay 


Fig.  459. — Armorial  bearings  of  Major  John  Finlay  :  Argent,  on  a 
chevron  between  two  roses  in  chief  gules,  and  in  base  a  salmon 
on  its  back  proper,  with  a  signet  ring  in  its  mouth  or,  two  swords 
chevronwise,  points  downwards  of  the  first,  hilted  and  pommelled 
gold,  all  within  a  bordnre  of  the  second.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  hand  couped 
at  the  wrist  holding  a  sword  in  bend  all  proper.  Motto  :  "I'll  be 
wary." 

(Fig.  459),  whilst  Other  instances  of  salmon  occur  in 

the  arms  of  Blackett-Ord,  Sprot,  and  Wiiilaw  (Fig.  172). 

The  Serring  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Maconochie  (Fig. 

460),  the  RocLch  in  the  arms  of  Roche' ["Gules,  three 


Fig.  460. — Ajmorial  bearings  of  Archibald  White  Maconochie,  M.P. : 
Farted  per  fess  gules  and  gyronny  of  eight  or  and  sable,  in  chief 
two  herrings  hauriant  argent,  and  in  base  a  Ijmphad,  sails  furled, 
oars  in  saltire  all  proper,  flagged  gules.  Mantling  gules  and  or. 
Crest  :  on  a  -wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  demi-highlander  habited 
proper,  holding  in  his  dexter  hand  a  sheaf  of  arrows  also  proper  ; 
and  in  an  escroll  above,  this  motto,  **Nitiinar  et  munitnr." 


roaches  naiant  within  a  bordure  engrailed  argent.  Crest  : 
a  rock,  thereon  a  stork  close,  charged  on  the  breast 
with  a  torteau,  and  holding  in  his  dexter  claw  a  roach 
proper  "],  and  Trout  in  the  arms  of  Troutbeck  [  "Azure, 
three  trout  fretted  tete  a  la  queue  argent "].  The  same 
arrangement  of  three  fish  occurs  upon  the  seal  of 
Anstruther- Wester,  but  this  design  unfortunately  has 
never  been  matriculated  as  a  coat  of  arms. 

The  arms  of  Iceland  present  a  curious  charge,  which 
is  included  upon  the  Royal  shield  of  Denmark.  The 
coat  in  question  is :  "  Gules,  a  stockfish  argent,  crowned 
with  an  open  crown  or."  The  stockfish  is  a  dried  and 
cured  cod,  split  open  and  with  the  head  removed. 

A  Pike  or  Jack  is  more  often  termed  a  "  lucy "  in 
English  heraldry  and  a  "  ged  "  ia  Scottish.  Under  its 
various  names  it  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Lucas  *>  (Plate 
XXIII.)  and  Pj^ke. 

The  Eel  is  sometimes  met  with,  as  in  the  arms  of  Ellis 
(Fig.  461),  and  though,  as  Woodward  states,  it  is  always 


Fig.  461. — Armorial  bearings  of  Eichard  Adam  Ellis,  Esq.:  Per 
pale  argent  and  azure,  a  dolphin  naiant  embowed  between  two 
eels  also  naiant  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  azure  and  argent. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  sun  in  splendour, 
a  dolphin  naiant  proper,  charged  on  the  body  with  a  cross  couped 
sable.    Motto:  "Obsta," 

given  a  wavy  form,  the  term  "  ondoyant,"  which  he 
uses  to  express  this,  has  no  place  in  an  English 
armorist's  dictionary. 

The  Lobster  and  Crab  are  not  unknown  to  English 
armory,  being  respectively  the  crests  of  the  families 
of  Dykes  and  Bridger.  The  arms  of  Bridger  are: 
"  Argent,  a  chevron  engrailed  sable,  between  three  crabs 
gules."  Lobster  claws  are  a  charge  upon  the  arms  of 
Platt-Siggins. 

The  arms  of  Birt  are  given  in  Papworth  as :  "  Azure,  a 
birthfish  proper,"  and  of  Bersioh  as:  "Argent,  a  perch 
azure."  The  arms  of  Cobbe  (Bart.,  extinct)  are:  "Per 
chevron  gules  and  sable,  in  chief  two  swans  respecting 
and  in  base  a  herring  cob  naiant  proper."  The  arms 
of  Bishop  Robinson  of  Carlisle  were:  "Azure,  a  flying  fish 
in  bend  argent,  on  a  chief  of  the  second,  a  rose  gules 
between  two  torteaux,"  and  the  crest  of  Sir  Philip 
Oakley  Fysh  is :  "  On  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  issuant 


b  Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Lucas,  Esq.,  of  Foxhunt  Manor, 
Sussex ;  Per  chevron  vert  and  or,  in  chief  a  crescent  ermine,  between  two 
lucies  hauriant  of  the  second,  and  in  base  a  catherine-wheel  of  the  first. 
Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of 
three  caltraps  or,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  fox  passant  in  front  of  three  oak 
trees  proper.     Motto:  " Respice  finem.'* 

185  2  a 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


from  a  wreath  of  red  coral,  a  cubit  arm  vested  azure, 
cuft'ed  argent,  holding  in  the  hand  a  flying  fish  proper." 
The  coat  of  arms  of  Colston  of  Essex  is :  "  Azure,  two 
barbels  hauriant  respecting  each  other  argent,"  and  a 
barbel  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Binney  =  (Plate  XXXVIII.), 
and  "  Vert,  three  sea-breams  or  hakes  hauriant  argent"  is 
the  coat  of  arms  attributed  to  a  family  of  Dox  or  Doxey. 
"  Or,  three  chabots  gules "  is  the  crest  of  a  French 
family  of  the  name  of  Chabot.  "  Barry  wa\'y  of  six 
argent  and  gules,  three  crevices  (crayfish)  two  and  one 
or  "  is  the  coat  of  Atwater.  They  also  occur  in  another 
coat  for  the  same  name  illustrated  herein.  Codfish  occur 
in  the  arms  of  Beck,  dogfish  in  the  arms  of  Dodds, 
flounders  or  flukes  in  the  arms  of  Arbutt,  garvintishes 
in  the  arms  of  Garvey,  and  gudgeon  in  the  arms  of 
Gobion.  Papworth  also  includes  instances  of  mackerel, 
prawns,  shrimps,  soles,  sparlings,  sturgeon,  sea-urchins, 
turbots,  whales,  and  whelks.  The  whelk  shell  appears 
in  the  arms  of  Storey  (Plate  XV.).  A.  C.  ¥-D. 


CHAPTER    XX 

REPTILES 

IF  armorial  zoology  is  "  shaky  "  in  its  classification  of 
and  dealings  with  fish,  it  is  most  wonderful  when 
its  laws  and  selections  are  considered  under  the 
heading  of  reptiles.  But  with  the  exception  of  serpents 
(of  various  kinds),  the  remainder  must  have  no  more 
than  a  passing  mention. 

The  usual  heraldic  Serpent  is  most  frequently 
found  "  nowed,"  that  is  interlaced  in  a  knot.  There  is 
a  certain  well-understood  form  for  the  interlacing  which 
is  always  officially  adhered  to,  but  of  late  there  has 
manifested  itself  amongst  heraldic  artists  a  desire  to 
break  loose  to  a  certain  extent  from  the  stereotyped 
form.  A  serpent  will  sometimes  be  found  "  erect "  and 
occasionally  gliding  or  "  glissant,"  and  sometimes  it  will 
be  met  with  in  a  circle  with  its  tail  in  its  mouth — the 


constantly  accepted  as  the  sign  of  medicine,  and  many 
grants  of  arms  made  to  doctors  and  physicians  intro- 
duce in  some  way  either  the  serpent  or  the  rod  of  ^scu- 


FlG.  462. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Chaplin,  Gentleman  :  Or,  on  a 
less  sable,  between  two  serpents  nowed  vert,  a  Maltese  cross  be- 
tween as  many  crosses  potent  argent.  Mantling  sable  and  or. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  cross  potent  or, 
a caduceus  fesswise  proper.    Motto;  "  Lahore  et  fide." 

ancient  symbol  of  eternity.     Its  constant   appearance 
in  British  armory  is  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  what  is 

■^  Armorial  bearings  of  James  Binney,  Esq.,  M.A.,  of  Pampisford 
HaU,  Oambs. :  Per  saltire  or  and  azure,  four  horses'  heads  couped  at 
the  neck,  counterchanged.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  barbel  in  front  of  two  buUrushes  in  saltire 
proper. 


Fig.  463. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  William  Bartlett  Dalby  :  Barry  wavy 
of  six  gules  and  or,  on  a  pale  of  the  last,  between  two  doves  rising, 
a  rod  erect  entwined  by  a  serpent  proper.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is 
placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and 
or ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a 
dexter  arm  embowed  to  the  sinister,  lidding  in  the  hand  an  ancient 
lamp,  a  serpent  nowed  all  proper.     Motto  :  "  Probitas  verus  honos." 

lapius,  or  a  serpent  entwined  round  a  staff.  Serpents 
nowed  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Chaplin  (Fig.  462), 
and  Price  (see  Plate  XV.).  A  serpent  embowed  biting 
its  tail  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Falconer  (Fig.  429),  and 
in  the  crest  of  Walker.  A  serpent  entwined  round  a 
staff  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Dalby  (Fig.  463),  and 
other  coats  of  arms  in  which  the  serpent  occurs  are 
those  of  Sutton,  borne  in  pretence  by  Wall  (Fig.  464) 
and  Duignan  (Fig.  465).  A  serpent  on  its  back  is  to  be 
seen  in  the  arms  of  Backhouse  (Plate  XXXVII.).  Save 
for  the  matter  of  position,  the  serpent  of  British  armory 


Fig.  464. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Wall,  Esq.  ;  Party  per  fess  in- 
dented verfc  and  or,  in  chief  a  lymphad  sail  furled  of  the  last,  and 
in  base  a  bugle-horn  stringed  gules,  and  upon  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  the  arms  of  Sutton,  namely :  argent,  a  chaplet  of  oak 
vert,  fructed  or,  on  a  chief  azure,  a  serpent  nowed  or  and  a  dove 
argent  respecting  each  other.  Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-boy  affronts  resting  his 
dexter  hand  on  a  human  heart,  two  torches  in  saltire  fired  all 
proper.     Motto  :  "  Tute  celeriter  et  jucunde." 


186 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


is  always  drawn  in  a  very  naturalistic  manner.  Itis 
otherwise,  however,  in  Continental  armory,  where  the 
serpent  with  them  takes  up  a  position  closely  allied  to 
that  of  our  dragon.  It  is  even  sometimes  found  winged, 
and  the  arms  of  the  family  of  Visconti,  which  sub- 
sequently  came  into   use   as   the  arms  of  the  Duchy 

of  Milan  (Fig.  466),  have 
familiarised  us  as  far  as 
Continental  armory  is 
concerned  with  a  form 
of  serpent  which  is  very 
different  from  the  real 
animal  or  from  our  own 
heraldic  variety.  An- 
other instance  of  a  ser- 
pent will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  the  Irish  family 
of  Cotter,  which  are  : 
"Argent,  a  chevron  gules 
between  three  serpents 
proper,"  and  the  family 
of  Lanigan  O'Keefe  (Fig. 
252)  bear  in  one  quarter 
of  their  shield:    "Vert, 

Fig.  465. — Armorial  bearings  of  Williatn 
Heury  Duignan,  Gentleman  ;  Argent,  on  a 
mount  in  base  vert,  an  oak-tree,  the  stem 
entwined  with  two  serpents  interwoven  and 
respecting  each  other  all  proper ;  and  for  a 
crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  owl 
at  gaze  proper ;  with  the  motto,  "  Historia 
magistra  vitpe." 

three  lizards  in  pale  or."  The  family 
of  Cole  bear:  "Argent,  a  chevron 
gules  between  three  scorpions  re- 
versed sable,"  a  coat  of  arms  which 
is  sometimes  quoted  with  the  chev- 
ron and  the  scorpions  both  gules 
or  both  sable.  The  family  of  Freed 
of  Shropshire  bear  :  "  Azure,  three 
horse-leeches;"  and  the  family  of 
Whitby  bear :  "  Gules,  three  snakes 
coiled  or ;  on  a  chief  of  the  second, 
as  many  pheons  sable."  A  family 
of  Sutton  bears :  "  Or,  a  newt  vert, 
in  chief  a  lion  rampant  gules,  all 
within  a  bordure  of  the  last,"  and 
Papworth  mentions  a  coat  of  arms 
for  the  name  of  Ory :  "  Azure,  a 
chameleon  on  a  shady  ground  proper, 
in  chief  a  sun  or."  Another  coat 
mentioned  by  Papworth  is  the  arms 
of  Bume :  "  Gules,  a  stellion  serpent 
proper,"  though  what  the  creature 
may  be  it  is  impossible  to  imagine. 
Unfortunately,  when  one  comes  to 
examine  so  many  of  these  curious 
coats  of  arms,  one  finds  no  evidence 
that  such  families  existed,  and  that 
there  is  no  official  authority  or 
record  of  the  arms  to  which  refer- 
ence can  be  made.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  they  largely  consist  of 
misreadings  or  misinterpretations  of 
both  names  and  charges,  and  I  am 
sorely  afraid  this  remark  Ls  the  true 
explanation  of  what  otherwise  would 
be  most  strange  and  interesting 
curiosities  of  arms.  SirWalterSoott's 
little  story  in  "  Quentin  Durward  "  of 
Toison  d'Or,  who  depicted  the  "  cat 
looking  through  the  dairy  >vindow  " 
as  the  arms  of  Childebert,  and  bla- 


zoned it  "  sable  a  musion  passant  or,  oppressed  with  a 
trellis  gules,  clone  of  the  second,"  gives  in  very  truth  the 
real  origin  of  many  quaint  coats  of  arms  and  heraldic 
terms.  Ancient  heraldic  writers  seem  to  have  amused 
themselves  by  inventing  "  appropriate  "  arms  for  mytho- 
logical or  historical  personages,  and  I  verily  believe  that 
when  so  doing  they  never  intended  these  arms  to  stand 
for  more  than  examples  of  their  own  wit.  Their  credu- 
lous successors  incorporated  these  little  witticisms  in 
the  rolls  of  arms  they  collected,  and  one  can  only  hope 
that  in  the  distant  future  the  charming  drawings  of 
Mr.  E.  T.  Reed  which  have  appeared  in  Punch  may  not 
be  used  in  like  manner. 

There  are  but  few  instances  in  English  armory  in 
which  the  2'o((d  or  Frog  are  met  with.  In  fact,  the 
only  instance  which  one  can  recollect  is  the  coat  of  arms 
attributed  to  a  family  of  Botreaux,  who  are  said  to  have 
borne  :  "  Argent,  three  toads  erect  sable."  I  am  con- 
fident, however,  that  this  coat  of  arms,  if  it  ever  existed, 
and  if  it  could  be  traced  to  its  earliest  sources,  would  be 
found  to  be  really  three  buckets  of  water,  a  canting 
allusion  to  the  name.  Toads  of  course  are  the  charges  on 
the  mythical  arms  of  Pharamond  (see  Plate  LXXXVL). 
The  only  instance  I  have  come  across  of  a   snail  in 


Fig.  466. — Arms  of  the  Visconti,  Dukes  oE  Milan  :  Argent,  a  serpent  azure,  devouring  a  child 
(A  wood-carving  from  the  castle  of  Passau  at  the  turn  of  the  fifteenth  century.) 

187 


;ules. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


British  armory  is  the  coat  attributed  by  Papworth  to  the 
family  of  Bartan  or  Bertane  mentioned  by  Papworth, 
as  bearing,  "  Gules,  three  snails  argent  in  their  shells 

or."  This  coat,  how- 
ever, is  not  matricu- 
lated in  Scotland,  so 
that  one  cannot  be 
certain  that  it  was  ever 
borne.  It  occurs,  how- 
ever, as  the  crest  of  a 
family  named  Billers, 
and  is  attributed  also 
to  several  other  fami- 
lies as  a  crest. 

Lizards  appear  oc- 
casionally in  heraldry, 
though  morefrequently 
in  Irish  than  English  or 
Scottish  coats  of  arms. 
A  lizard  forms  part  of 
the  crest  of  SUIifant 
(Fig.  466),  and  a  hand 

Fig.  467.-Armorial  bearings  of  Arlhur    grasping  a  Mzard  is  the 

Onslow  Siliifant,  Esq.,  ot  Coombe,   crest  of  M'Carthy,  and 

N.  Devon :  Per  pale  sable  and  argent,  "  Azure,    three    lizards 

on  a  fess  between  two  boars  passant,  1)^1^1.             t          s 

the  one  In  chief  towards  the  dexter,  Or      the  first  quarter  ot 

the  other  in  base  towards  the  sinister,  the    arms   of    an   Irish 

twocrosscrossletsallcounterchanged.  familv  of  the  name   of 

Mantling  sable  and  argent.    Crest:  on  /^    ,  .   "^         1         i 

a  wreath  ot  the  colours,  at  the  foot  hotter,    who,   llOWever, 

of  a  cross  calvary  or,  a  lizard  proper,  blazon     these    charges 

Motto:  "Mens  conscia  recti."  ypgjj    ^i^ir    shield     as 

evetts.  The  family  of 
Enys,  who  bear :  "  Argent,  three  wyverns  volant  in 
pale  vert,"  probably  derive  their  arms  from  some  such 
source.  A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER   XXI 

INSECTS 

THE  insect  which  is  most  usually  met  with  in  her- 
aldry is  undoubtedly  the  Bee.  Being  considered, 
as  it  is,  the  symbol  of  industry,  small  wonder  that 
it  has  been  so  frequently  adopted.  It  is  usually  repre- 
sented as  if  displayed  upon  the  shield,  and  it  is  then 
termed  volant,  though  of  course  the  real  term  which  will 
sometimes  be  found  used  is  "volant  en  arriere."  It 
occurs  in  the  arms  of  Doree,  Beatson,  Abercromby  (Plate 
XXXIX.).  Samuel  (Fig.  468),  and  Sewell  (Fig.  469),  either 
as  a  charge  or  as  a  crest.  Its  use,  however,  as  a  crest  is 
slightly  more  varied,  inasmuch  as  it  is  found  walking  in 
profile,  and  with  its  wings  elevated,  and  also  perched  upon 
a  thistle  as  in  the  arms  of  Ferguson  (Plate  XXXIlL). 
A  bee-hive  "  with  bees  diversely  volant "  occurs  in 
the  arms  of  Rowe,  and  the  popularity  of  the  bee  in 
British  armory  is  doubtless  due  to  the  frequent  desire 
to  perpetuate  the  fact  that  the  foundation  of  a  house 
has  been  laid  by  business  industry.  The  fact  that  the 
bee  was  adopted  as  a  badge  by  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
gave  it  considerable  importance  in  French  armory,  in- 
asmuch as  he  assumed  it  for  his  own  badge,  and  the 
mantle  and  pavilion  around  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 
Empire  were  seme  of  these  insects.  They  also  appeared 
upon  his  own  coronation  mantle.  He  adopted  them 
under  the  impression,  which  may  or  may  not  be  correct, 
that  they  had  at  one  time  been  the  badge  of  Childeric, 
father  of  Clovis.  The  whole  story  connected  with  their 
assumption  by  Napoleon  has  been  a  matter  of  much 
controversy,  and  little  purpose  would  be  served  by  going 
into  the  matter  here,  but  it  may  be-added  that  Napoleon 


changed  the  fleur-de-lis  upon  the  chief  in  the  arms  of 
Paris  to  golden  bees  upon  a  chief  of  gules,  and  a  chief 


Fig. 468.— Armorial  bearings  of  .Staart  Montagu  Samuel,  Esq. :  Vert, 
two  bars  between  seven  bees  volant,  four  in  chief  and  three  in  base  or, 
on  a  chief  nebuly  of  the  last,  three  roses  sable.  Mantling  vert  and  or. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  a  rose  argent, 
barbed,  seeded,  stalked  and  leaved  proper,  between  two  bees  volant 
also  proper.     Motto  :  "  Excel." 

azure,  seme  of  bees  or,  was  added  as  indicative  of  their 
rank  to  the  arms  of  "  Princes-Grands-Dignitaries  of  the 
Empire."     A  bee-hive  occurs  as  the  crest  of  a  family 


l'"IG.  469. — Armorial  bearings  of  Col.  Thomas  Davies  Sewell,  Esq.^ 
F.R.A.S.,  F.R.S.L, :  Gules,  a  pale  argent  surmounted  by  a:  chevron 
invected  counterchanged  between  two  escutcheons  in  chief  of 
the  second  and  one  in  base  of  the  first,  each  charged  with  a  bee 
volant  proper.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  pomme  charged  with  a  bee  as  in  the  arms,  en- 
circled by  a  wreath  of  oak  fruoted  proper;  with  the  motto,  "Non 
nobis  nascimus." 

named  Gwatkin,  and  also  upon  the  arms  of  the  family 
of  Kettle  of  Wolverhampton. 

The  Orasshopper  is  most  familiar  as  the  crest  of  the 
family  of  Gresham,  and  this  is  the  origin  of  the  golden 
grasshoppers  which  are  so  constantly  met  with  m  the 
city  of  London.  "  Argent,  a  chevron  sable  between  three 
grasshoppers  vert "  is  the  coat  of  arras  of  Woodward 
of  Kent.  Two  of  them  figure  in  the  arms  of  Treacher, 
which  are  now  quartered  by  Bowles.  ,  i 


188 


PLATE   LVIII. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF   THE   EARL    OF   ABERDEEN,  G.C.M.G. 
Reproduced  in'  Facsimile  from  the  Painting  by  Mr  Graham  Johnston  in  Lyon  Register. 


,^!^^^:- 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Ants  are  but  seldom  met  with.  "  Argent,  six  ants, 
three,  two,  and  one  sable,"  is  a  coat  given  by  Papworth 
to  a  family  of  the  name  of  Tregent;  "Vert,  an  ant 
argent,"  to  Kendiffe ;  and  "  Argent,  a  chevron  vert  be- 
tween three  beetles  proper"  are  the  arms  attributed 
by  the  same  authority  to  a  family  named  Muschamp. 
There  can  be  little  doubt,  however,  that  these  "  beetles  " 
should  be  described  as  flies. 

Butterflies  figure  in  the  arms  of  PapUlon  ["Azure,  a 
chevron  between  three  butterflies  volant  argent"]  and 
in  the  arms  of  Penhellicke  ["Sable,  three  butterflies 
volant  argent "]. 

Gadjlies  are  to  be  found  in  a  coat  of  arms  for  the 
name  of  Adams  ["  Per  pale  argent  and  gules,  a  chevron 
between  three  gadflies  counterchanged "].  "Sable,  a 
hornet  argent"  is  one  blazon  for  the  arms  of  Bollord 
or  BoUoure,  but  elsewhere  the  same  coat  is  blazoned : 
"  Sable,  a  harvest-fly  in  pale  volant  en  arriere  argent." 
Harvest  flies  were  the  charges  on  the  arms  of  the  lat^ 
Sir  Edward  Watkin,  Bart. 

The  arms  of  Bassano  (really  of  foreign  origin  and  not 
an  English  coat)  are :  "  Per  chevron  vert  and  argent,  in 
chief  three  silkworm  flies  palewise  en  arriere,  and  in 
base  a  mulberry  branch  all  counterchanged."  "  Per  pale 
gules  and  azure,  three  stag-beetles,  wings  extended  or," 
is  assigned  by  Papworth  to  the  Cornish  family  of  Dore, 
but  elsewhere  these  charges  (under  the  same  name) 
appear  both  as  bees,  gadflies,  and  flies.  "  Or,  three 
spiders  azure"  is  quoted  as  a  coat  for  Chettle.  A 
spider  also  figures  as  a  charge  on  the  arms  of  Macara 
(Fig.  470).  The  crest  of  Thorndike  of  Great  Carleton, 
Lincolnshire,  is ;  "  On  a  wreath  of  the  colours  a  damask 


^  €Cjc  JL^thfis  --s>^si'^ 


0iaPi<sm'V^ri^ki  0^^.$m@. 


Fig.  470. — The  Bookplate  of  Chas.  W.  Macara. 
by  Mr.  Graham  Johnston.) 


(From  a  design 


rose  proper,  leaves  and  thorns  vert,   at  the  bottom  of 
the  shield  a  beetle  or  scarabieus  proper." 

Woodward,  in  concluding  his  chapter  upon  insects, 
quotes  the  arms  of  the  family  of  PuUici  of  Verona,  viz. : 
"  Or,  seme  of  fleas  sable,  two  bends  gules,  surmounted 
by  two  bends  sinister  of  the  same." 

A  C.  E-D. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

TREES,  LEAVES,  ERUITS,  AND   FLOWERS 

THE  vegetable  kingdom  plays  an  important  part 
in  heraldry.  Trees  will  be  found  of  all  varieties 
and  in  all  numbers,  and  though  little  difterence 
is  made  in  the  appearance  of  many  varieties  when  they 
are  heraldically  depicted,  for  canting  purposes  the  various 
names  are  carefully  preserved.  When,  however,  no  name 
is  specified,  they  are  generally  drawn  after  the  fashion 
of  oak-trees. 

A  Hurst  of  Trees  figures  both  on  the  shield  and  in 
the  crest  of  France-Hayhurst  (Fig.  471),  and  in  the  arms 


Fig.  471. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Hosken  France-Hayhurst,  Esq. : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  chevron  sable  and  or,  in  chief  two  crosses 
pat^e  fitchee,  and  in  base  a  pair  of  wings  conjoined  and  elevated 
counterchanged  {for  Hayburst) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  on  a  mount  in 
base  a  hurst  proper,  on  a  chief  wavy  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or 
(for  France).  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting 
his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  or;  and  for  his  crests,  I. 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cubit  arm  proper,  holding  in  the 
hand  a  cross  patee  fitchee  or,  between  two  wings  sable,  each 
charged  with  an  annulet  gold  (for  Hayhurst) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  mount,  thereon  a  hurst  as  in  the  arms,  from  the 

^'  centre  tree  pendent  by  a  strap  azure  a  shield  gules,  charged  with 
a  fleur-de-lis  or  (for  France).     Motto  :  "  Virtus  semper  viridis." 

of  Lord  Lismore  ["  Argent,  in  base  a  mount  vert,  on  the 
dexter  side  a  hurst  of  oak-trees,  therefrom  issuing  a 
wolf  passant  towards  the  sinister,  all  proper  "]. 

A  hurst  of  elm  -  trees  very  properly  is  the  crest  of 
the  family  of  Elmhurst. 

Under  the  description  of  a  forest,  trees  figure  in  the 
arms  of  Forrest." 

The  arms  of  Walkinshaw  of  that  Ilk  are :  "  Argent,  a 
grove  of  fir-trees  proper,"  and  Walkinshaw  of  Barrow- 
field  and  Walkinshaw  of  London  have  matriculated 
more  or  less  similar  arms. 

The  Oak-Tree  is  of  course  the  tree  most  frequently 
met  with.  Perhaps  the  most  famous  coat  in  which  it 
occurs  will  be  found  in  the  arms  granted  to  Colonel 
Carlos,  to  commemorate  his  risky  sojourn  with  King 
Charles  in  the  oak-tree  at  Bosoobel,  after  the  King's 
flight  subsequent  to  the  ill-fated  battle  of  Worcester. 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Forrest  (Australia) :  Argent,  on  a  mount,  a 
forest  of  trees  proper,  on  a  chief  azure,  three  stars  of  eight  points 
of  the  first.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his 
degree,  with  a  mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of 
his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  cubit  arm  erect,  vested  azure,  the  cuff 
argent,  holding  in  the  hand  proper  a  cross  botonny  fitchee  in  bend 
sinister  of  the  second,  and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto, 
"  Vivunt  dum  virent." 


189 


THE   ART    OF   HERALDRY 


The  coat  was :  "  Or,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  an  oak- 
tree  proper,  fructed  or,  surmounted  by  a  fess  gules, 
charged  with  three  imperial  crowns  of  the  third."  Other 
instances  of  the  oak-tree  will  be  found  in  the  arras  'of 
Rothe  (Fig.  353),  Daugleish'^  (Plate  XXXVI,),  Macara 
(Fig.  470),  and  in  the  crest  of  Swinton  (Plate  LXHI.). 

When  a  tree  issues  from  the  gi'ound  it  will  usually  be 
blazoned  "  issuant  from  a  mount  vert,"  but  when  the 
roots  are  shown  it  is  termed  "  eradicated." 

Fir-Trees  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Greg,  Melles 


Fig.  472. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Farquharson  :  Quartei'ly,  i  and  4, 
argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules  ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  fir-tree  growing  out 
of  a  mount  in  base  proper,  on  a  chief  gules,  the  banner  of  Scot- 
land displayed,  a  canton  ermine,  charged  with  a  dagger  proper 
point  dowDwai'ds.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules, 
holding  in  his  dexter  paw  a  sword  erect  proper,  hilted  and  pom- 
melled or;  and  in  an  escroll  above  this  motto,  "  Kide  et  for- 
titudine;"  and  below  the  shield,  "I  force  nae  frien ;  I  fear 
nae  fae." 

(Plate  XV.),  F*e  la  Ferte  (Fig.   102),  and  Farquharson 
(Fig.  472  X 

A    Cedar-Tree    occurs    in    the    arms    of    Montefiore 


Fig.  473. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  MacMurrogh-Murphy,  Esq., 
"  The  O'Morchoe " :  Argent,  a  hawthorn-tree  eradicated  vert, 
fructed  gules,  on  a  chief  of  tlie  last,  a  lion  passant  guardant  or. 

*>  Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  William  Daugleish,  Esq. :  Argent, 
an  oak-tree  eradicated  and  lying  fesswise  proper  between  two  cres- 
cents in  chief  gules  and  a  pheou  in  base  azure.  Upon  the  escutcheon 
is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules,  doubled 
argent ;  and  upon  a  wreatli  of  bis  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  camel's 
head  and  neck  couped  proper  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Be  hardy." 


["  Argent,  a  cedar-tree,  between  two  mounts  of  flowers 
proper,  on  a  chief  azure,  a  dagger  erect  proper,  pommel 
and  hilt  or,  between  two  mullets  of  six  points  gold  "], 
and  a  hawthorn-tree  in  the  arras  of  MacMurrogh-Murphy 
(Fig.  473),  Thornton «  (Plate  XXII.),  and  the  crest  of 
Kynnersley. 

A  Mcqyle-Tree  figures  in  the  arms  of  Lord  Mount- 
Stephen  ["  Or,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  raaple-tree  proper,  in 
chief  two  fleurs-de-lis  azure  "],  and  in  the  crest  of  Lord 
Strathcona  ["On  a  raount  vert,  a  maple-tree,  at  the 
base  thereof  a  beaver  gnawing  the  trunk  all  proper  "]. 

A  Cocoanut-Tree  is  the  principal  charge  in  the  arms 
of  Glasgow  (now  Robertson-Glasgow)  of  Montgrennan, 
matriculated  in  1807  ["Argent,  a  cocoanut-tree  fructed 
proper,  growing  out  of  a  mount  in  base  vert,  on  a  chief 
azure,  a  shakefork  between  a  martlet  on  the  dexter  and 
a  salmon  on  the  sraister  argent,  the  last  holding  in  the 
raouth  a  ring  or"]. 

The  arms  of  Cliflbrd  (Fig.  474)  afford  an  instance  of 
a  Coffee-Tree,  and  the  coat  of  Chambers'' has  a  negro 
cutting  down  a  Sitgar-Cane. 


Fig.  47^].— Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Clifford,  Esq.,  K.C.  :  Or,  on 
a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  coffee-tree  proper  within  a  bordure  engrailed 
corapony  sable  and  gules,  charged  with  eight  bezants.  Mantling 
vert  and  or.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a 
demi-infant  affronts  (representing  the  infant  Hercules)  grasping 
in  each  hand  elevated  a  serpent  entwined  around  the  arm,  and 
respecting  each  other,  a  serpent  nowed  all  proper.  Motto  :  "Nee 
sine  labore  fructus." 

A  Palm-Tree  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Besant  and  in  the 
armorials  of  many  other  families.  The  crest  of  Grimke- 
Drayton   affords  an  instance   of  the  use  of  palmetto- 

*^  Armorial  bearings  of  Thornton  (Yorkshire) :  Argent,  a  chevron 
sable  between  three  thorn  trees  proper.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  argent 
and  vert,  a  lion's  head  erased  purpure,  gorged  with  a  ducal  coronet  or. 

d  Armorial  bearings  of  George  Frederick  Chambers,  Esq.  ;  Argent, 
on  a  mount  in  base,  a  negro  cutting  with  a  bill  a  sugar-cane  all  proper, 
nn  a  chief  azure  two  pine-apples  or,  leaved  and  crowned  of  the  last. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an 
arm  in  armour  embowed  proper,  charged  with  a  cross  couped  gules, 
holding  in  the  hand  proper  a  scimitar  argent,  hilt  and  pommel  or. 
Motto:  " Vi  et  virtute." 


190 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


trees.     An   Olive-Tree  is    the  crest   of  Tancred,  and  a 
Laurel-Tree  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Somers  (Fig.  475). 


A  Moxintain-Ash  figures  in  the  shield  and  crest  of 
Wigan  (Fig.  476),  and  a   Walnut-Tree  is  the  crest  of 


Fig.  475. — Armorial  bearings  of  Benjamin  Edward  Someis,  Esq, : 
Quarterly  of  fifteen,  i  and  15,  partly  per  fess  vert  and  sable,  a 
fess  dancette  ermine,  cotised  argent,  between  a  wolf's  liead  erased 
in  chief,  and  an  escallop  in  base  of  the  fourth ;  2.  vert,  gutte- 
d'eau,  three  chevronels  between  as  many  wolves'  heads  erased 
ermine  ;  3.  or,  a  chevron  between  three  eagles  displayed  vert;  4. 
azure,  three  bendlets  within  a  bordure  argent;  5.  argent,  a  chevron 
sable,  in  cliief  a  label  of  three  points  gules ;  6.  argent,  a  chevron 
between  in  chief  two  crosses  patee,  and  in  base  a  saltire  sable;  7. 
argent,  three  moor-cocks  sable  ;  8.  or,  on  a  chevron  gules,  three 
martlets  argent  ;  9.  azure,  two  bars  between  eight  martlets,  three, 
two  and  three  or  ;  10.  azure,  a  chevron  between  three  chess-rooks 
or;  II.  argent,  two  bars  gules,  on  a  canton  of  the  last,  a  lion 
passant  guardant  or;  12.  or,  a  fleur-de-lis  azure;  13.  azure,  a 
chevron  argent,  between  three  pears  or;  14.  argent,  a  chevron 
engrailed  between  three  roses  gules,  seeded  or.  Mantling  vert 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  laurel-tree  sus- 
pended therefrom  a  cuirass  with  tasses  proper,  on  either  side  of 
the  tree  an  escallop  or,  and  in  front  thereof  a  tilting-spear  fess- 
wise  also  proper ;  with  the  motto,  *'  Prodesse  quam  conspici." 

Cypress-Trees  are  quoted  by  Papworth  in  the  arms  of 
Birkin,  probably  an  error  for  birch-trees,  but  the  cypress 
does  occur  in  the  arms  of  Tardy,  Comte  de  Montravel 
["  Argent,  three  cypress-trees  eradicated  vert,  on  a  chief 
gules,  as  caany  bezants "]  and  "  Or,  a  willow  (salis) 
proper "  is  the  coat  of  the  Counts  de  Salis  (now  Fane- 
de-Salis). 

The  arms  of  Sweetland,  granted  in  i  So8,  are :  "  Argent, 
on  a  mount  vert,  an  orange-tree  fructed  proper,  on  a 
chief  embattled  gules,  three  roses  of  the  field,  barbed 
and  seeded  also  proper." 


FjG.  476. — Armorial  bearings  of  Wigan  :  Vair,  on  a  pile  or  a  mount  in 
base  vert,  thereon  a  mountain  ash-tree  proper.  Mantling  azure 
and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount 
a  mountain  ash-tree  surmounted  by  a  rainbow  all  proper;  with 
the  motto,  "  Carpe  Diem." 

Waller,  of  Groombridge  ["  On  a  mount  vert,  a  walnut- 
tree  proper,  on  the  sinister  side  an  escutcheon  pendent, 
charged  with  the  arms  of  France,  and  thereupon  a  label 
of  three  points  argent."] 

The  arms  of  Arkwright  (Fig.  477)  afford  an  example 
of  a  Cotton-Tree. 


Fig.  477. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  William  Arkwright,  Esq.: 
Argent,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  cotton-tree  fructed  proper  ;  on  a  chief 
azure,  between  two  bezants,  an  escutcheon  of  the  field  charged 
with  a  bee  volant  proper.  Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  eagle  rising  or,  in  its  beak  an  escutcheon 
pendent  by  a  ribbon  gules,  thereon  a  hank  of  cotton  argent. 
Motto  :  "Multa  tuli  fecique." 

The  curious  crest  of  Sir  John  Leman,  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  affords  an  instance  of  a  Lemon-Tree  ["  In  a 
lemon-tree  proper,  a  pelican  in  her  piety  proper  "]. 

The  arms  of  a  family  whose  name  appears  to  have 
been  variously  spelled  Estwere,  Estwrey,  Estewer,  Esto- 
wer,  and  Esture,  have :  "  Upon  an  argent  field  a  tree  prq- 


191 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


per,"  variously  described  as  an  apple-tree,  an  ash-tree,  and 
a  cherry-tree.  The  probabilities  largely  point  to  its  being 
an  ash-tree.  "  Or,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  pear-tree 
fructed  proper  "  is  the  coat  of  arms  of  Pyrton  or  Pery- 
ton,  and  the  arms  granted  in  1591  to  Dr.  Lopus,  a 
physician  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  were :  "  Or,  a  pomegranate- 
tree  eradicated  vert,  fructed  gold,  supported  by  a  hart 
rampant  proper,  crowned  and  attired  of  the  first." 

A  Poplar- Tree  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Gandolfi  (Fig. 
82),  but  probably  the  prime  curiosity  must  be  the  coat  of 
Abank,  which  Papworth  gives  as :  "  Argent,  a  China- 
cokar  tree  vert."  Its  botanical  identity  remains  a 
mystery. 

Trunks  of  Trees  for  some  curious  reason  play  a  pro- 
minent part  in  heraldry.  The  arms  of  Borough,  of 
Chetwynd  Park,  granted  in  1702,  are  :  "Argent,  on  a 
mount  in  base,  in  base  the  trunk  of  an  oak-tree  sprout- 
ing out  two  branches  proper,  with  the  shield  of  Pallas 
hanging  thereon  or,  fastened  by  a  belt  gules,"  and  the 
arms  of  Houldsworth  (1868)  of  Gonaldston,  co.  Notts, 
are :  "  Ermine,  the  trunk  of  a  tree  in  bend  raguly  eradi- 
cated at  the  base  proper,  between  three  foxes'  heads,  two 
in  chief  and  one  in  base  erased  gules."  But  it  is  as  a 
crest  that  this  figure  of  the  withered  trunk  sprouting 
again  is  most  often  met  with,  it  being  assigned  to  no 
less  than  forty-three  families. 

In  England  again,  by  one  of  those  curious  fads  by 
which  certain  objects  are  repeated  over  and  over  again 
in  spite  of  their  unsuitability,  tree-trunks  fesswise  eradi- 
cated and  sprouting  are  constantly  met  with  either  as 
the  basis  of  the  crest  or  placed  "  in  front  of  it "  to  help  in 
providing  necessary  differences  and  distinctions  in  a  new 
grant.  An  example  of  such  use  of  it  will  be  found  in 
the  arms  of  the  town  of  Abergavenny  (Fig.  348). 

Stocks  of  Trees  "  couped  and  eradicated  "  are  by  no 


Fig.  47S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Jolin  Duncan  Inverarity :  Gales,  on  a 
chevron  or,  between  six  arrows  in  chief,  three  and  three,  the 
points  upwards,  two  saltirewise  and  one  in  pale,  plumed  and 
banded  argent,  and  in  base  a  hunting-horn  stringed  of  the  third, 
an  elephant's  liead  couped  sable.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  rose-bush  proper.  Motto:  "Semper 
floreat." 

means  uncommon.  They  figure  in  the  arms  of  the 
Borough  of  Woodstock :  "  Gules,  the  stump  of  a  tree 
couped  and  eradicated  argent,  and  in  chief  three  stags' 
heads  caboshed  of  the  same,  all  within  a  bordure  of  the 
last  charged  with  eight  oak-leaves  vert." 


They  also  occur  in  the  arms  of  Grove,  of  Shenston  Park, 
CO.  Stafford,  and  in  the  arms  of  Stubbs''  (Plate  XIV.). 

The  arms  matriculated  in  Lyon  Register  by  Capt. 
Peter  Winchester  (<■.  1672-7)  are:  "Argent,  a  vine 
growing  out  of  the  base,  leaved  and  fructed,  be- 
tween two  papingoes  endorsed  feeding  upon  the 
clusters  all  proper."  The  vine  also  appears  in  the 
arms  of  Ruspoli  (impaled  by  Chamberlayne)  (Fig.  331), 
and  the  family  of  .Archer-Houblon  bear  for  the  latter 
name :  "  Argent,  on  a  mount  in  base,  three  hop-poles 
erect  with  hop-vines  all  proper." 

The  town  of  St.  Ives  (Cornwall)  has  no  authorised 
arms,  but  those  usually  attributed  to  the  town  are : 
"  Argent,  an  ivy  branch  overspreading  the  whole  field 
vert." 

"  Gules,  a  flaming  bush  on  the  top  of  a  mount  proper, 
between  three  lions  rampant  argent,  in  the  flanks  two 
roses  of  the  last "  is  the  coat  of  Brander  (now  Dunbar- 
Brander)  of  Pitgavenny.  Holly-bushes  are  also  met 
with,  as  in  the  crest  of  Daubeney  (Plate  XXXVL), 
Crackanthorpe,  and  a  rose-bush  as  the  crest  of  Inver- 
arity  (Fig.  478). 

The  arms  of  Owen,  co.  Pembroke,  are :  "  Gules,  a  boar 
argent,  armed,  bristled,  collared,  and  chained  or  to  a 
holly-bush  on  a  mount  in  base  both  proper." 

A  Fern-Brake  is  another  stock  object  used  in  design- 
ing modern  crests,  and  will  be  seen  in  the  cases  of  Harter 
(Fig.  479),  Scott-Gatty  (Fig.  262),  and  Lloyd  (Fig.  367). 


Fig.  479. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Loyd  Foster  Harter,  Esq. :  Ar- 
gent, a  lion  rampant  double-queued  between  three  mullets  of  six 
points  azure,  pierced  of  the  field.  Mantling  azure  and  argent. 
Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  stag  springing  from  a  fern- 
brake  proper,  and  gorged  with  a  collar  azure.  Motto  :  "  Deo 
omnia." 

Branches  are  constantly  occurring,  but  they  are 
usually  oak,  laurel,  palm,  or  holly.  They  need  to  be 
distinguished  from  "  sUps,"  which  are  much  smaller 
and  with  fewer  leaves.  Definite  rules  of  distinction 
between   e.g.   an  acorn  "  slipped,"   a  slip  of  oak,  and 

e  Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Stubbs,  Esq.,  J.P.,  D.L.,  of  Danby,  co. 
Donegal :  Sable,  on  a  bend  between  three  pheons  or,  as  many  round 
buckles  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  second  three  stumps  of  trees  eradi- 
cated proper.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  stump  of  a  tree 
eradicated  proper,  thereon  a  demi-eagle  displayed  or,  collared  sable, 
holding  in  the  beak  an  oak  branch  also  proper ;  with  the  motto, 
"  Dominus  exaltatio  mea." 


192 


PLATE   LIX. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


an  oak-branoh  have  been  laid    down  by  purists,  but     Aikman  (Fig.  481),  and  another,  which  is  rather  curious, 
no   such   minute   detail    is   officially   observed,   and  it     in  the  crest  of  Accrington.' 

Oak-Slips,  on  the  other  hand,  occur  in  the  arms  of 
Baldwin  (Fig.  373). 

A  Palm-Branch  occurs  in  the  crests  of  Innes,  Chafy, 
and  Corfield. 

Laicrel-Branches  occur  in  the  arms  of  Cooper  (Fig. 
482),  and  sprigs  of  laurel  in  the  arms  of  Meeking. 


Fig.  4S0. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lloyd,  of  Dolobran  ;  Azure,  a  chevron 
between  three  cocks  argent,  wattled,  crested,  and  armed  or. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
in  front  of  a  fern-brake  proper,  a  goat  salient  argent,  armed  and 
unguled  or,  gorged  with  a  collar  flory  counterliory  sable.  Motto  : 
*'Esto  vigilans." 


seems  better  to  leave  the  point  to  general  artistic 
discretion ;  the  colloquial  difference  between  a  sUp 
and  a  branch  being  quite  a  sufficient  guide  upon  the 
point. 

An  example  of  an  Oah-Bra'iich  occurs  in  the  arms  of 


Fig.  4S2. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Alexander  Cooper,  Esq.  ; 
Argent,  a  chevron  gules,  between  two  laurel-branches  in  chief 
vert  and  a  wolf's  head  erased  of  the  second  in  base.  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  dexter 
hand  grasping  a  wolf's  head  erased  all  proper.  Motto:  "  Virtute 
et  fortitu<£ne." 


Holly-Branches  are  chiefly  found  in  the  arms  of 
families  named  Irvine  or  Irwin,  but  they  are  invariably 
blazoned  as  "  sheaves  "  of  holly  or  as  holly-branches  of 
three  leaves.  To  a  certain  extent  this  is  a  misnomer, 
because  the  so-called  "  branch  "  is  merely  three  hoUy- 
leaves  tied  together. 

"  Argent,  an  almond-slip  proper  "  is  the  coat  of  arms 
attributed  to  a  family  of  Almond,  and  Papworth  assigns 
"Argent,  a  barberry- branch  fructed  proper  "  to  Berry. 

"Argent,  three  sprigs  of  balm  flowered  proper"  is 
stated  to  be  the  coat  of  a  family  named  Balme,  and 
"  Argent,  three  teasels  slipped  proper "  the  coat  of 
Bowden.  A  teasle  on  a  canton  figures  in  the  arms  of 
Chichester-Constable. 

The  Company  of  Tobacco-Pipe  Makers  in  London,  in- 
corporated in  the  year  1663,  bore :  "  Argent,  on  a  mount 
in  base  vert,  three  plants  of  tobacco  growing  and  flower- 
ing all  proper."  The  crest  recently  granted  to  Sir 
Thomas  Lipton,  Bart.  ["  On  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two 
arms  in  saltire,  the  dexter  surmounted  by  the  sinister 
holding  a  sprig  of  the  tea-plant  erect,  and  the  other  a 
like  sprig  of  the  coffee-plant  both  slipped  and  leaved 
proper,  vested  above  the  elbow  argent"],  affords  an 
example  of  both  the  coffee-plant  and  the  tea-plant, 
which  have  both  assisted  him  so  materially  in  piling 
up  his  immense  fortune.  "  Or,  three  birch-twigs  sable  " 
is  the  coat  of  Birches,  and  "  Or,  a  bunch  of  nettles 
vert "  is  the  coat  of  MaUerby  of  Devonshire.  The  pun 
in  the  last  case  is  apparent. 

The  Cotton-Plant  figures  in  the  arms  of  the  towns  of 


Fig.  4S1. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Stokes  George  Hugh  Robertson 
Aikman,  Esq. :  Argent,  a  sinister  hand  holding  a  branch  of  oak 
palewise  proper,  surmounted  of  a  bend  engrailed  gules.  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  an  oak- 
tree  proper;  and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto,  "Sub 
Robore  Virtus." 


^  Arms  of  Accrington :  Gules,  on  a  fess  argent,  a  shuttle  fesswise 
proper,  in  base  two  printing  cylinders,  issuant  therefrom  a  piece 
of  calico  (parsley  pattern)  also  proper,  on  a  chief  per  pale  or  and 
vert,  a  lion  rumpant  purpure  and  a  stag  current  or  ;  and  for  the  crest, 
an  oak-branch  bent  chevxonwise,  sprouting  and  leaved  proper,  frncted 
or.      Motto  :    "  Industry  and  prudence  conquer." 


193 


B 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Darwen,  Rochdale,  and  Nelson,  and  two  culms  of  the 
papyi'us  plant  occur  in  the  arms  of  Bury. 

The  Coffee-Plant  also  figures  in  the  arms  of  Yockney : 
"  Azure,  a  chevron  or,  between  a  ship  under  sail  in  chief 
proper,  and  a  sprig  of  the  coftee-plant  slipped  in  base  of 
the  second.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  de.x^ter  arm  embowed  in 
armour,  the  hand  in  a  gauntlet  grasping  a  roll  of  paper 
all  proper,  a  pair  of  compasses  extended  or.  Motto : 
'  Lahore  et  scientia.' " 

A  branch,  slip,  bush,  or  tree  is  termed  "fructed" 
when  the  fruit  is  shown,  though  the  term  is  usually 
disregarded  unless  "  fructed "  of  a  diflerent  colour. 
When  represented  as  "  fructed,"  the  fruit  is  usually 
drawn  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  relative  size. 

Leaves  are  not  infrequent  in  their  appearance.  Holly- 
leaves  occur  in  the  various  coats  for  most  people  of  the 
name  of  Irwin  and  Irvine  (Fig.  135),  as  already  men- 


"  Vert,  three  vine-leaves  or  "  is  assigned  by  Papworth 
to  Wortford,  and  the  saine  authority  mentions  coats  in 
which  woodbine-leaves  occur  for  Browne,  Theme,  and 
Gamboa.     Rose-leaves  occur  in  the  arms  of  Utermarck 


Fig.  483. — Armorial  bearings  of  Elise  Josephine  Foulds  are,  upon  a 
lozenge  :  Per  ciaevron  azure  and  argent,  a  rose  between  two  fleurs- 
de-lis  in  chief  of  the  last,  and  three  bay-leaves  erect  and  slipped 
in  base  vert. 


tioned.  Laurel-leaves  occur  in  the  arms  of  Leveson- 
Gower,  Foulis,  and  Foulds  (Fig.  483). 

Oak-Leaves  occur  in  the  arms  of  Trelawney  [■'  Argent, 
a  chevron  sable,  between  three  oak-leaves  slipped  pro- 
per "] ;  and  hazel-leaves  in  the  arms  of  Hesilrige  or 
Hazlerigg  [''Argent,  a  chevron,  between  three  hazel- 
leaves  vert.  Crest:  on  a  chapeau  gules  turned  up 
ermine,  a  man's  head  proper  "]. 

Linden-Leaves  are  constantly  met  with  in  German 
heraldry,  and  many  instances  of  these  will  be  found  in 
this  volume.  "  Argent,  three  edook  (dock  or  burdock) 
leaves  vert "  is  the  coat  of  Hepburn.  Papworth  assigns 
"  Argent,  an  aspen  leaf  proper  "  to  Aspinal,  and  "  Or,  a 
betony-leaf  proper  "  to  Betty.  "  Argent,  three  aspen- 
leaves  "  is  an  unauthorised  coat  used  oy  Espin,  and  the 
same  coat  with  varying  tinctures  is  assigned  to  Cogan. 
Killaoh  is  stated  to  bear :  "  Azure,  three  bay-leaves  ar- 
gent," and  to  Woodward,  of  Little  Walsingham,  Norfolk, 
was  granted  in  1 806 :  "  Vert,  three  mulberry-leaves 
or." 

The  Maple-Leaf  has  been  generally  adopted  as  a 
Canadian  emblem,  and  consequently  figures  upon  the 
arms  of  that  dominion,  and  in  the  arms  of  many  who 
have  had  Canadian  associations. 

A  curious  leaf — usually  called  the  "sea-leaf,"  which 
is  properly  the  "  nenuphar-leaf,"  is  often  met  with  in 
German  heraldry,  and  is  referred  to  on  page  39. 


Fig.  4S4. — Armorial  bearings  of  Reginald  John  Guthrie  Utermarck  :  Per 
fess  or  and  azure,  in  chief  a  sprig  of  three  rose-leaves  slipped  vert, 
and  in  base  a  mullet  of  six  points  of  the  first,  pierced  of  the  field. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  sprig 
of  three  rose-leaves  slipped  vert,  between  two  buffalo-horns  per 
fess  or  and  azure.     Motto  :  "  Va  outre  marque." 


(Fig.  484),  and  walnut-leaves  figure  in  the  arms  of 
WaUer  (Fig.  88). 

Although  theoretically  leaves,  the  trefoil,  quatrefoil, 
and  cinquefoil  are  a  class  by  themselves,  having  a  re- 
cognised heraldic  status  as  exclusively  heraldic  charges, 
and  the  quatrefoil  and  cinquefoil,  in  spite  of  the  deriva- 
tion of  their  names,  are  as  likely  to  have  been  originally 
flowers  as  leaves. 

The  heraldic  Trefoil,  though  frequently  specifically 
described  as  "slipped,"  is  nevertheless  always  so  de- 
picted, and  it  is  not  necessary  to  so  describe  it.  Of  late  a 
tendency  has  been  noticeable  in  paintings  from  Ulster's 
Office  to  represent  the  trefoil  in  a  way  more  nearly 
approaching  the  Irish  shamrock,  from  which  it  has 
undoubtedly   been  derived.      Instances  of  the    trefoil 


Fig.  4S5.— Armorial  bearings  of  Eodd  :  Argent,  two  trefoils 
slipped  sable,  a  chief  of  the  last. 


occur    in    the    arms    of    Rodd    (Fig.    485),    Dobree, 
MacDermott   (Plate   XXIL),  and  Gilmour  (Fig.  486). 


194 


PLATE   LX. 


THE   ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF   SIR   WILLIAM    OGILVY   DALGLEISH,   Bart.  OF  Eerol   Park,    Perthshire. 


^ 


PU  i:   -: 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  crowned  trefoil  is  one  of  the  national  badges  of     in  the  arms  of  Eyi-e  (Fig.  487),  King  (Plate  XIV.),  and 
Ireland.  Dreyer  (Fig.  488). 


Fig.  4S6. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  John  Gilmour.  1st  Baronet:  Ar- 
gent, on  a  chevron  between  three  trefoils  slipped  vert,  as  many 
hunting-horns  of  the  first,  the  escutcheon  being  charged  with  his 
badge  as  a  baronet.  Mantling  vert,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  upon 
a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  dester  hand  fesswise  couped,  holding  a 
writing-pen  proper,  and  on  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto, 
"  Nil  penna  sed  usus." 


A  four-leaved  "  lucky  "  shamrock  has  been  introduced 
into  the  arms  of  Sir  Robert  Hart,  Bart. 

The  Quatrefoil  is  not  often  met  with,  but  it  occurs 


Fig.  487. — Armorial  bearings  of  Frederic  James  Eyre,  Gentleman : 
Argent,  on  a  chevron  sable,  three  quatrefoils  or,  in  chief  a  mallet 
gules  (for  cadency),  and  (for  distinction)  the  whole  within  a  bordnre 
wavy  vert.  Mantling  sable  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  leg  in  armour  couped  at  the  thigh  proper, 
garnished  and  spurred  gold,  charged  with  a  mullet  as  in  the  arms 
(for  cadency),  and  debruised  (for  distinction)  with  a  baton  sinister 
sable.     Motto  :  "  Pro  Rege  saepe,  pro  patria  semper," 


Fig.  4S8. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Louis  Emil  Dreyer,  Esq.  :  Per 
fess  argent  and  gules,  chaperonn^  azure,  in  chief  a  trefoil  slipped 
and  inverted  vert,  and  tn  base  three  roundels,  each  charged  with  a 
quatrefoil  argent.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  an  arm  vambraced,  the  hand  gauntleted,  grasping  a 
trident  bend  sinisterwise  argent,  the  shaft  proper.  Motto  :  "  Uden 
arbeide  ingen  lykke." 

The  Cinquefoil  is  constantly  met  with,  but,  save  in 
exceedingly  rare  iostances,  neither  the  quatrefoU  nor 
the  cinquefoil  will  be  met  with  "  slipped."  The  constant 
occurrence  of  the  cinquefoil  in  early  rolls  of  arms  is 
out  of  all  proportion  to  its  distinctiveness  or  artistic 
beauty,  and  the  frequency  with  which  it  is  met  with  in 
conjunction  with  the  cross  crosslet  points  clearly  to  the 
fact  that  there  is  some  allusion  behind,  if  this  could 
only  be  fathomed.  Many  a  man 'might  adopt  a  lion 
through  independent  choice,  but  one  would  not  expect 
independent  choice  to  lead  so  many  to  pitch  upon  a 
combination  of  cross  crosslets  and  cinquefoils.  The 
cross  crosslets,  I  am  confident,  are  a  later  addition  in 
many  cases,  for  the  original  arms  of  D'Arcy  were  simply : 
"Argent,  three  cinquefoOs  gules."  The  arms  of  the  town 
of  Leicester  are :  "  Gules,  a  cinquefoil  ermine,"  and  this  is 
the  coat  attributed  to  the  family  of  the  De  Beaumonts 
or  De  Bellomonts,  Earls  of  Leicester.  Simon  de 
Montfort,  the  great  Earl  of  Leicester,  was  the  son  or 
grandson  of  Amicia,  a  coheir  of  the  former  Earls,  and 
as  such  entitled  to  quarter  the  arms  of  the  De  Bello- 
monts. As  stated  on  page  72  (;vide  Figs.  11 1  and  112), 
there  are  two  coats  attributed  to  De  Montfort.  His 
only  status  in  this  country  depended  solely  upon  the 
De  Bellomont  inheritance,  and,  conformably  with  the 
custom  of  the  period,  we  are  far  more  Kkely  to  find 
him  using  arms  of  De  Bellomont  or  De  Beaumont  than 
of  Montfort.  From  the  similarity  of  the  charge  to  the 
better-known  Beaumont  arms  (Fig.  489),  I  am  inclined 


Fig.  489. — Arms  of  William  Beaumont,  Viscount  Beaumont  (rf.  1507), 
from  his  brass  at  "Wivenhoe:  Quarterly,  I.  azure,  seme-de-lis  and 
a  lion  rampant  or  (for  Beaumont)  ;  2.  azure,  three  garbs  or  (for 
Comyn) ;  3.  quarterly  gules  and  or,  in  the  first  quarter  an  eagle 
displayed  argent  (for  Phelipp) ;  4.  azure,  three  cinquefoils  pierced 
argent  (for  Bardolph). 


to  think  the  lion  rampant  to  be  the  real  De  Bellomont 
coat.      The    origin   of    the   cinquefoil   has   yet   to   be 


19.5 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


accounted  for.  The  earliest  De  Bellomont  for  whom  I 
can  find  proof  of  user  thereof  is  Robert  "  Fitz-Pernell," 
otherwise  De  Bellomont,  who  died  in  1206,  and  whose 
seal  (Fig.  490)  shows  it.  Be  it  noted  it  is  not  on  a 
shield,  and  though  of  course  this  is  not  proof  in  any 
way,  it  is  in  accord  with  my  suggestion  that  it  is  nothing 
more  than  a  pimpernel  flower  adopted  as  a  device  or 
badge  to  typify  his  own  name  and  his  mother's  name, 
she  being  Pernelle  or  Petronilla,  the  heiress  of  Grant- 
mesnil.  The  cinquefoil  was  not  the  coat  of  Grantmesnil 
but  a  quaint  little  conceit,  and  is  not  therefore  likely  to 
have  been  used  as  a  coat  of  arms  by  the  De  Bellomonts, 
though  no  doubt  they  used  it  as  a  badge  and  device,  as 


foiled  flower  being  the  blossom  of  so  many  plants,  what 
are  to   all   intents  and  purposes   cinquefoils   occur   in 


Fig.  490. — From  the  seal  of  Robert 
Fitz-Pernell,  Earl  of  Leicester, 
d.  1206.  {Probably  gules,  a  cin- 
quefoil ermine.) 


Fig.  491. — Arms  of  Earl  of 
Angus  (rf.  1308);  Gules,  criis- 
illy   fitcbee  and  a  cinquefoil 


no  doubt  did  Simon  de  Montfort.  Simon  de  Montfort 
split  England  into  two  parties.  Men  were  for  Montfort 
or  the  king,  and  those  that  were  for  De  Montfort  very 
probably  took  and  used  his  badge  of  a  cinquefoil  as  a 
party  badge. 

The  cinquefoil  in  its  ordinary  heraldic  form  also 
occurs  in  the  arms  of  Umfraville  (Fig.  491),  Bardolph, 
quartered  by  Beaumont  (Fig.  489),  and  in  the  arms  of 
Hamilton,  Saltmarshe  (Fig.  492),  Cory  (Plate  XXXVII.), 


Fig.  493. — Armorial  bearings  of  D'Arcy  :  Azure,  seme  of  cross  crosslets 
and  three  cinquefoils  argent.  Mantling  azure  and  ai-gent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine, 
a  bull  passant  sable,  armed  or.     Motto  :  "  Un  Dieu  un  roy." 


Fig.  494. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  Edmund  Eraser,  Esq. :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  azure,  on  a  chevron  between  three  f  raisiers  argent,  as 
many  fleurs-de-lis  gules  ;  2  and  3,  argent,  three  ancient  Scots  crowns 
gules ;  all  within  a  bordure  of  the  last  (for  difference) ;  and  (as  a 
Knight  of  St.  John),  on  a  chief  gules,  a  cross  argent  embellished 
alternately  in  each  of  the  principal  angles  with  a  lion  guardant  and 
a  unicorn,  both  passant,  or.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure,  doubled  argent ; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  buck's  head  attired 
and  couped  proi^or,  gorged  with  an  ancient  Scots  crown  or ;  for 
mottoes,  in  an  escroll  above  the  crest,  "  Je  suis  prest,"  and  in  an 
escroll  beneath  the  escutcheon,  "  Tout  bien  on  rien." 

and  D'Arcy  (Fig.  493),  and  sprigs  of  cinquefoil  will  be 

found  in  the  arms  of  Hill,  and  in  the  crest  of  Kersey,     the  arms  of  Fraser,  where  they  are  termed  "  fraises  " 
The  cinquefoil  is  sometimes  found  pierced.     The  five-     (Fig.  494),  of  Primrose,  where  they  are  blazoned  "  prim- 

196 


Fig.  492. — Armorial  bearings  of  Philip  Saltmarshe.  Esq.:  Argent,  crusily, 
and  three  cinquefoils  gules.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  andjargent ;  and 
for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  rudder  or ;  with  the 
motto,  "  Ad  astra  virtu.s." 


PLATE   LXI. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


roses,"  and  of  Lambert  (Fig.  495),  where  they  are  called 
"  narcissus  flowers." 


Fig.  495. — Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Arthur  Heygate  Lambert, 
Esq.  :  Gules,  three  narcissuses  argent,  and  a  canton  or.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
on  a  mount  vert,  a  centaur  passant  regardant,  the  human  part  pro- 
per, and  the  hind  part  ermine,  girt  with  a  laurel  wreath  vert, 
holding  a  bow  and  arrow  gules.    Motto  :  "  Nosce  Teipsum." 


The  double  Quatrefoil  is  cited  as  the  English  differ- 
ence mark  for  the  ninth  son,  but  as  these  difference 
marks  are  but  seldom  used,  and  as  ninth  sons  are 
somewhat  of  a  rarity,  it  is  seldom  indeed  that  this 
particular  mark  is  seen  in  use.  Personally  I  have 
never  seen  it. 

The  2'umip  makes  an  early  appearance  in  armory, 
being  found  on  Plate  LXXV.,  and  it  also  occurs  in  the 
coat  of  Dammant  ["Sable,  a  turnip  leaved  proper,  a 
chief  or,  gutte-de-poix  "]. 

The  curious  crest  of  Lingen,  which  is  "  Seven  leeks 
root  upwards  issuing  from  a  ducal  coronet  all  proper,"  is 
worthy  of  especial  mention. 

In  considering  flowers  as  a  charge,  a  start  must  natur- 
ally be  made  with  the  rose,  which  figures  so  prominently 
in  the  heraldry  of  England. 

The  heraldic  Rose  until  a  much  later  date  than  its 
first  appearance  in  armory — it  occurs,  however,  at  the 
earhest  period — was  always  represented  in  what  we  now 
term  the  "  conventional "  form,  with  five  displayed  petals. 
Accustomed  as  we  are  to  the  more  ornate  form  of  the 
cultivated  rose  of  the  garden,  those  who  speak  of  the 
"  conventional "  heraldic  rose  rather  seem  to  overlook 
that  it  is  an  exact  reproduction  of  the  wild  rose  of  the 
hedgerow,  which,  moreover,  has  a  tendency  to  show 
itself  "  displayed  "  and  not  in  the  more  profile  attitude 
we  are  perhaps  accustomed  to.  It  should  also  be  ob- 
served that  the  earliest  representations  of  the  heraldic 
rose  depict  the  intervening  spaces  between  the  petals 
which  are  noticeable  in  the  wild  rose.  Under  the  Tudor 
sovereigns,  the  heraldic  rose  often  shows  a  double  row 
of  petals,  a  fact  which  is  doubtless  accounted  for  by  the 
then  increasing  famiUarity  with  the  cultivated  variety, 
and  also  by  the  attempt  to  conjoin  the  rival  emblems  of 
the  warring  factions  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

Though  the  heraldic  rose  is  seldom,  if  ever,  otherwise 
depicted,  it  should  be  described  as  "  barbed  vert "  and 
"  seeded  or  "  (or  "  barbed  and  seeded  proper  ")  when  the 
centre  seeds  and  the  small  intervening  green  leaves  (the 


calyx)  between  the  petals  are  represented  in  their  natu- 
ral colours.  In  the  reign  of  the  later  Tudor  sovereigns 
the  conventionality  of  earlier  heraldic  art  was  slowly 
giving  way  to  the  pure  naturalism  into  which  heraldic  art 
thereafter  steadily  degenerated,  and  we  find  that  the 
rose  then  begins  (both  as  a  Eoyal  badge  and  else- 
where) to  be  met  with  "  slipped."  The  Royal  fleurs- 
de-lis  are  turned  into  natural  lilies  in  the  grant  to 
Eton  College  (Plate  CXXII.),  and  in  the  grant  to 
William  Cope,  Cofl'erer  to  Henry  VII.,  the  roses  are 
slipped  ["  Argent,  on  a  chevron  azure,  between  three 
roses  gules,  slipped  and  leaved  vert,  as  many  fleurs- 
de-lis  or.  Crest :  out  of  a  fleur-de-lis  or,  a  dragon's  head 
gules  "].  A  rose  when  "  slipped  "  theoretically  has  only 
a  stalk  added,  in  practice  it  will  always  have  at  least  one 
leaf  added  to  the  slip,  and  a  rose  "  slipped  and  leaved  " 
would  have  a  leaf  on  either  side.  A  rose  "  stalked  and 
leaved  "  is  not  so  limited  and  will  usually  be  found  with  a 
slightly  longer  stalk  and  several  leaves,  but  these  tech- 
nical refinements  of  blazon,  which  are  really  unneces- 
sary, are  not  greatly  observed  or  taken  into  account. 
The  arms  of  the  Burgh  of  Montrose  afford  an  example 
of  a  single  rose  as  the  only  charge,  although  other 
instances  will  be  met  with  in  the  arms  of  Boscawen, 
Viscount  Falmouth  ["  Ermine,  a  rose  gules,  barbed  and 
seeded  proper"],  and  of  Sir  Henry  l3ickinson  Night- 
ingale, Bart.  ["  Per  pale  ermine  and  gules,  a  rose  counter- 
changed  "]. 

Amongst  the  scores  of  English  arms  in  which  the 
rose  figures,  it  will  be  found  in  the  original  heraldic 
form   in   the   cases   of  the  [arms  of  Leech  (Fig.  496), 


FlU.  496. — Aimorial  bearings  of  Stephen  Leech,  Esq. :  Ermine,  a  rose 
gules,  on  a  chief  indented  of  the  last,  three  ducal  coronets  or. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an 
arm  erect  proper,  grasping  a  snake  vert.  Motto :  "  Virtus  est 
venerabilis." 


Southampton  (Plate  CXV.),  and  Eshelby  (Fig.  497); 
and  either  stalked  or  slipped  in  the  arms  of  Brod- 
ribb  (Fig.  442)  and  White-Thomson  (Fig.  498).  A 
curious  instance  of  the  use  of  the  rose  will  be  found  in 
the  crest  of  Bewley  (Plate  XXV.),  and  the  "  cultivated  " 
rose  was  depicted  in  the  emblazonment  of  the  crest  of 
Inverarity  (Fig.  478),  which  is  a  rose-bush  proper. 


197 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Heraldry,  with  its  roses,  has  aocomphshed  what  horti- 
culture has  not.  There  is  an  old  legend  that  when 
Henry   VII.   succeeded    to   the    English   throne   some 


EXCELLE  BENE  MLRWDO 


Fig.  497. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Douglas  Eshelby,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: 
Per  pale  argent  and  gules,  on  a  chevron  between  three  roses,  a 
rose  aU  counterchanged,  the  roses  barbed  and  seeded  proper, 
within  a  bordure  sable,  charged  with  eight  bezants  within  as  many 
annulets  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  rose  argent,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  between  two 
wings  vair,  on  each  wing  a  fess  gules  charged  with  a  bezant. 
Motto :  "  Excelle  bene  merendo." 


Fig.  498. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Eobert  Thomas  White-Thomson, 
K.C.B. :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  a  stag's  head  cabosbed  and 
attired  with  ten  tines  proper,  on  a  chief  azure,  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee 
between  two  roses  slipped  of  the  field  (for  Thomson) ;  2  and  3,  party 
per  fess  raguly  or  and  gules,  three  roses  counterchanged,  all  barbed 
and  seeded,  and  slipped  proper,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  three  sand- 
glasses proper  (for  White),  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded  by 
the  ribbon  and  pendent  the  badge  of  a  K.C.B. ;  and  impaling  the 
arms  of  Ferguson-Davie,  namely  :  quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a 
chevron  sable  between  three  mullets  pierced  gules  (for  Davie) ; 
2  and  3,  azure,  three  cLnquefoils  two  and  one  or,  on  a  chief  of  the 
last,  a  lion  passant  gules  (for  Ferguson) ;  and  for  his  crests,  i .  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  cubit  arm  in  'armour  fesswise, 
holding  a  cross  crosslet  fitche  erect  argent  (for  Thomson) ;  2.  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  stork  resting  the  dexter  claw  upon  a 
sand-glass,  and  holding  in  the  beak  a  bulrush  leaved  all  proper  (for 
White) ;  with  the  motto,  "  Deus  providebit." 


enterprising  individual  produced  a  natural  parti-coloured 
rose  which  answered  to  the  conjoined  heraldic  rose  of 
gules  and  argent.  Our  roses  "  or  "  may  really  find  their 
natural  counterpart  in  the  primrose,  but  the  arms  of 
Rochefort  ["  Quarterly  or  and  azure,  four  roses  counter- 
changed  "]  give  us  the  blue  rose,  the  arms  of  Berendon 
["  Argent,  three  roses  sable  "]  give  us  the  black  rose,  and 
the  coat  of  Smallshaw  ["  Argent,  a  rose  vert,  between 
three  shakeforks  sable"]  is  the  long-desired  green  rose. 

The  Thistle  ranks  next  to  the  rose  in  British  heraldic 
importance.  Like  the  rose,  the  reason  of  its  assumption 
as  a  national  badge  remains  largely  a  matter  of  mystery, 
though  it  is  of  nothing  like  so  ancient  an  origin.  Of 
course  one  knows  the  time-honoured  and  wholly  im- 
possible legend  that  its  adoption  as  a  national  symbol 
dates  from  the  battle  of  Largs,  when  one  of  the  Danish 
invaders  gave  away  an  attempted  surprise  by  his  cry  of 
agony  caused  by  stepping  barefooted  upon  a  thistle. 

The  fact,  however,  remains  that  its  earliest  appear- 
ance is  on  the  silver  coinage  of  1474,  in  the  reign  of 
James  III.,  but  during  that  reign  there  can  be  no  doubt 


Fig.  499. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Robert  Dewar,  Esq.:  Per 
saltire  or  and  azure,  a  seax  erect  proper,  surmounted  by  a  saltire 
engrailed  per  saltire  of  the  first  and  second,  between  two  cinque- 
foils  in  fess  also  of  the  first.  Manthng  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  between  two  thistles  leaved  and  slipped 
proper,  a  cock  gules,  armed  and  spurred  argent,  charged  on  the 
breast  with  a  cinquefoil  or.     Motto  :  "  Gloria  Patri." 


that  it  was  accepted  either  as  a  national  badge  or  else 
as  the  personal  badge  of  the  sovereign.  The  period  in 
question  was  that  in  which  badges  were  so  largely  used, 
and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  desiring  to  vie  with  his  brother 
of  England,  and  fired  by  the  example  of  the  broom 
badge  and  the  rose  badge,  the  Scottish  king,  remember- 
ing the  ancient  legend,  chose  the  thistle  as  his  badge. 
In  1 540,  when  the  thistle  had  become  recognised  as  one 
of  the  national  emblems  of  the  kingdom,  the  foundation 
of  the  Order  of  the  Thistle  stereotyped  the  fact  for  all 
future  time.  The  conventional  heraldic  representation 
of  the  thistle  is  as  it  appears  upon  the  star  of  that 
Order,  that  is,  the  flowered  head  upon  a  short  stalk 
with  a  leaf  on  either  side.  Though  sometimes  repre- 
sented of  gold,  it  is  nearly  always  proper.  It  has 
frequently  been  granted  as  an  augmentation,  though  in 
such  a  meaning  it  will  usually  be  found  crowned.  The 
coat  of  augmentation  carried  in  the  first  quarter  of  his 
arms  by  Lord  Torphichen  is :    "  Argent,  a  thistle  vert. 


198 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


flowered  gules  (really  a  thistle  proper),  on  a  chief  azure 
an  imperial  crown  or."  The  thistle  also  occurs  in  the 
arms  of  Aikenhead,  Dewar  (Fig.  499),  Gibbons »  (Plate 
XIV.),  and  Ferguson  (Plate  XXXIIL).  "  Sable,  a  thistle 
or,  between  three  pheons  argent "  is  the  coat  of  Teesdale, 
and  "Gules,  three  thistles  or"  is  attributed  in  Papworth 
to  Hawkey.  A  curious  use  of  the  thistle  occurs  in  the 
arms  of  the  National  Bank  of  Scotland  (granted  1826), 
which  are  :  "  Or,  the  image  of  St.  Andrew  with  vesture 
vert,  and  surooat  purpure,  bearing  before  him  the  cross 
of  his  martyrdom  argent,  all  resting  on  a  base  of  the 
second,  in  the  dexter  flank  a  garb  gules,  in  the  sinister 
a  ship  in  full  sail  sable,  the  shield  surrounded  with  two 
thistles  proper  disposed  in  orle. 

The  Lily  in  its  natural  form  sometimes  occurs,  though 
of  course  it  generally  figures  as  the  fleur-de-lis,  which 
will  presently  be  considered.  The  natural  lily  will  be 
found  in  the  arms  of  Aberdeen  University,  of  Dundee, 
and  in  the  crests  of  various  families  of  the  name  of 
Chad  wick  (Figs.  191  and  192).  They  also  occur  in  the 
arms  of  the  College  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  at  Eton 
["Sable,  three  lilies  argent,  on  a  chief  per  pale  azure 
and  gules  a  fleur-de-lis  on  the  dexter  side,  and  a  lion 
passant  guardant  or  on  the  sinister"]  (Plate  CXXII.). 
Here  they  doubtless  typify  the  Virgin,  to  whom  they  have 
reference ;  as  also  in  the  case  of  Marylebone  (Fig.  240). 

The  arms  of  Lilly,  of  Stoke  Prior,  are  :  "  Gules,  three 
lilies  slipped  argent ; "  and  the  arms  of  J.  E.  Lilley,  Esq., 
of  Harrow,  are  :  "  Azure,  on  a  pile  between  two  fleurs- 
de-lis  argent,  a  lily  of  the  valley  eradicated  proper. 
Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cubit  arm  erect 
proper,  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis  argent  and  holding 
in  the  hand  two  lilies  of  the  valley,  leaved  and  slipped 
in  saltire,  also  proper." 

Gohivibine  Flowers  occur  in  the  arms  of  Cadman 
(Fig.  500),  and  Q-illyflowers  in  the  arms  of  Livingstone. 


Fig.  500. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Eev.  William  Snape  Cadman,  M.A. ; 
Per  fess  or  and  gules,  a  pale  counterchauged,  three  columbines, 
two  and  one  vert.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  in  front  of  a  rock,  a  stork's  head,  both  proper,  ducally 
crowned  or.     Motto:  "  Deus  et  patria." 


Fraises — reaUy  the  flowers  of  the  strawberry-plant — 
occur,  as  has  been  already  mentioned,  in  the  arms  of 
Eraser,  and  Narcissus  Flowers  in  the  arms  of  Lambeth. 
"  Gules,  three  poppy  bolles  on  their  stalks  in  fess  or " 
are  the  arms  of  Boiler. 

E  Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Alexander  Gibbons,  Esq. :  Paly  of  six 
argent  and  gules,  on  a  bend  engrailed  cottised  also  engrailed  sable,  a 
thistle  slipped  and  leaved  proper  between  two  escallops  or.  MantUng 
gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount 
vert,  a  demi-lion  sable,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  thistle  as  in  the 
arms,  and  resting  the  sinister  on  an  escallop  or.  Motto :  "  Nitor  donee 
supero." 


The  Lotus-Flower,  which  is  now  very  generally  be- 
coming the  recognised  emblem  of  India,  is  constantly 
met  with  in  the  arms  granted  to  those  who  have  won 
fortune  or  reputation  in  that  country.  Instances  in 
which  it  occurs  are  the  arms  of  Sir  Roper  Lethbridge, 
K.C.I.E.,"  Sir  Thomas  Seccombe,  G.C.I.E.  (Fig.  955), 
and  the  University  of  Madras  (Fig.  308). 

The  Sylphium- Plant  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Smyth 
(Fig.  SOI). 


Fig.  501. — Armorial  bearings  of  General  Sir  Henry  Augustas  Smyth, 
K.C.M.G. :  Vert,  a  chevron  erminois,  charged  with  a  chevron 
gules,  between  three  Saracen's  heads  habited  in  profile  couped  at 
the  neck  proper,  and  for  augmentation  a  chief  argent,  thereon  a 
mount  vert  inscribed  with  the  Greek  letters  K  Y  P  A  gold  and 
issuant  therefrom  a  representation  of  the  plant  Silphium  proper. 
Crests;  i.  (of  augmentation)  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mount 
vert  inscribed  with  the  aforesaid  Greek  letters  and  issuant  there- 
from the  Silphium  as  in  the  arms ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
an  anchor  fesswise  sable,  thereon  an  ostrich  erminois  holding  in 
the  beak  a  horse-shoe  or.     Motto :  "  Vincere  est  vivere." 


The  arms  granted  to  Sir  Richard  Quain  were : 
"  Argent,  a  chevron  engrailed  azure,  in  chief  two  fers- 
de-moline  gules,  and  issuant  from  the  base  a  rock 
covered  with  daisies  proper." 

Primroses  occur  (as  was  only  to  be  expected)  in  the 
arms  of  the  Earl  of  Rosebery  ["  Vert,  three  primroses 
within  a  double  tressure  fiory  counterflory  or  "]. 

The  Sttnflower  or  Marigold  occurs  in  the  crest  of 
Buchan  ["  A  sunflower  in  full  bloom  towards  the  sun  in 
the  dexter  chief"], and  also  in  the  arms  granted  in  16 14 
to  Florio.  Here,  however,  the  flower  is  termed  a  helio- 
trope. The  arms  in  question  are :  "  Azure,  a  heliotrope 
or,  issuing  from  a  stalk  sprouting  from  two  leaves  vert, 
in  chief  the  sun  in  splendour  proper." 

Tuli2:)S  occur  in  the  arms  of  Raphael,  and  the  Corn- 
Jlower  or  Bluehottle  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Chorley  of 
Chorley,  Lanes.  ["Argent,  a  chevron  gules  between  three 
bluebottles  slipped  proper"],  and  also  in  the  arms  of 
the  town. 

The  arms  granted  to  Sir  Edgar  Boehm,  Bart.,  were: 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Roper  Lethbridge,  K.C.I.E.,  M.A. :  Azure, 
over  water  a  bridge  of  three  arches  embattled  proper,  on  a  chief 
argent,  an  eagle  displayed  sable,  between  two  roses  gules,  barbed  and 
seeded  proper,  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded  by  the  ribbon  of  the 
Most  Eminent  Order  of  the  Indian  Empire,  and  pendent  his  badge  as 
a  Knight  Commander.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet 
befitting  his  degree.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest:  ou  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-tower  proper,  issuant  therefrom  a 
demi-eagle  displayed  sable,  each  wing  charged  with  a  rose  argent,  a 
lotus-flower  leaved  and  slipped  proper.     Motto  :  "  Spes  mea  in  Deo." 


199 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"  Azure,  in  the  sinister  canton  a  sun,  issuant  therefrom 
eleven  rays,  over  all  a  clover-plant  eradicated  proper." 

Tlie  Fleur-de-Lis. — Few  figures  have  puzzled  the  anti- 
quary so  much  as  the  fleur-de-lis.  Countless  origins 
have  been  suggested  for  it ;  we  have  even  lately  had  the 
height  of  absurdity  urged  in  a  suggested  phallic  origin, 
which  only  rivals  in  ridiculousness  the  long  since  ex- 
ploded legend  that  the  fleurs-de-lis  in  the  arms  of 
France  were  a  corrupted  form  of  an  earlier  coat, 
"  Azure,  three  toads  or,"  the  reputed  coat  of  arms  of 
Pharamond  ! 

To  France  and  the  arms  of  France  one  must  turn  for 
the  origin  of  the  fleur-de-lis.  To  begin  with,  the  heraldic 
form  of  the  fleur-de-lis  as  a  mere  presumably  meaning- 
less form  of  decoration  is  found  long  before  the  days  of 
armory,  in  fact  from  the  earliest  period  of  decoration. 
It  is  such  an  essentially  natural  development  of  decora- 
tion that  it  may  be  accepted  as  such  without  any 
attempt  to  give  it  a  meaning  or  symbolism.  Its  earliest 
heraldic  appearances  as  the  finial  of  a  sceptre  or  the 
decoration  of  a  coronet  need  not  have  had  any  sym- 
bolical character. 

We  then  find  the  "lily"  accepted  as  having  some 
symbolical  reference  to  France,  and  it  should  be  re- 
membered that  the  iris  was  known  by  the  name  of  a 
lily  until  comparatively  modern  times. 

It  is  curious — though  possibly  in  this  case  it  may  be 
only  a  coincidence — that,  on  a  coin  of  the  Emperor 
Hadrian,  Gaul  is  typified  by  a  female  figure  holding  in 
the  hand  a  lily,  the  legend  being,  "Eestutori  Gallias." 
The  fleur-de-lis  as  the  finial  of  a  sceptre  and  as  an 
ornament  of  a  crown  can  be  taken  back  to  the  fifth 
century.  Fleurs-de-lis  upon  crowns  and  coronets  in 
France  are  at  least  as  old  as  the  reign  of  King  Robert 
(son  of  Hugh  Capet),  whose  seal  represents  him  crowned 
in  this  manner. 

We  have,  moreover,  the  ancient  legendary  tradition 
that  at  the  baptism  of  Clovis,  King  of  the  Franks, 
the  Virgin  (whose  emblem  the  lily  has  always  been) 
sent  a  lily  by  an  angel  as  a  mark  of  her  special  favour. 
It  is  difiicult  to  determine  the  exact  date  at  which  this 
tradition  was  invented,  but  its  accepted  character  may 
be  judged  from  the  fact  that  it  was  solemnly  advanced 
by  the  French  bishops  at  the  Council  of  Trent  in  a 
dispute  as  to  the  precedence  of  their  sovereign.  The  old 
legend  as  to  Clovis  would  naturally  identify  the  flower 
with  him,  and  it  should  be  noted  that  the  names  Clovis, 
Lois,  Loys,  and  Louis  are  identical.  "Loys"  was  the 
signature  of  the  kings  of  France  until  the  time  of  Louis 
XIII.  It  is  worth  the  passing  conjecture  that  what  are 
sometimes  termed  "  Cleves  lilies "  may  be  a  corrupted 
form  of  Clovis  lilies.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the 
term  "fleur-de-lis"  is  quite  as  likely  to  be  a  corruption 
of  "  fleur-de-lois  "  as  flower  of  the  lily.  The  chief  point 
is  that  the  desire  was  to  represent  a  Jioiver  in  allusion 
to  the  old  legend,  witliout  perhaps  any  very  definite 
certainty  of  the  flower  intended  to  be  represented. 
Philip  I.  on  his  seal  (a.d.  1060)  holds  a  short  stafl' 
terminating  in  a  fleur-de-lis.  The  same  object  occurs 
in  the  great  seal  of  Louis  VII.  In  the  seal  of  his  wife. 
Queen  Constance,  we  find  her  represented  as  holding  in 
either  hand  a  similar  object,  though  in  these  last  cases 
it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  figures  are  not  attempts 
to  represent  the  natural  flower.  A  signet  of  Louis  VII. 
bears  a  single  fleur-de-lis  "  ttorencee  "  (or  flowered),  and 
in  his  reign  the  heraldic  fleur-de-lis  undoubtedly  became 
stereotyped  as  a  symbolical  device,  for  we  find  that 
when  in  the  lifetime  of  Louis  VII.  his  son  Philip  was 
crowned,  the  king  prescribed  that  the  prince  should 
wear  "ses  chausses  appelees  sandales  ou  bottines  de 
soye,  couleur  bleu  azure  semee  en  moult  endroits  de 
fleurs-de-lys   or,   puis   aussi   sa   dalmatique    de   memo 


couleur  et  usuvre."  On  the  oval  counterseal  of  Philip 
II.  ('i.  1223)  appears  a  heraldic  fleur-de-lis.  His  great 
seal,  as  also  that  of  Louis  VIII.,  shows  a  seated  figure 
crowned  with  an  open  crown  of  "  fleurons,"  and  holding 
in  his  right  hand  a  flower,  and  in  his  left  a  sceptre  sur- 
mounted by  a  heraldic  fleur-de-lis  enclosed  within  a 
lozenge-shaped  frame.  On  the  seal  of  Louis  VIII.  the 
conjunction  of  the  essentially  heraldic  fleur-de-lis  (within 
the  lozenge-shaped  head  of  the  sceptre),  and  the  more 
natural  flower  held  in  the  hand,  should  leave  little  if 
any  doubt  of  the  intention  to  represent  flowers  in  the 
French  fleur-de-lis.  The  figure  held  in  the  hand  repre- 
sents a  flower  of  five  petals.  The  upper  pair  turned 
inwards  to  touch  the  centre  one,  and  the  lower  pair 
curved  downwards,  leave  the  figure  with  a  marKed 
resemblance  both  to  the  iris  and  to  the  conventional 
fleur-de-lis.  The  counter-seal  of  Louis  VIII.  shows  a 
Norman-shaped  shield  seme  of  fleurs-de-lis  of  the  con- 
ventional heraldic  pattern.  By  then,  of  course,  "  Azure, 
seme-de-lis  or "  had  become  the  fixed  and  determined 
arms  of  France.  By  an  edict  dated  1376,  Charles  V. 
reduced  the  number  of  fleurs-de-lis  in  his  shield  to 
three  :  "  Pour  symboliser  la  Sainte-Trinite." 

The  claim  of  Edward  III.  to  the  throne  of  France  was 
made  on  the  death  of  Charles  IV.  of  France  in  1328, 
but  the  decision  being  against  him,  he  apparently 
acquiesced,  and  did  homage  to  Philip  of  Valois  (Philip 
VI.)  for  Guienne.  Philip,  however,  lent  assistance  to 
David  II.  of  Scotland  against  King  Edward,  who  imme- 
diately renewed  his  claim  to  France,  assumed  the  arms 
and  the  title  of  king  of  that  country,  and  prepared  for 
war.  He  commenced  hostilities  in  1339,  and  upon  his 
new  Great  Seal  (made  in  the  early  part  of  1340)  we 
find  his  arms  represented  upon  shield,  surooat,  and 
housings  as :  "  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  seme-de-lis  or 
(for  France) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant 
in  pale  or  (for  England)"  (Fig.  295).  The  Royal 
Arms  thus  remained  until  141 1,  when  upon  the  second 
Great  Seal  of  Henry  IV.  the  fleurs-de-lis  in  England 
(as  in  France)  were  reduced  to  three  in  number,  and  so 
remained  as  part  of  the  Royal  Arms  of  this  country 
until  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  George  III. 

Fleurs-de-lis  (probably  intended  as  badges  only)  had 
figured  upon  all  the  Great  Seals  of  Edward  III.  On  the 
first  seal  (which  with  slight  alterations  had  also  served 
for  both  Edward  I.  and  II.),  a  small  fleur-de-lis  appears 
over  each  of  the  castles  which  had  previously  figured  on 
either  side  of  the  throne.  In  the  second  Great  Seal, 
fleurs-de-lis  took  the  places  of  the  castles. 

The  similarity  of  the  Montgomery  arms  to  the 
Royal  Arms  of  France  has  led  to  all  kinds  of  wild 
genealogical  conjectures,  but  at  a  time  when  the 
arms  of  France  were  hardly  determinate,  the  seal  of 
John  de  Mundegumbri  is  met  with,  bearing  a  single 
fleur-de-lis,  the  original  from  which  the  arms  of  Mont- 
gomery were  developed.  Other  instances  in  which 
fleurs-de-lis  occur  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Brown 
(Fig.  502),  Bonython,'  Balfour  (Fig.  503),  Lloyd-Owen 
(Fig.  504),  MacMicking,J  and  Chance  (Fig.  169).  Letters 
of  nobility  and  the  name  of  Du  Lis  were  granted  by 
Charles  VII.  in  December  1429  to  the  brothers  of  Joan 
of  Arc,  and  the  following  arms  were  then  assigned  to 
them :  "  Azure,  a  sword  in  pale  proper,  hilted  and  sup- 
porting on  its  point  an  open  crown  or,  between  two 
fleurs-de-lis  of  the  last." 

'  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  John  Langdon  Eonython ;  Argent,  a 
chevron  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  sable.  [These  arms  were  granted 
to  the  Bonythons  of  Bonython,  in  Cornwall,  prior  to  the  general  use 
of  crests.]     Motto  :  "  In  Deo  spes  mca." 

.'  Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  MacMicking  :  Azure,  four  fleurs-de-lis 
in  cross,  the  tops  to  the  exterior  of  the  shield  or.  Crest :  a  demi- 
savage  bearing  in  his  dexter  hand  an  arrow,  at  his  back  a  quiver  full 
proper.     Mottoes  :  "  Ees  non  verba,"  and  "We  bae  duue." 


200 


PLATE    LXII. 


;^>-  LABOREET-CONSIL10-._7-  ' 


(l)  THE  MARQUESS  OF  ELY. 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF— 
(2)  K\RL  BATHURST.  {3)  VISCOUNT  HALIF.AX. 


(4)  LORD  RENDEL. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The   fleur-de-lis   "florencee."    or   the    "fleur-de-lis 
flowered,"  as  it  is  termed  in  England,  is  officially  con- 


sidered a  distinct  charge  from  the  simple  fleur-de-lis. 
Eve  employs  the  term  "  seeded,"  and  remarks  of  it : 
"  This  being  one  of  the  numerous  instances  of  pedantic, 
because  unnecessary  distinction,  which  showed  marks 
of  decadence ;  for  both  forms  occur  at  the  same  period, 
and  adorn  the  same  object,  evidently  with  the  same 
intention." 

The  difierence  between  these  forms  really  is  that  the 
fleur-de-lis  is  "seeded"  when  a  stalk  having  seeds  at 
the  end  issues  in  the  upper  interstices.  In  a  fleur-de- 
lis  "  florencee,"  the  natural  flower  of  a  lily  issues  instead 
of  the  seeded  stalk.  This  figure  formed  the  arms  of 
Florence,  and  will  be  seen  on  Plate  CXXX. 


Fig.  502.— Armorial  bearings  of  James  Millar  Brown,  B.L,  :  Parted  per 
fess  or  and  sales,  tkree  fleurs-de-lis  and  in  the  £ess  point  a  mallet, 
all  counterchanged.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or;  and  upon  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  demi-lion  rampant  vert, 
holding  in  his  dexter  paw  a  fleur-de-lis  gold;  with  the  motto, 
"  Floreat  majestas." 


Fig.  503.— Armorial  bearings  of  Baltoai  of  Dawyok  ;  Parted  per  pale 
argent  and  sable  on  a  chevron '.between';  three  fleurs-de-lis,  all 
counterchanged,  an  otter's  head  erased  proper.  Mantling  sable, 
doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest 
a  mermaid,''holding  in  her  dexter  hand  an  otter's  head  erased,  and 
in  her  sinister  a  comb  all  proper;  with  the  motto,  "  Nil  temere. 


FIG  ^04. -Armorial  bearings  of  Einion  ap  Seisyllt,  now  borne  by  his 
descendant  David  Charles  Lloyd  Owen,  FE.C.S.:  Argent,  a  hon 
passant  sable  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  gules. 

Some  of  the  many  varied  artistic  forms  of  the  fleur- 
de-lis  will  be  seen  in  Fig.  505,  from  a  drawing  by  Miss 
Helard  who  has  very  kindly  collected  for  me  the  ditter- 
ent  examples  there  shown.    Fleurs-de-hs,  like  aU  other 
Royal  emblems,  are  frequently  to  be  met  with  m  the 
arms   of  towns,  e.g.  in  the  arms   of  Lancaster,  Mary- 
borough Wakefield,  and  Great  Torrmgton.     Fleurs-de- 
lis  of  rather  elegant  form  occur  m  Fig.  506,  which  is 
reproduced  from  Griinenberg's  "  Book  of  Ajnis.       ihe 
arms    of   Wareham    afi'ord   an   instance   ot    fleurs-de- 
lis  reversed,  and  the  Corporate  Seals  of  Liskeard  and 
Tamworth  merit  reproduction,  did  space  permit,  from 
the   designs   of  the   fleurs-de-lis  which  there    appear. 
One    cannot  leave    the   fleur-de-lis   without  referring 
to   one   curious   development   of  it.  viz.  the  leopard  s 
face  iessant-de-lis,  a  curious  charge  which  undoubtedly 
oricrinated   in   the   arms   of  the  family   of  Cantilupe. 
This  charge  is  not  uncommon,  though  by  no   means 
so  usual  as  the  leopard's  face  (see  the  arms  ot_  ierry, 
Plate  XXXIIL).   Planche  considers  that  it  was  ongmaUy 
derived  from  the  fleur-de-lis,  the  cfrcular  boss  which  m 
early  representations  so  often  figures  as  the  centre  of 
the  fleui-de-lis  being  merely  decorated  with  the  leopard  s 
face      One  can  follow  Planche  a  bit  further  by  imagm- 
in<J  that  this  face  need  not  necessarily  be  that  ot   a 
leopard   for  at  a  certain  period  aU  decorative  art  was 
crowded  with  grotesque  marks  whenever  opportumty 
ofFered.     The  leopard's  face  jessant-de-Hs  is  now  repre- 
sented  as  a  leopard's   face  with  the  lower   part  ot  a 
fleur-de-lis  issuing  from  the  mouth,  and  the  upper  part 
risin<T  from  behind  the  head.     Instances  of  this  charge 
occu?  as  early  as  the  thfrteenth  century  as  the  arms_  ot 
the  Cantilupe  family,  and  Thomas  de  Cantilupe  haymg 
been  Bishop  of  Hereford  1275  to  1282,  the  arms  of  that 
See  have  since  been  three  leopards'  faces  jessant-de-hs 
the  distinction  being  that  in  the  arms  of  the  See  ot 
Hereford  the  leopards'  faces  are  reversed. 

201  ^° 


Fig.  505. — Examples  of  vai-ying  forms  of  fleurs-de-lis  collectecl  by  Miss  C.  Helard. 

202 


PLATE   LXIII. 


4l       <<^ 


JEPE/ldE 


PUBLIC 


THE   ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF    SWINTON    OF    THAT    ILK. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  origin  may  perhaps  make  itselt  apparent  when 
we  remember  that  the  earliest  form  of  the  name  was 


Pears  occur   in   the   arms   of  AUcroft,  of  Stokesay 
Castle,  Ferryman  (Plate  XIX.),  and  Pirie  (Fig.  508). 


Fig.  506. 

Cantelowe.  Is  it  not  probable  that  "lions'"  faces  {i.e. 
head  de  leo)  may  have  been  suggested  by  the  name  ? 
Possibly,  however,  wolf-heads  may  have  been  meant, 
suggested  by  lupius,  or  by  the  same  analogy  which 
gives  us  wolf-heads  or  wolves  upon  the  arms  of  Low 


Fig.  50S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Gordon  Pirie,  Esq. :  Or,  a  boar's  head 
erased  sable,  between  three  pears  slipped  vert,  within  a  bordnre  of 
the  last.  Mantling  sable,  doubled  or  ;  and  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries 
is  set  for  crest  a  fawn's  head,  with  the  sprig  of  a  pear-tree  in  its 
mouth  proper  ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Virtnte 
non  astutia." 


Oranges  are  but  seldom  met  with  in  British  heraldry, 
but  an  instance  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Lord  Polwarth, 
who  bears  over  the  Hepburn  quarterings  an  in- 
escutcheon  azure,  an  orange  slipped  and  surmounted 
by  an  imperial  crown  all  proper.  This  was  an  augmen- 
tation conferred  by  King  William  III.,  and  a  very 
similar  augmentation  (in  the  ist  and  4th  quarters,  azure, 
three  oranges  sUpped  proper  within  an  orle  of  thistles 
or)  was  granted  to  Livingstone,  Viscount  Teviot. 

The  Pomegranate,  which  dimidiated  with  a  rose  was 
one  of  the  badges  of  Queen  Mary  (Fig.  827),  is  not  in- 
frequently met  with.  It  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Perrins 
(Fig.  509)  and  in  the  coat  used  by  the  town  of  Tregony. 

The  Pinea-pple  in  heraldry  is  nearly  always  the  fir- 


FiG.  507. — Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Horace  Noble,  M.  A. :  Ermine, 
two  chevronels  gules,  between  three  leopards'  faces  jessant-de-lis 
sable.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colonrs,  a  leopard  passant  regardant  sable,  semd  of  annulets  or, 
holding  in  the  dexter  forepaw  a  battle-axe  erect  proper. 


and  Lowe.  The  arms  of  Noble  (Fig.  507)  are  an 
instance  in  which  this  charge  occurs. 

Fruit  —  the  remaining  division  of  those  charges 
which  can  be  classed  as  belonging  to  the  vegetable 
kingdom  —  must  of  necessity  be  but  briefly  dealt 
with. 

Grapes  perhaps  cannot  be  easUy  distinguished  from 
vines  (to  which  refer,  page  192),  but  the  arms  of  Brad- 
way  of  Potsclif, CO.  Gloucester  ['  Argent,  a  chevron  gules 
between  three  bunches  of  grapes  proper"]  and  of 
Viscountess  Beaconslield,  the  daughter  of  Capitain  John 
Viney  Evans  ["Argent,  a  bunch  of  grapes  stalked 
and  leaved  proper,  between  two  flaunches  sable,  each 
charged  with  a  boar's  head  argent"]  are  instances  in 
point. 

Apples  occur  in  the  arms  of  Robert  Applegarth 
(Edward  III.  Roll)  ["Argent,  three  apples  slipped 
gules"]  and  "  Or,  a  chevron  between  three  apples  gules  " 
is  the  coat  of  a  family  named  Southbey. 


Fig.  509.— Bookplate  of  Charles  William  Dyson  Perrins,  Esq.  : 
Gules,  three  piles,  two  in  chief  and  one  in  base  or,  each  charged 
with  a  pomegranate  slipped  proper,  on  a  chief  ermine  three 
leopards'  faces  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colonrs,  a  demi-talbot  gorged  with  a  collar  nebuly 
gules,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  two  annulets  interlaced  fess- 
wise  of  the  last,  holdiug  between  the  paws  a  pomegranate  as  in 
the  arms.     Motto  :  "  Perenne  sub  sole  nihil." 


203 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


cone.  In  tlie  arms  of  Pering,  Bart.  ["  Argent,  on  a 
chevron  engrailed  sable  between  three  pineapples  (fir- 
cones) pendent  vert,  as  many  leopards'  faces  of  the  first. 
Crest:  on  a  mount  a  pineapple  (fir-cone)  vert "],  and  in  the 
crest  of  Parkyns,  Bart.  ["  Out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a 
pineapple  proper"],  and  also  in  the  arms  of  Pyne  ["  Gules, 
a  chevron  ermine  between  three  pineapples  or"]  and 
Parkin-Moore  (Fig.  145),  the  fruit  is  the  fir  or  pine 
cone.  Latterly  the  likelihood  of  confusion  has  lea  to 
the  general  use  of  the  term  "  pine-cone  "  in  such  cases, 
but  the  ancient  description  was  certainly  "  pineapple." 
The  arms  of  John  Apperley,  as  given  in  the  Edward 
III.  Roll,  are:  "Argent,  a  chevron  gules  between  three 
pineapples  (fir-cones)  vert,  slipped  or." 

The  real  pineapple  of  the  present  day  does,  however, 
occur,  e.g.  in  the  arms  of  Benson,  of  Lutwyche,  Shrop- 
shire ["  Argent,  on  waves  of  the  sea,  an  old  English 
galley  all  proper,  on  a  chief  wavy  azure  a  hand  couped 
at  the  wrist,  supporting  on  a  dagger  the  scales  of  Justice 
between  two  pineapples  erect  or,  leaved  vert.  Mantling 
azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  horse  caparisoned,  passant,  proper,  on  the  breast  a 
shield  argent,  charged  with  a  pineapple  proper.  Motto : 
'  Leges  arma  tenent  sanctas ' "].  Another  instance  is  in 
the  arms  of  Chambers  (see  page  190). 

Bean-Pods  occur  in  the  arms  of  Rise  of  Trewardreva, 
CO.  Cornwall  ["  Argent,  a  chevron  gules  between  three 
bean-pods  vert  "],  and  Pap  worth  mentions  in  the  arms 
of  Messarney  an  instance  of  cherries  ["Or,  a  chevron 
per  pale  gules  and  vert  between  three  cherries  of  the 
second  slipped  of  the  third "].  Elsewhere,  however, 
the  charges  on  the  shield  of  this  family  are  termed 
apples.  Strawberries  occur  in  the  arms  and  crest  of 
HoUist  (Fig.  5  lo),  and  the  arms  of  Dufiield  are :  "  Sable, 
a  chevron  between  three  cloves  or."  The  arms  of 
the   Grocers'  Livery  Company,   granted  in   1531-1532, 


Fig.  510— Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Ommanney  Hollist,  Esq.  : 
Sable,  on  a  bend  between  a  greyhound  courant  bendwise  in  chief 
and  a  dolphin  hauriant  in  base  argent,  three  torteaus,  on  a  chief 
of  the  second,  three  sprigs  of  strawi^erry  fructed  proper.  Mantling 
sable  and  argent.  Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  tlie  colours,  between 
two  sprigs  of  strawberry  as  in  the  arms,  a  dexter  arm  embowed 
in  armour,  the  hand  within  a  gauntlet  holding  a  sprig  of  holly 
all  proper.  Mottoes:  "  Currendo,"  and  over  the  crest,  "Gardez 
le  Capron." 


are :  "  Argent,  a  chevron  gules  between  nine  cloves, 
three,  three  and  three."  The  arms  of  Garwynton 
are  stated  to  be :  "  Sable,  a  chevron  between  three 
heads  of  garlick  pendent  argent,"  but  another  ver- 
sion gives  the  charges  as  pomegranates.  "  Azure,  a 
chevron  between  three  gourds  pendent,  slipped  or  "  is  a 
coat  attributed  to  Stukele,  but  here  again  there  is  un- 
certainty, as  the  charges  are  sometimes  quoted  as  pears. 
The  arms  of  Bonefeld  are :  "Azure,  a  chevron  between 
three  quinces  or."  The  arms  of  Alderberry  are  naturally: 
"  Argent,  three  branches  of  alder-berries  proper."  The 
arms  of  Haseley  of  Suffolk  are :  "  Argent,  a  fess  gules, 
between  three  hazel-nuts  or,  stalks  and  leaves  vert." 
Papworth  also  mentions  the  arms  of  Tarsell,  viz.  : 
"  Or,  a  chevron  sable,  between  three  hazel-nuts  erect, 
slipped  gules." 

The  fruit  of  the  oak — the  Acorn — has  already  been 
incidentally  referred  to,  but  other  instances  occur  in 
the  arms  of  Baldwin  (Fig.  373),  Stable  (Plate  XXVIIL), 
and  Huth  (Fig.  511). 


Fig.  511. — Armoiial  bearings  of  Edward  Huth,  Esq.,  of  Wykehurst 
Park,  Sussex;  Argent,  two  chevronels  gules,  in  chief  a  human 
heart  of  the  last,  and  in  base  a  hat  sable  with  an  ostrich  feather 
proper  ;  and  for  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  three  sprigs  of 
oak  erect  proper,  each  bearing  an  acorn  or  ;  with  the  motto, 
"Animus  non  res." 

Wheat  and  other  grain  is  constantly  met  with  in 


Fig.  512. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Clerk  Cheape,  Esq. :  Argent, 
three  ears  of  wheat  slipped  in  fess  vert,  and  on  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  in  right  of  his  wife  the  arms  of  Hemming,  namely : 
argent,  on  a  chevron  engrailed  azure,  between  three  lions'  heads 
erased  gules,  an  ostrich  with  wings  endorsed  of  the  first,  holding 
in  the  beak  a  key  between  two  pheons  or  ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  garb  or,  banded  vert ;  with  the  motto, 
"  Ditat  virtus." 


204 


PLATE   LXIV. 


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THE   ART    or    HERALDRY 


British  armory.  The  arms  of  Bi^land  ["  Azure,  two  ears 
of  big  wheat  erect  in  fess  and  bladed  or.  Mantling  azure 
and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  passant 
regardant  gules,  holding  in  his  fore-paw  an  ear  of  big 
wheat  as  in  the  arms"]  and  of  Cheape  (Fig.  512)  are 
examples,  and  others  occur  in  the  arms  of  Layland- 
Barratt  (Fig.  320),  Cross  (Fig.  513),  and  Rye  ["  Gules,  on  a 


Fig.  513. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alexander  Cross,  Esq. :  Argent,  an  ear 
of  wheat  proper,  between  four  cross  crosslets  fitche  sable,  one,  two, 
and  one,  within  abordure  parted  per  pale  of  the  second  and  or. 
Mantling  gales,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries,  a  grifUn  segreant  sable,  armed,  beaked,  and  winged  or. 
Motto:  *'Sab  cruce  copia." 


bend  argent,  between  two  ears  of  rye,  stalked,  leaved, 
and  slipped  or,-three  crosses  cramponne  sable  "]. 

Oarbs,  as  they  are  invariably  termed  heraldically,  are 
sheaves,  and  are  of  very  frequent  occurrence.  The 
earliest  appearance  of  the  garb  in  English  heraldry  is 
on  the  seal  of  Ranulph,  Earl  of  Chester,  who  died  in 
1 232.  Garbs  therefrom  became  identified  with  the  Earl- 
dom of  Chester,  and  subsequently  "  Azure,  three  garbs 
or  "  became  and  still  remain  the  territorial  or  possibly 
the  sovereign  coat  of  that  Earldom  (Fig.  514).     Garbs 


Fig.  514. — Arms  of  the  Earldom  of  Chester  :  Azure,  three  garbs  or. 

naturally  figure,  therefore,  in  the  arms  of  many  families 
who  originally  held  land  by  feudal  tenure  under  the 
Earls  of  Chester,  e.g.  the  families  of  Chohnondeley 
["  Gules,  in  chief  two  helmets  in  profile  argent,  and  in 
base  a  garb  vert "]  and  Kevihoc  ["  Azure,  six  garbs, 
three,  two,  and  one  or  "].  Grosvenor  ["  Azure,  a  garb 
or  "]  is  usually  quoted  as  another  example,  and  possibly 
correctly,  but  a  very  interesting  origin  has  been  sug- 


gested by  Mr.  W.  G.  Taunton  in  his  work  "  The  Tauntons 
of  Oxford,  by  One  of  Them  " : — 

"  I  merely  wish  to  make  a  few  remarks  of  my  own 
that  seem  to  have  escaped  other  writers  on  genealogical 
matters. 

"  In  the  first  place.  Sir  Gilbert  le  Grosvenor,  who  is 
stated  to  have  come  over  with  William  of  Normandy 
at  the  Conquest,  is  described  as  nephew  to  Hugh  Lupus, 
Earl  of  Chester  ;  but  Hugh  Lupus  was  himself  nephew 
to  King  AVUliam.  Now,  William  could  not  have  been 
very  old  when  he  overthrew  Harold  at  Hastings.  It 
seems,  therefore,  rather  improbable  that  Su*  Gilbert  le 
Grosvenor,  who  was  his  nephew's  nephew,  could  actually 
have  fought  with  him  at  Hastings,  especially  when 
William  lived  to  reign  for  twenty-one  years  after,  and 
was  not  very  old  when  he  died. 

"  The  name  Grosvenor  does  not  occur  in  any  of  the 
versions  of  the  Roll  of  Battle  Abbey.  Not  that  any  of 
these  versions  of  this  celebrated  Roll  are  considered 
authentic  by  modern  critics,  who  say  that  many  names 
were  subsequently  added  by  the  monks  to  please  am- 
bitious parvenus.  The  name  Venour  is  on  the  Roll, 
however,  and  it  is  just  possible  that  this  Venour  was  the 
Grosvenor  of  our  quest.  The  addition  of  '  Gros '  would 
then  be  subsequent  to  his  fattening  on  the  spoils  of  the 
Saxon  and  cultivating  a  corporation.  '  Venour '  means 
hunter,  and  '  Gros '  means  fat.  Gilbert's  uncle,  Hugh 
Lupus,  was,  we  know,  a  fat  man ;  in  fact,  he  was  nick- 
named '  Hugh  the  Fat.'  The  Grosvenors  of  that  period 
probably  inherited  obesity  from  their  relative,  Hugh 
Lupus,  therefore,  and  the  fable  that  they  were  called 
Grosvenor  on  account  of  their  office  of  '  Great  Hunts- 
man '  to  the  Dukes  of  Normandy  is  not  to  be  relied  on. 

"  We  are  further  on  told  by  the  old  family  historians 
that  when  Sir  Robert  Grosvenor  lost  the  day  in  that 
ever-memorable  controversy  with  Sir  Richard  le  Scrope, 
Baron  of  Bolton,  concerning  the  coat  of  arms — '  Azure, 
a  bend  or ' — borne  by  both  families.  Sir  Robert  Grosvenor 
took  for  his  arms  one  of  the  garbs  of  his  kinsman,  the 
Earl  of  Chester. 

"  It  did  not  seem  to  occur  to  these  worthies  that  the 
Earl  of  Chester,  who  was  their  ancestor's  uncle,  never 
bore  the  garbs  in  his  arms,  but  a  wolf's  head. 

"  It  is  true  that  one  or  two  subsequent  Earls  of 
Chester  bore  garbs,  but  these  Earls  were  far  too  dis- 
tantly connected  with  the  Grosvenors  to  render  it  likely 
that  the  latter  would  borrow  their  new  arms  from  this 
source. 

"  It  is  curious  that  there  should  have  been  in  this 
same  county  of  Chester  a  family  of  almost  identical 
name  also  bearing  a  garb  in  their  arms,  though  their 
garb  was  surrounded  by  three  bezants. 

"  The  name  of  this  family  was  Grasvenor,  or  Gravenor, 
and,  moreover,  the  tinctures  of  their  arms  were  iden- 
tical with  those  of  Grosvenor.  It  is  far  more  likely, 
therefore,  that  the  coat  assumed  by  Sir  Robert  after 
the  adverse  decision  of  the  Court  of  Chivalry  was  taken 
from  that  of  Grasvenor,  or  Gravenor,  and  that  the  two 
families  were  known  at  that  time  to  be  of  common 
origin,  although  their  connection  with  each  other  has 
subsequently  been  lost. 

"  In  French  both  gros  and  gras  mean  fat,  and  we 
have  both  forms  in  Grosvenor  and  Grasvenor. 

"  A  chief  huntsman  to  Royalty  would  have  been 
Grandvenor,  not  Grosvenor  or  Grasvenor. 

"  All  these  criticisms  of  mine,  however,  only  affect  the 
origin  of  the  arms,  and  not  the  ancient  and  almost  Royal 
descent  of  this  illustrious  race.  Hugh  Lupus,  Earl  of 
Chester,  was  a  son  of  the  Duke  of  Brittany,  as  is  plainly 
stated  Ln  his  epitaph. 

"  This  connection  of  uncle  and  nephew,  then,  between 
'  Hugh  the  Fat '  and  Gilbert  Grosvenor  implies  a  mater- 


205 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"  In  virtue  of  their  descent  from  an  heii*ess  of  the 
house  of  Grosvenor,  it  is  only  necessary  to  add  the 
Tauntons  of  Oxford  are  Grosvenors,  heraldically  speak- 
ing, and  that  quartering  so  many  ancient  coats  through 


nal  descent  from  the  Dukes  of  Brittany  for  the  first 
ancestor  of  the  Grosvenor  family. 

somewhat  erratic.  So  I  think  there  is  some  point  in 
my  arguments  regarding  the  coat  assumed  by  Sir 
Robert  Grosvenor  of  Hulme." 

Though  a  garb,  unless  quoted  otherwise,  is  presumed 


Fig.  515. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lieut, -Colonel  Johnston  Shearer: 
Gules,  in  chief  two  reaping-hooks  proper,  and  in  base  a  tower 
triple-towered  argent,  masoned  sable.  Mantling  gales,  doubled 
argent.  Crest  ;  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  garb  or,  banded  with 
a  serpent  proper.     Motto  :  "  Vive  ut  postea  vivas." 


Fig.  517. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  John  Poison  :  Azure,  a  chevron 
or  between  two  bears'  heads  couped  close  argent,  muzzled  gules,  in 
chief  and  a  cross  moline  of  the  third  in  base.  Mantling  azure  and 
or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  garb  proper.  Motto  : 
"  In  ardua  tendit." 


Fig.  516. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Dunsmure,  Gentleman,  M.D. : 
Vert,  three  garbs  or,  banded  sable,  within  a  bordure  argent. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries,  an  anchor  or.     Motto  :  "  Spes  anchora  tuta." 


Fig.  518.— Bookplate  of  Arobibald  Kelso,  Esq. 

the  Tanners   and  the  Grosvenors  with  our  brand-new 
grant  is  like  putting  old  wine  into  new  bottles. 

"  Hugh  Lupus  left  no  son  to  succeed  him,  and  the     to  be  a  sheaf  of  wheat,  the  term  is  not  so  confined.     The 
subsequent   descent   of  the   Earldom    of  Chester   was     arms  of  Comyii,  which  figure  as  a  quartering  in  so  many 

206 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Scottish  coats,  are  really  of  cummin,  as  presumably 
are  the  garbs  in  the  arms  of  Cummins  "^  (Plate  XXVI.). 
When  a  garb  is  "  banded "  of  a  different  colour  this 
should  be  stated,  and  Elvin  states  that  it  may  be 
"eared"  of  a  different  colour,  though  I  confess  I  am 
aware  of  no  such  in  tance.  Garbs  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Shearer  (Fig.  5 1 5),  Dunsmure  (Fig.  516),  Poison 
(Fig.  517),  and  Kelso  (F-ig.  518). 

"Argent,  two  bundles  of  reeds  in  fess  vert"  is  the 
coat  ot  Janssen  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey  (Bart.,  extinct), 
and   a  bundle   of  rods  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Evans,' 


can  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Sykes  (Fig.  520),  Hulley, 
and  Hill  (Fig.  521). 


Fig.  519. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alfred  Harris,  Esq.  :  Azure,  on  a 
chevron  ermine,  between  three  hedgehogs  or,  as  many  wheatstalks 
bladed  vert,  in  the  centre  chief  a  faggot  of  the  third  banded  of  the 
fourth.  Mantling  azure  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-pelican  displayed  argent, 
collared  gemmel  azure,  and  charged  on  the  breast  with  three 
gouttes- de-sang,  a  faggot  fesswise  proper,  banded  vert. 


and  the  crest  of  Harris  (Fig.  519),  thougli  in  this  case 
it  is  termed  a  faggot. 

Reeds  also  occur  in  the  crest  of  Reade,™  and  the 
crest  of  Middlemore  ["  On  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  moorcock  amidst  grass  and  reeds  proper  "]  furnishes 
another  example. 

Bulrushes  occur  in  the  crest  of  Billiat  (Plate  XXV IL), 
and  in  the  arms  of  Scott  ["  Argent,  on  a  mount  of 
bulrushes  in  base  proper,  a  bull  passant  sable,  a  chief 
pean,  billette  or"]. 

G-rass  is  natxu-ally  presumed  on  the  mounts  vert  which 
are  so  constantly  met  with,  but  more  definite  instances 


^  Armorial  bearings  of  Major  Henry  Alfred  Cummins,  C.M.G. : 
Azure,  a  chevron  ermine,  cotised  argent,  between  three  garbs  or, 
banded  gules,  on  a  canton  of  the  third,  a  ship  in  full  sail  proper. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two  arms 
embowed,  vambraced,  the  hands  proper,  holdiag  a  garb  as  in  the  arms.  , 
Motto:  "Hinc  garbae  nostrae.'* 

^  Armorialbearingsof  Patrick  Fleming  Evans,  Esq.  :  Per  pale  argent 
and  gules,  a  lion  passant  regardant  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  chief 
and  in  base  a  bundle  of  rods  banded,  all  counterchanged.  Mantling 
gales  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  re- 
gardant argent,  the  body  charged  with  three  crosses  moline  gules, 
and  resting  the  dexter  paw  upon  a  bundle  of  rods  banded  also  gules. 
Motto :  "  Libertas."' 

™  Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Darby  Reade :  Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
argent,  a  saltire  vaire,  azure,  and  or,  between  four  Cornish  choughs 
proper  (for  Reade) ;  2  and  3,  erminois,  on  a  chevron  embattled  gules, 
three  estoiles  or,  all  within  a  bordure  engrailed  sable  (for  Revel!). 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
mount  vert,  thereon  between  two  reeds  proper  a  Cornish  chough  wings 
elevated  also  proper.      Motto:  "  Cedant  arma  togse." 


Fig,  520. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Henry  Sykes,  Esq. :  Argent,  on 
a  chevron  sable,  gutt^-d'eau,  between  three  tufts  of  grass  vert,  as 
many  fountains  proper.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  the  trunk  of  a  tree  eradicted  fesswise 
and  sprouting  to  the  dexter,  a  swan,  wings  elevated  argent,  beaked 
and  legged  sable,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  fountain  proper. 
Motto  :  "  Puritas  fons  honoris." 


Fig 


.  521. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  HiU,  Esq.,  of  Saltburn :  Ermine, 
on  a  fess  nebxdy  per  pale  sable  and  azure,  between  three  hillocks 
vert,  a  castle  triple-towered  or,  impaliug  the  arms  of  Kirk,  namely  : 
o-ules,  a  chevron  dovetailed  ermiue.  on  a  chief  or,  three  dragons' 
heads  erased  of  the  field.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  castle  triple-towered  or,  charged  with  an 
escutcheon  azure,  thereon  a  rose  argent,  all  between  four  ears 
of  wheat  bladed  and  slipped  or,  two  on  either  side.  Motto : 
"  Avancez." 

A.  C.  F-D. 


207 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XXIII 

INANIMATE  OBJECTS 

IN  dealing  with  those  charges  which  may  be  classed 
under  the-  above  description,  mention  may,  at  the 
outset,  be  made  of  those  which  are  comprised  of 
certain  letters  of  the  alphabet.  Instances  of  these  are 
scarcely  common,  but  the  family  of  Kekitmore  may  be 
adduced  as  bearing  '  Gules,  three  S's  or,"  whDe  Bridling- 
ton Priory  had  for  arms :  "  Per  pale,  sable  and  argent, 
three  B's  counterchanged."  Sir  C.  B.  Rashleigh  bears  : 
"  Sable,  a  cross  or,  between  in  the  first  quarter  a  Cornish 
chough  argent,  beaked  and  legged  gules ;  in  the  second 
a  text  a; ;  in  the  third  and  fourth  a  crescent  all  argent." 


Fig.  522. — Bermondsey  Arms, 

Corporate  arms  (in  England)  aftbrd  an  instance  of 
alphabetical  letters  in  the  case  of  the  B's  on  the 
shield  of  Bermondsey  (Fig.  522). 

Tlte  Anchor. — This  charge  figures  very  largely  in 
English  armory,  as  may,  perhaps,  be  looked  for  when 
it  is  remembered  that  maritime  devices  occur  more  fre- 
quently in  sea-board  lands  than  in  continents.  Anchors 
occur  in  the  arms  of  Oppenheimer  (Plate  XXVII.),  and 
a  family  of  Chappell  bears  :  "  Or,  an  anchor  sable." 
The  arms  of  the  to^vn  of  Musselburgh  are :  "  Azure, 
three  anchors  in  pale,  one  in  the  chief  and  two  in  the 
flanks  or,  accompanied  with  as  many  mussels,  two  in 
the  dexter  and  two  in  the  sinister  chief  points,  and  the 
third  in  base  proper."     The  Comtes  de  St.  Cricq,  with 


"  Argent,  two  anchors  in  saltire  sable,  on  a  chief  three 
mullets  or,"  will  be  an  instance  in  point  as  to  France. 

Annulets  are  of  common  occurrence  both  in  English 
and  other  armories.  The  family  of  Hutton  (Fig.  234) 
may  be  mentioned  as  an  example,  while  for  annulets 
interlaced  reference  can  be  made  to  the  crests  of  Athill 
(Fig.  17)  and  Burton  :  "In  front  of  two  arms  embowed 
in  armour,  the  hands  proper,  holding  a  fleur-de-lis 
argent,  six  annulets  interlaced  fesswise,  also  aigent." 

A  further  case  of  annulets  gemmed  may  be  seen  in 
the  family  of  Eglinton,  which  has :  "  Gules,  three  gem- 
rings  (two  and  one)  or,"  and  in  that  of  Montgomerie* 
(Plate  XXVIL). 

Anvils. — These  are  occasionally  met  with,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Walkers  of  Yorkshire,  who  bear:  "Argent, 
on  a  chevron  gules,  between  two  anvils  in  chief  and  an 
anchor  in  base  sable,  a  bee  between  two  crescents  or. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  on  a  mount  within  a  wreathed  serpent  a  dove 
all  statant  proper. 


Fig.  523. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Wroth  Acland  Lethbridge,  4t-h 
Baronet :  Argent,  over  water  proper,  a  bridge  of  five  arches  em- 
battled, on  the  centre  arch  a  turret  gules,  in  chief  an  eagle  dis- 
played sable,  charged  with  a  bezant.  Upon  the  escutcheon,  which 
is  charged  with  his  badge  of  Ulster  as  a  Baronet,  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  argent ; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  issuant  from  an 
embattled  arch  gules,  a  demi-eagle  displayed  sable,  the  wings 
erminois,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  leopard's  face  or.  Mottoes : 
''.Spes  mea  in  Deo,"  and  above  the  crest,  "  Truth." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Samuel  Hynman  Montgomerie,  Esq.:  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  aaure,  three  fieurs-de-lis  or ;  ii. 
and  iii.,  gules,  three  annulets  or,  stoned  azure,  all  within  a  bordure 
or,  charged  with  a  double  tressure  flory  and  counterflory  gules,  a 
canton  ermine  for  difference  (for  Montgomerie) ;  2  and  3,  argent, 
on  a  chevron  engrailed  azure,  between  three  horses'  heads  erased  gules, 
as  many  crescents  argent,  a  bordure  of  the  second  (for  Allenby),  and 
upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Montgomerie,  Earls  of 
Eglinton  and  Winton,  namely :  quarterly,  i  and  4,  quarterly  i.  and 
iiii.,  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or;  ii.  and  iii..  gules,  three  annulets  or, 
stoned  azure,  all  within  a  bordure  or  charged  with  a  double  tressure 
flory  and  counterflory  gules;  2  and  3.  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  azure, 
three  fleurs-de-lis  or ;  ii.  and  iii..  gules,  three  annulets  or,  stoned  azure, 
over  all  a  sword  in  pale  point  upwards  proper.  Upon  the  escutcheon 
is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  or; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  female  figure  (repre- 
senting Hope)  proper,  vested  azure,  holding  in  the  dexter  hand  an 
anchor  or,  and  in  her  sinister  by  the  hair  a  human  head  also  proper, 
charged  upon  the  breast  with  a  cross  crosslet  for  difference.  Motto : 
"  Garde  bien."  [Owing  to  the  detail  the  escutcheon  of  pretence  is 
omitted  in  the  plate.] 


208 


PLATE   LXV. 


THE   ARMS    OF    HAIG    OF    BEMERSYDE, 

AS    BORNE    BY    THE    HEAD  OF  THAT    HOUSE,    AND    AS   DIFFERENCED    FOR   VARIOUS   CADETS. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Arches,  castles,  towers,  and  turrets  may  be  exempli- 
fied, amongst  others,  by  the  followmg. 

The  family  of  Lethbridge  (Fig.  523)  bears  a  Bridge. 

Instances  of  Castles  and  Towers  will  be  found  in 
Plate  VII.  Figs.  57  and  55,  and  in  the  arms  of  Carlyon'' 
(Plate  XXXIV.),  and  Kelly  (Fig.  524),  and  of  the  for- 


The  family  of  Plunkett  (Fig.  526)  supplies  an  instance 
of  a  tower  triple-towered. 


Fig.  524.— Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Festus  Kelly,  Esq.,  of  Norther- 
wood  Park,  Lyndhurst,  Hants :  Azure,  two  lions  rampant  com- 
batant argent,  chained  or,  supporting  a  tower  with  three  turrets 
of  the  second,  in  the  centre  chief  point  a  mullet  of  the  third. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
an  enfield  vert,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  mullet  as  in  the 
•arms.    Motto :  "  Turris  fortis  mihi  Dens." 


mer  fractured  castles  will  be  found  in  the  shield  of 
Willoughby  quartered  by  Bertie ;  while  an  example  of 
a  quadrangular  castle  may  be  seen  in  the  arms  of 
Rawson  (Fig.  525). 


Fig.  525. — Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Pelham  Eawson,  Esq. :  Per 
fess  wavy  sable  and  azure,  gutt^-d'or,  a  quadrangular  ca.stle 
with  four  towers  argent,  on  a  chief  or,  three  ravens*  heads  erased 
of  the  first.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  issuant  from  an  annulet  or,  a  raven's  head  erased 
sable,  gutte-d'or,  holding  in  the  beak  an  annulet  gold.  Motto: 
"  Laus  virtutis  actio." 


**  Armorial  bearings  of  Carlyon :  Sable,  a  plate  between  three  castles 
argent,  each  charged  with  a  cross  crosslet  gules.  Mantling  sable  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules, 
ducally  crowned  or,  collared  argent,  holding  between  the  paws  a 
bezant.    Motto:  "Turris  tutissima  virtas." 


Fig,  520. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Luke  Plunkett,  Esq. :  Sable,  a 
bend  argent,  in  chief  a  tower  triple-towered  of  the  last,  a  bordure 
gules. 

An  instance  of  a  Fortification  as  a  charge  occurs  in 
the  shield  of  Sconce :  "  Azure,  a  fortification  (sconce) 
argent,  masoned  sable,  in  the  dexter  chief  point  a 
mullet  of  six  points  of  the  second." 

Gabions  were  hampers  filled  with  earth  to  form  part 
of  fortifications  and  earthworks.  They  are  of  occasional 
occurrence  in  English  armory  at  any  rate,  and  may  be 
seen  in  the  shields  of  Christie  (Fig.  321)  and  of  Good- 
fellow  (Fig.  243). 

The  family  of  Liberty  (Fig.  278)  uses  a  Tower,  both 
as  a  charge  and  as  a  crest,  while  the  arms  of  Banks 
(Fig.  527)  supply  an  instance  of  Arches.  Mention  may 
here  perhaps  be  made  of  William  Arches,  who  bore  at 
the  siege  of  Rouen :  "  Gules,  three  double  arches  arsent." 


peRseveRjqNDO 


Fig.  527. — Armorial  bearings  of  Herbert  Delamark  Banks,  Esq.  : 
Sable,  on  a  cross  between  four  fleurs-de-lis  or,  five  arches  of  the 
field,  within  the  centre  arch  a  fleur-de-lis  of  the  last.  Mantling 
sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount 
vert,  a  stone  column  of  the  Tuscan  order  fesswise  thereon  a  stork 
proper,  the  dexter  claw  resting  on  a  fleur-de-lis  or.  Motto : 
"  Perseverando." 

209  2d 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


An  Abbey  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Maitland  of  Dun- 
drennan  [*'  Argent,  the  ruins  of  an  old  abbey  on  a  piece  of 
ground  all  proper  "],  and  a  monastery  in  that  of  McLarty 
["  Azure,  the  front  of  an  ancient  monastery  argent "]. 

A  somewhat  curious  instance  of  a  Temple  may  be 
seen  in  the  shield  of  Templer*'  (Plate  XXXVIL). 

A  curious  canting  grant  of  arms  may  be  seen  in  that 
to  the  town  of  Eccles  (Fig.  528),  in  which  the  charge  is 
an  Ecclesiastical  Building^  and  similar  though  some- 
what unusual  charges  figure  also  in  the  quartering  for 
Chappel  ["  Per  chevron  or  and  azure,  in  chief  a  mullet  of 
six  points  between  two  crosses  patee  of  the  last,  and  in 
base  the  front  elevation  of  a  chapel  argent"],  borne  by 
Brown-Westbead,  and  in  the  arms  of  Wilson/' 


Arrows,  Pheons,  cCc. — Instances  of  these  charges  are 
very  frequent,  and  an  example  of  three  of  the  former 
may  be  seen  in  the  arms  of  Hutchison  (Fig.  529),  while 


Fig.  528. — Arms  of  Eccles  ;  Or,  on  a  mount  vert,  an  ecclesiastical  build- 
ing masoned  proper,  a  chief  azure,  thereon  between  two  sprigs  of 
the  cotton-tree  slipped  and  fructed  of  the  third,  a  pale  art^ent, 
charged  with  a  representation  of  a  Nasmyth  steam-hammer  sable. 
Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  rock  surmounted  by 
a  lighthouse  a  ship  under  sail  to  the  sinister  all  proper.  Motto  : 
"  Lahore  omnia  florent." 


*=  Armorial  bearings  of  John  George  Edmund  Templer,  Esq.  :  Quar- 
terly, azure  and  gules,  the  perspective  of  an  antique  temple  argenti, 
on  the  pinnacle  and  exterior  battlements  a  cross  or ;  in  the  first  quarter 
an  eagle  displayed ;  in  the  second  a  stag  trippant  regardant  of  the 
last.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  mount  vert,  thereon  a  holy  lamb  argent,  in  the  dexter  foot  a  pennon 
of  the  second,  charged  with  a  cross  of  St.  George,  the  streamers  wavy 
azure  and  gules,  the  staff  or,  under  an  oak  tree  proper,  fructed  or. 
Motto:  "  Nihil  sine  labore." 

'•  Armorial  bearings  of  Gordon  Chesney  Wilson,  Esq.,  M.V.O.  ;  Per 
pale  sable  and  gules,  a  wolf  rampant  or^  charged  on  the  shoulder  with 


Fig.  529. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  William  Hutchison,  Esq. : 
Argent,  a  fess  azure,  over  all  three  arrows  in  point,  points  to  the 
base  counterchanged,  between  a  boar's  head  erased  close  in  chief 
sable,  and  two  escallops  in  base  ermines.  Mantling  gules,  doubled 
argent.  Crest :  A  stag's  head  erased  gules,  attired  or.  Motto : 
"  Memor  esto." 


Fig.  530. — Armorial  bearings  of  Captain  Eli  George  Hales  :  Gules,  a  fess 
embattled  or,  between  three  arrows  erect,  points  downwards,  in 
chief  of  the  last,  flighted  argent,  and  a  spade  palewise  in  base 
proper.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour  grasping  a  sword  in 
bend,  a  spade  in  bend  sinister  and  an  arrow  in  pale  point  upwards 
all  proper.     Motto :  "  Vis  unita  fortior." 


an  estoile  gules,  between  four  mullets  in  cross  of  the  third,  on  a  chief 
of  the  last,  a  representation  of  the  end  elevation  of  the  Wilson  Hall  of 
the  Melbourne  University  between  two  salmon  naiant  proper.  Mantling 
sable  and  or ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi- 
lion  or,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  an  estoile  gules,  and  resting  the 
sinister  paw  on  an  escutcheon  per  pale  sable  and  gules,  thereon  a 
wolf's  head  erased  also  or ;  with  the  motto,  "  Semper  vigilans." 


210 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  shield  of  Inverarity  (Fig.  478)  also  affords  an 
instance  of  their  use. 

The  family  of  Hales  (Fig.  530)  supplies  another  ex- 
ample- of  this  charge,  while  a  bow — without  the  arrows 
— may  be  instanced  in  the  shield  of  Bowes :  "  Ermine, 
three  bows  bent  and  stringed  palewise  in  fess  sable," 
and  in  the  arms  of  Bowman  (Plate  XXXI.). 

Arrow-Heads,  too — or  pheons — are  of  common  usage, 
and  occur  in  the  arms  of  Foster.  Pheons,  it  may  be 
noticed  in  passing,  are  arrow-heads  with  an  inner  en- 
grailed edge,  while  when  depicted  without  this  peculi- 
arity they  are  termed  "  broad  arrows."  This  is  not  a 
distinction  very  stringently  adhered  to. 

Instances  of  these  mav  be  seen  in  the  arms  of  Lowndes 
(Plate  XXXV.)  and  of  Smith  (Fig.  531). 


Fig.  531. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sidney  Smith,  Esq.:  Gyronny  of 
eigiit  gules  and  sable,  four  pheons  in  saltire  points  to  the  centre. 
Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours  on  a  Roman  fasces,  a  pheon 
point  upwards  or,  between  two  laurel-branches  fructed  proper. 
"Motto :  "  Concedat  laurea  lingua." 

Charges  associated  with  warfare  and  military  defences 
are  frequently  to  be  found  both  in  English  and  foreign 
heraldry. 

BaUle-Axes,  for  example,  may  be  seen  in  the  shield 
of  Firth  and  in  that  of  Renty  in  Artois,  which  has  : 
"  Argent,  three  doloires,  or  broad-axes,  gules,  those  in 
chief  addorsed." 

The  somewhat  infrequent  device  of  a  Battering-Ram, 
is  seen  in  the  arms  of  Bertie,  who  bore :  "  Argent,  three 
battering-rams  fesswise  in  pale  proper,  armed  and 
garnished  or  (azure  ?) " 

An  instrument  of  military  defence  consisting  of  an 
iron  frame  of  four  points,  and  called  a  Caltrap  or 
Galtrap  (and  sometimes  a  Cheval  trap,  from  its  use  of 
impeding  the  approach  of  cavalry),  is  found  in  the  arms 
of  Trappe  ["Argent,  three  caltraps  sable"],  Gilstrap"^ 
(Plate  XXXII.) ;  while  French  armory  supplies  us  with 
another  example  in  the  case  of  the  family  of  Guette- 
ville  de  GuenonvUle,  who  bore  for  arms :  "  D'argent, 
semee  de  chausse-trapes  de  sable." 

As  the  well-known  badge  of  the  Royal  House  of 
Tudor,  the  Portcullis  is  well  known  to  any  one  con- 
versant with  Henry  VII.'s  Chapel  at  Westminster  Abbey, 

"^  Armorial  bearings  of  John  MacRae-GHstrap,  Esq.,  of  BaUimore, 
CO.  Argyll;  Quarterly,  I  and  4  (Gilstrap),  argent,  a  chevron  engrailed 
vert  between  in  chief  two  escutcheons  gules,  each  charged  with  a 
galtrap  of  the  field,  and  in  base  a  talbot's  head  erased  of  the  third,  and 
for  distinction,  in  the  centre  chief  point  a  cross  crosslet  gules ;  2  and  3 
(MacEae),  argent,  a  fess  azure  between  two  mullets  in  chief  and  a  lion 
rampant  in  base  gules,  in  chief  point  a  crescent  of  the  second  for 
difference.  Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crests  :  i.  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  upon  a  rock,  a  cubit  arm  erect  in  armour  all  proper  grasping  an 
escutcheon  gules,  charged  with  a  galtrap  argent  for  distinction,  the 
arm  charged  with  a  cross  crosslet  gules  (for  Gilstrap)  ;  2,  on  a  wreath 
of  his  Hveiies,  an  arm  in  armour  embowed,  holding  a  scimitar  proper ; 
and  over  the  crest  the  mottoes,  '•  Candide  secure"  {for  Gilstrap); 
"Fortitudiue"  (for  MacEae) ;  under  the  shield,  "Nee  euro  nee  care" 
(for  MacRae). 


but  it  also  appears  as  a  charge  in  the  arms  of  the  family 
of  Wingate  ["Gules,  a  portculhs  and  a  chief  embattled 
or"]  (Plate  XXXIX.),  where  it  forms  an  obvious  pun  on 
the  earliest  form  of  the  name,  viz.  Windygate,  and  in  that 
of  Langman  (Fig.  532),  while  it  figures  as  the  crest  of  the 


IVSTVS 
ESTO 


,LT  NON 
METVE 


lOnn  lAWRENCE  lANGilAH 


^ 


Fig.  532. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Lawrence  Landman,  Esq.,  Knight 
of  Grace  of  the  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in 
England :  Argent,  on  a  pile  engrailed  sable,  a  water-bouget  of  the 
first  between  two  flaunches  of  the  second,  each  charged  with  a 
water-bouget  also  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable  and  argent ;  and 
for  the  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  mount  vert, 
thereon  a  portcullis  with  chains  sable,  three  water-bougets  fess- 
wise of  the  last.     Motto :  "  Justus  esto  et  non  metue." 

Dukes  of  Beaufort  ["A  portculKs  or,  nailed  azure, 
chained  of  the  first "],  and  also  as  the  crest  in  the 
achievement  of  Porter  (Fig.  533).     A  few  other  charges, 


Fig.  533. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Robert  Mansel  Porter,  Esq.  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  fess  nebuly  sable  and  ermine,  a  pale 
coanterchanged  and  three  bells  argent  (for  Porter) ;  2  and  3,  or,  on 
a  fess  dancette  gules,  between  two  escallops  sable,  a  ducal  coronet 
of  the  first  between  two  roses  argent,  barbed  and  seeded  proper 
(for  Taylor).  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crests:  i.  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  in  front  of  a  portcullis 
with  chains  or,  a  tilting-spear  fesswise  proper  (for  Porter);  2. 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  derai-lion  sable,  gorged  with  a 
collar  and  pendent  therefrom  an  escutcheon  or,  charged  with  two 
escallops  palewise  sable,  and  holding  between  the  paws  a  ducal 
coronet  or  (for  Taylor).     Motto :  "Quod  vult  valde  vult." 


211 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


directly  or  indirectly  connected  with  military  affairs, 
may  fitly,  perhaps,  find  a  place  in  this  connection. 

Beacons,  for  example — used,  as  is  well  known,  as  a 
signal  to  call  to  arms,  on  the  approach  of  a  foe — occur 
occasionally.  In  England  examples  are  furnished  by 
the  families  of  Buddicom,  Compton,  and  in  the  arms  of 
Wolverhampton  (Fig.  5330). 


Bombs,  Grenades,  &c.,  figure  in  the  shields  of  Vavas- 
seur  (Fig.  534)  and  Slade.* 


—  Y— mmrm/fA 


£4. 


Fig.  533«. — Arms  of  Wolverhamptou  :  Gules,  a  cross  formee  or,  between 
a  pillar  in  the  first  quarter,  a  woolpack  iu  the  second,  an  open  book 
in  the  third  all  argent,  and  in  the  fourth  a  padlock  of  the  second. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  beacon  sable,  fired 
proper,  two  keys  in  saltire,  wards  upwards  or.  Motto:  "  Out  of 
darkness  cometh  light."     [Granted  December  31,  1S9S.] 

Chains,  though  forming  part  of  the  collection  of 
objects  which  are  rightly  classed  as  pertaining  to  war, 
are  singularly  scarce  in  armory,  and  indeed  nearly 
wholly  absent  as  charges,  usually  occurring  where  they 
do  as  part  of  the  crest. 

The  English  shield  of  Anderton,  it  is  true,  bears : 
"  Sable,  three  chains  argent ;  "  while  another  one 
(Duppa  de  Uphaugh)  has :  "  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  a  lion's 
paw  couped  in  fess  between  two  chains  or,  a  chief 
nebuly  of  the  last,  thereon  two  roses  of  the  first,  barbed 
and  seeded  proper  (for  Duppa) ;  2  and  3,  party  fess 
azure  and  sable,  a  trident  fesswise  or,  between  three 
turbots  argent  (for  Turbutt)." 

Used  as  a  part  of  a  crest,  the  family  of  Slade  affords 
a  case  in  point. 

In  Continental  heraldry,  however,  chains  are  more 
frequently  met  with.  Principal  amongst  these  cases 
may  be  cited  the  arms  of  Navarre  ["  Gules,  a  cross 
saltire  and  double  orle  of  chains,  linked  together  or"], 
while  many  other  instances  are  found  in  the  armories  of 
Southern  France  and  of  Spain. 


Fig.  534. — Armorial  bearings  of  Josiah  Vavasseur,  Esq. :  Party  per 
chevron  and  in  chief  two  grenades,  and  in  base,  upon  a  mount 
vert,  a  machine-gun  upon  a  Vavasseur  mounting,  and  below  the 
escutcheon  his  badge  as  a  C.B.     Crest;    upon  a  wreath  of  the 

colours,  in  front  of  a  dexter  cubit  arm  holding  in  the  hand  a , 

two  swords  in  saltire  proper.     Motto:  "  Tout  par  faveur  divine." 

Among  the  more  recent  grants  Cannon  have  figured, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Filter  arms  (Fig.  535)  and  in  those 
of  the  burgh  of  Portobello ;  while  its  earlier  counter- 
part, in  the  form  of  a  culverin,  forms  the  charge  of  the 
Leigh  family :  "  Argent,  a  culverin  in  fess  sable." 


Fig.  535. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Frederick  Filter,  Esq.,  C.  B. :  Per 
chevron  argent  aud  sable,  two  pelts  (or  hides)  in  chief  of  the  last, 
and  a  cannon  mounted  on  its  carriage  in  base  proper.  Mantling 
sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of 
a  fleur-de-lis  or,  a  dolphin  naiant  proper.  Motto:  "Fide  patiente 
labore." 

f  Armorial  bearings  of  Slade :  Party  per  fess  argent  and  sable,  a  pale 
counterchanged  and  three  horses'  heads  erased  of  the  second,  on  a 
chief  ermine,  two  bombs  fired  proper.  Mantling  sable  and  argent. 
Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  horse's  head 
erased  sable,  within  a  chain  in  arch  gold. 


212 


PLATE   LXVI. 


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THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  Coluvm  appeal's  as  a  crest  in  the  arms  of  Coles.^ 
Between  two  cross  crosslets  it  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Adam  of  Maryburgh  ["  Vert,  a  Corinthian  column  with 
capital  and  base  in  pale  proper,  between  two  cross 
crosslets  fitchee  in  fess  or"],  and  also  as  forming  part 
of  the  crest  of  the  family  of  Willey  (Fig.   536);  while 


Fig.  536.— Armorial  bearings  of  Heniy  Alfred  Willey:  Sable,  gutt(5- 
d'eau,  two  antique  lamps  fired  in  chief  all  argent,  and  a  sun  in 
splendour  in  base  or.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  column  fesswise,  the  top  to  the 
sinister  sable,  an  antique  lamp  or,  fired  proper.  Motto:  "  Lucet 
et  Incebit." 

the  arms  of  the  See  of  Sodor  and  Man  are  blazoned  : 
"  Argent,  upon  a  pedestal  the  Virgin  Mary  with  her 
arms  extended  between  two  pillars,  in  the  dexter  hand  a 
church  proper,  in  base  the  anns  of  Man  in  an  escutcheon." 
As  a  charge,  the  Majors,  of  Suffolk,  bear  :  "Azure, 


Fig.  537. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Theodore  Salvesen,  Esq.:  Or, 
on  a  fess  vert,  between  two  esquires'  helmets  in  chief  and  a  water- 
bouget  in  base  gules,  two  battle-axes  in  saltire  of  the  first. 
Mantling  vert,  doubled  or ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries  is  set 
for  crest,  a  dragon  ship  vert,  mast  and  tackling  proper,  flagged 
gules.     Motto:  "Inveni  portum." 

E  Armorial  bearings  of  Ernest  Harry  Coles,  Gentleman:  Gules,  three 
bezants  chevronwise  within  two  chevronels  or,  between  three  lions' 
heads  erased  erminiois.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  upon  a  mount  vert,  a  column  erect  entwined  by  a  serpent 
holding  in  the  mouth  a  branch  of  olive  all  proper.   Motto :  "  Perseverez. " 


three  Corinthian  columns,  each  surmounted  by  a  ball, 
two  and  one  argent." 

As  perhaps  may  be  looked  for  in  this  connection. 
Helmets  figure  frequently  as  charges,  and  an  example 
is  afforded  by  the  Salvesen  arms  (Fig.  537). 

Scaling-Ladders  (viz.  ordinary  shaped  ladders  with 
grapnels  affixed  to  the  tops)  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
English  coats  of  D'Urban  (Fig.  538)  and  Lloyd  (Plate 
XXX.),  while  the  Veronese  Princes  della  Scala  bore  the 


Fig.  538. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Stewart  Mitchell  D'Urban, 
Esq.  :  Or,  on  a  chevron  between  three  mullets  of  six  points  sable, 
a  bombshell  or,  between  two  scaling-ladders,  and  as  an  honourable 
augmentation,  granted  in  1S17  to  Lt.-Gen.  Sir  Benjamin  D'Urban, 
G.C.B.,  K.C.H.,  K.C.T.S.,  on  a  canton  gules,  a  representation 
of  the  Military  Gold  Cross  inscribed  with  the  words  Eusaco,  Albu- 
hera,  Badajos,  and  Salamanca,  pendent  from  a  riband  of  the  first, 
fimbriated  azure,  with  five  gold  clasps  inscribed  with  the  words 
Vittoria,  Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  Nive,  and  Toulouse.  Mantling  sable 
and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  palm-tree, 
a  sphinx  couchant.     Motto:  "Firme." 


Ftg.  539. — Armorial  bearings  of  Amherst:  Gules,  three  tilting -spears 
two  and  one  or,  headed  argent.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  vert,  three  like  spears,  one 
erect  and  two  in  saltire,  girt  with  a  wreath  of  laurel  proper. 
Motto  :  "  Constantia  et  virtute." 


213 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ordinary  ladder :  "  Gules,  a  ladder  of  four  steps  in  pale 
argent."  A  further  instance  of  this  form  of  the  charge 
occurs  in  the  Swiss  shield  of  Laiterberg :  "  Argent,  two 
ladders  in  saltire  gules." 

S}jears  and  Spear-Heads  are  to  be  found  in  the  arms 
of  many  families  both  in  England  and  abroad ;  at  home 
in  the  arms  of  Amherst  (Fig.  539)  and  Lind  (Plate 
XXXIX.),  while  spear-heads  are  seen  in  the  arms  of 
Edwards  "  (Plate  XXIII.). 

The  Shakespeare  arms  (Fig.  540),  too,  are :  "  Or,  on  a. 


more  (Fig.  542),  while  the  Polish  Counts  Brzostowski 
bore :  "  Gules,  a  stirrup  argent,  within  a  bordure  or." 


Fig.  540. — Aims  of  WUliam  Shakespeare  (f/.  1616) :  Or,  on  a  bend  sable, 
a  tilting-spear  of  the  field. 


bend  sable  a  spear  of  the  first;  steeled  (or  pointed) 
argent,"  while  "Azure,  a  lance  or  enfiled  at  its  point 
by  an  annulet  argent  "  represents  the  French  family  of 
Danby. 

Spurs  occur  in  coat  armour  as  such  in  the  arms  of 
Harben  (Plate  XXIX.),  and  also  occasionally  "  winged," 
as  in  the  arms  of  Johnston  (Plate  XXVIII.). 

An  example  of  a  spur-rowel  is  seen  in  the  crest  of 
Jardine  (Fig.  541). 


Fig.  541. — Armorial  bearings  of  David  Jardine  Jardine,  Esq. :  Parted 
per  pale  argent  and  or,  a  saltire  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  third, 
three  mullets  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours  is  set  for  crest,  a  spur-rowel  gules. 
Motto:  "Caveadsum." 


B.\.amples  of  Stirrups  are  but  infrequent,  and  the  best- 
known  one  (as  regards  English  armory)  is  that  of  Scuda- 

''  Armorial  beariugs  of  Howell  Powell  Edwards,  Esq.,  M.A.,  of 
Novington  Manor,  Sussex  :  Sable,  a  chevron  vair,  in  base  a  spear-head 
or,  embrued  proper,  ou  a  chief  of  the  third,  three  spear-heads  of  the 
first  also  embrued  proper.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a.  dragon's  head  erased  vert,  gorged  with  a 
collar  vair  and  charged  with  two  quatrefoils  iu  pale  or,  holding  in  the 
mouth  a  dexter  hand  couped  at  the  wrist  distilling  drops  of  blood 
proper,  between  two  spear-heads  erect  argent. 


Fig.  542. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edward  Scudamore  Lucas-Scudamore, 
Esq. :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  gules,  three  stirrups  leathered  and  buckled 
or  (for  Scudamore) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  fess  between  si.x  annulets 
gules  (for  Lucas).  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest :  i.  out  of  a 
ducal  coronet  or,  a  bear's  paw  sable  (for  Scudamore) ;  2.  upon  a 
wreatli  of  the  colours,  a  demi-griffin  argent,  beaked  and  mem- 
bered  or. 


Stones  are  even  more  rare,  though  a  solitary  example 
is  to  be  seen  in  the  arms  of  Staniland  ["  Quarterly,  i 
and  4  [per  pale  or  and  vert,  a  pale  counterchanged, 
three  eagles  displayed  two  and  one,  and  as  many],  flint- 
stones  one  and  two  all  proper  (for  Staniland) ;  2  and  3, 
azure,  an  estoUe  or  between  four  bezants  in  saltire,  in 
each  corner  of  the  field  a  castle  argent  (for  Stainbank)"]. 
The  "  vigilance  "  of  the  crane  has  been  already  alluded 
to  on  page  179. 

The  mention  of  stones  brings  one  to  the  kindred 
subject  of  Catapults.  These  engines  of  war,  needless  to 
say  on  a  very  much  larger  scale  than  the  object  which 
is  nowadays  associated  with  the  term,  were  also  Itnown 
by  the  mame  halistie,  and  also  by  that  of  swepe.  Their 
occurrence  is  very  infrequent,  but  for  that  very  reason 
one  may,  perhaps,  draw  attention  to  the  arms  of  the 
(English)  family  of  Magnall :  "  Argent,  a  swepe  azure 
charged  with  a  stone  or." 

Swords,  differing  in  number,  position,  and  kind  are, 
perhaps,  of  this  class  of  charges  the  most  numerous. 

A  smgle  sword  as  a  charge  may  be  seen  in  the  shield 
of  Dick  of  Wicklow,'  and  Macfie^  (Plate  XXXVIIL), 
and  a  sword  entwined  by  a  serpent  in  that  of  Maokesy. 
Used  in  the  crest  it  appears  in  the  case  of  Brooke  (Fig. 
543),  and  broken  off  in  that  of  Colby  (Fig.  544).  A  flam- 
ing sword  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Maddooks  (Fig.  246).  A 
scimitar  figures  in  the  crest  of  Drummond  (Plate  XLV.). 

Swords  frequently  figure,  too,  in  the  hands  or  paws  of 
supporters,  accordingly  as  the  latter  are  human  figures 
or  animals,  whilst  they  figure  as  the  "  supporters  "  them- 
selves in  the  unique  case  of  the  family  of  Bastard  (in 
Breton),  whose  shield  is  cottised  by  "  two  swords,  point 
in  base." 

i  Armorial  bearings  of  Captjxin  Quintin  Dick  Dick  :  Quarterly,  I  and 
4,  gules,  a  sword  in  pale  point  upwards  proper,  hilted  and  pommelled 
or,  between  two  mullets  in  chief  of  the  last  (for  Dick) ;  2  and  3,  vert, 
a  lion  rampant  argent  (for  Hume).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest; 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  leopard  sejant  proper.  Motto  ;  "  Semper 
fidelis." 

J  Armorial  bearings  of  John  William  Macfie,  of  Dreghorn  and 
Colinton,  Esq.,  J.P. :  Parted  per  fess  nebuly  azure  and  or,  in  chief  a 
sword  argent  point  downwards,  hilted  and  pommelled  of  the  second, 
and  in  base  a  lymphad  sable  under  sail  of  the  third,  flags  and  pennons 
Hying  gules.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  aud  on  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  demi-lion  rampant  proper  ;  and  on  an  escroll 
over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Pro  Rege." 


214 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


A  "  seas "  is  the  term  employed  to  denote  a  curved 
scimitar,  or  falchion,  having  a  notch  at  the  back  of  the 


owing  to   this  origin  were   included    in  the  grant   of 
arms  to  the  town  of  Ealing  (Fig.  545). 


JlCf.  S43. — ^Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Thomas  BrookG,  Bart.,  F.S.A.  :  Ar- 
gent, a  cross  nebuly  per  pale  gules  and  sable,  in  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters  a  boar's  head  erased  of  the  last ;  and  for  the  crest,  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  sword  erect,  the  blade  en- 
twined by  two  serpents  respecting  each  other  proper,  a  boar's  head 
erased  sable  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Est  nee  astu." 


blade.    In  heraldry  their  use  occurs  fairly  frequently, 
though  generally,  it  must  be  added,  Lq  shields  of  arms 


Fig.  544. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Reynolds  Colby,  A.K.  C, 
Clerk  in  Holy  Orders  :  Azure,  two  chevronels  between  two  escal- 
lops in  chief  and  as  many  palmers'  staves  saltirewise  in  base  or,  a 
crescent  for  difference.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  between  two  pahn-branches,  a  dexter  arm 
embowed  in  armour,  the  hand  in  a  gauntlet  grasping  a  broken 
sword  proper,  suspended  from  the  hand  a  palmer's  scrip  or. 
Motto  :  '*  Non  omnis  frangar." 


of  doubtful  authority.     As  such  they  are  to  be  seen, 
amongst  others,  in  the  reputed  arms  of  Middlesex,  and 


Fig.  545. — Arms  of  Ealing :  Party  per  chevron  gules  and  argent,  in  chief 
on  the  dexter  side  two  swords  in  saltire  proper,  pommels  and  hilts 
gold,  and  on  the  sinister  side  three  seases  barwise  in  pale  of  the 
third,  pommels  and  hilts  to  the  dexter  of  the  fourth,  in  base  an 
oak-tree  fructed  and  eradicated  also  of  the  third. 


Torches  or  Firebrands  are  depicted  in  the  arms  and 
crest  of  Gillman  (Fig.  195)  and  Tyson  (Plate  XV.). 

Trumpets  are  not  of  frequent  occurrence  either  in 
English  or  Continental  armory.  As  forming  part  of  the 
crest  one  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Blackburne,  and  rather 
as  a  bugle-horn  or  hunting-horn  in  the  arms  of 
Hunter ''  (Plate  XXIII.),  and  in  the  impaled  shield  of 
Scott-Gatty  (Fig.  262). 

Barnacles  (or  Breys) — horse  curbs — occur  in  some  of 
the  earlier  coats,  as  in  the  arms  of  Wyatt  [■'  Gules,  a 
barnacle  argent"],  while  another  family  of  the  same 
name  (or,  possibly,  Wyot)  bore :  "  Per  fess  gules  and 
azure  (one  or)  three  barnacles  argent "]. 

Bells  are  well  instanced  in  the  shield  of  Porter  (Fig. 
533),  and  the  poet  Wordsworth  bore:  "Argent,  three 
bells  azure."  It  may  be  noted  in  passing  that  in  Con- 
tinental armory  the  clapper  is  frequently  of  a  different 
tincture  to  that  of  the  bell.  As,  for  instance,  "  D'Azur, 
k  la  cloche  d'argent,  bataille  [viz.  with  the  clapper]  de 
sable  " — the  arms  of  the  Comtes  de  BeUegarse. 

Bridle-Bits  are  of  very  infrequent  use,  though  they 
may  be  seen  in  the  achievement  of  the  famUy  of 
MUner. 

Blocks,  too,  are  of  about  as  rare  occurrence  as  any 
charge.     They  occur  in  the  arms  of  Paynter  (Fig.  236). 

•^  Armorial  bearings  of  Andrew  Alexander  Hunter,  Esq.,  Eursar  of 
Cheltenham  College :  Argent,  on  a  chevron  azure,  between  three 
hunting-horns  vert,  garnished  and  stringed  gules,  a  crescent  of  the 
first.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries 
is  set  for  crest,  a  stag's  head  caboshed  or  ;  and  in  an  escroU  over  the 
same, this  motto,  "  VigUantia,  robur,  voluptas." 


215 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  unusual  device  of  a  block  of  granite  is  to  be  seen 
in  the  Farren  shield  (Fig.  546). 


(Fig.  431),  and  Joslin  (Fig.  547),  and  also  appears  as 
part  of  the  crest  of  the  Lumb  family  (Fig.  548). 


Fig.  546. — Armorial  bearings  of  George  Farren,  Esq. :  Argent,  on  a  pile 
gules,  between  two  blocks  of  dressed  red  granite  proper,  a  lion 
passant  regardant  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  block  of  dressed  grey  granite 
proper,  a  lion  passant  regardant  gules,  resting  the  dexter  forepaw 
on  a  saltire  or.     Motto:  "  Perseverantia  vincit." 


Chaplets,  Corcmets,  and  even  the  Torse  (or  wreath 
surmounting  the  helm)  occasionally  figure  as  charges, 
though   in   most   cases   they   are   themselves  charged. 


FA  I  R.£  -  WON  ■  DeVOl  R. 


Fig.  547. — Armorial  bearings  of  Walter  Joslin,  Esq. ;  Per  chevron 
azure  and  or,  two  tieurs-de-lis  in  chief  of  the  last,  and  in  base  a 
circular  wreath  sable  and  of  the  first,  with  four  hawks'  bells  con- 
joined thereto  proper.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  between  two  hawks'  bells,  a  rock  thereon  a 
falcon's  leg  erased  at  the  thigh  and  belled,  all  proper.  Motto: 
"  Faire  mon  devoir." 


Such  an  instance  may  be  seen  in  the  shield  of  Berry 
(Fig.  237). 

The  torse  figures  as  a  charge  in  the  arms  of  Jocelyn 


Fjg.  548. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Lumb,  Esq. :  Or,  three 
escutcheons  sable,  each  charged  with  a  mullet  pierced  of  the  first, 
a  martlet  for  'difference.  Mantling  or  and  sable.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  blackamoor's  head  in  profile  couped  at  the 
shoulders  proper,  wreathed  about  the  temples  or  and  sable,  and 
charged  on  the  neck  with  a  mullet  of  six  points  gold,  within  a 
wreath  in  arch  or  and  sable.     3Iotto  :  "  Respice  finem." 


Bowls  may  be  seen  in  the  Holding  arms  (Fig.  8g). 

The  Buckle. — This  is  a  charge  which  is  of  much  more 
general  use  than  those  which  we  have  recently  been 
surveying.  It -appears  very  frequently  both  in  English 
and  foreign  heraldry — sometimes  oval-.shaped,  but  more 
generally  lozengewise :  especially  is  this  the  case  in  Con- 
tinental arms.  In  a  circular  form  they  appear  in  the 
arms  of  Stubbs  (Plate  XIV.),  while  a  single  buckle 
(lozenge-shaped)  appears  on  the  shield  of  Ferguson' 
(Plate  XXXIII.). 

A  somewhat  curious  variation  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
the  Prussian  Counts  Wallenrodt,  which  are :  "  Gules,  a 
lozenge-shaped  buckle  argent,  the  tongue  broken  in  the 
middle." 

In  the  form  of  a  Badge  the  buckle  is  used  by  the 
Pelhams,  Earls  of  Chichester  and  Earls  of  Yarborough. 

The  University  of  Aberdeen  affords  an  instance  of  a 
Pot  of  Lilies. 

Though  blazoned  as  a  Cauldron,  the  de'vice  occurring 
in  the  crest  of  De  la  Rue  may  be  perhaps  as  fittingly  de- 
scribed as  an  open  bowl,  and  as  such  may  find  a  place 
in  this  classification :  "  Between  two  olive-branches 
vert  a  cauldron  gules,  fired  and  issuant  therefrom  a 
snake  nowed  proper." 

The  use  of  a  Pitcher  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Bertrand 
de  Monbocher,  who  bore  at  the  siege  of  Carlaverock : 
"  Argent,  three  pitchers  sable  (sometimes  found  gules) 
withm  a  bordure  sable  bezante." 


'  Armorial  bearings  of  George  Bagot  Ferguson,  Esq.,  M.A.,  M.D. : 
Azure,  a  buckle  or,  between  three  boars'  heads  erased  argent,  a  bordure 
of  the  second,  seme  of  trefoils  slipped  vert.  Mantling  azure  and 
or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  thistle  proper,  passing 
through  a  buckle  or,  a  bee  alighting  of  the  last,  winged  azure,  and  on 
an  escroll  above,  "  Dulcius  ex  asperis."  Motto  below  the  arms;  "  Ut 
prosim  aliis." 


216 


PLATE    LXVII. 


EXAMPLES    OF    "DIFFERENCED"    COATS    OF    ARMS,    &c. 


Printed  nt  StnrtL,-! 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  somewhat  singular  charge  of  a  Chart  appears  in 
the  arms  of  Chi'istopher  (Fig.  2,77),  and  also  as  the  crest 
of  the  family  of  Cook  (Fig.  549). 


Fig.  549. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Cook,  Esq. :  Gnles,  on  a  bend 
or,  two  cinquefoils  azure,  on  a  sinister  canton  argent,  a  cross 
crosslet  iitche  issuing  out  of  a  crescent  of  the  first,  all  within  a 
bordure  of  the  second.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  sea-chart  proper.  Motto :  "  Tutum 
monstrat  iter," 

Clifton  College  also  affords  a  case  of  the  use  of  Books 


Fig.  550. — Anns  of  the  Corporation  of  Clifton  College:  Argent,  a 
chevron  between  two  trefoils  slipped  in  chief  and  a  garb  in  base 
azure,  a  chief  gules,  thereon  a  ducal  coronet  or,  between  two 
books  argent  clasped  and  garnished  gold.  Motto :  ■'  Spiritus 
intus  alit."     [Granted  April  S,  1S95.] 


(Fig-  550),  while  an  open  book  forms  part  of  the  crest 
of  the  Hutton  family  (Plate  XVII.). 

Chess-Rooks  are  somewhat  favourite  heraldic  dejioes, 
and  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  shield  of  Smith  (Fig.551). 


Fig.  551.— Armorial  bearings  of  William  Macadam  Smith,  Esq. : 
Azure,  in  chief  a  drinking-cup  and  in  base  a  chess-rook  or,  on  a 
chief  engrailed  of  the  last,  a  chess-rook  of  the  first.  Mantling 
azure  and  or.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a 
dolphin  bauriant  or,  three  chess-rooks  azure.  Motto  :  "  Generosity 
with  Justice." 


Cups  (covered)  appear  in  the  Butler  arms,  and  de- 
rived therefrom  in  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Warrington 
(Fig.  5 1 ).  This  charge  is  famUiar  to  both  Scottish  and 
also  foreign  heraldry,  the  Lauries  of  Maxwelltown,  for 
example,  using :  "  Sable,  a  cup  argent,  issuing  there- 
from a  garland  between  two  laurel-branches  all  proper," 
and  the  Veronese  Bicchieri :  "  Ai-gent,  a  fess  gules  be- 
tween three  drinking-glasses  half  tilled  with  red  wine 
proper."  The  arms  of  the  Neapohtan  Princess  Pignatelli 
are  :  "  Or,  three  pots  with  handles  sable  (those  in  chief 
affrontes)."  Another  curious  form  of  the  German 
heraldic  cup  occurs  on  Plate  VII. 

Uncovered  cups  occur  in  the  arms  ot  Fox  (Fig.  318), 
and  also  in  those  of  Smith  (Fig  551).  In  this  connection 
we  may  note  in  passing  the  rare  use  of  the  device  of  a 
Vase,  which  forms  a  charge  in  the  coat  of  the  town  of 
Burslem,  whilst  it  is  also  to  be  met  with  in  the  crest  of 
the  family  of  Doulton :  "  On  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  demi-lion  sable,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a 
cross  crosslet  or,  and  resting  the  sinister  upon  an  es- 
cutcheon charged  with  a  vase  proper."  The  motto  is 
perhaps  weU  worth  recording :  "  Le  beau  est  la  splen- 
dour de  vrai." 

Both  the  Crescent  and  the  MuUet  figure  largely  in  all 
armories,  both  as  charges  and  (in  English  heraldry)  as 
difference  marks. 

In  the  more  usual  form  the  crescent  may  be  seen 
in  the  arms  of  Hutton  (Fig.  234). 

Variations,  too,  of  the  form  of  the  crescent  occur,  such 
as  when  the  horns  are  turned  to  the  dexter,  when  it  is 
termed  "  a  crescent  increscent,"  or  when  they  are  turned 
to  the  sinister — when  it  is  styled  "  decrescent."  An 
example  of  the  latter  wiU  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
North  (Plate  XXIV.). 

An  instance  of  the  crescent  "  reversed  "  may  be  seen 
in  the  shield  of  the  Austrian  family  of  Puckberg,  whose 
blazon  was  :  "  Azure,  three  crescents,  those  in  chief  ad- 
dorsed,  that  in  base  reversed." 
217  2e 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


In  English  "  difference  marks  "  the  crescent  is  used 
to  denote  the  second  son,  but  under  this  character  it 
will  be  discussed  later. 

Mullets  (three)  occur  in  the  chief  of  the  shield  of 
Wilson  (Fig.  552),  and  pierced  in  that  of  the  Lafone 
family  (Fig.  302). 


Cushions,  somewhat  strangely,  form  the  charges  in 
many  British  shields,  occurring,  for  example,  in  the 


Fig.  552. — Armorial  bearings  of  Walter  Henry  Wilson,  Esq.  :  Argent, 
a  chevron  between  three  mullets  gules.  Mantling  gules,  doubled 
argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  demi-lion  ram- 
pant gules.     Motto :  ' '  Semper  vigilans. " 


In  "  differencing  "  the  mullet  is  the  mark  of  the  third 
son,  and  that  also  will  be  again  referred  to.  The  mullet 
must  be  distinguished  from  the  estoile  (see  pages  219 
and  228).  It  may  have  any  number  of  j)oints,  but  unless 
the  number  is  specified  it  must  be  represented  with  five. 

Independent  of  its  use  in  conjunction  with  ecclesiasti- 
cal armory,  the  Crosier  is  not  widely  used  in  ordinary 
achievements. 

It  does  occur,  however,  as  the  principal  charge,  as  in 
the  arms  of  Benoit  (in  Dauphiny)  ["  Gules,  a  pastoral 
staff  argent "],  while  as  forming  part  of  the  crest  it  occurs 
in  the  achievement  of  Alford, 

The  term  "  crosier  "  is  synonymous  with  the  pastoral 
or  episcopal  staff,  and  is  independent  of  the  cross  which 
is  borne  before  (and  not  hy)  Archbishops  and  Metro- 
politans. 

The  use  of  pastoral  staves  as  charges  is  to  be  seen  in 
the  shield  of  Were,"'  while  MacLaurin  of  Dreghorn 
bears :  "  Argent,  a  shepherd's  crook  sable." 

The  palmer's  stafi'  has  been  introduced  into  many 
coats  of  arms  for  families  having  the  surname  of 
Palmer,  as  have  also  the  palmer's  wallet,  whilst  purses 
occur  in  the  arms  of  James  "  (Plate  XXII.). 

n'  Armorial  bearings  of  Were :  Argent,  on  a  bend  vert,  between  six 
crosses  crosslet  fitchi^  gules,  three  sheep-hooks  or.  Crest :  a  demi-lion 
rampant  proper,  holding  a  cross  crosslet  fitche  gules. 

°  Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  Nicholas  Hopkins  James,  D.D.:  Party 
per  pale  gales  and  azure,  on  a  chevron  engrailed  between  three  lions 
passant  guardant  or,  as  many  purses  sable.  Mantling  gules  and  or ; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  hart's  head  erased 
proper,  charged  on  the  neck  with  a  fleur-de-lis  azure.  Motto  ;  "  J'aime 
jamais." 


Fig.  553. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Thomas  Brisbane,  Esq.  :  Sable, 
a  chevron  chequy  or  and  gules  between  three  cushions  pendent  by 
the  corners  of  the  second,  a  chief  of  honourable  augmentation  em- 
battled argent,  thereon  on  waves  of  the  sea  a  ship  of  war  under 
sail  between  two  forts,  the  guns  firing  and  on  the  battlements  the 
Dutch  flag  all  proper.  Above  the  shield  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting 
his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  next  the 
same  are  set  the  two  following  crests,  namely  :  upon  the  dexter  side 
the  crest  of  honourable  augmentation,  that  is  to  say,  out  of  a 
naval  crown  or,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  the  uniform  of  a  captain 
of  the  Royal  Navy,  the  hand  grasping  a  cutlass  proper,  hilted  and 
pommelled  or,  and  from  the  hand  pendent  by  a  ribbon  argent, 
fimbriated  azure,  a  gold  medal  representing  that  given  by  His 
Majesty  to  Sir  Charles  Brisbane  ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same 
this  motto,  "Curagoa  "  ;  and  upon  the  sinister  side,  on  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries,  the  family  crest,  namely :  a  stork's  head  erased 
holding  in  the  beak  a  serpent  writhing  proper  ;  and  in  an  escroll 
over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Certamine  summo  "  ;  and  on  a  com- 
partment below  the  shield  are  placed  for  supporters  two  talbots 
proper. 


arms  of  the  Brisbane  (Fig.  553),  and  on  the  shield  in  the 
Johnstone  family  (Fig,  554),  In  Scottish  heraldry,  in- 
deed, cushions  appear  to  have  been  of  very  ancient  (and 
general)  use,  and  are  frequently  to  be  met  with.  The 
Earls  of  Moray  bore :  "  Argent,  three  cushions  lozenge- 
wise  within  a  double  tressure  flory-counterflory  gules," 
and  the  charge  also  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Macdonald  ° 

o  Armorial  bearings  of  Wm.  Eae  Macdonald,  Esq.,  Carrick  Pur- 
suivant :  Quarterly  argent  and  or,  in  the  first  quarter  a  lion  rampant 
gules,  armed  and  langued  azure;  in  the  second  a  dexter  hand  proper, 
couped  fesswise,  holding  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  gules ;  in  the  third  a 
lymphad,  sails  furled,  and  oars  in  saltire  sable ;  in  the  fourth  a  salmon 
naiant  proper ;  over  all,  on  a  fess  of  the  third,  a  cushion  of  the  second. 
Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a 
mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  a  dexter  hand  holding  a  dirk 
erect  proper.     Motto :  "  Nee  tempore  nee  fato." 


218 


PLATE   LXVIII. 


De  r  honorable  Chevalier  ALEXANDRE  FORRESTER 
Cochrane  Vice-Amiral  de  r  Escadre  blanche  de 
la  flole  de  sa  Majesle'Gouverneur  de  ITsIe  de  la 
Guada loupe  el  Chevalier  du  tr6s  honorable  Ordre 
I    du   BAIN.  Inslalle   le  I^"  jour  de  Juin  MDCCCXII. 

0  Q 


THE    STALL-PLATE   OF   ADMIRAL   SIR   ALEXANDER    COCHRANE,    K.I! 

From  the  Plate  i.v  He.vry  VII. 's  Chapel  in  West.minster  Abbey. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


(Plate  XVII.),  but  an  English  example  occurs  in  the         The  Shuttle  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Shuttleworth  (Fi^ 
arms  of  Hutton  1' (Plate  XVII.).  107),  and  in   those  of  the  town  of  Leigh  (Fig.   556), 


Fig.  554. — Armorial  bearings  oE  Johnstone :  Argent,  a  saltire  sable,  in 
base  a  man's  heart  regally  crowned  all  proper,  on  a  chief  gales, 
three  cushions  or. 

Tlie  Distaff,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  origin  of 
the  lozenge  upon  which  a  lady  bears  her  arms,  is 
seldom  seen  in  heraldry,  but  occasionally  in  English 
armory  it  does  occur.  The  family  of  Body,  for  instance, 
bear  one  in  chief,  and  three  occur  in  the  arms  of  a 
family  of  Lees  (Fig.  555).     Abroad  this  charge  is  not 


Fig.  555. — Armorial  bearings  of  Joseph  Lees,  Esq. :  Per  chevron  or  and 
gules,  a  chevron  counterchanged  between  two  roses  in  chief  of  the 
second,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  and  three  distaffs,  one  in  pale 
and  two  saltirewise  in  base  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules  and  or. 
Crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  cotton-hank  f ess- 
wise  or,  thereon  an  owl  close,  holding  in  the  beak  a  branch  of 
cotton-tree,  a  distaff  fesswise  also  proper.  Motto  :  "  Perge  sed 
caute." 

to  be  met  with,  and  it  is  somewhat  surprising  that  in 
German  armory  this  domestic  figure  has  no  place. 

P  Armorial  bearings  of  Arthur  Edward  Hill  Hutton,  Esq.,  of 
Houghton  Hall,  co.  Durham  :  Gules,  on  a  fess  between  three  cushions 
argent,  fringed  or  tasselled  or,  as  many  fleurs-de-lis  of  the  field. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a 
cushion  gules  placed  lozengewise  an  open  book,  the  edges  gilt,  with 
the  words  "  Odor  vitje  "  inscribed.     Motto  :  "  Spiritus  gladius." 


Fig.  556. — Arms  of  Leigh :  Quarterly  gules  and  argent,  a  cross  quarterly 
counterchanged  between  a  spear-head  of  the  last  in  the  first 
quarter,  a  mullet  sable  in  the  second,  a  shuttle  fesswise  the  thread 
pendent  of  the  last  in  the  third,  and  a  sparrow-hawk  close  proper 
in  the  fourth  ;  and  for  the  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  the 
battlements  of  a  tower  proper  issuant  therefrom  a  bear's  paw  gules, 
holding  a  javelin  erect  or. 

whUe  the  town  of  Pudsey  (Fig.  557)  affords  an  illustra- 
tion of  shuttles  in  conjunction  with  a  woolpack. 

The  Escarhiincle  (an  illustration  of  which  occurs  on 
Plate  X.  Fig.  57)  is  an  instance  of  a  charge  having 
become  such  as  the  evolution  of  an  integral  part  of  the 
shield  itself.  In  ancient  warfare  Shields  were  some- 
times strengthened  by  being  bound  with  iron  bands 
radiating  from  the  centre,  and  these  bands,  from  the 
shape  they  assumed,  became  in  course  of  time  a  charge 
in  themselves  under  the  term  escarbuncle.  An  example 
may  be  seen  in  the  three  escarbuncles  which  form  the 
arms  of  the  family  of  Boyce  (Fig.  558). 

The  Estoile. — This  charge,  although  so  similar  in 
general  design  to  the  "  star "  proper,  is  yet  not  to  be 
confused  with  it. 


219 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Most  frequently  the  estoile  has  five  (and  occasionally 
six)  straight  rays,  and  is  not  pierced,  though  usually 
the  rays  are  wavj'. 

Sometimes,  too,  more  points  than  even  six  are  de- 


FlG.  557. — Arms  of  Pudsey ;  Argent,  on  a  chevron  vert,  between  two 
pairs  of  shuttles  saltirewise  in  chief  and  a  woolpack  in  base  proper, 
three  mullets  pierced  or,  all  within  a  bordure  engrailed  gules, 
charged  with  eight  roses  of  the  field.  Motto  :  "  Be  just  and  fear 
not." 


Fig,  558.— Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Henry  Boyce,  Esq.,  C.B.  :  Per 
chevron  embattled  or  and  azure,  three  escarbuncles  counter- 
changed.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  out  of  a  tower  proper,  a  demi-lion  rampant  gules,  holding 
between  the  paws  an  escarbuncle  or.    Motto:  "  Semper  fidelis." 


The  Princes  of  Waldeck  bear :  "  Or,  an  estoile  of  eight 
points  sable,"  while  the  Counts  of  Erpaoh  show  a  shield 
of  "  Per  fess  gules  and  argent,  three  estoiles  of  six  points 
counterchanged."  The  family  of  Ingleby  bears  as  arms  : 
"Sable,  an  estoile  argent,"  and  three  estoiles  occur  in 
the  arms  of  Langdale  (Fig.  559).  Reference  should  be 
made  to  page  228. 


picted,  in  which  case  the  number  of  them  should  be 
specified,  as  an  estoile  of  .  .  .  points. 


Fig.  559. — Al'morial  bearings  of  Henry  Joseph  Grattan  Langdale,  Esq. : 
Sable,  a  chevron  between  three  estoiles  argent.  Mantling  sable 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  estoile  argent. 
Motto  :  "  Post  tenebras  lucem." 


The  Fanmakers'  Company's  crest  is  :  "  A  hand  couped 
proper  holding  a.  fan  displayed,"  while  the  chief  charge 
in  the  arms  is  "...  a  fan  displayed  .  .  .  the  sticks 
gules  .  .  ."  This,  however,  appears  to  be  the  only 
case  I  can  cite  of  this  object. 

The  Fasces. — This  charge,  emblematic  ot  the  Roman 
magisterial  symbol,  is  very  frequently  introduced  in 
grants  of  arms  to  Mayors  and  Lord  Mayors,  which  no 
doubt  accounts  for  its  appearance  in  the  arms  of  Uurn- 
ing-Lawrence,'i  and  Spokes  (Fig.  560). 

An  instance  of  Fetterlocks  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Kirkwood,  and  also  in  the  coat  of  Lookhart. 

Flavies  of  Fire  are  not  frequently  met  with,  but  they 
are  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Baikie  (Fig.  561),  and 
as  crests  they  figure  in  the  achievements  of  Graham- 
Wigan  (Fig.   178),  and  also  in  conjunction  with  keys 

^1  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Edward  Durning-Lawrence,  Bart. :  Er- 
mine, on  a  cross  raguly  gules  between  in  the  lirst  and  fourth  quarters 
a  fasces  erect,  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  oak  proper,  a  pair  of  compasses 
extended  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  wolf's  head  erased  argent,  crusily,  and  charged  with  a  pair 
of  compasses  extended  sable.     Motto  :  "  Per  ardua  stabilis." 


220 


PLATE    LXIX 


STAR,  COLLAR,  AND  BADGE  OF  THE   MOST   NOBLE 
ORDER   OF  THE   GARTER. 


STAR,  COLLAR,  AND  BADGE  OF  THE  MOST  ANCIENT 
AND   MOST   NOBLE   ORDER   OF  THE  THISTLE. 


STAR,  COLLAR,  AND  BADGE  OF  THE  KNIGHTS  GRAND  COMMANDER 
OF   THE   MOST   EMINENT   ORDER  OF   THE   INDIAN   EMPIRE. 


STAR,    COLLAR,   AND   BADGE   OF   THE   MILITARY 

KNIGHTS    GRAND    CROSS    OF    THE   MOST 

HONOURABLE    ORDER    OF    THE 

BATH. 


STAR,     COLLAR,     AND    BADGE    OF     THE    CIVIL 

KNIGHTS   GRAND   CROSS   OF  THE  MOST 

HONOURABLE   ORDER  OF  THE 

BATH. 


STAR  OF   THE    KNIGHTS    COMMANDERS    OF  THE 
BATH. — Military  Division. 


STAR,     COLLAR,    AND    BADGE    OF   THE   KNIGHTS    GRAND 

CROSS   OF  THE  MOST  DISTINGUISHED   ORDER 

OF  SAINT   MICHAEL   AND   SAINT 

GEOKGE. 


STAR     OF     THE     KNIGHTS     COMMANDERS 

THE  B.VI'H. — Civil  Division. y^'^^'^'^-Oi  T 
PU  B  LI 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  that  of  Flavel  ■•  (Plate  XXIII.). 
certain    other    objects    flames    are 


In  connection  with 
common    enousrh. 


Fig.  560. — Bookplate  of  Bussell  Spokes,  Esq.  :  Azure,  on  a  pile  between 
two  fasces  erect  or,  three  Catherine-wheels,  two  and  one  gules,  in 
chief  a  martlet  for  difference.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting:  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  or ;  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fasces  erect  between  two 
ostrich  feathers  ;  with  the  motto  :  "  Fiat  justitia  ruat  coelum." 


The  phoenix  always  issues  from  flames,  and  a  sala- 
mander is  always  in  the  midst  of  flames  (Fig.  155). 
The  flaming  sword,  a  device,  by  the  way,  included 
in  the  recent  grant  to  Sir  George  Lewis,  Bart.,  has 
been  already  alluded  to,  as  has  also  the  flaming 
brand.  A  notable  example  of  the  torch  occurs  in 
the  crest  of  Sir  William  Gull,  Bart.,  no  doubt  an  allusion 
(as  is  his  augmentation)  to  the  skill  by  which  he  kept 


Fig.  561. — Armorial  bearings  of  Alfred  Baikie,  Esq., 
of  Tankerness,  Orkney. 


the  torch  of  life  burning  in  the  then  Prince  of  Wales 
during  his  serious  illness  in  1871.    The  same  charge 


occurs  in  the  arms  of  Edward  T.  Tyson,  Esq.,  ot 
Wood  HaU,  Cockermouth  (Plate  XV.),  the  blazon  of 
which  is :  "  Vert,  gutte-d'eau,  three  lions  rampant  argent, 
each  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  torch  erect,  tired 
proper.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-lion 
rampant  vert,  gutte-d'eau,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a 
torch  as  in  the  arms,  and  resting  the  sinister  upon  a 
rose  gules,  barbed  and  seeded  proper.  Motto :  '  Fortiter 
et  vigilanter.' "  A  flaming  mountain  occurs  as  the  crest 
of  several  families  of  the  name  of  Grant. 

A  curious  instrument  now  known  nearly  exclusively 
in  connection  with  its  use  by  farriers,  and  termed  a 
Fleam,  occurs  on  the  chief  of  the  shield  of  Moore.  A 
fleam,  however,  is  the  ancient  form  and  name  of  a 
surgeon's  lancet,  and  some  connection  with  surgery 
may  be  presumed  when  it  occurs.  It  is  one  of  the 
charges  on  the  arms  recently  granted  to  Sir  Frederick 
Treves,  Bart. 

Furisons. — Two  of  these  singular  charges  are  de- 
picted  in   the  shield  of  Black  (Fig.  562),  and  also  in 


Fig.  562.  —Armorial  bearings  of  William  George  Black  :  Argent,  a  saltire 
sable,  on  a  chief  of  the  last,  a  wolf's  head  erased  of  the  first,  in  the 
flanks  two  furisons  azure.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest: 
on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  demi-lion  gules,  armed  and  langued 
azure,  and  in  an  escroU  over  the  same,  this  motto,  "  Non  crax  sed 
lus." 


that  of  Steel.^  They  were  apparently  the  instru- 
ments by  which  fire  was  struck  by  flint  stones.  The 
German  form  of  this  charge  .wUl  be  found  on  Plate 
X.  Fig.  66. 

Charges  in  connection  with  music  and  musical  instru- 
ments do  not  occur  very  frequently,  though  the  heraldic 
use  of  the  Clarion  and  the  Hai~p  may,  perhaps,  be 
mentioned. 

The  Human  Heart,  which  should  perhaps  have  been 
more  correctly  referred  to  in  an  earlier  chapter,  is  a 
charge  which  is  well  known  in  heraldry,  both  English 
and  foreign.     A  family  of  Adams  bears  this  device  as  a 


"■  Armorial  bearings  of  Sidney  Flavell,  Esq.,  J. P.,  of  Leamington: 
Argent,  a  maunch  gnles,  bezantee.  between  three  keys  wards  upwards, 
over  all,  a  chevron  azure.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two  keys 
in  saltire,  wards  upwards,  in  front  of  flames  of  fire  proper.  Motto ; 
*•  Ttt  Dens  ale  fiammam." 


s  Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  John  James  Steel ;  Or,  on  a  bend 
sable,  between  two  furisons  azure,  a  book  expanded  argent.  Mantling 
sable,  doubled  or ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a 
lion's  head  erased  gules ;  and  in  an  escroU  above  this  motto  :  "  Ferro 
non  furto. " 


221 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


charge,  while  it  also  figures  in  the  arms  and  crest  of 
Corfield  (Fig.  563). 


I^ERVA  FlDEM 


Fig.  563. — Armorial  bearings  ot  Frederick  Channer  Corfield,  Esq.  :  Per 
chevron  gules  and  argent,  in  chief  two  escutcheons  of  the  second, 
and  in  base  an  escutcheon  ermine,  each  charged  with  a  heart  of  the 
iirst,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Alleyne,  namely  :  per  chevron  gules 
and  ermine,  in  chief  two  lions"  heads  erased  or.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  cubit  arm 
erect,  the  hand  grasping  two  palm-branches  in  orle  all  proper,  a 
heart  as  in  the  arms.     Motto  :  "  Serva  fidem." 


Fig.  564. — Armorial  bearings  of  Benjamin  Minors  Woollan,  Gentleman  : 
Per  chevron  per  pale  azure  and  gules  and  argent,  gutte-de-pois, 
two  ingots  of  gold  fesswise  in  chief  and  a  fleece  in  base  proper. 
Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
in  front  of  a  palm-tree  on  a  rock  proper,  a  lion  couchant  regardant 
per  pale  indented  azure  and  gules,  supporting  with  the  dexter  fore- 
paw  an  ingot  of  gold  erect.    Motto:  "  Laborare  ettempusaucupari." 


A  turther,  and  perhaps  the  best  known,  example  of 
the  heart  ensigned  with  a  crown  is  seen  in  the  shield 
of  Johnstone  (Fig.  554).  The  legend  whicli  accounts 
for  the  appearance  of  this  charge  in  the  arms  of  Douglas 
is  too  well  known  to  need  repetition. 

Money,  Coins,  &c.,  deserve  a  passing  notice,  although 
the  instances  of  devices  connected  therewith  are  but 
few.     This  usually  takes  the  form  of  tlie  Bezant. 

The  well-known  heraldic  term  "  bezante "  is,  of 
course,  a  field  covered  with  bezants,  or  metal  discs — 
representing  coins — and  probably  taking  their  origin 
from  the  size,  &o.,  of  the  coins  current  in  Byzantium. 

Bezants  themselves  frequently  figure  as  charges,  as  in 


Fig.  565. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Gibsone,  Esq.,  of  Pentland: 
Gules,  three  keys  fesswise  in  pale,  wards  downwards,  or.  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a 
pelican  vulning  herself  and  feeding  her  young  proper.  Sup- 
porters :  two  angels  with  wings  expanded  proper.  Motto : 
"  Pandite  ccelestes  portse." 


the  family  of  Murray,  who  bore:  "Azure,  a  bezant 
between  three  mullets  argent  (another  for  difference)." 
"  Azure,  a  chevron  or  between  three  bezants "  is  the 
shield  of  Hope  (Fig.  231). 

Impersonal  arms  in  this  connection  afford  an  in- 
stance of  ingots  of  silver,  as  seen  in  the  shield  of  St. 
Helen's,  whilst  the  family  of  Woollan  (Fig.  564)  go  one 
better  by  bearing  ingots  of  gold. 

Keys  may  be  seen  in  many  coats  of  Gibson  (Fig. 
565),  and  they  also  —  naturally  —  figure  largely  in 
ecclesiastical  armory.  York,  Exeter,  and  Winchester, 
among  Home  Dioceses,  bear  this  charge  on  the  shield, 
while  abroad  it  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  two  keys, 
in  conjunction  with  the  tiara,  form  the  charges  of 
Papal  arms,  and  "  Gules,  the  papal  tiara  proper "  is 
the  canting  coat  of  the  Dutch  family  of  Pabst. 

A  Maunch,  which  is  a  well-known  heraldic  term  for 


Fig. 


566. — Arms  of  William  de  Hastings,  Lord  Hastings  (rf.  14S3) : 
Argent,  a  maunch  sable.     (From  his  seal,  1468.) 


the  sleeve,  is,  as  it  is  drawn,  scarcely  recognisable  as 
such.  Nevertheless  its  evolution  can  be  clearly  traced. 
Figs.  40  and  1023  show  the  sleeve  worn,  and  it  again 
appears  distinctly  as  a  sleeve'on  Plate  LXXXII.  In  a 
less  recognisable  form  it  will  be  seen  in  Figs.  124,  125, 


222 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  230.  The  maunch — which,  of  course,  as  a  heraldic 
charge,  originated  in  the  knightly  "  favour  "  of  a  lady's 
sleeve — was  borne  from  the  earliest  periods  in  different 
tinctures  by  the  three  historic  families  of  Conyers, 
Hastings  (Fig.  566),  and  Wharton  (Fig.  567).     Another 


Fig.  567. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Anthony  Wharton, 
Esq. :  Sable,  a  maunch  argent.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a 
helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  argent ; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  bull's  head 
erased  argent,  armed  or,  crined  sable. 


instance  of  its  use  will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Flavel 
(Plate  XXIII.).  Other  garments  have  been  used  as 
heraldic  charges  ;  gloves  in  the  arms  of  Fletcher  and 
Barttelot  (Fig.  259);  stockings  in  the  arms  of  Hose 
(Plate  LXXXV.):  a  boot  in  the  crest  of  Hussey  (Fig. 
261),  and  a  hat  in  the  arms  of  Huth  (Fig.  798).  Armour 
is  frequently  met  with,  a  cuirass  appearing  in  the  crest 
of  Somers  (Fig.  475),  helmets  in  the  arms  of  Salvesen 
(Fig.  537),  Trayner,  Roberton,  and  many  other  families, 
and  a  morion  in  the  crest  of  Pixley  (Plate  XVIII.).    The 


Fig.  56S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Samuel  Milne  Milne,  Gentleman: 
Argent,  a  millrind  gules  within  an  orle  of  eight  millrinds  sable. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours. 
a  millrind  fesswise  sable,  thereon  a  lion  rampant  argent,  hold- 
ing between  the  paws  a  miUrind  gules.  Motto:  "  Quserito 
sapientiam." 


Garter  is,  of  course,  due  to  that  Order  of  knighthood ; 
and  the  Blue  Mantle  of  the  same  Order,  besides  giving 
his  title  to  one  of  the  Pursuivants  of  Arms,  who  uses  it 
as  his  badge,  has  also  been  used  as  a  charge. 

The  Mill-'riiul  or  Fer-de-moline  is,  of  course,  as  its 
name  implies,  the  iron  from  the  centre  of  a  grindstone. 
It  is  depicted  in  varying  forms,  the  most  usual  being 
shown  in  the  arms  of  Milne  (Fig.  568)  and  Elgood  (Fig. 
569). 


Fig.  569. — Armorial  bearings  of  Edgar  J.  Elgood,  Esq.,  J.P.,  of  The 
Manor  Honse,  Sidcup,  Kent :  Or,  on  a  rock  in  base  proper,  a  orey- 
hound  current  sable,  a  chief  azure,  thereon  a  key  wards  upwards 
between  two  fers-de-moline  erect  of  the  first.  Mantling  sable  and 
or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  mount  vert, 
thereon  a  greyhound  current  sable,  holding  in  the  mouth  a  key  in 
bend,  wards  upwards  or,  a  pile  of  sis  pellets,  one,  two,  and  three  ; 
with  the  motto,  "  Tenas  propositi." 


Mirrors  occur  almost  exclusively  in  crests  and  in 
connection  with  mermaids  who,  a^  a  general  rule,  are 
represented   as  holding  one  in  the  dexter  hand  with 


Fig.  570. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Edward  Bredon,  Esq. :  Gules,  a 
lion  rampant  or,  within  a  bordure  invected  of  the  last,  charged 
with  ten  passion-nails  proper.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  Crest : 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  argent,  holding 
in  the  dexter  paw  a  cross  patee  fitchee  gules,  the  sinister  paw 
resting  on  a  passion-nail  or.     Motto :  "  Vincit  Veritas." 


223 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


a  comb  in  the  sinister.  The  crest  of  Rutherford  (Fig. 
202)  will  give  an  illustration  of  this. 

Very  occasionally,  however,  mirrors  appear  as  charges, 
an  example  being  that  of  the  Counts  Spiegel  zum 
Desenberg,  who  bore :  "  Gules,  three  round  mirrors 
argent  in  square  frames  or." 

Symbols  connected  with  the  Sacred  Passion — other 
than  the  cross  itself — are  not  of  very  general  use  in 
armory,  though  there  are  instances  of  the  Passion-Nails 
being  used,  as,  for  example,  in  the  shield  of  Bredon 
(Fig.  570).  NaUs  are  also  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
iproctor,  viz. :  "  Or,  three  passion-nails  sable." 

Pelts,  or  Hides,  may  be  seen  in  the  shield  of  Filter 


Fig.  571. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Jotin  Joseph  Grinlinton :  Azure,  a 
sword  in  bend  proper,  pommel  and  hilt  or,  surmounting  a  pen  in 
bend  sinister  argent,  in  f  ess  two  spurs  of  the  last.  Mantling  azure 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  sword  erect 
proper,  pommel  and  hilt  gold,  surmounting  a  pen  fesswise  argent, 
interlaced  by  a  spur  or.     Motto  :  "  Fide  et  fortitndine." 


(Fig.  S3 5);  and  the  Fleece  has  been  mentioned  under 
the  division  of  Rams  and  Sheep.  A  Pen  in  that  of 
Billiat  (Plate  XXVIL),  and  also  in  the  crest  of  Gilmour 
(Fig.  4S6);  while  the  shield  of  Grinlinton  (Fig.  571) 
shows  a  use  ot  a  pen  saltirewise  with  a  sword. 


Fig.  572.  — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  Sir  John  Stainer :  Per  chevron 
gules  and  or,  in  base  a  stork  proper,  a  chief  of  the  second,  thereon 
two  branches  of  laurel  saltirewise  and  slipped  between  two  reed- 
pipes  proper.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a 
cubit  arm  erect,  the  hand  holding  a  reed-pipe  in  bend  sinister,  a 
wreath  of  laurel  all  proper.     Motto  :  "  Onerari  est  honorari." 


Two  Plummets  (or  Sinkers  used  by  masons)  form 
the  charges  in  the  arms  of  Jennings,'  quartered  by 
Lingard-Monk. 

A  solitary  instance,  too,  of  Reed-Pipes  occurs  in  the 
accompanying  shield  of  Stainer  (Fig.  572). 


Fig.  573. — Arms  of  Todmorden :  Or,  on  a  fess  wavy  azure,  between  a 
rose  gules  in  chief  and  a  rose  argent  in  base,  both  barbed,  seeded, 
and  slipped  proper,  a  shuttle  in  bend  sinister  of  the  first,  and  a 
spindle  in  bend  of  the  fourth.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
upon  a  mount  vert,  an  obelisl:  proper.  Motto  :  "  By  industry  we 
prosper." 

An  instance  of  a  Pyramid  is  met  with  in  the  crest 
of  Malcolm,  Bart.,  and  an  Obelisk  in  that  ot  the  town 
of  Todmorden  (Fig.  573). 

The  shield  of  Crookes  (Fig.  157)  affords  an  example 
of  two  devices  ot  very  rare  occurrence,  viz.  a  Prism  and 
a  Radiometer. 

Water,  lakes,  ships,  &c.,  are  constantly  met  with  in 
armory,  but  a  few  instances  must  suffice.  The  various 
methods  of  heraldically  depicting  water  have  been 
already  referred  to  (page  54). 

t  Or,  a  chevron  azure  between  two  plummets  in  chief  of  the  last,  and 
a  saltire  couped  gules  in  base  (for  Jennings). 


224 


PLATE    LXX. 


STAR,     COLLAR,    AND    BADGE    OF    THE    MOST 
ILLUSTRIOUS   ORDER   OF  ST.    PATRICK. 


BADGE    OF    THE    ORDER    OF     THE 

HOSPITAL     OF     ST.     JOHN     OF 

JERUSALEM  IN  ENGLAND. 


BADGE  OF  ALL  CLASSES. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Three  Wells  figure  in  the  arms  of  Hodsoll  (Fig.  574),         The  shields  of  Stourton  (Fig.  227)  and  Mansergh 
and  a  masoned  well  in  that  of  Camberwell  (Fig.  S75).  (Fig.  394)  supply  instances  of  Fountains. 

A  Tai'^i,  or  Loch,  occurs  in  the  shield  of  the  family  of 


C7BmGI€R-Ii€DR0IG 


Fig.  574. — Armorial  bearings  of  Hodsoll :  Azure,  a  fess  wavy  between 
three  stone  fountains  argent.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fountain  argent.  Motto:  "  Maintien 
le  droit. " 


Fig.  576.  — Armorial  bearings  of  Harry  Holmes-Tarn ;  Parted  per  saltire 
or  and  gules,  two  terns  naiant  in  tarns  or  lochs  undy  proper,  one  in 
chief  and  one  in  base.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  on  a  garb  fesswise,  a  raven  all  proper  ;  and 
on  an  escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Vixet  in  gsternum." 

Tarn  (Fig.  576),  while  Lord  Loch  bears:  "Or,  a  saltire 
engrailed  sable,  between  in  fess  two  swans  in  water 
proper,  all  within  a  bordure  vert." 


^^G.  575  — Arms  of  Camberwell :  Quarterly,  gules  and  argent,  a  cross 
quarterly  between  a  well  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  a  chevron 
couped  between  three  cinquefoils  in  the  second,  and  a  lion  rampant 
in  the  third,  all  counterchanged.  Crest :  in  front  of  a  crosier  erect 
gules,  a  hind  lodged  argent,  gutt^-de-sang  and  pierced  through 
the  neck  with  an  arrow  fesswise  sable.     Motto  :  *'  All's  well." 


Fig.  577. — Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Burnington  Fellows,  Gentle- 
man :  Per  fess  or  and  azure,  in  chief  two  reindeer  heads  erased 
proper,  and  in  base,  on  the  base  thereof  barry  wavy  of  four  argent 
and  of  the  second,  an  ancient  ship  of  three  masts,  sails  furled  also 
proper.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  a  lion's  head  erased  proper,  crowned  with  a 
crown  vallery  of  the  first,  holding  in  the  mouth  an  antler  of  a 
reindeer  also  proper.     Motto  :  "  Fac  et  spera." 


In  this  connection  we  may  note  that  Drops  [of  water] 
are  of  very  frequent  occurrence  in  all  armories.     They 


225 


2f 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


have   been  already  alluded  to  (page  54),  as    has   also 


Fig.  578.— Arms  of  Sir  Arthur  Macphersoa,  K.C.I.E.:  Azure,  a  lymphad 
or,  sail  furled  and  oars  in  action,  mast  and  tackling  all  proper, 
flags  Hying  of  the  field,  each  charged  with  a  saltire  argent,  on  a 
chief  indented  of  the  last  a  hand  fesswise,  coaped,  grasping  a 
dagger  point  upwards  on  the  dexter,  and  on  the  sinister  a  cross 
crosslet  fitchde  of  the  first,  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded  by 
the  ribbon  and  pendent  the  badge  of  a  K.O.I.E.  Abore  the  shield 
is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree ;  with  a  mantling  azure, 
doabled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest, 
a  cat  rampant  guardant  proper ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same 
this  motto,  "Touch  not  the  cat  but  a  glove." 


the  isolated  case  of  a  Whirlpool  in  the  shield  of 
Gorges  (or  Gurges),  which  is:  "Argent,  a  whirlpool 
azure."  This,  as  also  the  heraldic  "  fountain,"  will  be 
found  to  be  dealt  with  more  fully  under  the  term 
Roundel.  The  fountain  in  the  form  in  which  this  word 
is  now  used  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Lopes  and  in  the 
crest  of  Brunner. 

The  term  "  gutte  "  implies  being  sprinkled  with  drops 
of  any  liquid,  and  the  nature  of  that  liquid  is  aifixed  to 
the  word  "  gutte,"  such  as :  "  gutte-de-l'armes,"  sprinkled 
with  tears  [which  are  depicted  azure] ;  "  gutte-de-l'eau," 
sprinkled  with  water  [argent] ;  and  "  gutte-de-sang," 
sprinkled  with  blood  [gules].  Gutte  reversed  is,  of  course, 
with  the  drops  "  upside  down." 

The  use  of  Ships  may  be  instanced  by  the  shield  of 


Fig.  579. —Armorial  bearings  of  Conder,  of  Terry  Bank,  co.  Westmor- 
land :  Argent,  on  a  bend  wavy  azure,  between  two  lymphads  sable, 
sails  furled,  flags  flying,  and  oars  in  motion,  also  sable,  an  anchor 
entwined  with  a  cable  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in 
front  of  a  lymphad  as  in  the  arms,  an  anchor  fesswise,  the  flukes 
to  the  dexter  or;  with  the  motto,  "  Je  conduis." 


Fig.  580. — Arms  of-  Oban :  In  the  waves  of  the  sea  proper,  a  lymphad 
sable,  oars  in  action,  with  a  beacon  on  the  top  of  the  mast  proper ; 
in  base  a  salmon  naiant  argent ;  on  a  chief  parted  per  pale  dexter, 
azure,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  sinister  gyronny  of  eight  or  and 
sable ;  and  on  an  escroll  below  this  motto,  "  Air  aghart." 


Fellows  (Fig.  577),  Brown,  of  Bonnytoun  (Plate  XXVI.), 
and  of  Raid  (Fig.  136),  while  a  Galley  or  Lymphad 
occurs  in  that  of  Macpherson  (Fig.  578),  and  in  the 
arms  of  Conder  (Fig.  579),  Campbell  (Figs.  54  and 
187),  Macdonald  (Plate  XXXVIII.),  Galbraith  (Plate 
XLV.\  Dewar  (Plate  XLV.),  Macfie  (Plate  XXXVIII.), 
and  also  in  the  arms  of  Oban  (Fig.  580). 

Another  instance  of  a  coat  of  arms  in  which  a  galley 
appears  will  be  found  in  the  arms  recently  granted  to  the 
burgh  of  Alloa  (Fig.  581),  while  Wandsworth  (Fig.  582) 
and  Lerwick  each  afford  instances  of  a  Dragon  Ship. 

A  modern  form  of  ship  in  the  shape  of  a  Yacht  may 


226 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 

be   seen   in    the   arms   of  Ryde ;    while   two    Scottish  of  Chorleywood.   Lastly,  we  may  note  the  appropriate  use 

families    afford    instances    of    the    use    of    the    Ark.  of  a  Steamer  in  the  arms  of  Barrow-in-Furness.     The 

"  Argent,  an  ark  on  the  waters  proper,  surmounted  of  curious  figure  of  the  lion  dimidiated  with  the  hulk  of  a 

a  dove  azure,  bearing  in  her  beak  an  olive-branch  vert,"  ship  which  is  met  with  in  the  arms  of  several  of  the 


Fig.  5S1. — Arms  of  Alloa:  Argent,  on  the  wave-s  of  the  sea  an  ancient  galley  sable,  in 
fnll  sail,  the  sail  charged  with  the  arms  of  the  Earls  of  Mar  and  KeUie,  pennon 
gules,  flag  of  the  field,  charged  with  a  pale  of  the  second,  on  a  chief  vert,  in  the 
dexter  a  garland,  the  dexter  half  hops,  the  sinister  barley  all  or,  and  in  the  sinister 
a  golden  fleece.  Above  the  shield  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  their  degree,  with 
a  mantling  sable,  doubled  argent ;  and  on  a  wreath  of  their  liveries  is  set  for 
crest,  a  griffin  gules,  winged  armed  and  beaked  or,  langued  azure,  and  on  an  escroll 
over  the  same  this  motto,  "In  the  forefront."  (From  the  painting  by  Mr. 
Graham  Johnston  in  Lyon  Register.) 


are  the  arms  borne  by  Gellie  of  Blackford ;  and  "Argent, 
an  ark  iu  the  sea  proper,  in  chief  a  dove  azure,  in  her 
beak  a  branch  of  olive  of  the  second,  within  a  bordure 
of  the  third  "  are  quoted  as  the  arms  of  Primrose  Gailliez 


towns   of  the  Cinque  Ports  has  been  referred  to   on 
page  128. 

The  Prow  of  a  Galley  appears  in  the  arms  of  Pitcher 
(Kg.  583)- 


227 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Astronomical 
forins. 

An   heraldic   representation 
Plate  X.  Fig.  45. 


charges   likewise  take   many  different 


of    a    Comet   occurs   in 


"  Gules,  a  chief  nebuly  argent,  the  rays  of  the  sun 
issuing  therefrom  or." 

The  Rainbow  (Plate  X.  Fig.  47),  though  not  in 
itself  a  distinctly  modern  charge,  for  it  occurs  in  the 
crest  of  Hope  (Fig.  231),  has  been  of  late  very  frequently 
granted  as  part  of  a  crest.  Instances  occur  in  the  crest 
of  the  family  of  Pontifex,  and  again  in  that  of  Thurston, 
and  of  Wigan  (Fig.  476).  It  use  as  a  part  of  a  crest  is  to 
be  deprecated,  but  in  these  days  of  complicated  armory 
it  might  very  advantageously  be  introduced  as  a  charge 
upon  a  shield. 

An  imusual  device,  the  Thv/nderbolt,  is  that  of  the 
crest  of  Carnegy  (Fig.  407). 

The  arms  of  the  German  family  of  Donnersperg  very 
appropriately  are :  "  Sable,  three  thunderbolts  or  issuing 


5^  \\\\\^ 


*  *  * 


O 


& 

h 

6 

h 

h 

6 

& 

k.    .M 

& 

& 

ti    •    0   »  «l»   « 

o 


,^^  ^^ 


Fig.  582. — Arms  of  Wandsworth  ;  Per  fess  nebuly  chequy  azure  and 
or,  each  of  the  last  charged  with  a  goutte  of  the  first,  and  sable, 
in  base  five  estoiles,  four  and  one  of  the  second,  all  within  a  bordure 
argent  charged  with  eight  crosses  couped  gules.  Crest :  an  ancient 
ship  having  a  dragon-head  at  the  prow  sable,  five  oars  in  action, 
the  like  number  of  shields  resting  against  the  bulwarks,  and 
suspended  from  the  stem  and  stern  an  anchor,  all  or,  mast  and 
rigging  proper,  with  a  flag  flying  to  the  dexter  gules,  the  sail 
azure,  charged  with  a  wyvern,  wings  elevated,  within  eight  gouttes 
in  orle  argent.     Motto:  "We  serve." 


Clouds  (Plate  VII.  Fig.  46)  form  part  of  the  arms  of 
Lord  Milltown,  the  second  quarter  (for  Leeson)  being : 


i.  583. — Armorial  bearings  of  Colonel  Buncan 
George  Pitcher,  Indian  Staff  Corps:  Per  chevron 
ermine  and  azure,  in  chief  two  acorns  slipped 
proper,  in  base  the  prow  of  an  antique  galley 
argent.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin's  head  couped, 
gorged  with  a  wreath  of  oak  proper  between  two 
wings  each  charged  with  a  bezant.  Motto : 
'*  Perseverentia  et  labore." 


from  a  chief  nebuly  argent,  in  base  a  moimt  of  three 
coupeaux  of  the  second." 

Blackpool  furnishes  an  instance  of  a  thunderbolt  in 
dangerous  conjunction  with  windmill  sails  (Fig.  584). 

Stars,  a  very  common  charge,  may  be  instanced  by 
the  Scottish  shield  of  Alston  (Fig.  585). 

There  has,  owing  to  their  similarity,  been  much  con- 
fusion between  stars,  estoiles,  and  mullets.  The  diffi- 
culty is  increased  by  the  fact  that  no  very  definite  lines 
have  ever  been  followed  officially.  In  England  stars 
under  that  name  are  practically  unknown.  When  the 
rays  are  wavy  the  charge  is  termed  an  estoile,  but  when 
they  are  straight  the  term  mullet  is  used.  That  being 
so,  these  rules  follow  :  that  the  estoile  is  never  pierced 
(and  from  the  accepted  method  of  depicting  the  estoile 
this  would  hardly  seem  very  feasible),  and  that  unless 
the  number  of  points  is  specified  there  will  be  six  (see 
Fig.  559).  Other  numbers  are  quite  permissible,  but 
the  number  of  points  (more  usually  in  an  estoile  termed 
"  rays ")   must   be   stated.      The   arms   of  Hobart,  for 


228 


PLATE   LXXI. 


(putrre  be  gian^i-cC-  gnnJC  bt  b'<w>ng-1^gkrb  ^  ulflwb 


B«pgiiaft  gixurf  • 


Rcfiar^  (r>ftnf>      ^QtUonjfigereT-  >  g«tW)  bgbafrr;a--Foggl'be  C\\mcvj>  -tfitfi^elA^cf^^ 


jSbt^vlmv  \g rcvV .'^m^ 


-P^Jfter'Sclo'lTxt 


(Tiutfebglevceftrfc  (guittt  ^rtjjm";^;^^'^!^^"^^^^  bdCfer- 


AN  EARLY  ENGLISH  ROLL  OF  ARMS. 


flf-s^iescx 


-^ 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


example,   are :    "  Sable,   an   estoile   of  eight    rays    or, 
between  two  flaunches  ermine."    An  estoile  of  sixteen 


being  in  England  a  mullet,  it  naturally  follows  that  the 
English  practice  permits  a  mullet  to  be  plain  or  pierced. 
They  are  occasionally  met  with  pierced  of  a  colour 
other  than  the  field  they  are  charged  upon.  According 
to  the  English  practice,  therefore,  the  mullet  is  not 
represented  as  pierced  unless  it  is  expressly  stated  to  be 
so.  The  mullet  both  in  England  and  Scotland  is  of  five 
points  unless  a  greater  number  are  specified.  But 
mullets  pierced  and  unpierced  of  six  or  eight  points  are 
frequent  enough  in  English  armory. 

The  Scottish  practice  diti'ers,  and  it  must  be  admitted 
that  it  is  more  correct  than  the  English,  though, 
strange  to  say,  more  complicated.     In  Scottish  armory 


Fig.  584. — Anns  of  Blackpool  :  Barry  wavy  of  eight  sable  and  or,  a 
seagull  volant  proper,  on  a  chief  argent,  a  thunderbolt  also  proper, 
between  a  iiear-de-lis  and  a  lion  rampant  both  gales.  Crest : 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colonrs,  on  the  battlements  of  a  tower  or, 
the  sails  of  a  windmill  saltirewise  proper,  sormonnted  in  the 
centre  by  a  rose  gnles,  barbed  and  seeded  also  proper.  Motto  : 
"Progress." 


rays  is  used  by  the  town  of  Ilchester,  but  the  arms  are 
not  of  any  authority.     Everything  with  straight  points 


Fig.  585. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Henry  Alston, 
Esq. :  Azure,  ten  stars  of  six  points  or,  four, 
three,  two,  and  one,  within  a  bordnre  wavy  of 
the  last,  charged  with  three  fleurs-de-lis  gules. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest. ;  upon 
a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  a  demi-eagle  rising 
proper,  on  each  wing  a  crescent  reversed  gales. 
Motto  :  *^  In  aitum." 


they  have  the  estoile,  the  star,  and  the  mullet.  As  to  the 
estoile,  of  course,  their  practice  is  similar  to  the  English. 
But  in  Scotland  a  straight-pointed  charge  is  a  mullet  if  it 
be  pierced,  and  a  star  if  it  be  not.  As  a  mullet  is  really 
the  "  molette  "  or  rowel  of  a  spur,  it  certainly  could  not 
exist  as  a  fact  unpierced,  so  that  the  Scottish  practice 
is  doubtless  the  more  correct.  Nevertheless  it  is  by  no 
means  stringently  adhered  to  in  that  country,  and  they 
make  confusion  worse  confounded  by  the  frequent 
use  of  the  additional  name  of  "  spur-rowel,"  or  "  spur- 
revel  "  for  the  pierced  mullet.  The  mullet  in  the  arms 
of  Vere,  which  was  also  their  badge,  is  seen  in  Figs.  586 
and  587.  The  part  this  badge  once  played  in  history  is 
well  known.     Had  the  De  Veres  worn  another  badge 


229 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 

on   that  fatal  day   the   course    of  "English   History"     and  added  developments  of  those  ideas  from  the  East 
might  have  been  changed.  and  in  traversing  the  range  of  armory  where  crowns  and 


^ 

^ 

^ 

Fig.  5S6  — Arms  of  Aubrey 
de  Vere.  Earl  ot  Oxford  : 
Quarterly  gules  and  or, 
in  the  first  quarter  a 
mullet  argent.  (From 
his  seal.  1378.) 


Fig.  5S7.— Arms  of  John  de 
Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford  {d. 
1513) :  Quarterly,  i  and 
4,  De  Vere ;  2  and  3, 
gules,  a  bend  between 
sis  cross  crosslets  fitched 
argent.  (From  his  seal, 
1509.) 


The  six-pointed  mullet  pierced  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
De  Clinton  (Fig.  588). 


Fig.  5S8. — Arms  of  William  de  Clinton,  Earl  of  Huntingdon  (rf.  1354) : 
Argent,  sis  cross  crosslets  fitched  sable,  on  a  chief  azure,  two 
(sometimes  three)  mullets  or.     (From  his  seal,  1340.) 


The  Sun  in  Splendour  is  depicted  in  Plate  X.  Fig. 
41,  and  occurs  in  the  arms  of  Hurst,  and  many  otlier 
families,  while  the  family  of  Warde-AIdham  affords  an 
example  of  the  Rays  of  the  sun  alone. 

The  town  of  Porto-Rico  (Fig.  589)  instances  the  some- 
what infrequent  variation  of  tne  Rising  Sun. 

A  Crescent  Moon  is  shown  in  Plate  X.  Fig.  42,  and 
a  Moon  reversed  in  Fig.  43.  A  Scottish  coat,  that  ot 
BaUlie  of  Walstoun,  has  "  Azure,  the  moon  in  her  com- 
plement, between  nine  mullets  argent,  three,  two,  three 
and  one."  The  term  "  in  her  complement "  signifies 
that  the  moon  is  full,  but  with  the  moon  no  raj's  are 
shown,  in  this  of  course  differing  from  the  sun  in 
splendour.  The  face  is  usually  represented  in  the  full 
moon,  and  sometimes  in  the  crescent  moon,  but  the 
orescent  moon  must  not  be  confused  \nXh  the  ordinary 
heraldic  crescent  as  in  the  arms  of  Bartlett  (Plate 
XXXVIII.)  and  KUpin  (Fig.  590). 

In  concluding  this  class  of  charges,  we  may  fitly  do 
so  by  subjoining  the  shield  of  Sir  William  Herschel 
(Fig.  591),  with  its  appropriate  though  clumsy  device  of 
a  Teleacope. 

As  may  be  naturally  expected,  the  insignia  of  sover- 
eignty are  of  very  frequent  occurrence  in  all  armories, 
both  English  and  foreign.  Long  before  the  days  of 
heraldrj'.  some  form  of  decoration  for  the  head  to  indi- 
cate rank  and  power  had  been  in  vogue  amongst,  it  is 
hardly  too  much  to  say,  all  nations  on  the  earth.  As  in 
most  things,  Western  nations  have  borrowed  both  ideas, 

230 


Fig.  5S9.— Arms  of  Porlo  Rico 


Fig.  590.— Armorial  bearings  of  Ernest  Fuller  Kilpin,  Esq.,  C.M.G.  : 
Per  fess  argent  and  or,  three  crescents  fesswise  azure,  between 
two  oak-trees  eradicated  in  pale  proper.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  in  front  of  an  oak  proper,  charged  with  a  pheon 
or,  a  mount  vert,  thereon  a  saltire  azure.  Motto:  "Firmus  in 
firm  us.'' 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


coronets  appear  in  modern  Western  heraldry,  we  find  a 
large  proportion  of  these  devices  are  studiously  and  of 
purpose  delineated  as  being  Eastern. 


One  may  notice  in  passing  that  unlike  what,  from  the 
legend  itself,  one  would  expect,  these  crowns  are  not  of 
Eastern  design,  but  of  a  class  wholly  connected  with 
heraldry  itself.  The  legend  and  device,  however,  are 
both  much  older  than  these  modem  minutiae  of 
detail. 

Ecclesiastical  Sees  figure  to  some  extent  as  possessing 
Royal  Crovnis  as  part  of  their  armorial  bearings. 

The  Archbishopric  of  York  has  the  well-known  coat : 
"  Gules,  two  keys  in  saltire  argent,  in  chief  a  regal  crown 
proper." 

The  reputed  arms  of  St.  Etheldreda,  who  was  both 
Queen,  and  also  Abbess  of  Ely,  find  their  perpetuation 
in  the  arms  of  that  See,  which  are :  "  Gules,  three  ducal 
(an  early  form  of  the  Royal)  crowns  or;"  while  the 
recently-created  See  of  St.  Alban's  affords  an  example  of 
a  celestial  crown:  "Azure,  a  sal  the  or,  a  sword  in  pale 
proper;  in  chief  a  celestial  crown  of  the  second."  The 
Celestial  Crown  is  to  be  observed  in  the  arms  of  the 
Borough  of  Kensington  (Fig.  593)  and  as  a  part  of  the 
crest  of  Dunbar  (Plate  XXXIV.).  The  See  of  Bristol 
bears:  "Sable,  three  open  crowns  in  pale  or."  The 
Royal  or  Imperial  Crown  occurs  in  the  crest  of  Eye, 
while  an  Imperial  Croicn  is  seen  in  the  crest  sur- 
mounting the  shield  of  Lane  (Fig.  57). 

The  family  of  Douglass  (Fig.  155  and  592)  affords  an 
instance  of  a  crown  ensigning  a  human  heart.  Abroad 
the  Royal  Arms  of  Toledo  afford  a  case  in  this  con- 
nection, i.e. :  '  Azure,  a  Royal  Crown  or  "  (the  cap  being 
gules). 

Here  one  may,  perhaps,  draw  attention  to  what  is  not 
generally  known,  i.e.  that  the  crimson  velvet  cap  inside 


Fig.  591. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  William  James  Herschel,  Baronet : 
Argent,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  representation  of  the  forty-feet  re- 
fleeting  telescope  with  its  apparatus  proper,  a  chief  azure,  thereon 
the  astronomical  symbol  of  Uranus,  or  the  Georgium  Sidus 
irradiated  or ;  the  escutcheon  charged  with  his  badge  of  Ulster  as 
a  Baronet.  Mantling  vert  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  demi-terrestrial  sphere  proper,  thereon  an  eagle,  wings 
elevated  or.     Motto  :  "  Coelis  exploratis." 


With  crowns  and  coronets  as  symbols  of  rank  I  am 
not  now,  of  course,  concerned,  but  only  with  those  cases 
which  may  be  cited  as  supplying  examples  where  the 
different  kinds  of  crowns  appear  either  as  charges  on 
shields,  or  as  forming  parts  of  crests. 

Crowns,  in  heraldry,  may  be  differentiated  under 
the  Royal  or  the  Imperial,  the  Eastern  or  antique,  the 
Naval,  the  Mural,  and  with  the  Crowns  Vallery  and 
PaUsado  are  all  known  to  heralds.  Some  modem  grants 
of  crowns  of  Eastern  character  are  seen  in  connection 
with  valuable  service  performed  in  the  East  by  the  re- 
cipient of  the  grant  (e.g.  the  Eastern  Crown  in  the 
grant  to  Sir  Abraham  Roberts,  G.C.B.,  the  father  of 
Field-Marshal  Earl  Roberts,  K.G.),  while  other  cases 
are  those  of  local  tradition,  or  of  legendary  connection. 

In  order  of  antiquity  one  may  best  perhaps  at  the 
outset  aUude  to  the  arms  borne  by  the  seaport  towns 
of  Boston,  and  of  Eangston-on-Hull  [or  "  Hull "],  inas- 
much as  a  tradition  has  it  that  the  three  crowns  which 
figure  on  the  shield  of  both  these  towns  originate  from 
a  recognised  device  of  merchantmen  who,  travelling  be- 
yond and  likening  themselves  to  the  Magi,  in  the 
Bethlehem  visit,  adopted  these  crowns  as  the  device  or 
badge  of  their  business.  The  same  remarks  apply  to 
the  arms  of  Cologne :  "  Argent,  on  a  chief  gules,  three 
crowns  or  "  (Plate  CXXIV.). 

From  this  fact  (Lf  it  be  one)  to  the  development  of 
the  towns  with  which  they  traded  adopting  the  same 
device  is  not  a  far  step. 


Fig.  592.  —Armorial  bearings  of  John  'William  Edward  James  Douglass, 
Esq. :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  ai^ent,  a  heart  imperially  crowned  proper, 
on  a  chief  azure,  three  mallets  of  the  field  ;  2.  argent,  three  piles 
gnles,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  two  mullets  of  the  fii-st ;  3.  argent, 
three  mascles  sable,  on  a  chief  of  the  last,  as  many  lions  passant 
guardant  of  the  first.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  hand  issuing  from  clouds  holding 
a  sword  erect  proper.  Motto  (over  the  crest) :  "  God  for  us." 
Supporters  :  two  savages  wreathed  head  and  middle  with  a  gar- 
land of  oak-leaves,  each  with  a  club  in  bis  exterior  hand  resting  on 
his  shoulder  proper. 


state  crowns  is  in  reality  the  "  cap  of  maintenance,"  the 
ermine  border  of  the  crown  being,  strictly  speaking,  the 
turned-up  ermine  edge  of  the  cap  itself. 

Antique   Croimis — as  such — appear  in  the  arms  of 


231 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  593. — Ai-ms  of  Kensington:  Quarterly,  gules  and  or,  a  celestial 
crown  in  chief  and  a  fleur-de-lis  in  base  of  ttie  last ;  in  the  dexter 
canton  a  mullet  argent  in  the  first  quarter ;  a  cross  flory  between 
four  martlets  sable  in  the  second ;  a  cross  botony  gules  between 
four  roses  of  the  last,  stalked  and  leaved  proper,  in  the  third  ;  a 
mitre  of  the  second  in  the  fourth  ;  all  within  a  bordure  quarterly, 
also  or  and  sable.     Motto :  "  Quid  nobis  ardui." 


Fig.  594. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Whitgreave,  Gentleman :  Azure, 
on  a  cross  quarterly  pierced  or,  four  che^Tons  gules,  with  an 
honourable  augmentation,  a  chief  argent,  thereon  a  rose  gules, 
irradiated  gold,  within  a  wreath  of  oak  proper.  Mantling  azure 
and  or.  Crests;  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  gules,  a  demi-antelope  or; 
and  another  of  augmentation,  namely :  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  a 
sceptre  in  pale  or,  surmounted  by  a  branch  of  oak  proper,  and  a 
rose  gules,  slipped  in  saltire  also  proper.  Motto :  "  Regem 
defendere  victum." 


Fraser  (Fig.  494),  and  also  in  the  arms  of  Grant "  (Plate 
XLV.). 

Eastern  Croimis,  which  are  of  the  identical  form  of 
Antique  Crowns,  figure  in  the  shields  of  Benyon  and 
Seccombe,  while  the  crest  of  Sir  Richard  Wellesley 
Barlow  is :  "  Out  of  an  Eastern  crown  a  demi-lion  argent, 
the  paws  supporting  a  cross  crosslet  fitohee  azure,  issu- 
ing from  the  crown  on  the  dexter  side  of  the  lion  a 
branch  of  olive,  and  on  the  sinister  another  of  palm, 
both  proper." 

The  crest  of  the  Marquess  of  Ripon  supplies  an  unusual 
variation,  inasmuch  as  it  issues  from  a  coronet  composed 
of  fleurs-de-lis. 

The  other  chief  emblem  of  sovereignty — the  Sceptre — 
is  occasionally  met  with,  as  in  the  Whitgreave  crest  of 
augmentation  (Fig.  594). 

The  Marquises  of  Mun  bear  the  Imperial  orb : 
"  Azure,  an  orb  argent,  banded,  and  surmounted  by 
the  cross  or."  The  reason  for  the  selection  of  this 
particular  charge  in  the  grant  of  arms  to  Mr.  H.  E. 
Moss  (Fig.  595),  of  the  Empire  Theatre  in  Edinburgh 


Fig.  595. — Armorial  bearings  of  Horace  Edward  Moss,  Esq. :  Azure, 
on  a  fess  or,  a  horse  courant  gules,  between  three  orbs  gold, 
banded  of  the  third.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest:  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  dove  holding  in  its  beak  a  sprig  of 
olive  proper.     Motto:  "  Peace  with  Power." 


and  the  London  Hippodrome,  mil  be  readily  guessed, 
though  I  am  puzzled  to  account  for  it  in  the  arms  of 
Lament  (Fig.  205). 

Under  the  classification  of  tools  and  implements  the 
Pick  may  be  noted,  this  being  depicted  in  the  arms  of 
Mawdsley  (Fig.  596),  and  a  pick  and  shovel  in  the  arms 
of  Hales  (Fig.  530). 

The  arms  of  Crawshay  (Fig.  346)  supply  an  instance  of 
a  Plough — a  charge  which  also  occurs  in  the  arms  of 
Waterlow,  but  is  otherwise  of  very  infrequent  occur- 
rence. 

Scythes,  or,  as  they  are  sometimes  termed,  Sneds,  will 
rightly  be  placed  in  this  connection,  though  Polish  wars 
have  seen  them  used  by  the  peasantry  with  great  execu- 
tion, and  on  that  account  they  may  be  reckoned  as 
weapons  of  war.  In  English  armory  their  use  is  but 
occasional,  though,  as   was   only  to  be  expected,  this 

"  Armorial  bearings  of  Francis  James  Grant,  Esq.,  Lyon  Clerk :  Gules, 
three  antique  crowns  or,  within  a  bordure  of  the  second  and  first,  charged 
with  three  crescents  azure.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or.  Crest:  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  demi-savage  proper ;  and  on  an  escroU  above 
this  motto,  "  I'll  stand  sure." 


232 


PLATE   LXXII. 


S-ct^wV^^Wl^ow  Pan  Hcr^anc<^.(r;:bcMr  Se"^  -Ccpctc^CV^cUrl^ic^^V^  (t^olcf.ilSart.K- *^^^^*^^ 


'^vlUtrrtiara  ^yZlA.        U^v)Si'h^oZVia.       cfomxTif  :&nr 


4-.  ?. 


]^u^TO^^cnoui(t 


7.  8.  9.  40. 


S^at'a<:4rcy  ^^£^i<^  jm^^c^eyot.^^         6tr«.  ff^fffUnm,        ^c^ty^ap^toztttu 


^^Scc^e/toK^       -|^^.>Wf^fe   ^^-^^g^^^^ 


Drawn-  by  MATTHE^v  Paris,  &c. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


device  appears  in  the  Sneyd  coat,  as  follows  :  "  Argent, 
a  scythe,  the  blade  in  chief,  the  sned  in  bend 
sinister  sable,  in  the  fess  point  a  ileur-de-lis  of  the 
second."  In  Poland,  where  their  use  is  not  frequent,  the 
Counts  Jezierski  bore :  "  Gules,  two  sc3'the-blades  in 
oval,  the  points  crossing  each  other  argent,  and  the  ends 
in  base  tied  together  or,  the  whole  surmounted  in  chief 


in  some  cases  the  arms  are  far  from  being  of  assured 
authority. 


Fig.  596. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Piatt  Mawdsley,  Gentleman : 
Sable,  two  che^Tonels  argent  between  as  many  hammers  in  chief 
and  a  fleur-de-lis  in  base  of  the  last ;  and  for  his  crest,  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  an  eagle  displayed  sable,  seme  of  annulets  argent, 
and  holding  in  the  beak  a  hammer  as  in  the  arms  ;  with  the  motto, 
"Conatu." 


by  a  cross-patriarchal-patee,  of  which  the  lower  arm  on 
the  sinister  side  is  wanting." 

Two  sickles  appear  in  the  arms  of  Shearer  (Fig.  515), 
while  the  Hungerford  crest  in  the  case  of  the  Holdich- 
Hungerford  family  is  blazoned :  "  Out  of  a  ducal 
coronet  or,  a  pepper  garb  of  the  first  between  two  sickles 
erect  proper." 

A  Balance  forms  one  of  the  charges  of  the  Scottish 
Corporation  of  the  Dean  and  Faculty  of  Advocates : 
"  Gules,  a  balance  or,  and  a  sword  argent  in  saltire,  sur- 
mounted of  an  escutcheon  of  the  second,  charged  with 
a  lion  rampant  within  a  double  tressure  flory  oounter- 
flory  of  the  first,"  but  it  is  a  charge  of  infrequent 
appearance.  It  also  figures  in  the  arms  of  the  Institute 
of  Chartered  Accountants  (Plate  CXXL). 

Bannerman  of  Elsick  bears  a  Banner  for  arms : 
"  Gules,  a  banner  displayed  argent  and  thereon  on  a 
canton  azure  a  saltire  argent  as  the  badge  of  Scotland." 
A  variation  of  this  blazon  may  be  seen  in  the  arms  of 
Bruce  Bannerman  ^  (Plate  XVIII.). 

A  Book  or  Books  are,  however,  of  more  frequent 
use.  The  family  of  Rylands,  to  whose  generosity 
Manchester  owes  the  Rylands  Library  (Fig.  597),  af- 
fords a  case  in  point,  and  such  charges  occur  in 
many  university  and  collegiate  achievements,  though 

'  Arms  of  William  Bruce  Bannerman,  F.S.A.,  and  F.S.A.  Scot. : 
Gnles,  a  fess  between  two  boars'  heads  erased  or  in  chief,  and  a 
banner  displayed  bendwise  in  base  argent,  thereon  a  canton  azure, 
charged  with  a  saltire  of  the  third.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  or. 
Crest  :  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  demi-man  in  armour  affronte, 
bis  dester  hand  grasping  a  sword  all  proper,  and  his  sinister  hand 
holding  a  banner  displayed  as  in  the  arms.     Motto:  "Propatria." 


Fig.  597. — Armorial  bearings  of  Mrs.  Enriqueta  Augustina  Rylands 
of  Longford  Hall :  Azure,  a  cross  patonce  or,  on  a  chief  of 
the  last,  an  open  book  proper,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Tennant, 
namely :  argent,  gutte-de-pois,  two  bars  invected  per  pale  sable 
and  gnles,  each  bar  charged  with  three  bezants. 

Buckets  and  Water-hoihgets  can  claim  a  wider  use. 
In  English  armory  Pemberton  has  three  buckets  (Fig. 
598),   and   water  -  bougets   appear   in    the    well-known 


Fig.  598. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Percy  Pemberton,  M.A. : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  chevron  between  three  buckets  sable, 
with  hoops  and  handles  or ;  2  and  3.  argent,  three  dragons'  heads 
erect  sable,  couped  and  langued  gules,  and  (for  distinction)  in  the 
centre  of  the  quarters  a  cross  patee  gules.  Mantling  sable  and 
argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dragon's  head  erect 
sable,  couped  and  langued  gules,  and  (for  distinction)  charged  with 
a  cross  patee  argent.     Motto:  "  Nee  temere  nee  timide." 


Fig.  599, — Arms  of  Henry  Bourchier,  Earl  of  Essex, 
I    and  4,  argent,  a  cross   engrailed  gules,  bet 
bougets  sable  (for  Bourchier) ;  2  and  3  gules, 
argent  (for  Louvaiu).     (From  his  seal.) 


233 


K.G. :  Quarterly, 
ween  four  water- 
billette  or,  a  fess 

2g 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arms    of    Bourchier    (Fig.    599)   and   in 
Heard  (Fig.  600). 


the  coat  of  stall :  "  Sable,  three  wool-oombs  argent,"  while  the 
Russian  Counts  Anrep-Elmpt  use :  "  Or,  a  comb  in  bend 
azure,  the  teeth  downwai-ds." 

As  a  charge  an  Ermine  Sjwt  or  Spots  do  not  figure 
very  frequently,  though  cases  are  to  be  found  instancing 
their  occasional  use.  The  famil}'  of  Bury  (Fig.  603) 
affords  a  case  of  a  single  ermine  spot.  Charged  upon 
another  charge  they  appear  in  the  shield  of  Stone"' 
(Plate  XX.),  but  instances  of  such  use  are  very  rare. 


Fig.  600. — Armorial  bearings  of  Samuel  Thomas  Heard,  Esq. :  Argent 
on  a  chevron  gules,  between  three  water-bougets  sable,  as  many 
crescents  or.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  demi-antelope  proper,  ducaUy  gorged  or,  and  charged 
on  the  shoulder  with  a  water-bouget  as  in  the  arms.  Motto : 
"  Audior." 


Water-bougets,  which  are  really  the  old  form  of  water- 
bucket,  were  leather  bags  or  bottles,  two  of  which  were 
carried  on  a  stick  over  the  shoulder.  The  heraldic 
water-bouget  represents  the  pair.  The  shield  of  Fairlie 
(Fig.  601),  and  of  Islington  (Fig  602),  will  afford  illus- 
tration of  the  shape  of  these  charges. 


Fig.  601. — Arms  of  James  Ogilvy  Fairlie.  Esq.,  of  Mynes  Castle,  Fife- 
shire  :  A  chevron  between  three  water-bougets  sable,  within  a 
bordure  engrailed  ermines,  charged  with  as  many  lions'  heads 
affronte  gules,  imperially  crowned  proper.  Upon  the  escutcheon 
is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable, 
doubled  argent ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest, 
a  lion's  head  couped  gules ;  and  in  an  escroll  over  the  same  this 
motto,  "  Tak'  thocht." 


The  use  of  Comhs  is  infrequent,  though  as  regards 
English  arms  the  instance  of  Ponsonby,  Earls  of  Bess- 
borough,  may  be  cited.  They  also  figure  in  the  delight- 
fully punning  Scottish  coat  for  Rocheid. 

Generally  when  they  do  occur  in  heraldry  they  repre- 
sent combs  for  carding  wool,  as  in  the  shield  of  Tun- 


^5^^^»^>^C^5®g|^> 


Fig.  602. — Arms  of  Isliogton :  Per  fess  gules  and  argent,  a  cross  counter- 
changed  between  a  cross  potent  or  in  the  first  quarter,  a  lion  ram- 
pant argent  in  the  second  quarter,  an  eagle  displayed  in  the  third, 
and  a  water-bouget  in  the  fonrth,  both  sable.  Crest ;  in  front  of 
a  water-bouget  sable,  a  long  bow  stringed  fesswise,  and  an  aiTOw 
erect  proper. 


Coloured  ermine  spots  occur  in  the  arms  of  Maynard 
(Fig.  256). 

Escallops  may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  rank  as  one  of 
the  most  widely  used  heraldic  charges  both  in  English 
and  other  armories.  They  figured  in  early  days  outside 
the  limits  of  heraldry  as  the  badge  of  pilgrims  going  to 
the  Holy  Land,  and  may  be  seen  on  the  shields  of  many 
families  at  the  period  of  the  Crusades.  Many  other 
families  have  adopted  them  in  the  hope  of  a  similar 

^'  Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Sidney  Stone,  Esq.,  Barrister-at-Law: 
Gules,  a  chevron  ermine  between  three  lozenges  or,  each  charged  with 
an  ermine  spot  sable.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befit- 
ting his  degree.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  horse  courant  sable,  bridled,  crined,  and  hoofed  or.  Motto : 
"  Quid  merui  meum  est." 


234 


PLATE   LXXIII. 


I^etnod)  -w  IMtingm- 


U  B  Lie 


ARMS    FROM    THE    WEIXGARTXER   AND    HEIDELBERG    SOXG    BOOKS. 


Primed  at  Stutlpart. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

interpretation  being  applied  to  the  appearance  of  The  Scottish  family  of  Pringle,  of  Greenknowe,  sup- 
them  in  the  arms  of  their  o\Yn  faiBilies.  Indeed,  so  plies  an  instance  in :  "  Azure,  three  escallops  or  withm 
numerous   are   the   cases   in    which    they   occur   that     a  bordure  engrailed  of  the  last ; "  while  the  Irisk  Earls 


Fig.  603. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Pennefather  Arthur  Forbes 
Phineas  Bury :  Vert,  a  cross  orosslet  or,  on  a  canton  argent,  an 
ermine  spot  sable.  Mantling  vert  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours,  a  boar's  head  or,  couped  at  the  shoulder,  pierced  at 
the  neck  with  a  spear  embrued  proper.  Motto  :  "  Virtus  sub  cruce 
crescit." 


a  few  representative  ones  must  suffice,  e.cj.  the  arms 
of  Fletcher  (Fig.  604),  Foster  (Fig.  605),  and  the 
shield  of  the  University  Extension  College  at  Reading 
(Fig.  606). 


Fig.  604. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Rev.  William  Dadley  Saul  Flet- 
cher, Clerk  in  Holy  Orders,  B.D. :  Per  bend  sable  and  gules,  a 
cross  flory  quarter-pierced  argent,  between  four  escallops  or. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  demi-talbot  rampant  gnles,  ducally  gorged  and  charged  with  an 
escallop  or.     Motto:  "  Dieu  pour  nous." 


i  DCCITAHI  •  MOM  ■  HEBESCEREj 


Fig.  605. — Armorial  bearings  of  William  Henry  Foster,  Esq.,  M.P. : 
Party  per  pale  argent  and  sable,  on  a  chevron  a  pheon  between 
two  escallops,  in  chief  as  many  pheons  and  in  pale  two  escallops, 
all  counterchanged,  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Pakenham-Mahon, 
namely :  quarterly,  i  and  4,  or,  a  lion  rampant  azure,  armed  and 
langued  gules  ;  2  and  3,  quarterly,  or  and  gules,  in  the  first  quarter 
an  eagle  displayed  vert.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  Crest ;  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  an  antelope's  bead  erased 
proper,  gorged  with  a  collar  vair,  ringed  and  lined  or,  an  escallop 
between  two  pheons  fesswise  of  the  last.  Motto:  "  Excitari  non 
hebescere." 


Fig.  606. — Arms  of  the  University  Extension  College  at  Reading :  Per 
fess  gules  and  sable,  in  chief  three  escallops  fesswise  or,  and  in 
base  on  a  cross  engrailed  argent,  a  rose  of  the  first,  barbed 
and  seeded  proper. 


They  also  occurred  in  the  arms  of  the  Lords  Dacre,      of  Bandon  bore :  "  Argent,  on  a  bend  azure  three  es- 
who   bore:   "Gules,   three  escallops  argent;"  and    an     callops  of  the  field." 

escallop  argent  was  used  by  the  same  family  as  a  badge.  In  this  connection  we  may  notice  the  appearance  of 

235 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


HENSVSWAINSON  COWPER.,ESrjL.| 
HAWKSHEAD. 


Fig.  607. — Arms  of  Hammersmith ;  Party  per  pale  azure 
and  gules,  on  a  chevron  between  two  cross  crosslets 
in  chief  and  an  escallop  in  base  argent,  three  horse- 
shoes of  the  first.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
upon  the  battlements  of  a  tower,  two  hammers  in 
saltire  all  proper.    Motto;  "  Spectemur  agendo." 


Fig.  609. — Bookplate  of  Henry  Swainson  Cowper, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.  :  Or,  two  barrulets  wavy  azure, 
between  two  borse-shoes  in  chief  sable  and  a 
lantern  in  base  proper,  a  crescent  for  distinc- 
tion. Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  cubit  arm  erect,  vested  gules, 
cuff  argent,  holding  in  the  hand  a  lantern 
suspended  to  a  staif  proper.    Motto  :  "  Conduce." 


Fig.  60S. — Arms  of  Swindon:  Quarterly  per  fess  nebuly  azure  and  gules,  a  pile  argent,  thereon  three  crescents  of 
the  second  in  the  first  quarter;  three  castles,  one  and  two,  of  the  third  in  the  second;  a  mitre  or  in  the 
third ;  a  winged  wbeel  of  the  last  in  the  fourth ;  and  a  chief  also  of  the  third,  thereon  a  locomotive  engine 
proper.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  proper,  grasping  two  hammers  in  saltire 
or.     Motto  :  "Salubritas  et  industria." 

236 


PLATE   LXXIV. 


•HJ«BSP; 


^§^ 


mm 


EXAMPLES    FROM    THE    ZURICH    " WAPPENROLLE.' 


Printed  ai  SiuUgnrt. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Whelk-Shells  in  the  arms  of  Storey  "  (Plate  XV.) ;  while 
Whitby  aftbrds  a  variety  of  a  shell  bearing  some  re- 
semblance to  a  cornucopia.  This  coat,  however,  has  no 
authority. 

Hammers   figure    in    the    arms    of    Hammersmith 
(Fig.  607)  and  of  Swindon  (Fig.  608). 


(Fig.  609),  and  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Hove  (Fig.  610) 
attbrds  the  absolutely  unique  instance  of  the  use  of 
Leg-Irons. 

Three  towns — Eccles  (Fig.  528),  Bootle,  and  Ramsgate 
— supply  cases  in  which  Lighthouses  are  depicted,  and 
these  would  appear,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  not 


Fig.  610. — Arms  of  Hove  :  Per  chevron,  the  chief  per  pale  or  and  gules,  on  the  dexter  a  saltire  azure  surmounted  by 
another  argent,  and  on  the  sinister  two  pairs  of  leg-irons,  one  chevronwise,  the  other  reversed  and  interlaced  of 
the  lirst ;  the  base  chequy  azure  and  or,  three  martlets  one  and  two  of  the  last,  all  within  a  bordure  ermine 
charged  with  sis  martlets  also  or.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  mount  of  shingle,  an  ancient 
ship  proper,  with  the  sail  displayed  azure,  seme  of  cross  crosslets  or,  and  on  a  banner  gules,  flying  from  the 
masthead  to  the  dexter,  a  martlet  as  in  the  arms.     Motto :  "  Floreat  Hova," 


A   Lantern    is   depicted   in    the   shield   of    Cowper 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Herbert  Lushington  Storey,  Esq. :  Per  fess 
indented  argent  and  gules,  a  pale  with  three  whelk-shells,  two  and  one, 
and  as  many  storks,  one  and  two,  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  a  rock  proper,  a 
whelk-shell  fesswise  gules,  thereon  a  stork  argent.  Motto:  "  Deficiam 
aut  efiiciam." 


only  to  be  restricted  to  English  armory,  but  to  the 
three  towns  now  named. 

Locomotives  appear  in  the  arms  of  Swindon  (Fig.  608) 
and  the  Great  Central  Railway  (Fig.  611). 

Of  a  similar  industrial  character  is  the  curious  coat 
of  arms  granted  at  his  express  wish  to  Mr.  Samson 
Fox,  which  contains  a  representation  of  the  Corrugated 


237 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Boiler-Flue    which   formed   the   basis   of   his   fortune     are  thus  blazoned :  "  Vert,  a  sand-glass  running  argent. 
(Fig.  612).  and  in  chief  the  Holy  Bible  expanded  proper."     This 

charge  is  also  met  with  in  the  arms  of  White-Thomson 

(Fig.^498). 


Fig.  611. — Arms  of  the  Great  Central  Railway:  Argent,  on  a  cross 
gules,  voided  of  the  field,  between  two  wings  in  chief  sable  and 
as  many  daggers  erect  in  base  of  the  second,  in  the  fess  point  a 
morion  winged  of  the  third,  on  a  chief  also  of  the  second  a  pale 
of  the  first,  thereon  eight  arrowy  saltirewise  banded  also  of  the 
third,  between  on  the  dexter  side  three  bendlets  enhanced  and  on 
the  sinister  a  fleur-de-lis  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  representation  of  the  front  of  a  locomotive  engine  proper,  be- 
tween two  wings  or.     [The  grant  is  dated  February  25,  1898.] 


Fig.  5i2. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  late  Samson  Fox,  Esq.  :  Argent,  a 
representation  of  a  corrugated  boiler-flue  fesswise  proper,  between 
two  foxes  courant  gules,  each  holding  in  its  mouth  a  trefoil  slipped 
vert.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  representation  of  a 
corrugated  boiler-flue  as  in  the  arms  and  thereupon  a  fox  gules, 
resting  the  dexter  paw  upon  a  trefoil  slipped  vert ;  with  the  motto, 
"  Forti  nihil  diflicile." 


Fig.  613. — Armorial  bearings  of  Henry  Hargreaves  Bolton,  Esq.:  Per 
pale  argent  and  gules,  two  bii-d-bolts  in  saltire,  sormounted  in  the 
centre  by  a  tun  between  three  roses  all  counterchanged.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  three  bird- 
bolts,  two  in  saltire  and  one  in  fess  proper,  thereon  a  falcon 
close,  belled  and  jessed  or.     Motto :  "  Sursum  corda." 


A  Scottish  corporation,  too,  supplies  a  somewhat  un- 
usual charge,  that  of  Scissors :  "  Azure,  a  pair  of  scissors 
or"  (Incorporation  of  Tailors  of  Aberdeen);  though 
a  Swabian  family  (by  name  Jungingen)  has  for  its 
arms:  "Azure,  a  pair  of  scissors  open,  blades  upwards 
argent." 


An  instance  of  the  use  of  a  Sand-Glass  occurs  in  the 
arms  of  the  Scottish  family  of  Joass  of  Collinwort,  which 


238 


Fig.  614. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Robert  Carter,  Esq.  :  Per  chevron 
or  and  purpure,  two  taus  in  chief  and  a  cartwheel  of  eight  spokes 
in  base  all  counterchanged.  Mantling  purpure  and  or.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  tau  purpure,  a  demi- 
cartwheel  or.     Motto  :  "  In  hoc  signo  vinces." 


Barrels  and  Casks,  which  in  heraldry  are  always 
known  as  "  tuns,"  naturally  figure  in  many  shields 
where  the  name  lends  itseU*  to  a  pun,  as  in  the  arms 
of  Bolton  (Fig.  613). 

Viols  are  depicted  in  the  shield  of  Suttie  ["Azure 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


three  viols  argent,  stringed  sable"],  though  these 
should  more  accurately  have  been  classified  with  the 
musical  instruments  which  have  been  already  alluded  to. 
Wheels  occur  in  the  shield  of  Oldtield  and  Turner 
["  Argent,  gutte-de-sang,  a  wheel  of  eight  spokes  sable, 
on  a  chief  wavy  azure,  a  dolphin  naiant  of  the  first "]  and 
Carter  (Fig.  614),  and  also  in  the  arms  of  Gooch. 


The  list  of  heraldic  charges  is  very  far  from  being 
exhausted.  The  foregoing  must,  however,  suffice,  as 
there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  good  purpose  served 
by  turning  a  heraldic  work  into  a  general  encyclopaedia 
or  a  trade  catalogue.  Those  who  are  curious  to  pursue 
the  subject  further  should  examine  the  arms,  both 
ancient  and  modern,  of  towns  and  trade  companies. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER    XXIV 


THE    HERALDIC    HELMET 


SINCE  one's  earliest  lessons  in  the  rules  of  heraldry, 
we  have  been  taught,  as  one  of  the  fundamental 
laws  of  the  achievement,  that  the  helmet  by  its 
shape  and  position  is  indicative  of  rank ;  and  we  early 
learnt  by  rote  that  the  esquire's  helmet  was  of  steel,  and 
was  placed  in  profile,  with  the  visor  closed ;  the  helmet  of 
the  knight  and  baronet  was  to  be  open  and  affronte  ;  that 
the  helmet  of  the  peer  must  be  of  silver,  guarded  by  grills 
and  placed  in  profile ;  and  that  the  royal  helmet  was  of 
gold,  with  grills,  and  ati'ronte.  Until  recent  years  certain 
stereotyped  forms  of  the  helmet  for  these  varying  cu'cum- 
stances  were  in  use,  hideous  alike  both  in  the  regularity 
of  their  usage  and  the  atrocious  shapes  into  which  they 
had  been  evolved.  These  regulations,  like  some  other 
adjuncts  of  heraldic  art,  are  comparatively  speaking  of 
modern  origin.  Heraldry  in  its  earlier  and  better  days 
knew  them  not,  and  they  came  into  vogue  about  the 
Stuart  times,  when  heraldic  art  was  distinctly  on  the 
wane.  It  is  puzzling  to  conceive  a  desire  to  stereotype 
these  particular  forms,  and  we  take  it  that  the  fact, 
which  is  undoubted,  arose  from  the  lack  of  heraldic 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  artists,  who,  having  one 
form  before  them,  which  they  were  assured  was  correct, 
under  the  circumstances  simply  reproduced  this  par- 
ticular form  in  facsimile  time  after  time,  not  knowing 
how  far  they  might  deviate  from  the  lines  they  copied 
and  still  remain  correct.  The  knowledge  of  heraldry 
by  the  heraldic  artist  was  the  real  point  underlying  the 
excellence  of  mediaeval  heraldic  art,  and  underlying  the 
excellence  of  much  of  the  heraldic  art  in  the  revival  of 
the  last  few  years.  As  it  has  been  often  pointed  out, 
in  olden  times  they  "  played  "  with  heraldry,  and  therein 
lay  the  excellence  of  that  period.  The  old  men  knew 
the  lines  within  which  they  could  "play,"  and  knew 
the  laws  which  they  could  not  transgress.  Their 
successors,  ignorant  of  the  laws  of  arms,  and  afraid  of 
the  hidden  meanings  of  armory,  had  none  but  the 
stereotyped  lines  to  foUow.  The  result  was  bad.  Still 
later  followers,  ignorant  alike  of  the  laws  and  the 
meaning  of  heraldry,  made  hash  of  both  arts  and  laws. 
Let  us  first  consider  the  development  of  the  actual 
helmet,  and  then  its  application  to  heraldic  purposes 
will  be  more  readily  followed. 

To  the  modern  mind,  which  grumbles  at  the  weight 
of  present-day  head  coverings,  it  is  often  a  matter  of 
great  wonder  how  the  knights  of  ancient  days  managed 
to  put  up  with  the  heavy  weight  of  the  great  iron 
helmet,  with  its  wooden  or  leather  crest.  A  careful 
study  of  ancient  descriptions  of  tournaments  and  battle 
will  supply  the  clue  to  the  explanation,  which  is  simply 
that  the  helmet  was  very  seldom  worn.  In  ceremonial 
purposes  and  occasions  it  was  carried  by  a  page,  and  in 
actual  use  it  was  carried  slung  at  the  saddle-bow  until 
the  last  moment,  when  it  was  donned  for  action  as 
blows  and  close  contact  became  imminent.     Then,  by 


the  nature  of  its  construction,  the  weight  was  carried 
by  the  shoulders,  the  head  and  neck  moving  freely 
within  necessary  limits  inside.  All  this  will  be  more 
readily  apparent  when  the  helmet  itself  is  considered. 
Our  present-day  ideas  of  helmets — their  shape,  their 
size,  and  their  proportions — are  largely  taken  from  the 
specimens  manufactured  (not  necessarily  in  modern 
times)  for  ceremonial  purposes ;  e.g.  for  exhibition  as 
insignia  of  knighthood.  By  far  the  larger  proportion  of 
the  helmets  now  to  be  seen  were  purposely  made  (cer- 
tainly at  remote  dates)  not  for  actual  use  in  battle  or 
tournament,  but  for  ceremonial  use,  chiefly  at  funerals. 
Few,  indeed,  are  the  examples  still  existing  of  helmets 
which  have  been  actually  used  in  battle  or  tournament. 
Why  there  are  so  few  remaining  to  us,  when  every 
person  of  position  must  necessarily  have  possessed  one 
throughout  the  Plantagenet  period,  and  probably  at  any 
rate  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  is  a  mystery 
which  has  puzzled  many  people — for  helmets  are  not, 
like  glass  and  china,  subject  to  the  vicissitudes  of 
breakage.  The  reason  is  doubtless  to  be  found  in  the 
fact  that  at  that  period  they  were  so  general,  and  so 
little  out  of  the  common,  that  they  possessed  no  greater 
value  than  any  other  article  of  clothing ;  and  whilst  the 
real  helmet,  lacking  a  ceremonial  value,  was  not  pre- 
served, the  sham  ceremonial  helmet  of  a  later  period, 
possessing  none  but  a  ceremonial  value,  was  preserved 
from  ceremonial  to  ceremonial,  and  has  been  passed  on 
to  the  present  day.  But  a  glance  at  so  many  of  these 
helmets  which  exist  will  plainly  show  that  it  is  quite 
impossible  for  any  man's  head  to  have  gone  inside 
them,  and  the  sculptured  helmets  of  what  may  seem  to 
us  uncouth  shape  and  exaggerated  size,  which  are  occa- 
sionally to  be  found  as  part  of  a  monumental  effigy,  are 
the  size  and  shape  of  the  helmets  that  were  worn  in 
battle.  This  accounts  for  the  much  larger-sized  helmets  in 

Eroportion  to  the  size  of  shield  which  will  be  found  in 
eraldic  emblazonments  of  the  Plantagenet  and  Tudor 
periods.  The  artists  of  those  periods  were  accustomed  to 
the  sight  of  real  helmets,  and  knew  and  drew  the  real 
proportion  which  existed  between  the  fighting  helmet 
and  the  fighting  shield.  Aitists  of  Stuart  and  Georgian 
days  knew  only  the  ceremonial  helmet,  and  conse- 
quently adopted  and  stereotyped  its  impossible  shape, 
and  equally  impossible  size.  Victorian  heraldic  artists, 
ignorant  alike  of  the  actual  and  the  ceremonial,  reduced 
the  size  even  further,  and  until  the  recent  revulsion  in 
heraldic  art,  with  its  reversion  to  older  types,  and  its 
copying  of  older  examples,  the  helmets  of  heraldry  had 
reached  the  uttermost  limits  of  absurdity. 

The  recent  revival  of  heraldry  is  due  to  men  with 
accurate  and  extensive  knowledge,  and  many  recent 
examples  of  .heraldic  art  well  compare  with  ancient 
types.  One  happy  result  of  this  revival  is  a  return  to 
older  and  better  types  of  the  helmet.     But  it  is  little 


239 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


use  discarding  the  "  heraldic  "  helmet  of  the  stationer's 
shop  unless  a  better  and  more  accurate  result  can  be 
shown,  so  that  it  will  be  well  to  trace  in  detail  the  pro- 
gress of  the  real  helmet  from  earliest  times. 

In  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  the  common  helmet  was 
merely  a  cap  of  leather,  often  four-cornered,  and  with  a 
serrated  comb  (Figs.  615  and  616),  but  men  of  rank  had 


Fig.  615. 


riG.  616. 


a  conical  one  of  metal  (Fig.  617),  which  was  frequently 
richly  gilt.  About  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor  a 
small  piece,  of  varying  breadth,  called  a  "  nasal,"  was 
added  (Fig.  618),  which,  with  a  quilted  or  gamboised 


Fig.  617. 


Fig.  618. 


hood,  or  one  ot  mail,  well  protected  the  face,  leaving 
little  more  than  the  eyes  exposed ;  and  in  this  form  the 
helmet  continued  in  general  use  until  towards  the  end 
of  the  twelfth  century,  when  we  find  it  merged  into  or 


Fig.  619. 

supplanted  by  the  "  chapelle-de-fer,"  which  is  first 
mentioned  in  documents  at  this  period,  and  was  shaped 
like  a  flat-topped,  cylindrical  cap.  This,  however,  was 
soon  enlarged  so  as  to  cover  the  whole  head  (Fig.  6 1 9),  an 


Fig.  620. 


Fig.  621. 


opening  being  left  for  the  features,  which  were  some- 
times protected  by  a  movable  "  aventaille,"  or  visor, 
instead  of  the  "nasal."  This  helmet  (which  was  adopted 
by  Richard  I.,  who  is  also  sometimes  represented  with 


a  conical  one)  was  the  earliest  form  of  the  large  war  an 
tilting  "  heaume  "  (or  helm),  which  was  of  great  weight 
and  strength,  and  often  had  only  small  openings  or  shts 
for  the  eyes  (Figs.  620  and  621).  These  eyepieces  were 
either  one  wide  slit  or  two,  one  on  either  side.  The 
former  was,  however,  sometimes  divided  into  two  by  an 
ornamental  bar  or  buckle  placed  across.  It  was  after- 
wards pointed  at  the  top,  and  otherwise  slightly  varied 
in  shape,  but  its  general  torm  appears  to  have  been  the 


Fig.  622. 


Fig.  623. 


same  until  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century  (Figs.  622, 
623,  and  642  to  645). 

Plate  L.  Fig.  i  is  a  representation  of  a  helmet  of  this 
character  from  a  carving  in  the  St.  Maurice  Chapel  in 
the  Cathedral  at  Constance,  and  the  date  of  it  is  1218. 
This  type  of  helmet  is  usually  known  as  the  "  pot- 
shaped."  The  helmets  themselves  were  sometimes 
painted,  and  Fig.  624  represents  an  instance  which  is 


Fig.  624. — Painted  "Fot-Helmet,"  c.  1241. 

painted  in  green  and  white  diagonal  stripes.  The  illus- 
tration is  from  a  parchment  MS.  of  about  1241  now  in 
the  Town  Library  of  Leipzie,     Fig.  625  shows  another 


Fig.  625. — "Pot-Helmet,"  from  the  Encit  of  Heinrich  von  Veldeke. 

German  example  of  this  type,  being  taken  from  the 
Eneit  of  Heinrich  von  Veldeke,  a  MS.  now  in  the  Royal 
Library  in  Berlin,  belonging  to  the  end  of  the  twelfth 
century.  The  crest  depicted  in  this  case,  a  red  lion, 
must  be  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  a  crest.  These 
are  the  helmets  which  we  find  on  early  seals  and  effigies, 
as  will  be  seen  from  Figs.  626  to  635. 


240 


•PLATE   LXXV. 


EXAMPLES    FROM    THE    ZURICH    "WAPPEXROLLE/^ 


Printed   «t  Stnttgirt 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


A 


4 


Fig.  626. — Helmet  of  Hamelin, 
Earl  of  Surrey  and  Warenne 
(rf.  1202).  (From  MS.  Cott., 
Julius,  C.  vii) 


Fig.  627. — From  the  seal  of 
William  de  Fortis,  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle {d.  1242). 


Fig.  62S. — From  the  seal  of 
Richard  de  Clare,  Earl  of  Glou- 
cester and  Hertford  {d.  1262). 


Fig.  629.— From  the  seal  of 
Hash  de  Vera,  Earl  of  Oxford 
{rf.1263). 


Fig.  630.— From  the  seal  of  Gil- 
bert de  Clare,  Earl  of  Gloucester 
and  Hertford  [d.  1295). 


Fig.  631. — From  the  seal  (1231- 
1240)  of  Roger  le  Bigod,  Earl  of 
Norfolk. 


Fig.  632 — From  the  seal  of 
Richard  Plantagenet,  Earl  of 
Cornwall,  King  of  the  Romans 
id.  1272). 


Fig.  633. — From  the  seal  of 
Robert  de  Ferrars,  Earl  of 
Derby  {d.  before  1279). 


Fig.  634. — From  the  seal  of  John 
de  Warenne,  Earl  of  Surrey  [d. 
1305)- 

241 


Fig.  635. — From  the  seal  (1315) 
of  John  de  Bretagne,  Earl  of 
Richmond. 

2h 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  cylindrical  or  "  pot-shaped "  helmet  of  the 
Plantagenets,  however,  disappears  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  when  we  first  find  mention  of  the 
"  bascinet "  (from  Old  French  for  a  basin).  Figs.  636 
to  641.     This  was  at  first  merely  a  hemispherical  steel 


Fig.  636. 


Fig.  637. 


Fig.  63S. 


cap,  put  over  the  coif  of  mail  to  protect  the  top  of 
the  head,  when  the  knight  wished  to  be  relieved  from 
the  weight  of  his  large  helm  (which  he  then  slung  at 
his  back  or  carried  on  his  saddlebow),  but  stUl  did  not 
consider  the  mail  coif  sufficient  protection.  It  soon  be- 
came pointed  at  the  top,  and  gradually  lower  at  the 
back,  though  not  so  much  as  to  protect  the  neck. 
In  the  fourteenth  century  the  mail,  instead  of  being 


Fig.  640. 


Fig.  641. 


carried  over  the  top  of  the  head,  was  bung  to  the 
bottom  rim  of  the  helmet,  and  spread  out  over  the 
shoulders,  overlapping  the  cuirass  (Figs.  636  to  641). 
This  was  called  the  "  oamail,''  or  "  curtain  of  mail."  It 
is  shown  in  Figs.  637  to  639  fastened  to  the  bascinet  by 
a  lace  or  thong  passing  through  staples. 

The   large   helm,  which  throughout  the   fourteenth 
century  was  still  worn  over  the  bascinet,  did  not  fit  down 


Fig.  642. 


Fig.  643. 


closely  to  the  cuirass  (though  it  may  have  been  fastened 
to  it  with  a  leather  strap),  its  bottom  curve  not  being 
sufficiently  arched  for  that  purpose ;  nor  did  it  wholly 


rest  on  the  shoulders,  but  was  probably  wadded  inside 
so  as  to  fit  closely  to  the  bascinet. 

It  is  doubtful  if  any  actual  helm  previous  to  the  four- 
teenth century  exists,  and  there  are  very  few  of  that 
period  remaining.  In  that  of  the  Black  Prince  at 
Canterbury  (Fig.  264)  the  lower,  or  oyUndrioal,  portion 
is  composed  of  a  front  and  back  piece,  riveted  together 
at  the  sides,  and  this  was  most  likely  the  usual  form  of 
construction ;  but  in  the  helm  of  Sir  Richard  Pem- 
bridge  (Figs.  642  and  643)  the  three  pieces  (cy Under, 
conical  piece,  and  top  piece)  of  which  it  is  formed  are 
fixed  -svith  nails,  and  are  so  welded  together  that  no 
trace  of  a  join   is   visible.     The   edges  of  the   metal, 


Fig.  644. 


Fig.  645. 


turned  outwards  round  the  ocularium,  are  very  thick, 
and  the  bottom  edge  is  rolled  inwards  over  a  thick 
wire,  so  as  not  to  cut  the  surcoat.  There  ai-e  many 
twin  holes  in  the  helmet  for  the  aiglets,  by  which  the 
crest  and  lambrequin  were  attached,  and  in  front,  near 
the  bottom,  are  two  -|-  shaped  holes  for  the  T  bolt, 
which  was  fixed  by  a  chain  to  the  cuirass. 

The  helm  of  Sir  Richard  Hawberk  (Figs.  644  and  645), 


(Side.) 


(Top.) 


Figs.  646  and  647.— The  "  Linz  "  Pot-Helmet. 

who  died  in  1417,  is  made  of  five  pieces,  and  is  very 
thick  and  heavy.  It  is  much  more  like  the  later  form 
adapted  for  jousting,  and  was  probably  only  for  use  in 
the  tUt-yard ;  but,  although  more  firmly  fixed  to  the 
cuirass  than  the  earlier  helm,  it  did  not  fit  closely  down 
to  it,  as  all  later  helms  did. 

Singularly  few  examples  of  the  pot-helmet  actually 
exist.  The  "  Linz  "  example  (Figs.  646  and  647),  which 
is  now  in  the  Franoisco-Carolinum  Museum  at  Linz,  was 
dredged  out  of  the  Traun,  and  is  unfortunately  very 
much  corroded  by  rust.  The  fastening-place  for  the 
crest,  however,  is  well  preserved.  The  example  belongs 
to  the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

The  so-called  "  Pranker-Helm  "  (Plate  L.  Fig.  2,  and 


242 


PLATE   LXXVl. 


lOff 


ARMS    f-ROM    GELRE'S    " WAPEXBOECK." 


Primed   nt  Stutt^Hrt 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Plate  L.  Fig.  3,  see  also  Fig.  648),  from  the  chapter  of 
Seckau,  now  in  the  collection  of  armour  in  the  Historical 
Court  Museum  at  Vienna,  and  belonging  to  the  middle 
of  the  fourteenth  centurj-,  could  only  haVe  been  used  for 
tournaments.      It   is  made  of  four  strong   hammered 


Fig.  64S.— Praaker-Helm. 

sheets  of  iron  1-2  millimetres  thick,  with  other  strength- 
ening plates  laid  on.  The  helmet  by  itself  weighs  5 
kilogrammes  357  grammes.  The  crest  depicted  upon 
the  helmet  in  Plate  L.,  viz.  two  golden  horns  with 
sUver  combs,  which  is  made,  as  were  most  crests,  of 
stiflened  leather,  certainly  belongs  to  the  same  family 
(Prank  of  Styria),  but  not  to  the  same  helmet;  for  whilst 
the  latter  belongs  to  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, the  crest  only  originated  at  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  crest  itself  weighs  r  kilogramme 
409  grammes. 

The  custom  of  wearing  the  large  helm  over  the  basci- 
net  being  clumsy  and  troublesome,  many  kinds  of  visor 
were  invented,  so  as  to  dispense  with  the  large  helm, 
except  for  jousting,  three  of  which  are  represented  in 
Figs.  636,  640,  and  641.  In  the  first  a  plate  shaped 
somewhat  to  the  nose  was  attached  to  the  part  of  the 
cam  ail  which  covered  the  mouth.  This  plate,  and  the 
mail  mouth-guard,  when  not  in  use,  hung  downwards 
towards  the  breast :  but  when  in  use  it  was  drawn  up 
and  attached  to  a  staple  or  locket  on  the  front  of  the 
bascLnet.  This  fashion,  however,  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  adopted  in  England,  but  was  peculiar  to 
Grermany,  Austria,  &c.  None  of  these  contrivances 
seem  to  have  been  very  satisfactory,  but  towards  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century   the  large   and  salient 


Fig.  649. 


Fig.  650. 


beaked  visor  was  invented  (Fig.  649).  It  was  fixed  to 
hinges  at  the  sides  of  the  bascinet  with  pins,  and  was 
removable  at  will.  A  high  collar  of  steel  was  next 
added  as  a  substitute  for  the  camail.  This  form  of 
helmet  remained  in  use  during  the  first  half  of  the 


fifteenth  century,  and  the  large  helm,  which  was  only 
used  for  jousting,  took  a  different  form,  or  rather 
several  different  forms,  which  may  be  divided  into 
three  kinds.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  re- 
membered that  the  heavy  jousting  helmet  to  which 
the  crest  had  relation  was  probably  never  used  in 
actual  warfare.  The  first  was  called  a  bascinet,  and  was 
used  for  combats  on  foot.  It  had  an  almost  spherical 
crown-piece,  and  came  right  down  to  the  cuirass,  to 
which  it  was  firmly  fixed,  and  was,  like  all  large  helms 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  large  enough  for  the  wearer  to 
move  his  head  about  freely  inside.  The  helm  of  Sir 
Giles  Capel  (Fig.  650)  is  a  good  specimen  of  this  class :  it 
has  a  visor  of  great  thickness,  in  which  are  a  great 
number  of  holes,  thus  enabling  the  wearer  to  see  in 
every  direction.  The  "  barbute,"  or  ovoid  bascinet, 
with  a  chin-piece  riveted  to  it,  was  somewhat  like  this 
helm,  and  is  often  seen  on  the  brasses  of  1430- 1450 ; 
the  chin-piece  retaining  the  name  of  "  barbute,"  after  the 
bascinet  had  gone  out  of  fashion. 

The  second  kind  of  large  helm  used  in  the  fifteenth 
century  was  the  "jousting-hebn,"  which  was  of  great 
strength,  and  firmly  fixed  to  the  cuirass.  One  from  the 
Brooas  Collection  (Figs.  651  and  652,  date  about  1500) 


Fig.  651.  "  Fig.  652. 

is  perhaps  the  grandest  helm  in  existence.  It  is  formed 
of  three  pieces  of  different  thicknesses  (the  front  piece 
being  the  thickest),  which  are  fixed  together  with  strong 
iron  rivets  with  salient  heads  and  thin  brass  caps  sol- 
dered to  them.  The  arrangements  for  fixing  it  in  front 
and  behind  are  very  complete  and  curious. 

Figs.  4,  5,  6,  7,  on  Plate  L.  are  four  dift'erent  views 
of  the  jousting  or  tilting  helmet,  and  are  reproduced 
from  a  model  specially  made  for  this  purpose  from  a 
good  original.  The  shape  and  style  correspond  to  the 
second  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  manner  in 
which  the  helmet  was  connected  with  the  rest  of  the 
armour  is  shown  in  Fig.  653,  which  is  a  representation  of 
a  German  suit  of  tilting  armour  of  the  period  about 
1480,  now  in  the  collection  of  armour  at  the  Royal 
Museum  in  Vienna.  The  illustration  was  made 
and  is  reproduced  by  the  courtesy  of  Herr  Director 
Boheim. 

A  custom,  peculiar  apparently  to  Germany,  was  the 
wearing  of  the  "  monile,"  sometimes  termed  a  neck 
crest.  This,  suspended  by  a  chain  round  the  neck, 
was  usually  the  badge  of  a  tournament  association  or 
league  of  knights,  occasionally  a  personal  "  favour  "  or 
badge  of  high  service.     These  have  sometimes  been 


243 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


introduced  into  heraldic  achievements,  and  are  doubt- 
less the  origin  of  collars  and  badsfes  of  knisrhthood. 


Fig.  653. 


-German  Tiltinii:  Armour,  14S0,  from  the  Collection  in 
the  Museum  at  Vienna. 


The  Emperor  Maximilian  commissioned  Albrecht 
Dtirer  about  the  year  1514  to  design  and  prepare 
sketches  of  armour,  in  which  the  Gothic  design  of 
the  armour  of  the  period  should  be  brought  into  har- 
mony with  the  artistic  taste  of  the  Renaissance.  Figs. 
8  and  9  on  Plate  L.  are  representations  of  two  helmets 
according  to  his  designs.  The  sheet  from  which  these 
two  figures  are  taken  is  to  be  found  in  the  collection  of 
Leon  Bonnat  Ln  Paris  (compare  the  two  figures,  Figs.  1 
and  2,  on  Plate  XCIIL). 

Of  the  same  character  but  of  a  somewhat  different 
shape  is  the  helmet  (Fig.  654)  of  Sir  John  Gostwick, 


^V~- 


Fig.  654. — Tilting-Helmet  of  Sir  John  Gostwick,  1541. 

who  died  in  1541,  which  is  now  in  Willington  Church, 
Bedfordshire.     The  illustration  here  ffiven  is  taken  from 


"  The  Portfolio,"  No.  33.  The  visor  opening  on  the  right 
side  of  the  helmet  is  evidently  taken  from  an  Italian 
model. 

The  third  and  last  kind  of  helm  was  the  "  tournament 
helm,"  and  was  similar  to  the  first  kind,  and  also  called 
a  "  bascinet  "  ;  but  the  visor  was  generally  barred,  or, 
instead  of  a  movable  visor,  the  bars  were  riveted  on 
the  helm,  and  sometimes  the  face  was  only  protected  by 
a  sort  of  wire-work,  like  a  fencing-mask.  It  was  only 
used  for  the  tourney  or  melee,  when  the  weapons  were 
the  sword  and  mace. 

The  "  obapelle-de-fer,"  which  was 
in  use  in  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth, 
and  fifteenth  centuries,  was  a  light 
iron  head-piece,  with  a  broad,  fiat 
brim,  somewhat  turned  down.  Fig. 
655  represents  one  belonging  to  the 
end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  which 
is  one  of  the  few  remaining,  and  is  delicately  forged 
in  one  piece  of  thin,  hard  steel. 

During  the  fourteenth  century  a  new  kind  of  helmet 
arose,  called  in  England  the  "  sallad,"  or  "  sallet."  The 
word  appears  to  have  two  derivations,  each  of  which 
was  applied  to  a  different  form  of  head-piece.  First,  the 
Italian  "  celata  "  (Fig.  656),  which  seems  originally  to 
have  been  a  modification  of  the  bascinet.  Second,  the 
German  "  schallern,"  the  form  of  which  was  probably 
suggested  by  the  chapelle-de-fer.  Both  of  these  were 
called  by   the   French  "  salade,"  whence   our  English 


Big.  655. 


Fig.  656. 


Fig.  657. 


"  sallad."  The  celata  came  lower  down  than  the  basci- 
net, protected  the  back  and  sides  of  the  neck,  and, 
closing  round  the  cheeks,  often  left  only  the  eyes,  nose, 
and  mouth  exposed.  A  standard  of  mail  protected  the 
neck  if  required.  In  the  fifteenth  century  the  celata 
ceased  to  be  pointed  at  the  summit,  and  was  curved 
outwards  at  the  nape  of  the  neck,  as  in  Fig.  657. 

The  "  schallern  "  (from  shale,  a  shell,  or  bowl)  was 


Fig.  65S. 


Fig.  659. 


really  a  helmet  and  visor  in  one  piece ;  it  had  a  slit  for 
the  eyes,  a  projecting  brim,  and  a  long  tail,  and  was 
completed  by  a  chin-piece,  or  "  bavier  "  (Eng.  "  beaver  "), 
which  was  strapped  round  the  neck.  Fig.  658  shows  a 
German  sallad  and  a  Spanish  beaver.     The  sallad  was 


244 


PLATE   LXXVII. 


::3 


tmttfd  VtHt  poH*»lvH-^ 


ARMS    FROM    THE    ST    CHRISTOPHER   AM    ARLBERG    REGISTER. 


['rinl«d  nt  Stultf;nrt 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


much  used  in  the  fifteenth  century,  during  the  latter 
half  of  which  it  often  had  a  visor,  as  in  one  from  Rhodes 
(Fig.  659),  which  has  a  spring  catch  on  the  right  side  to 
hold  the  visor  in  place  when  down.  The  rivets  for  its 
lining-cap  have  large,  hollow,  twisted  heads,  which  are 
seldom  found  on  existing  sallads,  though  often  seen  in 
sculpture. 

The  schale,  schallern  (seTielei-n).  or  sallad,  either  with 


Fig.  660. — Schailem,  with  Crest  of  Bavaria  {X)nke  Ladwig 
of  Bavaria,  1449). 


or  without  a  visor,  is  very  seldom  seen  in  heraldic 
use.  An  instance,  however,  in  which  it  has  been  made 
use  of  heraldically  will  be  found  in  Fig.  660,  which  is 
from  a  pen  and  ink  drawing  in  the  Fest-Buch  of  Paulus 
Kel,  a  MS.  now  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Munich.  This 
shows  the  schallern  with  the  slit  for  seeing  through, 
and  the  fixed  neck-guard.  The  "  bart,"  "  baviere,"  or 
beaver,  for  the  protection  of  the  under  part  of  the  face. 


Fig.  661. — Schallern  (end  of  lifteentli  centary). 

is  also  visible.  It  is  not  joined  to  the  helmet.  The 
helmet  bears  the  crest  of  Bavaria,  the  red-crowned 
golden  lion  of  the  Palatinate  within  the  wings  of  the 
curiously  disposed  Bavarian  tinctures.  Fig.  661  is  a 
very  good  representation  of  a  schallern  dating  from  the 
latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  with  a  sUding  neck- 
guard.  It  is  reproduced  from  the  Deutscher  Herold, 
1S92,  No.  2. 


Until  almost  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century  all 
helmets  fitted  on  the  top  of  the  head,  or  were  put  right 
over ;  but  about  1440  the  Italians  made  a  great  improve- 
ment by  inventing  the  "  armet,"  the  lower  part  of  which 
opened  out  with  hinges,  so  that  when  put  on  it  enclosed 
the  head,  fitting  closely  round  the  lower  part  of  it,  while 
its  weight  was  borne  by  the  steel  collar,  or  "gorget." 
The  Italian  armet  had  a  roundel  or  disc  to  protect  the 
opening  at  the  back  of  the  neck,  and  a  bavier  strapped 
on  in  front  to  cover  the  joining  of  the  two  cheek-pieces, 
The  earlier  armets,  like  the  beaked  basoinet,had  a  camail 
attached  by  a  row  of  staples  (Fig.  662),  which  was  con- 
tinued later,  but  then  fixed  either  to  a  metal  band  or 
leather  strap  and  riveted  to  the  base  of  the  armet. 
This  form  of  helmet  was  not  in  common  use  in  England 
until  about  1 500. 

Fig.  662  shows  the  earliest  form  of  Italian  armet,  with 


Fig.  662. 


Fig.  663. 


a  reinforcing-piece  on  the  forehead,  and  a  removable 
visor.  Date  1450-14S0.  Fig.  663  represents  an  armet  of 
very  fine  form  (probably  Italian),  which  is  a  nearer  ap- 
proach to  the  close-helmet  of  the  sixteenth  century,  as 
the  visor  cannot  be  removed,  and  the  eye-sUt  is  in  the 
visor  instead  of  being  formed  by  the  space  between  it 
and  the  crown-piece,  and  there  is  also  no  reinforcing- 
piece  in  the  crown.  Date  1480-1500.  Fig.  664  is  stUl 
more  like  the  sixteenth-century  helmet,  for  it  opens 
down  the  sides  instead  of  down  the  chin  and  back,  and 
the  same  pivot  which  secures  the  visor  also  serves  as  a 
hinge  for  the  crown  and  chin-piece.     The  small  men- 


FlG.  664. 


Fig.  665. 


tonniere,  or  bavier,  is  equal  on  both  sides,  but  it  was 
often  of  less  extent  on  the  right.     Date  about  1 500. 

Fig.  665  shows  a  German  fluted  helmet,  of  magnificent 
form  and  workmanship,  which  is  partly  engraved  and 
gilded.  Date  1 5 10- 1 525.  It  opens  down  the  chin,  like 
the  early  armets,  but  the  tail-piece  of  the  crown  is  much 
broader.  The  skill  shown  in  the  forging  of  the  crown 
and  the  fluting  of  the  twisted  comb  is  most  remarkable, 
and  each  rivet  for  the  lining-strap  of  the  cheek-pieces 
forms  the  centre  of  an  engraved  six-leaved  rose.  A 
grooved  rim  round  the  bottom  of  the  helmet  fitted 
closely  on  a  salient  rim  at  the  top  of  the  steel  gorget,  or 
hause-col,  so  that  when  placed  on  its  gorget  and  closed,  it 
could  not  be  wrenched  oft',  but  could  yet  be  moved  round 


245 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


freely  in  a  horizontal  direction.  The  gorget  being  arti- 
culated, the  head  could  also  be  raised  or  lowered  a  little, 
but  not  enough  to  make  this  form  of  joint  very  desirable, 
and  a  looser  kind  was  soon  substituted.  Fig.  666  gives  a 
front  view  of  a  German  helmet  much  Uke  the  last,  ex- 
cept as  regards  the  visor.     Date  about  1520.     Fig  667  is 


Fig.  666. 


Fig.  667. 


Date 


a  very  small,  but  prettily-shaped,  ItaUan  helmet. 
1 5  20-1 540. 

Fig.  668  shows  what  is  perhaps  the  most  perfect  type 
of  close  helmet.  The  comb  is  much  larger  than  was 
the  custom  at  an  earlier  date,  and  much  resembles 
those  of  the  morions  of  this  period.  The  visor  is  formed 
of  two  separate  parts ;  the  upper  fits  inside  the  lower, 
and  could  be  raised  to  facilitate  seeing  without  unfixins; 


Fig.  66S. 


Fig.  669. 


the  lower  portion.  It  is  engraved  ^vith  arabesques,  and 
is  probably  Italian.  Date  1 550-1 570.  Fig.  669  is  an 
English  helmet,  half-way  between  a  close  helmet  and  a 
"  burgonet."  It  is  really  a  "  casque,"  with  cheek-pieces 
to  meet  in  front.  The  crown-piece  is  joined  down  the 
middle  of  the  comb.  This  helmet  was  probably  made 
for  the  Earl  of  Leicester.     Date  about  1590. 

The  word  "  burgonet "  first  appeared  about  the  be- 


FlG.  670. 


Fig.  671. 


ginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  described  a  form 
of  helmet  like  the  "  celata,"  and  called  by  that  name  in 
Italy.  It  was  completed  by  a  "  bufie,"  or  chin-piece, 
similar  to  the  bavier.     Fig.  670  is  an  Italian  example. 


the  form  of  which  is  particularly  graceful  and  classic. 
Date  I :;  30-1 540. 

During  this  century  the  "  morion  "  (Fig.  67 1 ),  really  an 
improved  "  chapelle-de-fer,"  was  much  in  use.  It  had 
a  curved  top,  surmounted  by  a  comb  and  a  broad, 
turned-iip  brim,  and  was  often  elaborately  engraved 
and  gilt.  The  '  cabasset "  (Fig.  672)  was  a  similar  head- 
piece, but  had  a  peaked  top,  surmounted  by  a  small 
spike  turned  backwards,  and  generally  a  flatter,  nar- 
rower brim  than  the  morion.  These  three  forms  of 
helmet  were  all  called  casques.  Early  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  the  pikeman's  helmet  (Fig.  673)  shows  a 
revival  of  almost  the  exact  shape  of  the  chapelle-de-fer 
of  the  fifteenth  (Fig.  655),  but  the  workmanship  is  very 
inferior. 

Fig.  674  shows  a  close  helmet  (probably  French)  with 
a  wide  gorget.     It  has  strong  reinforcing-pieoes  on  the 


Fig.  672 


Fig.  673 


Fig.  674. 


crown,  which  is  very  thick,  the  visor  being  thin.  It 
is  very  heavy,  the  total  weight  being  10  lbs.,  and  was 
probably  meant  for  siege  operations.  It  is  of  inferior 
workmanship.  Date  1600-1610.  In  the  latter  part  of 
the  sixteenth  century  and  later  the  tUting-helm  was  no 
longer  used,  but  a  heavy  plate  of  metal  was  fixed  in 
front  of  the  helmet,  which  must  have  made  it  impossible 
for  the  wearer  to  move  his  head. 

The  barred  or  grilled  helmet  owed  its  introduction  to 


Fig.  675. — "Grid-iron"  Helmet  (fifteenth  century). 

tournaments  with  swords  and  clubs,  which  necessitated 
better  opportunities  of  vision  than  the  earlier  tUting- 
helm  aftbrded,  suflicient  though  that  was  for  encounters 
with  the  tilting-spear.  The  earliest  form  of  this  type  of 
helmet  will  be  seen  in  Fig.  675,  which  is  termed  a  "  grid- 
iron" helmet,  developing  shortly  afterwards  into  the 
form  of  Fig.  6^6,  which  has  a  lattice-work  visor.  The 
former  figure,  the  "  grid-iron  "  helmet,  is  a  representatior- 
taken  from  an  original  now  in  the  possession  of  Count 


246 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Hans  Wilczek,  of  Vienna.     Fig.  676,  tiie  helmet  with 
the  latticed  visor,  is  from  an  example  in  the  German 


with  many  others  of  the  same  character,  in  the  pageant 
of  the  funeral  procession  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  III. 
(IV.)  in  1493.     The  helmets  were  made  of  leather,  and 


Fig.  676. — Helmet,  with  Latticed  Visor  (end  of  fifteenth  century). 

National  Museum  at  Nilrnberg.  Neither  of  these  types 
of  helmet  appears  to  have  been  regularly  adopted  into 
heraldic  art.  Indeed  they  are  seldom,  if  ever,  to  be 
found  in  heraldic  emblazonment.  For  pictorial  and 
artistic  purposes  they  seem  to  be  entirely  supplanted  in 
paintings,  in  seals,  and  in  sculpture  by  the  "grilled" 
helmet  or  "  buckler."  Whether  this  helmet,  as  we  find 
it  depicted  in  paintings  or  on  seals,  was  ever  really  worn 
in  battle  or  tournament  seems  very  doubtful,  and  no 
actual  instance  appears  to  have  been  preserved.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  so-called  "  Prunkhehne  "  (pageant 
helmet)  bucklers,  frequently  made  of  gUded  leather 
and  other  materials,  are  extant  in  some  number.  It  is 
evident  from  their  nature,  however,  that  they  can  only 
have  been  used  for  ceremonial  or  decorative  purposes. 
Fig  677  shows  one  of  these  buckled  "  pageant "  helmets 


Fig.  678.- 


-Pageant  Helmet,  with  the  Crest  of  Austria  (ancient) 
or  Tyrol. 

gilded,  the  two  crests  being  carved  out  of  boards 
and  painted.  The  Burgau  wings,  which  are 
inclined  very  far  forward,  are :  "  Bendy  of  six 
argent  and  gules,  charged  with  a  pale  or."  In 
their  normal  position  the  wings  are  borne  up- 
right. The  second  crest,  which  is  86  cm.  in 
height,  is  black,  and  adorned  on  the  outside 
ttdth  eared  pegs  4  cm.  long,  from  which  gold 
linden-leaves  hang.  These  helmets  and  crests, 
which  were  formerly  in  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral, 
are  now  in  the  Vienna  Historical  Museum. 
Fig.  679  is  another,  and  a  rather  interesting 


Fig.  677.— Pageant  Helmet  with  the  Crest  of  Burgau.  yje_  679._pageant  Helm,  second  half  of  the  fifteenth  century 

(Sigmaringen). 

surmounted  by  the  crest  of  the  Margraviate  of  Burgau. 

Fig.  678  shows  another  of  these  pageant  helmets,  with  the     example,  of  these  ceremonial  helmets,  and  is  constructed 

crest  of  Austria  (ancient)  or  of  Tyrol.    These  were  borne,     of  leather  and  linen,  covered  with  a  gilded  design.    The 

247 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


twig-shaped  grills  can  surely  never  have  had  a  counter- 
part in  actual  armour.     The  height  is  about  38  cm. 

During  the  seventeenth  century  the  close  helmet 
often  had  a  barred  visor,  and  the  face  was  gradually 
more  and  more  exposed. 

The  helmet  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  (Figs.  680 
and  681)  is  a  most  magmficent  example  of  this  type. 


Fig.  6S0.  Fig.  6S1. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  the 
workmanship  became  inferior,  and  beauty  of  line  was 
no  longer  sought  after.  Shortly  afterwards  helmets 
ceased  to  be  worn  outside  the  regular  army,  and  with 
the  subsequent  evolution  of  military  head  coverings 
heraldry  has  no  concern.  As  a  part  of  a  heraldic 
achievement  the  helmet  is  not  so  old  as  the  shield.  It 
was  not  until  the  introduction  of  the  crest  that  any  one 
thought  of  depicting  a  helmet  with  a  shield.  They 
then  bore  no  further  relation  to  one  another  than  did 
the  cuirass  and  the  shield. 

A  careful  and  attentive  examination  of  the  early 
"  RoUs  of  Arms,"  and  of  seals  and  other  ancient 
examples  of  heraldic  art  and  handicraft,  will  at  once 
make  it  plainly  apparent  that  the  helmets  heraldically 
depicted  were  in  close  keeping  and  of  the  style  then 
actually  in  use  for  warfare  or  tournament  at  the  period. 
This  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the  helmets  shown 
upon  the  stall  plates  of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter  in 
St.  George's  Chapel  at  Windsor.  The  helms  on  the 
early  stall  plates,  though  far  from  being  identical  in 
shape,  all  appear  to  be  of  the  same  class  or  type  of 
tilting-helm  drawn  in  profile.  Amongst  the  early  plates 
only  one  instance  (Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  elected 
1475)  can  be  found  of  the  barred  helmet.  This  is  the 
period  when  helmets  actually  existed  in  fact,  and  were 
actually  used,  but  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  and  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  centuries,  when  the 
helmet  was  being  fast  relegated  to  ceremonial  usage 
and  pictorial  emblazonment,  ingenious  heralds  began 
to  evolve  the  system  by  which  rank  and  degree  were 
indicated  by  the  helmet. 

Before  proceeding  to  consider  British  rules  concerning 
the  heraldic  helmet,  it  may  be  well  to  note  those  which 
have  been  accepted  abroad.  In  Germany  heraldry  has 
known  but  two  classes  of  helmet,  the  open  helmet 
guarded  by  bars  (otherwise  buckles  or  grills),  and  the 
closed  or  "  visored "  helmet.  The  latter  were  the 
helmets  used  by  the  newly  ennobled,  the  former  by  the 
older  families  of  higher  position,  it  being  originally  held 
that  only  those  families  whose  birth  qualified  them  to 
tilt  were  permitted  to  use  this  buckled  helmet.  Tourna- 
ments were  of  course  always  conducted  on  very  strict 
lines.  Woodward  reprints  in  his  "  Treatise  on  Heraldry  " 
the  "Tourney  Regulations  for  the  Exposure  of  Arms 


and  Crest,  drawn  up  by  Rene,  Duke  of  Anjou,  King  of 
Sicily  and  Jerusalem,"  from  Menetrier's  L'Origin  des 
Armoiries.  The  rules  to  be  complied  with  are  there 
set  out.  Fig.  13  herein  is  a  representation  of  a 
"  Helmschau,"  where  this  examination  is  being  carried 
on.  It  is  interesting  to  notice  therein  that  the  whole 
of  the  helmets  without  exception  have  the  grilles. 
Germany  was  perhaps  the  earliest  country  to  fall  from 
grace  in  the  matter,  for  towards  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century  the  buckled  helmet  is  found  with  the  arms  of 
the  lower  Briefadels  (those  ennobled  by  patent),  and 
the  practice  continued  despite  the  violent  protests  of 
the  tournament  families,  who  considered  then  pre- 
rogative had  been  infringed.  The  closed  helmet  con- 
sequently sank  gradually  in  Germany  to  the  grade  of 
a  mere  burgess's  helmet,  and  as  such  became  of  little 
account,  although  in  former  times  it  had  been  borne  by 
the  proudest  houses. 

Similarly  in  France  the  "  buckled  "  helmet  was  con- 
sidered to  be  reserved  for.  the  military  noblesse,  and 
newly  ennobled  families  were  denied  its  use  until  the 
third  generation,  when  they  became  hons  gentil- 
hommes.  Woodward  states  that  when  "in  1372 
Charles  V.  conferred  on  the  bourgeoisie  of  Paris  the 
right  to  use  armorial  bearings,  it  was  strenuously 
denied  that  they  could  use  the  timbred  helm.  In 
1568  an  edict  of  Charles  IX.  prohibited  the  use  of 
armoiries  timhrees  to  any  who  were  not  noble  by 
birth."  The  grilles  of  the  helmet  produced  with  the 
old  French  heralds  the  opportunity  of  a  minutire  of 
I'ule  which,  considering  the  multitude  of  rules  fathered, 
rightly  or  wrongly,  upon  British  heraldry,  we  may  be 
devoutly  happy  never  reached  our  shores.  'They 
assigned  different  numbers  of  grilles  to  different  ranks, 
but  as  the  writers  differ  as  to  the  varying  numbers, 
it  is  probable  that  such  rules  were  never  officially 
accepted  even  in  that  country.  In  France  the  rule 
was,  much  as  in  this  country,  a  gold  helmet  for  the 
Sovereign,  silver  for  princes  and  great  nobles,  steel  for 
the  remainder.  It  is  curious  that  though  the  timbred 
helm  was  of  course  known  in  England  whilst  the  con- 
troversy as  to  its  heraldic  use  was  raging  in  France 
and  Germany,  no  heraldic  use  of  it  whatever  occurs 
till  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century.  From 
Royalty  to  the  humblest  gentleman,  all  used  for  heraldic 
purposes  the  closed  or  visored  helms. 

The  present  rules  concerning  helmets  which  hold  in 
Great  Britain  are  that  the  helmet  of  the  Sovereign  and 
the  Royal  princes  of  this  country  shall  be  of  gold,  placed 
in  an  affronte  position,  and  shall  have  grilles.  The 
helmet  of  a  peer  shall  be  of  silver,  shall  be  placed  in 
profile,  and  shall  have  golden  grilles,  frequently  stated 
to  be  five  in  number,  a  detail  not  stringently  adhered 
to.  The  helmet  of  a  knight  or  baronet  shall  be  of  steel, 
placed  full  faced,  and  shall  be  open,  whilst  the  helmet 
of  an  esquire  or  gentleman  shall  be  of  steel  and  in 
profile,  with  the  visor  closed.  Within  these  limits  con- 
siderable latitude  is  allowed,  and  even  in  official  grants 
of  arms,  which,  as  far  as  emblazonment  goes,  are  very 
much  of  a  stereotyped  style,  actual  unvarying  adherence 
to  a  particular  pattern  is  not  insisted  upon. 

There  is  not  much  latitude  in  the  helmet  of  a  peer, 
but  the  arms  of  the  Marquess  of  Ailsa,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  206,  and  the  helmet  of  the  Duke  of  Fife  (Fig.  251), 
are  both  good  renderings  of  the  heraldic  helmet  of  a 
peer  as  ordinarily  depicted. 

From  the  artistic  point  of  view,  surely  nothing  could 
be  uglier  than  the  helmet  assigned  to  the  peer  and 
baronet.  Fig.  i,  which  represents  the  arms  of  Sir 
Edward  Malet,  G.C.B.,  and  Fig.  65,  which  gives  the 
arms  of  Sir  Robert  Gresley,  Bart.,  afford  two  good  ex- 
amples of  the  open  and  full-faced  helmet.    Other  artists 


248 


PLATE   LXXVIII. 


ARMS   FROM    THE '  ST    CHRISTOPHER   AM    ARLBERG    REGISTER. 


Printed  at  Stattgart 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


have  expressed  their  ideas  of  the  definition  somewhat 
differently,  as  will  be  seen  from  Figs.  117,  157,  169,  170, 
187,  222,  255.  298.  316,  and  333. 

The  methods  of  rendering  the  closed  profile  helmet  of 
an  esquire  or  gentleman  are  legion.  The  helmets  in  the 
illustrations  of  the  arms  of  Mr.  AV.  G.  Taunton  (Fig. 
6S0),  Burnard  (Fig.  94),  and  Warrington  (Fig.  51)  are 
examples  of  the  present  official  types.     But  other  accep- 


table and  accurate  examples  will  be  found  in  Figs.  84, 
91.  92,  93,  98,  100,  1 14,  127,  132,  and  165. 

Typically  weak  and  impossible  helmets  of  the  regu- 
lation style  adopted  by  heraldic  stationers  will  be  found 
in  the  reproductions  of  the  bookplates  in  Figs.  89,  126, 
and  in  Fig.  50. 

The  earliest  instance  amongst  the  Garter  plates  in 
which  a  helmet  with  grilles  is  used  to  denote  the  rank 


Fig.  6S0. — ^Armorial  bearings  of  William  Garnett  Tannton,  Esq.: 
Quarterly  of  twenty-five,  namely:  i  and  25,  or,  on  a  chevron 
cottised  gales,  between  three  Cornish  choughs  proper,  five  lozenges 
of  the  field  (for  Taunton) ;  2.  argent,  on  a  chief  sable,  three  Moors' 
heads  or,  wreathed  gules  (for  Tanner) ;  3.  argent,  a  chevron  be- 
tween three  escallops  sable  (for  Tregarthyn)  ;  4.  azure,  a  lion 
rampant  within  an  orle  of  eight  escallops  or  (for  Hender)  ;  5. 
argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  sable, 
charged  with  eight  bezants  (for  Cornwall) ;  6.  argent,  on  a  bend 
sable,  five  bezants  (for  Chamberlayne)  ;  7.  argent,  on  a  chevron 
gules,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or  (for  Fever) ;  S.  azure,  a  garb  or,  between 
three  bezants  (for  Grosvenor) ;  9.  azure,  a  garb  or  (for  Grosvenor) ; 
10.  azure,  a  bend  or  (for  Grosvenor) ;  ri.  argent,  two  cbevronels 
gules,  on  a  canton  of  the  last  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  or  (for  Mober- 
ley) ;  12.  azure,  a  stag  lodged  argent  {for  Downes) ;  13.  sable,  a 


cross  patonce  argent  {for  Pulford) ;  14.  azure,  three  pheasants  or 
(for  Fesant) ;  15.  argent,  a  cross  patee  flory  sable,  on  a  canton 
gules,  a  wolf's  head  erased  of  the  field  (for  Pershall) ;  16.  argent, 
a  cross  patee  flory  charged  with  an  escutcheon  sable  (for  Pershall) ; 
17.  vert,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  or  (for  Knighton);  iS.  azure, 
fretty  argent,  a  fess  gules  (for  Caverswell) ;  19.  azure,  a  chevron 
between  three  mullets  or  (for  Chetwynd) ;  20.  gules,  three  pheons 
argent  (for  Malpas) ;  21.  gules,  a  scythe,  the  blade  in  chief  and 
the  handle  in  bend  sinister  within  a  bordure  argent  (for  Praers)  ; 
22.  argent,  a  Moor's  head  in  profile  couped  at  the  neck  proper  (for 
Blackenhall) ;  23.  gules,  two  scythes  in  saltire,  the  blades  in  chief 
argent  (for  Prayers) ;  24.  gules,  two  lions  rampant  combatant  ar- 
gent (for  Winstanton) ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  five  lozenges  conjoined  fesswise  or,  thereon  a  Cornish 
chough  proper ;  with  the  motto,  *'  Virtus  non  stemma." 

249  2 1 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  a  peer  is  the  stall  plate  of  Lord  Knollys  in  1615.  In 
the  Visitations  but  few  instances  can  be  found  in  which 
the  arms  of  peers  are  included.  Peers  were  not  com- 
pelled to  attend  and  enter  their  arms  and  pedigrees  at 
Visitations,  doubtless  owing  to  the  fact  that  no  Garter 
King  of  Arms  ever  made  a  Visitation,  whilst  it  has  been 
the  long-asserted  prerogative  of  Garter  to  deal  with 
peers  and  their  arms  by  himself.  At  the  same  time, 
however,  there  are  some  number  of  instances  of  peers' 
arms  and  pedigrees  in  the  Visitation  Books,  several 
occurring  in  the  15S7  Visitation  of  Yorkshire.  In  these 
cases  the  arms  of  peers  are  set  out  with  supporters  and 
mottoes,  but  there  is  no  difference  between  their  helmets 
and  what  we  should  now  term  the  helmet  of  an  esquire 
or  gentleman.  This  is  all  the  more  curious  because 
neither  helmet  nor  motto  is  found  in  the  tricks  given  of 
the  arms  of  commoners.  Consequently  one  may  with 
certainty  date  the  introduction  of  the  helmet  with  grilles 
as  the  distinguishing  mark  of  a  peer  in  this  country 
between  the  years  15S7  and  161 5.  The  introduction  of 
the  open  full-faced  helmet  as  indicative  of  knight  or 
baronet  is  knoivn  to  date  from  about  the  period  of  the 
Kestoration. 

Whilst  these  fixed  rules  as  to  helmets  are  still  scrupu- 
lously adhered  to  by  English  heralds,  Lyon  King  of  Arms 
would  seem  to  be  inclined  to  let  them  quietly  lapse  into 
desuetude,  and  the  illustration  of  the  arms  of  Sir 
George  Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar,  Bart.,  which  will  be 
found  in  the  chapter  on  supporters  (Fig.  812),  and 
which  was  reproduced  by  photography  from  the  paint- 
ing made  in  the  Lyon  Register  at  the  recent  rematri- 
culatiou  of  the  arms,  affords  an  instance  in  which  the 
rules  have  been  ignored. 

Some  of  the  objections  one  hears  raised  to  official 
heraldry  wUl  not  hold  water  when  all  facts  are  known ; 
but  one  certainly  thinks  that  those  who  object  to  the 
present  helmet  and  its  methods  of  usage  have  ample 
reason  for  such  remarks  as  one  frequently  sees  in  prmt 
upon  the  subject.  To  put  it  mildly,  it  is  absolutely 
ridiculous  to  see  a  helmet  placed  aflronte,  and  a  lion 
passant  looking  out  over  the  side  of  it ;  or  to  see  a 
helmet  in  profile  with  the  crest  of  a  man's  head  affronte 
placed  above  it,  and  as  a  consequence  also  peeping  over 
the  side.  The  necessity  for  providing  a  resting-place 
for  the  crest  other  than  unoccupied  space  has  also  led 
to  the  ridiculous  practice  of  depicting  the  wreath  or 
torse  in  the  form  of  a  straight  bar  balanced  upon  the 
apex  of  the  helmet.  The  rule  itself  as  to  the  positions 
of  helmets  for  the  varying  ranks  is  officially  recognised, 
and  the  elaboration  of  the  rule  with  regard  to  the 
differing  metals  of  the  Royal  helmet  and  the  helmets 
of  peers  and  knights  and  baronets  is  officially  followed ; 
though  the  supposed  regulation,  which  requires  that  the 
helmet  of  an  esquire  or  gentleman  shall  be  of  steel 
alone  is  not,  inasmuch  as  the  helmet  painted  upon  a 
grant  is  alivays  ornamented  with  gold. 

These  rules  in  England  only  date  from  the  times  of 
the  Stuarts,  and  they  cannot  be  said  to  be  advantageous 
from  any  point  of  view;  they  are  certainly  distinctly 
harmful  from  the  artistic  standpoint.  It  is  plainly  utterly 
impossible  to  depict  some  crests  upon  a  profile  helmet, 
and  equally  impossible  to  display  others  upon  an  affronte 
helmet.  In  Scotland  the  crests  do  not  afford  quite  such 
a  regular  succession  of  glaring  examples  for  ridicule  as 
is  the  ease  in  England.  No  need  is  recognised  in  Scot- 
land for  necessarily  distinguishing  the  crest  of  one  family 
from  that  of  another,  though  proper  differences  are 
rigidly  adhered  to  with  regard  to  the  coats  of  arms. 
Nevertheless,  Scotland  provides  us  with  many  crests 
which  it  is  utterly  impossible  to  actually  carry  on  an 
actual  helmet,  and  examples  of  this  kind  can  be  found 
in  the  rainbow  which  floats  above  the  broken  globe  of 


the  Hopes  (Fig.  231),  and  the  coronets  in  space  to  which 
the  hand  points  in  the  crest  of  the  family  of  Dunbar  of 
Boath,  with  many  other  similar  absurdities. 

In  England  an  equal  necessity  for  difference  is  insisted 
upon  in  the  crest  as  is  everywhere  insisted  upon  with 
regard  to  the  coat  of  arms ;  and  it  is  now  rapidly  be- 
coming almost  impossible  to  obtain  a  new  crest  which 
has  not  got  a  row  of  small  objects  in  front  of  it,  or  else 
two  somethings,  one  on  either  side.  If  a  crest  is  to  be 
depicted  between  two  ostrich  feathers,  for  example,  it 
stands  to  reason  that  the  central  object  should  be  placed 
upon  the  centre  of  the  helmet,  whilst  the  ostrich  feathers 
would  be  one  on  either  side — that  is,  placed  in  a  position 
slightly  above  the  ears.  Yet,  if  a  helmet  is  to  be  rigidly 
depicted  Ln  profile,  with  such  a  crest,  it  is  by  no  means 
inconceivable  that  the  one  ostrich  feather  at  the  one 
side  would  hide  both  the  other  ostrich  feather  and 
the  central  object,  leaving  the  crest  to  appear  when 
properly  depicted  (for  example  if  photographed  from 
a  profile  view  of  an  actual  helmet)  as  a  single 
ostrich  feather.  Take,  for  instance,  the  Sievier  crest, 
which  is  an  estoUe  between  two  ostrich  feathers.  If 
that  crest  were  properly  depicted  upon  a  profile 
helmet,  the  one  ostrich  feather  would  undoubtedly 
hide  everything  else,  for  it  is  hardly  likely  that  the 
estoile  would  be  placed  edge-forwards  upon  an  actual 
helmet ;  and  to  properly  display  it,  it  ought  to  take  its 
place  upon  an  affronte  helmet.  Under  the  present 
rules  it  would  be  officially  depicted  with  the  estoile 
facing  the  side,  one  ostrich  feather  in  front  over  the 
nose,  and  the  other  at  the  back  of  the  head,  which  of 
course  reduces  it  to  an  absurdity.  To  take  another 
example,  one  might  instance  the  crest  of  Sir  William 
Crookes  (Fig.  157).  It  is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  a 
helmet  would  ever  have  been  borne  into  a  tournament 
surmounted  by  an  elephant  looking  out  over  the  side  ; 
it  would  most  certainly  have  had  its  head  placed  to 
the  front ;  and  yet,  because  Sir  William  Crookes  is  a 
knight,  he  is  required  to  use  an  affronte  helmet,  with 
a  crest  which  most  palpably  was  designed  for  use  in 
profile.  The  absurd  position  which  has  resulted  is 
chiefly  due  to  the  position  rules  and  largely  a  conse- 
quence of  the  hideous  British  practice  (for  no  other 
nation  has  ever  adopted  it)  of  depicting,  as  is  so 
often  done,  a  coat  of  arms  and  crest  without  the  inter- 
vening helmet  and  mantling;  though  perhaps  another 
cause  may  have  had  its  influence.  I  allude  to  the 
fact  that  an  animal's  head,  for  example,  in  profile,  is 
considered  quite  a  diflerent  crest  to  the  same  animal's 
head  when  placed  affronte ;  and  so  long  as  this  idea 
holds,  and  so  long  as  the  rules  concerning  the  position 
of  the  helmet  exist,  for  so  long  shall  we  have  these 
glaring  and  ridiculous  anomahes.  And  whilst  one 
generation  of  a  family  has  an  affronte  helmet  and 
another  using  the  same  crest  may  have  a  profile  one,  it 
is  useless  to  design  crests  specifically  to  fit  the  one  or 
the  other. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  who  is  certainlj'  one  of  the  most  accom- 
plished heraldic  artists  of  the  present  time,  has  adopted 
a  plan  in  his  work  which,  whilst  conforming  with  the  rules 
to  which  I  have  referred,  has  reduced  the  peculiarities 
resulting  from  their  observance  to  a  minimum.  His 
plan  is  simple,  inasmuch  as,  with  a  crest  which  is 
plainly  affronte,  and  has  to  be  depicted  upon  a  profile 
helmet,  he  slightly  alters  the  perspective  of  each,  twist- 
ing round  the  helmet,  which,  whilst  remaining  slightly 
in  profile,  more  nearly  approaches  the  affronte  position, 
and  bringing  the  crest  slightly  round  to  meet  it.  In 
this  way  he  has  obtained  some  very  good  results  from 
awkward  predicaments.  Mr.  Joseph  Foster,  in  his 
"  Peerage  and  Baronetage,"  absolutely  discarded  all 
rules  affecting  the  position  of  the  helmet ;  and  though 


250 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  artistic  results  may  be  excellent,  his  plan  cannot  be 
commended,  because  whilst  rules  exist  they  ought  to  be 
adhered  to.  At  the  same  time,  it  must  be  frankly  ad- 
mitted that  the  laws  of  position  seem  utterly  unneces- 
sary. No  other  country  has  them — they  are,  as  has 
been  shovi'n,  impracticable  from  the  artistic  standpoint ; 
and  there  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  it  is  highly  de- 
sirable that  they  should  be  wholly  abolished. 

It  is  quite  proper  that  there  should  be  some  means 
of  distinction,  and  it  would  seem  well  that  the  helmet 
with  grilles  should  be  reserved  for  peers.  In  this  we 
should  be  following  or  closely  approximating  to  the 
rules  observed  formerly  upon  the  Continent,  and  if  all 
questions  of  position  are  waived  the  only  difficulty 
which  remains  is  the  helmet  of  baronets  and  knights. 
The  full-faced  open  helmet  is  ugly  in  the  extreme — 
anything  would  be  preferable  except  an  open  helmet  in 
profile,  and  probably  it  would  be  better  to  wipe  out  the 
rule  on  this  point  as  well.  Knights  of  any  Order  have 
tlie  circle  of  that  order  within  which  to  place  theu- 
shields,  and  baronets  have  the  augmentations  of  their 
rank  and  degree.  The  knight  bachelor  would  be  the 
only  one  to  suffer.  The  gift  of  a  plain  circlet  around 
the  shield  or  (following  the  precedent  of  a  baronet),  a 
spur  upon  a  canton  or  inesoutcheon,  could  easily  remove 
any  cause  of  complaint. 

But  whilst  one  may  think  it  well  to  urge  strongly  the 
alteration  of  existing  rules,  it  should  not  be  considered 
permissible  to  ignore  rules  which  undoubtedly  do  exist 
whilst  those  rules  remain  in  force. 

The  helmets  of  knights  and  baronets  and  of  esquires 
and  gentlemen,  in  accordance  with  present  official 
practice,  are  usually  ornamented  with  gold,  though  this 
would  not  appear  to  be  a  fixed  and  unalterable  rule. 

When  two  or  more  crests  need  to  be  depicted,  various 


Fig.  68i. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Andrew  ColviUe  Wedderburn- 
Maswell,  Esq. :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  saltire  sable,  in  chief 
a  mullet  gules,  within  a  bordure  azure  (for  Maxwell) ;  2  and  3, 
argent,  a  chevron  between  three  roses  gules,  barbed  vert  (for 
Wedderbum).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crests:  i.  on  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries,  a  stag  lodged  in  front  of  a  holly-tree  proper  (for 
Maxwell) ;  2.  on  a  wreath  of  bis  liveries,  an  eagle's  head  erased 
proper  (for  Wedderbum).  Mottoes :  "  Reviresco  "  (for  Maxwell) ; 
*'  Non  degener  "  (for  Wedderbum). 

expedients  are  adopted.  The  English  official  practice  is 
to  paint  one  helmet  only,  and  Fig.  553,  which  represents 
the  arms  of  Brisbane  of  that  Ilk,  or  Fig.  300,  will  show 
the  official  English  method  of  depicting  two  crests.  The 
same  plan  was  adopted  in  Scotland,  and  Fig.  681,  the 
arms  of  J.  A.  C.  Wedderburn-Maxwell,  Esq.,  is  a  repro- 
duction from  an  official  Scottish  emblazonment.     The 


dexter  crest  is  naturally  the  more  important  and  the 
principal  one  in  each  case.  By  using  one  helmet  only 
the  necessity  of  turning  the  dexter  crest  to  face  the 
sinister  was  obviated. 

The  present  official  method  adopted  in  England  of 
depicting  three  crests  is  to  use  one  helmet  only,  and 
all  three  crests  face  to  the  dexter.  The  centre  one, 
which  is  placed  on  the  helmet,  is  the  principal  or  first 
crest,  that  on  the  dexter  side  the  second,  and  the 
one  on  the  sinister  the  third. 

In  Germany,  the  land  of  many  crests  (no  less  than 
thirteen  were  borne  above  the  shield  of  the  Markgraves 
of  Brandenburg-Anspach),  there  has  from  the  earliest 
times  been  a  fixed  invariable  practice  of  never  dissociat- 
ing a  crest  from  the  helmet  which  supported  it,  and 
consequentlj'  one  helmet  to  every  crest  has  long  been 
the  oruy  recognised  procedure.  In  this  country  and  all 
others  duphcation  of  crests  is  quite  a  modern  practice. 
Amongst  the  Plantagenet  Garter  plates  there  is  not  a 
single  example  to  be  found  of  a  coat  of  arms  with  more 
than  a  single  crest,  and  there  is  no  ancient  British 
example  of  more  than  one  helmet  which  can  be  referred 
to  for  guidance.  The  custom  originated  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries  in  Germany.  This  point  is 
more  fully  dealt  with  in  the  chapter  devoted  to  the 
consideration  of  crests,  but  it  may  be  here  noted  that 
in  Austria  a  knight  may  place  two  and  a  baron  three 
helmets  over  his  shield.  The  Continental  practice  is  as 
follows :  "  When  the  number  of  the  helms  is  even,  they 
are  arranged  so  that  all  look  inwards  towards  the  centre 
line  of  the  escutcheon,  half  being  turned  to  the  dexter, 
half  to  the  sinister  If  the  number  be  uneven,  the 
principal  helm  is  placed  in  the  centre  affironte,  the 
others  with  their  crests  being  turned  towards  it ;  thus, 
some  face  to  the  dexter,  some  to  the  sinister.  The 
crests  are  always  turned  with  the  helmets.  In  Scan- 
dinavia the  centre  helm  is  afironte ;  the  others,  with 
their  crests,  are  often  turned  outwards. 

English  officialism,  whilst  confining  its  own  emblazon- 
ments to  one  helmet  only,  has  never  sought  to  assert 
that  the  use  of  two  or  more  was  either  incorrect  or 
faulty  heraldry,  and  particularly  in  these  later  days  of 
the  revival  of  heraldic  art  in  this  country,  aU  heraldic 
artists  of  the  present  day,  following  the  German  ex- 
ample, are  inclined  to  give  each  crest  its  own  helmet. 
This  practice  has  been  adopted  during  the  last  few  years 
by  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  and  now  all  paintings  of  arms 
in  Lyon  Register  which  have  two  crests  have  the  same 
number  of  helmets.  Some  of  the  Bath  Stall  plates  in 
Henry  VII.'s  chapel  in  Westminster  Abbey  also  dis- 
play two  helmets  (see  Plate  LXVIII.). 

When  two  helmets  are  used,  it  has  been  customary, 
stUl  following  the  German  model,  to  turn  them  to  face 
each  other,  except  in  the  cases  of  the  full-faced  helmets 
of  a  knight  or  baronet,  and  (with  the  same  exception) 
when  three  helmets  have  been  employed  the  outer  ones 
have  been  placed  to  face  the  centre,  whilst  the  centre 
one  has  been  placed  in  profile,  as  would  be  the  case 
were  it  standing  alone.  But  the  multiplication  of 
English  crests  in  number,  all  of  which  as  granted  are 
required  to  differ,  has  naturally  resulted  in  the  stereo- 
typing of  points  of  difference  in  attitude,  &c.,  and  the 
inevitable  consequence  is  unfortunately  that  without 
sacrificing  this  character  of  differentiation  it  is  impossible 
to  allow  the  English  heraldic  artist  the  same  latitude 
and  freedom  of  disposition  with  regard  to  crests  that  his 
German  confrere  enjoys.  These  remarks  apply  solely 
to  English  and  Irish  crests,  for  Scottish  practices,  re- 
quiring no  differentiation  in  the  crests,  have  left  Scot- 
tish crests  simple  and  unspoiled.  In  England  the  result 
is  that  to  "  play  "  with  the  position  of  a  crest  frequently 
results  in  an  entire  alteration  of  its  character,  and  con- 


251 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


sequently,  as  there  is  nothing  whatever  in  the  nature  of 
a  law  or  of  a  rule  to  the  contrary,  it  is  quite  as  usual  to 
now  find  that  two  profile  helmets  are  both  placed  to 
face  the  dexter  as  placed  to  face  each  other.  Another 
point  seems  also  in  England  to  have  been  lost  sight  of 
in  borrowing  our  methods  from  Germany.  They  hold 
themselves  at  hberty  to,  and  usually  do,  make  all  their 
charges  on  the  shield  face  to  the  centre.  This  is  never 
done  in  England,  where  all  face  to  the  dexter.  It  seems 
therefore  to  me  an  anomaly  to  applj'  one  rule  to  the 
shield  and  another  to  the  helmet,  and  personally  I  prefer 
that  both  helmets  and  all  charges  should  face  the  dexter. 
As  instances  of  the  use  of  two  or  more  helmets,  the 
following  representations  of  armorial  bearings  are  in- 
cluded :  Atkin-Roberts  (Fig.  1 54) ;  Parkin-Moore  (Fig. 
145);  Graham-Wigan  (Fig,  178);  Vipont  (Fig.  216); 
Lawlor-Huddleston  (Fig.  223);  Ross-of-Bladensburg 
(Fig.  175);  Meade-King  (Plate  XXV.);  Ghaworth"- 
Musters   (Fig.    682);    Baron  de   Hochepied  (Fig.  683); 


present  day,  and  at  all  times  previously,  after  the  grant- 
ing of  crests  had  become  usual,  contains  the  grant  of 
the   crest  and   the  emblazonment  shows  the  helmet. 


Fig.  682. — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Patricius  Chaworth-Musters, 
Esq. :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  on  a  bend  gules,  a  lion  passant 
guardant  or,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  of  the  second  (for  Musters) ; 
2  and  3,  barry  of  ten  argent  and  gules,  three  martlets  two  and  one 
sable,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  ermines  (for  Chaworth).  IVIant- 
ling  gules  and  argent.  Crests:  i.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
lion  sejant  guardant  or,  supporting  with  the  forepaws  a  shield  of 
the  arms  (for  Musters) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  tower 
argent,  charged  with  a  bendlet  wa\y  gules,  thereon  a  lion  passant 
or,  issuant  from  the  battlements  an  ostrich  feather  sable  between 
four  others  of  the  first  (for  Chaworth). 


Crisp-Molineux-Montgomerie  (Fig.  684);  Shaw-Lefevre- 
St.-John-Mildmay  (Fig.  685) ;  and  Mainwaring-Ellerker- 
Onslow  (Fig.  686). 

In  British  heraldry  (and  in  fact  the  rule  is  universal) 
no  woman  other  than  a  reigning  Sovereign  is  permitted 
to  surmount  her  arms  by  a  helmet. 

"  Many  writers  have  denied  the  right  of  ecclesiastics 
(and,  of  course,  of  women)  to  the  use  of  helmet  and 
crest.  Spener,  the  great  German  herald,  defends  their 
use  by  ecclesiastics,  and  says  that,  in  Germany  at  any 
rate,  universal  custom  is  opposed  to  the  restriction. 
There  the  prelates,  abbots,  and  abbesses,  who  held 
princely  fiefs  by  military  tenure,  naturally  retained 
the  full  knightly  insignia." 

In  official  English  heraldry,  there  is  a  certain  amount 
of  confirmation  and  a  certain  amount  of  contradiction 
of  this  supposed  rule  which  denies  a  helmet  to  an 
ecclesiastic.     A  grant  of  arms  to  a  clergyman  at  the 


Fig.  683 — Armorial  bearings  of  John  Melvill  de  Hochepied-Larpent,  9th 
Baron  De  Hochepied  (1704),  a  Baron  and  Magnate  of  Hungary: 
Per  pale  argent  and  azure,  on  the  dexter  a  chevron  gules  between 
three  crescents  sable,  and  on  the  sinister  a  dexter  hand  expanded 
-  issuant  from  the  sinister  in  bend,  and  beneath  a  pair  of  manacles, 
the  chains  broken  proper.  Crests:  I.  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a 
crescent  sable  ;  2.  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  dexter  hand  issuant 
proper.     Motto:  "  Optivo  cognomine  crescit." 


Fig.  684. — Armorial  tbeariugs  of  CecU  Thomas  Crisp-Molineux-Mont- 
gomerie, Esq.  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  azure,  a 
branch  of  palm-tree  in  bend  sinister  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  or; 
ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  three  rings  or,  each  enriched  with  a  sapphire  (for 
Montgomerie) ;  2,  quarterlj',  azure  and  or,  a  cross  moline  counter- 
changed  (for  Molineux) ;  3,  per  pale  argent  and  sable,  on  a  chevron 
five  horse-shoes  all  couuterchanged  (for  Crisp),  impaling  the  arms 
of  Lascelles,  namely  :  sable,  a  cross  patonce  within  a  bordure  or. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crests:  l.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
palm-branch  proper  (for  Montgomerie) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  in  front  of  two  peacock's  feathers  in  saltire,  a  cross  moline 
or  (for  Molineux) ;  3-  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mount  vert, 
thereon  a  camelopard  argent,  armed  and  unguled  or,  seme  of  pellets 
and  hurts  alternately,  collared  and  line  reflexed  over  the  back  gules 
(for  Crisp).     Motto  :  "  Procedamus  in  pace." 


liut  the  grant  of  arms  to  a  bishop  is  different.     The 
emblazonment  of  the  arms  is  surmounted  by  a  mitre. 


252 


PLATE   LXXIX. 


I 


^'S^^ff 


(hrffiu>  iMcU^«r^t  alt 


fSa^  ^Mwlfnyw  ^sbttt  aU  lav-  Mi\  <t 


Printad  at  gtuK^rl. 

ARMS    FROM    THE    ST    CHRISTOPHER    AM    ARLBERG    REGISTER. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  the  crest  is  depicted  in  the  body  of  the  patent  awaj' 
from  and  distinct  from  the  emblazonment  proper  in  the 
margin.  But  the  fact  that  a  crest  is  granted  proves 
that  there  is  not  any  disability  inherent  in  the  ecclesias- 
tic which  debars  him  from  the  possession  of  the  helmet 
and  crest,  and  the  rule  which  must  be  deduced,  and 
which  really  is  the  definite  and  accepted  rule,  is  that  a 
mitre  cannot  be  displa3'ed  together  with  a  helmet  or 
crest.  It  must  be  one  or  other,  and  as  the  mitre  is 
indicative  of  the  higher  rank,  it  is  the  crest  and  helmet 
which  are  discarded. 

There  are  few  rules  in  heraldry  to  which  exceptions 
cannot  be  found,  and  there  is  a  painting  now  pre- 
served in  the  College  of  Arms,  which  depicts  the  arms 
of  the  Bishop  of  Durham  surmounted  by  a  helmet,  that 
in  its  turn  being  surmounted  bj'  the  mitre  of  episcopal 
rank.     But  the  Bishopric  of  Durham  was,  in  addition  to 


Fig.  6S5. — Armorial  bearings  of  G.  A.  Shaw  Lefevre  St.  John  Mildraay  : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  three  lions  rampant  aznre,  armed  and 
langaed  gules  (for  ilildmays;  2.  sable,  a  chevron  argent,  between 
two  trefoils  slipped  in  chief  and  a  bezant  in  base  surmounted  by  a 
cross  patee  or  (for  Lefevre) ;  3.  argent,  a  chevron  invected  ermines, 
on  a  chief  sable,  two  talbots'  heads  erased  or  (for  Shaw),  impal- 
ing the  same  arms  of  Mildmay,  namely  :  argent,  three  lions  ram- 
pant azure.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crests:  i.  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  lion  rampant  guardant  azure  (for  Mildmay)  ;  2. 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  sis  arrows  interlaced  saltirewise  three 
and  three  proper  within  an  aimulet  or  {for  Lefevre) ;  3.  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  talbot  ermine,  charged  on  the  body  with  two 
cross  crosslets  fesswise  or,  holding  in  the  mouth  a  cross  crosslet 
fitchee  sable,  and  resting  the  dexter  foreleg  on  an  escutcheon  of 
the  arms  of  Shaw.     Motto  :  "  Alia  ta  Hara." 


its  episcopal  character,  a  temporal  Palatinate,  and  the 
arms  of  the  Bishops  of  that  See  therefore  logically  pre- 
sent many  differences  and  exceptions  from  established 
heraldic  rules. 

The  rules  with  regard  to  the  use  of  helmets  for  the 
coats  of  arms  of  corporate  bodies  are  somewhat  vague 
and  vary  considerably.  All  cities  and  towns,  and  all 
corporate  bodies  to  whom  crests  have  been  granted  in 
England,  have  the  ordinary  closed  profile  helmet  of  an 
esquire  or  gentleman.  No  grant  of  a  crest  has  as  3'et 
been  made  to  an  English  county  or  universit}',  so  that 
it  is  impossible  to  say  that  no  helmet  would  be  allowed, 
or  if  it  were  allowed  what  it  would  be.  For  some  reason 
the  arms  of  the  City  of  London  are  always  depicted  with 
the  helmet  of  a  peer,  but  as  the  crest  is  not  officially 
recorded,  the  privilege  necessarily  has  no  official  sanction 
or  authority. 

In  Scotland  the  helmet  painted  upon  a  grant  of  arms 
to  town  or  city  is  always  the  open  full-faced  helmet  of 


a  knight  or  baronet  (Fig.  581).  But  in  the  grant  of 
arms  to  a  county  where  it  includes  a  crest,  the  helmet 
is  that  of  an  esquire,  which  is  certainly  curious. 

In  Ireland  no  helmet  at  all  was  painted  upon  the 
patent  granting  arms  to  the  city  of  Belfast,  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  a  crest  was  included  in  the  grant,  and  the 
present  Ulster  King  of  Arms  informs  me  he  would  not 
allow  a  helmet  to  any  impersonal  ai-ms. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  errors  of  anachronism 
when  depicting  helmet  and  shield.  The  shapes  of  these 
should  bear  some  approximate  relation  to  each  other  in 
point  of  date.  It  is  preferable  that  the  helmet  should 
be  so  placed  that  its  lower  extremity  reaches  somewhat 
over  the  edge  of  the  shield.  The  inclined  position  of  the 
shield  in  emblazonment  is  borrowed  from  the  natural 
order  of  things,  because  the  shield  hanging  by  its  chain 


Fig.  686. — Armorial  bearings  of  Charles  Vere  Townshend  Mainwaring- 
Ellerker-Onslow,  Esq. :  Quarterly  of  S,  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  argent, 
a  fess  gules  between  six  Cornish  choughs  proper  {for  Onslow);  ii.. 
azure,  a  fret  and  chief  argent,  a  canton  of  the  first  for  distinction 
(for  EUerker) ;  iii.,  argent,  two  bars  gules  {for  Mainwaring) ;  2. 
gules,  seven  mascles  conjoined,  three,  three  and  one  or,  a  canton 
ermine  {for  Ferrers  of  Groby) ;  3.  aznre,  a  chevron  ermine  between 
three  escallops  argent  {for  Townshend) ;  4.  sable,  a  lion  passant 
guardant  or,  between  three  esquires'  helmets  argent  (for  Compton) ; 
5.  paly  of  sis  or  and  azure,  a  canton  ermine  (for  Shirley) ;  6.  ar- 
gent, a  fess  gules,  in  chief  tliree  torteaux  (for  Devereux) ;  7,  argent, 
a  cross  engrailed  gules,  between  four  water-bougets  sable  {for 
Eourchier) ;  8.  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or 
(for  France);  ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant  in 
pale  or  (for  England),  all  within  a  bordure  argent  (for  Thomas 
Plantagenet  of  Woodstock,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  son  of  King  Ed- 
ward III.).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crests:  i .  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  an  eagle  sable,  preying  on  a  partridge  or  (for 
Onslow) ;  2.  (on  the  dexter  side)  a  dolphin  hatiriant  and  a  sea- 
dragon  or,  emitting  flames  of  fire  proper,  embowed  and  ad- 
dorsed.  and  enfiled  by  a  ducal  coronet,  charged  (for  distinction) 
with  a  roundel  counterchanged  (for  Ellerker) ;  3.  (on  the  sinister 
side)  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  or,  an  ass's  head  proper  {for  Mainwar- 
ing).   Motto:  "  Festina  lente." 


or  shield-Strap  (the  guige),  which  was  so  balanced  that 
the  shield  should  most  readily  fall  into  a  convenient 


253 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


position  when  sluug  on  the  rider's  shoulders,  would 
naturally  retain  its  equilibrium  only  in  a  slanting 
direction.     Figs.  687  and  688  are  good  examples  of  the 


correct  proportions  of  helmets  (of  those  particular 
shapes)  and  shields,  and  of  the  angle  at  which  the 
shield  may  be  tilted. 


Fig.  687. — Arms  of  the  Herren  von  Stein  (Swabia) :  Or,  the  "wolf- 
claws  "  (a  German  implement  used  in  forestry)  inverted  sable. 
Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest:  a  "wolf-claw"  sable,  the  points 
adorned  with  peacock  feathers. 


Fig 


,  68S. — Arms  of  the  Freiheiren  von  Miinsterol  (Montreux) :  Or, 
a  lion  rampant  sable,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  gules. 
Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  a  lion  statant  sable.  The  striking 
disposition  of  the  lion  in  the  crest  merits  attention. 


\_TIie  ha^is  of  the  foregoing  chapter  is  an  article  by  Mr.  F.  R.  Earles  imhlished  in  the  "  Genealogical  Magazine."^ 


CHAPTER    XXV 


THE    CREST 


IF  uncertainty  exists  as  to  the  origin  of  arms,  it  is 
as  nothing  to  the  huge  uncertainty  that  exists 
concerning  the  beginnings  of  the  crest.  Most 
wonderful  stories  are  told  concerning  it ;  that  it  meant 
this  and  meant  the  other,  that  the  right  to  bear  a  crest 
was  confined  to  this  person  or  the  other  person.  But 
practically  the  whole  of  the  stories  of  this  kind  are 
either  wild  imagination  or  conjecture  founded  upon 
insufficient  facts. 

The  real  facts — which  one  may  as  well  state  first  as  a 
basis  to  work  upon — are  very  few  and  singularly  uncon- 
vincing, and  are  useless  as  original  data  from  which  to 
draw  conclusions. 

First  of  all  we  have  the  definite,  assured,  and  certain 
fact  that  the  earliest  known  instance  of  a  crest  is  in 
1 198,  and  we  find  evidence  of  the  use  of  arms  before 
that  date. 

The  next  fact  is  that  we  find  infinitely  more  variation 
in  the  crests  used  by  given  families  than  in  the  arms, 
and  that  whilst  the  variations  in  the  arms  are  as  a  rule 
trivial,  and  not  affecting  the  general  design  of  the  shield, 
the  changes  in  the  crest  are  frequently  radical,  the  crest 
borne  by  a  family  at  one  period  having  no  earthly 
relation  to  that  borne  by  the  same  family  at  another. 

Again,  we  find  that  though  the  occasional  use  of  a 
crest  can  (by  isolated  instances)  be  taken  back,  as 
already  stated,  to  a  fairly  early  period,  the  use  of  crests 
did  not  become  general  until  very  much  later. 

Another  fact  is  that,  except  perhaps  in  the  persons  of 
sovereigns,  there  is  no  oflScial  instance,  nor  any  other 
authentic  instance  of  importance,  in  which  a  crest 
appears  ever  to  have  been  used  by  a  woman  untU  these 
recent  and  unfortunate  days  when  unoHicial  examples 
can  be  found  of  the  wildest  ignorance  of  all  armorial 
rules. 

The  foregoing  may  be  taken  as  general  principles 
which  no  authentic  instance  known  can  be  said  to  refute. 


Bearing  these  in  mind,  let  us  now  see  what  other 
results  can  be  obtained  by  deduction  from  specific  in- 
stances. 

The  earliest  form  in  which  anything  can  be  found  in 
the  nature  of  a  crest  is  the  lion  upon  the  head-dress  of 
Geoffrey,  Count  of  Anjou  (Fig.  41).  This  has  been 
already  referred  to. 

The  helmet  of  Philippe  D' Alsace,  Count  of  Flanders 
{c.  1 181 ),  has  painted  upon  the  side  the  same  figure  of  a 
lion  which  appears  upon  his  shield. 

What  is  usually  accepted  as  the  earliest  authenticated 
instance  of  a  regular  crest  is  that  attbrded  by  the  Great 
Seal  of  King  Richard  I.  of  England,  which  shows  over 
the  helmet  a  lion  passant  painted  upon  the  fan-shaped 
ornament  which  surmounts  the  helmet. 

If  one  accepts — as  most  people  nowadays  are  inclined 
to  do — the  Darwinian  theory  of  evolution,  the  pre- 
sumption is  that  the  development  of  the  human 
being,  through  various  intermediate  links  including  the 
ape,  can  be  traced  back  to  those  cell-like  formations 
which  are  the  most  "  original "  types  of  life  which  are 
known  to  us.  At  the  same  time  one  is  hardly  disposed 
to  assert  that  some  antediluvian  jellyfish  away  back  in 
past  ages  was  the  first  human  being.  By  a  similar,  but 
naturally  more  restricted  argument,  one  cannot  accept 
these  paintings  upon  helmets,  nor  possibly  can  one 
accept  paintings  upon  the  fan-like  ornaments  which 
surmounted  the  helmet,  as  examples  of  crests.  The 
rudiments  and  origin  of  crests  doubtless  they  were. 
Crests  they  were  not. 

We  must  go  back,  once  again,  to  the  bed-rock  of  the 
peacock-popinjay  vanity  ingrained  in  human  nature. 
The  same  impulse  which  nowadays  leads  to  the 
decoration  of  the  helmets  of  the  Life  Guards  with 
horsehair  plumes  and  regimental  badges,  the  cocked 
hats  of  field-marshals  and  other  oflicers  with  waving 
plumes,  the  kepis  of  commissionaires,  and  the  smasher 


254 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


hats  of  Colonial  irregulars  with  cock's  feathers,  the  hat  of 
the  poacher  and  gamekeeper  with  a  pheasant's  feather, 
led  unquestionably  to  the  "  decoration  "  of  the  helmets 
of  the  armoured  knights  of  old.  The  matter  was  just  a 
combination  of  decoration  and  vanity.  At  first  (Fig. 
624)  they  frequently  painted  their  helmets,  and  as  with 
the  gradual  evolution  and  crystallisation  of  armory  a 
certain  form  of  decoration  (the  device  upon  his  shield) 
became  identified  with  a  certain  person,  that  particular 
device  was  used  for  the  decoration  of  the  helmet  and 
painted  thereupon. 

Then  it  was  found  that  a  fan-shaped  erection  upon 
the  helmet  improved  its  appearance,  and,  without  add- 
ing greatly  to  its  weight,  advantaged  it  as  a  head 
protection  by  attracting  the  blow  of  an  opponent's 
sword,  and  lessening  or  nullifying  its  force  ere  the  blow 
reached  the  I'.ctual  crown-plates  of  the  helmet.  Possibly 
in  this  we  see  the  true  origin  (as  Ln  the  case  of  the 
scalloped  edges  of  the  mantling)  of  the  serrated  border 
which  always  appears  upon  these  fan-shaped  erections. 
But  this  last  suggestion  is  no  more  than  a  conjecture  of 
my  own,  and  may  not  be  correct,  for  human  nature  has 
always  had  a  weakness  for  decoration,  and  ever  has 
been  agreeable  to  pay  the  extra  penny  m  the  "  tup- 
pence" for  the  coloured  or  decorated  variety.  The 
many  instances  which  can  be  found  of  these  fan-shaped 
ornaments  upon  helmets  in  a  perfectly  undecorated 
form  leads  me  to  unhesitatingly  assert  that  they  origi- 
nated not  as  crests,  nor  as  a  vehicle  for  the  display  of 
crests,  but  as  an  integral  and  protective  part  of  the 
helmet  itself  The  origin  of  the  crest  is  due  to  the 
decoration  of  the  fan.  The  derivation  of  the  word  "  crest," 
from  the  Latin  crista,  a  cock's  comb,  should  put  the 
supposition  beyond  any  doubt. 

Disregarding  crests  of  later  grant  or  assumption,  one 
can  assert  with  confidence  that  a  large  proportion  of 
those — particularly  in  German  armory,  where  they  are 
so  frequent — which  we  now  find  blazoned  or  depicted  as 
wings  or  plumes,  carrying  a  device,  are  nothing  more 
than  developments  of  or  derivatives  from  these  fan- 
shaped  ornaments. 

These  fans  being  (from  other  reasons)  in  existence,  of 
course,  and  very  naturally,  were  painted  and  decorated, 
and  equally  of  course  such  decoration  took  the  form  of 
the  particular  decoration  associated  with  the  owner, 
namely,  the  device  upon  the  shield.  It  seems  to  me, 
and  for  long  has  so  seemed,  essentially  strange  that  no 
specialist  authority,  writing  upon  armory,  has  noticed 
that  these  "  fans  "  (as  I  will  call  them)  are  really  a  part, 
though  possibly  only  a  decorative  part,  of  the  helmet 
itself.  There  has  always  in  these  matters  been  far  too 
great  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  writers  to  accept  con- 
clusions of  earlier  authorities  ready  made,  and  to  simply 
treat  these  fans  as  selected  and  chosen  crests.  Figs. 
689-693  are  instances  of  helmets  having  these  fans. 
All  are  taken  from  seals,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that 
the  actual  fans  upon  the  seal  helmets  had  some  device 
painted  upon  them  which  it  was  impossible  by  reason 
of  the  size  to  represent  upon  the  seal.  As  has  been 
already  stated,  the  great  seal  of  Richard  I.  does  show 
a  lion  painted  on  the  fan. 

There  are  many  examples  of  the  heraldic  develop- 
ment of  these  fans, — for  their  use  obtained  even  in  this 
country  long  after  the  real  heraldic  crest  had  an  assured 
footing — and  a  typical  example  occurs  in  Fig.  701,  but 
probably  the  best-known  instance,  one  which  has  been 
often  illustrated,  is  that  from  the  eifigy  of  Sir  Geoffrey 
de  Luttrell  (c.  1340),  which  shows  a  fan  of  this 
character  upon  which  the  entire  Luttrell  arms  are 
depicted. 

A  much  later  instance  in  this  country  will  be  found 
in  the  seal  (dated   1539)  of  the  City  of  London,  which 


shows  upon  the  helmet  one  of  these  fan-shaped  orna- 
ments, charged  with  the  cross  of  the  City  arms 
(Fig.  694). 


Fig.  6S9.— From  the  seal  (1301) 
of  Henry  de  Lacy,  Earl  of  Lin- 
coln. 


Fig.  690. — From  the  seal  (1301) 
of  Richard  FitzAlan,  Earl  of 
Arundel. 


Fig.  691. — From  the  seal  (1301) 
of  Humphrey  de  Bohm,  Earl 
of  Hereford. 


Fig.  692. — From  the  seal  (1305) 
of  Edward  of  Carnarvon,  Prince 
of  Wales. 


Fig.  693. — From  the  seal  (1322)  of  Henry  de  Beaumont, 
Earl  of  Buchan. 


The  arms  of  the  City  of  London  are  recorded  in  the 
College  of  Arms  (Vincent)  without  a  crest  (and  by  the 
way  without  supporters),  and  this  seal  affords  a  curious 
but  a  very  striking  and  authentic  instance  of  the  ex- 
treme accuracy  of  the  records  of  the  College  of  Arms. 
There  being  no  crest  for  the  City  of  London  at  the 
time  of  the  preparation  of  this  seal,  recourse  was  had 


255 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


to  the  ancient  practice  oi  depicting  the  whole  or  a  part 
(in  this  case  a  part)  of  the  device  of  the  shield  upon  a 
fan  surmounting  the  helmet.  In  course  of  time  this 
fan,  in  the  case  of  London,  as  in  so  many  other  cases, 
has  through  ignorance  been  converted  or  developed 
into  a  wing,  but  the  '■  rays "  of  the  fan  in  this  instance 
are  preserved  in  the  "  rays "  of  the  dragon's  wing 
(charged  with  a  cross)  which  the  crest  is  now  supposed 
to  be. 

Whilst  dealing  with  the  ai-ms  of  London,  one  of  the 
favourite  "  flaring  "  examples  of  ancient  but  unrecorded 
arms  often  mentioned  as  an  instance  in  which  the 
Records  of  the  College  of  Arms  are  at  fault,  perhaps  I 
may  be  pardoned  for  adding  that  the  shield  is  recorded. 
The  crest  and  supporters  are  not.  The  seeming  omission 
as  to  the  crest  is  explained  above.     The  real  supporters 


Fig.  694. 


-Modern  xeverse  of  the  Common  Seal  of  the 
City  of  London  (1539). 


of  the  City  of  London,  to  which  a  claim  by  user  could 
(even  now)  be  established  (they  are  two  lions,  not 
dragons),  had,  with  the  single  exception  of  their  use 
upon  the  Mayor's  seal,  which  use  is  continued  to  the 
present  day,  been  practically  discarded.  Consequently 
the  lions  as  supporters  remained  unclaimed,  and  there- 
fore are  not  recorded. 

The  supporters  now  used  (two  dragons)  are  raiv 
neto  adornments,  of  which  no  example  can  be  found 
before  the  seventeenth  century.  Those  naturally,  being 
"  assumed  "  without  authority  at  so  recent  a  date,  are 
not  recorded,  which  is  yet  another  testimony  to  the 
impartial  accuracy  of  the  Heralds'  College  Records. 

The  use  of  the  fan-crest  has  long  been  obsolete  in 
British  armory,  in  which  it  can  hardly  ever  be  said  to 
have  had  a  very  great  footing,  unless  such  use  was 
prevalent  in  the  thirteenth  century ;  but  it  still  survives 
in  Germany  at  the  present  day,  where,  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  many  of  these  fans  have  now  degenerated  into 
reduplications  of  the  arms  upon  wings  or  plumes  of 
feathers,  other  crests  to  a  considerable  number  are 
still  displayed  upon  "  fans." 

Many  of  the  current  practices  in  British  armory  are 
the  culmination  of  long-continued  ignorance.  Some, 
mayhap,  can  be  allowed  to  pass  without  comment,  but 
others  deserve  at  any  rate  their  share  of  criticism  and 
remark.  Amongst  such  may  be  included  the  objec- 
tionable practice,  in  the  grants  of  so  many  modern 
crests,  of  making  the  crest  itself  a  shield  carrying  a 
repetition  of  the  arms  or  some  other  device,  or  of  intro- 
ducing in  the  crest  an  escutcheon.  To  the  resuscita- 
tion of  these  "  fan  "  repetitions  of  the  shield  device  there 
is  not,  and  cannot  be,  any  objection.  One  would  even,  in 
these  days  of  the  multiplication  of  differentiated  crests, 
recommend  this  as  a  relief  from  the  abominable  rows  of 


assorted  objects  nowadays  placed  (for  the  purposes  of 
differentiation)  in  front  of  so  many  modern  crests.  One 
would  gladly  see  a  reversion  to  the  German  develop- 
ment (from  this  source)  of  wings  charged  with  the  arms 
or  a  part  of  the  armorial  device ;  but  one  of  the  things 
a  new  grantee  should  pray  to  be  absolved  from  is  an 
escutcheon  of  any  sort,  shape,  or  form  in  the  crest 
assigned  to  him. 

To  return,  however,  to  the  "fans"  upon  the  early 
helmets.  Many  of  the  examples  which  have  come  down 
to  us  show  the  fan  of  a  rather  diminutive  height  but  (in 
the  form  of  an  arc  of  a  much  enlarged  circle)  projected 
far  forward  beyond  the  front  of  the  helmet,  and  carried 
far  back,  apparently  as  a  safeguard  from  blows  which 
would  otherwise  descend  upon  the  neck.  (A  survival 
of  the  fan,  by  the  way,  will  be  found  in  the  dragoon 
helmets  of  the  time  of  the  Peninsular  War,  in  the  fire- 
men's helmets  of  to-day,  and  in  the  helmets  now  worn 
by  different  regiments  in  the  Italian  army.)  The  very 
shape  of  these  fans  should  prove  they  were  originally  a 
protective  part  of  the  helmet.  The  long  low  shape, 
however,  did  not,  as  a  general  circumstance,  lend  itseK 
to  its  decoration  by  a  duplication  thereupon  of  the 
whole  of  the  arms.  Consequently  these  fans  will  nearly 
always  be  found  simply  adorned  with  one  figure  from 
the  shield.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  we  are  now 
dealing  with  a  period  in  armory  when  the  charges 
were  very  much,  as  far  as  number  and  position  are  con- 
cerned, of  an  indeterminate  character.  If  they  were 
indeterminate  for  the  shield,  it  evidences  that  there 
cannot  have  been  any  idea  of  a  necessity  to  repeat  the 
whole  of  the  device  upon  the  fan.  As  there  was  seldom 
room  or  opportunity  for  the  display  of  the  whole  device, 
we  invariably  find  that  these  fan  decorations  were  a  dupli- 
cation of  a  distinctive  part,  but  not  necessarily  the  whole 
of  the  device ;  and  this  device  was  disposed  in  the  most 
suitable  position  which  the  shape  of  the  fan  would 
accommodate.  Herein  is  the  explanation  of  the  fact 
that  whilst  the  arms  of  Percy,  T'albot,  and  Mowbray 
wei'c  all,  in  varying  tinctures,  a  lion  rampant,  the  crest 
in  each  case  was  a  lion  passant  or  statant.  In  short, 
the  fan  did  not  lend  itself  to  the  representation  of  a  lion 
rampant,  and  consequently  there  is  no  early  instance  of 
such  a  crest.  Perhaps  the  insecurity  of  a  large  and 
heavy  crest  balanced  upon  one  leg  may  be  an  added 
reason. 

The  next  step  in  the  evolution  of  the  crest,  there  can 
be  little  doubt,  was  the  cutting  of  the  fan  into  the  out- 
line of  the  crest,  and  though  I  know  of  no  instance  of 
such  a  crest  on  any  effigy,  there  can  be  no  reasonable 
doubt  on  the  point,  if  a  little  thought  is  given  to  the 
matter.  Until  a  very  much  later  period,  we  never 
find  in  any  heraldic  representation  that  the  helmet  or 
crest  are  represented  in  an  affronte  position.  Why  ? 
Simply  because  crests  at  that  period  were  merely  pro- 
file representations. 

In  later  days,  when  tournament  crests  were  made  of 
leather,  the  weight  even  of  these  was  very  considerable, 
but  for  tournament  purposes  that  weight  could  be  en- 
dured. Half-a-dozen  courses  down  the  barriere  would  be 
a  vastly  different  matter  to  a  whole  day  under  arms  in 
actual  battle.  Now  a  crest  cut  out  from  a  thin  plate  of 
metal  set  on  edge  would  weigh  but  little.  But  perhaps 
the  strongest  proof  of  all  is  to  be  found  in  the  construc- 
tion of  so  many  German  crests,  which  are  adorned  down 
the  back  with  a  fan. 

Now  it  is  hardlj'  likely,  if  the  demi-lion  in  relief  had 
been  the  earliest  form,  that  the  fan  would  have  been 
subsequently  added  to  it.  The  fan  is  nothing  more 
than  the  remains  of  the  original  fan-shaped  ornament 
left  when  the  crest,  or  most  likely  only  the  front  outline 
of  it,  had  been  cut  out  in  profile  from  the  fan.      We 


256 


PLATE   LXXX. 


ARMS    FROM    THE    ST    CHRISTOPHER   AM    ARLBERG    REGISTER. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


have  no  instance  until  a  very  much  Liter  period  of 
a  crest  which  could  not  be  depicted  in  profile,  and 
in  the  representations  of  crests  upon  seals  we  have 
no  means  of  forming  a  certain  judgment  that  these 
representations  are  not  of  profile  crests,  for  the  very 
nature  of  the  craft  of  seal-engraving  would  lead  the 
engraver  to  add  a  certain  amount  of  relief,  even  if  this 
did  not  actually  exist.  It  is  out  of  the  question  to 
suppose,  by  reason  of  their  weight,  that  crests  were 
made  in  metal.  But  if  made  of  leather,  as  were  the 
tournament  crests,  what  protection  did  the  crest  add  to 
the  helmet  ?  The  fact  that  wreaths  and  coronets  did 
not  come  into  use  at  the  earliest  advent  of  crests  is 
confirmatory  evidence  of  the  fact  that  modelled  crests 
did  not  exist,  inasmuch  as  the  fan  prolonged  in  front 
and  prolonged  behind  was  narrowed  at  its  point  of 
contact  with  the  helmet  into  such  a  diminished  length 
that  it  was  comparatively  easy  to  slip  the  mantling 
by  means  of  a  slit  over  the  fan,  or  even  drape  it 
round  it. 

Many  ot  the  old  illustrations  of  tournaments  and 
battles  which  have  come  down  to  us  show  no  crests  on 
the  helmets,  but  merely  plumes  of  feathers  or  some  fan- 
shaped  erection.  Consequently  it  is  a  fairly  safe  con- 
clusion that  for  the  actual  purposes  of  warfare  modelled 
crests  never  had  any  real  existence,  or,  if  they  had  any 
such  existence,  that  it  was  most  limited.  Modelled 
crests  were  tournament  crests.  The  crests  that  were 
used  in  battle  must  have  been  merely  cut  out  in  profile 
from  the  fan.  Then  came  the  era,  in  Plantagenet 
times,  of  the  tournament.  We  talk  glibly  about  tourna- 
ments, but  few  indeed  really  know  much  about  them. 
Trial  by  combat  and  the  real  tournament  a  I'outrance 
seldom  occurred,  and  though  trial  by  combat  remained 
upon  the  statute  books  until  the  59  Geo.  III.,  it  was 
seldom  invoked.  Tournaments  were  chiefly  in  the 
nature  of  athletic  displays,  taking  the  place  of  our 
games  and  sports,  and  inasmuch  as  they  contributed 
to  the  training  of  the  soldier,  were  held  in  the  high 
repute  that  polo,  for  example,  now  enjoys  amongst  the 
upper  and  military  classes.  Added  to  this,  the  tourna- 
ment was  the  essential  climax  of  ceremony  and  cere- 
monial, and  in  all  its  details  was  ordered  by  such  strict 
regulations,  rules,  and  supervision  that  its  importance 
and  its  position  in  the  public  and  official  estimate  was 
far  in  advance  of  its  present-day  equivalents. 

Thejoust  wasfought  with  tilting-spears,  the  "tourney" 
with  swords.  The  rules  and  regulations  for  jousts 
and  tournaments  drawn  up  by  the  High  Constable  of 
England  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  show  clearly  that 
in  neither  was  contemplated  any  risk  of  life. 

In  the  tourney  the  swords  were  blunted  and  without 
points,  but  the  principal  item  was  always  the  joust, 
which  was  fought  with  tUting-spears  and  shields.  Many 
representations  of  the  tourney  show  the  participants 
without  shields.  The  general  ignorance  as  to  the 
manner  in  which  the  tilt  was  run  is  very  widespread. 
A-  strong  barrier  was  erected  straight  down  the  centre  of 
the  lists,  and  the  knights  were  placed  one  on  either  side, 
so  that  by  no  possible  chance  could  the  two  horses  come 
into  contact  Those  who  will  read  Mallory's  "  Morte 
d' Arthur"  carefully — bearing  in  mind  that  Mallory 
described  legendary  events  of  an  earlier  period  clothed 
in  the  maimers  and  customs  of  his  own  day  (time  of 
Edward  IV.),  and  made  no  attempt  to  reproduce  the 
manners  and  customs  and  real  atmosphere  of  the 
Arthurian  times,  which  could  have  had  no  relation  to 
the  manners  and  proceedings  which  Sir  Thomas  Mallory 
employs  in  telling  his  legends — will  notice  that,  when 
it  came  to  jousting,  some  half-dozen  courses  would  be 
all  that  were  run  between  contending  knights.  In  fact 
the  tournament   rules   above  referred  to  say,  for  the 


tourney,  that  two  blows   at  passage   and   ten   at    the 
joining  ought  to  suffice. 

The  time  which  this  would  occupy  would  not  exceed 
the  period  for  which  any  man  could  easily  sustain  the 
weight   of    a    modelled   crest.      Another   point    needs 
to  be  borne  in  mind.     The  result  of  a  joust  depended 
upon    the   points   scored,  the   highest    number   being 
gained    for   the   absolute   unhorsing   of    an    opponent. 
This,   however,   happened   comparatively  seldom,   and 
points  or   "  spears  "  were  scored  for  the  lances  broken 
upon  an  opponent's  helmet,  shield,  or  body,  and  the 
points  so  scored  were  subject  to  deduction  if  the  op- 
ponent's horse  were  touched,  and  under  other  circum- 
stances.    The  head  of  the  tilting-spear  which  was  used 
was  a  kind  of  rosette,  and  heraldic  representations  are 
really  incorrect  in  adding  a    point  when  the  weapon 
is   described   as  a  tilting-spear.     Whilst  a  fine  point 
meeting  a  wooden  shield  or  metal  armour  would  stick 
in  the  one  or  glance  off'  the  other,  and  neither  result 
in  the  breaking  of  the  lance  nor  in  the  unhorsing  of 
the  opponent,  a  broad  rosette  would   convey  a   heavy 
shock.      But  to  effect  the  desired  object  the  tilting- 
spear  would  need  to  meet  resistance,  and  little  would  be 
gained  by  knocking  off  an  opponent's  ornamental  crest. 
Certainly  no  prize  appears  to  have  been  allotted  for  the 
performance   of  this  feat  (which    always   attracts  the 
imagination  of  the  novelist),  whilst  there  was  for  strik- 
ing the  "  sight "  of  the  helmet.    Consequently  there  was 
nothing  to  be  gained  from  the  protection  to  the  helmet 
which  the  fan  of  earlier  date  afforded,  and  the  tendency 
of  ceremonial  led  to  the  use  in  tournaments  of  helmets 
and  elaborate  crests  which  were  not  those  used  in  battle. 
The  result  is  that  we  find  these  tournament  or  ceremonial 
crests  were  of  large  and  prominent  size,  and  were  carved 
in  wood,  or  built  up  of  leather.     But  I  firmly  believe 
that  these  crests  were   used  only  for  ceremonial  and 
tournament  purposes,  and  were  never  actually  worn  in 
battle.     That  these  modelled  crests  in  relief  are  the  ones 
that  we  find  upon  efhgies  is  only  natural,  and  what  one 
would  expect,  inasmuch  as  a  man's  effigy  displayed  his 
garments  and  accoutrements  ia  the  most  ornate  and 
honourable  form.     The  same  idea  exists  at  the  present 
day.     The  subjects  of  modern  effigies  and  modern  por- 
traits are  represented  in  robes,  and  with  insignia  which 
are  seldom  if  ever  worn,  and  which  sometimes  even  have 
no  existence  in  fact.    In  the  same  way  the  ancient  effigies 
are  the  representations  of  the  ceremonial  dress  and  not 
the  everyday  garb  of  those  for  whom  they,  stand.     But 
even  allowing  all  the  foregoing,  it  must  be  admitted  that 
it  is  from  these  ceremonial  or  tourn.ament  helmets  and 
crests  that  the  heraldic  crest  has  obtained  its  import- 
ance, and  herein  lies  the  reason  of  the  exaggerated  size 
of  early  heraldic  crests,  and  also  the  unsuitability  of 
some  few  for  actual  use.     Tournaments  were  flourishing 
in  the  Plantagenet,  Yorkist,  and  Lancastrian  periods,  and 
ended  with  the  days  of  the  Tudor  dynasty:  and  the 
Plantagenet  period  witnessed  the  rise  of  the  ceremonial 
and  heraldic  crest.     But  in  the  days  when  crests  had 
any  actual  existence  they  were  made  to  fit  the  helmet, 
and   the  crests  in  Figs.  695  to  699  show  crests  very 
much   more   naturally   disposed   than    those    of    later 
periods.     Crests  appear  to  have  come  into  wider  and 
more  general  use  in  Germany  at  an  earlier  period  than 
is  the  case  in  this  country,  for  in  the  early  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century  seals  are  there  to  be  met  with  having 
only  the  device  of  helmet  and  crest  thereupon,  a  proof 
that  the  "oberwappen"  (helmet   and  crest)  was  then 
considered  of  equal  or  greater  value  than  the  shield. 

The  actual  tournament   crests  were   made   of  light 
material,  pasteboard,  cloth,  or  a  leather  shell  over   a 
wood   or  wire  framework  filled   with   tow,  sponge,  or 
sawdust.     Fig.   264,  which   shows   the   shield,  helmet, 
257  2  k 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  crest  of  the  Black  Prince  undoubtedly  contem- 
porary, dating  from  1376,  and  now  remaining  in  Canter- 
bury Cathedral,  is  made  of  leather  and"  is  a  good 
example  of  an  actual  crest,  but  even  this,  there  can  be 
Uttle  doubt,  was  never  carried  in  battle  or  tournament, 
and  is  no  more  than  a  ceremonial  crest  made  for  the 
funeral  pageant. 


Fig.  695. 


-Crest  of  Roger  de  Quincey,  Earl  of  Winchester 
(d.  1264).     (From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  696.— Crest  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster.     (From  his  seal,  1301.) 


Fig.  697. — Crest  of  John  de 
Warenne,  Earl  of  Surrey. 
(From  his  seal,  1329.) 


Fig.  698. -Crest  of  William  de 
Montagu,  Earl  of  Salisbury 
((/.  1344).     (From  his  seal.) 


Actual  crests  were  fastened  to  the  helmets  they  sur- 
mounted by  means  of  ribbons,  straps,  laces  (which 
developed  later  into  the  fillet  and  torse),  or  rivets,  and 
in  Germany  they  were  ornamented  with  hanging  and 
tinkling  metal  leaves,  tiny  bells,  buffalo  horns,  feathers, 
and  projecting  pieces  of  wood,  which  formed  vehicles  for 
still  further  decorative  appendages. 

The  heraldic  wings  which  are  so  frequently  met  with 
in  crests  are  not  the  natural  wings  of  a  bird,  but  are 


a  development  from  the  fan,  and  in  actual  crests  were 
made  of  wooden  or  basket-work  strips,  and  probably  at 
an  earlier  date  were  not  intended  to  represent  wings, 
but  were  mere  pieces  of  wood  painted  and  existing  for 
the  display  of  a  certain  device.  Their  shape  and  position 
led  to  their  transition  into  "  wings,"  and  then  they  were 
covered  with  dyed  or  natural-coloured  feathers.  It  was 
the  art  of  heraldic  emblazonment  which  ignored  the 
practical  details,  that  first  copied  the  wing  from  nature. 
Then  comes  the  question,  what  did  the  crest  signify  ? 
Many  have  asserted  that  no  one  below  the  rank  of  a 
knight  had  the  right  to  use  a  crest ;  in  fact  some  writers 
have  asserted,  and  doubtless  correctly  as  regards  a 
certain  period,  that  only  those  who  were  of  tournament 


Fig.  699. — Crest  of  Thomas  de  Mowbray,  Earl  of  Nottingham,  and 
Earl  Marshal.  (From  a  drawing  of  his  seal,  1389 :  MS.  Cott., 
Julius,  C.  vii. 

rank  might  assume  the  distinction,  and  herein  lies  an- 
other confirmation  of  the  supposition  that  crests  had  a 
closer  relation  to  the  tournament  than  to  the  battle-field. 
Doubts  as  to  a  man's  social  position  might  disqualify 
him  from  participation  in  a  tournament — hence  the 
"  helme-schau "  previously  referred  to — but  they  cer- 
tainly never  relieved  him  from  the  obligations  of  warfare 
imposed  by  the  tenure  under  which  he  held  his  lands. 
There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  whatever  the  regula- 
tion may  have  been — and  there  seems  little  chance  of 
our  ever  obtaining  any  real  knowledge  upon  the  point — 
the  right  to  display  a  crest  was  an  additional  privilege 
and  honour,  something  extra  and  beyond  the  right  to  a 
shield  of  arms.  For  how  long  any  such  supposition  held 
good  it  is  difficult  to  say,  for  whilst  we  find  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  fourteenth  century  that  all  the  great  nobles 
had  assumed  and  were  using  crests,  and  whilst  there  is 
but  one  amongst  the  Plantagenet  Garter  plates  without 
a  crest  where  a  helmet  has  been  represented  above  the 
shield,  we  also  find  that  the  great  bulk  of  the  lesser 
landed  gentry  bore  arms,  but  made  no  pretension  to  a 
crest.  The  lesser  gentry  were  bound  to  fight  in  war, 
but  not  necessarily  in  the  tournament.  Arms  were 
a  necessity  of  warfare,  crests  were  not.  This  con- 
tinued to  be  the  case  till  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  for  we  find  that  at  one  of  the  Visitations 
no  crests  whatever  are  inserted  with  the  arms  and 
pedigrees  of  the  families  set  out  in  the  Visitation  Book, 
and  one  is  probably  justified  in  assuming  that  whilst 
this  state  of  feeling  and  this  idea  existed,  the  crest  was 
highly  thought  of,  and  valued  possibly  beyond  the 
shield  of  arms,  for  with  those  of  that  rank  of  life  which 
aspired  to  the  display  of  a  crest  the  right  to  arms  would 
be  a  matter  of  course.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  in  Stuart  days  the  granting  of 
crests  to  ancient  arms  became  a  widespread  practice. 
Scores  upon  scores  of  such  grants  can  be  referred  to, 
and  I  have  myself  been  led  to  the  irresistible  conclusion 


258 


PLATE   LXXXI. 


v> 


THE    GARTER   STALL   PLATE    OF    SIR    GILBERT   TALBOT,    K.G.,    LORD    TALBOT. 


THE   ART    OF   HERALDRY 


that  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  grant  of  a  crest  was 
urged  by  tne  heralds  and  officers  of  arms,  in  order  to  give 
them  the  opportunity  of  confirming  and  recording  arms 
which  they  knew  needed  such  confirmation  to  be  rendered 
legal,  without  giving  offence  to  those  who  had  borne 
these  arms  merely  by  strength  of  user  for  some  prolonged 
but  at  the  same  time  insufficient  period  to  confer  an  un- 
questioned right.  That  has  always  seemed  to  me  the 
obvious  reason  which  accounts  for  these  numberless 
grants  of  crests  to  apparently  existing  arms,  which  arms 
are  recited  and  emblazoned  in  the  patents,  because  there 
are  other  grants  of  crests  which  can  be  referred  to, 
though  these  are  singularly  few  in  number,  in  which 
the  arms  are  entirely  ignored.  But  as  none  of  these 
grants,  which  are  of  a  crest  only,  appear  to  have  been 
made  to  families  whose  right  to  arms  was  not  absolutely 
beyond  question  or  dispute,  the  conclusion  above 
recited  appears  to  be  irresistible.  The  result  of  these 
numerous  grants  of  crests,  which  I  look  upon  as  carry- 
ing greater  importance  in  the  sense  that  they  were 
also  confirmations  of  the  arms,  resulted  in  the  fact  that 
the  value  and  dignity  of  the  crest  slowly  but  steadily 
declined,  and  the  cessation  of  tournaments  and,  shortly 
afterwards,  the  marked  decline  Ln  funereal  pageantrjf 
no  doubt  contributed  largely  to  the  same  result. 
Throughout  the  Stuart  period  instances  can  be  found, 
though  not  very  frequently,  of  grants  of  arms  with- 
out the  grant  of  a  crest  being  included  Ln  the  patent ; 
but  the  practice  was  soon  to  entu-ely  cease,  and 
roughly  speaking  one  may  assert  that  siuce  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Hanoverian  dynasty  no  person  has  ever 
been  granted  arms  without  the  corresponding  grant  of 
a  crest,  if  a  crest  could  be  properly  borne  with  the  arms. 
Now  no  crest  has  ever  been  granted  where  the  right  to 
arms  has  not  existed  or  been  simultaneously  conferred, 
and  therefore,  whUst  there  are  still  many  coats  of  arms 
legally  in  existence  without  a  crest,  a  crest  cannot  exist 
without  a  coat  of  arms,  so  that  those  people,  and  they 
are  many,  who  vehemently  assert  a  right  to  the  "  crest 
of  their  family,"  whilst  admitting  they  have  no  right  to 
arms,  stand  self-convicted  heraldically  both  of  having 
spoken  unutterable  rubbish,  and  of  using  a  crest  to  which 
they  can  have  no  possible  right.  One  exception,  and  one 
only,  have  I  ever  come  across  to  the  contrary,  and  very 
careful  inquiry  can  bring  me  knowledge  of  no  other. 
That  crest  is  the  crest  of  a  family  of  liuckworth,  now 
represented  by  Sir  Charles  Buckworth-Herne-Soame, 
Bart.  This  family  at  the  time  of  the  Visitations 
exhibited  a  certain  coat  of  arms  and  crest.  The  coat 
of  arms,  which  doubtless  interfered  with  the  rights  of 
some  other  family,  was  respited  for  further  proof;  but 
the  crest,  which  did  not,  appears  to  have  been  allowed, 
and  as  nothing  fin-ther  was  done  with  regard  to  the 
arms,  the  crest  stood,  whilst  the  arms  were  bad.  But 
even  this  one  exception  has  long  since  been  rectified, 
for  when  the  additional  name  and  arms  of  Soame  were 
assumed  by  Royal  License  the  arms  which  had  been 
exhibited  and  respited  were  (with  the  addition  of  an 
ermine  spot  as  a  charge  upon  the  chevron)  granted  as 
the  arms  of  Buckworth  to  be  borne  quarterly  with  the 
arms  of  Soame. 

With  the  cessation  of  tournaments,  we  get  to  the 
period  which  some  writers  have  stigmatised  as  that  of 
"  paper  "  heraldry.  That  is  a  reference  to  the  fact  that 
arms  and  crests  ceased  to  be  painted  upon  shields  or 
erected  upon  helmets  that  enjoyed  actual  use  in  battle 
and  tournament.  Those  who  are  so  ready  to  decry 
modern  heraldry  forget  that  from  its  very  earliest 
existence  heraldry  has  always  had  the  same  significance 
as  a  symbol  of  rank  and  social  position  which  it  now 
enjoys  and  which  remains  undiminished  in  extent, 
though  doubtless  less   potent   in   effect.     They  forget 


also  that  from  the  very  earliest  period  armory  had 
three  uses — viz.  its  martial  use,  its  decorative  use,  and 
its  use  as  a  symbol  of  ownership.  The  two  latter  uses 
stUl  remain  in  their  entirety,  and  whilst  that  is  the  case, 
armory  cannot  be  treated  as  a  dead  science. 

But  with  the  cessation  of  tournaments  the  decorative 
became  the  chief  use  of  arms,  and  the  crest  soon  ceased 
to  have  that  distinctive  adaptability  to  the  purpose  of  a 
helmet  ornament.  Up  to  the  end  of  the  Tudor  period 
crests  had  retained  their  original  simplicity.  Animals' 
heads  and  animals  passant,  human  heads  and  demi- 
animals,  comprised  the  large  majority  of  the  early 
crests.  Scottish  heraldry  in  a  marked  degree  has  re- 
tained the  early  simplicity  of  crests,  though  at  the 
expense  of  lack  of  distinction  between  the  crests  of 
different  families.  German  heraldry  has  to  a  large 
extent  retained  the  same  character  as  has  Scottish 
armory,  and  though  many  of  the  crests  are  decidedly 
elaborated,  it  is  noticeable  that  this  elaboration  is 
never  such  as  to  render  the  crest  unsuitable  for  its  true 
position  upon  a  helmet. 

In  England  this  aspect  of  the  crest  has  been  almost 
entirely  lost  sight  of,  and  the  large  proportion  of  the 
crests  in  modern  English  grants  are  utterly  unsuitable 
for  use  in  relief  upon  an  actual  helmet.  Our  present 
rules  of  position  for  a  helmet,  and  our  unfortunate 
stereotyped  form  of  wreath,  are  largely  to  blame,  but 
the  chief  reason  is  the  definite  English  rule  that  the 
crests  of  separate  English  families  must  be  differentiated 
as  are  the  arms.  No  such  rule  holds  good  in  Scotland, 
hence  their  simple  crests. 

Whether  the  rule  is  good  or  bad  it  is  diflScult  to  say. 
When  all  the  pros  and  cons  have  been  taken  into  con- 
sideration, the  whole  discussion  remains  a  matter  of 
opinion,  and  whilst  one  dislikes  the  Scottish  idea  under 
which  the  same  identical  crest  can  be  and  regularly  is 
granted  to  half-a-dozen  people  of  as  many  different 
surnames,  one  objects  very  considerably  to  the  typical 
present-day  crest  of  an  English  grant  of  arms.  Whilst 
a  collar  can  be  put  round  an  animal's  neck,  and  whilst 
it  can  hold  objects  in  its  mouth  or  paws,  it  does  seem 
ridiculous  to  put  a  string  of  varied  and  selected  objects 
"in  front"  of  it,  when  these  plainly  would  only  be 
visible  from  one  side,  or  to  put  a  crest  "between" 
objects  if  these  are  to  be  represented  "fore  and  aft," 
one  toppling  over  the  brow  of  the  wearer  of  the  helmet 
and  the  other  hanging  down  behind. 

The  crests  of  the  present  day  are  the  crying  grievance 
of  modern  Enghsh  heraldry,  and  though  a  large  propor- 
tion are  far  greater  abortions  than  they  need  be,  and 
though  careful  thought  and  research  even  yet  will 
sometimes  result  in  the  grant  of  at  any  rate  a  quite  un- 
objectionable crest  (see  Figs.  330  and  394,  both  of  which 
are  quite  modern  grants),  nevertheless  we  shall  not 
obtain  a  real  reform,  or  attain  to  any  appreciable  im- 
provement, until  the  "  position "  rule  as  to  helmets  is 
abolished,  or  until  the  extreme  differentiation  insisted 
upon  between  crests  is  somewhat  modified.  Some  of 
the  crests  mentioned  hereunder  are  typical  and  awful 
examples  of  modern  crests. 

Crest  ot  Bellasis  of  Marton,  Westmoreland:  A  mount  vert,  thereon 
a  lion  couchant  gnardant  azure,  in  front  of  a  tent  proper,  lined  gules. 

Crest  of  Hermon  of  Preston,  Lancashire,  and  Wyfold  Court,  Check- 
endon,  Oxon. :  In  front  of  two  palm-trees  proper,  a  lion  couchant 
guardant  erminois,  resting  the  dexter  claw  upon  a  bale  of  cotton 
proper.     Motto:  "  Fido  non  timeo." 

Crest  of  James  Harrison,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Barrister-at-Law :  In  front  of  a 
demi-lion  rampant  erased  or,  gorged  with  a  collar  gemelle  azure,  and 
holding  between  the  paws  a  wreath  of  oak  proper,  three  mascles  inter- 
laced also  azure.     Motto :  "  Pro  rege  et  patria." 

Crest  of  Colonel  John  Davis,  F.S.A.,  of  Bifrons,  Hants :  A  lion's  head 
erased  sable,  charged  with  a  caltrap  or,  upon  two  swords  in  saltire 
proper,  hilted  and  pommelled  also  or.    Motto :  ■'  Ne  tentes,  aut  perBce." 


259 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Crest  of  the  late  Sir  Saul  Samuel,  Bart.,  K.C.M.G. :  Upon  a  rock  in 
front  of  three  spears,  one  in  pale  and  two  in  salf.ire,  a  wolf  current 
sable,  pierced  in  tlie  breast  by  an  arrow  argent,  flighted  or.  Motto : 
*'  A  pledge  of  better  times." 

Crest  of  Johnson  of  Kennal  Manor,  Chislehurst,  Kent:  In  front  of  a 
dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour  proper,  the  hand  also  proper,  grasping 
a  javelin  in  bend  sinister,  pheoned  or,  and  entiled  with  a  chaplet  of 
roses  gules,  two  branches  of  oak  in  saltire  vert. 

Crest  of  C.  E.  Lamplugh,  Esq. :  In  front  of  a  cubit  arm  erect  proper, 
encircled  about  the  wrist  with  a  wreath  of  oak  and  holding  in  the  hand 
a  sword  also  proper,  pommel  and  hilt  or,  an  escutcheon  argent,  charged 
with  a  goat's  head  couped  sable.  Mottoes:  "  Through,"  and  "  Provi- 
dentia  Dei  stabiliuntur  familife." 

Crest  of  Glasford,  Scotland:  Issuing  from  clouds  two  hands  con- 
joined grasping  a  caduceus  ensigned  with  a  cap  of  liberty,  all  between 
two  cornucopije  alt  proper.     Motto:  "Prisca  fides." 

We  now  come  to  ihe  subject  of  the  inheritance  of 
crests,  concerning  which  there  has  been  much  dift'erence 
of  opinion. 

It  is  very  usually  asserted  that  until  a  comparatively 
recent  date  crests  were  not  hereditary,  but  were  assumed, 
discarded,  and  changed  at  pleasure.  Like  many  other 
incorrect  statements,  there  is  a  certain  modicum  of 
truth  in  the  statement,  for  no  doubt  whilst  arms  them- 
selves had  a  more  or  less  shifting  character,  crests  were 
certainly  not  "  fixed  "  to  any  greater  extent. 

But  I  think  no  one  has  as  yet  discovered,  or  at  any- 
rate  brought  into  notice,  the  true  facts  of  the  case,  or 
the  real  position  of  the  matter,  and  I  think  I  am  the 
first  to  put  into  print  what  actually  were  the  rules  which 
governed  the  matter.  The  rules,  I  believe,  were  un- 
doubtedly these : — 

Crests  were,  save  in  the  remote  beginning  of  things 
heraldic,  definitely  hereditary.  They  were  hereditary 
even  to  the  extent  (and  herein  lies  the  point  which  has 
not  hitherto  been  observed)  that  they  were  transmitted 
by  an  heiress.  Perhaps  this  heritability  was  limited  to 
those  cases  in  which  the  heiress  transmitted  the  de 
facto  headship  of  her  house.  We,  judging  by  present 
laws,  look  upon  the  crest  as  a  part  of  the  mie  heraldic 
achievement  inseparable  from  the  shield.  What  proof 
have  we  that  in  early  times  any  necessary  connection 
between  arms  and  crest  existed  ?  We  have  none.  The 
shield  of  arms  was  one  inheritance,  descending  by 
known  rules.  The  crest  was  another,  but  a  separate 
inheritance,  descending  equally  through  an  heir  or 
coheir-general.  The  crest  was,  as  an  inheritance,  as 
separate  from  the  shield  as  were  the  estates  then. 
The  social  conditions  of  life  prevented  the  possibility 
of  the  existence  or  inheritance  of  a  crest  where  arms 
did  not  exist.  But  a  man  inheriting  several  coats  of 
arms  from  different  heiress  ancestresses  could  marshal 
them  all  upon  one  shield,  and  though  we  find  the  heir 
often  made  selection  at  his  pleasure,  and  marshalled  the 
arms  in  various  orders,  the  determination  of  which  was 
a  mere  matter  of  arbitrary  choice,  he  could,  if  he 
wished,  use  them  all  upon  one  shield.  But  he  had 
but  one  helmet,  and  could  use  and  display  but  one 
crest.  So  that,  if  he  had  inherited  two,  he  was  forced 
to  choose  which  he  would  use,  though  he  sometimes 
tried  to  combine  two  into  one  device.  It  is  question- 
able if  an  instance  can  be  found  in  England  of  the 
regular  display  of  two  helmets  and  crests  together, 
surmounting  one  shield,  before  the  eighteenth  century, 
but  there  are  countless  instances  of  the  contemporary 
but  separate  display  of  two  different  crests,  and  the 
Visitation  Records  afford  us  some  number  of  instances 
of  this  tacit  acknowledgment  of  the  inheritance  of  more 
than  one  crest. 

The  patent  altering  or  granting  the  Mowbray  crest 
seems  to  me  clear  recognition  of  the  right  of  inheritance 
of  a  crest  passing  through  an  heir  female.  This,  how- 
ever, it  must  be  admitted,  may  be  really  no  more  than 
a  grant,  and  is  not  in  itself  actual  evidence  that  any 


crest  had  been  previously  borne.  Fig.  699  would  seem, 
however,  to  decide  the  point.  My  own  opinion,  how- 
ever, is  that  it  is  fair  presumptive  evidence  upon  the 
point,  and  conveys  an  alteration  and  not  a  grant. 

The  grant  or  confirmation  in  question  (Patent  Roll 
339,  17  Ric.  II.  pt.  I,  memb.  2)  is  as  follows:  "  P' 
Thoma  Comite  Marescallo  't  Notyngh'.  "  R'  Om'ibz  ad 
quos  'tc'  sal't'm.  Sciatis  q'd  cum  dil'c'us  't  fidelis  Con- 
sanguineus  n'r  Thomas  Comes  marescallus  't  Notyngh' 
h'eat  iustu'  titulu'  hereditatiuu'  ad  portand'  p'  cresta 
sua  vnu'  leopardum  de  auro  cum  vno  labello  albo  qui 
de  iure  esset  cresta  filii  n'ri  primogeniti  si  quem  pro- 
creassem'.  Nos  ea  considerac'o'e  concessim'  p'  nob'  't 
heredibz  n'ris  eidem  Thome  't  heredibz  suis  q'd  ip'i  p' 
differencia  in  ea  p'te  deferre  possint  't  deferant  vnu  leo- 
pardum 't  in  loco  labelli  vna'  coronam  de  argento  absqz 
impedimento  n'ri  vel  heredu'  n'ror  sup'd'c'or'.  In  cuius 
'tc.  T.  R.  apud  Westm.  xii  die  Januar  [17  Ric.  II.]. 
P'  br'e  de  priuato  sigUlo." 

The  translation  of  the  foregoing  is  as  follows :  "  The 
King  to  all  to  whom,  &c..  Greeting,  Know  that  whereas 
our  well-beloved  and  faithful  kinsman,  Thomas,  Earl- 
Marshal  and  Earl  of  Nottingham,  has  a  just  hereditary 
title  to  bear  for  his  crest  a  leopard  or  with  a  white  label, 
which  should  be  of  right  the  crest  of  our  eldest  son  if  we 
had  begotten  a  son.  We,  for  this  consideration,  have 
granted  for  us  and  our  heirs  to  the  said  Thomas  and  his 
heirs  that  for  a  difference  in  this  crest  they  shall  and 
may  bear  a  leopard,  and  in  place  of  a  label  a  crown 
argent,  without  hindrance  from  us  or  our  heirs  aforesaid. 
— In  witness,  &c.  Witness  the  King  at  Westminster, 
the  1 2th  day  of  January  [17  Ric.  II.].  By  writ  of  Privy 
Seal." 

Cases  will  constantly  be  found  in  which  the  crests 
have  been  changed.  I  necessarily  totally  exclude  from 
consideration  crests  which  have  been  changed  owing  to 
specific  grants,  and  also  changes  due  to  the  discarding 
of  crests  which  can  be  shown  to  have  been  borne  with- 
out right.  Changes  in  crests  must  also  be  disregarded 
where  the  differences  in  emblazonment  are  merely 
differences  in  varying  designs  of  the  same  crest.  Neces- 
sarily from  none  of  these  instances  can  a  law  of  inherit- 
ance be  deduced.  But  if  other  changes  in  the  crests  of 
important  families  be  considered,  I  think  it  will  be  very 
evident  that  practically  the  whole  of  these  are  due  to 
the  inheritance  through  heiresses  or  ancestresses  of  an 
alternative  crest.  It  can  be  readily  shown  that  selection 
played  an  important  part  in  the  marshalling  of  quar- 
terings  upon  an  escutcheon,  and  where  important 
quarterings  were  inherited  they  are  as  often  as  not 
found  depicted  in  the  first  quarter.  Thus  the  Howards 
have  borne  at  different  periods  the  wings  of  Howard ; 
the  horse  of  Fitzalan ;  and  the  Royal  crest  granted  to 
the  Mowbrays  with  remainder  to  the  heir  general ;  and 
these  crests  have  been  borne,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
Garter  plates,  quite  irrespective  of  what  the  surname  in 
use  may  have  been.  Consequently  it  is  very  evident 
the  crests  were  considered  to  be  inherited  with  the  re- 
presentation of  the  different  families.  The  Stourton 
crest  was  originally  a  stag's  head,  and  is  to  be  seen 
recorded  in  one  of  the  Visitations,  and  upon  the  earhest 
seal  in  existence  of  any  member  of  the  family.  But 
after  the  inheritance  through  the  heiress  of  Le  Moyne, 
the  Le  Moyne  crest  of  the  demi-monk  was  adopted. 
The  Stanleys,  Earls  of  Derby,  whatever  their  original 
crest  may  have  been,  inherited  the  well-known  bird  and 
bantling  of  the  family  of  Lathom.  The  Talbot  crest  was 
originally  a  talbot,  and  this  is  still  so  borne  by  Lord 
Talbot  of  Malahide :  it  was  recorded  at  the  Visitation 
of  Dublin;  but  the  crest  at  present  borne  by  the  Earls 
of  Shrewsbury  is  derived  from  the  arms  inherited  by 
descent  from  Gwendolin,  daughter  of  Rhys  ap  Griffith. 


260 


PLATE   LXXXII. 


•o..iA.ot— «T^^ve^^ 


DESIGN    FOR   A   TALBOT    BANNER. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRT 


r 


The  Nevill  crest  was  a  bull's  head  as  it  is  now  borne  by 
the  Marquess  of  Abergavennj^  and  as  it  will  be  seen  on 
the  Garter  plate  of  Williaiu  Nevill,  Lord  Fauconberg. 
An  elder  brother  of  Lord  Fauconberg  had  married  the 
heiress  of  the  Earl  of  Salisbury,  and  was  summoned  to 
Parliament  in  her  earldom.  He  quartered  her  arms, 
which  appear  upon  his  Garter  plate  and  seal,  in  the 
first  and  fourth  quarters  of  his  shield,  and  adopted  her 
crest.  A  younger  son  of  Sir  Richard  Nevill,  Earl  of 
Salisburj^  bore  the  same  crest  ditferenced  by  two  annu- 
lets conjoined,  which  was  the  difierence  mark  added  to 
the  shield.  The  crest  of  Bourchier  was  a  soldan's  head 
crowned,  and  with  a  pointed  cap  issuing  from  the 
crown,  but  when  the  liarony  of  Bourchier  passed  to 
the  family  of  Robsart,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  Garter 
plate  of  Sir  Lewis  Robsart,  Lord  Bourchier,  the  crest  of 
Bourchier  was  adopted  with  the  inheritance  of  the 
arms  and  Barony  of  Bourchier. 

I  am  aware  of  no  important  case  in  English  heraldry 
where  the  change  has  been  due  to  mere  caprice,  and 
it  would  seem  therefore  an  almost  incontrovertible 
assertion  that  changes  were  due  to  inheritance,  and 
if  that  can  be  established  it  follows  even  more  strongly 
that  untd  the  days  when  armory  was  brought  under 
rigid  and  official  control,  and  even  untO  a  much  later 
date,  say  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  Stuart  pericrd, 
crests  were  heritable  through  heiresses  equally  with 
quarterings.  The  fact  that  we  find  comparatively  few 
changes  considering  the  number  of  crests  in  existence 
is  by  no  means  a  refutation  of  this  theory,  because  a  man 
had  but  one  helmet,  and  was  forced  therefore  to  make  a 
selection.  Unless,  therefore,  he  had  a  very  strong  in- 
clination it  would  be  more  likely  that  he  would  select 
the  crest  he  was  used  to  than  a  fresh  one.  I  am  by  no 
means  certain  that  to  a  limited  extent  the  German 
idea  did  not  hold  in  England.  -  This  was,  and  is,  that 
the  crest  had  not  the  same  personal  character  that 
was  the  case  with  the  arms,  but  was  rather  attached 
to  or  an  appanage  of  the  territorial  fief  or  lord- 
ship. By  the  time  of  the  Restoration  any  idea  of  the 
transmission  of  crests  through  heiresses  had  been  aban- 
doned. We  then  find  a  Royal  License  necessary  for  the 
assumption  of  arms  and  crests.  Since  that  date  and  at 
the  present  time  it  is  stringently  held,  and  is  the  official 
rule,  that  no  woman  can  bear  or  inherit  a  crest,  and  that 
no  woman  can  transmit  a  right  to  one.  Whilst  that  is 
the  official  and  accepted  interpretation  of  heraldic  law 
upon  the  point,  and  whilst  it  cannot  now  be  gainsaid,  it 
cannot,  however,  be  stated  that  the  one  assertion  is  the 
logical  deduction  of  the  other,  for  whilst  a  woman  can- 
not inherit  a  lordship  of  Parliament,  she  undoubtedly 
can  transmit  one.  together  with  the  titular  honours,  the 
enjoyment  of  which  is  not  denied  to  her. 

In  Scotland  crests  have  always  had  a  very  much 
less  important  position  than  in  England.  There  has 
been  little  if  any  continuity  with  regard  to  them,  and 
instances  of  changes  for  which  caprice  would  appear 
to  be  the  only  reason  are  met  with  in  the  cases  of 
a  large  proportion  of  the  chief  families  in  that  king- 
dom. To  such  a  widespread  extent  has  the  permissive 
character  been  allowed  to  the  crest,  that  many  cases 
will  be  found  in  which  each  successive  matriculation 
for  the  head  of  the  house,  or  for  a  cadet,  has  pro- 
duced a  change  in  the  crest,  and  instances  are  to  be 
found  where  the  different  crests  are  the  only  existing 
ditierences  in  the  achievements  of  a  number  of  cadets 
of  the  same  family.  At  the  present  time,  little  if 
any  objection  is  ever  made  to  an  entire  and  radical 
change  in  the  crest — if  this  is  wished  at  the  time  of  a 
rematriculation — and  as  far  as  I  can  gather  such  changes 
appear  to  have  always  been  permitted.  Perhaps  it  may 
be  well  here  to  point  out  that  this  is  not  equivalent  to 


permission  to  change  the  crest  at  pleasure,  because  the 
patent  of  matriculation  until  it  is  superseded  by  another 
is  the  authority,  and  the  compulsory  authority,  for  the 
crest  which  is  to  be  borne.  In  Germany  the  crest  has 
an  infinitely  gi'eater  importance  than  is  the  case  with 
ourselves,  but  it  is  there  considered  in  a  large  degree  a 
territorial  appanage,  and  it  is  by  no  means  unusual  in  a 
German  achievement  to  see  several  crests  surmounting 
a  single  coat  of  arms.  In  England  the  Royal  coat  of 
arms  has  three  crests,  which,  it  may  be  noted,  are  aU  in 
a  manner  territorial ;  but  the  difierence  of  idea  with 
which  crests  are  regarded  in  Germany  may  be  gathered 
from  the  fact  that  the  King  of  Saxony  has  five,  the 
Grand  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  five,  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Saxe-Meiningen  six,  the  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe- 
Altenburg  seven,  the  Duke  of  Anhalt  seven,  the  Duke 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  sis,  the  Prince  of  Schwartz- 
burg-Sondershausen  six,  the  Prince  of  Schwartzburg- 
Rudolstadt  six,  the  Priace  of  Waldeck-Pyrmont  five, 
the  Prince  of  Lippe  five,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  five, 
and  instances  can  be  quoted  of  sixteen  and  seventeen. 
Probably  Woodward  is  correct  when  he  says  that  each 
crest  formerly  denoted  a  noble  fief,  for  which  the  pro- 
prietor had  a  right  to  vote  in  the  "  circles "  of  the 
Empire,  and  he  instances  the  Margraves  of  Bradenburg- 
Anspach,  who  were  entitled  to  no  less  than  thirteen 
crests.  In  France  the  use  of  crests  is  not  nearly  so 
general  as  in  England  or  Germany.  In  Spain  and 
Portugal  it  is  less  frequent  stiU,  and  in  Italy  the  use  of 
the  crest  is  the  exception. 

The  German  practice  of  using  horns  on  either  side  of 
the  crest,  which  the  ignorance  of  English  heralds  has 
transformed  into  the  proboscides  of  elephants,  is  dealt 
with  at  some  length  on  page  152.  The  horns,  which 
are  termed  buffalo's  or  bull's  horns  until  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  were  short  and  thick-set.  It  is 
difficult  to  say  at  what  date  these  figures  came  to  be 
considered  as  heraldic  crests,  for  as  mere  helmet  orna- 
ments they  probably  can  be  traced  back  very  far  beyond 
any  proof  of  the  existence  of  armory.  In  the  fourteenth 
century  we  find  the  horns  curved  inwards  like  a  sickle 


i^^. 


Fig.  700.— From  the  back  of  the  mint  seal  of  King  Christopher  II. 
of  Denmark,  1321. 

(Fig.  700),  but  later  the  horns  are  found  more  erect,  the 
points  turning  outwards,  slimmer  in  shape,  and  finally 
they  exhibit  a  decidedly  marked  double  curve.  Then 
the  ends  of  the  horns  are  met  with  open,  like  a  trumpet, 
the  fact  which  gave  rise  to  the  erroneous  idea  that  they 
represented  elephant's  tusks.  The,  horns  became  orna- 
mented with  feathers,  banners,  branches  of  leaves,  balls, 
&c.,  and  the  orifices  garnished  ivith  similar  adornments. 
In  England,  crests  are  theoretically  subject  to  marks 
of  cadency  and  difierence.  This  is  not  the  case,  how- 
ever, in  any  other  country.  In  Germany,  in  cases 
where  the  crests  reproduce  the  arms,  any  mark  of 
cadency  with  which  the  arms  are  distinguished  will  of 


261 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


course  be  repeated ;  but  in  German  heraldry,  doubtless 
owing  to  the  territorial  nature  of  the  crest,  a  change  in 
the  crest  itself  is  often  the  only  mark  of  distinction 


-  €j^** 


Z(€fR' 


Fig.  701.— Arms  of  the  family  of  Schaler  (Basle) :  Gules,  a  bend  of 
lozenges  argent.     (From  the  Zurich  RoU  of  Arms.) 


between  dift'erent  branches  of  the  same  family,  and  in 
Siebmacher's  Wajypenbiich  thirty-one  different  branches 
of  the  Zorn  family  have  diiferent  crests,  which  are  the 
sole  marks  of  difference  in  the  achievements. 

But  though  British  crests  are  presumed  to  be  sub- 
ject to  the  recognised  marks  of  cadency,  as  a  matter  of 
fact  it  is  very  seldom  indeed  that  they  are  ever  so 
marked,  with  the  exception  that  the  mark  used  (usually 
a  cross  crosslet)  to  signify  the  lack  of  blood  relation- 
ship, when  arms  are  assumed  under  a  Royal  License,  is 
compulsory.  Marks  of  distinction  added  to  simify 
illegitimacy  are  also  compulsory  and  perpetual.  What 
these  marks  are  will  be  dealt  with  in  a  subsequent 
chapter  upon  the  subject.  How  very  seldom  a  mark  of 
diii'erence  is  added  to  a  crest  may  be  gathered  from 
the  fact  that  with  the  exception  of  labels,  chiefly  upon 
the  Royal  crest,  one  crest  only  amongst  the  Plan- 
tagenet  Garter  plates  is  differenced,  that  one  being 
the  crest  of  John  Neville,  Lord  Montague.  Several 
crests,  however,  which  are  not  Roj'al,  are  differenced  by 
similar  labels  to  those  which  appear  upon  the  shields ; 
but  when  we  find  that  the  diiference  marks  have  very 
much  of  a  permissive  character,  even  upon  the  shield, 
it  is  not  likely  that  they  are  perpetuated  upon  the 
crest,  where  they  are  even  less  desirable.  The  arms 
of  Cokayne,  as  given  in  the  funeral  certificate  of  Sir 
William  Cokayne,  Lord  Mayor  of  London,  show  upon 
the  shield  three  crescents,  sable,  or,  and  gules,  charged 
one  upon  the  other,  the  Lord  Mayor  being  the  second 
son  of  a  second  son  of  Cokayne  of  Sturston,  descending 
from  William,  second  son  of  Sir  John  Cokayne  of  Ash- 
borne.  But,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  three  difference 
marks  are  charged  upon  the  shield  (one  of  the  quarter- 
ings  of  which,  by  the  way,  has  an  additional  mark),  the 
crest  itself  is  only  differenced  by  one  crescent.  These 
difference  marks,  as  applied  to  arms,  are  in  England 
(the  rules  in  Scotland  are  utterly  distinct)  practically 
permissive,  and  are  never  enforced  against  the  wish  of 
the  bearer  except  in  one  circumstance.  If,  owing  to 
the  grant  of  a  crest  or  supporters,  or  a  Royal  License,  or 
any  similar  opportunity,  a  formal  exemplification  of  the 
arms  is  entered  on  the  books  of  the  College  of  Arms, 
the  opportunity  is  generally  taken  to  add  such  mark  of 
cadency  as  may  be  necessary ;  and  no  certificate  would  be 
officially  issued  to  any  one  claiming  arms  through  that 
exemplification  except  subject  to  the  mark  of  cadency 
therein  depicted.  In  such  cases  as  these  the  crest  is 
usually  differenced,  because  the  necessity  for  an  ex- 
emplification  does   not  often   occur,  except   owing   to 

26 


the  establishment  of  an  important  branch  of  the  family, 
which  is  likely  to  continue  as  a  separate  house  in  the 
future,  and  possibly  to  rival  the  importance  of  the  chief 
of  the  name.  Two  examples  will  show  my  meaning. 
The  crest  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  is  a  goat  statant 
argent,  armed  or.  When  Earl  Russell,  the  third  son  of 
the  sixth  Duke  of  Bedtbrd,  was  so  created,  the  arms, 
crest,  and  supporters  were  charged  with  a  muUet  argent. 
When  the  first  Lord  Ampthill,  who  was  the  third  son 
of  the  father  of  the  ninth  Duke  of  Bedford,  was  so 
created,  the  arms  of  Russell,  with  the  crest  and  sup- 
porters, were  charged  with  mullets,  these  being  of 
different  tinctures  from  those  granted  to  Earl  Russell. 
The  crest  of  the  Duke  of  Westminster  is  a  talbot  statant 
or.  The  first  Lord  Stalbridge  was  the  second  son  of  the 
Marquess  of  Westminster.  His  arms,  crest,  and  sup- 
porters were  charged  with  a  crescent.  Lord  Ebury  was 
the  third  son  of  the  first  Marquess  of  Westminster.  His 
arms,  crest,  and  supporters  were  charged  with  a  mullet. 
In  cases  of  this  kind  the  mark  of  difference  upon  the 
crest  would  be  considered  permanent ;  but  for  ordinary 
purposes,  and  in  ordinary  circumstances,  the  rule  may 
be  taken  to  be  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  add  the  mark 
of  cadency  to  a  crest,  even  when  it  is  added  to  the 
shield,  but  that,  at  the  same  time,  it  is  not  incorrect  to 
do  so. 

Crests  must  nowadays  always  be  depicted  upon  either 
a  wreath,  coronet,  or  chapeau ;  but  these,  and  the  rules 
concerning  them,  will  be  considered  in  a  more  definite 
and  detailed  manner  in  the  separate  chapters  in  which 
those  objects  are  discussed. 

Crests  are  nowadays  very  frequently  used  upon  livery 
buttons.  Such  a  usage  is  discussed  at  some  length  in 
the  chapter  on  badges. 

When  two  or  more  crests  are  depicted  together,  and 
when,  as  is  often  the  case  in  England,  the  wreaths  are 
depicted  in  space,  and  without  the  intervening  helmets, 
the  crests  always  all  face  to  the  dexter  side,  and  the 
stereotyped  character  of  English  crests,  perhaps  more 
than  any  other  reason,  has  led  of  late  to  the  depicting  of 
English  helmets  all  placed  to  face  in  the  same  direction 
to  the  dexter  side.  But  if,  as  will  often  be  found,  the 
two  helmets  are  turned  to  face  each  other,  the  crests 
also  must  be  turned. 

Where  there  are  two  crests,  the  one  on  the  dexter 
side  is  the  first,  and  the  one  on  the  sinister  side  is  the 
second.  When  there  are  three,  the  centre  one  comes 
first,  then  the  one  on  the  dexter  side,  then  the  one  on 
the  sinister.  When  there  are  four  crests,  the  first  one 
is  the  dexter  of  the  two  inner  ones ;  the  second  is  the 
sinister  inner  one;  the  third  is  the  dexter  outer,  and 
the  fourth  the  sinister  outer.  When  there  are  five  (and 
I  know  of  no  greater  number  in  this  country),  they  run 
as  follows:  (i)  centre,  (2)  dexter  inner,  (3)  sinister iimer, 
(4)  dexter  outer,  (5)  sinister  outer. 

A  very  usual  practice  in  official  emblazonments  in 
cases  of  three  crests  is  to  paint  the  centre  one  of  a  larger 
size,  and  at  a  slightly  lower  level,  than  the  others.  In 
the  case  of  four,  Nos.  i  and  2  would  be  of  the  same  size, 
Nos.  3  and  4  slightly  smaller,  and  slightly  raised. 

It  is  a  very  usual  circumstance  to  see  two  or  more 
crests  displayed  in  England,  but  this  practice  is  of  com- 
paratively recent  date.  How  recent  may  be  gathered 
from  the  fact  that  in  Scotland  no  single  instance  can  be 
found  before  the  year  1809  in  which  two  crests  are 
placed  above  the  same  shield.  Scottish  heraldry,  how- 
ever, has  always  been  purer  than  English,  and  the 
practice  in  England  is  much  more  ancient,  though  I 
question  if  in  England  any  authentic  official  exemplifi- 
cation can  be  found  before  1700.  There  are,  however, 
many  cases  in  the  Visitation  Books  in  which  two  crests 
are  allowed  to  the  same  family,  but  this  fact  does  not 
2 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


prove  the  point,  because  a  Visitation  record  is  merely 
an  otfioial  record  of  inheritanoe  and  possession,  and  not 
necessarily  evidence  of  a  regulation  permitting  tlie 
simultaneous  display  of  more  than  one.  It  is  of  course 
impossible  to  use  two  sets  of  supporters  with  a  single 
shield,  but  there  are  many  peers  who  are  entitled  to 
two  sets ;  Lord  Ancaster,  I  believe,  is  entitled  to  three 
sets.  But  an  otiicial  record  in  such  a  case  would  pro- 
bably emblazon  both  sets  as  evidence  of  right,  by  paint- 
ing^ the  shield  twice  over. 

During  the  eighteenth  century  we  find  many  instances 
of  the  grant  of  additional  crests  of  augmentation,  and 
many  exemplifications  under  Royal  License  for  the  use 
of  two  and  three  crests.  Since  that  day  the  correctness 
of  duplicate  crests  has  never  been  questioned,  where  the 
right  of  inheritance  to  them  has  been  established.  The 
right  of  inheritance  to  two  or  more  crests  at  the  present 
time  is  only  officially  allowed  in  the  following  cases. 

If  a  family  at  the  time  of  the  Visitations  had  two 
crests  recorded  to  them,  these  would  be  now  allowed. 
If  descent  can  be  proved  from  a  family  to  whom  a 
certain  crest  was  allowed,  and  also  from  ancestoi^s  at 
an  earlier  date  who  are  recorded  as  entitled  to  bear  a 
different  crest,  the  two  would  be  allowed  unless  it  was 
evident  that  the  later  crest  had  been  granted,  assigned, 
or  exemplified  in  lieu  of  the  earlier  one.  Two  crests 
are  allowed  in  the  few  cases  which  exist  where  a  family 
has  obtained  a  grant  of  arms  in  ignorance  of  the  fact 
that  they  were  then  entitled  to  bear  arms  and  crest  of 
an  earlier  date  to  which  the  right  has  been  subsequently 
proved,  but  on  this  point  it  should  be  remarked  that  if 
a  right  to  arms  is  known  to  exist  a  second  grant  in 
England  is  point-blank  refused  unless  the  petition  asks 
for  it  to  be  borne  instead  of,  and  in  lieu  of,  the  earlier 
one :  it  is  then  granted  in  those  terms. 

To  those  who  think  that  the  Heralds'  College  is  a 
mere  fee-grabbing  institution,  the  following  experience  of 
an  intimate  friend  of  mine  may  be  of  interest.  In  plac- 
ing his  pedigree  upon  record  it  became  evident  that  his 
descent  was  not  legitimate,  and  he  therefore  petitioned 
for  and  obtained  a  Royal  License  to  bear  the  name  and 
arms  of  the  family  from  which  he  had  sprung.  But  the 
illegitimacy  was  not  modern,  and  no  one  would  have 
questioned  his  right  to  the  name  which  all  the  other 
members  of  the  family  bear,  if  he  had  not  himself  raised 
the  point  in  order  to  obtain  the  ancient  arms  in  the 
necessarily  differenced  form.  The  arms  had  always 
been  borne  with  some  four  or  five  quarterings  and  with 
two  crests,  and  he  was  rather  annoyed  that  he  had 
to  go  back  to  a  simple  coat  of  arms  and  single  crest. 
He  obtained  a  grant  for  his  wife,  who  was  an  heiress, 
and  then,  with  the  idea  of  obtaining  an  additional 
quartering  and  a  second  crest,  he  conceived  the  brilliant 
idea — for  money  was  of  no  object  to  him — of  putting 
his  brother  forward  as  a  petitioner  for  arms  to  be 
granted  to  bim  and  his  descendants  and  to  the  other 
descendants  of  his  father,  a  grant  which  would  of  course 
have  brought  in  my  friend.  He  moved  heaven  and 
earth  to  bring  this  about,  but  he  was  met  with  the  direct 
statement  that  two  grants  of  arms  could  not  be  made  to 
the  same  man  to  be  borne  simultaneously,  and  that  if 
he  persisted  in  the  grant  of  arms  to  his  brother,  his 
own  name,  as  being  then  entitled  to  bear  arms,  would 
be  specifically  exempted  from  the  later  grant,  and  the 
result  was  that  this  second  grant  was  never  made. 

In  Scotland,  where  re-matriculation  is  constantly 
going  on,  two  separate  matriculations  to  the  same  line 
would  not  confer  the  right  to  two  crests,  inasmuch  as  the 
last  matriculation  supersedes  everything  which  has  pre- 
ceded it.  But  if  a  cadet  matriculates  a  different  crest,  a/ad 
suhseqiiently  succeeds  to  the  representation  under  an 
earlier  matriculation,  he  legally  succeeds  to  both  crests. 


and  incidentally  to  both  coats  of  arms.  As  a  matter  of 
ordinary  practice,  the  cadet  matriculation  is  discarded. 
A  curious  case,  however,  occurs  when  after  matriculation 
by,  a  cadet  there  is  a  latei-  matriculation  behind  it,  by 
some  one  nearer  the  head  of  the  house  to  which  the  first- 
mentioned  cadet  succeeds;  in  such  an  event  selection 
must  be  brought  into  play,  when  succession  to  both 
occurs.  But  the  selection  lies  only  between  the  two 
patents,  and  not  from  varied  constituent  parts. 

Where  as  an  augmentation  an  additional  crest  is 
granted,  as  has  been  the  case  in  many  instances,  of 
course  a  right  to  the  double  crest  is  thereby  conferred, 
and  a  crest  of  augmentation  is  not  granted  in  lieu,  but 
in  addition. 

A  large  number  of  these  additional  crests  have  been 
granted  under  specific  warrants  from  the  Crown,  and 
in  the  case  of  Lord  Gough,  two  additional  crests  were 
granted  as  separate  augmentations  and  under  separate 
patents.  Lord  Kitchener  recently  received  a  grant  of 
an  additional  crest  of  augmentation. 

The  other  cases  in  which  double  and  treble  crests 
occur  are  the  results  of  exemplifications  following  upon 
Royal  Licences  to  assume  name  and  arms.  As  a  rule, 
when  an  additional  surname  is  adopted  by  Royal  License, 
the  rule  is  that  the  arms  adopted  are  to  be  borne  in 
addition  to  those  previously  in  existence  ;  and  where  a 
name  is  adopted  instead  of  another  the  warrant  very 
frequently  permits  this,  and  at  the  same  time  permits 
or  requires  the  new  arms  to  be  borne  quarterly  with 
those  previously  possessed,  and  gives  the  right  to  two 
crests.  But  in  cases  where  names  and  arms  are  assumed 
by  Royal  License  the  arms  and  crest  or  crests  are  in 
accordance  with  the  patent  of  exemplification,  which,  no 
matter  what  its  terms  (for  some  do  not  expressly  ex- 
clude any  prior  rights),  is  always  presumed  to  super- 


FiG.  70Z. — Arms  of  the  late  Kev.  Andrew  Wallis  Milroy,  M.A. :  Per 
fess,  in  chief  cheqny  or  and  vert,  in  base  gnles,  the  latter  charged 
with  a  lion  rampant  argent,  on  a  canton  of  the  fourth  a  rose  of  the 
third,  barbed  of  the  second,  and  on  an  escutcheon  of  pretence 
the  arms  of  Kosher,  namely :  quarterly,  I  and  4,  per  chevron 
engrailed  ermine  and  erminois,  three  crosses  patee  azure,  each 
charged  with  an  estoile  or  (for  Hosher) ;  2  and  3,  per  pale  gules 
and  azure,  a  fess  ermine  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  in  chief  argent 
and  a  serpent  erect  in  base  or  (for  Burch) ;  and  for  his  crests,  I. 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  an  ostrich  proper,  with  the  motto, 
"  Esperance  "  (for  Milroy) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries,  an 
elephant's  head  couped  ermine,  between  two  elephants'  probosces 
or,  with  the  motto,  "  Consider  the  end  "  (for  Rosher). 

sede  everything  which  has  gone  before,  and  to  be  the 
authority  by  which  the  subsequent  bearing  of  arms  is 
regularised  and  controlled.  Roughly  speaking,  under  a 
Royal  License  one  generally  gets  the  right  to  one  crest  for 
every  surname,  and  if  the  original  surname  be  discarded 


263 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRT 


7 


in  addition  a  crest  for  every  previous  surname.  Thus 
Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow  (Fig.  686)  lias  three  crests, 
Wyndham-Cam])beIl-Ple3'dell-Bouverie  has  four,  and 
the  last  Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Chandos.  who  held 
the  record,  had  one  for  each  of  his  surnames,  namely, 
Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  foregoing,  there  are  one  or  two  exceptions 
■which  it  is  difficult  to  explain.  The  Marquess  of  Bute 
for  some  reason  or  other  obtained  a  grant,  in  the  year 
1822,  of  the  crest  of  Herbert.  The  late  Lord  Liverpool 
obtaiaed  a  grant  of  an  additional  crest,  possibly  an 
augnientation,  and  his  present  representative,  Lord 
Hawkesbury,  for  some  reason  or  other  which  I  am  quite 
at  a  loss  to  understand,  obtained  a  grant  of  a  crest  very 
simOar  to  that  of  Lord  Liverpool  to  commemorate  the 
representation   which   had    devolved   upon   him.      Sir 


Charles  Young,  Garter  King  of  Arms,  obtained  the 
grant  of  a  second  crest,  and  a  former  Marquess  of 
Camden  did  the  same  thing ;  Lord  Swansea  is  another 
recent  case,  and  though  the  right  of  any  person  to  ob- 
tain the  grant  of  a  second  crest  is  not  officially  admitted, 
and  is  in  fact  strenuously  denied,  I  cannot  for  the  life 
of  me  see  how  in  the  face  of  the  foregoing  precedents 
any  such  piivUege  can  be  denied.  Sir  William  Woods 
also  obtained  the  grant  of  a  second  crest  when  he  was 
Garter,  oblivious  of  the  fact  that  he  had  not  really 
established  a  right  to  arms.  Those  he  used  were 
certainly  granted  in  Lyon  Office  to  a  relative,  but  no 
matriculation  of  them  in  his  own  name  was  ever 
registered.  Another  instance  of  the  possession  of  two 
crests  is  the  case  of  Milroy  (Fig.  700),  but  this  is  a 
result  of  a  Scottish  matriculation.  A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER    XXVI 


CROWNS    AND    CORONETS 


THE  origin  of  the  crown  or  coronet  is,  of  course, 
to  be  met  with  in  the  diadem  and  fillet.  In 
one  of  the  Cantor  Lectures  delivered  by  Mr. 
CyrU  Davenport,  F.S.A.,  in  February  1902,  on  "The 
History  of  Personal  Jewellery  from  Prehistoric  Times," 
he  devoted  considerable  attention  to  the  development 
of  the  diadem,  and  the  following  extracts  are  from  the 
printed  report  of  his  lecture  : — 

"  The  bandeau  or  fillet  tied  round  the  head  was  pro- 
bably first  used  to  keep  long  hair  from  getting  into  the 
eyes  of  primitive  man.  Presently  it  became  specialised, 
priests  wearmg  one  pattern  and  fighting  men  another. 

"  The  soft  band  which  can  be  seen  figured  on  the 
heads  of  kings  in  early  coins,  is  no  doubt  a  mark  of 
chieftainship.  This  use  of  a  band,  of  special  colour,  to 
indicate  authority,  probably  originated  in  the  East.  It 
was  adopted  by  Alexander  the  Great,  who  also  used  the 
diadem  of  the  King  of  Persia.  Justinian  says  that 
Alexander's  predecessors  did  not  wear  any  diadem. 
Justinian  also  tells  us  that  the  diadems  then  worn  were 
of  some  soft  material,  as  in  describing  the  accidental 
wounding  of  Lysimachus  by  Alexander,  he  says  that  the 
hurt  was  bound  up  by  Alexander  witli  his  oivn  diadem. 
This  was  considered  a  lucky  omen  for  Lysimachus, 
who  actually  did  shortly  afterwards  become  King  of 
Thrace. 

"  In  Egypt  diadems  of  particular  shape  are  of  very 
ancient  use.  There  were  crowns  for  Uf  per  and  Lower 
Egypt,  and  a  combination  of  both  for  the  whole 
country.  They  were  also  distinguished  by  colour.  The 
Uraeus  or  snake  worn  in  the  crowns  and  head-dresses 
of  the  Pharaohs  was  a  symbol  of  royalty.  Representa- 
tions of  the  Egyptian  gods  always  show  them  as  wearing 
crowns. 

"  In  Assyrian  sculptures  deities  and  kings  are  shown 
wearing  diadems,  apparently  bands  of  stuff  or  leather 
studded  with  discs  of  repoihss4  work.  Some  of  these 
discs,  detached,  have  actually  been  found.  Similar 
discs  were  plentifully  found  at  Mycena;,  which  were 
very  likely  used  in  a  similar  way.  Some  of  the  larger 
ornamental  head-dresses  worn  bj'  Assyrian  kings  appear 
to  have  been  conical-shaped  helmets,  or  perhaps  crowns ; 
it  is  now  difficult  to  say  which,  because  the  material  of 
which  they  were  made  cannot  be  ascertained.  If  they 
were   of    gold,   they  were    probably   crowns,  like   the 


wonderful  openwork  golden  Scythian  headdress  found 
at  Kertch,  but  if  of  an  inferior  metal  they  may  have 
been  only  heknets. 

"  At  St.  Petei'sburg  there  is  a  beautiful  ancient  Greek 
diadem  representing  a  crown  of  olive.  An  Etruscan 
ivy  wreath  of  thin  gold  still  encircling  a  bronze  helmet, 
is  in  the  British  Museum. 

"  Justinian  says  that  Morimus  tried  to  hang  himself 
with  the  diadem,  evidently  a  ribbon-like  bandeau,  sent 
to  him  by  Mithridates.  The  Roman  royal  diadem  was 
originally  a  white  ribbon,  a  wreath  of  laurel  was  the 
reward  of  distinguished  citizens,  while  a  circlet  of 
golden  leaves  was  given  to  successful  generals. 

"  Ceesar  consistently  refused  the  royal  white  diadem 
which  Antony  offered  him,  preferring  to  remain  per- 
petual dictator.  One  of  his  partisans  ventured  to 
crown  Caesar's  bust  with  a  coronet  of  laurel  tied  with 
royal  white  ribbon,  but  the  tribunes  quickly  removed 
it  and  heavdy  punished  the  perpetrator  of  the  offence. 

"During  the  Roman  Empire  the  prejudice  against 
the  white  bandeau  remained  strong.  The  emperors 
dared  not  wear  it.  Caligula  wished  to  do  so,  but  was 
dissuaded  on  being  told  that  such  proceeding  might 
cost  his  life.  Eliogabalus  used  to  wear  a  diadem 
studded  with  precious  stones,  but  it  is  not  supposed 
to  have  indicated  rank,  but  only  to  have  been  a  rich 
lady's  parure,  this  emperor  being  fond  of  dressing 
himself  up  as  a  woman.  Caracalla,  who  took  Alexandra 
the  Great  as  his  model  as  far  as  possible,  is  shown  on 
some  of  his  coins  wearing  a  diadem  of  a  double  row  of 
pearls,  a  similar  design  to  which  was  used  by  the  kings 
of  Parthia.  On  coins  of  Diocletian,  there  shows  a 
double  row  of  pearls,  sewn  on  a  double  band  and  tied 
in  a  knot  at  the  back. 

"Diadems  gradually  closed  in  and  became  crowns, 
and  on  Byzantine  coins  highly  ornate  diadems  can  be  re- 
cognised, and  there  are  many  beautiful  representations 
of  them  in  enamels  and  mosaics,  as  well  as  a  few  actual 
specimens.  At  Ravenna,  in  mosaic  work  in  the  church 
of  San  Vitale,  are  crowned  portraits  of  Justinian  and  his 
Empress  Theodosia ;  in  the  enamel  portrait  of  the 
Empress  Irene  in  the  Pal  d'Oro  at  Venice,  can  be  seen 
a  beautiful  jewelled  crown  with  hinged  plaques,  and  the 
same  construction  is  used  on  the  iron  crown  of  Lom- 
bardy ;  the  sacred  crown  of  Hungary,  and  the  crown  of 


264 


PLATE   LXXXIII, 


^■^a^Cf*-  fy  ^{Pr    oA«' 


.ok^' 


-^A. 


A<-f-- 


DESIGN    FOR   A   TALBOT    BANNER. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Charlemagne,  all  most  beautiul  specimens  of  jewellers' 
work. 

"  On  the  plaques  of  the  crown  of  Constantine  Mono- 
machos  are  also  fine  enamel  portraits  of  himself  and  his 
queen  Zoe,  wearing  similar  crowns.  The  cataseistas,  or 
jewelled  chains,  one  over  each  ear  and  one  at  the  back, 
which  occur  on  all  these  crowns,  may  be  the  survival  of 
the  loose  ends  of  the  tie  of  the  original  fillet. 

"In  later  times  of  Greece  and  Rome,  owing  to  the 
growth  of  republican  feeling  the  diadem  lost  its  political 
significance,  and  was  relegated  to  the  ladies. 

"  In  the  middle  ages  the  diadem  regained  much  of  its 
earlier  significance,  and  ceased  to  be  only  the  simple 
head  ornament  it  had  become.  Now  it  became  special- 
ised in  form,  reserved  as  an  emblem  of  rank.  The 
forms  of  royal  cro^vns  and  diadems  is  a  large  and  fasci- 
nating study,  and  where  original  examples  do  not  now 
exist,  the  development  can  often  be  followed  in  sculp- 
ture, coins,  or  seals.  Heraldry  now  plaj's  an  important 
part.  Diadems  or  circlets  gradually  give  way  to  closed 
crowns,  in  the  case  of  sovereigns  possessing  independent 
authority." 

But  to  pass  to  the  crown  proper,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  from  the  earliest  times  of  recorded  history 
crowns  have  been  a  sign  and  emblem  of  sovereignty. 
It  equally  admits  of  no  doubt  that  the  use  of  a 
crown  or  coronet  was  by  no  means  exclusive  to  a 
sovereign,  but  whilst  our  knowledge  is  somewhat  cur- 
tailed as  to  the  exact  relation  in  which  great  over- 
lords and  nobles  stood  to  their  sovereign,  it  is  difficult 
to  draw  with  any  certainty  or  exactitude  definitive  con- 
clusions of  the  sj'mbolism  a  crown  or  coronet  conveyed. 
■Throughout  Europe  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and 
thirteenth,  and  well  into  the  fourteenth  centuries,  the 
great  territorial  lords  enjoyed  and  exercised  many — in 
fact  most — of  the  attributes  of  sovereignty,  and  in  Eng- 
land especially,  where  the  king  was  no  more  than  the 
first  amongst  his  peers,  the  territorial  earls  were  in 
much  the  position  of  petty  sovereigns.  It  is  only 
natural,  therefore,  that  we  should  find  them  using  this 
emblem  of  sovereignty.  But  what  we  do  find  in  Eng- 
land is  that  a  coronet  or  fillet  was  used,  apparently 
without  let  or  hindrance,  by  even  knights.  It  is,  how- 
ever, a  matter  for  thought  as  to  whether  many  of  these 
fiUets  were  not  simply  the  turban  or  "  puggaree  "  folded 
into  the  sha-pe  of  a  fillet,  but  capable  of  being  unrolled 
if  desired.  What  the  object  of  the  wholesale  wearing 
of  crowns  and  coronets  was,  it  is  difficult  to  conjecture. 

The  development  of  the  crown  of  the  English  sover- 
eigns has  been  best  told  by  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport  in  his 
valuable  work  on  "  The  English  Regalia  "  (Kegan  Paul, 
Trench,  Trubner  &  Co.).  Mr.  Davenport,  whose  know- 
ledge on  these  matters  is  probably  unequalled,  may  best 
be  allowed  to  tell  the  story  in  his  own  words,  he  and 
his  publishers  having  very  kindly  permitted  this  course 
to  be  taken : — 


THE   CROWN   OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 

By  Cveil  Davenport,  F.S.A. 

"  Crowns  appear  to  have  been  at  an  early  period  worn 
by  kings  in  battle,  in  order  that  they  might  be  easily 
recognised;  and  although  it  is  quite  possible  that  this 
outward  sign  of  sovereignty  may  have  marked  the 
wearer  as  being  entitled  to  special  protection  by  his  own 
men,  it  is  also  likely  that  it  was  often  a  dangerous  sign 
of  importance.  Upon  the  authority  of  their  coins, 
the  heads  of  the  earlj'  British  kings  were  adorned 
with  variously  formed  fillets  and  ornamental  wreaths. 
Helmets  are  also  evidently  intended  to  be  shown,  and 
on  some  of  the  coins  of  Athelstan  the  lielmet  bears 


upon  it  a  crown  of  three  raised  points,  with  a  single 
pearl  at  the  top  of  each  (Fig.  703).  Other  coins  bear  the 
crown  with  the  three  raised  points  without  the  helmet 
(Fig.  704).  This  crown  of  three  points,  bearing  some- 
times one  and  sometimes  three  pearls  at  the  top  of 
each,  continued  to  be  used  by  all  the  sole  monarchs 
until  Canute,  on  whose  head  a  crown  is  shown  in  which 
the  three  points  develop  into  three  clearly-marked 
trefoils  (Fig.  705).     On  the  great  seal  of  Edward  the 


Fig.  703. 


LLJ 


Fig.  704. 


Fig.  705. 


Confessor  the  king  is  wearing  an  ornamental  cap,  which 
is  described  by  Mr.  Wj'on  in  his  book  about  the  Great 
Seals  as  bearing  a  crown  with  three  points  trefoiled ; 
but  the  impressions  of  this  Great  Seal  that  I  have  been 
able  to  see  are  so  indistinct  in  this  particular  that  I  do 
not  feel  justified  in  corroborating  his  opinion.  On  some 
of  the  coins,  however,  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  an 
arched  crown  is  very  clearly  shown,  and  this  crown  has 
depending  from  it,  on  each  side,  tassels  with  ornamental 
ends  (Fig.  706). 

"  In  the  list  of  the  English  regalia  which  were 
destroyed  under  the  Commonwealth  in  1649  is  found 
an  item  of  great  interest,  viz.  "  a  gold  wyer  work 
crown  with  little  bells,"  which  is  there  stated  to  have 
belonged  to  King  Alfred,  who  appears  to  have  been  the 


oOO°%gS°Oo, 


|ooooo 


%  "LU 


Fig.  706. 


Fig.  707. 


Fig.  708. 


first  English  king  for  whom  the  ceremony  of  coronation 
was  used ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  on  several  of  the 
crowns  on  coins  and  seals,  from  the  time  of  Edward  the 
Confessor  until  Henry  I.,  little  tassels  or  tags  are  shown 
which  may  indeed  represent  little  bells  suspended  by  a 
ribbon. 

"  On  King  Alfred's  own  coins  there  is  unfortunately 
nothing  which  can  be  recognised  as  a  crown. 

"  On  the  coins  of  Henry  II.  a  crown  is  shown  with 
arches,  apparently  intended  to  be  jewelled,  as  is  also  the 
rim.  There  are  also  tassels  with  ornamental  ends  at  the 
back  of  the  crown  (Fig.  707). 

"  William  I.  on  his  Great  Seal  wears  a  crown  with  three 
points,  at  the  top  of  each  of  which  are  three  pearls  (Fig. 
70S),  and  on  some  of  his  coios  a  more  ornamental  form 


4h 


Fig.  709. 


Fig.  710. 


Fig.  711. 


of  crown  occurs  having  a  broad  jewelled  rim  and  two 
arches,  also  apparently  jewelled,  and  at  each  side  are 
two  pendants  with  pearl  ends  (Fig.  709).  William  II.  on 
his  Great  Seal  has  a  crown  with  five  points  (Fig.  7 10),  the 
centre  one  being  slightly  bigger  than  the  others,  and  at 
the  top  of  each  a  single  pearl.  At  each  side  of  the 
crown  are  pendants  having  three  pearls  at  the  ends. 

■'  On  some  of  the  coins  of  Stephen  a  pretty  form  of 
crown  is  seen.  It  has  three  fleurs-de-lis  and  two 
jewelled  arches  (Fig.  711).     The  arches  disappear  from 


26c 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


this  time  until  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  On  the  Great 
Seal  of  Henry  I.  the  king  wears  a  simple  crown  with 
three  fleurs-de-lis  points,  and  two  pendants  each  with 
three  pearls  at  the  ends  (Fig.  7i2),_  and  after  this  the 
pendants  seem  to  have  been  discontinued. 

■■  On  the  first  Great  Seal  of  Henry  III.  a  crown  with 
three  fleurs-de-lis  is  shown  surmounting  a  barred  helmet 
(Fig.  713),  and  Edward  I.  wore  a  similar  crown  with  three 
fleurs-de-lis,  but  having  supplementary  pearls  between 
each  (Fig.  714),  and  this  form  lasted  for  a  long  time,  as 


I'IG.    712 


FiCx.  713. 


Fig.  714. 


modifications  of  it  are  found  on  the  coins  of  all  the 
kings  till  Henry  VII.  On  the  third  Great  Seal  of 
Edward  IV.  the  king  wears  a  crown  with  five  fleurs-de- 
lis,  the  centre  one  being  larger  than  the  others,  and  the 
crown  is  arched  and  has  at  the  top  an  orb  and  cross 
(Fig.  715).  Henry  VI.  on  his  first  seal  for  foreign  atiairs, 
on  which  occurs  the  English  shield,  uses  above  it  a 
crown  with  three  orosses-patee  and  between  each  a 
pearl  (Fig.  716),  this  being  the  first  distinct  use  of  the 
cross-patee  on  the  English  crown ;  and  it  probably  was 
used  here  in  place  of  the  fleurs-de-lis  hitherto  worn  in 
order  to  make  a  clear  distinction  between  it  and  the 
French  crown,  which  has  the  fleurs-de-lis  only  and  sur- 
mounts the  coat  of  arms  of  that  country.     The  king 


think,  a  natural  e.N;pansion  of  form,  and  does  not  appear 
to  have  had  anything  to  do  with  the  French  fleur-de-lis, 
which  was  adopted  as  an  heraldic  bearing  for  an  entirely 
diflferent  reason.  The  Royal  coat  of  arms  of  England  did 
bear  for  a  long  time  in  one  of  its  quarterings  the  actual 
fleurs-de-lis  of  France,  and  this,  no  doubt,  has  given 
some  reason  to  the  idea  that  the  fleurs-de-lis  on  the 
crown  had  also  something  to  do  with  France ;  but  as  a 
matter  of  fact  they  had  existed  on  the  crown  of  England 
long  anterior  to  our  use  of  them  on  the  coat  of  arms,  as 
well  as  remaining  there  subsequently  to  their  discon- 
tinuance on  our  Royal  escutcheon. 

"The  cross-pat(3e  itself  may  possibly  have  been 
evolved  in  a  somewhat  similar  way  from  the  three 
pearls  of  William  I.,  as  we  often  find  the  centre  trefoil, 
into  which,  as  we  have  seen,  these  three  points  eventu- 
ally turned,  has  a  tendency  to  become  larger  than  the 
others,  and  this  difference  has  been  easily  made  more 
apparent  by  squaring  the  ends  of  the  triple  leaf.  At 
the  same  time  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  cross- 
patee  was  actually  used  on  the  sceptre  of  Edward  the 


Fig.  715. 


Fig.  716. 


Fig.  717. 


himself  wears  an  arched  crown,  but  the  impressions  are 
so  bad  that  the  details  of  it  cannot  be  followed. 

"  Henry  VII.  on  his  Great  Seal  uses,  as  ornaments  for 
the  crown,  orosses-patee  alternately  with  fleurs-de-lis,  and 
also  arches  with  an  orb  and  cross  at  the  top  (Fig.  yT-?)' 
and,  on  some  of  his  coins,  he  reverts  to  the  three  fleurs- 
de-lis  with  points  between  them,  arches  being  still 
used,  with  the  orb  and  cross  at  the  top  (Fig.  718).  An 
ornamental  form  of  crown  bearing  five  ornamental 
leaves  alternately  large  and  small,  with  arches,  orb, 
and  cross  at  the  top  (Fig.  719),  occurs  on  the  shillings  of 
Henry  VII.  On  the  crowns  of  Henry  VIII.,  as  well  as 
upon  his  Great  Seals,  the  alternate  crosses-patee  and 


Fig.  719. 

fleurs-de-lis  are  found  on  the  rim  of  the  crown,  which  is 
arched,  and  has  an  orb  and  cross  at  the  top,  and  this  is 
the  form  that  has  remained  ever  since  (Fig.  720).  So  we 
may  consider  that  the  growth  of  the  ornament  on  the 
rim  of  the  crown  has  followed  a  regular  sequence  from 
the  points  with  one  pearl  at  the  top,  of  iEthelstan,  to 
the  trefoil  of  Canute ;  the  arches  began  with  Edward 
the  Confessor,  and  the  centre  trefoil  turned  into  the 
cross-patee  of  Henry  VI.  The  fact  that  the  remaining 
trefoils  turned  eventually  into  fleurs-de-lis  is  only,  I 


Fig.  720. 


Fig.  721. 


Fig.  722. 


Confessor,  so  it  is  just  possible  it  may  have  had  some 
specially  English  significance. 

"  I  have  already  mentioned  that  as  well  as  the  official 
crown  of  England,  which  alone  I  have  just  been  de- 
scribing, there  has  often  been  a  second  or  State  crown, 
and  this,  although  it  has  in  general  design  followed  the 
pattern  of  the  oflioial  crown,  has  been  much  more 
elaborately  ornamented,  and  in  it  has  been  set  and 
reset  the  few  historic  gems  possessed  by  our  nation. 
The  fact  that  these  State  crowns  have  in  turn  been 
denuded  of  their  jewels  accounts  for  the  fact  that  the 
old  settings  of  some  of  them  still  exist. 

"  Charles  II.'s  State  Crown  is  figured  in  Sir  Edward 
Walker's  account  of  his  coronation,  but  the  illustration 


Fig.  723. 


Fig.  724. 


of  it  is  of  such  an  elementary  character  that  little 
reliance  can  be  placed  on  it ;  the  actual  setting  of  this 
crown,  however — which  was  the  one  stolen  by  Colonel 
Blood  on  May  13,  1671 — is  now  the  property  of  Lord 
Amherst  of  Hackney,  and  the  spaces  from  which  the 
great  ruby  and  the  large  sapphire — both  of  which  are 
now  in  King  Edward's  State  Crown — have  been  taken 
are  clearly  seen  (Fig.  721).  James  II.'s  State  Crown, 
which  is  very  accurately  figured  in  Sandford's  account 
of  his  coronation,  and  pieces  of  which  are  still  in  the 
Tower,  also  had  this  great  ruby  as  its  centre  ornament 
(Fig.  722).  In  Sir  George  Nayler's  account  of  the 
coronation  of  George  IV.  there  is  a  figure  of  his  so- 
called  "  new  crown,"  the  arches  of  which  are  composed 
of  oak-leaf  sprays  with  acorns,  and  the  rim  adorned 
with  laurel  sprays  (Fig.  723).  The  setting  of  this  crown 
also  belongs  to  Lord  Amherst  of  Hackney,  and  so  does 
another  setting  of  a   small   State   queen's  crown,  the 


266 


PLATE    LXXXIV. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ownership  of  which  is  doubtful.  William  IV.  appears 
to  have  had  a  very  beautiful  State  crown,  with  arches  of 
laurel  sprays  and  a  cross  at  the  top  with  large  diamonds. 
It  is  figured  in  Robson's  'British  Herald,'  published  in 
1830  (Fig.  724). 

"  There  is  one  other  crown  of  great  interest,  which, 
since  the  time  of  James  Sixth  of  Scotland  and  First  of 
England,  forms  part  of  our  regalia.  This  is  the  crown 
of  Scotland,  and  is  the  most  ancient  piece  of  State 
jewellery  of  which  we  can  boast. 

"Edward  I.,  after  his  defeat  of  John  Baliol  in  1296, 
carried  off  the  crown  of  Scotland  to  England,  and 
Robert  Bruce  had  another  made  for  himself.  This  in 
its  turn,  after  Bruce's  defeat  at  Methven,  fell  into 
Edward's  hands.  Another  crown  seems  to  have  been 
made  for  Bruce  in  1314,  when  he  was  established  in  the 
sovereignty  of  Scotland  after  Bannockburn,  and  the 
present  crown  probably  consists  largely  of  the  material 
of  the  old  one,  and  most  likely  follows  its  general 
design.  It  has,  however,  much  French  work  about  it, 
as  well  as  the  rougher  gold  work  made  by  Scottish 
jewellers,  and  it  seems  probable  that  the  crown,  as  it 
now  is,  is  a  reconstruction  by  French  workmen,  made 
under  the  care  and  by  order  of  James  V.  about  1540. 
It  was  with  this  crown  that  Queen  Mary  was  crowned 
when  she  was  nine  months  old. 

"  In  1 66 1  the  Scottish  regalia  were  considered  to  be  in 
danger  from  the  English,  and  were  sent  to  Dunottar 
Castle  for  safety.  From  1 707  until  1 8 1 8  they  were  locked 
up  in  a  strong  chest  in  the  Crown-Room  of  Edinburgh 
Castle,  and  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  whose  presence  the  box 
was  opened,  wrote  an  account  of  them  in  1810.  The 
crown  consists  of  a  fillet  of  gold  bordered  with  flat  wire. 
Upon  it  are  twenty-two  large  stones  set  at  equal 
distances,  i.e.  nine  carbuncles,  four  jacinths,  four 
amethysts,  two  white  topazes,  two  crystals  with  green 
foil  behind  them,  and  one  topaz  with  yellow  foil. 
Behind  each  of  these  gems  is  a  gold  plate,  with  bands 
above  and  below  of  white  enamel  with  black  spots,  and 
between  each  stone  is  a  pearl.  Above  the  band  are  ten 
jewelled  rosettes  and  ten  fleurs-de-lis  alternately,  and 
between  each  a  pearl.  Under  the  rosettes  and  fleurs- 
de-hs  are  jewels  of  blue  enamel  and  pearls  alternately. 
The  arches  have  enamelled  leaves 
of  French  work  in  red  and  gold 
upon  them,  and  the  mount  at  the 
top  is  of  blue  enamel  studded  with 
gold  stars.  The  cross  at  the  top  is 
black  enamel  with  gold  arabesque 
patterns ;  in  the  centre  is  an 
amethyst,  and  in  this  cross  and  in 
the  corners  are  Oriental  pearls  set 
in  gold.  At  the  back  of  the  cross  are  the  letters 
I.  R.  V.  in  enamel-work.  On  the  velvet  cap  are  four 
large  pearls  in  settings  of  gold  and  enamel  (Fig.  725). 

"  Generally,  the  Scottish  work  in  gold  is  cast  solid  and 
chased,  the  foreign  work  being  thinner  and  repov.ssi. 
Several  of  the  diamonds  are  undoubtedly  old,  and  are 
cut  in  the  ancient  Oriental  fashion ;  and  many  of  the 
pearls  are  Scottish.  It  is  kept  in  Edinburgh  Castle 
with  the  rest  of  the  Scottish  regalia.  None  of  the  other 
pieces  at  all  equal  it  in  interest,  as  with  the  exception 
of  the  coronation  ring  of  Charles  I.  they  are  of  foreign 
workmanship,  or,  at  all  events,  have  been  so  altered  that 
there  is  little  or  no  original  work  left  upon  them." 

Very  few  people  are  aware,  when  they  speak  of  the 
crown  of  England,  that  there  are  two  crowns.  The 
one  is  the  official  crown,  the  sign  and  symbol  of  the 
sovereigns  of  England.  This  is  known  by  the  name  of 
St.  Edward's  Crown,  and  is  never  altered  or  changed. 
As  to  this  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport  writes : — 

"  St.  Edward's  Crown  was  made  for  the  coronation  of 


Fig.  725. 


Charles  II.  in  1662,  by  Sir  Robert  V3mer.  It  was 
ordered  to  be  made  as  nearly  as  possible  after  the  old 
pattern,  and  the  designs  of  it  that  have  been  already 
mentioned  as  existing  in  the  works  of  Sir  Edward 
Walker  and  Francis  Sandford  show  that  in  a  sensual 
form  it  was  the  same  as  now ;  indeed,  the  existing  crown 
is  in  all  probability  mainly  composed  of  the  same 
materials  as  that  made  by  Sir  Robert.  The  crown 
consists  of  a  rim  or  circlet  of  gold,  adorned  with  rosettes 
of  precious  stones  surrounded  with  diamonds,  and  set 
upon  enamel  arabesques  of  white  and  red.  The  centre 
gems  of  these  rosettes  are  rubies,  emeralds,  and  sapphires. 
Rows  of  large  pearls  mark  the  upper  and  lower  edges  of 
the  rim,  from  which  rise  the  four  crosses-patee  and  four 
fleurs-de-lisalternately,  adorned  with  diamonds  and  other 
gems.  The  gem  clusters  upon  the  crosses  are  set  upon 
enamel  arabesques  in  white  and  red,  of  similar  workman- 
ship to  that  upon  the  rim.  From  the  tops  of  the  crosses 
rise  two  complete  arches  of  gold  crossing  each  other,  and 
curving  deeply  downwards  at  the  point  of  intersection. 
The  arches  are  considered  to  be  the  mark  of  independ- 
ent sovereignty.  They  are  edged  with  rows  of  large 
pearls,  and  have  gems  and  clusters  of  gems  upon  them 
set  in  arabesques  of  red  and  white,  like  those  upon  the 
crosses.  From  the  intersection  of  the  arches  springs  a 
mound  of  gold,  encircled  by  a  fillet  from  which  rises  a 
single  arch,  both  of  which  are  ornamented  with  pearls 
and  gems.  On  the  top  of  the  arch  is  a  cross-patee  of 
gold,  set  in  which  are  coloured  gems  and  diamonds. 
At  the  top  of  the  cross  is  a  large  spheroidal  pearl,  and 
from  each  of  the  side  arms,  depending  from  a  little  gold 
bracelet,  is  a  beautifully  formed  pear-shaped  pearl. 
The  crown  is  shown  in  the  Tower  with  the  crimson 
velvet  cap,  turned  up  with  miniver,  which  would  be 
worn  with  it. 

"  This  crown  is  very  large,  but  whether  it  is  actually 
worn  or  not  it  would  always  be  present  at  the  corona- 
tion, as  it  is  the  '  official '  crown  of  England." 

St.  Edward's  Crown  wOl  be  found  represented  on 
Plate  XV.  Fig.  10,  but  it  should  be  noticed  that  this 
illustration  does  not  show  the  pearl  which  surmounts 
the  orb  upon  the  cross,  nor  the  two  smaller  pearls 
which  depend  from  the  arms  of  the  cross. 

St.  Edward's  Crown  is  the  crown  supposed  to  be 
heraldically  represented  when  for  State  or  official  pur- 
poses the  crown  is  represented  over  the  Royal  Arms  or 
other  insignia.  In  this,  it  will  be  noticed,  the  fleurs- 
de-lis  upon  the  rim  are  only  half  fleurs-de-lis.  This 
detail  is  scrupulously  adhered  to,  but  during  the  reign 
of  Queen  Victoria  many  of  the  other  details  were  very 
much  "at  the  mercy"  of  the  artist.  Soon  after  the 
accession  of  King  Edward  VII.  the  matter  was  brought 
under  consideration,  and  the  opportunity  afforded  by 
the  issue  of  a  War  Office  Sealed  Pattern  of  the  Royal 
Crown  and  Cypher  for  use  in  the  army  was  taken 
advantage  of  to  notify  his  Majesty's  pleasure,  that  for 
official  purposes  the  Royal  Crown  should  be  as  shown 
in  Fig.  726,  which  is  a  reproduction  of  the  War  Office 
Sealed  Pattern  already  mentioned.  It  should  be  noted 
that  whilst  the  cap  of  the  real  crown  is  oi  purple  velvet, 
the  cap  of  the  heraldic  crown  is  always  represented  as 
of  crimson. 

The  second  Crown  is  what  is  known  as  the  "  Imperial 
State  Crown."  This  is  the  one  which  is  actually-  worn, 
and  which  the  Sovereign  after  the  ceremony  of  his  coro- 
nation wears  in  the  procession  from  the  Abbey.  It  is 
also  carried  before  the  Sovereign  at  the  opening  of 
Parliament.  Whilst  the  gems  which  are  set  in  it  are 
national  property,  the  crown  is  usually  remade  for  each 
successive  sovereign.  The  following  is  Mr.  Davenport's 
description  of  Queen  Victoria's  State  Crown,  which  is 
illustrated  on  Plate  LII.  Fig.  1 1  : — 


267 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"  This  beautiful  piece  of  jewellery  was  made  by  Roun- 
dell  &  Bridge  in  1838.  Many  of  tbe  gems  in  it  are  old 
ones  reset,  and  many  of  them  are  new.  The  entire 
weight  of  the  crown  is  39  ozs.  5  dwts.  It  consists 
of  a  circlet  of  open  work  in  silver,  bearing  in  the  front 
the  great  sapphire  from  the  crown  of  Charles  II.  which 
was  bequeathed  to  George  III.  by  Cardinal  York,  with 
other  Stuart  treasure.  At  one  end  this  gem  is  partly 
pierced.     It  is  not  a  thick  stone,  but  it  is  a  fine  colour. 


points  of  emeralds  encircled  with  diamonds,  and  a 
large  pearl  above  each.  On  these  festoons  are  set 
alternately  eight  crosses-patee,  and  eight  fleurs-de-lis  of 
silver  set  with  gems.  The  crosses-patee  are  thickly  set 
with  brilliants,  and  have  each  an  emerald  in  the  centre, 
except  that  in  front  of  the  crown,  which  contains  the 
most  remarkable  jewel  belonging  to  the  regalia.  This 
is  a  large  spinal  ruby  of  irregular  drop-like  form, 
measuring  about  2  ins.  in  length,  and  is  highly  polished 


Fig.  726. —The  New  Royal  Cypher.     (From  a  War  Office  sealed  pattern.) 


Opposite  to  the  large  sapphire  is  one  of  smaller  size. 
The  remainder  of  the  rim  is  filled  in  with  rich  jewel 
clusters  having  alternately  sapphires  and  emeralds  in 
their  centres,  enclosed  in  ornamental  borders  thickly 
set  with  diamonds.  These  clusters  are  separated  from 
each  other  by  trefoil  designs  also  thickly  set  with 
diamonds.  The  rim  is  bordered  above  and  below  with 
bands  of  large  pearls,  1 29  in  the  lower  row,  and  11 2  in 
the  upper.  [The  crown  as  remade  for  King  Edward 
VII.  now  has  139  pearls  in  the  lower  row,  and  122  in 
the  upper.]  Above  the  rim  are  shallow  festoons  of 
diamonds  caught  up  between  the  larger  ornaments  by 


on  what  is  probably  its  natural  surface,  or  nearly  so. 
Its  irregular  outline  makes  it  possible  to  recognise  the 
place  that  it  has  formerly  occupied  in  the  older  State 
crowns,  and  it  seems  always  to  have  been  given  the 
place  of  honour.  It  is  pierced  after  an  Oriental  fashion, 
and  the  top  of  the  piercing  is  filled  with  a  supplementary 
ruby  set  in  gold.  Don  Pedro,  King  of  Castille  in  1367, 
murdered  the  King  of  Granada  for  the  sake  of  his 
jewels,  one  of  wliich  was  this  stone,  and  Don  Pedro  is 
said  to  have  given  it  to  Edward  the  Black  Prince 
after  the  battle  of  Najera,  near  Vittoria,  in  the  same 
year.    After  this,  it  is  said  to  have  been  worn  by  Henry  V. 


268 


PLATE   LXXXV 


^.^^ 


K4oo  vw^-P^M9aarvi(? 


OWU^y/Z^^f-^ 


'>'-^' 


sifc— 


^)^m(7m^n(k 


4  4i>vv«. /^Ai 


ARMS    FROM    A    MANUSCRIPT   AT   THE    COLLEGE    OF    ARMS. 
TEMP.    HENRY   VI. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  his  crown  at  A^incourt  in  1415,  when  it  is  recorded 
that  the  King's  lite  was  saved  from  the  attack  of  the 
Due  D'Aleu(,-on,  because  of  the  protection  afforded  him 
by  his  crown,  a  portion  of  which,  however,  was  broken 
off.  It  may  be  confidently  predicted  that  such  a  risk 
of  destruction  is  not  v«ry  likely  to  happen  again  to  the 
great  ruby. 

"  In  the  centre  of  each  of  the  very  ornamental  fleurs- 
de-lis  is  a  ruby,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  ornamentation 
on  them  is  composed  of  rose  diamonds,  large  and  small. 
From  each  of  the  crosses-patee,  the  upper  corners  of 
which  have  each  a  large  pearl  upon  them,  rises  an  arch 
of  silver  worked  into  a  design  of  oak-leaves  and  acorn- 
cups.  These  leaves  and  cups  are  all  closely  encrusted 
with  a  mass  of  large  and  small  diamonds,  rose  brilliant, 
and  table  cut ;  the  acorns  themselves  formed  of  beautiful 
drop-shaped  pearls  of  large  size.  From  the  four  points 
of  intersection  of  the  arches  at  the  top  of  the  crown 
depend  large  egg-shaped  pearls.  From  the  centre  of 
the  arches,  which  slope  slightly  downwards,  springs  a 
mound  with  a  cross-patee  above  it.  The  mound  is 
ornamented  all  over  with  close  lines  of  brilliant 
diamonds,  and  the  fillet  which  encircles  it,  and  the 
arch  which  crosses  over  it,  are  both  ornamented  with 
one  line  of  large  rose-cut  diamonds  set  closely  together. 
The  cross-patee  at  the  top  has  in  the  centre  a  large 
sapphire  of  magnificent  colour  set  openly.  The  outer 
lines  of  the  arms  of  the  cross  are  marked  by  a  row  of 
small  diamonds  close  together  and  in  the  centre  of  each 
arm  is  a  large  diamond,  the  remaining  spaces  being 
filled  with  more  small  diamonds.  The  large  sapphire 
in  the  centre  of  this  cross  is  said  to  have  come  out  of 
the  ring  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  which  was  buried 
with  him  in  his  shrine  at  Westminster,  and  the  posses- 
sion of  it  is  supposed  to  give  to  the  owner  the  power  of 
curing  the  cramp.  If  this  be  indeed  the  stone  which 
belonged  to  St.  Edward,  it  was  probably  recut  in  its 
present  form  of  a  'rose'  for  Charles  II.,  even  if  not 
since  his  time. 

"  Not  counting  the  large  ruby  or  the  large  sapphire, 
this  crown  contains :  Four  rubies,  eleven  emeralds, 
sixteen  sapphires,  two  hundred  and  seventy  -  seven 
pearls,  two  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-three 
diamonds.  [As  remade  for  King  Edward  VII.  the  crown 
now  has  297  pearls  and  2818  diamonds.] 

"The  large  ruby  has  been  valued  at  £1 10,000. 

"  When  this  crown  has  to  take  a  journey  it  is  provided 
with  a  little  casket,  lined  with  white  velvet,  and  having 
a  sliding  drawer  at  the  bottom,  with  a  boss  on  which  the 
crown  fits  closely,  so  that  it  is  safe  from  slipping.  The 
velvet  cap  turned  up  with  miniver,  with  which  it  is 
worn,  is  kept  with  it." 

This  crown  has  been  recently  remade  for  King  Edward 
VII.,  but  has  not  been  altered  in  any  essential  details. 
The  Ulustration  of  it  in  Plate  LI.  is  reproduced  from  a 
photogi-aph  taken  after  its  alteration  for  King  Edward. 
This  plate  has  been  very  kindly  presented  to  the 
present  work  by  Messrs.  R.  &  S.  Garrard  &  Co.,  of 
the  Haymarket,  S.W.  The  cap  of  the  real  crown  is  of 
purple  velvet  as  shown  in  the  plate. 

Fig.  727  represents  the  crown  of  the  Queen  Consort 
with  which  Queen  Alexandra  was  crowned  on  August  9, 
1902.  It  will  be  noticed  that,  unlike  the  King's  crowns, 
this  has  eight  arches.  The  circlet  which  forms  the 
base  is  il  inches  in  height.  The  crown  is  entirely 
composed  of  diamonds,  of  which  there  are  3972,  and 
these  are  placed  so  closely  together  that  no  metal 
remains  visible.  The  large  diamond  visible  in  the 
illustration  is  the  famous  Koh-i-noor.  Resting  upon 
the  rim  are  four  crosses  patee,  and  as  many  fleurs-de-lis, 
from  each  of  which  springs  an  arch. 

There  is  yet  another  crown,  probably  the  one  with 


which  we  are  most  familiar.  This  is  a  small  crown 
entirely  composed  of  diamonds :  and  the  earliest  heraldic 
use  which  can  be  found  of  it  is  in  the  design  by  Sir 
Edgar  Boehm  for  the  1887  Jubilee  coinage.  Though 
effective  enough  when  worn,  it  does  not,  from  its  small 
size,  lend  itself  effectively  to  pictorial  representation,  and 
as  will  be  remembered,  the  design  of  the  1 887  coinage  was 
soon  abandoned.  This  crown  was  made  at  the  personal 
expense  of  Queen  Victoria,  and  under  her  instructions, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  her  late  Majesty  found  her  "  State  " 
Crown  uncomfortable  to  wear,  and  too  heavy  for  pro- 
longed or  general  use.  It  is  understood,  also,  that  the 
Queen  found  the  regulations  concerning  its  custody  both 
inconvenient  and  irritating.  During  the  later  part  of 
her  reign  this  smaller  crown  was  the  only  one  Queen 
Victoria  ever  wore.  By  her  will  the  crown  was  settled 
as   an   heuioora   upon    Queen    Alexandra,  to    devolve 


Fjg.  727. 

upon  future  Queens  Consort  for  the  time  being.  This 
being  the  case,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  in  the  future 
this  crown  may  come  to  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the 
national  regalia,  and  it  is  as  well,  therefore,  to  reiterate 
the  remark,  that  it  was  made  at  the  personal  expense 
of  her  late  Majesty,  and  is  to  no  extent  and  in  no  way 
the  property  of  the  nation. 

OTHER  EUROPEAN  CROWNS 

The  crowns  used  by  other  ruling  European  sovereigns 
will  be  found  on  Plate  LII.  In  order  to  facilitate  refer- 
ence thereto,  they  are  here  referred  to  and  arranged 
according  to  the  countries  to  which  they  belong,  and 
not  in  the  order  in  which  they  stand  upon  the  plate. 

AUSTEIA-HUNGARY 

Fig.  I.  Austrian  Imperial  Crown. — The  Emperor 
Rudolph  II.  had  this  admirable  piece  of  the  goldsmith's 
art  made  in  the  year  1602.  The  crown  was  probably 
made  by  the  Augsburg  goldsmith  David  Attemstetter, 
who  was  appointed  goldsmith  to  the  Crown.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  cost  700,000  thalers.  (A  thaler  is  a 
little  less  than  3s.)     On  the  point  or  summit  of  the 


269 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


cross  upon  the  crown  is  an  uncut  sapphire,  and  the 
golden,  dome-like,  upper  pieces  show  coronation  pictures 
in  embossed  work.  The  Imperial  crown  of  Frederick 
III.,  on  his  monument  in  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral, 
Vienna,  probably  served  as  a  model  (Fig.  728).  In  the 
year   1804,  on  the  raising  of  Austria  into  an  Empire, 


Fig.  72S. — Imperial  Crown  of  Frederick  III.  (IV.),  {d.  1493). 

this  crown  was  declared  the  Imperial  crown  of  Austria. 
The  gold-fringed,  blue  crown-ribbons  which  appear  in 
the  representation  of  the  crown  in  the  arms  of  Austria 
are  not  present  in  the  real  crown. 

Fig.  6  (Plate  LII.).  Boliemian  Royal  Crown,  also 
called  W enzeh-crown. — In  the  year  1347,  Blanche  of 
Valois,  wife  of  the  Emperor  Charles  IV.,  had  a  Bohemian 
Royal  Crown  made  after  the  pattern  of  the  old  French 
Royal  Crown,  using  the  materials  of  the  Bohemian 
Ducal  Crown  of  the  time  of  St.  Wenzel  (St.  Wenceslaus). 
It  consists  of  four  parts,  fastened  together  by  hinges. 
In  the  cross,  a  relic,  a  thorn  from  the  crown  of  Christ, 
is  introduced.  The  cap  inside  was  not  added  until  later. 
The  crown  remains  amongst  the  Crown  treasures  at  St. 
Veit's,  Prague. 

Fig.  13  (Plate  LII.).  Austrian  Archducal  Groxvn 
(or  Cap). — A  cherry-red  velvet  cap,  turned  up  with 
ermine,  scalloped  into  rounded  pieces,  is  the  founda- 
tion for  a  clasp,  or  buckle  crown,  and  is  so  arranged 
that  the  spikes  of  the  circlet  are  visible  between 
the  rounded  points  of  the  ermine.  The  arches  of 
the  crown  are  four-sided,  and  set  with  pearls  and 
rubies.      A   lentiform   or   ball-shaped  sapphire   serves 


Fig.  729.— Styrian  Ducal  Hat. 

as  the  Imperial  orb.  The  Archducal  Crown  was 
deposited  for  safe  keeping  with  the  Monastery  of 
Klosterneuberg  on  November  27,  1616,  by  the  Arch- 
duke Maximilian  III.,  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  of  Knightood,  where  it  still  remains,  in  the 
treasure-chamber.  A  much  older  Austrian  Ducal  Crown 
is  to  be  found  in  the  Landhause  (the  house  where  the 
States  of  a  country  meet)  at  Graz,  and  is  called  the 
Styrian  Ducal  Hat  (Fig.  729).  It  is  the  crown  of  Duke 
Ernest  der  Eiserne  (Ernest  the  Iron),  died  1424,  in 
which  he  appears  crowned  on  his  monument  in  the 
Monastery  of  Reun,  near  Graz.      In  the  time  of  Maria 


Theresa  the  frame-work  of  the  crown  was  readjusted, 
the  tips  of  the  crown  points  set  with  pearls,  and  the 
inner  cap  bordered  with  ermine,  but  unfortunately  in- 
correctly placed.  The  original  in  the  proper  shape  is 
shown  in  the  crown  of  Duke  Max,  the  son  of  Frederic 
III.  (Fig.  730),  ia  the  Wappenhuch  filr  die  oster- 
reichischen  Herzoge  ("  Book  of  Arms  for  the  Austrian 
Dukes"),  1445.  (See  Plate  XXVIII.)  It  is  to  be  met 
with  in  precisely  the  same  shape  over  the  five-eagle 
shield  on  the  monument  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  III. 
in  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral,  Vienna. 


Fig.  730. — Maximilian's  Ducal  Hat,  1445. 

Fig.  4  (Plate  LII.).  Hungarian  Crown  of  St. 
Stephen. — This  national  relic  of  the  Magyars  is  made  out 
of  two  different  crowns.  The  two  hoops  crossing  one 
another  and  the  cap  itself,  consisting  of  thin  sheet-gold, 
belong  to  the  Latin  crown  which  King  Stephen  I.  is 
said  to  have  received  from  Pope  Sylvester  II.  on  his 
conversion  to  Christianity  in  the  year  1000.  The 
second  Byzantine  or  Greek  crown  consists  of  a  circlet 
which  is  adorned  in  front  with  nine  ornamental  pedi- 
ments. At  the  back  the  circlet  is  set  with  pearls. 
This  second  crown  was  a  gift  of  the  East  Roman 
Emperor,  Michael  Dukas,  who  sent  it  to  Duke  Geysa 
in  1705.  The  cross  is  a  later  addition,  and  is  fastened 
on  without  regard  for  the  enamelled  pictures  on  the 
hoops  or  rings  of  the  crown.  In  course  of  time  the 
sheets  of  gold,  to  which  the  new  ornament  had  been 
somewhat  carelessly  attached,  got  loose,  and  the  cross 
lost  its  stability. 

Very  similarly  composed  to  the  Byzantine   part  of 


Fig.  731. 


-Crown  sent  by  the  Emperor  Monomachos  to 
King  Andreas  of  Hungary. 


St.  Stephen's  crown  is  the  crown  which  King  Andreas 
of  Hungary  received  about  the  middle  of  the  eleventh 


270 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


century  from  tlie  Emperor  Constantine  Monomachos  as 
a  present.  In  i860  and  1861  the  plates  of  this  crown 
(Fig.  731)  were  turned  up  by  the  plough  near  Nyitra 
Jvanka  (Neutraer  Comitat). 

Transylvania  (Siebenburgern),  united  to  Hungary  in 
1688,  was  raised  to  a  Grand  Duchy  by  Diploma,  by 
Maria  Theresa  on  November  2,  1765,  and  received  a  new 
cro'ivn  invented  for  the  purpose  (Fig.  732).     This  Grand 


Fig.  732. — Crown  of  Transylvania. 

Ducal  Crown  of  Transylvania  shows  two  hoops,  spanning 
from  front  to  back,  and  a  purple  cap,  covered  with  a 
golden  network. 

German  Empire 

Fig.  2  (Plate  LII.).  German  Imperial  Crown. — This 
crown,  which  has  no  actual  existence  apart  from 
heraldry,  is  that  of  the  New  German  Empire,  and 
shows  four  larger  and  four  smaller  plates  or  medal- 
lions of  gold  placed  octagonally  side  by  side;  these 
medallions  are  rounded  at  the  top  and  bordered  with 
diamonds.  The  larger  medallions  each  show  a  large 
cross  that  has  two  smaller  crosses  in  the  corners  below 
it:  the  small  medallions  each  contain  an  eagle,  with 
an  eight-raj'ed  star  suspended  over  its  head.  On  the 
large  medallions  rest  richly  ornamented  golden  hoops 
or  arches,  which  at  the  summit  of  the  crown  spread 
out  into  a  leaf-shaped  ornament  which  supports  a  blue 
Imperial  orb  adorned  with  precious  stones.  The  crown 
is  lined  with  gold,  and  encloses  a  low  cap  of  gold 
brocade  which  is  diapered  with  Imperial  eagles  and 
crowns.  If  the  crown  is  represented  suspended,  gold 
crown-ribbons  are  added. 

The  crown  of  the  Roman-GerTnan  Empire,  wrongly 
but  universally  called  "the  crown  of  Charlemagne" 
(Fig.  733),  served  as  model  for  the  one  which  has  just 


Fig.  733. 


-Crown  of  the  Roman-German  Empire,  wrongly  known 
as  the  crown  of  Charlemagne. 


been  described.  It  was  a  Southern  Italian  piece  of  work 
of  the  eleventh  century,  and  until  the  year  1796  was 
preserved  with  the  other  Imperial  jewels  in  the  Church 
of  the  Holy  Ghost  at  Ntirnberg;  at  the  present  time, 
however,  it  is  in  the  Imperial  treasure-chamber  at 
Vienna.  This  crown,  as  a  crown  of  sovereignty,  has 
played  but  a  small  heraldic  role  with  the  exception  of 
a  short  interval  from  1804  to  1S06,  when  it  appeared 
suspended  over  the  newly-formed  Austrian  coat  of  arms. 
But    as    the    charge   upon    the   smaller    inescutcheon 


superimposed  upon  the  quartering  or  inescutcheon  of 
Hanover  on  the  arms  of  Great  Britain,  it  figured  as 
the  emblem  of  the  oiEce  of  Treasurer  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  from  the  accession  of  George  I.  to  the 
close  of  the  reign  of  George  IV. 

Fig.  5  (Plate  LIL).  Crown  of  the  German  Empress. 
— The  same  is  adorned  with  rubies  and  diamonds,  lined 
with  gold,  and  provided  with  a  cap  of  gold  brocade. 

Fig.  8  (Plate  LIL).  Croivn  of  the  German  Crown 
Prince. — The  circlet  bears,  alternately,  four  crosses 
and  four  eagles,  composed  of  brilliants.  Under  the 
hoops  appears  a  red  velvet  cap  with  lining  of  the  same 
colour. 

Fig.  7  (Plate  LIL).  Prussian  Royal  Crown. — This 
is  composed  of  a  gold  circlet  adorned  with  diamonds. 
The  eight  lower  ends  of  the  four  intersecting  arches, 
each  of  which  is  adorned  with  ten  brilliants,  are 
covered  by  fieurons,  each  of  four  diamonds,  between 
which  rise  up  spikes,  each  surmounted  by  a  pearl.  A 
large  sapphire  appears  on  the  top  as  the  Imperial  orb. 

lig.  g  (Plate  LIL).  Royal  Crown  of  Bavaria. — This 
crown  is  of  the  usual  shape  of  a  Royal  crown,  only  the 
golden  hoops  are  not  adorned  with  pearls,  but  with 
precious  stones.  The  crown  of  Bavaria,  through  the 
means  of  the  court  jeweller  Borgnis,  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  was  in  the  beginning  of  this  century  designed 
and  made  in  the  same  Parisian  workshop  as  the  crown 
and  insignia  of  Napoleon  I.  It  is  preserved  in  the 
treasure-chamber  of  the  Royal  residence  at  Miinich. 

In  the  arms  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin  there  has  appeared,  since,  1884,  the  so-called 
"  Wendische   Krone "    (Fig.   734),   a    green  -  enamelled 


Fig.  734. — "  Wendische  Krone  "  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

hinged  ring,  adorned  with  an  emerald,  the  shape  of 
which  was  copied  from  a  bronze  ring  dug  up  near 
Treehow.  This  is  believed  to  belong  to  the  later  period 
of  the  Bronze  Age. 

Russia   . 

Fig.  3  (Plate  LIL).  Russian  Emperor's  Crown. — 
This  is  entirely  made  of  diamonds  (5012),  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  large  (399  carat)  ruby.  The  crown  was 
made  in  the  time  of  the  Empress  Catherine  II.,  by  the 
celebrated  Genoese  jeweller  Panzie.  When  heraldicaUy 
represented,  blue  crown  ribbons  are  added. 


Fig.  735. — Crowu  of  the  Empress  of  Russia. 

The  Crown  of  the  Empress  is  similarly  shaped  (Fig. 
735).  Both  crowns  are  imposing,  more  from  their 
colossal  value  than  from  their  artistic  composition. 

Far  more  interesting  are  the  reaUy  national  crown- 


271 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


caps  of  the  kingdom  of  Kasan  (Fig.  736)  and  Astraohan 
(Fig.  737),  which  are  erected  in  the  shape  of  the  old 


Here  of  the  Order  of  the  Annimoiation,  bears  alternately 
leaves  set  with  precious  stones,  and  Savoy  crosses. 
The  Crown  Princes  Crown  is  similar  to  that  of  the 


Fig.  736 — Crown  of  Kasao. 


Fig.  737. — Crown  of  Astracban. 


BLnjasen  caps,  while  the  crown  of  the  Tsarina  Anna, 
borne  for  the  kingdom  of  Poland  (Fig.  738),  is  of  the  West 
European  type.  Of  national  make  again  are  the  crowns 
of  the  kingdom  of  Siberia  (Fig.  739)  and  of  the  Taurian 


Fig.  743. — Crown  of  the  Italian  Crown  Prince. 

king,  but  it  only  possesses  half  the  number  of  hoops 
(Fig.  743)- 

The  new  State  coat  of  arms  of  Italj',  of  the  year  1 890, 
shows  on  the  Royal  helmet  the  Iron  Crowm  (Fig.  744),  a 
broad  band  in  six  pieces,  which,  enamelled  green,  shows 
twenty-two  stones.  The  circlet  bears  on  the  inner  side 
a  narrow  iron  ring,  which  is  supposed  to  have  originally 


Fig.  73S. — Crown  of  Poland. 


Fig.  739. — Crown  uf  Siberia  (1684). 


Fig.  744. — The  Iron  Crown  of  Lombardy. 


Chersonesus  (Fig.  740).  The  crown  of  the  kingdom  of  been  a  nail  from  the  cross  of  Christ,  hence  its  name. 
Georgia  or  Grusinien,  on  the  contrary,  is  an  ordinary  The  Iron  Crown  was  considered  the  old  crown  of  the 
Koyal  crown  of  well-known  pattern.  kingdom  of  Lombardy,  and  Napoleon  I.  had  himself 

crowned  King  of  Italy  with  this  crown  at  Milan  in  1805. 


Fig.  740. — Crown  of  Taurien. 


Fig.  741.  — Crown  of  Kiew. 


Fig.  745. — The  Crown  of  Tuscany. 


The  united  Grand  Duchies  of  Kiew,  VLadimar,  and  xhe  crown  is  preserved  in  the  Cathedral  treasures  at 

Novgorod    received  under   Peter   the   Great   a   crown  Monza. 

(Fig.  741)  copied  from  the  Taurian  crown-cap.    Uniquely         Tlie  Croivn  of  the  Grand  Dxichy  of  Tv^cany  also  be- 
made  is  the  crown  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Finland, 


Fig.  742.— Crown  of  Finland. 

which  was  united  by  personal  imion  to  Russia  (Fig. 
742) ;  this  crown  is  borne  in  the  great  coat  of  arms  of 
Russia. 

Italy 

Fig.  12  (Plate  LIL).  Italian  Royal  Croivn. — The 
crown  is  an  eight-hooped  crown  with  a  low  purple 
cap.     The  circlet,  which  is  decorated  with  the  corde- 


FlG.  746. 


-The  Cap  of  the  Doge 
of  Venice. 


Fig.  747. — The  Crown  of  the 
Kepublic  of  San  Marino. 


longs  to  the  Italian  crowns  (Fig.  745),  and  was  worn  by 
the  Medicis,  Dukes  of  Florence.  It  is  a  crown  with 
points,  adorned  in  the  middle  of  the  front  with  the 
tigure  of  the  Florentine  coat  of  arms,  the  "  florenced  " 
fleur-de-lis.  In  old  representations,  the  leaves  on  the 
sides  are  not  to  be  met  with. 

Fig.  746  shows  the  Venetian  Doge's  Cap,  which,  it  is 


C(i^A^~ 


PLATE   LXXXVI. 


\\yc^vl^C^ycS 


Q^)cKVix^t)pqo^  Mp^ 


(\\:l/lA 


'fn 


(l^^^divp^^ 


i^^H^rr^ 


Cxif  (|xVUO^<>cJtV!J^C 


1/bj3^^C.<fli?KC 


ARMS    FROM   A   MANUSCRIPT  AT   THE   COLLEGE   OF   ARMS. 
TEMP.    HENRY  VI. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


true,  disappeared  from  history  with  the  last  Doge  of 
Venice,  Ludovico  Manin,  12th  May  1797,  but  was  borne 
later  by  a  few  noble  Venetian  families  (Giustiniani, 
Manin  Sagredo,  Vendrami,  and  others)  in  their  arms. 
It  is  of  the  shape  ot  a  fisherman's  cap,  with  a  circlet 
richly  set  with  pearls  and  precious  stones,  which  is 
occasionally  made  like  a  foliage  crown.  Here  belongs 
finally,  also,  the  crown  of  the  little  Italian  Free  State  of 
San  Marino  (Fig.  747).  It  is  a  spiked  crown  (David's 
crown)  with  four  hoops,  and  a  low  pui'ple  cap. 

Sweden 

Fig.  14  (Plate  LII.).  Crown  of  the  Grown  Prince 
of  Sweden,  Duke  of  Vermland. — The  circlet  bears  eight 
high  points  with  pearls  on  the  tips,  between  them 
similar  but  lower  ones  are  visible.  On  the  front,  in 
place  of  the  lower  points,  the  armorial  charge  of  the 
House  of  AVasa,  a  sheaf  or  fascine  (Was.ti.r),  is  introduced. 
The  blue  cap  is  diapered  with  gold  crowns,  the  armorial 
bearings  of  the  kingdom  of  Sweden.  The  Dukes  (of 
Vestergotland,  Nerike,  von  Schoonen,  Sodermanland, 
and  Vestmanland)  bear  a  similar  crown,  only,  instead 
of  the  lower  points,  the  black  sheaves  continue  all  the 
way  round  (Fig.  748).     Of  the  King's  crown,  a  Dutch 


Fig.  748. — Crown  of  the  Dukes  of  Sweden. 

piece  of  work  of  the  time  of  King  Erich  IV.,  which  is 
very  richly  elaborated,  it  was  unfortunately  not  possible 
to  obtain  any  sufficiently  clear  description  or  repre- 
sentation. 

ROUMANIA 

Fig.  15  (Plate  LIL).  Plevna  Crown. — The  Royal 
crown  of  Roumania  was  made  by  the  officers  of  the 
ArtUlery  of  the  Aisenal  at  Bucharest,  after  the  Royal 
Proclamation  of  March  26,  1881,  from  the  material  of 
an  iron  cannon  captured  by  the  Roumanians  at  Plevna. 
It  is  independent  of  any  gilding  or  any  jewelled  orna- 
ments. 

Bulgaria 

Tlie  Crown  of  Prince  Ferdino/nd  of  Bvlgaria,  (elected 
July  7,  1887,  by  the  Sobranie)  was  designed  in  1891  by 
Huyer  von  Rosenfeld,  and  shows  a  circlet  with  lily- 


FlG.  749.— Crown  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bolgaria. 

shaped  points,  behind  which  eight  hoops  arch  over  a  low 
purple  cap   (Fig.  749).      The  gold-fringed  white-crown 


ribbons  are  edged  with  red  and  green.     (White,  green, 
and  red  are  the  national  colours  of  Bulgaria.) 

France 

The  different  French  dynasties  (Bourbon,  Orleans, 
Napoleonic)  likewise  bore  crowns  of  their  own,  but  the 
representation  of  them  seems  unnecessary. 

The  closed  crown  is  said  to  have  been  assumed  by 
Charles  VIII.  in  1495,  but  it  does  not  appear  upon  the 
Great  Seal  of  any  of  the  French  sovereigns  until 
it  is  found  on  that  of  Henry  II.  in  1547.  The  Royal 
Crown  of  France  was  a  circlet  of  gold  surmounted 
by  eight  demi-fleurs-de-lis  and  closed  by  eight  pearled 
bands  uniting  and  terminating  in  a  fleur-de-lis.  The 
Imperial  Crown  of  France,  first  adopted  by  the  Emperor 
Napoleon,  was  a  golden  circlet  adorned  with  gems,  sup- 
porting (see  Woodward,  p.  621)  "  and  completely  closed 
in  by  eight  Imperial  eagles  whose  elevated  wings  were 
united  with  alternate  conventional  palm-branches  rising 
from  Greek  honeysuckle  floriations,  to  support  the  orb 
and  the  cross." 


EXOTIC  CROWNS 

Amongst  other  crowns  which  will  have  interest  may 
be  mentioned  the  Crown  of  the  Khedive  of  Egypt 
(Fig.  750).  It  is  a  hooped  crown,  lined  with  purple, 
the  Imperial  orb  being  replaced  by  a  crescent  and 
star. 


Fig.  750.- 


-Crown  of  the  Khedive 
of  Egypt. 


Fig.  751. — Crown  of  the 
Shah  of  Persia. 


27ie  Crown  of  the  Shah  of  Persia  (Fig.  751),  and 
the  Chvlah  Crovm.  of  Siam  (Fig.  752),  which  is  the 
crown  of  the  King  of  Cambodia  (Kambodscha),  show 
quite    an    Oriental   type,  whereas   the    Crown   of  the 


Fig.  752. — Crown  of  Siam. 


Fig.  753. — Crown  of  the  Sultan 
of  Johore. 


273 


Sultan  of  Johore  (Fig.  753)  seems  to  be  an  imitation  of 
the  European  shape  of  crown. 


CORONETS  OF  RANK 

In  spite  of  various  Continental  edicts,  the  heraldic 
use  of  coronets  of  rank,  as  also  their  actual  use,  seems 
elsewhere  than  in  Great  Britain  to  be  governed  by  no 

2m 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


such  strict  regulations  as  are  laid  down  and  conformed 
to  in  this  country.  For  this  reason,  no  less  than  for 
the  greater  interest  these  must  necessarily  possess  for 
readers  in  this  country,  English  coronets  will  first 
claim  our  attention.  It  has  been  already  observed 
that  coronets  or  jewelled  fillets  are  to  be  found  upon 
the  helmets  even  of  simple  knights  from  the  earliest 
periods.  They  probably  served  no  more  than  deco- 
rative purposes,  unless  these  fillets  be  merely  turbans,  or 


Fig.  754. — Coronet  of  Thomas  FitzAlan.  Earl  of  Arundel. 
{From  his  monument  in  Arundel  Church,  1415.) 

suggestions  thereof.  As  late  as  the  fifteenth  century 
there  appears  to  have  been  no  regularised  form,  as  will 
be  seen  from  Fig.  754,  which  represents  the  coronet  as 
shown  upon  the  effigy  of  Thomas  FitzAlan,  Earl  of 
Arundel,  in  Arundel  Church  (141 5).  A  very  similar 
coronet  surmounts  the  head-dress  of  the  effigy  of 
Beatrice,  Countess  of  Arundel,  at  the  same  period.  In 
his  will,  Lionel,  Duke  of  Clarence  (1368),  bequeaths 
"  two  golden  circles,"  with  one  of  which  he  was  created 
duke.     It  is  of  interest  to  compare  this  with  Fig.  755, 


Fig.  755. — Crown  of  King  Henry  IV.  (1399-1413}.     (From  his 
monument  in  Trinity  Chapel,  Canterbury  Cathedral. ) 

which  represents  the  Crown  of  King  Henry  IV.  as  re- 
presented on  his  effigy.  Richard,  Earl  of  Arundel,  in  his 
will  (December  5,  1375)  leaves  his  "  melieure  coronne" 
to  his  eldest  son  Richard,  his  "  second  melieure  coronne  " 
to  his  daughter  Joan,  and  his  "  tierce  coronne  "  to  his 
daughter  Alice.  Though  not  definite  proof  of  the  point, 
the  fact  that  the  earl  distributes  his  coronets  amongst 
his  famOy  irrespective  of  the  fact  that  the  earldom  (of 
which  one  would  presume  the  coronets  to  be  a  sign) 
would  pass  to  his  son,  would  seem  to  show  that  the 
wearing  of  a  coronet  even  at  that  date  was  merely  indi- 
cative of  high  nobility  of  birth,  and  not  of  the  possession 
of  a  substantive  Parliamentary  peerage.  In  spite  of  the 
variations  in  form,  coronets  were,  however,  a  necessity. 
When  both  dukes  and  earls  were  created  they  were  in- 
vested with  a  coronet  in  open  Parliament.  As  time  went 
on  the  coronet,  however,  gradually  came  to  be  considered 
the  sign  of  the  possession  of  a  peerage,  and  was  so  borne  ; 


but  it  was  not  until  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  that  coronets 
were  definitely  assigned  by  Royal  Warrant  (February  19, 
1660)  to  peers  not  of  the  Blood  Royal.  Before  this  date 
a  coronet  had  not  (as  has  been  already  stated)  been  used 
heraldically  or  in  fact  by  barons,  who,  both  in  armorial 
paintings  and  in  Parliament,  had  used  a  plain  crimson 
cap  turned  up  with  white  fur. 

The  coronet  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  is  exactly  like  the 
official  (St.  Edward's)  crown,  except  that  instead  of  two 
intersectmg  arches  it  has  only  one.  An  illustration  of 
this  is  given  in  Fig.  756  (this  being  the  usual  form  in 
which  it  is  heraldically  depicted),  and  it  also  appears 
on  Plate  LIII.  Fig.  i  and  on  Plate  LVL,  which  repre- 
sents the  armorial  bearings  of  King  Edward  VII.  and 
Queen  Alexandra  as  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales.  It 
should  be  noticed,  however,  that  this  coronet  belongs 
to  the  Prince  as  eldest  son  of  the  Sovereign  and  heir- 
apparent  to  the  Throne,  and  not  as  Prince  of  Wales. 
It  was  assigned  by  Royal  Warrant  9th  February,  13 
Charles  II.  The  coronet  of  the  Princess  of  Wales,  as 
such,  is  heraldically  the  same  as  that  of  her  husband. 


'C'W 


Fig.  756. 


-Coronet  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales. 


Fig, 


757. — Coronet 
ciiildren  of  the 


of  the  younger 
Sovereign. 


but  in  Plate  LVI.  the  coronet  shown  over  the  personal 
shield  of  her  present  Majesty  (to  which  she  was  entitled 
in  her  own  right,  and  not  by  marriage),  is  her  coronet 
as  a  Princess  of  Denmark. 

The  coronets  of  the  sons  and  daughters  or  brothers 
and  sisters  of  a  sovereign  of  Great  Britain  (other  than  a 
Prince  of  Wales)  is  as  in  Fig.  757  and  Plate  LIII.  Fig.  2, 
that  is,  the  circlet  being  identical  with  that  of  the  Royal 
Crown,  and  of  the  Prince  of  Wales'  coronet,  but  with- 
out the  arch.  This  was  also  assigned  in  the  warrant  of 
9th  February,  1 3  Charles  II.  Officially  this  coronet  is 
described  as  being  composed  of  crosses-patee  and  fleurs- 
de-lis  alternately. 

The  grandchildren  of  a  sovereign  being  sons  and 
daughters  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  or  of  other  sons  of 
the  sovereign,  have  a  coronet  in  which  strawberry 
leaves  are  substituted  for  the  two  outer  crosses-patee 
appearing  at  the  edges  of  the  coronet,  which  is  officially 
described  as  composed  of  crosses-patee,  fleurs-de-lis,  and 
strawberry  leaves  (Plate  LIII.  Fig.  3). 

Princes  of  the  English  Royal  Family  being  sons  of 
younger  sons  of  a  sovereign,  or  else  nephews  of  a  sove- 
reign being  sons  of  brothers  of  a  sovereign,  and  having 
the  rank  and  title  of  a  duke  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
have  a  coronet  composed  alternately  of  crosses-patee 
and  strawberry  leaves,  the  latter  taking  the  place  of 
the  fleurs-de-lis  upon  the  circlet  of  the  Royal  Crown. 
This  coronet  was  also  assigned  in  the  warrant  of  9th 
February,  1 3  Charles  II.  (Plate  LIII.  Fig.  4). 

It  will  be  observed  by  those  who  compare  one  heraldic 
book  with  another  that  I  have  quoted  these  rules  dif- 
ferently from  any  other  work  upon  the  subject.  A 
moment's  thought,  however,  must  convince  any  one  of 
the  accuracy  of  my  version.  It  is  a  cardinal  rule  of 
armory  that  save  for  the  single  circumstance  of  attainder 
no  man's  armorial  insicrnia  shall  be  degraded.     Whilst 


274 


PLATE  LXXXVIT. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


any  man's  status  may  be  increased,  it  cannot  be  lessened. 
Most  heraldic  books  quote  the  coronet  of  crosses-patee, 
fleurs-de-lis,  and  strawberry  leaves,  as  the  coronet  of  the 
"grandsons  "  of  the  sovereign,  whilst  the  coronet  of  crosses 
patee  and  strawberry  leaves  is  stated  to  be  the  coronet 
of  "  nephews  "  or  cousins  of  the  sovereign.  Such  a  state 
of  affairs  would  be  intolerable,  because  it  would  mean  the 
liability  at  any  moment  to  be  degraded  to  the  use  of  a 
less  honourable  coronet.  Take,  for  example,  the  case  of 
Prince  Arthur  of  Connaught.  During  the  lifetime  of 
Queen  Victoria,  as  a  grandson  of  the  sovereign  he  would 
be  entitled  to  the  former,  whereas  as  soon  as  King  Edward 
ascended  the  throne  he  would  have  been  forced  to  re- 
linquish it  in  favour  of  the  more  remote  form.  Take 
the  case  of  the  Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  was  certainly 
the  nephew  of  the  sovereign  for  the  time  being  when 
the  coronet  of  crosses-patee  and  strawberry  leaves  was 
assigned  to  him  by  Royal  Warrant  in  the  reign  of  King 
William  IV.,  but  he  is  also  the  grandson  of  George  III., 
and  he  has  ceased  to  be  the  nephew,  of  the  sovereign  for 
the  time  being  to  a  no  greater  extent  than  he  has  ceased 
to  be  the  grandson  of  the  sovereign  for  the  time  being. 
The  real  truth  is  that  the  members  of  the  Royal 
Family  do  not  inherit  these  coronets  ipso  facto  or  as  a 
matter  of  course.  They  technically  and  in  fact  have  no 
coronets  untU  these  have  been  assigned  by  Royal  Warrant 
with  the  arms.  When  such  warrants  are  issued,  the 
coronets  assigned  have  up  to  the  present  time  conformed 
to  the  above  rules.  I  am  not  sure  that  the  "  rules " 
now  exist  in  any  more  potent  form  than  that  up  to  the 
present  time  those  particular  patterns  happen  to  have 
been  assigned  in  the  circumstances  stated.  But  the 
warrants  (though  they  contain  no  hereditary  limitation) 
certainly  contain  no  clause  limiting  their  operation  to 
the  lifetime  of  the  then  sovereign,  which  they  certainly 
would  do  if  the  coronet  only  existed  whilst  the  particular 
relationship  continued. 

The  terms  "  grandson  of  the  sovereign  "  and  "  nephew 
of  the  sovereign,"  which  are  usually  employed,  are  not 
correct.  The  coronets  only  apply  to  the  children  of 
■princes.  The  children  of  princesses,  who  are  un- 
doubtedly included  in  the  terms  "grandson"  and 
"  nephew,"  are  not  technically  members  of  the  Royal 
Family,  nor  do  they  inherit  either  rank  or  coronet 
from  their  mothers. 

By  a  curious  fatality  there  has  never,  since  these 
Roj'al  coronets  were  differentiated,  been  any  male 
descendant  of  an  English  sovereign  more  remotely 
related  than  a  nephew,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Dukes  of  Cumberland.  Their  succession  to  the 
throne  of  Hanover  renders  them  useless  as  a  precedent, 
inasmuch  as  their  right  to  arms  and  coronet  must  be 
derived  from  Hanover  and  its  laws,  and  not  from  this 
country.  The  Princess  Frederioa  of  Hanover,  however, 
uses  an  Enghsh  coronet  and  the  Royal  Arms  of  England, 
presumably  preferring  her  status  as  a  princess  of  this 
country  to  whatever  cle  jure  Hanoverian  status  might 
be  claimed.  It  is  much  to  be  wished  that  a  Royal 
Warrant  should  be  issued  to  her  which  would  decide 
the  point — at  present  in  doubt — as  to  what  degree  of 
relationship  the  coronet  of  the  crosses-patee  and  straw- 
berry leaves  is  available  for,  or  failing  that  coronet  what 
the  coronet  of  prince  or  princess  of  .this  country  might 
be,  he  or  she  not  being  child,  grandchild,  or  nephew  or 
niece  of  a  sovereign. 

The  unique  use  of  actual  coronets  in  England  at  the 
occasion  of  each  coronation  ceremony  has  prevented 
them  becoming  (as  in  so  many  other  countries)  mere 
pictured  heraldic  details.  Consequentl}'  the  instructions 
concerning  them  which  are  issued  prior  to  each  corona- 
tion will  be  of  interest.  The  following  is  from  the 
London  Gazette  of  October  i,  1901 : — 


"Bahl  Marshal's  Office, 
Norfolk  House,  St.  James's  Square,  S.W., 
October  I,  1901. 

"The  Earl  Marshal's  Order  concerning  the  Robes, 
Coronets,  &c.,  which  are  to  be  worn  by  the  Peers  at  the 
Coronation  of  Their  Most  Sacred  Majesties  King  Edward 
the  Seventh  and  Queen  Alexandra. 

"  These  are  to  give  notice  to  all  Peers  who  attend  at 
the  Coronation  of  Their  Majesties,  that  the  robe  or 
mantle  of  the  Peers  be  of  crimson  velvet,  edged  with 
miniver,  the  cape  furred  with  miniver  pure,  and 
powdered  with  bars  or  rows  of  ermine  {i.e.,  narrow 
pieces  of  black  fur),  according  to  their  degree,  viz. : 

"  Barons,  two  rows. 

"  Viscounts,  two  rows  and  a  half. 

"  Earls,  three  rows. 

"  Marquesses,  three  rows  and  a  half. 

"  Dukes,  four  rows. 

"  The  said  mantles  or  robes  to  be  worn  over  full  Court 
dress,  uniform,  or  regimentals. 

"  The  coronets  to  be  of  sUver-gilt ;  the  caps  of  crimson 
velvet  turned  up  with  ermine,  with  a  gold  tassel  on  the 
top ;  and  no  jewels  or  precious  stones  are  to  be  set  or 
used  in  the  coronets,  or  counterfeit  pearls  instead  of 
silver  balls. 

"  The  coronet  of  a  Baron  to  have,  on  the  circle  or  rim, 
six  silver  balls  at  equal  distances. 

"  The  coronet  of  a  Viscount  to  have,  on  the  circle, 
sixteen  silver  balls. 

"  The  coronet  of  an  Earl  to  have,  on  the  cu'cle,  eight 
silver  balls,  raised  upon  points,  with  gold  strawberry 
leaves  between  the  points. 

"  The  coronet  of  a  Marquess  to  have,  on  the  circle,  four 
gold  strawberry  leaves  and  four  silver  balls  alternately, 
the  latter  a  little  raised  on  points  above  the  rim. 

"  The  coronet  of  a  Duke  to  have,  on  the  circle,  eight 
gold  strawberry  leaves. 

"  By  His  Majesty's  Command, 

"  Norfolk,  Earl  Marshal." 

"Eael  Marshal's  Office, 
Norfolk  House,  St.  James's  Square,  S.W., 
October  I,  rgoi. 

"The  Earl  Marshal's  Order  concerning  the  Robes, 
Coronets,  &c.,  which  are  to  be  worn  by  the  Peeresses  at 
the  Coronation  of  Their  Most  Sacred  Majesties  King 
Edward  the  Seventh  and  Queen  Alexandra. 

"  These  are  to  give  notice  to  all  Peeresses  who  attend 
at  the  Coronation  of  Their  Majesties,  that  the  robes  or 
mantles  appertaining  to  then-  respective  ranks  are  to  be 
worn  over  the  usual  full  Court  dress. 

"  That  the  robe  or  mantle  of  a  Baroness  be  of  crimson 
velvet,  the  cape  whereof  to  be  furred  with  miniver  pure, 
and  powdered  with  two  bars  or  rows  of  ermine  {i.e. 
narrow  pieces  of  black  fur) ;  the  said  mantle  to  be  edged 
round  with  miniver  pure  2  inches  in  breadth,  and  the 
train  to  be  3  feet  on  the  ground ;  the  coronet  to  be 
according  to  her  degree — viz.  a  rim  or  circle  with  six 
pearls  (represented  by  silver  balls)  upon  the  same,  not 
raised  upon  points. 

"That  the  robe  or  mantle  of  a  Vicountess  be  like 
that  of  a  Baroness,  only  the  cape  powdered  with  two 
rows  and  a  half  of  ermine,  the  edging  of  the  mantle 
2  inches  as  before,  and  the  train  i\  yards;  the  coronet 
to  be  according  to  her  degree — viz.  a  rim  or  circle  with 
pearls  (represented  by  silver  balls)  thereon,  sixteen  in 
number,  and  not  raised  upon  points. 

"  That  the  robe  or  mantle  of  a  Countess  be  as  before, 
only  the  cape  powdered,  with  three  rows  of  ermine,  the 
edging  3  inches  in  breadth,  and  the  train  i\  yards;  the 
coronet  to  be  composed  of  eight  pearls  (represented  by 
silver  balls)  raised  upon  points  or  rays,  with  small 
strawberry  leaves  between,  above  the  rim. 


275 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"That  the  robe  or  mantle  of  a  Marchioness  be  as 
before,  only  the  cape  powdered  with  three  rows  and  a 
half  of  ermine,  the  edging  4  inches  in  breadth,  the  train 
if  yards ;  the  coronet  to  be  composed  of  four  strawberry 
leaves  and  four  pearls  (represented  by  sUver  balls)  raised 
upon  points  of  the  same  height  as  the  leaves,  alternately, 
above  the  rim. 

"  That  the  robe  or  mantle  of  a  Duchess  be  as  before, 
only  the  cape  powdered  with  four  rows  of  ermine,  the 
edging  5  inches  broad,  the  train  2  yards ;  the  coronet  to 
be  composed  of  eight  strawberry  leaves,  all  of  equal 
height,  above  the  rim. 

"  And  that  the  caps  of  all  the  said  coronets  be  of 
crimson  velvet,  turned  up  with  ermine,  with  a  tassel  of 
gold  on  the  top. 

"  By  His  Majesty's  Command, 

"Norfolk,  Earl  Marshal." 

The  Coronation  Kobe  of  a  peer  is  not  identical  with 
his  Parliamentary  Robe  of  Estate.  This  is  of  fine 
scarlet  cloth,  lined  with  taii'eta.  The  distinction  be- 
tween the  degrees  of  rank  is  effected  by  the  guards  or 
bands  of  fur.  The  robe  of  a  duke  has  four  guards  of 
ermine  at  equal  distances,  with  gold  lace  above  each 
guard  and  tied  up  to  the  left  shoulder  by  a  white  riband. 
The  robe  of  a  marquess  has  four  guards  of  ermine  on 
the  right  side,  and  three  on  the  left,  with  gold  lace  above 
each  guard  and  tied  up  to  the  left  shoulder  by  a  white 
riband.  An  earl's  robe  has  three  guards  of  ermine  and 
gold  lace.  The  robes  of  a  viscount  and  baron  are  identi- 
cal, each  having  two  guards  of  plain  ivhite  fur. 

By  virtue  of  various  warrants  of  Earls  Marshal,  duly 
recorded  in  the  College  of  Arms,  the  use  or  display  of 
a  coronet  of  rank  by  any  person  other  than  a  peer  is 
stringently  forbidden.  This  rule,  unfortunately,  is  too 
often  ignored  by  many  eldest  sons  of  peers,  who  use 
peerage  titles  by  courtesy. 

Thfe  heraldic  representations  of  these  coronets  of  rank 
are  as  follows: — 

The  coronet  of  a  duke  shows  five  strawberry  leaves  (see 
Plate  LIII.  Fig.  5).  This  coronet  should  not  be  confused 
with  the  ducal  crest  coronet. 

The  coronet  of  a  marquess  shows  two  balls  of  silver 
technically  known  as  "  pearls,"  and  three  strawberry 
leaves  (Plate  LIII.  Fig.  6). 

The  coronet  of  an  earl  shows  five  "  pearls  "  raised  on 
tall  spikes,  alternating  with  four  strawberry  leaves 
(Plate  LIII.  Fig.  7). 

The  coronet  of  a  viscount  shows  nine  "  pearls,"  all 
set  closely  together,  directly  upon  the  circlet  (Plate 
LIII.  Fig.  8). 

The  coronet  of  a  baron  shows  four  "  pearls  "  upon  the 
circlet  (Plate  LIII.  Fig.  9).  This  coronet  was  assigned 
by  Royal  Warrant,  dated  7th  August,  12  Charles  II.,  to 
Barons  of  England  and  to  Barons  of  Ireland  by  warrant 
1 6th  May,  5  James  II. 

All  coronets  of  degree  actually,  and  are  usually  repre- 
sented to,  enclose  a  cap  of  crimson  velvet,  turned  up 
with  ermine.  None  of  them  are  permitted  to  be  jewelled, 
but  the  coronet  of  a  duke,  marquess,  earl,  or  viscount  is 
chased  in  the  form  of  jewels.  In  recent  times,  however, 
it  has  become  very  usual  for  peers  to  use,  heraldically, 
for  more  informal  purposes  a  representation  of  the 
circlet  only,  omitting  the  cap  and  the  ermine  edging. 

The  crown  or  coronet  of  a  king  of  arms  is  of  silver-gilt 
formed  of  a  circlet,  upon  which  is  inscribed  part  of  the 
first  verse  of  the  51st  Psalm,  viz.:  "Miserere  mei  Deus 
secundum  magnam  misericordiam  tuam."  The  rim  is 
surmounted  with  sixteen  leaves,  in  shape  resembling  the 
oak-leaf,  every  alternate  one  being  somewhat  higher  than 
the  rest,  nine  of  which  appear  in  the  profile  view  of  it  or 
in  heraldic  representations.  The  cap  is  of  crimson  satin, 
closed  at  the  top  by  a  gold  tassel  and  turned  up  with 


ermine. 
Fig.  758. 


This  can  be  seen  in  Figs.  19,  20,  21,  and  in 


I'lt;.  75S.— Sir  Artbur  Vicars,  K.C.V.O.,  Ulster  King  of  Arms. 
(From  a  photograph  by  Cliancellor,  Dublin.) 

Anciently,  the  crown  of  Lyon  King  of  Arms  was,  in 
shape,  an  exact  replica  of  the  crown  of  the  King  of  Scot- 
land, the  only  difference  being  that  it  was  not  jewelled. 

Coronets  of  rank  are  used  very  indiscriminately  on 
the  Continent,  particularly  in  France  and  the  Low 
Countries.  Their  use  by  no  means  implies  the  same 
as  with  us,  and  frequently  indicates  little  if  anything 
beyond  mere  "  noble  "  birth. 

The  remaining  coronets  of  which  illustrations  are 
given  are  those  of  other  countries. 

The  Kronevfilhrung  (List  or  Guide  of  the  Crowns) 
proposed  for  Germany  by  Count  Eudolf  von  StiU- 
fried-Rattonitz  and  Aleantara,  President  of  the  Royal 
Prussian  Heraldic  Office  in  Berlin,  in  spite  of  its  recog- 
nised suitability  and  opportuneness,  .has  not  been 
consistently  adopted  in  those  cases  indicated  by  the 
use  of  square  brackets.  The  majority  of  these  coronets 
having  no  actual  existence,  and  being  merely  heraldic 
representations,  in  the  counting  of  the  points  of  the 
coronets  and  the  pearls,  only  those  visible  in  a  drawing 
are  specified,  and  not  the  presumed  number  in  the  whole 
circumference  of  the  circlet.  The  following,  Nos.  i  to 
40,  relate  exclusively  to  Plate  LIV-. 

Fig.  I.  Royal  Crown. — A  crown  with  five  arches, 
This  crown  is  borne  over  their  shields  by  the  Austrian 
Archdukes,  the  Royal  Princes  of  Prussia,  Bavaria, 
Saxony,  and  Wilrtemberg,  the  Princes  of  Baden,  Hesse, 
Mecklenburg,  Saxe-Weimar,  and  Saxe-Altenburg.  The 
State  coats  of  arms  of  Baden,  Greece,  Hesse,  Mecklen- 
burg, the  Netherlands,  Oldenburg,  Roumania,  Saxony, 
Saxe  -  Altenburg,  Saxe  -  Weimar,  Servia,  Spain,  and 
Wilrtemberg  show  the  same  crown.  Originally,  a  Royal 
or  king's  crown  only  consisted  of  a  circlet  with  leaf  and 
pearl  points  (Fig.  755).  AVith  few  exceptions,  the  crowns 
"  enclosed "  at  the  top  by  arches  are  only  occasionally 
to  be  found  in  the  course  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
There  are  instances,  however,  of  the  use  of  the  closed 


276 


PLATE   LXXXVIII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


crown  in  England  at  a  much  earlier  date,  as  has  been 
noted  in  the  previous  chapter. 

Fig.  2.  Grand  Du-cal  Crown  [Crown  Prince's  Crown]. 
— A  coronet  with  eight  arches  and  a  low  purple  cap. 
This  crown  is  borne  b}'  many  states — Belgium,  Den- 
mark, Portugal,  Sweden,  and  Norway — and  also  as  a 
Royal  crown.  We  tind  it,  besides,  in  the  State  coats 
of  arms  of  Anlialt,  Brunswick,  Bulgaria,  Luxembourg, 
Monaco,  Reuss  ii.  u.  j.  Linie  (Reuss  itlterer  und  jilngerer 
Linie),  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha. 

Fig.  3.  Ducal  Ci-oii:n  [Crown  of  the  Princes  of  Royal 
Houses  and  of  Hereditary  Grand  Dukes]. — This  shows 
the  same  formation  as  the  last,  only  the  space  under 
the  buckles  is  entirely  tilled  up  by  the  cap.  Of  equal 
authorit}',  but  older,  is  the  Ducal  Hat  (Fig,  759).     The 


Fig.  759. — Ducal  Cap. 

circlet  is  here  replaced  by  an  ermine  brim,  scalloped  out 
in  circular  form.  This  hat  was  formerly  also  worn  as 
an  "  Electoral  Hat."  An  older  shape  of  Elector's  hat  is 
shown  in  Fig.  760,  the  very  old  shape  in  Fig.  761.     The 


Electors  Bonnet. 


Fjg.  761. — Ancient  form  of 
the  Electoral  Hat. 


ducal  crown  is  nowadays  only  used  in  a  State  coat  of 
arms  by  Schaumburg-Lippe,  but  it  may  also  be  observed 
on  a  seal  of  the  Prince  von  Waldeck-Pyrmont.  The 
electoral  "bonnet,"  as  it  is  termed  in  England,  was 
borne  upon  the  Royal  Arms,  over  the  inesoutcheon 
of  Hanover  for  a  short  time  during  the  reign  of 
George  III.,  viz.  from  1801  untU  Hanover  was  erected 
into  a  kingdom.     A  crown  was  then  substituted. 

Fig.  4.  Ducal  Coronet  in  Belgium  and  the  Nether- 
lands.— ^The  purple  cap,  ornamented  with  a  golden 
tassel  on  the  top,  is  enclosed  in  a  circlet  on  which  stand 
three  leaves  and  two  pearl-points. 

Fig.  5.  DvxaX  Coronet  in  FroMce,  Italy,  Spain,  and 
Portugal. — A  simple  circlet  with  five  leaf-points,  small 


Fig.  762.— Old  Spanish  Dncal  Coronet. 

points  being  inserted  between.  The  old  Spanish  Ducal 
Coronet  is  shown  in  Fig.  762. 

Fig.  6.  Coronet  of  an  English  Dulce. 

Fig.  7.  Landgrave's  Crown  [Crown  of  the  Princes  of 
Grand-Ducal  Houses,  of  Dukes,  of  the  Dukes  of  Bavaria 
and  Wilrtemberg]. — Circlet  with  five  leaf  and  four 
pearl  points,  surmounted  by  four  arches. 

Fig.  8.  [Crown  of  the  Hereditary  Princes  of  Ducal 


Houses]. — The  same  crown  as  in  Fig.  7,  but  provided 
with  a  low  purple  cap. 

Fig.  9.  Coronet  of  Princes  in  Italy  and  Principes 
in  Spain. — This  is  very  like  Fig.  4,  only  here  there  are 
five  leaf  and  four  pearl  points  on  the  circlet.  Spanish 
'■  principes  "  sometimes  bear  the  circlet  alone. 

Fig.  10.  Coronet  of  a  Princc[Suist — this  word  should 
be  distinguished  from  "  Prinz."  The  latter  is  apphed  to 
a  Prince  of  Royal  buth,  the  former  is  a  rank  created] 
in  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands. — This  shows  the 
same  cap  as  the  last  figure,  but  the  enclet  bears  five 
leaves  only.  Instead  of  the  tassel,  occasionally  an 
imperial  globe  and  cross  appear. 

Fig.  II.  Prince's  Crown  [Crown  of  the  Princes  of 
Ducal  Houses]. — It  is  shaped  the  same  as  crowns  7  and 
8,  but  in  this  case  there  is  a  high  purple  cap,  which 
entirely  fills  the  space  under  the  four  arches.  Besides 
Germany  and  Denmark,  it  is  used  in  Russia,  even  by 
the  Princes  with  the  title  of  "  Highness "  or  "  Serene 
Highness."  It  may  be  seen  in  the  State  coat  of  arms 
of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt  and  in  the  "  Privy-Seal "  of 
the  Prince  von  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. 

Fig.  12.  Crown  of  the  Russian  Princes  intk  the  title 
of  "  Highness." — It  is  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  circlet 
is  replaced  by  a  turned-up  brim  of  ermine. 

Fig.  13.  Prince's  Hat  {yom.  by  the  Sovereigns  and 
Princes  of  Sovereign  Princely  Houses,  the  mediatised 
Dukes  and  Princes,  as  also  their  Princes]. — It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Prince's  Crown  (No.  11)  by  the 
scalloped  ermine  brim,  which  replaces  the  circlet.  It 
is  borne  in  Austria,  Germany,  France,  and  Belgium.  It 
may  be  seen  on  the  State  coat  of  arms  of  Lichtenstein, 
Lippe,  Montenegro,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  and 
Waldeck-Pyrmont. 

Fig.  14.  Coronet  of  a  Marquis. — The  circlet  of  this 
crown  consists  of  three  leaf  and  two  pearl  points,  the 
latter  bearing  three  pearls  each.  This  shape  of  coronet 
is  used  in  Denmark,  Italy,  France,  and  Spain.  The  old 
French  Marquis's  Coronet  shows  three  plain  pearl- 
points  between  each  leaf.  The  latter  form,  therefore, 
has  these  thi-ee  points  united  in  one. 

Fig.  15.  Coronet  of  a  Marquis  in  Belgium  and  the 
Netherlands  [Crown  of  the  younger  sons  of  mediatised 
countly  families,  formerly  ruling  States  of  the  Empire]. 
— The  circlet  has  five  leaf-points.  It  is  known  in 
Germany,  Austria,  Sweden,  and  Norway  as  the  old 
Count's  Crown. 

Fig.  16.  Coronet  of  an  E'nglish  Ma/rquess. 

Fig.  17.  Highness'  Croum  [Crown  of  the  heads  of 
mediatised  countly  families,  formerly  ruling  States  of 
the  Emph-e,  with  the  title  of  "  Erlaucht "  (Highness)]. — 
The  circlet  boasts  five  leaf  and  four  pearl  points;  the 
purple  cap  is  adorned  on  the  top  with  a  little  ermine  tail. 

Fig.  18.  Count's  Coronet. — Cu-clet  with  nine  pearl- 
points.  This  shape  is  borne  in  Germanj',  Austria, 
France,  Spain,  Belgium,  Russia  (high  and  low  points 
alternately),  and  in  Italy  (low  points).  Occasionally  the 
pearls  appear  without  points,  placed  du-ectly  upon  the 
cu-clet,  as  in  the  coronet  of  a  viscount  in  England. 


Fig.  763. — Spanish  Count's  Coronet. 

Fig.    763   shows   a   Spanish  Count's  Coronet. — It  is 
seldom  borne,  it  is  true,  and  it,  moreover,  as  "Erlaucht- 


277 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


krone"  (Highness'  crown),  was  formerly  used  in  Ger- 
many. In  France  and  Belgium,  in  earlier  times,  three 
pearls  were  placed  on  the  middle  and  the  two  side  points 
(Fig.  764). 

a m 


Fig.  764. 


-Coronet  of  a  Count,  formerly  used  in 
France  and  Belgium. 


Fig.  19.  Count's  Coronet  in  Belgium. — The  circlet 
bears  seven  red-velvet  plates  or  shields,  set  with 
precious  stones,  rounded  off  at  the  top,  each  with  a 
pearl  on  the  upper  edge,  and  with  the  edges  bound 
with  gold  ;  these  surround  a  cap  of  gold  brocade.  This 
peculiarly-shaped  coronet  is  no  longer  in  use. 

Fig.  20.  Coronei  of  an  English  Earl. 

Fig.  21.  Vidame's  Coronet  in  France.  —  On  the 
circlet  are  placed  three  crosses,  between  which  rise 
pearl-points.  The  term  Vidames  is  used  for  those 
counts  to  whom  was  entrusted  the  protectorate  over 
the  bishoprics. 

Fig.  22.  Viscount's  Coronet. — The  circlet  bears  three 
large  and  two  small  pearl-points.  This  coronet  is  in  use 
in  France  and  Spain.  The  Viconde  crown  in  Portugal 
is  of  the  same  sliape,  only  the  low  points  have  no  pearls. 

Fig.  23.  Viscount's  [or  Burggrave's]  Coronet  in  the 
Netherlands. — The  circlet  is  adorned  with  three  pearl 
and  two  leaf  points. 

Fig.  24.  Viscount's  Coronet  in  Italy.  —  The  circlet 
bears  three  large  and  two  small  pearls,  without  points. 

Fig.  25.  Viscount's  Coronet  in  Belgium. — This  shows 
three  points,  each  adorned  with  three  pearls. 

Fig.  26.  English  Viscount's  Coronet. 

Fig.  27.  Freiherr's  Coronet. — The  circlet  is  set  with 
seven  pearl-points.  Occasionally  the  pearls  are  placed 
directly  on  the  circlet.  This  coronet  is  used  in  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Russia,  Belgium,  and  in  the  Nether- 
lands.   An  old  form  of  this  coronet  is  shown  in  Fig.  765. 


Fig.  765. — Old  Freiberr's  (Baron's)  Coronet. 

Th«!  circlet  is  set  with  five  pearls,  and  wound  round  by 
a  string  of  pearls. 

Fig.  28.  Baron's  Coronet  [Freiherr's]  in  Belgium. — 
The  circlet  encloses  a  red  velvet  cap,  which  is  spanned 
by  four  rows  or  arches  of  pearls  The  portions  of  the 
cap  thus  partitioned  are  adorned  with  precious  stones 
and  each  bears  a  pearl  on  its  summit. 

Fig.  29.  Baron's  Coronet  in  Spain  and  Portugal. — 
The  circlet,  wound  round  with  a  string  of  pearls,  bears 
four  pearls  without  points.  The  old  Spanish  Baron's 
Coronet  was  likewise  a  circlet  wound  round  with  a  pearl 
string,  but  had  seven  plain  points  (Fig.  766). 


pearls.  In  Italy  the  string  of  pearls  is  generally  placed 
diagonally,  but  to  the  left. 

Fig.  31.  Baron's  Coronet  in  Sweden  and  Norway, 
Finland  and  the  Baltic  Provinces. — The  circlet  bears 
three  groups  of  pearls,  three  in  each,  and  between  each 
of  these  groups  is  a  solitary  pearl. 

Fig.  32.  Coronet  of  an  English  Baron. 

Fig.  33.  Hereditary  Knights  in  Italy. — The  coronet 
of  hereditary  knights  [Chevalier  hereditaire)  consists  of 
a  circlet  on  which  are  set  three  unmounted  pearls. 

Fig.  34.  Chevalier's  Coronet  in  Belgium. — The  circlet, 
wound  round  with  a  pearl-string,  bears  five  pearl-points. 

The  "  Bitter  s"  [Knight's]  Coronets  in  the  Nether- 
lands is  e-xaotly  the  same.  The  distinguishing  mark 
of  the  chevaHer  in  France  consists,  on  the  contrary, 
of  a  wreath  (tortillon)  of  two  colours,  with  fluttering 
ribbons  (Fig.  767). 


Fig.  767. — The  Wreath  of  a  French  Chevalier. 

Fig-  35.  Caballe7-o's  Coronet  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
— The  circlet  is  adorned  with  three  leaves  and  two 
points,  each  with  three  pearls,  between  which  four  small 
pearl-points  emerge. 

Fig.  36.  Coronet  of  '■  Noble  "  Persons  in  Italy. — The 
circlet  bears  five  unmounted  pearls. 

Figs.  37  and  38.  Coronets  of  "  Noble  "  Persons  in  Ger- 
many and  Austria. — In  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands, 
in  Denmark,  France,  and  Russia,  as  also  in  Sweden  and 
Norway,  the  coronet  Fig.  38,  which  is  identical  with 
the  crest  coronet,  is  borne  as  a  coronet  of  "  nobility " 
or  rank. 

For  the  lower  nobility  [or  gentry — knights  and  edel- 
eute — people  with  the  prefix  -von  and  no  other  title] 
coronets  are  not  officially  recognised,  at  any  rate  in 
Germany  and  Austria  as  officially  belonging;  as, 
according  to  the  patent,  only  shield  and  helmet  are 
granted  them.  However,  as  can  be  understood,  no 
other  prohibition  or  protest  is  raised  against  the  use 
of  them,  and  Figs.  37  and  38  are  the  patterns  usually 
adopted. 

Fig.  39.  Coronet  of  a  "Banneret^'  in  France. — This 
consisted  of  a  simple  circlet,  without  pearls  or  points. 

Fig.  40.  "Patrician"  Coronet  in  Italy.— The  circlet 
bears  three  spade-shaped  points,  between  each  of  which 
a  pearl-point  appears. 

The  cap  introduced  by  Napoleon  I.,  in  the  place  of 
the  coronet  of  rank,  and  whicli  had  variously-coloured 
brims  or  turned-up  borders  and  feathers,  had  fortu- 
nately, as  indeed  the  whole  of  the  heraldic  regulation 
invented  by  him,  so  short  a  lifetime  that  we  can 
certainly  spare  ourselves  an  enumeration  and  descrip- 
tion of  them. 

In  conclusion,  a  few  crowns  follow  which  certainly 
cannot  be  regarded  as  coronets  of  rank,  and  have  no 
existence  in  fact,  but  yet  must  be  mentioned  here, 
because  they,  and  especially  the  "  Mauerkrone  "  [mural 
crown]  are  used  in  heraldry. 


Fig.  766. — Old  Spanish  Baron's  Coronet. 


Fig.  768. — Antique  Crown. 


Fig.  30.  Baron's  Coronet  in  France  and  Italy. — A         The    Zaehen    Croitm    [notched,    scalloped,    sharply- 
plain  cu-clet,  three  times  wound  round  with  a  string  of     pointed]  (Fig.  768),  also  called  the  antique  or  heathen 

27,8. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


crown,  or  David's  crown,  shows  a  circlet  with  twelve 
sharp  points  round  it,  of  which  seven  are  visible.  The 
twelve  sharp  points  have  a  symbolic  significance,  and 
relate  to  the  twelve  rays  [months]  of  the  sun. 

In  the  medium-sized  coat  of  arms  of  Austria  [these 
states  all  seem  to  possess  a  bia;,  little,  and  an  intermediate 
coat  of  arms]  this  crown  rests  upon  the  shield  of  the 
kingdom  of  Illj'ria.  In  the  arms  of  San  Marino  a 
"  Zacken  "  crown  appears  as  circlet  of  the  arched  crown. 
(See  Plate  LII.  Fig.  38.) 

The  Mauerkrone  [mural  crown)  (Fig.  769]  is  used  in 


Fig.  769. — Mural  Crown. 


Fig.  770. — Naval  Crown. 


Germany  principally  as  an  adornment  to  the  arms  of 
towns.  It  is  borne  with  three,  four,  or  five  battlemented 
towers.  The  tincture,  likewise,  is  not  always  the  same  : 
gold,  silver,  red,  or  the  natural  colour  of  a  wall  being 
variously  employed.  Residential  [i.e.  having  a  royal 
residence]  and  capital  toivns  usually  bear  a  Mauerkrone 
with  five  towers,  large  towns  one  with  four  towers, 
smaller  towns  one  with  three.  Strict  regulations  in  the 
matter  do  not  yet  exist.     It  should  be  carefully  noted 


that  this  practice  is  peculiar  to  Germany  and  is  quite 
incorrect  in  Great  Britain. 

The  Naval  Crown  [Schiffskrone]  (Fig.  770),  on  the 
circlet  of  which  sails  and  sterns  of  ships  are  alternately 
introduced,  is  very  rarely  used  on  the  Continent.  With 
us  it  appears  as  a  charge  in  the  arms  of  the  towns  of 
Chatham,  Ramsgate,  Devonport,  &o.  The  Naval  Coronet, 
however,  is  more  properly  a  crest  coronet,  and  as  such 
will  be  more  fully  considered  in  the  next  chapter.  It 
had,  however,  a  limited  use  as  a  coronet  of  rank  at  one 
time,  inasmuch  as  the  admirals  of  the  United  Provinces 
of  the  Netherlands  placed  a  crown  composed  of  prows 
of  ships  above  their  escutcheons,  as  may  be  seen  from 
various  monuments. 

The  crown  of  the  Dauphin  of  France  was  a  gemmed 
circlet  of  gold  supporting  eight  demi-fleurs-de-lis,  and 
arched  in  by  four  dolphins,  heads  downwards,  the  tails 
uniting  to  support  the  fleurs-de-lis  in  which  the  coronet 
terminated.  The  coronets  used  by  the  princes  and 
princesses  of  France,  sons  and  daughters  of  the  sove- 
reign or  the  Dauphin,  was  a  circlet  supporting  eight 
demi-fleurs-de-lis,  whilst  other  Royal  princes  and  prin- 
cesses placed  upon  the  circlet  four  demi-fleurs-de-lis  and 
as  many  "  strawberry  leaves  "  alternately. 

The  Chancellor  of  France  and  the  Premiers-Presi- 
dents used,  in  lieu  of  a  coronet,  a  "  mortier,"  or  cap 
edged  with  gold.  The  various  caps,  or  chapeaux,  which 
occur  in  heraldry  have  a  chapter  to  themselves  later, 
and  the  Papal  tiara,  and  the  various  forms  of  the  eccle- 
siastical hat,  will  be  found  dealt  with  subsequently. 

A.  C.  F-D.  AND  H.  S. 


CHAPTER    XXVII 


CREST  CORONETS  AND  CHAPEAUX 


THE  present  oflSoial  rules  are  that  crests  must  be 
upon,  or  must  issue  from,  a  wreath  (or  torse),  a 
coronet,  or  a  chapeau.  It  is  not  at  the  pleasure 
of  the  wearer  to  choose  which  he  will,  one  or  other 
being  specified  and  included  in  the  terms  of  the  grant. 
If  the  crest  have  a  lawful  existence,  one  or  other  of 
them  will  unchangeably  belong  to  the  crest,  of  which  it 
now  is  considered  to  be  an  integral  part. 

In  Scotland  and  Ireland,  Lyon  King  of  Arms  and 
Ulster  King  of  Arms  have  always  been  considered  to 
have,  and  still  retain,  the  right  to  grant  crests  upon 
a  chapeau  or  issuing  from  a  crest.  But  the  power  is 
(very  properly)  exceedingly  sparingly  used ;  and,  except 
in  the  cases  of  arms  and  crests  matriculated  in  Lyon 
Register  as  of  ancient  origin  and  in  use  before  1672,  or 
"  confirmed  "  on  the  strength  of  user  by  Ulster  King  of 
Arras,  the  ordinary  ducal  crest  coronet  and  the  chapeau 
are  not  now  considered  proper  to  be  granted  in  ordinary 
cases. 

Since  about  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century 
the  rules  which  follow  have  been  very  definite,  and  have 
been  very  rigidly  adhered  to  in  the  English  College  of 
Arms. 

Crests  issuing  from  the  ordinary  "  ducal  crest  coro- 
net "  are  not  now  granted  under  any  circumstances. 
The  chapeau  is  only  granted  in  the  case  of  a  grant  of 
arms  to  a  peer,  a  mural  coronet  is  only  granted  to 
officers  in  the  army  of  the  rank  of  general  or  above,  and 
the  naval  coronet  is  only  granted  to  officers  in  his 
Majesty's  Royal  Navy  of  the  rank  of  admiral  and  above. 

An  Eastern  coronet  is  now  only  granted  in  the  case 


of  those  of  high  position  in  one  or  other  of  the  Imperial 
Services,  who  have  served  in  India  and  the  East. 

The  granting  of  the  other  forms  of  crest  coronets,  the 
"  crown-vallary "  and  the  "  crown  palisado,"  is  always 
discouraged,  but  no  rule  exists  denying  them  to  appli- 
cants, and  they  are  to  be  obtained  if  the  expectant 
grantee  is  sufficiently  patient  and  pertinacious.  Neither 
form  is,  however,  particularly  ornamental,  and  both  are 
of  modern  origin. 

There  is  still  yet  another  coronet,  the  "  celestial 
coronet."  This  is  not  unusual  as  a  charge  (see  Fig. 
593),  but  as  a  coronet  from  which  a  crest  issues  I 
know  of  no  instance,  nor  am  I  aware  of  what  rules,  if 
any,  govern  the  granting  of  it. 

Definite  rank  coronets  have  been  in  times  past 
granted  for  use  as  crest  coronets,  but  this  practice, 
the  propriety  of  which  cannot  be  considered  as  other 
than  highly  questionable,  has  only  been  pursued,  even  in 
the  more  lax  days  which  are  past,  on  rare  and  very  ex- 
ceptional occasions,  and  has  long  since  been  definitely 
abandoned  as  improper. 

In  considering  the  question  of  crest  coronets,  the 
presumption  that  they  originated  from  coronets  of  rank 
at  once  jumps  to  the  mind.  This  is  by  no  means  a 
foregone  conclusion.  It  is  difficult  to  say  what  is  the 
earliest  instance  of  the  use  of  a  coronet  in  this  country 
as  a  coronet  of  rank.  When  it  is  remembered  that  the 
coronet  of  a  baron  had  no  existence  whatever  until  it 
was  called  into  being  by  a  warrant  of  Charles  II.  after 
the  Restoration,  and  that  differentiated  coronets  for  the 
several  ranks  in  the  Peerage  are  not  greatly  anterior  in 


279 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


date,  the  question  becomes  distinctly  complicated.    From  certainly 
the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor  the  kings  of  England  had 


mi 


FiGf.  771. — Various  Crest  Coronets  taken  from  ancient  examples. 

worn  crowns,  and  the  great  territorial  earls,  who  it  must  be  re- 
membered occupied  a  position  akin  to  that  of  a  petty  sovereign 

280 


(far  beyond  the  mere  high  dignity  ot  a  great 
noble  at  the  present  day),  from  an  early  period 
wore  crowns  or  coronets  not  greatly  differing 
in  appearance  from  the  crown  of  the  king. 
But  the  Peerage  as  such  certainly  neither 
had  nor  claimed  the  technical  right  to  a 
coronet  as  a  mark  of  their  rank,  in  the  thir- 
teenth and  fourteenth  centuries.  But  coronets 
of  a  kind  were  used,  as  can  be  seen  from  early 
effigies,  long  before  the  use  of  crests  became 
general.  But  these  coronets  were  merely  in 
the  nature  of  a  species  of  decoration  for  the 
helmet,  many  of  them  far  more  closely  re- 
sembling a  jewelled  torse  than  a  coronet. 
Parker  in  his  "  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in 
Heraldry  "  probably  correctly  represents  the 
case  when  he  states :  "  From  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  coronets  of  various  forms  were 
worn  (as  it  seems  indiscriminately)  by  princes, 
dukes,  earls,  and  even  knights,  but  apparently 
rather  by  way  of  ornament  than  distinction, 
or  if  for  distinction,  only  (like  the  collar  of 
SS)  as  a  mark  of  gentility.  The  helmet  of 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  upon  his  effigy  at 
Canterbury,  is  surrounded  with  a  coronet 
totally  different  from  that  subsequently  as- 
signed to  his  rank." 

The  instance  quoted  by  Parker  might  be 
amplified  by  countless  others,  but  it  may  here 
with  advantage  be  pointed  out  that  the  great 
helmet  (or  as  this  probably  is  the  ceremonial 
representation  of  it)  suspended  above  the 
Prince's  tomb  (Fig.  264)  has  no  coronet,  and 
the  crest  is  upon  a  chapeau.  Of  the  fourteen 
instances  in  the  Plantagenet  Garter  plates  in 
which  the  torse  appears,  twelve  were  peers  of 
England,  one  was  a  foreign  count,  and  one 
only  a  commoner.  On  the  other  hand,  of 
twenty-nine  whose  Garter  plates  show  crests 
issuing  from  coronets,  four  are  foreigners,  seven 
are  commoners,  and  eighteen  were  peers.  The 
coronets  show  very  great  variations  in  form 
and  design,  but  such  variations  appear  quite 
capricious  and  to  carry  no  meaning,  nor  does 
it  seem  probable  that  a  coronet  of  gules  or  of 
azure,  of  which  there  are  ten,  could  represent 
a  coronet  of  rank.  The  Garter  plate  of  Sir 
William  De  la  Pole,  Earl  of  (afterwards  Duke 
of)  Suffolk,  shows  his  crest  upon  a  narrow 
black  fillet.  Consequently,  whatever  may  be 
the  conclusion  as  to  the  wearing  of  coronets 
alone,  it  would  seem  to  be  a  very  certain 
conclusion  that  the  heraldic  crest  coronet 
bore  no  relation  to  any  coronet  of  rank  or  to 
the  right  to  wear  one.  Its  adoption  must  have 
been  in  the  original  instance,  and  probably 
even  in  subsequent  generations,  a  matter  of 
pure  fancy  and  inclination.  This  is  borne  out 
by  the  fact  that  whilst  the  Garter  plate  of 
Sir  Henry  Bourchier,  Earl  of  Essex,  shows 
his  crest  upon  a  torse,  his  effigy  represents 
it  issuing  from  a  coronet. 

Until  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  the  Royal 
crest,  both  in  the  case  of  the  sovereign  and  all 
the  other  members  of  the  Royal  Family,  is 
always  represented  upon  a  chapeau  or  cap  of 
dignity.  The  Great  Seal  of  Edward  VI.  shows 
the  crest  upon  a  coronet,  though  the  present 
form  of  crown  and  crest  were  originated  by 
Queen  Elizabeth.  In  depicting  the  Royal 
Arms,  it  is  usual  to  omit  one  of  the  crowns, 
and  this  is  always  done  in  the  official  warrants 


PLATE    LXXXIX. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


controlling  the  arms.  One  crown  is  placed  upon  the 
helmet,  and  upon  this  crown  is  placed  the  crest 
{Plate  CXIV.),  but  theoretically  the  Royal  achievement 
has  two  crowns,  inasmuch  as  one  of  the  crowns  is  an 
inseparable  part  of  the  crest.  Plate  CXIV.  above  re- 
ferred to  shows  the  usual  form  of  depicting  the  Royal 
crest.  This  plate  is  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  but  probably 
the  finest  representation  of  the  Royal  crest  which  has 
ever  been  done  is  the  design  for  one  of  the  smaller 
bookplates  for  the  Windsor  Castle  Library.  This  also  is 
by  Mr.  Eve,  and  a  reproduction  will  be  found  herein 
in  a  later  chapter.  It  would  be  impossible  to 
imagine  anything  finer.  Like  the  rest  of  the  Royal 
achievement,  the  Royal  crest  is  of  course  not  heredi- 
tary, and  consequently  it  is  assigned  by  a  separate 
Royal  Warrant  to  each  male  member  of  the  Royal 
Family,  and  the  opportunity  is  then  taken  to  substitute 
for  the  Royal  crown,  which  is  a  part  of  the  sovereign's 
crest,  a  coronet  identical  with  whatever  may  be  assigned 
in  that  particular  instance  as  the  coronet  of  rank.  In 
the  case  of  Royal  bastards  the  crest  has  always  been 
assigned  upon  a  chapeau. 

The  only  case  which  comes  to  one's  mind  in  which 
the  Royal  crown  has  (outside  the  sovereign)  been 
allowed  as  a  crest  coronet  is  the  case  of  the  town  of 
Eye. 

The  Royal  crown  of  Scotland  is  the  crest  coronet  of 
the  sovereign's  crest  for  the  kingdom  of  Scotland.  This 
crest,  together  with  the  crest  of  Ireland,  is  never  assigned 
to  any  member  of  the  Royal  Family  except  the  sovereign. 
The  crest  of  Ireland  (which  is  on  a  wreath  or  and  azure) 
is  by  the  way  confirmatory  evidence  that  the  crowns  in 
the  crests  of  Scotland  and  England  have  a  duplicate 
and  separate  existence  apart  from  the  crown  denoting 
the  sovereignty  of  the  realm. 

The  ordinary  crest  coronet  or,  as  it  is  usually  termed 
in  British  heraldry,  the  "  ducal  coronet "  (Ulster,  how- 
ever, describes  it  otficially  as  "  a  ducal  crest  coronet "),  is 
quite  a  separate  matter  from  a  duke's  coronet  of  rank. 
Whilst  the  coronet  of  a  duke  has  upon  the  rim  five 
strawberry  leaves  visible  when  depicted,  a  ducal  coronet 
has  only  three.  The  "ducal  coronet"  is  the  conven- 
tional "regularised"  development  of  the  crest  coronets 
employed  in  early  times.  Fig.  771  shows  different  vari- 
ations of  ancient  examples  of  the  crest  coronet,  but  it 
is  now  always  officially  depicted  as  in  Figs.  81  and  550. 

Unfortunately  it  has  in  many  instances  been  depicted 
of  a  much  greater  and  very  unnecessary  width,  the 
result  being  inartistic  and  allowing  unnecessary  space 
between  the  leaves,  and  at  the  same  time  leaving  the 
crest  and  coronet  with  little  circumferential  relation.  It 
should  be  noted  that  it  is  quite  incorrect  for  the  rim  of  the 
coronet  to  bejewelled  in  colour  though  the  outline  of 
jewelling  is  indicated. 

Though  ducal  crest  coronets  are  no  longer  granted 
(of  course  they  are  still  exemplified  and  their  use  per- 
mitted where  they  have  been  previously  granted),  they 
are  of  very  frequent  occurrence  in  older  grants  and  con- 
firmations. 

It  is  quite  incorrect  to  depict  a  cap  (as  in  a  coronet 
of  rank)  in  a  crest  coronet,  which  is  never  more  than 
the  metal  circlet,  and  consequently  it  is  equally  in- 
correct to  add  the  band  of  ermine  below  it  which  wUl 
sometimes  be  seen. 

The  coronet  of  a  duke  has  in  one  or  two  isolated 
cases  been  granted  as  a  crest  coronet.  In  such  a  case 
it  is  not  described  as  a  duke's  coronet,  but  as  a  "  ducal 
coronet  of  five  leaves."  It  so  occurs  in  the  case  of 
Ormsby-Hamilton. 

The  colour  of  the  crest  coronet  must  be  stated  in  the 
blazon.  Crest  coronets  are  of  all  colours,  and  will  be 
sometimes  found  bearing  charges  upon  the  rim  (parti- 


cularly in  the  cases  of  mural  and  naval  coronets).  An 
instance  of  this  will  be  seen  in  the  case  of  Sir  John  W. 
Moore,  and  of  Mansergh  (Fig.  772),  the  label  in  this  case 


Fig.  772. — Armorial  bearings  of  Richard  Southcote  Mansergh,  Esq. : 
Argent,  a  bend  raguly  gules,  between  three  arrows  points  down- 
wards of  the  last,  (lighted  and  barbed  or  (for  Mansergh).  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  out  of  a  ducal  crest  coronet  proper, 
charged  with  a  label  of  three  points  gules,  a  demi-lion  rampant 
argent,  gorged  with  a  collar  raguly  of  the  second,  and  holding  in 
the  dexter  paw  an  arrow  point  downwards  of  the  last,  flighted  and 
barbed  or.    Motto :  "  Tout  jour  pret." 


being  an  unalterable  charge  and  not  the  difference  mark 
of  an  eldest  son.  Though  the  tincture  of  the  coronet 
ought  to  appear  in  the  blazon,  nevertheless  it  is  always 
a  fair  presumption  (when  it  is  not  specified)  that  it  is 
of  gold,  coronets  of  colour  being  very  much  less  fre- 
quently met  with.  On  this  point  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  in  some  of  the  cases  where  the  crest  coronet 
is  figured  upon  an  early  Garter  plate  as  of  colour,  it  is 
now  borne  by  the  present  descendants  of  the  family 
gold.  For  example  on  the  Garter  plate  of  Sir  Walter 
Hungerlbrd,  Lord  Hungerford,  the  crest  ["  A  garb  or, 
between  two  silver  sickles  "]  issues  fi-om  a  coronet  azure. 
The  various  Hungerford  families  now  bear  it  or.  The 
crest  upon  the  Garter  plate  of  Sir  Humphrey  Stafford, 
Duke  of  Buckingham  ["A  demi-swan  argent,  beaked 
gules  "],  issues  from  a  coronet  gules.  This  crest  is  now 
borne  (by  the  present  Lord  Stafford) :  "  Out  of  a  ducal 
coronet  per  pale  gules  and  sable,"  &c. 

Another  instance  of  coloured  coronets  will  be  found 
in  the  crest  of  Nicholson  now  borne  by  Shaw.=- 

Probably,  however,  the  most  curious  instance  of  all 
will  be  found  in  the  case  of  one  of  the  coats  of  arms 
reproduced  from  Gelre's  "Armorial."  Here  the  crest 
coronet  is  of  ermine  (see  Plate  LXXVI.). 

A  very  general  misconception — which  will  be  found 
stated  in  practically  every  text-book  of  armory — is  that 
when  a  crest  issues  from  a  coronet  the  wreath  must  be 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Otho  Nicholson  Shaw,  Esq. :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  argent,  two  chevronels  between  three  lozenges  ermines 
(for  Shaw) ;  2  and  3,  azure,  two  bars  ermine,  in  chief  three  suns  proper 
(for  Nicholson);  and  for  his  crests,  I.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a 
dove  bendy  sinister  of  sis  argent  and  sable,  holding  in  the  beak  an 
olive-branch  proper,  the  dexter  leg  resting  on  a  lozenge  as  in  the  arms 
(for  Shaw) ;  2.  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  gules,  a  lion's  head  ermine  (for 
Nicholson) ;  with  the  motto,  "  Per  castra  ad  astra." 


281 


2n 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


omitted.  There  is  not  and  never  has  been  any  such 
rule.  The  rule  is  rather  to  the  contrary.  Instances 
where  both  occur  are  certainly  now  uncommon,  and 
the  presence  of  a  wreath  is  not  in  present-day  practice 
considered  to  be  essential  Lf  a  coronet  occurs,  but  the 
use    or   absence    of   a    wreath  when   the   crest   issues 


placed  upon  a  torse  argent  and  sable.  Another  instance 
wUl  be.  found  in  the  case  of  the  grant  of  the  crest  of 
Hanbury  (Fig.  773). 

A  quite  recent  case  was  the  grant  by  Sir  Bernard 
Burke,  Ulster  King  of  Arms,  of  a  crest  to  Sir  Richard 
Quain,  Bart.,  the  blazon  of  which  was :  "  On  a  wreath 


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Fig.  773. — Facsimile  of  a  certificate  by  William  Camden,  Clarenceux  King  of  Arms,  of  the  arms  and  crest  of  Hanbury. 


from  a  coronet  really  depends  entirely  upon  the 
original  grant.  If  no  wreath  is  specified  with  the 
coronet,  none  will  be  used  or  needed,  but  if  both  are 
granted  both  should  be  used.  An  instance  of  the 
use  of  both  will  be  found  on  the  Garter  Hall  plate  of 
Sir  Walter  Devereux,  Lord  Ferrers.  The  crest  (a 
talbot's  head  silver)  issues  from  a  coronet  or,  which  is 


argent  and  azure,  and  out  of  a  mural  coronet  proper  a 
demi-lion  rampant  or,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a 
trefoil  slipped  vert,  and  holding  between  the  paws  a 
battle-axe  also  proper,  the  blade  gold." 

Other  instances  are  the  crests  of  Hamilton  of  Sun- 
ningdale  (Fig.  774)  and  Tarleton  (Fig.  775). 

Another  instance  will  be  found  in  the  grant  to  Ross- 


282 


PLATE   XC 


EXAMPLES    FROM    CONRAD    GRUNENBERG'S    WAPPENBUCH. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of-Bladensburg,  a  facsimile  of  which  document  appears 


Fig.  774.— Armorial  bearings  of  John  Hamilton,  Esq.:  Gules,  a  spur- 
rowel  of  six  points  or,  between  three  cinquetoils  argent,  all  within 
a  bordure  engrailed  erminois ;  and  impaling  the  arms  of  Crutchley, 
namely:  argent,  a  chevron  gules,  cottised  azure,  between  three 
torteanx,  each  encircled  by  two  branches  of  oak  proper.  Mantling 
gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest :  an  oak-tree  issuing  from  a  ducal 
coronet,  having  a  saw  across  it  all  proper,  the  last  having  the  word 
"  Through"  upon  the  iron  part  of  it  as  motto. 


Fig.  775.— Armorial  bearings  of  Alfred  Henry  Tarleton,  Esq. :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  gules,  a  chevron  erminois  between  three  cinquefoils  or 
(for  Tarleton) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  on  a  fess  dancettij,  between  three 
mullets  azure,  as  many  bezants  (for  Dimsdale),  and  impaling  the 
arms  of  Tennyson-D'Eyncourt,  namely :  quarterly,  I  and  4,  azure, 
a  fe.ss  dancette  between  ten  billets  or,  four  in  chief  and  six  in 
base,  three,  two,  and  one  (for  D'Eyncourt) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  three 
leopards'  faces  or,  jessant-de-lis  azure,  over  all  a  bend  of  the  last 
(for  Tennyson).  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mural  crown, 
thereon  a  leopard's  face,  all  between  two  ostrich  feathers  proper. 
Slotto:  "  Post  nubila  phcebus." 


in  Fig.  776.  Possibly  this  blazon  may  be  a  clerical  error 
in  the  engrossment,  because  it  Tvill  be  noticed  that  the 
wreath  does  not  appear  in  the  emblazonment. 


I  wonder  how  many  of  the  officers  of  arms  are  aware 
of  the  existence  of  a  warrant,  dated  in  1682,  issued  by 
the  Deputy  Earl-Marshal  to  the  Companies  of  Painters, 
Stainers,  and  Coachmakers,  forbidding  them  to  paint 
crests  which  issue  out  of  ducal  coronets  without  putting 
them  upon  "  wreaths  of  their  coUours."  The  wording 
of  the  warrant  very  plainly  shows  that  at  that  date  a 
wreath  was  always  painted  below  a  crest  coronet.  The 
warrant,  however,  is  not  so  worded  that  it  can  be 
accepted  as  determining  the  point  for  the  future,  or  that 
it  would  override  a  subsequent  grant  of  a  crest  in  con- 
trary form.   But  it  is  evidence  of  what  the  law  then  was. 

No  crest  is  now  granted  without  either  wreath, 
coronet,  or  chapeau. 

An  instance  of  the  use  of  the  coronet  of  a  marquess 
as  a  crest  coronet  will  be  found  in  the  case  of  the 
Bentinck  crest.^ 

There  are  some  number  of  instances  of  the  use  of  an 
earl's  coronet  as  a  crest  coronet.  Amongst  these  may 
be  mentioned  the  crests  of  Sir  Alan  Seton  Steuart, 
Bart.  ["Out  of  an  earl's  coronet  a  dexter  hand  grasp- 
ing a  thistle  all  proper"],  that  granted  to  Cassan  of 
Sheffield  House,  Ireland  ["  Issuant  from  an  earl's 
coronet  proper,  a  boar's  head  and  neck  erased  or, 
langued  gules"],  James  Christopher  Fitzgerald  Kenney, 
Esq.,  Dublin  ["  Out  of  an  earl's  coronet  or,  the  pearls 
argent,  a  cubit  arm  erect  vested  gules,  cuffed  also 
argent,  the  hand  grasping  a  roU  of  parchment  proper  "], 
and  Davidson  ["  Out  of  an  earl's  coronet  or,  a  dove 
rising  argent,  holding  in  the  beak  a  wheat-stalk  bladed 
and  eared  all  proper  "]. 

I  know  of  no  crest  which  issues  from  the  coronet  of 
viscount,  but  a  baron's  coronet  occurs  in  the  case  of 
Forbes  of  Pitsligo  and  the  cadets  of  that  branch  of  the 
famUy  :  "  Issuing  out  of  a  baron's  coronet  a  dexter  hand 
holding  a  scimitar  all  proper." 

Foreign  coronets  of  rank  have  sometimes  been 
granted  as  crest  coronets  in  this  country,  as  in  the 
oases  of  Sir  Francis  George  Manningham  BoUeau,  Bart., 
Norfolk  ["  In  a  nest  or,  a  peUcan  m  her  piety  proper, 
charged  on  the  breast  with  a  saltire  couped  gules,  the 
nest  resting  in  a  foreign  coronet"],  Henry  Chamier, 
Esq.,  Dublin  ["  Out  of  a  French  noble  coronet  proper, 
a  cubit  arm  in  bend  vested  azure,  charged  with  five 
fleurs-de-lis  in  saltire  or,  cufi'ed  ermine,  holding  in  the 
hand  a  scroll,  and  thereon  an  open  book  proper, 
garnished  gold"],  John  Francis  Charles  Fane  De  Salis, 
Count  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire  ["  i.  Out  of  a 
marquis'  coronet  or,  a  demi-woman  proper,  crowned  or, 
hair  flowing  down  the  back,  winged  in  place  of  arms 
and  from  the  armpits  azure ;  2.  out  of  a  ducal  coronet 
or,  an  eagle  displayed  sable,  ducally  crowned  also  or ; 
3.  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  a  demi-lion  rampant  double- 
queued  and  crowned  with  a  like  coronet  all  or,  brandish- 
ing a  sword  proper,  hilt  and  pommel  of  the  first,  the 
lion  cottised  by  two  tilting-spears  of  the  same,  from 
each  a  banner  paly  of  six  argent  and  gules,  fringed  also 
or "],  and  Mahony,  Ireland  ["  Out  of  the  coronet  of  a 
Count  of  France  a  dexter  arm  in  armour  embowed, 
grasping  in  the  hand  a  sword  all  proper,  hilt  and 
pommel  or,  the  blade  piercing  a  fleur-de-lis  of  the  last"]. 
A  curious  crest  coronet  will  be  found  with  the  Sack- 
ville  crest.  This  is  composed  of  fleurs-de-lis  only,  the 
blazon  of  the  crest  being :  "  Out  of  a  coronet  composed 
of  eight  fleurs-de-lis  or,  an  estoile  of  eight  points  argent." 
A  curious  use  of  coronets  in  a  crest  will  be  found  in 
the  crest  of  Sir  Archibald  Dunbar,  Bart.  ['■  A  dexter 
hand  apaumee  reaching  at  an  astral  crown  proper"] 
(compare   the    arms   of  Dunbar    on   Plate    XXXIV.), 

^  Crest  of  Bentinck :  Out  of  a  marquess's  coronet  proper,  two  arms 
counter-embowed,  vested  gules,  on  the  hands  gloves  or,  and  in  each 
hand  an  ostrich  feather  argent. 


283 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  Sir  Alexander  James  Dunbar,  Bart.  ["  A  dexter 
hand  apaumee  proper  reaching  to  two  earls'  coronets 
tied  together"]. 

Next  after  the  ordinary  "ducal  coronet"  the  one 
most  usually  employed  is  the  mural  coronet,  which 
is  composed  of  masonry.  Though  it  may  be  and 
often  is  of  an  ordinary  heraldic  tincture,  it  will  usually 
be  found  "  proper."  In  the  crest  of  Every-Halstead 
["  Out  of  a  mural  coronet  chequy  or  and  azure,  a  demi- 
eagle  ermme  beaked  or"]  it  is  chequy.     Instances  ot 


it  is  becoming  somewhat  difficult  to  introduce  differ- 
ences in  a  stock  pattern  kind  of  crest,  led  to  its  very 
frequent  use  in  grants  during  the  last  hundred  years. 
Instances  of  its  use  will  be  found  in  the  crests  of  Horn- 
castle  (Fig.  84),  Ritson  (Fig.  43°),  Leigh  (Fig.  556),  and 
Blackpool  (Fig.  584). 

Care  should  also  be  taken  to  distmguish  between  the 
"  battlements  of  a  tower "  and  a  crest  issuing  from  "  a 
castle,"  as  in  the  arms  of  Harley  (Plate  XII.):  "a 
tower,"  as  in  the  arms  of  Boyce  (Fig.  558) ;  and  upon 


-■s»-"  rT^'tyfr.^ 


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...'/  l.'abcTi-i  Kols /  /../,  /,,, ,/  „.,yA.;.;,-  /,„,.,/.,-,<,/.'-■  '"• ^...i„  -,l. 

■■  '  -  // y  r.b7.al)rrb.tV.ibri-iiK-  R oft  .'.;„-, „,/^^  /,/.'/.     ''-'    ■-..■../  .-'..  .^.  -- 

,..     /Ill '^yitucfe  »•/.,../ «-lK.y.,,,/<iM/,vv;/.'  ...  <v.;rA/i.i-r/;c.v 
.^ ,v/„„//,ij.:..<if,i„,-,. ■   .      <•..       :.'.,.,^/i,/^f, 

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//,/  .■[.  in 


Fig.  776. 


crests  issuing  from  mural  coronets  wUl  be  found  in  the 
crests  of  Tarleton  (Fig.  775),  Moore  (Fig.  158),  and 
M'Cammond  (Fig.  329). 

Care  should  be  taken  to  distinguish  the  mural  crown 
from  the  "  battlements  of  a  tower."  This  originated  as 
a  modern  "  fakement "  often  granted  to  those  who  have 
been  using  a  mural  coronet,  and  desire  to  continue 
within  its  halo,  but  are  not  qualified  to  obtain  in  their 
own  persons  a  grant  of  it.  It  should  be  noticed  that 
the  battlements  of  a  tower  must  always  be  represented 
upon  a  wreath.  Its  facility  for  adding  a  noticeable 
distinction  to  a  crest  has,  however,  in  these  days  when 


the  "  capital  of  a  column,"  as  in  the  arms  of  Cowper- 

Essex  (Fig  777).  ... 

Abroad,  e.g.  in  the  arms  of  Pans,  it  is  very  usual  to 
place  a  mural  crown  over  the  shield  of  a  town,  and 
some  remarks  upon  the  point  will  be  found  on  page  279. 
This  at  first  sight  may  seem  an  appropriate  practice  to 
pursue,  and  several  heraldic  artists  have  followed  it  and 
advocate  it  in  this  country.  But  the  correctness  of  such 
a  practice  is,  for  British  purposes,  strongly  and  em- 
phatically denied  officially,  and  whilst  we  reserve  this 
privilege  for  army  officers,  it  does  not  seem  proper  that 
it  should  be  available  for  casual  and  haphazard  assump- 


284 


PLATE   XCI. 


^<znvm%:^{ 


eA. 


9 


c^:.s^i^4's^^^/^"'^x  j^^v^ 


EXAMPLES    FROM    COXRAD   GRUXENBERG'S    WAPPENBUCH. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  777. — Armorial  bearings  of  Thomas  Christopher  Cowper-Essex, 
Esq.  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  within  two  chevronels  or,  a  quatre- 
foil  of  the  last,  between  two  griffins'  heads  couped  ermine,  the 
whole  between  three  eagles  displayed  of  the  second  (for  Essex) ; 
2  and  3  or,  two  barrulets  wavy  azure  between  two  horse-shoes  in 
chief  sable,  and  a  lantern  in  base  proper  (for  Cowper).     Crests ;  i. 


on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  the  capital  of  an  Ionic  column  a 
griffin's  bead  couped  sable,  charged  with  two  quatrefoils  or  (for 
Essex) :  2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cubit  arm  erect 
vested  gules,  the  cuff  argent,  holding  in  the  hand  a  lantern  sus- 
pended from  a  staff  proper  {for  Cowper)  ;  with  the  motto, 
'*  Conduco." 


I  .yfif.  ^.u^rUs  7),y,i-ni:i,yy;//,-<';.-.y,  yy^„,/,„y„„,y.y/y.y.v./yy,y.  //„,.v,;,,/,^.  'y,„yyr„y/y,y//,y.;,,y.„/.  'y,...  y.„J, '„/-,„/y^,„  yy,- 

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i  fVyyyyr///yy/  /y/,-,y/,/7/y,yyyyiy  /j^  7f  y,yy,  ///yyj/yyi  /.,:,y,.-  ,,./y/.  .y.iyy^,,,./.,    ,.^,xy..; y./.  /  _       ,-      /  .y  •     /,■' 


'j>,yffr.ij;yyy,A,„>y'y,y,yryy/,y,. 

■  yzfy//ym/ry'yyyyyy,/iyyy,y^,y/,,,r/Zyy 

,^/y'^'^Z''Zy'y'yyy.y//yyyyyJ/yy/y,fJy/tyyyyfyyyyy/yyyy,^,yyy,y/yyil,,/j 

(f;'>yy'^y''.:-i>yyiiy-yyy.yy:,,.,,y,yyyy,;,^„yy,/^^^^^ 

//^>'yj//y:y/,„,„yyy„/,j,;yy/.,.,y,„„^y^/^  /^y    ,y,^y,^,,/Z       ,/, 

.'"Xcry^yAyy/y    ^XttiiW  III'  'ii.\m\\S\'iy/'yy //,/y„ 


I yi//'/y  f^  j-''y'/ry//j^//'/yy/y/yriy^jy/////y'yjr'f/yyy/  ryy/V  ,y,i 

yy^/AyJU//,'  .Si;vi'.Mi,>*ni    luuyt'x-i-fjl  ,S'ii;i;uir;)  ,'</•/: 
■^-    -^-     '    ■■' '^■^y--'"^"-yy'yy-f-y^r.-y^yyyyy-yA,,.„,y(^.yA.//:,y 


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'yyyyy  y-.^yy/yyi^  j  ^yyyyyyyyy/  yyyyyy,  y./^yry  /y^y  - .  v/'  //-;/,  ^'  /  " 
'',:,„y  A//y„y  .yyy,/y,yy y.j.  r,r,/,;.yi  „■„,  .<'  y.  .,/.i-//,:v 

■^  '    ■'       '  ^„-',;,y,/,yy/„/ly;.//. 


Fig.  77S.— Patent  of  Augmentation  to  Sii-  Philip  Bowes  Vere  Broke. 

285 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


lion  by  a  town  or  city.  That  being  the  case,  it  should 
be  borne  in  mind  that  the  practice  is  not  permissible 
in  British  armory. 

The  naval  coronet  (Fig.  770),  though  but  seldom 
granted  now,  was  very  popular  at  one  time.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  and  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  centuries,  naval  actions  were  constantly  being 
fought,  and  in  a  large  number  of  cases  where  the  action 
of  the  officer  in  command  was  worthy  of  high  praise  and 
reward,  part  of  such  reward  was  usually  an  augmentation 
of  arms.  Very  frequently  it  is  found  that  the  crest  of 
augmentation  issued  from  a  naval  ooi-onet  (Fig.  778). 
This  is,  as  will  be  seen,  a  curious  figure  composed  of 
the  sail  and  stern  of  a  ship  repeated  and  alternating 
on  the  rim  of  a  circlet.  Sometimes  it  is  entirely  gold, 
but  usually  the  sails  are  argent.  An  instance  of  such 
a  grant  of  augmentation  will  be  found  in  the  crest  of 
augmentation  for  Brisbane  ("Fig.  553)  and  in  Fig.  778, 
which  is  a  reproduction  of  the  patent  granting  a  crest 
of  augmentation  to  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Broke  to  com- 
memorate his  glorious  victory  in  the  Shannon  over 
the  American  ship  Chesapeake. 

Any  future  naval  grant  of  a  crest  of  augmentation 
would  probably  mean,  that  it  would  be  granted  issuing 
out  of  a  naval  coronet,  but  otherwise  it  is  now  confined 
to  those  grants  of  arms  in  which  the  patentee  is  of  tlie 
rank  of  admiral.     Instances  of  its  use  will  be  found  in 


coronet  or,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  proper,  holding  in 
the  hand  a  battle-axe  argent,  round  tbe  wrist  a  ribbon 
azure." 

The  crest  of  Dakyns  is  chiefly  memorable  for  the 


Fig.  779. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Arthur  Farquhar,  K.C.B. :  Supporting 
a  sword  erect  proper,  the  blade  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  laurel  also 
proper,  between  three  sinister  hands  couped  gules,  a  chief  wavy 
azure,  thereon  out  of  waves  of  the  sea  a  representation  of  a  fortified 
town  of  the  third,  and  above  the  word  "  Gluckstadt"  in  letters  of 
pold,  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded  by  the  ribbon  of  the  Most 
Honourable  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  pendent  his  badge  as  a  Knight 
Commander.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his 
degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  or  ;  and  for  his  crest,  out  of  a 
naval  crown  or,  a  sword  as  in  the  arms,  and  a  flag  flowing  towards 
the  sinister  in  saltire  azure,  inscribed  with  the  word  "Acheron  " 
in  letters  of  gold,  surmounted  by  a  dexter  hand  issuant  gules ; 
with  the  motto.  "  Sto  cado  fide  et  armis. " 


the  crests  of  Schomberg  and  Farquhar  (Fig.  779),  and 
in  the  crest  of  Dakyns  of  Derbyshire :  "  Out  of  a  naval 


Fig.  7S0. — Armorial  bearings  of  Robert  Townley  Caldwell,  Esq.;  Or, 
three  piles  sable,  each  charged  with  a  fountain ;  in  base  four 
barrulets  wavy  alternately  gules  and  vert.  Mantling  sable  and  or. 
Crest :  out  of  an  Eastern  crown  argent,  the  rim  inscribed  "Gooty" 
in  letters  sable,  a  demi-lion  rampant  liolding  in  its  dexter  paw  a 
falchion  proper,  and  supporting  in  its  sinister  paw  an  escutcheon 
azure  charged  with  a  representation  of  the  medal  conferred  upon 
Sir  Alexander  Caldwell  in  commemoration  of  his  services  at  the 
siege  of  Seringapatam  pendent  from  a  riband  tenne.  Motto : 
"Virtus  et  spes." 


curious  motto  which  accompanies  it :  "  Strike,  Dakyns, 
the  devil's  in  the  hempe,"  of  which  no  one  knows  the 
explanation. 

The  crest  of  Lord  St.  Vincent  ["  Out  of  a  naval 
coronet  or,  encircled  by  a  wreath  of  oak  proper,  a  demi- 
pegasus  argent,  maned  and  hoofed  of  the  first,  winged 
azure,  charged  on  the  wing  with  a  fleur-de-lis  gold  "]  is 
worthy  of  notice  owing  to  the  encircling  of  the  coronet, 
and  in  some  number  of  cases  the  circlet  of  the  coronet 
has  been  made  use  of  to  carry  the  name  of  a  captured 
ship  or  of  a  naval  engagement. 

The  Eastern  Coronet  is  a  plain  rim  heightened  with 
spikes.  Formerly  it  was  granted  without  restriction, 
but  now,  as  has  been  already  stated,  it  is  reserved  for 
those  of  high  rank  who  have  served  in  India  or  the 
East.  Instances  of  its  occurrence  will  be  found  in  the 
arms  of  Lord  Roberts,  which  were  granted  to  his  father. 
Sir  Abraham  Roberts,  G.C.B.,  and  of  Rawlinson,  Bart. 
["  Sable,  three  swords  in  pale  proper,  pommels  and  hilts 
or,  two  erect,  points  upwards,  between  them  one,  point 
downwards,  on  a  chief  embattled  of  the  third  an  antique 
crown  gules.  Crest :  out  of  an  Eastern  crown  or,  a  cubit 
arm  erect  in  armour,  the  hand  grasping  a  sword  in  bend 
sinister,  and  the  wrist  encircled  by  a  laurel  wreath 
proper  "],  and  in  the  crest  of  Caldwell  (Fig.  780). 

Of  identically  the  same  shape  is  what  is  known  as 
the  "  Antique  Coronet."  It  has  no  particular  meaning, 
and  though  no  objection  is  made  to  granting  it  in  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  it  is  not  granted  in  England.  Instances 
in  which   it  occurs  under   such  a  description  will   be 


286 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


found  in  tlie  cases  of  Lanigan  O'Keefe  (Fi^,  252)  and 
Matheson  <=  (Plate  XXXIIL). 

The  Crown  Vallary  or  Vallarj  Coronet  and  the 
Palisade  Coronet  were  undoubtedly  originally  the  same, 
but  now  the  two  forms  in  Avhich  it  has  been  depicted 
are  considered  to  be  different  coronets.  Each  has  the 
rim,  but  the  vallary  coronet  is  now  heightened  only  by 
pieces  of  the  shape  of  vair,  whilst  the  palisado  coronet 
is  formed  by  high  "  paiisadoes "  affixed  to  the  rim. 
These  two  are  the  only  forms  of  coronets  granted  to 
ordinary  and  undistinguished  applicants  in  England. 
An  example  of  the  former  will  be  found  in  the  crests 
of  Scale  (Fig.  781)  and  Bethell  (Lord  Westbury). 

A  recent  instance  of  the  grant  of  a  palLsado  coronet 
will  be  found  in  the  case  of  the  town  of  Dukinfield 
(Fig.  782). 

The  form  of  the  Celestial  Crown  will  be  seen  in  the 
arms  of  Dunbar-Dunbar'*  (Plate  XXXIV.)  and  in  the 
arms  of  Kensington  (Fig.  593),  but  though  one  of  the 
regularly   recognised   heraldic  crowns,    I   know  of 
instance  in  which  a  crest  issues  from  one. 


Fig.  7S1. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  John  Henry  Seale,  Bart. :  Or,  two 
barrolets  azure,  between  three  wolves'  heads  erased  sable,  in  the 
fess  point  a  mural  crown  gules ;  the  escutcheon  charged  with  his 
badge  of  Ulster  as  a  baronet.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest :  out 
of  a  crown  vallery  or,  a  wolf's  head  argent,  the  neck  encircled  with 
a  wreath  of  oak  vert. 


The  circlet  from  the  crown  of  a  king  of  arms  has 
once  at  least  been  granted  as  a  crest  coronet,  this  being 
in  the  case  of  Rogers  Harrison.*' 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Kenneth  Matheson,  Bart.:  Argent,  three 
dexter  hands  couped  two  and  one  gules,  within  a  bordure  of  the  second. 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  for  crest,  issuing  out  of  an 
Eastern  crown  or,  a  dexter  hand  holding  a  scimitar  in  fess  all  proper. 
Motto :  ■'■  Fac  et  spera." 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  Rev.  John  Archibald  Dunbar-Dunbar :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  within  a  bordure  of  the 
last,  charged  with  eight  roses  of  the  first ;  2  and  3,  or,  three  cushions 
within  a  double  tressure  flory  counterflorj  gules,  the  whole  within  a 
bordure  invected  and  quartered  azure  and  of  the  last ;  in  the  centre  of 
the  quarters  a  deer's  head  cabossed  proper.  Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries,  a  dexter  hand  apaumee  reaching  to  an  astral  crown  proper. 

^  Armorial  bearings  of  George  Harrison  Rogers  Harrison,  Esq., 
Windsor  Herald:  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  three  demi-lions  rampant 
erased  or,  each  crowned  with  an  Eastern  crown  argent  (for  Harrison) ; 
2  and  3,  or,  three  stags  trippant  proper  (for  Rogers),  in  the  centre  chief 
point  on  an  inescutcheon  gules  a  lion  rampant  argent  (in  allusion  to 
his  office  of  Blanche  Lion  Pursuivant).  Crests:  i.  out  of  a  mural 
coronet  azure,  a  demi-lion  issuant  or,  crowned  as  in  the  arms,  and 
holding  between  the  paws  a  chaplet  of  roses  proper;  2.  on  a  ducal 
coronet  or,  a  lion  rampant  argent ;  3.  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up 


Fig.  782.— Arms  of  Dukinfield :  Quarterly,  azure  and  argent,  a  cross 
pointed  and  voided  quarterly  of  the  last  and  sable,  between  in  the 
first  quarter  a  raven  close  and  in  the  fourth  a  garb,  both  or. 
Crest :  out  of  a  crown  palisado  or,  a  cubit  arm  vested  azure,  cuffed 
argent,  the  band  proper,  holding  an  escutcheon  of  the  second, 
charged  with  the  sun  in  his  splendour  of  the  first  between  two 
ostrich-feathers  of  the  third.     Motto :  "  Integrity." 


THE   CHAPEAU 

Some  number  of  crests  will  be  found  to  have  been 
granted  to  be  borne  upon  a  "  chapeau  "  in  lieu  of  wreath 
or  coronet.  Other  names  for  the  chapeau,  under  which 
it  is  equally  well  known,  are  the  "  cap  of  maintenance  " 
or  "  cap  of  dignity." 

There  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  the  heraldic 
chapeau  combines  two  distinct  origins  or  earlier  proto- 
types. The  one  is  the  real  cap  of  dignity,  and  the  other 
is  the  hat  or  "  capelot "  which  covered  the  top  of  the 
helm  before  the  mantling  was  introduced,  but  from 
which  the  lambrequin  developed.     The  curious  evolu- 

ermine,  a  stag  trippant  proper  gorged  with  a  coronet  of  a  king  of  arms, 
therefrom  a  chain  passing  between  the  forelegs  or ;  4.  out  of  a  coronet 
composed  of  trefoils  gold,  a  plume  of  five  ostrich-feathers  alternately 
argent  and  or. 


287 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


tion  of  the  ohapeau  from  the  "  capelot,"  which  is  so 
marked  and  usual  in  Germany,  is  the  tall  conical  hat, 
often  surmounted  by  a  tuft  or  larger  plume  of  feathers, 
and  usually  employed  in  German  heraldi-y  as  an  oppor- 
tunity for  the  repetition  of  the  livery  colours,  or  a  part 
of,  and  often  the  whole  design  of,  the  arms.  But  it 
should  at  the  same  time  be  noticed  that  this  tall  conical 
hat  is  much  more  closely  allied  to  the  real  cap  of  main- 
tenance than  our  pi'esent  crest  "  chapeau." 

Exactly  what  purpose  the  real  cap  of  maintenance 
served,  or  of  what  it  was  a  symbol,  remains  to  a  certain 
extent  a  matter  of  m)'stery.  The  "Cap  of  Maintenance" 
— a  part  of  the  regalia  borne  before  the  sovereign  at  the 
State  opening  of  Parliament  (but  not  at  a  coronation)  by 
the  Marquesses  of  Winchester,  the  hereditary  bearers  of 
the  cap  of  maintenance — bears,  in  its  shape,  no  relation 
to  the  heraldic  ohapeau.  The  only  similarity  is  its 
crimson  colour  and  its  lining  of- ermine.  It  is  a  tall 
conical  cap,  and  is  carried  on  a  short  stafi.  Whilst 
crest-coronets  in  early  days  appear  to  have  had  little 
or  no  relation  to  titular  rank,  there  is  no  doubt  what- 
ever that  caps  of  dignity  had.  Long  before,  a  coronet  was 
assigned  to  the  rank  of  baron;  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
all  barons  had  theh  caps  of  dignity,  of  scarlet  lined 
with  white  fur;  and  in  the  old  pedigrees  a  scarlet 
cap  with  a  gold  tuft  or  tassel  on  top  and  a  lining  of  fur 
will  be  found  painted  above  the  arms  of  a  baron.  This 
fact,  the  fact  that  until  after  Stuart  days  the  chapeau 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  allowed  or  granted  to 
others  than  peers,  the  fact  that  it  is  now  reserved  for 
the  crests  granted  to  peers,  the  fact  that  the  velvet  cap 
is  a  later  addition  both  to  the  sovereign's  crown  and  to 
the  coronet  of  a  peer,  and  finally  the  fact  that  the  cap 
of  maintenance  is  borne  before  the  sovereign  only  in 
the  precmcts  of  Parliament,  would  seem  to  indubitably 
indicate  that  the  cap  of  maintenance  was  inseparably 
connected  with  the  lordship  and  overlordship  of  Parlia- 
ment vested  in  peers  and  in  the  sovereign.  In  the 
crumpled  and  tasselled  top  of  the  velvet  cap,  and  in  the 
ermine  border  visible  below  the  rim,  the  high  conical 
form  of  the  cap  of  maintenance  proper  can  be  still 
traced  in  the  cap  of  a  peer's  coronet,  and  that  the  velvet 
cap  contained  in  the  crown  of  the  sovereign  and  in  the 
coronet  of  a  peer  is  the  survival  of  the  old  cap  of 
dignity  there  can  be  no  doubt.  This  is  perhaps  even 
more  apparent  in  Fig.  783,  which  shows  the  crown  of 


Fig.  7S3.— The  Crown  of  King  Charles  II. 

King  Charles  II.,  than  in  the  representations  of  the 
Royal  crown  which  we  are  more  accustomed  to  see. 
The  present  form  of  a  peer's  coronet  is  undoubtedly 
the  conjoining  of  two  separate  emblems  of  his  rank. 
The  cap  of  maintenance  or  dignity,  however,  as  repre- 


sented above  the  arms  of  a  baron,  as  above  referred  to, 
was  not  of  this  high  conical  shape.  It  was  flatter  and 
more  like  that  represented  in  Pig.  761. 

The  high  conical  original  shape  is,  however,  preserved 
in  many  of  the  early  heraldic  representations  of  the 
chapeau,  as  will  be  noticed  from  an  examination  of  the 
ancient  Garter  plates  or  from  a  reference  to  Fig.  264, 
which  shows  the  helmet  with  its  chapeau-borne  crest  of 
Edward  the  Black  Prince. 

Of  the  chapeaus  upon  which  crests  are  represented 
in  the  early  Garter  plates  the  following  facts  may  be 
observed.  They  are  twenty  in  number  of  the  eighty- 
six  plates  reproduced  in  Mr.  St.  John  Hope's  book.  It 
should  be  noticed  that  until  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  the  Royal  crest  of  the  sovereign  was  always 
depicted  upon  a  chapeau  gules,  Uned  with  ermine.  Of 
the  twenty  instances  in  which  the  chapeau  appears,  no 
less  than  twelve  are  representations  of  the  Royal  crest, 
borne  by  closely  allied  relatives  of  the  sovereign,  so 
that  we  have  only  eight  examples  from  which  to 
draw  deductions.  But  of  the  twenty  it  should  be 
pointed  out  that  nineteen  are  peers,  and  the  only  re- 
maining instance  (Sir  John  Grey,  K.G.)  is  that  of  the 
eldest  son  and  heir  apparent  of  a  peer,  both  shield  and 
crest  being  in  this  case  boldly  marked  with  the  "  label " 
of  an  eldest  son.  Consequently  it  is  a  safe  deduction 
that  whatever  may  have  been  the  regulations  and 
custom  concerning  the  use  of  coronets,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  down  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century  the 
use  of  a  chapeau  marked  a  crest  as  that  of  a  peer.  Of 
the  eight  non-Royal  examples  one  has  been  repainted 
and  is  valueless  as  a  contemporary  record.  Of  the  re- 
maming  seven,  four  are  of  the  conventional  gules  and 
ermine.  One  only  has  not  the  ermine  lining,  that  being 
the  crest  of  Lord  Fanhope.  It  is  plainly  the  Royal 
crest  "differenced"  (he  being  of  Royal  but  illegitimate 
descent),  and  probably  the  argent  in  lieu  of  ermine 
lining  is  one  of  the  intentional  marks  of  distmction. 
The  chapeau  of  Lord  Beaumont  is  azure,  seme-de-lis, 
lined  ermine,  and  that  of  the  Earl  of  Douglas  is  azure 
lined  ermine,  this  being  in  each  case  in  conformity  with 
the  mantling.  Whilst  the  Beaumont  family  still  use 
this  curiously  coloured  chapeau  with  their  crest,  the 
Douglas  crest  is  now  borne  (by  the  Duke  of  Hamilton) 
upon  one  of  ordinary  tinctures.  Chapeaux,  other  than 
of  gules  lined  ermine,  are  but  rarely  met  with,  and 
unless  specifically  blazoned  to  the  contrary  a  cap  of 
maintenance  is  always  presumed  to  be  gules  and 
ermine. 

About  the  Stuart  period  the  granting  of  crests  upon 
chapeaux  to  others  than  peers  became  far  from  im- 
usual,  and  the  practice  appears  to  have  been  frequently 
adopted  prior  to  the  beginning  of  this  century.  Some 
of  these  crest  chapeaux,  however,  were  not  of  gules. 
An  instance  of  this  kind  will  be  found  in  the  grant  in 
1667  to  Sir  Thomas  Davies,  then  one  of  the  sheriffs  of 
the  City  of  London,  but  afterwards  (in  1677)  Lord  Mayor. 
The  crest  granted  was :  "  On  a  chapeau  sable,  turned 
up  or,  a  demi-lion  rampant  of  the  last."  The  reason 
for  the  grant  at  that  date  of  such  a  simple  crest  and  the 
even  more  astonishingly  simple  coat  of  arms  ["  Or,  a 
chevron  between  three  mullets  pierced  sable"]  has 
always  been  a  mystery  to  me. 

The  arms  of  Lord  Lurgan  (granted  1840)  afford 
another  instance  of  a  chapeau  of  unusual  colour,  his 
crest  being :  "  Upon  a  chapeau  azure  turned  up  ermine, 
a  greyhound  statant  gules,  collared  or." 

There  are  some  number  of  cases  in  which  peers  whose 
ancestors  originally  bore  theh  crests  upon  a  wreath  have 
subsequently  placed  them  upon  a  chapeau.  The 
Stanleys,  Earls  of  Derby,  are  a  case  in  point,  as  are 
also   the   Marquesses   of  Exeter.      The   latter   case   is 


PLATE  XCII. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


curious,  because  although  they  have  for  long  enough  so 
depicted  their  crest,  they,  only  comparatively  recently 
(within  the  last  few  years)  obtained  the  necessary 
authorisation  by  the  Crown.  Their  arms  and  crest  (for 
Cecil)  are  as  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  with  the 
dexter  crest  as  in  the  accompanying  illustration  of  the 
arms  and  crest  of  Lord  John  Pakenham  Joioey-Cecil 
(Fig.  784). 


Fig.  7S4. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lord  John  Pakenham  Joicey-Ceoil ; 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  bany  of  ten  argent  and  azure,  over  all  sis 
escatcheons  sable,  three,  two  and  one,  each  charged  with  a  lion 
rampant  of  the  first  (for  Cecil)  ;  2  and  3,  argent,  three  torteaus 
each  charged  with  a  lozenge  in  bend  of  the  first  between  two 
bendlets  gules  (for  Joicey).  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crests  : 
1.  upon  a  cap  of  maintenance,  a  garb  or,  supported  by  two  lions, 
the  dexter  argent,  the  sinister  azure  (for  Cecil) ;  2.  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  demi-man  affronte  in  armour  proper,  the  helmet 
adorned  wi£h  three  feathers  gules,  argent  and  azure,  resting  the 
dexter  hand  on  an  escutcheon  of  the  arms  of  Joicey,  and  support- 
ing with  the  sinister  a  spiked  mace  also  proper.  Motto:  "Cor 
unum  via  una. " 


At  the  present  time  the  official  form  of  the  ehapeau 
is  as  in  Fig.  785  with  the  turn  up  split  at  the  back  into 


sanctioned  in  England.  The  hat  used  is  a  fiat-topped 
brown  fur  hat  of  the  shape  depicted  in  Fig.  787. 
It  is  merely  (in  London)  a  part  of  the  official  uniform 
or  livery  of  the  City  sword-bearer.  It  does  not  even 
appear  to  have  been  a  part  of  the  costume  of  the  Lord 
Mayor,  and  it  must  always  remain  a  mystery  why  it  was 


Fig.  7S6. — Armorial  bearings  of  Major  Sir  Claude  Champion-de  Cres- 
pigny,  Bart. :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable, 
armed  and  langued  gules,  in  the  dexter  base  a  fer-de-moulin 
pierced  of  the  second  (for  Champion-de  Crespigny) ;  2  and  3,  azure, 
three  bars  argent  (for  Vierville  de  Vierville).  Manlling  sable, 
lined  with  argent.  Crest :  on  a  ehapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine, 
a  cubit  arm  in  armour  holding  in  the  hand  a  broadsword  proper ; 
with  the  motto,  "  Mens  sibi  conscia  recti." 

ever  adopted  for  heraldic  use.  But  then  the  chain  of 
the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  is  generally  called  a  Collar 
of  SS.    London  uses  a  Peer's  helmet,  a  bogus  modern 


Fig.  7S5.— The  Chapeau. 

two  tails.  No  such  form  can  be  found  in  any  early 
representation,  and  most  heraldic  artists  have  now  re- 
verted to  the  earlier  type  as  in  Fig.  786,  which  represents 
the  arms  of  Sir  Claude  Champion-de  Crespigny,  Bart. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  the  cap  of  maintenance, 
reference  should  be  made  to  another  instance  of  a  curious 
heraldic  headgear  often,  but  quite  incorrectly,  styled  a 
"  cap-of-maintenance."  This  is  the  fur  cap  invariably 
used  over  the  shields  of  the  cities  of  London,  Dublin, 
and  Norwich.  There  is  no  English  official  authority 
whatever  for  such  an  addition  to  the  arms,  but  there 
does  appear  to  be  some  Uttle  official  recognition  of  it  in 
Ulster's  Office  in  the  case  of  the  city  of  Dublin.  Ulster 
King  of  Arms  states  that  he  would,  in  the  case  of 
Dublin,  have  no  hesitation  whatever  in  certifying  the 
right  of  the  city  arms  to  be  so  displayed  (Fig.  787). 

In  the  utter  absence  of  anything  in  the  nature  of  a 
precedent,  it  is  quite  unlikely  that  the  practice  will  be 


Fig.  787.— Arms  of  the  City  of  Dublin. 

crest,  and  even  more  modern  bogus  supporters,  so  a  few 
other  eccentricities  need  not  in  that  instance  cause 
surprise.  ^-  ^-  J^-D. 


289 


2o 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XXVIII 

THE  MANTLING  OR  LAMBREQUIN 


THE  mantling  is  the  ornamental  design  which  in 
a  representation  of  an  armorial  achievement 
depends  from  the  helmet,  falling  away  on  either 
side  of  the  escutcheon.  Many  authorities  have  con- 
sidered it  to  have  been  no  more  than  a  fantastic  series 
of  flourishes,  devised  by  artistic  minds  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting  design  and  affording  an  artistic  opportunity 
of  filling  up  unoccupied  spaces  in  a  heraldic  design. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  its  readily  apparent  advantages 
in  that  character  have  greatly  led  to  the  importance 
now  attached  to  the  manthng  in  heraldic  art.  But 
equally  is  it  certain  that  its  real  origin  is  to  be  traced 
elsewhere. 

The  genesis  of  the  heraldry  of  to-day  was  in  the  East 
during  the  period  of  the  Crusades,  and  the  burning  heat 
of  the  Eastern  sun  upon  the  metal  helmet  led  to  the 
introduction  and  adoption  of  a  textile  covering,  which 
would  act  in  some  way  as  a  barrier  between  the  two. 
It  was  simply  in  fact  and  effect  a  primeval  prototype  of 
the  "  puggaree  "  of  Margate  and  Hindustan.  It  is  plain 
from  all  early  representations  that  originally  it  was 
short,  simply  hanging  from  the  apes  of  the  helmet  to 
the  level  of  the  shoulders,  overlapping  the  textile  tunic 
or  "coat  of  arms,"  but  probably  enveloping  a  greater 
part  of  the  helmet,  neck,  and  shoulders  than  we  are  at 
present  (judging  from  pictorial  representations)  inclined 
to  believe. 

Adopted  first  as  a  protection  against  the  heat,  and 
perhaps  also  the  rust  which  would  follow  damp,  the 
lambrequin  soon  made  evident  another  of  its  advantages, 
an  advantage  to  which  we  doubtless  owe  its  perpetua- 
tion outside  Eastern  warfare  in  the  more  temperate 
climates  of  Northern  Europe  and  England.  Textile 
fabrics  are  peculiarly  and  remai-kably  deadening  to  a 
sword-cut,  to  which  fact  must  be  added  the  facility 
with  which  such  a  weapon  would  become  entangled  in 
the  hanging  folds  of  cloth.  The  hacking  and  hewing 
of  battle  would  show  itself  plainly  upon  the  lambrequin 
of  one  accustomed  to  a  prominent  position  in  the  fore- 
front of  a  fight,  and  the  honourable  record  implied  by  a 
ragged  and  slashed  lambrequin  accounts  for  the  fact 
that  we  find  at  an  early  period  after  their  introduction 
into  heraldic  art,  that  they  are  depicted  cut  and  "  torn 
to  ribbons."  This  opportunity  was  quickly  seized  by 
the  heraldic  artist,  who  has  always,  from  those  very 
earliest  times  of  absolute  armorial  freedom  down  to  the 
point  of  greatest  and  most  regularised  control,  been 
allowed  an  entire  and  absolute  freedom  in  the  design  to 
be  adopted  for  the  mantling.  Hence  it  is  that  we  find 
so  much  importance  is  given  to  it  by  heraldic  artists,  for 
it  is  in  the  design  of  the  mantling,  and  almost  entirely 
in  that  opportunity,  that  the  personal  character  and 
abilities  of  the  artist  have  their  greatest  scope.  Some 
authorities  have  derived  the  mantling  from  the  robe  of 
estate,  and  there  certainly  has  been  a  period  in  British 
armory  when  most  lambrequins  found  in  heraldic  art  are 
represented  by  an  unmutilated  cloth,  suspended  from 
and  displayed  behind  the  armorial  bearings  and  tied 
at  the  upper  corners  (Fig.  47).  In  all  probability  the 
robes  of  estate  of  the  higher  nobility,  no  less  than  the 
then  existing  and  peremptorily  enforced  sumptuary 
laws,  may  have  led  to  the  desire  and  to  the  attempt,  at 
a  period  when  the  actual  lambrequin  was  fast  disappear- 
ing from  general  knowledge,  to  display  arms  upon  some- 
thing which  should  represent  either  the  parliamentary 


robes  of  estate  of  a  peer,  or  the  garments  of  rich  fabric 
which  the  sumptuary  laws  forbade  to  those  of  humble 
degree.  To  this  period  undoubtedly  belongs  the  term 
"mantling,"  which  is  so  much  more  frequently  em- 
ployed than  the  word  lambrequin,  which  is  really — 
from  the  armorial  point  of  view — the  older  term. 

The  heraldic  mantling  was,  of  course,  originally  the 
representation  of  the  actual  "  capeline  "  or  textile  cover- 
ing worn  upon  the  helmet,  but  many  early  heraldic  re- 
presentations are  of  mantlings  which  are  of  skin,  fur,  or 
feathers,  being  in  such  cases  invariably  a  continuation 
of  the  crest  drawn  out  and  represented  as  the  lambre- 
quin. The  plates  in  this  book  taken  from  early  rolls 
of  arms  afford  numberless  examples,  and  when  the 
crest  was  a  part  of  the  human  figure,  the  habit  in 
which  that  figure  was  arrayed  is  almost  invariably  found 
to  have  been  so  employed.  The  Garter  plate  of  Sir 
Ralph  Bassett,  one  of  the  Founder  Knights,  shows  the 
crest  as  a  black  boar's  head,  the  skin  being  continued  as 
the  sable  mantling. 

Some  Sclavonic  families  have  mantlings  of  fur  only, 
that  of  the  Hungarian  family  of  Chorinski  is  a  bear  skin, 
and  by  a  study  of  the  present  volume  countless  other  in- 
stances can  be  found  of  the  use  by  German  families  of  a 
continuation  of  the  crest  for  a  mantling.  This  affords 
instances  of  many  curious  mantlings,  this  in  one  case  in 
the  Zurich  WappenroUe  being  the  scaly  skin  of  a  salmon. 
The  mane  of  the  lion,  the  crest  of  Mertz,  and  the  hair  and 
beard  of  the  crests  of  Bohn  and  Landschaden,  are  simi- 
larly continued  to  do  duty  for  the  mantling.  -  This 
practice  has  never  found  great  favour  in  England,  the 
eases  amongst  the  early  Garter  plates  where  it  has 
been  followed  standing  almost  alone.  In  a  manuscript 
(M.  3,  6jh)  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  now  in  the 
College  of  Arms,  probably  dating  from  about  1 506,  an 
instance  of  this  character  can  be  found.  It  is  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  crest  of  Stourton  (Fig.  788)  as  it  was 


Fig.  7SS.— The  Crest  of  Stourton. 

borne  at  that  date,  and  was  a  black  Benedictine  demi- 
monk  proper  holding  erect  in  his  dexter  hand  a  scourge. 
Here  the  proper  black  Benedictine  habit  (it  has  of  later 


290 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


years  been  corrupted  into  the  russet  habit  of  a  friar)  is 
continued  to  form  the  mantling. 

By  what  rules  the  colours  of  the  mantlings  were 
decided  in  early  times  it  is  impossible  to  say.  N"o  rules 
have  been  handed  down  to  us — the  old  heraldic  books 
are  silent  on  the  point — and  it  seems  equally  hopeless  to 
attempt  to  deduce  any  from  ancient  armorial  examples. 
The  one  fact  that  can  be  stated  mth  certainty  is  that  the 
rules  of  early  daj'S,  if  there  were  any,  were  not  the  rules 
presently  observed.  Some  hold  that  the  coloiirs  of  the 
mantling  were  decided  by  the  colours  of  the  actual 
livery  in  use  as  distinct  from  the  "  livery  colours  "  of  the 
arms.  It  is  difficult  to  check  this  rule,  because  our 
knowledge  of  the  liveries  in  use  in  early  days  is  so 
meagre  and  limited  ;  but  in  the  few  instances  of  which 
we  now  have  knowledge  we  look  in  vain  for  a  repetition 
of  the  colours  worn  by  the  retainers  as  liveries  in  the 
mantlings  used.  The  fact  that  the  livery  colours  are 
represented  in  the  background  of  some  of  the  early 
Garter  plates,  and  that  in  such  instances  in  no  single 
case  do  they  agree  with  the  colours  of  the  mantling, 
must  certainly  dissipate  once  and  for  all  any  such  sup- 
position as  far  as  it  relates  to  that  period. 

A  careful  study  and  analysis  of  early  heraldic  em- 
blazonment, however,  reveals  one  point  as  a  dominating 
characteristic.  That  is,  that  where  the  crest,  by  its 
nature,  lent  itself  to  a  continuation  into  the  mantling  it 
generally  was  so  continued.  This  practice,  which  was 
almost  universal  upon  the  Continent,  and  is  particularly 
to  be  met  with  in  German  heraldry,  though  seldom 
adopted  in  England,  certainly  had  some  weight  in 
Enghsh  heraldry.  In  the  recently  published  repro- 
ductions of  the  Plantagenet  Garter  plates  eighty-seven 
armorial  achievements  are  included.  Of  these,  in  ten 
instances  the  mantlings  are  plainly  continuations  of 
the  crests,  being  "  feathered "  or  in  unison.  Fifteen  of 
the  mantlings  have  both  the  outside  and  the  inside  of 
the  principal  colour  and  of  the  principal  metal  of  the 
arms  they  accompany,  though  in  a  few  cases,  contrary  to 
the  present  practice,  the  metal  is  outside,  the  lining  being 
of  the  colour.  Nineteen  more  of  the  mantlings  are  of 
the  principal  colour  of  the  arms,  the  majority  (eighteen) 
of  these  being  lined  with  ermine.  No  less  than  forty- 
nine  are  of  some  colour  lined  with  ermine,  but  thirty- 
four  of  these  are  of  gules  lined  ermine,  and  in  the  large 
majority  of  cases  in  these  thirty-four  instances  neither 
the  gules  nor  the  ermine  are  in  conformity  with  the 
principal  colour  and  metal  (what  we  now  term  the 
"  livery  colours ")  of  the  arms.  In  some  cases  the 
colours  of  the  mantling  agree  with  the  colours  of  the 
crest,  a  rule  which  will  usually  be  found  to  hold  good 
in  German  heraldr}'.  The  constant  occurrence  of  gules 
and  ermine  incline  one  much  to  believe  that  the  colours 
of  the  mantling  were  not  decided  by  haphazard  fancy,  but 
that  there  was  some  law — possibly  in  some  way  connected 
with  the  sumptuary  laws  of  the  period — which  governed 
the  matter,  or,  at  any  rate,  which  greatly  hmited  the 
range  of  selection.  Of  the  eighty-seven  mantlings,  ex- 
cluding those  which  are  gules  lined  ermine,  there  are 
four  only  the  colours  of  which  apparently  bear  no  relation 
whatever  to  the  colours  of  the  arms  or  the  crests  ap- 
pearing upon  the  same  Stall  plate.  In  some  number  of 
the  plates  the  colours  certainly  are  taken  from  a  quar- 
tering other  than  the  first  one,  and  in  one  at  least  of  the 
four  exceptions  the  mantling  (one  of  the  most  curious 
examples)  is  plainly  derived  from  a  quartering  inherited 
by  the  knight  in  question  though  not  shown  upon  the 
Stall  plate.  Probably  a  closer  examination  of  the  re- 
maining three  instances  would  reveal  a  similar  reason  in 
each  case.  That  any  law  concerning  the  colours  of  their 
mantlings  was  enforced  upon  those  concerned  would  be 
an  unwarrantable  deduction  not  justified  by  the  instances 


under  examination,  but  one  is  clearly  justified  in  draw- 
ing from  these  cases  some  deductions  as  to  the  practice 
pursued.  It  is  evident  that  unless  one  was  authorised  by 
the  rule  or  reason  governing  the  matter — whatever  such 
rule  or  reason  may  have  been — in  using  a  mantling  of 
gules  and  ermine,  the  dominating  colour  (not  as  a  rule 
the  metal)  of  the  coat  of  arms  (or  of  one  of  the  quarter- 
ings),  or  sometimes  of  the  crest  if  the  tinctures  of  anns 
and  crest  were  not  in  unison,  decided  the  colour  of  the 
mantling.  That  there  was  some  meaning  behind  the 
mantlings  of  gules  lined  with  ermine  there  can  be  httle 
doubt,  for  it  is  noticeable  that  in  a  case  in  which  the 
colours  of  the  arms  themselves  are  gules  and  ermine, 
the  mantling  is  of  gules  and  argent,  as  by  the  way  in 
this  particular  case  is  the  chapeau  upon  which  the  crest 
is  placed.  But  probably  the  reason  which  governed 
these  mantlings  of  gules  lined  with  ermine,  as  also  the 
ermine  linings  of  other  mantlings,  must  be  sought  out- 
side the  strict  limits  of  armory.  That  the  colours  of 
mantlings  are  repeated  in  different  generations,  and  in 
the  plates  of  members  of  the  same  family,  clearly  de- 
monstrates that  selection  was  not  haphazard. 

Certain  of  these  early  Garter  plates  exhibit  interest- 
ing curiosities  in  the  mantlings : — 

1.  Sir  William  Latimer,  Lord  Latimer,  K.G.,  c.  1361- 
13S1.  Arms;  gules  a  cross  patonce  or.  Crest:  a  plume 
of  feathers  sable,  the  tips  or.  Mantling  gules  with  silver 
vertical  stripes,  lined  with  ermine. 

2.  Sir  Bermond  Arnaud  de  Presac,  Soudan  de  la 
Tran,  K.G.,  1380-2^0.5^  1384.  Arms:  or,  a  lion  rampant 
double-queued  gules.  Crest :  a  Midas'  head  argent. 
Mantling  sable,  lined  gules,  the  latter  veined  or. 

3.  Sir  Simon  Felbrigge,  K.G.,  1397-1442.  Arms:  or, 
a  lion  rampant  gules.  Crest :  out  of  a  coronet  gules,  a 
plume  of  feathers  ermine.  Mantling  ermine,  lined  gules 
(evidently  a  continuation  of  the  crest). 

4.  Sir  Reginald  Cobham,  Lord  Cobham,  K.G.,  1352- 
1361.  Arms:  gules,  on  a  chevron  or,  three  estoUes 
sable.  Crest :  a  soldan's  head  sable,  the  brow  encircled 
by  a  torse  or.  Mantling  sable  (evidently  a  continuation 
of  the  crest),  lined  gules. 

5.  Sir  Edward  Cherleton,  Lord  Cherleton  of  Powis, 
K.G.,  1406-7  to  1420-1.  Arms:  or,  a  lion  rampant  gules. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  gules  and  sable,  two  lions'  gambs 
also  gules,  each  adorned  on  the  exterior  side  with  three 
demi-fleurs-de-lis  issuing  argent,  the  centres  thereof  or. 
Mantling:  on  the  dexter  side,  sable ;  on  the  sinister  side, 
gules ;  both  lined  ermine. 

6.  Sir  Hertong  von  Clux,  K.G.,  1421-1445  or  6. 
Arms :  argent,  a  vine  branch  couped  at  either  end  in 
bend  sable.  Crest:  out  of  a  coronet  or,  a  plume  of 
feathers  sable  and  argent.  Mantling:  on  the  dexter 
side,  azure ;  on  the  sinister,  gules ;  both  lined  ermine. 

7.  Sir  Miles  Stapleton,  K.G.  (Founder  Knight,  died 
1364).  Arms:  argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable.  Crest:  a 
soldan's  head  sable,  around  the  temples  a  torse  azure, 
tied  in  a  knot,  the  ends  flowing.  Mantling  sable  (pro- 
bably a  continuation  of  the  crest),  lined  gules. 

8.  Sir  Walter  Hungerford,  Lord  BLungerford  and 
Heytesbury,  K.G.,  1421-1449.  Arms:  sable,  two  bars 
argent,  and  in  chief  three  plates.  Crest :  out  of  a 
coronet  azure  a  garb  or,  enclosed  by  two  sickles  argent. 
Mantling  (within  and  without) :  dexter,  barry  of  six 
ermine  and  gules;  sinister,  barry  of  six  gules  and 
ermine.  (The  reason  of  this  is  plain.  The  mother  of 
Lord  Hungerford  was  a  daughter  and  coheir  of  Hussey. 
The  arms  of  Hussey  are  variously  given :  "  Barry  of  six 
ermine  and  gules,"  or  "  Ermine,  three  bars  gules.") 

9.  Sir  Humphrey  Stattbrd,  Earl  of  Stafford,  1429- 
1460.  Arms:  or,  a  chevron  gules.  Crest:  out  of  a 
coronet  gules,  a  swan's  head  and  neck  proper,  beaked 
gules,  between  two  wings  also  proper.     Mantling:  the 


291 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


dexter  side,  sable ;  the  sinister  side,  gules ;  both  lined 
ermine.  Black  and  gules,  it  may  be  noted,  were  the 
livery  colours  of  Buckingham,  an  earldom  which  had 
devolved  upon  the  Earls  of  Stafford. 

10.  Sir  John  Grey  of  Ruthin,  K.G.,  1436-1439.  Arms: 
quarterly,  i  and  4,  barry  of  six  argent  and  azure,  in 
chief  three  torteaux;  2  and  3,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  oi',  a 
maunch  gules  ;  ii.  and  iii.,  barry  of  eight  argent  and 
azure,  an  orle  of  ten  martlets  gules ;  over  all  a  label  of 
three  points  argent.  Crest :  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned 
up  ermine,  a  wyvern  or,  gorged  with  a  label  argent. 
Mantling  or,  lined  ermine. 

11.  Sir  Richard  NeviU,  Earl  of  Salisbury,  K.G.,  1436- 
1460.  Arms  :  quarterly,  i  and  4,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii., 
argent,  three  lozenges  conjoined  in  fess  gules ;  ii.  and  iii., 
or,  an  eagle  displayed  vert;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  sal  tire 
argent,  a  label  of  three  points  compony  argent  and 
(?  sable  or  azure).  Crest:  on  a  coronet,  a  griffin  sejant, 
with  wings  displayed  or.  Manthng :  dexter  side,  gules ; 
the  sinistei',  sable ;  both  lined  ermine. 

12.  Sir  Gaston  de  Fois,  Count  de  Longueville,  &c., 
K.G.,  1438-1458.  Arms:  quarterly,  i  and  4,  or,  three 
pallets  gules;  2  and  3,  or,  two  cows  passant  in  pale 
gules,  over  all  a  label  of  three  points,  each  point  or,  on 
a  cross  sable  five  escallops  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
or  and  gules,  a  blackamoor's  bust  with  ass's  ears  sable, 
vested  paly  or  and  gules,  all  between  two  wings,  each  of 
the  arms  as  in  the  first  quarter.  Mantling  paly  of  or 
and  gules,  lined  vert. 

13.  Sir  Walter  Blount,  Lord  Mountjoye,  K.G.,  1472- 
1474.  Arms:  quarterly,  i.  argent,  two  wolves  passant 
in  pale  sable,  on  a  bordure  also  argent  eight  saltires 
couped  gules  (for  Ayala) ;  2.  or,  a  tower  (?  gules)  (for 
Mountjoy);  3.  barry  nebuly  or  and  sable  (for  Blount); 
4.  vaire  argent  and  gules  (for  Gresley).  Crest :  out  of 
a  coronet  two  ibex  horns  or.  Mantling  sable,  lined  on 
the  dexter  side  with  argent,  and  on  the  sinister  with  or. 

14.  Frederick,  Duke  of  Urbino.  MantUng  or,  lined 
ermine. 

In  Continental  heraldry  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon 
to  find  the  device  of  the  arms  repeated  either  wholly  or 
in  part  upon  the  mantling.  In  reference  to  this  the 
"Tournament  Rules"  of  Rene,  Duke  of  Anjou,  throw 
some  Hght  on  the  point.  These  it  may  be  of  interest  to 
quote : — 

"  Vous  tous  Princes,  Seigneurs,  Barons,  Cheualiers,  at  Escuyers,  qui 
auez  intention  de  tournoyer,  vous  estes  tenus  vous  rendre  es  lae- 
berges  le  quartrifeme  jour  deuan  le  jour  du  Tourney,  pour  faire  de 
vos  Blasous  fenestres,  sur  payne  de  non  estre  receus  audit  Tournoy. 
Les  armes  seront  celles-cy.  Le  tymbre  doit  estre  sur  vne  piece  de 
cuir  boUilly,  la  quelle  doit  estre  bien  faultree  d'vn  doigt  d'espez, 
ou  plus,  par  le  dedans :  et  doit  contenir  la  dite  piece  de  cuir  tout 
le  somraet  du  beaulme,  et  sera  couuerte  la  dite  piece  du  lambre- 
quin armoye  des  armes  de  celuy  qui  le  portera,  et  sur  le  dit 
lambrequin  au  plus  haut  du  sommet,  sera  assis  le  dit  Tymbre,  et 
autour  d'iceluy  aura  vn  tortil  des  couleurs  que  voudra  le  Tour- 
noyeur. 

*'  Item,  et  quand  tous  les  heaulmes  seront  ainsi  mis  et  ordonnez  pour 
les  departir,  viendront  toutes  Dames  et  Damoiselles  et  tous  Seig- 
neurs, Cheualiers,  et  Escuyers,  en  les  visitant  d'vn  bout  h  autre,  la 
present  les  Juges,  qui  meneront  trois  ou  quatre  tours  les  Dames 
pour  bien  voir  et  visiter  les  Tymbres,  et  y  aura  vu  Heraut  ou 
poursui%'ant,  qui  dira  aux  Dames  selon  I'endroit  oil  elles  seront,  le 
Horn  de  ceux  U  qui  sont  les  Tymbres,  afin  que  s'il  en  a  qui  ait  des 
Dames  medit,  et  elles  toucbent  son  Tymbre,  qu'il  soit  le  lende- 
main  pour  recommande."  (Menetrier,  VOriginc  des  Annoiries, 
pp.  79-8I-) 

Whilst  one  can  call  to  mind  no  instance  of  im- 
portance of  ancient  date  where  this  practice  has 
been  followed  in  this  country,  there  are  one  or  two 
instances  in  the  Garter  plates  which  approximate 
closely  to  it.  The  mantling  of  John,  Lord  Beau- 
mont, is  azure,  semo-de-lis  (as  the  field  of  his  arms), 
lined  ernime.  Those  of  Sir  John  Bourchier,  Lord 
Berners,  and  of  Sir  Henry  Bourchier,  Earl  of  Essex,  are 
of  gules,  billette  or,  evidently  derived  from  the  quar- 


tering for  Louvaine   upon   the   arms,   this   quartering 
being :  '■  Gules,  billette  and  a  fess  or." 

According  to  a  MS.  of  Vincent,  in  the  College  of 
Arms,  the  Warrens  used  a  mantling  chequy  of  azure  and 
or  with  their  arms. 

A  somewhat  similar  result  is  obtained  by  the  mant- 
ling, "  Gules,  seme  of  lozenges  or,"  upon  the  small  plate 
of  Sir  Sanchet  Dabrichecourt.  The  mantling  of  Sir 
Lewis  Robessart,  Lord  Bourchier,  is :  "  Azure,  bezante, 
lined  argent." 

"  The  azure  mantling  on  the  Garter  plate  of  Henry  V., 
as  ■  Prince  of  Wales,  is  '  seme  of  the  French  golden 
fleurs-de-lis.'  .  .  .  The  Daubeny  mantling  is  'seme  of 
mullets.'  On  the  brass  of  Sir  John  Wylcote,  at  Tew, 
the  lambrequins  are  chequy.  .  .  .  On  the  seals  of  Sir 
John  Bussy,  in  1391  and  1407,  the  mantlings  are  barry, 
the  coat  being  '  argent,  thi-ee  bars  sable.' " 

There  are  a  few  cases  amongst  the  Garter  plates  in 
which  badges  are  plainly  and  unmistakably  depicted 
upon  the  mantlings.  Thus,  on  the  lining  of  the  mant- 
ling on  the  plate  of  Sir  Henry  Bourchier  (elected  1452) 
will  be  found  water-bougets,  which  are  repeated  on  a 
fillet  round  the  head  of  the  crest.  The  Stall  plate  of 
Sii-  John  Bourchier,  Lord  Berners,  above  referred  to 
(elected  1459),  is  lined  with  silver  on  the  dexter  side, 
seme  in  the  upper  part  with  water-bougets,  and  in  the 
lower  part  with  Bourchier  knots.  On  the  opposite  side 
of  the  mantling  the  knots  are  in  the  upper  part,  and  the 
water-bougets  below.  That  these  badges  upon  the 
mantling  are  not  haphazard  artistic  decoration  is  proved 
by  a  reference  to  the  monumental  effigy  of  the  Earl  of 
Essex,  in  Little  Easton  Church,  Essex.  The  difl'ering 
shapes  of  the  helmet,  and  of  the  coronet  and  the  mant- 
ling, and  the  different  representation  of  the  crest,  show 
that,  although  depicted  in  his  Garter  robes,  upon  his 
efligy  the  helmet,  crest,  and  mantling  upon  which  the 
earl's  head  there  rests,  and  the  representations  of  the 
same  upon  the  Garter  plate,  are  not  slavish  copies  of  the 
same  original  model.  Nevertheless  upon  the  efligy,  as 
on  the  Garter  plate,  we  find  the  outside  of  the  mant- 
ling "  seme  of  billets,"  and  the  inside  "  seme  of  water- 
bougets."  Another  instance  amongst  the  Garter  plates 
will  be  found  in  the  case  of  Viscount  Lovell,  whose 
mantling  is  strewn  with  gold  padlocks. 

Nearly  all  the  manthngs  on  the  Garter  Stall  plates 
are  more  or  less  heavily  "  veined  "  with  gold,  and  many 
are  heavily  diapered  and  decorated  with  floral  devices. 
So  prominent  is  some  of  this  floral  diapering  that  one 
is  incUned  to  think  that  in  a  few  cases  it  may  possibly 
be  a  diapering  with  floral  badges.  In  other  cases  it  is 
equally  evidently  no  more  than  a  mere  accessory  of 
design,  though  between  these  two  classes  of  diapering  it 
would  be  by  no  means  easy  to  draw  a  line  of  distinc- 
tion. The  veining  and  "heightening"  of  a  mantling 
with  gold  is  at  the  present  day  nearly  always  to  be  seen 
in  elaborate  heraldic  painting. 

From  the  Garter  plates  of  the  fourteenth  century  it  has 
been  shown  that  the  colours  of  a  large  proportion  of  the 
mantlings  approximated  in  early  days  to  the  colours 
of  the  arms.  The  popularity  of  gules,  however,  was 
then  fast  encroaching  upon  the  frequency  of  appear- 
ance which  other  colours  should  have  enjoyed;  and  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  in  grants  and  other  paintings  of 
arms,  the  use  of  a  mantling  of  gules  had  become  prac- 
tically universal.  In  most  cases  the  mantling  of  "  gules, 
doubled  argent "  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  terms  of 
the  grant  itself,  as  sometimes  do  the  "  gold  tassels  "  which 
are  so  frequently  found  terminating  the  mantlings  of  that 
and  an  earlier  period.  This  custom  continued  through 
the  Stuart  period,  and  though  dropped  oflicially  in 
England  during  the  eighteenth  century  (when  the 
mantling  reverted  to   the   livery  colours  of  the   arms, 


292 


PLATE   XCIII. 


THE   WORK    OF   ALBRECHT    DURER. 


THE   ART   OF   HERALDRY 


and  became  in  this  form  a  matter  of  course  and  so 
understood,  not  being  expressed  in  the  wording  of 
the  patent),  it  continued  in  force  in  Lyon  Office  in 
Scotland  until  the  year  1890,  when  the  present  Lyon 
King  of  Arms  (Sir  James  Balfour  Paul)  altered  the 
practice,  and,  as  had  earlier  been  done  in  England, 
ordered  that  all  future  Scottish  mantlings  should  be 
depicted  in  the  livery  colours  of  the  arms,  but  in  Scot- 
land the  mantlings,  though  now  following  the  livery 
colours,  are  still  included  in  the  terms  of  the  grant, 
and  thereby  stereotyped.  In  England,  in  an  official 
"  exemplitication "  at  the  present  day  of  an  ancient 
coat  of  arms  (e.g.  in  an  exemplification  following  the 
assumption  of  name  and  arms  by  Royal  License), 
the  mantling  is  painted  in  the  liveiy  colours,  irre- 
spective of  any  ancient  patent  in  which  "gules  and 
argent "  may  have  been  granted  as  the  colour  of  the 
mantling.  Though  probably  most  people  will  agree  as 
to  the  expediency  of  such  a  practice,  it  is  at  any  rate 
open  to  criticism  on  the  score  of  propriety,  unless  the 
new  mantling  is  expressed  in  terms  in  the  new  patent. 
This  would  of  course  amount  to  a  grant  overriding  the 
earlier  one,  and  would  do  all  that  was  necessary ;  but 
failing  this,  there  appears  to  be  a  distinct  hiatus  in  the 
continuity  of  authority. 

Ermine  linings  to  the  mantling  were  soon  denied  to  the 
undistinguished  commoner,  and  with  the  exception  of 
the  early  Garter  plates,  it  would  be  difficult  to  point  to  an 
instance  of  their  use.  The  mantlings  of  peers,  however, 
continued  to  be  lined  with  ermine,  and  English  instances 
under  official  sanction  can  be  found  in  the  Visitation 
Books  and  in  the  Garter  plates  until  a  comparatively 
recent  period.  In  fact  the  relegation  of  peers  to  the 
ordinary  livery  colours  for  their  mantlings  is,  in  Eng- 
land, quite  a  modern  practice.  In  Scotland,  however, 
the  mantlings  of  peers  have  always  been  lined  with 
ermine,  and  the  present  Lyon  continues  this  whilst 
usually  making  the  colours  of  the  outside  of  the 
mantlings  agree  with  the  principal  colour  of  the  arms. 
This,  as  regards  the  outer  colour  of  the  mantling  is 
not  a  fixed  or  stereotyped  rule,  and  in  some  cases  Lyon 
has  preferred  to  adopt  a  mantling  of  gules  lined  with 
ermine  as  more  comfortable  to  a  peer's  Parliamentary 
Robe  of  Estate  (see  Plate  LVIIL). 

In  the  Deputy  Earl-Marshal's  warrant  referred  to  on 
page  283  are  some  interesting  points  as  to  the  mantling. 
It  is  recited  that  "  some  persons  under  y'=  degree  of  y" 
Nobilitie  of  this  Realme  doe  cause  Ermins  to  be  De- 
picted upon  ye  Lineings  of  those  Mantles  which  are 
used  with  their  Armes,  and  also  that  there  are  some 
that  have  lately  caused  the  Mantles  of  their  Armes  to 
be  painted  like  Oistrich  feathers  as  tho'  they  were 
of  some  peculiar  and  superior  degree  of  Honor,"  and 
the  warrant  commands  that  these  points  are  to  be 
rectified. 

The  Royal  mantling  is  of  cloth  of  gold.  In  the  case 
of  the  sovereign  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  it  is  lined  with 
ermine,  and  for  other  members  of  the  Royal  Family  it 
is  lined  with  argent.  Queen  Elizabeth  was  the  first 
sovereign  to  adopt  the  golden  mantling,  the  Royal 
tinctures  before  that  date  (for  the  mantling)  being 
gules  lined  ermine.  The  mantling  of  or  and  ermine  has, 
of  course,  since  that  date  been  rigidly  denied  to  all 
outside  the  Royal  Family.  Two  instances,  however, 
occur  amongst  the  early  Garter  plates,  viz.  Sir  John 
Grey  de  Ruthyn  and  Frederick,  Duke  of  Urbino.  It  is 
sometimes  stated  that  a  mantling  of  or  and  ermine  is  a 
sign  of  sovereignty,  but  our  own  sovereign  is  really  the 
only  case  in  which  it  is  presently  so  used. 

In  Sweden,  as  in  Scotland,  the  colours  of  the  mant- 
ling are  specified  in  the  patent,  and,  unlike  our  own, 
are  often  curiously  varied. 


The  present  rules  for  the  colour  of  a  mantling  are  as 
follows  in  England  and  Ireland  : — 

1.  That    with    ancient    arms    of   which    the    grant 

specified  the  colour,  where  this  has  not  been 
altered  by  a  subsequent  exemplification,  the 
colours  must  be  as  stated  in  the  grant,  i.e. 
usually  gules,  lined  argent. 

2.  That  the  mantling  of  the  sovereign  and  Prince  of 

Wales  is  of  cloth  of  gold,  lined  with  ermine. 

3.  That  the  mantling  of  other  members  of  the  Royal 

Family  is  of  cloth  of  gold  lined  with  argent. 

4.  That  the  manthngs  of  all  other  people  shall  be  of 

the  livery  colours. 
The  rules  in  Scotland  are  now  as  follows : — 

1.  That    in    the    cases   of    peers   whose   arms   were 

matriculated  before  i8go  the  manthng  is  of 
gules  lined  with  ermine  (the  Scottish  term  for 
"  lined  "  is  "  doubled  "). 

2.  That  the  mantlings  of  all  other  arms  matriculated 

before  1 890  shall  be  of  gules  and  argent. 

3.  That  the  mantlings  of  peers  whose  arms  have  been 

matriculated  since  1890  shall  be  either  of  the 
principal  colour  of  the  arms,  lined  with  ermine, 
or  of  gules  lined  ermine  (conformably  to  the 
Parliamentary  Robe  of  Estate  of  a  peer)  as  may 
happen  to  have  been  matriculated. 

4.  That   the   mantlings  of  all  other   persons  whose 

arms  have  been  matriculated  since   1890  shall 

be  of  the  livery  colours,  unless  other  colours  are, 

as  is  occasionally  the  case,  specified  in  the  patent 

of  matriculation. 

Whether  in  Scotland  a  person  is  entitled  to  assume 

of  his  own  motion  an  ermine  lining  to   his  mantling 

upon  his  elevation  to  the  peerage,  without  a  rematricu- 

lation  in  cases  where  the  arms  and  mantling  have  been 

otherwise  matriculated  at  an  earlier  date,  or  whether  in 

England   any  peer   may  still  line   his   mantling  with 

ermine,  one  hesitates  to  express  an  opinion. 

When  the  mantling  is  of  the  livery  colours  the 
following  rules  must  be  observed.  The  outside  must  be 
of  some  colour  and  the  lining  of  some  metal.  The 
colour  must  be  the  principal  colour  of  the  arms,  i.e.  the 
colour  of  the  field  if  it  be  of  colour,  or  if  it  is  of  metal, 
then  the  colour  of  the  principal  ordinary  or  charge 
upon  the  shield.  The  metal  will  be  as  the  field,  if  the 
field  is  of  metal,  or  if  not,  it  wiU  be  as  the  metal  of  the 
principal  ordinary  or  charge.  In  other  words,  it  should 
be  the  same  tinctures  as  the  wreath. 

If  the  field  is  party  of  colour  and  metal  {i.e.  per  pale, 
barry,  quarterly,  &c.),  then  that  colour  and  that  metal 
are  "  the  livery  colours."  If  the  field  is  party  of  two 
colours  the  principal  colour  {i.e.  the  one  first  mentioned 
in  the  blazon)  is  taken  as  the  colour,  and  the  other  is 
ignored.  The  mantling  is  not  made  party  to  agree  with 
the  field  in  British  heraldry,  as  would  be  the  case  in 
Germany.  If  the  field  is  of  a  fur,  then  the  dominant 
metal  or  colour  of  the  fur  is  taken  as  one  component 
part  of  the  "  livery  colours,"  the  other  metal  or  colour 
required  being  taken  from  the  next  most  important 
tincture  of  the  field.  For  example,  "ermine,  a  fess 
gules  "  has  a  mantling  of  gules  and  argent,  whilst  "  or,  a 
chevron  ermines  "  would  need  a  mantUng  of  sable  and 
or.  The  mantling  for  "  azure,  a  lion  rampant  erminois  " 
would  be  azure  and  or.  A  field  of  vair  has  a  mantling 
argent  and  azure,  but  if  the  charge  be  vair  the  field  will 
supply  the  one,  i.e.  either  colour  or  metal,  whilst  the 
vair  supplies  whichever  is  lacking.  Except  in  the  cases 
of  Scotsmen  who  are  peers  and  of  the  Sovereign  and 
Prince  of  Wales,  no  fur  is  ever  used  nowadays  in  Great 
Britain  for  a  mantling. 

In  cases  where  the  principal  charge  is  "  proper,"  a, 
certain  discretion  must  be  used.    Usually  the  heraldic 


293 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


colour  to  which  the  charge  approximates  is  used.  For 
example,  "argent,  issuing  from  a  mount  in  base  a  tree 
proper,"  &c.,  would  have  a  mantling  vert  and  argent. 
The  arms  "  or,  three  Cornish  choughs  proper,"  or 
"  argent,  three  negroes'  heads  couped  proper,"  would 
have  mantlings  respectively  sable  and  or  and  sable  and 
argent.  Occasionally  one  comes  across  a  coat  which 
supplies  an  "  impossible  "  mantling,  or  which  does  not 
supply  one  at  all.  Such  a  coat  would  be  "  per  bend 
sinister  ermine  and  erminois,  a  lion  rampant  counter- 
changed."  Here  there  is  no  colour  at  all,  so  the  mant- 
ling would  be  gules  and  argent.  "  Or,  three  stags  trippant 
proper"  would  have  a  mantling  gules  and  argent.  A 
coat  of  arms  with  a  landscape  field  would  also  probably 
be  suppUed  (in  default  of  a  chief,  e.g.  supplying  other 
colours  and  tinctures)  with  a  mantling  gules  and 
argent.  It  is  quite  permissible  to  "  vein "  a  mant- 
ling with  gold  lines,  this  being  always  done  in  official 
paintings. 

In  English  official  heraldry,  where,  no  matter  how 
great  the  number  of  crests,  one  helmet  only  is  painted, 
it  naturally  follows  that  one  mantling  only  can  be 
depicted.  This  is  always  taken  from  the  livery  colours 
of  the  chief  {i.e.  the  first)  quartering  or  sub-quartering. 
In  Scottish  patents  at  the  present  day  in  which  a 
helmet  is  painted  for  each  crest  the  mantlings  frequently 
vary,  being  in  each  case  in  accordance  with  the  livery 
colours  of  the  quartering  to  which  the  crest  belongs. 
Consequently  this  must  be  accepted  as  the  rule  in  oases 
where  more  than  one  helmet  is  shown. 

In  considering  the  fashionings  of  mantlings  it  must 
be  remembered  that  styles  and  fashions  much  overlap, 
and  there  has  always  been  the  tendency  in  armory  to 
repeat  earlier  styles.  Whilst  one  willingly  concedes 
the  immense  gain  in  beauty  by  the  present  reversion  in 
heraldic  art  to  older  and  better,  and  certainly  more 
artistic  types,  there  is  distinctly  another  side  to  the 
question  which  is  strangely  overlooked  by  those  who 
would  have  the  present-day  heraldic  art  slavishly 
copied  in  all  minutiie  of  detail  (and  even  according  to 
some),  in  all  the  crudity  of  draughtsmanship  from 
examples  of  the  earliest  periods. 

Hitherto  each  period  of  heraldic  art  has  had  its  own 
peculiar  style  and  type,  each  within  limits  readily  recog- 
nisable. Whether  that  style  and  type  can  be  considered 
when  judged  by  the  canons  of  art  to  be  good  or  bad, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  each  style  in  its  turn  has 
approximated  to,  and  has  been  in  keeping  with,  the 
concurrent  decorative  art  outside  and  beyond  heraldry, 
though  it  has  always  exhibited  a  tendency  to  rather  lag 
behind.  When  all  has  been  said  and  done  that  can  be, 
heraldry,  in  spite  of  its  symbolism  and  its  many  other 
meanings,  remains  but  a  form  of  decorative  art;  and 
therefore  it  is  natural  that  it  should  be  influenced  by 
other  artistic  ideas  and  other  manifestations  of  art  and 
accepted  forms  of  design  current  at  the  period  to  which 
it  belongs.  For,  from  the  artistic  point  of  view,  the  part 
played  in  art  by  heraldry  is  so  limited  in  extent  compared 
with  the  part  occupied  by  other  forms  of  decoration, 
that  one  would  naturally  expect  heraldry  to  show  the 
influence  of  outside  decorative  art  to  a  greater  extent 
than  decorative  art  as  a  whole  would  be  likely  to  show 
the  influence  of  heraldry.  In  our  present  revulsion  of 
mind  in  favour  of  older  heraldic  types,  we  are  apt  to 
speak  of  "  good  "  or  "  bad  "  heraldic  art.  But  art  itself 
cannot  so  be  divided,  for  after  all  allowances  have  been 
made  for  crude  workmanship,  and  when  bad  or  imperfect 
examples  have  been  eliminated  from  consideration  (and 
given  always  necessarily  the  essential  basis  of  the  rela- 
tion of  line  to  curve  and  such  technical  details  of  art), 
who  on  earth  is  to  judge,  or  who  is  competent  to  say, 
whether  any  particular  style  of  art  is  good  or  bad  ?     No 


one  from  preference  executes  speculative  art  which  he 
knows  whilst  executing  it  to  be  bad.  Most  manifesta- 
tions of  art,  and  peculiarly  of  decorative  art,  are 
commercial  matters  executed  with  the  frank  idea  of 
subsequent  sale,  and  consequently  with  the  subconscious 
idea,  true  though  but  seldom  acknowledged,  of  pleasing 
that  public  which  will  have  to  buy.  Consequently  the 
ultimate  appeal  is  to  the  taste  of  the  public,  for  art,  if 
it  be  not  the  desire  to  give  pleasure  by  the  representa- 
tion of  beauty,  is  nothing.  Beauty,  of  course,  must  not 
necessarily  be  confounded  with  prettiness ;  it  m.ay  be 
beauty  of  character.  The  result  is,  therefore,  that  the 
decorative  art  of  any  period  is  an  indication  of  that 
which  gives  pleasure  at  the  moment,  and  an  absolute 
reflex  of  the  artistic  wishes,  desires,  and  tastes  of  the 
cultivated  classes  to  whom  executive  art  must  appeal. 
At  every  period  it  has  been  found  that  this  taste  is 
constantly  changing,  and  as  a  consequence  the  examples 
of  decorative  art  of  any  period  are  a  I'eflex  only  of 
the  artistic  ideas  current  at  the  time  the  work  was 
done. 

At  all  periods,  therefore,  even  during  the  early  Vic- 
torian period,  which  we  are  now  taught  and  believe 
to  be  the  most  ghastly  period  through  which  English 
art  has  passed,  the  art  in  vogue  has  been  what  the 
public  have  admired,  and  have  been  ready  to  pay 
for,  and  most  emphatically  what  they  have  been 
taught  and  brought  up  to  consider  good  art.  In 
early  Victorian  days  there  was  no  lack  of  educated 
people,  and  because  they  liked  the  particular  form  of 
decoration  associated  with  their  period,  who  is  justified 
in  saying  that,  because  that  peculiar  style  of  decoration 
is  not  acceptable  now  to  ourselves,  their  art  was  bad, 
and  worse  than  our  own  ?  If  throughout  the  ages 
there  had  been  one  dominating  style  of  decoration 
equally  accepted  at  all  periods  and  by  all  authorities 
as  the  highest  type  of  decorative  art,  then  we  should 
have  some  standard  to  judge  by.  Such  is  not  the  case, 
and  we  have  no  such  standard,  and  any  attempt  to 
arbitrarily  create  and  control  ideas  between  given  parallel 
lines  of  arbitrary  thought,  when  the  ideas  are  constantly 
changing,  is  impossible  and  undesirable.  Who  dreams  of 
questioning  the  art  of  Benvenuto  Cellini,  or  of  describing 
his  craftsmanship  as  other  than  one  of  the  most  vivid 
examples  of  his  period,  and  yet  what  had  it  in  keeping 
with  the  art  of  the  Louis  XVI.  period,  or  of  the  later  art 
of  William  Morris  and  his  followers  ?  Widely  divergent 
as  are  these  types,  they  are  nevertheless  all  accepted 
as  the  highest  expressions  of  three  separate  types  of 
decorative  art.  Any  one  attempting  to  compare  them, 
or  to  rank  these  schools  of  artistic  thought  in  order  of 
superiority,  would  simply  be  laying  themselves  open  to 
ridicule  unspeakable,  for  they  would  be  ranked  by  the 
highest  authorities  of  different  periods  in  different 
orders,  and  it  is  as  impossible  to  create  a  permanent 
standard  of  art  as  it  is  impossible  to  ensure  a  perman- 
ence of  any  particular  public  taste.  The  fact  that  taste 
changes,  and  as  a  consequence  that  artistic  styles  and 
types  vary,  is  simply  due  to  the  everlasting  desire  on  the 
part  of  the  public  for  some  new  thing,  and  their  equally 
permanent  appreciation  of  novelty  of  idea  or  sensation. 
That  master-minds  have  arisen  to  teach,  and  that  they 
have  taught  with  some  success  their  own  particular 
brand  of  art  to  the  public,  would  seem  rather  to  argue 
against  the  foregoing  ideas  were  it  not  that,  when  the 
master-mind  and  the  dominating  influence  are  gone, 
the  public,  desiring  as  always  change  and  novelty,  are 
ready  to  fly  to  any  new  teacher  and  master  who  can 
again  afford  them  artistic  pleasure.  The  influence  of 
William  Morris  in  household  decoration  is  possibly  the 
most  far-reaching  modern  example  of  the  influence  of  a 
single  man  upon  the  art  of  his  period ;  but  master-mind 


294 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


as  was  his,  and  master-craftsman  as  lie  was,  it  lias 
needed  but  a  few  years  since  his  death  to  initiate  the 
undoing  of  much  that  he  taught.  After  the  movement 
initiated  by  Morris  and  carried  further  by  the  Arts  and 
Crafts  Society,  which  made  for  simplicity  in  structural 
design  as  well  as  in  the  decoration  ot  furniture,  we  have 
now  fallen  back  upon  the  flowery  patterns  of  the  early 
Victorian  period,  and  there  is  hardly  a  drawing-room 
in  fashionable  London  where  the  chairs  and  settees  are 
not  covered  with  early  Victorian  chintzes. 

Ai'tistic  authorities  may  shout  themselves  hoarse, 
but  the  fashion  having  been  set  in  Mayfair  will  be 
inevitably  followed  in  Suburbia,  and  we  are  doubtless 
again  at  the  beginning  of  the  cycle  of  that  curious 
manifestation  of  domestic  decorative  art  which  was 
current  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It 
is,  therefore,  evident  that  it  is  futile  to  describe  varying 
types  of  art  of  varying  periods  as  good  or  bad,  or  to 
differentiate  between  them,  unless  some  such  permanent 
basis  of  comparison  orstandard  of  excellence  be  conceded. 
The  differing  types  must  be  accepted  as  no  more  than  the 
expression  of  the  artistic  period  to  which  they  belong. 
That  being  so,  one  cannot  help  thinking  that  the  abuse 
which  has  been  heaped  of  late  (by  unthinking  votaries 
of  Plantagenet  and  Tudor  heraldry)  upon  heraldic  art 
in  the  seventeenth,  eighteenth,  and  nineteenth  centuries 
has  very  greatly  overstepped  the  true  proportion  of  the 
matter.  Much  that  has  been  said  is  true,  but  what  has 
been  said  too  often  lacks  proportion.  There  is  conse- 
quently much  to  be  said  in  favour  of  allowing  each  period 
to  create  its  own  style  and  type  of  heraldic  design,  in  con- 
formity with  the  ideas  concerning  decorative  art  which 
are!  current  outside  heraldic  thought.  This  is  precisely 
what  is  not  happening  at  the  present  time,  even  with 
all  our  boasted  revival  of  armory  and  armorial  art.  The 
tendency  at  the  present  time  is  to  slavishly  copy  ex- 
amples of  other  periods.  One  much-advertised  heraldic 
artist  at  the  moment  is  working  by  the  aid  of  tracing- 
paper  and  the  craftsmanship  of  clever  heraldic  artists 
who  have  predeceased  him  in  the  far  distant  past, 
appearing  to  especially  favour  those  whose  work  ex- 
hibits that  strange  tendency  to  bad  execution  which 
of  necessity  one  must  expect  at  the  period  when  they 
worked.  There  is  another  point  which  is  usually  over- 
looked by  the  most  blatant  followers  of  this  school  of 
thought.  What  are  the  ancient  models  which  remain 
to  us  ?  The  early  Rolls  of  Arms  of  which  we  hear  so 
much  are  not,  and  were  never  intended  to  be,  examples 
of  artistic  execution.  They  are  merely  memoranda  of 
fact.  It  is  absurd  to  suppose  that  an  actual  shield  was 
painted  with  the  crudity  to  be  met  with  in  the  Rolls 
of  Arms.  It  is  equally  absurd  to  accept  as  unimpeach- 
able models.  Garter  plates,  seals,  or  architectural  ex- 
amples unless  the  purpose  and  medium — wax,  enamel, 
or  stone — in  which  they  are  executed  is  borne  in  mind, 
and  the  knowledge  used  with  due  discrimination.  Mr. 
Eve,  without  slavishly  copying,  originally  appears  to 
have  modelled  his  work  upon  the  admirable  designs 
and  ideas  of  the  "  little  masters  "  of  German  art  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.  He  has  since 
progressed  therefrom  to  a  distinctive  and  very  excellent 
style  of  his  own.  Mr.  Forbes  Nixon  and  Mr.  Graham 
Johnson  model  themselves — or  rather  their  work — upon 
Plantagenet  and  Tudor  examples.  The  work  of  Pere 
Anselm,  and  of  Pugin,  the  first  start  towards  the  present 
ideas  of  heraldic  art,  embodying  as  it  did  so  much  of  the 
beauty  of  the  older  work  whilst  possessing  a  character 
of  its  own,  and  developing  ancient  ideals  by  increased 
beauty  of  execution,  has  placed  their  reputation  far  above 
that  of  otliers,  who,  following  in  their  footsteps,  have  not 
possessed  their  abilities.  Of  the  artists  of  the  present  day, 
Mr.  Eve  affords  the  greatest  promise,  inasmuch  as  he  has 


added  to  the  strength  and  virility  of  ancient  examples 
a  most  marvellous  executive  craftsmanship,  and  an 
originality  of  design  and  character  which  place  him 
high  in  the  scale.  He  has  probably  not  yet  reached  the 
highest  point  to  which  his  work  will  attain,  and  his 
further  progress  will  be  watched  with  deep  interest  by 
many.  But  with  regard  to  most  of  the  heraldic  design 
of  the  present  day  as  a  whole  it  is  very  evident  that  we 
are  simply  picking  and  choosing  tit-bits  from  the  work 
of  bygone  craftsmen,  and  copying,  more  or  less  slavishly, 
examples  of  other  periods.  This  makes  for  no  advance 
in  design  either  in  its  character  or  execution,  nor  will 
it  result  in  any  peculiarity  of  style  which  it  will  be 
possible  in  the  future  to  identify  with  the  present 
period.  Our  heraldry,  like  our  architecture,  though  it 
may  be  dated  in  the  twentieth  century,  will  be  a 
heterogeneous  collection  of  isolated  specimens  of  Gothic, 
Tudor,  or  Queen  Anne  style  and  type  which  surely  is 
as  anachronistic  as  we  consider  to  be  those  Dutch 
paintings  which  represent  Christ  and  the  Apostles  in 
modern  clothes. 

Roughly  the  periods  into  which  the  types  of  mant- 
lings  can  be  divided,  when  considered  from  the  stand- 
point of  their  fashioning,  are  somewhat  as  follows.  There 
is  the  earliest  period  of  all,  when  the  mantling  depicted 
approximated  closely  if  it  was  not  an  actual  representa- 
tion of  the  capelote  really  worn  in  battle.  Examples 
of  this  wUl  be  found  in  the  Armorial  de  Gelre  and  the 
Zurich  Wa^ypenroUe.  This  style  has  been  reproduced 
in  the  illustration  of  the  arms  of  Mr.  W.  Rae  Macdonald, 
Carrick  Pursuivant  of  Arms  (see  Plate  XVII).  As 
the  mantling  worn  lengthened  and  evolved  itself  into 
the  lambrequin,  the  mantling  depicted  in  heraldic  art 
was  similarly  increased  in  size,  terminating  in  the  long 
mantle  drawn  in  profile  but  tasselled  and  with  the 
scalloped  edges,  a  type  which  is  found  surviving  in 
some  of  the  early  Garter  plates.  This  is  the  transition 
stage.  The  next  definite  period  is  when  we  find  the 
mantling  depicted  on  both  sides  of  the  helmet  and  the 
scalloped  edges  developed,  in  accordance  with  the  ro- 
mantic ideas  of  the  period,  into  the  slashes  and  cuts  of 
the  bold  and  artistic  mantlings  of  Plantagenet  armorial 
art. 

Slowly  decreasing  in  strength,  but  at  the  same  time 
increasing  in  elaboration,  this  mantling  and  type  con- 
tinued until  it  had  reached  its  highest  pitch  of  exuberant 
elaboration  in  Stuart  and  early  Georgian  times.  Of  this 
the  arms  of  Scroop  (Fig.  800)  are  a  good  example. 
Side  by  side  with  this  over-elaboration  came  the 
revulsion  to  a  Puritan  simplicity  of  taste  which  is 
to  be  found  in  other  manifestations  of  art  at  the 
same  time,  and  which  made  itself  evident  in  heraldic 
decoration  by  the  use  as  mantling  of  the  plain  uncut 
cloth  suspended  behind  the  shield  (Fig.  47).  Originat- 
ing in  Elizabethan  days,  this  plain  cloth  was  much  made 
use  of,  but  towards  the  end  of  the  Stuart  period  came 
that  curious  evolution  of  British  heraldry  which  is 
peculiar  to  these  countries  alone.  That  is  the  entire 
omission  of  both  helmet  and  mantling.  How  it  origi- 
nated it  is  difficult  to  understand,  unless  it  be  due  to 
the  fact  that  a  large  number,  in  fact  a  large  proportion, 
of  Enghsh  families  possessed  a  shield  only  and  neither 
claimed  nor  used  a  crest,  and  that  consequently  a  large 
number  of  heraldic  representations  give  the  shield  only. 
It  is  rare  indeed  to  find  a  shield  surmounted  by  helmet 
and  mantling  when  the  former  is  not  required  to  sup- 
port a  crest.  At  the  same  time  we  find,  amongst  the 
official  records  of  the  period,  that  the  documents  of  ' 
chief  importance  were  the  Visitation  Books.  In  these, 
probably  from  motives  of  economy  or  to  save  needless 
draughtsmanship,  the  trouble  of  depicting  the  helmet 
and   mantling   was   dispensed   with,   and  the   crest  is 


295 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


almost  universally  found  depicted  on  the  wreath,  whicli 
is  made  to  rest  upon  the  shield,  the  helmet  being 
omitted.  That  being  an  accepted  official  way  of  repre- 
senting an  achievement,  small  wonder  that  the  public 
followed,  and  we  find  as  a  consequence  that  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  bookplates  during  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries  had  no  helmet  or  mantling  at  all, 
the  elaboration  of  the  edges  of  the  shield,  together  with 
the  addition  of  decorative  and  needless  accessories  bear- 
ing no  relation  to  the  arms,  fulfilling  all  purposes  of 
decorative  design.  It  should  also  be  remembered  that 
from  towards  the  close  of  the  Stuart  period  onward, 
England  was  taking  her  art  and  decoration  almost 
entirely  from  Continental  sources,  chiefly  French  and 
Italian.  In  both  the  countries  the  use  of  crests  was 
very  limited  indeed  in  extent,  and  the  elimination  of 
the  helmet  and  mantling,  and  the  elaboration  in  their 
stead  of  the  edges  of  the  shield,  we  probably  owe  to  the 
effort  to  assimilate  French  and  Italian  forms  of  decora- 
tion to  English  arms.  So  obsolete  had  become  the 
use  of  helmet  and  mantling  that  it  is  difficult  to  come 
across  sufficient  examples  that  one  can  put  forward  as 
manthngs   typical  of  the   period.     Figs.  7S9  and  790 


Fig.  789. — Armorial  bearings  of  Hugh  Aldersey,  Esq. :  Gules,  on  a 
bend  argent,  between  two  cinquefoils  or,  three  leopards*  faces 
vert,  with  many  quarterings.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  demi-griffin  segreant  gules,  beaked  and  armed,  and  issuing 
from  a  plume  of  five  ostrich  feathers  or.  Motto:  "  Alnus  semper 
floreat." 


.  Fig.  790. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ettrick  of  High  Barnes,  Co.  Durham  : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  lion  rampant  and  a  chief  gules  (for 
Ettrick) ;  2  and  3,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  paly  of  six  argent  and 
vert ;  ii.  and  iii.,  argent,  a  cockatrice  with  wings  raised  sable, 
beaked  and  membered  gules  (for  Langley  of  Higham  Gobion). 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-Uon  rampant  gules,  holding 
in  the  dexter  paw  a  marshal's  staff  sable,  tipped  at  each  end  or. 


are  examples  of  the  style  of  heraldic  decoration  then  in 
vogue. 

Helmets  and  mantlings  were  of  course  painted  upon 
grants  and  upon  the  Stall  plates  of  the  knights  of  the 
various  orders,  but  whilst  the  helmets  became  weak, 
of  a  pattern  impossible  to  wear,  and  small  in  size,  the 
mantlings  became  of  a  stereotyped  pattern,  and  of  a 
design  poor  and  wooden  according  to  our  present  ideas. 
Fig.  90,  which  represents  the  arms  of  Haldane,  shows 
what  had  become  the  accepted  official  pattern  in  Scot- 
land prior  to  1890.  Plate  LXVIII.,  which  represents 
the  Stall  plate  of  Sir  Alexander  Cochrane,  K.B.,  will 
show  an  English  example.  A  stereotyped  pattern  is 
still  adhered  to  in  England  for  official  purposes,  and 
will  be  found  in  Fig.  51,  which  is  from  a  photograph 
of  the  recent  patent  granting  arms  to  the  town  of 
Warrington. 

Another  variety  of  the  official  pattern  will  be  found 
in  the  arms  of  Burnard  (Fig.  94). 

Unofficial  heraldry  had  sunk  to  an  even  lower  style 


Fig.  791. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ealph  Bagnall  Bagnall-AVild,  Esq.: 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  ermine,  a  fess  engrailed  between  in  chief  two 
stags'  heads  erased,  and  in  base  an  escallop  all  sable  (for  Wild)  ;  2 
and  3,  or,  two  bars  ermine,  a  lion  rampant  azure  between  two 
flaunches  of  the  last  (for  Bagnall)  ;  and  for  his  crests:  i.  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-stag  sable,  gutt^-d'or,  attired  and 
resting  the  sinister  foot  on  an  escallop  or  (for  Wild) ;  2.  upon  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  the  trunk  of  a  tree  fesswise  eradicated 
and  sprouting  proper,  an  heraldic  antelope  sejant  azure,  bezante, 
gorged  with  a  collar  gemel  and  horned  or  (for  Bagnall) ;  with  the 
motto,  *'  SClr  et  loyal." 

of  art,  and  the  regulation  heraldic  stationer's  type  of 
shield,  mantling,  and  helmet  are  awe-inspiring  in  their 
ugliness,  and  are  as  represented  in  Figs.  791  and  792. 

The  term  "  mantle  "  is  sometimes  employed,  but  it 
would  seem  hardly  quite  correctly,  to  the  parhamentary 
robe  of  estate  upon  which  the  arms  of  a  peer  of  the 
realm  were  so  frequently  depicted  at  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
centuries.  Its  popularity  is  an  indication  of  the  ever- 
constant  predilection  for  somethmg  which  is  denied  to 
others  and  the  possession  of  which  is  a  matter  of 
privilege.  Woodward,  in  his  "  Treatise  on  Heraldry," 
treats  of  and  dismisses  the  matter  in  one  short  sentence : 
"  In  England  the  suggestion  that  the  arms  of  peers 
should  be  mantled  with  their  Parliament  robes  was 
never  generally  adopted."  In  this  statement  he  is 
quite  incorrect,  for  as  the  accepted  type  in  one  par- 
ticular opportunity  of  armorial  display  its  use  was 
absolutely  universal.      The  opportunity  in  question  was 


296 


PLATE  XCIV. 


PANTA  KAeAPA  TOlS  KAGAPOlX'* 
OMNIAMVNDAMVNDIS 
D.HECTORPOMERPREPOS.  S.  LAVR- 


STEPHANVS  ROSINVS  CANONICVS  PATAVIEN. 


THE    WORK    OF   ALBRECHT    DURER    AND    HIS    SCHOOL. 


Printi:rj    .it    SlIitJK*" 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  emblazonment  of  arms  upon  carriage  panels.     In 
the  early  part  of  the'  nineteenth  and;  at  the  end  of  the 


Fig.  792. — Armorial  bearings  of  Francis  Augustus  Eevan,  Esq. :  Ermine, 
a  bull  passant,  between  three  annulets  gules.  Mantling  gules  and 
aigent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  griffin  passant  or, 
seme  of  annulets  gules,  holding  in  his  dexter  claw  two  annulets 
interlaced  also  gules.    Motto  :  "  Deus  presidium." 

eighteenth  centuries  armorial  bearings  were  painted  of 
some  size  upon  carriages,  and  there  were  few  such 
paintings  executed  for  the  carriages,  chariots,  and  state 
coaches  of  peers  that  did  not  appear  upon  a  background 
of  the  robe  of  estate.  With  the  modem  craze  for  ostenta- 
tious unostentation  (the  result,  there  can  be  Httle  doubt, 
in  this  respect  of  the  wholesale  appropriation  of  arms  by 
those  without  a  right  to  bear  these  ornaments),  the  deco- 
ration of  a  peer's  carriage  nowadays  seldom  shows  more 
than  a  simple  coronet,  or  a  coronetted  crest,  initial,  or 
monogram;  but  the  State  chariots  of  those  who  still 
possess  them  almost  all,  without  exception,  show  the 
arms  emblazoned  upon  the  robe  of  estate.  The  Royal 
and  many  other  State  chariots  made  or  refurbished  for 
the  recent  coronation  ceremonies  show  that,  when  an 


Fig.  793.- 


-Carriage  Panel  of  Georgiana,  Marchioness 
of  Cholmondeley. 


opportunity  of  the  fullest  display  properly  arises,  the  robe 
of  estate  is  not  yet  a  thing  of  the  past.  Fig.  793  is  from 
a  photograph  of  a  carriage  panel,  and  shows  the  arms  of 


a  former  Marchioness  of  Cholmondeley  displayed  in  this 
manner.  Incidentally  it  also  shows  a  practice  frequently 
resorted  to,  but  quite  unauthorised,  of  taking  one  sup- 
porter from  the  husband's  shield  and  the  other  (when  the 
wife  was  an  heiress)  from  the  arms  of  her  family.  The 
arms  are  those  of  Georgiana  Charlotte,  widow  of  George 
James,  first  Marquess  of  Cholmondeley,  and  younger 
daughter  and  coheir  of  Peregrine,  third  Duke  of  Ancaster. 
She  became  a  widow  in  1827  and  died  in  1S38,  so  the 
panel  must  have  been  painted  between  those  dates. 
The  arms  shown  are :  "  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  in 
chief  two  esquires'  helmets  proper,  and  in  base  a  garb  or 
(for  Cholmondeley) ;  2.  gules,  a  chevron  between  three 
eagles'  heads  erased  argent ;  3.  or,  on  a  fess  between  two 
chevrons  sable,  three  cross  crosslets  or  (for  Walpole), 
and  on  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Bertie, 
namely:  argent,  three  battering-rams  fesswise  in  pale 
proper,  headed  and  garnished  azure."  The  supporters 
shown  are :  "  Dexter,  a  griffin  sable,  armed,  winged,  and 
membered  or  (from  the  Cholmondeley  achievement) ; 
sinister,  a  friar  vested  in  russet  with  staff  and  rosary  or  " 
(one  of  the  supporters  belonging  to  the  Barony  of 
WUloughby  D'Eresby,  to  which  the  Marchioness  of 
Cholmondeley  in  her  own  right  was  a  coheir  until  the 
abeyance  in  the  Barony  was  determined  in  favour  of 
her  elder  sister). 

Another  example  of  the  use  of  a  robe  of  estate  as  an 
armorial  accessory  will  be  found  in  Plate  LXVI.,  which 
shows  the  arms  of  their  Majesties  King  Edward  VII. 
and  Queen  Alexandra  when  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales.  The  arms  of  her  Majesty  are  there  depicted  in 
accordance  with  an  official  certificate  transmitted  from 
Denmark  to  me  as  the  editor  of  "  Armorial  FamiHes " 
through  the  Danish  Minister.  The  robe  of  estate  was 
also  not  infi-equently  to  be  met  with  in  this  country 
upon  hatchments.  Its  employment  abroad  is,  and  has 
always  been,  more  general  than  has  been  the  case  in 
this  country. 

"  In  later  times  the  arms  of  sovereigns — the  German 
Electors,  &c. — were  mantled,  usually  with  crimson  velvet 
fringed  with  gold,  lined  with  ermine,  and  crowned ;  but 
the  mantling  armoye  was  one  of  the  marks  of  dignity 
used  by  the  Pairs  de  France,  and  by  cardinals  resident 
in  France ;  it  was  also  employed  by  some  great  nobles 
in  other  countries.  The  mantling  of  the  Princes 
and  Dukes  of  Mirandola  was  chequy  argent  and  azure, 
lined  with  ermine.  In  France  the  mantling  of  the 
Chancelier  was  of  cloth  of  gold ;  that  of  Presidents, 
of  scarlet,  lined  with  alternate  strips  of  ermine  and 
petit  gris.  In  France,  Napoleon  I.,  who  used  a 
mantling  of  purple  seme  of  golden  bees,  decreed  that 
the  princes  and  grand  dignitaries  should  use  an  azure 
mantling  thus  seme ;  those  of  dukes  were  to  be  plain, 
and  lined  with  vair  instead  of  ermine.  In  1817  a  mant- 
ling of  azure,  fringed  with  gold  and  lined  with  ermine, 
was  appropriated  to  the  dignity  of  Pair  de  France." 

The  pavilion  is  a  feature  of  heraldic  art  which  is 
quite  unknown  to  British  heraldry,  and  one  can  call 
to  mind  no  single  instance  of  its  use  in  this  country ; 
but  as  its  use  is  very  prominent  in  Germany  and  other 
countries,  it  cannot  be  overlooked.  It  is  confined  to  the 
arms  of  sovereigns,  and  the  pavilion  is  the  tent-Uke 
erection  within  which  the  heraldic  achievement  is  dis- 
played. The  pavilion  seems  to  have  originated  in 
France,  where  it  can  be  traced  back  upon  the  Great 
Seals  of  the  kings  to  its  earUest  form  and  appearance 
upon  the  seal  of  Louis  XL  In  the  case  of  the  Kings  of 
France,  it  was  of  azure  seme-de-lis  or.  The  pavihon 
used  with  the  arms  of  the  German  Emperor  is  of  gold 
seme  alternately  of  Imperial  crowns  and  eagles  dis- 
played sable,  and  is  hned  with  ei-mine.  The  motto  is 
carried  on  a  crimson  band,  and  it  is  surmounted  by  the 


297 


2p 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Imperial  crown,  and  a  banner  of  the  German  colours 
gules,  argent,  and  sable.  The  pavilion  used  by  the 
German  Emperor  as  King  of  Prussia  is  of  crimson, 
seme  of  black  eagles  and  gold  crowns,  and  the  band 
which  carries  the  motto  is  blue.  The  pavilions  of  the 
King  of  Bavaria  and  the  Duke  of  Baden,  the  King  of 
Saxony,  the  Duke  of  Hesse,  the  Duke  of  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  the  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach,  the  Duke 
of  Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen,  the  Duke  of  Saxe- 
Altenburg,  and  the  Duke  of  Anhalt  are  all  of  crimson. 

In  German  heraldry  a  rather  more  noticeable  dis- 
tinction is  drawn  than  with  ourselves  between  the 
lambrequin  [Hehivdecke)  and  the  mantle  [Helm- 
mantel).     This  more  closely  approximates  to  the  robe 


of  estate,  though  the  hehnmantel  has  not  in  Germany 
the  rigid  significance  of  peerage  degree  that  the  robe  of 
estate  has  in  this  country.  The  German  helmmantel 
with  few  exceptions  is  always  of  purple  lined  with  er- 
mine, and  whilst  the  mantle  always  falls  directly  from 
the  coronet  or  cap,  the  pavilion  is  arranged  in  a  dome- 
like form  which  bears  the  crown  upon  its  summit.  The 
pavilion  is  supposed  to  be  the  invention  of  the  French- 
man Philip  Moreau  (1680),  and  found  its  way  from 
France  to  Germany,  where  both  in  the  Greater  and 
Lesser  Courts  it  was  enthusiastically  adopted.  Great 
Britain,  Austria-Hungary,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Wtirtem- 
berg  are  the  only  Royal  Arms  in  which  the  pavilion 
does  not  fisrure.  A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER    XXIX 


THE    TORSE,     OR     WREATH 


THE  actual  helmet,  from  the  very  earliest,  heraldic 
representations  which  have  come  down  to  us, 
would  appear  not  to  have  had  any  mantling,  the 
crest  being  affixed  direct  to  the  (then)  flat  top  of  the 
helmet  in  use.  But  crests  appear  very  early  in  the 
existence  of  "  ordered  "  armory,  and  at  much  about  the 
same  time  we  find  the  "  textile  "  covering  of  the  helmet 
coming  into  heraldic  use.  In  the  earhest  times  we  find 
that  fi-equently  the  crest  itself  was  continued  into 
the  mantling.  But  where  this  was  not  possible,  the 
attaching  of  the  crest  to  the  helmet  when  the  mantling 
intervened  left  an  unsightly  joining.  The  unsighth- 
ness  very  soon  called  forth  a  remedy.  At  first  this 
remedy  took  the  form  of  a  coronet  or  a  plain  fillet  or 
ribbon  round  the  point  of  juncture,  sometimes  with  and 
sometimes  without  the  ends  being  visible.  If  the  ends 
were  shown  they  were  represented  as  floating  behind, 
sometimes  with  and  sometimes  without  a  representation 
of  the  bow  or  knot  in  which  they  were  tied.  The  plain 
fiillet  stUl  continued  to  be  used  long  after  the  torse  had 
come  into  recognised  use.  The  consideration  of  crest 
coronets  has  been  already  included,  but  with  regard  to 
the  wreath  an  analysis  of  the  Plantagenet  Garter  plates 
wUl  afi'ord  some  definite  basis  from  which  to  start 
deduction. 

Of  the  eighty-six  achievements  reproduced  in  Mr.  St. 
John  Hope's  book,  five  have  no  crest.  Consequently  we 
have  eighty-one  examples  to  analyse.  Of  these  there  are 
ten  Ln  which  the  crest  is  not  attached  to  the  lambrequin 
and  helmet  by  anything  perceptible,  eight  are  attached 
with  fillets  of  varying  widths,  twenty-one  crests  are 
upon  chapeaux,  and  twenty-nine  issue  from  coronets. 
But  at  no  period  governed  by  the  series  is  it  possible 
that  either  fillet,  torse,  chapeau,  or  coronet  was  in  use 
to  the  exclusion  of  another  form.  This  remark  applies 
more  particularly  to  the  fillet  and  torse  (the  latter  of 
which  undoubtedly  at  a  later  date  superseded  the  former), 
for  both  at  the  beginning  and  at  the  end  of  the  series 
referred  to  we  find  the  fillet  and  the  wreath  or  torse, 
and  at  both  periods  we  find  crests  without  either  coronet, 
torse,  chapeau,  or  fillet.  The  fillet  must  soon  afterwards 
(in  the  fifteenth  century)  have  completely  fallen  into 
desuetude.  The  torse  was  so  small  and  unimportant  a 
matter  that  upon  seals  it  would  probably  equally  escape 
the  attention  of  the  engraver  and  the  observer,  and 
probably  there  would  be  little  to  be  gained  by  a  syste- 
matic hunt  through  early  seals  to  discover  the  date  of 
its  introduction,  but  it  will  be  noticed  that  no  wreaths 


appear  in  some  of  the  early  Rolls.  Gerard  Leigh  says, 
"  In  the  time  of  Henry  the  Fifth,  and  long  after,  no  man 
had  his  badge  set  on  a  wreath  under  the  degree  of  a 
knight.  But  that  order  is  worn  away."  It  probably 
belongs  to  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century.  There 
can  be  httle  doubt  that  its  twisted  shape  was  an  evolu- 
tion from  the  plain  fillet  suggested  by  the  turban  of  the 
East.  We  read  in  the  old  romances,  in  Mallory's 
"  Morte  d' Arthur  "  and  elsewhere,  of  valiant  knights  who 
in  battle  or  tournament  wore  the  favour  of  some  lady,  or 
even  the  lady's  sleeve  upon  their  helmets.  It  always 
used  to  be  a  puzzle  to  me  how  the  sleeve  could  have 
been  worn  upon  the  helmet,  and  I  wonder  how  many  of 
the  present-day  novelists,  who  so  glibly  make  their 
knightly  heroes  of  olden  time  wear  the  "  favours  "  of 
their  lady-lovers,  know  how  it  was  done  ?  The  favour 
did  not  take  the  place  of  the  crest.  A  knight  did  not 
lightly  discard  an  honoured,  inherited,  and  known  crest 
for  the  sake  of  wearing  a  favour  only  too  frequently 
the  mere  result  of  a  temporary  flirtation;  nor  to 
wear  her  colours  could  he  at  short  notice  discard 
or  renew  his  lambrequin,  surcoat,  or  the  housings 
and  trappings  of  his  horse.  He  simply  took  the 
favour — the  colours,  a  ribbon,  or  a  handkerchief  of  the 
lady,  as  the  case  might  be — and  twisted  it  in  and  out 
or  over  and  over  the  fillet  which  surrounded  the  joining- 
place  of  crest  and  helmet.  To  put  her  favour  on  his 
helmet  was  the  work  of  a  moment.  The  wearing  of  a 
lady's  sleeve,  which  must  have  been  an  honour  greatly 
prized,  is  of  course  the  origin  of  the  well-known 
"maunch,"  the  solitary  charge  in  the  arms  of  both 
Conyers  and  Hastings.  Doubtless  the  sleeve  twined 
with  the  fillet  would  be  made  to  encircle  the  base  of 
the  crest,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  wide  hanging 
mouth  of  the  sleeve  might  have  been  used  for  the  lam- 
brequin. The  dresses  of  ladies  at  that  period  were  deco- 
rated with  the  arms  of  their  families,  so  in  each  case 
would  be  of  the  "colours"  of  the  lady,  so  that  the 
sleeve  and  its  colours  would  be  quickly  identified,  as  it 
was  no  doubt  usually  intended  they  should  be.  The 
accidental  result  of  twining  a  favour  in  the  fillet,  in 
conjunction  with  the  pattern  obviouslj'  suggested  by  the 
turban  of  the  East,  produced  the  conventional  torse  or 
wreath.  As  the  conventional  slashings  of  the  lambre- 
quin hinted  at  past  hard  fighting  in  battle,  so  did  the 
conventional  torse  hint  at  past  service  to  and  favour  of 
ladies,  love  and  war  being  the  occupations  of  the  per- 
fect knight  of  romance.    How  far  short  of  the  ideal  knight 


298 


PLATE    XCV. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  romance  the  knight  of  fact  fell,  perhaps  the  frequent 
bordures  and  batons  of  heraldry  are  the  best  indication. 
At  first,  as  is  evident  from  the  Garter  plates,  the  colours 
of  the  torse  seem  to  have  had  little  or  no  compulsory- 
relation  to  the  "  livery  colours  "  of  the  arms.  The  in- 
stances to  be  gleaned  from  the  Plantagenet  Garter  plates 
which  have  been  reproduced  are  as  follows : — 

Sir  John  Bourchier,  Lord  Bourchier.  Torse:  sable 
and  vert.     Arms :  argent  and  gules. 

Sir  John  Grey,  Earl  of  Tankerville.  Torse :  vert, 
gules,  and  argent.     Arms :  gules  and  argent. 

Sir  Lewis  Kobsart,  Lord  Bourchier.  Torse :  azure,  or, 
and  sable.  Arms :  vert  and  or.  [The  crest,  derived 
from  his  wife  (who  was  a  daughter  of  Lord  Bourchier) 
is  practically  the  same  as  the  one  first  quoted.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  the  torse  diii'ers.] 

Sir  Edward  Cherleton,  Lord  Cherleton  of  Powis. 
Torse :  gules  and  sable.     Arms :  or  and  gules. 

Sir  Gaston  de  Foix,  Count  de  Longueville.  Torse : 
or  and  gules.     Arms :  or  and  gules. 

Sir  William  Nevill,  Lord  Fauconberg.  Torse :  argent 
and  gules.     Arms :  gules  and  argent. 

Sir  Richard  Wydville,  Lord  Rivers.  Torse:  vert. 
Arms :  argent  and  gules. 

Sir  Henry  Bourchier,  Earl  of  Essex.  Torse :  sable 
and  vert.  Arms :  argent  and  gules.  [This  is  the  same 
crest  above  alluded  to.] 

Sir  Thomas  Stanley,  Lord  Stanley.  Torse :  or  and 
azure.     Arms :  or  and  azure. 

Sir  John  Bourchier,  Lord  Berners.  Torse  :  gules  and 
argent.  Arms :  argent  and  gules.  [This  is  the  same 
crest  above  alluded  to.] 

Sir  Walter  Devereux,  Lord  Ferrers.  Torse:  argent 
and  sable.  Arms :  argent  and  gules.  [The  crest  really 
issues  from  a  coronet  upon  a  torse  in  a  previous  case, 
this  crest  issues  from  a  torse  only.] 

Sir  Francis  Lovel,  Viscount  Lovel.  Torse :  azure  and 
or.     Arms :  or  and  gules. 

Sir  Thomas  Burgh,  Lord  Burgh.  Torse :  azure  and 
sable.     Arms :  azure  and  ermine. 

Sir  Richard  Tunstall,  K.G.  Torse :  argent  and  sable. 
Arms :  sable  and  argent. 

I  can  suggest  no  explanation  of  these  differences  un- 
less it  be,  which  is  not  unlikely^  that  they  perpetuate 
"  favours  "  worn,  or  perhaps  a  more  likely  supposition 
is  that  the  wreath  or  torse  was  of  the  "  family  colours,"  as 
these  were  actually  worn  by  the  servants  or  retainers  of 
each  person.  If  this  be  not  the  case,  why  are  the  colours 
of  the  wreath  termed  the  livery  colours  ?  At  the  present 
time  in  an  English  or  Irish  grant  of  arms  the  colours  are 
not  specified,  but  the  crest  is  stated  to  be  "  on  a  wreath  of 
the  colours."  In  Scotland,  however,  the  crest  is  granted 
in  the  following  words :  "  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his 
liveries  is  set  for  crest."  Consequently,  I  have  very  little 
doubt,  the  true  state  of  the  case  is  that  originally  the 
wreath  was  depicted  of  the  colours  of  the  livery  which 
was  worn.  Then  new  families  came  into  prominence  and 
eminence,  and  had  no  liveries  to  inherit.  They  were 
granted  arms  and  chose  the  tinctures  of  their  arms  as 
their  "  colours,"  and  used  these  colours  for  their  per- 
sonal Uveries.  The  natural  consequence  would  be  in 
such  a  case  that  the  torse,  being  in  unison  with  the 
hvery,  was  also  in  unison  with  the  arms.  The  con- 
sequence is  that  it  has  become  a  fixed,  unalterable  rule 
in  British  heraldry  that  the  torse  shall  be  of  the  prin- 
cipal metal  and  of  the  principal  colour  of  the  arms.  I 
know  of  no  recent  exception  to  this  rule,  the  latest,  as 
far  as  I  am  aware,  being  a  grant  in  the  early  years  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  This,  it  is  stated  in  the  patent, 
was  the  regranting  of  a  coat  of  foreign  origin.  Doubt- 
less the  formality  of  a  grant  was  substituted  for  the 
usual   registration   in   this    case,   owing   to   a  lack   of 


formal  proof  of  a  right  to  the  arms,  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  the  peculiarities  of  the  foreign  arms,  as 
they  had  been  previously  borne,  were  preserved  in  the 
grant.  The  pecidiarity  in  this  case  consisted  of  a 
torse  of  three  tinctures.  The  late  Lyon  Clerk  once 
pointed  out  to  me,  in  Lyon  Register,  an  instance  of  a 
coat  there  matriculated  with  a  torse  of  three  colours, 
but  I  unfortunately  made  no  note  of  it  at  the  time. 
Woodward  alludes  to  the  curious  chequy  wreath  on 
the  seals  of  Robert  Stewart,  Duke  of  Albany,  in  1389. 
This  appears  to  have  been  repeated  in  the  seals  of  his 
son  Murdoch. 

The  wreath  of  Patrick  Hepburn  appears  to  be  of 
roses  in  the  Gehe  "  Armorial,"  and  a  careful  examination 
of  the  plates  in  this  volume  will  show  many  curious 
Continental  instances  of  substitutes  for  the  conventional 
torse.  Though  by  no  means  peculiar  to  British  heraldry, 
there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt  that  the  wreath  in  the 
United  Kingdom  has  obtained  a  position  of  legaUsed 
necessity  and  constant  usage  and  importance  which 
exists  in  no  other  country. 

As  has  been  already  explained,  the  torse  should  fit 
closely  to  the  crest,  its  object  and  purpose  being  merely 
to  hide  the  joining  of  crest  and  helmet.  Unfortunately 
in  British  heraldry  this  purpose  has  been  ignored. 
Doubtless  resulting  first  from  the  common  practice  of 
depicting  a  crest  upon  a  wreath  and  without  a  helmet, 
and  secondly  from  the  fact  that  many  English  crests 
are  quite  unsuitable  to  place  on  a  helmet,  in  fact  im- 
possible to  affix  by  the  aid  of  a  wreath  to  a  helmet,  and 
thirdly  from  our  ridiculous  rules  of  position  for  a  helmet, 
which  result  in  the  crest  being  depicted  (in  conjunction 
with  the  representation  of  the  helmet)  in  a  position 
many  such  crests  never  could  have  occupied  on  any 
helmet,  the  effect  has  been  to  cause  the  wreath  to  lose 
its  real  form  (which  is  as  Fig.  767),  which  approximated 
it  to  the  helmet,  and  to  become  considered  a  straight 
support  for  and  relating  only  to  the  crest.  When,  there- 
fore, the  crest  and  its  supporting  basis  is  transferred 
from  indefinite  space  to  the  helmet,  the  support,  which 
is  the  torse,  is  still  represented  as  a  flat  resting-place  for 
the  crest,  and  it  is  consequently  depicted  as  a  straight 
and  rigid  bar,  balanced  upon  the  apex  of  the  helmet. 
This  is  now  and  for  long  has  been  the  only  accepted 
official  way  of  depicting-a  wreath  in  England.  Certainly 
this  is  an  ungraceful  and  inartistic  rendering,  and  a 
rendering  far  removed  from  any  actual  helmet  wreath 
that  can  ever  have  been  actually  borne.  Whilst  one 
has  no  wish  to  defend  the  "rigid  bar,"  which  has 
nothing  to  recommend  it,  it  is  at  the  same  time  worth 
while-  to  point  out  that  the  heraldic  day  of  actual 
helmets  and  actual  usage  is  long  since  over,  never  to 
be  revived,  and  that  our  heraldry  of  to-day  is  merely 
decorative  and  pictorial.  The  rigid  bar  is  none  other 
than  a  conventionalised  form  of  the  actual  torse,  and  is 
perhaps  little  more  at  variance  -with  the  reality  than  is 
our  conventionalised  method  of  depicting  a  lambrequin. 
Whilst  this  conventional  torse  remains  the  official 
pattern,  it  is  hopeless  to  attempt  to  banish  such  a 
method  of  representation:  but  Lyon  King  of  Arms, 
happily,  will  have  none  of  it  in  his  official  register  or 
on  nis  patents,  and  few  heraldic  artists  of  any  repute  now 
care  to  so  design  or  represent  it.  As  always  officially 
painted  it  must  consist  of  six  links  alternately  of  metal 
and  colour  (the  "  livery  colours  "  of  the  arms),  of  which 
the  metal  must  be  the  first  to  be  shown  to  the  dexter 
side.  The  torse  is  now  supposed  to  be  and  represented 
as  a  skein  of  coloured  silk  interwined  with  a  gold  or 
silver  cord. 

Figs.  51,  65,  94,  and  104  show  the  conventional  rigid 
bar.  Figs.  74,  91,  93,  and  100  represent  wreaths  of  the 
better  sort.  A.  C.  F-D. 


299 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER     XXX 


SUPPORTERS 


IN  this  country  a  somewhat  fictitious  importance 
has  become  attached  to  supporters  owing  to  their 
almost  exclusive  reservation  to  the  highest  rank. 
The  rules  which  hold  at  the  moment  will  be  recited 
presently,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  originally 
they  were  in  this  country  little  more  than  mere  decora- 
tive and  artistic  appendages,  beiug  devised  and  altered 
from  time  to  time  by  diti'erent  artists  according  as  the 
artistic  necessaries  of  the  moment  demanded.  The 
subject  of  the  origin  of  supporters  has  been  very  ably 
dealt  with  in  "  A  Treatise  on  Heraldry "  by  Woodward 
and  Burnett,  and  with  all  due  acknowledgment  I  take 
from  that  work  the  subjoined  extract: — 

"  Supporters  are  figures  of  living  creatures  placed  at 
the  side  or  sides  of  an  armorial  shield,  and  appearing  to 
support  it.  French  writers  make  a  distinction,  giving 
the  name  of  Su2rports  to  animals,  real  or  imaginary, 
thus  employed ;  while  human  figures  or  angels  similarly 
used  are  called  Tenants.  Trees,  and  other  inanimate 
objects  which  are  sometimes  used,  are  called  Soutiens. 

"  Menetrier  and  other  old  writers  trace  the  origin  of 
supporters  to  the  usages  of  the  tournaments,  where  the 
shields  of  the  combatants  were  exposed  for  inspection, 
and  guarded  by  then-  servants  or  pages  disguised  in 
fanciml  attire :  '  C'est  des  Tournois  qu'est  venu  oet  usage 
parce  que  les  chevaliers  y  faisoient  porter  leurs  lances, 
et  leurs  ecus,  par  des  pages,  et  des  valets  de  pied, 
deguisez  en  ours,  en  lions,  en  mores,  et  en  sauvages ' 
(  Usage  des  A  rmoiries,  p.  1 1 9). 

"  The  old  romances  give  us  evidence  that  this  custom 
prevailed ;  but  I  think  only  after  the  use  of  supporters 
had  already  arisen  from  another  source. 

"  There  is  really  little  doubt  now  that  Anstis  was  quite 
correct  when,  in  his  Aspilogia,  he  attributed  the  origin 
of  supporters  to  the  invention  of  the  engraver,  who  filled 
up  the  spaces  at  the  top  and  sides  of  the  triangular 
shield  upon  a  circular  seal  ynXh  foliage,  or  with  fanciful 
animals.  Any  good  collection  of  mediaeval  seals  will 
strengthen  this  conviction.  For  instance,  the  two 
volumes  of  Laing's  "  Scottish  Seals "  afford  numerous 
examples  in  which  the  shields  used  in  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries  were  placed  between  two  crea- 
tures resembling  lizards  or  dragons.  (See  the  seal  of 
Alexander  de  Balliol,  1295. — Laing,  ii.  74.) 

"The  seal  of  John,  Duke  of  Normandy,  eldest  son 
of  the  King  of  France,  before  13 16  bears  his  arms 
(France- Ancient,  a  bordure  gules)  between  two  hons 
rampant  away  from  the  shield,  and  an  eagle  with  ex- 
panded wings  standing  above  it.  The  secretuin  of  Isa- 
belle  de  Flandres  [c.  1308)  has  her  shield  placed 
between  three  lions,  each  charged  with  a  bend  (Vree, 
Gen.  Com.  Flanr.,  Plates  XLIII,,  XLIV.,  XCII.).  In 
1332  Aymox  of  Savoy  places  his  arms  (Savoy,  with 
a  label)  between  a  winged  lion  in  chief  and  a  lion 
without  wings  at  either  side.  Later,  on  the  seal  of 
Amadeus  VI.,  a  lion's  head  between  wings  became  the 
crest  of  Savoy.  In  1332  Amadeus  bears  SjVvoy  on  a 
lozenge  (vide  p.  58)  between  in  chief  two  eagles,  in  base 
two  lions.  (CiEKARio,  Nos.  61,  64;  and  Guichenon, 
tome  i.  No.  130.)  In  Scotland  the  shield  of  Reginald 
Crawford  in  1292  is  placed  between  two  dogs,  and 
surmounted  by  a  fox  ;  in  the  same  year  the  paly  shield 
of  Reginald,  Earl  of  Athole,  appears  between  two 
lions  in  chief  and  as  many  griflins  in  flanks. — Laing, 
i.  210,  761. 


"  The  seal  of  Humbert  II.,  Dauphin  de  Viennois  in 
1 349,  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  fashion.  The  shield 
of  Dauphiny  is  in  the  centre  of  a  quatrefoil.  Two 
savages  mounted  on  griffins  support  its  flanks  ;  on  the 
upper  edge  an  armed  knight  sits  on  a  couchant  lion,  and 
the  space  in  base  is  tilled  by  a  human  face  between  two 
wingless  dragons.  The  spaces  are  sometimes  filled  with 
the  Evangelistic  symbols,  as  on  the  seal  of  Yolante  de 
Flandres,  Countess  of  Bar  (c.  1340).  The  seal  of 
Jeanne,  Dame  de  Plasnes,  in  1376  bears  her  arms  en 
banniere  (p.  57)  a  quatrefoU  supported  by  two  kneel- 
ing angels,  a  demi-angel  in  chief,  and  a  lion  couchant 
guardant  in  base." 

Corporate  and  other  seals  afford  countless  examples 
of  the  interstices  in  the  design  being  filled  with  the 
figures  similar  to  those  from  which  in  later  days  the 
supporters  of  a  family  have  been  deduced.  Before 
passing  to  supporters  proper,  it  may  be  well  to  briefly 
allude  to  various  figures  which  are  to  be  found  in  a 
position  analogous  to  that  of  supporters.  The  single 
human  figure  entire,  or  in  the  form  of  a  demi-figure 
appearing  above  the  shield,  is  very  frequently  to  be  met 
with,  but  the  addition  of  such  figures  xuas  and  remains 
purely  artistic,  and  I  know  of  no  single  instance  in 
British  armory  where  one  figure,  animate  or  inanimate, 
has  ever  existed  alone  in  the  character  of  a  single  sup- 
porter, and  as  an  integral  part  of  the  heritable  armorial 
achievement.  Of  course  I  except  those  figures  upon 
which  the  arms  of  certain  families  are  properly  displayed. 
These  will  be  presently  alluded  to,  but  though  they  are 
certainly  exterior  ornaments,  I  do  not  think  they  can 
be  properly  classed  as  supporters  unless  to  this  term  is 
given  some  elasticity  or  has  added  to  it  some  qualifying 
remarks  of  reservation.  There  are,  however,  many 
instances  of  armorial  ensigns  depicted,  and  presum- 
ably correctly,  in  the  form  of  banners  supported  by 
a  single  animal,  but  it  will  always  be  found  that  the 
single  animal  is  but  one  of  the  pair  of  duly  allocated 
supporters.  Many  instances  of  arms  depicted  in  this 
maimer  will  be  found  in  "Prince  Arthur's  Book," 
from  which  Plate  C.  is  reproduced.  The  same  method 
of  display  was  adopted  in  some  number  of  eases,  and 
with  some  measure  of  success,  in  Foster's  "  Peerage." 
Single  figures  are  very  frequently  to  be  met  with  in 
German  and  Continental  heraldry,  but  on  these  occa- 
sions, as  with  ourselves,  the  position  they  occupy  is 
merely  that  of  an  artistic  accessory,  and  bears  no 
inseparable  relation  to  the  heraldic  achievement.  The 
single  exception  to  the  foregoing  statement  of  which  I 
am  aware  is  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of  the  Swiss 
Cantons.  These  thirteen  coats  are  sometimes  quartered 
upon  one  shield,  but  when  displayed  separately  each 
is  accompanied  by  a  single  supporter.  Zurich,  Lucerne, 
Uri,  Unter-Walden,  Glarus,  and  Basle  all  bear  the  sup- 
porter on  the  dexter  side ;  Bern,  Schweig,  Zug,  Freiburg, 
and  Soluthurn  on  the  sinister.  Schathausen  (a  ram) 
and  Appenzell  (a  bear)  place  their  supporters  in  full 
aspect  behind  the  shield. 

On  the  corbels  of  Gothic  architecture,  shields  of  arms 
are  frequently  supported  by  Angels,  which,  however, 
cannot  generally  be  regarded  as  heraldic  appendages — 
being  merely  supposed  to  indicate  that  the  owners  have 
contributed  to  tne  erection  of  the  fabric.  Examples  of 
this  practice  will  be  found  on  various  ecclesiastical 
edifices  in  Scotland,  and  among  others  at  Melrose  Abbey, 
St.  Giles',  Edinburgh,  and  the  church  of  Seton  in  East 


300 


PLATE   XCVI. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Lotliian.  An  interesting  instance  of  an  angel  supporting 
a  shield  occurs  on  the  beautiful  seal  of  Mary  of  Gueldres, 
Queen  of  James  II.  (1459);  and  the  Privy  Seal  of 
David  II.,  a  hundred  years  earlier,  exhibits  a  pretty 
design  of  an  escutcheon  charged  with  the  ensigns  of 
Scotland,  and  borne  by  two  arms  issuing  from  clouds 
above,  indicative  of  Divine  support." 

Of  instances  of  single  objects  from  which  shields 
are  found  depending  or  supported  the  "Treatise  on 
Heraldry"  states: — 

"Allusion  has  been  made  to  the  usage  by  which  on 
vesica-shaped  shields  ladies  of  high  rank  are  repre- 
sented as  supporting  with  either  hand  shields  of 
arms.  From  this  probably  arose  the  use  of  a  single 
supporter.  Maegueeite  de  Couecelles  in  1284,  and 
Alix  de  Veedun  in  1311,  bear  in  one  hand  a  shield 
of  the  husband's  arms,  in  the  other  one  of  their 
own.  The  curious  seal  of  Muriel,  Countess  of  Steath- 
ERNE,  in  12S4,  may  be  considered  akin  to  these.  In  it 
the  shield  is  supported  partlj'  by  a  falcon,  and  partly  by 
a  human  arm  issuing  from  the  sinister  side  of  the 
vesica,  and  holding  the  falcon  by  the  jesses  (Laing,  i. 
764).  The  early  seal  of  Boleslas  III.,  King  of  Poland, 
in  1255,  bears  a  knight  holding  a  shield  charged  with 
the  Polish  eagle  (Vossbeeg,  Die  Siegel  des  Mittelalters). 
In  1283  the  seal  of  Florent  of  Hainaolt  bears  a 
warrior  in  chain  mail  supporting  a  shield  charged  with 
a  Uon  impaling  an  eagle  dimidiated. 

"On  the  seal  of  Humphrey  de  BoHu^f  in  1322  the 
guige  is  held  by  a  swan,  the  badge  of  the  Earls  of 
Hereford;  and  in  1356  the  shield  of  the  first  Earl  of 
Douglas  is  supported  by  a  lion  whose  head  is  covered 
by  the  crested  helm,  a  fashion  of  which  there  are  many 
examples.  A  helmed  lion  holds  the  shield  of  Magnus  I., 
Duke  of  BEUNS'mcK,  in  1326. 

"  On  the  seal  of  .Jean,  Due  de  Berri,  in  1 393  the 
supporter  is  a  helmed  swan  (compare  the  armorial  slab 
of  Henet  of  Lancaster,  in  Boutell,  Plate  LXXIX.). 
Jean  IV.,  Comte  d'AxENgoN  (1408),  has  a  helmed  lion 
sejant  as  supporter.  In  1359  a  signet  of  Louis  van 
Male,  Count,  of  Flanders,  bears  a  lion  sejant,  helmed 
and  crested,  and  mantled  with  the  arms  of  Flanders 
between  two  small  escutcheons  of  Nevers,  or  the 
county  of  Burgundy  ["  Azure,  billetty,  a  hon  rampant 
or  "],  and  Bethel  ["  Gules,  two  heads  of  rakes  fesswise 
in  pale  or"]. 

"  A  single  lion  sejant,  helmed  and  crested,  bearing  oh 
its  breast  the  quartered  arms  of  Burgundy  between  two 
or  three  other  escutcheons,  was  used  by  the  Dukes  up 
to  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  in  1475.  In  Litta's 
splendid  work,  Famiglie  celebri  Italiane,  the  Blton- 
AROTTi  arms  are  supported  by  a  brown  dog  sejant, 
helmed,  and  crested  with  a  pair  of  dragon's  wings 
issuing  from  a  crest-coronet.  On  the  seal  of  Thomas 
Holland,  Earl  of  Rent,  in  1380  the  shield  is  buckled 
round  the  neck  of  the  white  hind  lodged,  the  badge  of 
his  half-brother  Richard  II.  Single  supporters  were 
very  much  in  favour  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  and  the  examples  are  numerous.  Charles, 
Dauphin  de  Viexnois  (c.  1355),  has  his  shield  held  by 
a  single  dolphin.  In  1294  the  seal  of  the  Dauphin 
Jean,  son  of  Humbert  I.,  bears  the  arms  of  Dauphine 
pendent  from  the  neck  of  a  griffon.  The  shields  of 
arms  of  Beetrand  de  Bricquebec,  in  1325  ;  Pierre  de 
Tochnebu,  in  1339;  of  Charles,  Count  of  Alencon,  in 

*  Plate  XI.  Fig.  lo,  Laing's  "  Catalogue,"  No.  29.  At  each  side  of 
the  King's  seated  figure  on  the  couuter-seal  of  Robert  II.  {1386)  the 
arms  of  Scotland  are  supported  from  behind  by  a  skeleton  within  an 
embattled  buttress  ("Catalogue,"  No.  34). 


1356;  and  of  Oliver  de  Clisson,  in  1397,  are  aU 
supported  by  a  warrior  who  stands  behind  the  shield. 
In  England  the  seal  of  Henry  Percy,  first  Earl,  in 
1346,  and  another  in  1345,  have  similar  representations. 

"  On  several  of  our  more  ancient  seals  only  one 
supporter  is  represented,  and  probably  the  earliest 
example  of  this  arrangement  occurs  on  the  curious  seal 
of  William,  first  Earl  of  Douglas  (c.  1356),  where  the 
shield  is  supported  from  behind  by  a  lion  "  sejant,"  with 
his  head  in  the  helimet,  which  is  surmounted  by  the  crest. 

"  On  the  seal  of  Archibald,  fourth  Earl  of  Douglas 
(c.  1418),  the  shield  is  held,  along  with  a  club,  in  the 
right  hand  of  a  savage  erect,  who  bears  a  helmet  in  his 
left;  while  on  that  of  William,  eighth  Earl  (1446),  a 
kneeling  savage  holds  a  club  in  his  right  hand,  and 
supports  a  couche  shield  on  his  left  arm." 

Some  number  of  examples  will  be  found  on  Plate  LV. 
in  which  human  figures,  single  or  double,  appear  to 
have  been  introduced  in  the  nature  of  supporters  in 
armorial  designs.  In  practically  all  these  instances  the 
human  figures  which  a;ppear  are  in  the  nature  of  artistic 
accessories,  and  form  no  official  part  of  the  heredi- 
tary insignia  of  those  individuals  to  whom  the  arms 
appertain.  The  examples  selected  are  all  chosen 
from  the  work  of  the  old  masters. 

Fig.  I  on  Plate  LV.  (the  Nos.  i  to  9  which  follow 
relate  exclusively  to  the  figures  on  that  plate),  which 
shows  a  single  youth  standing  behind  the  shield,  is  the 
publishing  mark  of  the  "  FrateUi  Bernardini "  of  Venice 
(1498),  known  as  "'The  Albane-sotti." 

Fig.  2,  which  shows  two  angels  as  supporters,  and 
behind  the  shield  the  mitred  figure  of  a  bishop,  is 
probably  a  design  by  Albrecht  Glockenton.  The  shield 
has  the  arms  of  the  cathedral  chapter  of  "  Wurzburg," 
viz. :  "  Argent,  a  chief  dancette  gules."  These  arms  are 
taken  from  those  of  the  Duchy  of  Franoonia.  The 
design  dates  from  1484. 

Fig.  3  shows  the  single  figure  of  a  lady  as  a  supporter. 
In  this  design  she  hoick  the  helmet  and  crest,  from  the 
former  of  which  the  shield  is  suspended  by  a  strap. 

Fig.  4  is  a  design  very  similar  in  its  detail  and 
arrangement  to  the  preceding  one,  both  of  which  are 
attributed  to  Egidius  Stecher  of  Cologne,  1466. 

Fig.  5,  the  date  of  which  is  i486,  is  from  the  Erfurt 
University  Register.  The  shield  is  that  of  Count 
Friedrioh  v.  Beichhngen,  namely:  "Barry  of  foiu: 
argent  and  gules."  The  mantling  is  of  argent  and 
gules.  The  crest  is  a  cap  barry  as  the  arms,  and 
thereupon  five  plumes  of  peacock  feathers. 

Fig.  6,  which  shows  the  arms  of  Ludovico  Diedo,  the 
Venetian  prstor  of  Zara,  has  on  either  side  a  child, 
which  supports  the  shield  with  one  hand  and  a  wand  with 
the  other.     These  wands  carry  the  two  crested  helmets. 

Fig.  7  is  an  example  of  the  use  of  the  demi-figure  of 
an  angel,  of  which  many  instances  can  be  found,  par- 
ticularly, as  has  been  already  stated,  in  ecclesiastical 
buildings.  The  design  here  reproduced  shows  the  arms 
of  Sir  Richard  Nanfant,  1507.  As  here  depicted  they 
are  :  "  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  sable,  a  chevron  argent  (pro- 
perly ermine)  between  three  wings  inverted  also  argent ; 
2.  argent,  three  wolves  azure ;  4.  chequy  argent  and 
sable,  a  chief  of  the  first,  gutte-de-sang,  a  crescent  for 
difference;  impaling  on  the  sinister  side,  argent,  a 
chevron  sable  between  three  stag-beetles  volant." 

Fig.  8,  which  is  a  printer's  mark,  shows  the  arms  of 
Loys  M.  Cruse  of  Geneva,  1480.  In  this  case  the  two 
negresses  which  figure  as  supporters  partake  of  the 
character  of  the  arms,  and  very  probably  are  intended 
as  part  of  the  fixed  heraldic  achievement. 

In  Fig.  9  the  single  female  figure  is  employed  to 
support  both  the  shield  and  a  banner.  The  achieve- 
ment is  that  of  Gebhard  II.,  "  Truchsess  "  of  Waldburg, 


301 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Elector  and  Archbisliop  of  Cologne.  He  died  May  2 1 , 
1601.  The  banner  and  the  inescutcheon  both  show  the 
arms  of  the  Waldburgs,  namely:  "Or,  three  lions  passant 
in  pale  sable."  The  principal  escutcheon  is  quarterly, 
namely :  "  i .  a  cross  sable  (for  the  Ai-chbishopric  of 
Cologne) ;  2.  gules,  a  horse  springing  argent  (tor  the 
titular  duchy  of  Westphalia) ;  3.  gules,  three  sea-leaves 
or  (for  the  titular  duchy  of  Eugern) ;  4.  azure,  an  eagle 
displayed  argent  (for  the  Countship  of  Arnsberg)." 
This  design  is  reproduced  from  Jost  Amman's  Wwppen 
und  Stammbucli.  published  at  Frankfurt,  1589. 


Fig.  794. — Arms  of  Sig^mund  Hagelshaimer. 

Another  example  by  the  same  artist  will  be  found  in 
Fig.  794.     In  this  the  figure  partakes  more  of  the  char- 


FlG.  795. — Arms  of  Vohlin  of  Augsberg. 

acter  of  a  shield  guardian  than  a  shield  supporter.     The 
arms    are    those    of    "  Herr   Sigmund   Hagelshaimer," 


otherwise  "  Helt,"  living  at  Ntirnberg.  This  design 
has  been  appropriated  by  the  publisher  of  Sigmund 
Teyerabend's  "  Book  of  Arms."  Tne  arms  are  "  Sable,  on 
a  bend  argent,  an  arrow  gules."  The  crest  is  the  head 
and  neck  of  a  hound  sable,  continued  into  a  mantling 
sable,  lined  argent.  The  crest  is  charged  with  a  pale 
argent,  and  thereupon  an  arrow  as  in  the  arms,  the 
arrow-head  piercing  the  ear  of  the  hound. 

Seated  figures  as  supporters  are  rare,  but  oneoccurs 
in  Fig.  795,  which  shows  the  arms  of  the  Augsberg 
family  (both  merchant  and  patrician)  of  Vohlin.  They 
bear :  "  Argent,  on  a  fess  sable,  three  '  P's  '  argent."  The 
wings  which  form  the  crest  are  charged  with  the  same 
device.  This  curious  charge  of  the  three  letters  is  ex- 
plained in  the  following  saying : — 

"  Piper  Peperit  Pecuniam, 
Pecunia  Peperit  Pompam, 
Pompa  Peperit  Pauperiem, 
Pauperies  Peperit  Pietatem." 

Another  pleasing  example  of  the  use  of  a  single  figure 
as  an  "  artistic  accessory "  will  be  found  in  1  ig.  796. 
This  is  a  reproduction  of  a  bookplate  designed  by  Herr 
Strohl  for  Alexander  Freiherr  von  Dachenhausen.  As 
these    armsj  are    a    rather   interesting    example   of   a 


Fig.  796. — Bookplate  of  Alexander  von  Dachenhausen. 

"canting"  coat,  the  blazon  is  appended.  The  name 
"■Dachenhausen "  is  derived  from  dach  (roof),  and 
/(.aits  (house).  The  arms  are :  "  Chequy  argent  and  sable 
(to  typify  the  wall  of  the  house),  a  chief  gules  (to 
typify  the  roof)."  The  crest  is  a  pair  of  wings,  each 
charged  with  the  arms.  To  the  dexter  and  sinister 
appear  the  arms  of  the  parents,  viz.  Dachenhausen  and 
Plathner,  namely :  "  Argent,  a  bunch  of  grapes  azure, 
leaved  vert." 

Fig.  ygy  is  a  reproduction  of  the  bookplate  of  Charles 
Louis  de  Bourbon,  designed  by  Aery  of  Paris.     In  this 


302 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


case   the    supporting 
heraldic  supporter. 


ti^ure   must   be   intended   as   a 


Fig.  797.- 


-Bookplate  of  Charles  Louis  de  Bourbon, 
Count  of  Villafranca. 


Fig.  I  on  Plate  LVI.  is  an  example  of  the  use  of  a 
"  melusine  "  (or  double-tailed  mermaid),  but  in  this  case, 
as  also  in  Fig.  4  on  the  same  plate,  the  figures  are 
merely  artistic  enrichment,  and  no  part  of  the  heritable 
armorial  bearings.  At  the  present  time  one  scarcely 
ever  sees  such  figures  made  use  of  in  British  armorial 
design,  doubtless  owing  to  the  customary  more  rigid 
adherence  to  law  and  precedent  in  the  matter  of  heraldic 
supporters  and  their  meaning,  but  an  isolated  example 
may  be  found  in  the  case  of  the  bookplate  of  Frederick 
Henry  Huth,  Esq.  (Fig.  798J. 


Fig.  79S. — Armorial  bearings  of  Frederick  Henry  Huth,  Esq. :  Argent, 
two  chevronels  gules,  in  chief  a  human  heart  of  the  last,  and  in 
base  a  hat  sable  with  an  ostrich  feather  proper ;  and  for  a  crest, 
three  sprigs  of  oak  erect  proper,  each  bearing  an  acorn  or.  Motto : 
"  This  too  will  pass." 

There  are,  however,  certain  exceptions  to  the  British 
rule  that  there  can  be  no  single  supporters,  if  the  objects 
upon  which  shields  of  arms  are  displayed  are  accepted 


as  supporters.  It  was  always  customary  to  display  the 
arms  of  the  Lord  High  Admiral  on  the  sail  of  the  ship. 
In  the  person  of  King  William  IV.,  before  he  succeeded 
to  the  throne,  the  office  of  Lord  High  Admiral  was  vested 
for  a  short  time,  but  it  had  really  fallen  into  desuetude 
at  an  earlier  date  and  has  not  been  revived  again,  so 
that  to  all  intents  and  purposes  it  is  now  extinct,  and 
this  recognised  method  of  depicting  arms  is  consequently 
also  extinct.  But  there  is  one  other  case  which  forms  a 
unique  instance  which  can  be  classified  with  no  others. 
The  arms  of  Campbell  of  Craignish  are  always  repre- 
sented in  a  curious  manner,  the  gyronny  coat  of  Camp- 
bell appearing  on  a  shield  displayed  in  front  of  a 
lymphad.  What  the  origin  of  this  practice  is  it  would 
be  difficult  to  say ;  probably  it  merely  originated  in  the 
imaginative  ideas  of  an  artist  when  making  a  seal  for 
that  family,  artistic  reasons  suggesting  the  display  of 
the  gyronny  arms  of  Campbell  in  front  of  the  lymphad 
of  Lome.  The  family,  however,  seem  to  have  uni- 
versally adopted  this  method  of  using  their  arms,  and 
in  the  year  1875,  when  Campbell  of  InverneU  matricu- 
lated in  Lyon  Register,  the  arms  were  matriculated  in 
that  form  with  the  bordure  azure  of  a  cadet  (see  Plate 
XXVIIL).  In  1886  the  head  (James  Campbell  of 
Blackerton,  co.  Devon)  of  that  branch  of  the  Campbell 
famUy,  technically  Campbell  of  Craignish,  matriculated 
the  undifi'erenced  coat  also  displayed  in  front  of  a 
lymphad.  I  know  of  no  other  instance  of  any  such 
coat  of  arms,  and  this  branch  of  the  Ducal  House  of 
Campbell  possesses  armorial  bearings  which,  from  the 
ofiicial  standpoint,  are  absolutely  unique  from  one  end 
of  Europe  to  the  other. 

In  Germany  the  use  of  arms  depicted  in  front  of  the 
eagle  displayed,  either  single-headed  or  double-headed, 
is  very  far  from  being  unusual.  Whatever  may  have 
been  its  meaning  originally  in  that  country,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  now  and  for  some  centuries  past  it  has  been 
accepted  as  meaning,  or  as  indicative  of,  princely  rank 
or  other  honours  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire.  With 
this  meaning  the  use  of  the  eagle  has  been  frequently 
employed  in  England,  being  found  in  the  case  of 
Richard  of  Cornwall,  who  was  elected  King  of  the 
Romans  in  1256,  and  again  in  the  case  of  his  son 
Edmund.  About  the  same  date  the  Earl  of  Menteith 
placed  his  shield  on  the  breast  of  an  eagle,  as  did 
Alexander,  Earl  of  Ross,  in  1338 ;  and  in  1394  we  find  the 
same  ornamentation  in  the  seal  of  Euphemia,  Countess 
of  Ross.  The  shield  of  Ross  is  borne  in  her  case  on  the 
breast  of  an  eagle,  while  the  arms  of  Leshe  and  Comyn 
appear  on  its  displayed  wings. 

On  several  other  Scottish  seals  of  the  same  era,  the 
shield  is  placed  on  the  breast  of  a  displayed  eagle,  as  on 
those  of  Alexander  Abemethy  and  Alexander  Ctmain  of 
Buchan  (1292),  and  Sir  David  Lindsay,  Lord  of  Crawford. 
English  heraldry  supplies  several  similar  examples,  of 
which  we  may  mention  the  armorial  insignia  of  Richard, 
Earl  of  Cromwell,  brother  of  Henry  III.  above  mentioned, 
and  of  the  ancient  family  of  Latham,  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  A  curious  instance  of  a  shield  placed  on  the 
breast  of  a  hawk  is  noticed  by  Hone  in  his  "  Table  Book," 
viz.  the  arms  of  the  Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Stoke-Lyne,  in 
the  county  of  Oxford.  It  appears  therefrom  that  when 
Charles  I.  held  his  Parliament  at  Oxford,  the  offer  of 
knighthood  was  gratefully  declined  by  the  then  Lord  of 
Stoke-Lyne,  who  merely  requested,  and  obtained,  the 
Royal  permission  to  place  the  arms  of  his  family  upon 
the  breast  of  a  hawk,  which  has  ever  since  been  em- 
ployed in  the  capacity  of  single  supporter.  What  autho- 
rity exists  for  this  statement  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain, 
and  one  must  doubt  its  accuracy,  because  in  England  at 
any  rate  no  arms,  allocated  to  any  particular  territorial 
estate,  have  ever  received  ofiicial  recognition. 


303 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


In  later  years,  as  indicative  of  rank  in  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  the  eagle  has  been  rightly  borne  by 
the  first  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  by  Henrietta  his 
daughter,  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  but  the  use  of  the 
eagle  by  the  later  Dukes  of  Marlborough  would  appear 
to  be  entirely  without  authority,  inasmuch  as  the 
princedom,  created  in  the  person  of  the  first  duke, 
became  extinct  on  his  death.  His  daughters,  though 
entitled  of  right  to  the  courtesj^  rank  of  princess  and  its 
accompanying  privilege  of  the  right  to  use  the  eagle  dis- 
played behind  their  arms,  could  not  transmit  it  to  their 
descendants  upon  whom  the  title  of  Duke  of  Marlborough 
was  specially  entailed  by  English  Act  of  Parliament. 

The  Earl  of  Denbigh  and  several  members  of  the 
Fielding  family  have  often  made  use  of  it  with  their 
arms,  in  token  of  their  supposed  descent  from  the 
Counts  of  Hapsburg,  which,  it  correct,  would  apparently 
confer  the  right  upon  them.  This  descent,  however, 
has  been  much  questioned,  and  in  late  years  the  claim 
thereto  would  seem  to  have  been  practically  dropped. 
Earl  Co\vper,  the  only  remaining  Prince  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  in  the  British  Peerage,  is  entitled  to  use 
the  double  eagle  behind  his  shield,  being  the  descendant 
and  rejjresentative  of  George  Nassau  Clavering  Cowper, 
thu-d  Earl  Cowper,  created  a  Prince  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire  by  the  Emperor  Joseph  II.,  the  patent  being 
dated  at  Vienna,  31st  January  1778,  and  this  being 
followed  by  a  Royal  Licence  from  King  George  III.  to 
accept  and  bear  the  title  in  this  country. 

There  are  some  others  who  have  the  right  by  reason 
of  honours  of  lesser  rank  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire, 
and  amongst  these  may  be  mentioned  Lord  Methuen, 
who  bears  the  eagle  by  Royal  Warrant  dated  4th  April 
1775.  Sir  Thomas  Arundel,  who  served  in  the  Imperial 
army  of  Hungary,  having  in  an  engagement  with  the 
Turks  near  Strignum  taken  their  standard  with  his  own 
hands,  was  by  Rodolph  II.  created  Count  of  the  Empire 
to  hold  for  him  and  the  heirs  of  his  body  for  ever,  dated 
at  Prague  i4.th  December  1595,  Count  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  This  patent,  of  course,  means  that 
every  one  of  his  descendants  in  the  male  line  is  a  Count 
of  the  Empire,  and  that  every  daughter  of  any  such 
male  descendant  is  a  Countess,  but  this  does  not  confer 
the  rank  of  count  or  countess  upon  descendants  of  the 
daughters.  It  was  this  particular  patent  of  creation 
that  called  forth  the  remark  from  Queen  Elizabeth 
that  she  would  not  have  her  sheep  branded  by  any 
foreign  shepherd,  and  we  believe  that  this  patent 
was  the  origin  of  the  rule  in  later  times  {temp.  George 
IV.),  translated  into  a  definite  Royal  Warrant,  requiring 
that  no  English  subject  shall,  without  the  express 
Royal  Licence  of  the  Sovereign  conveyed  in  writing, 
accept  or  wear  any  foreign  title  or  decoration.  No 
Royal  Licence  was  subsequently  obtained  by  the 
Arundel  family,  who  therefore,  according  to  British  law, 
are  denied  the  use  of  the  privileged  Imperial  eagle.  Out- 
side those  cases  in  which  the  double  eagle  is  used  in  this 
country  to  denote  rank  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  the 
usa^e  of  the  eagle  displayed  behind  the  arms  or  any 
analogous  figure  is  in  British  heraldry  most  limited. 

_  One  solitary  authoritative  instance  of  the  use  of  the 
displayed  eagle  is  found  in  British  armory,  this  being 
the  coat  of  arms  of  the  city  of  Perth.  These  arms 
are  recorded  in  Lyon  Register,  having  been  matricu- 
lated for  that  Royal  Burgh  about  the  year  1672. 
The  oflicial  blazon  of  the  arms  is  as  follows :  "  Gules 
ane  holy  lambe  passant  regardant  staff  and  cross  argent, 
with  the  banner  of  St.  Andrew  proper,  all  within  a 
double  tressure  counter-flowered  of  the  second,  the 
escutcheon  beinw  surmounted  on  the  breast  of  ane  eagle 
with  two  necks  displayed  or.  The  motto  in  ane  Escroll, 
'  Pro  Rege  Lege  et  Grege.' " 


Another  instance  of  usage,  though  purely  devoid  of 
authority,  occurs  in  the  case  of  a  coat  of  arms  set  up  on 
one  of  the  panels  in  the  Banqueting-Hall  of  Lincoln's 
Inn.  In  this  case  the  achievement  is  displayed  on  the 
breast  of  a  single-headed  eagle.  What  reason  led  to 
its  usage  in  this  manner  I  am  quite  unaware,  and  I  have 
not  the  slightest  reason  for  supposing  it  to  be  authentic. 
The  family  of  Stuart-Menteith  also  place  their  arms  upon 
a  single-headed  eagle  displayed  gules,  as  was  formerly 
to  be  seen  in  Debrett's  Peerage,  but  though  arms  are 
matriculated  to  them  in  Lyon  Register,  this  particular 
adornment  forms  no  part  thereof,  and  it  has  now  dis- 
appeared from  the  printed  Peerage  books.  Occasionally 
batons  or  wands  or  other  insignia  of  office  are  to  be  found 
in  conjunction  with  armorial  bearings,  but  these  will  be 
more  fuUy  dealt  with  under  the  heading  of  Insignia  of 
Ofiice.  Before  dealing  with  the  usual  supporters,  one 
perhaps  may  briefly  allude  to  "  inanimate  "  supporters. 

Probably  the  most  curious  instance  of  all  will  be 
found  in  the  achievement  of  the  Earls  of  Errol  as  it 
appears  in  the  MS.  of  Sir  David  Lindsay.  In  this'two 
ox-yokes  take  the  place  of  the  supporters  (Fig.  799). 


Fig.  799.- 


-Tbe  Arms  of  the  Earl  o£  Erroll.     (From  a  MS.  o£ 
Sir  David  Lindsay  of  The  Mount.) 


The  curious  tradition  which  has  been  attached  to  the 
Hay  arms  is  quoted  as  follows  by  Sir  James  Balfour 
Paul,  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  in  his  "  Heraldry  in  relation  to 
Scottish  History  and  Art,"  who  writes :  "  Take  the  case  ot 
the  well-known  coat  of  the  Hays,  and  hear  the  description 
of  its  origin  as  given  by  Nisbet :  '  In  the  reign  of  Kenneth 


304 


PLATE   XCVII. 


'   A 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


III.,  about  the  year  980,  when  the  Danes  invaded  Scot- 
land, and  prevailing  in  the  battle  of  Luncarty,  a  country 
Scotsman  with  his  two  sons,  of  great  strength  and 
courage,  having  rural  weapons,  as  the  yokes  of  their 
plough,  and  such  plough  furniture,  stopped  the  Scots  in 
their  flight  in  a  certain  defile,  and  upbraiding  them  with 
cowardice,  obliged  them  to  rally,  who  with  them  re- 
newed the  battle,  and  gave  a  total  overthrow  to  the 
victorious  Danes ;  and  it  is  said  by  some,  after  the 
victory  was  obtained,  the  old  man  lying  on  the  ground, 
wounded  and  fatigued,  cried,  "  Hay,  Hay,"  which  word 
became  a  surname  to  his  posterity.  He  and  his  sons 
being  nobilitate,  the  King  gave  him  the  aforesaid  arms 
(argent,  three  escutcheons  gules)  to  intimate  that  the 
father  and  the  two  sons  had  been  luckity  the  three 
shields  of  Scotland,  and  gave  them  as  much  land  in  the 
Carse  of  Gowrie  as  a  falcon  did  fly  over  without  light- 
ing, which  having  flown  a  great  way,  she  lighted  on  a 
stone  there  called  the  Falcon  Stone  to  this  day.  The 
cu'cumstances  of  which  story  is  not  only  perpetuated  by 
the  three  escutcheons,  but  by  the  exterior  ornaments  of 
the  achievement  of  the  family  of  Errol ;  having  for 
crest,  on  a  wreath,  a  falcon  proper  ;  for  supporters  two 
men  in  country  habits,  holding  the  oxen-yokes  of  a 
plough  over  their  shoulders ;  and  for  motto,  "  Serva 
jugum.'" 

"  Unfortunately  for  the  truth  of  this  picturesque  tale 
there  are  several  reasons  which  render  it  utterly  in- 
credible, not  the  least  being  that  at  the  period  of  the 
supposed  battle  armorial  bearings  were  quite  unknown, 
and  could  not  have  formed  the  subject  of  a  royal  gift. 
HUl  Burton,  indeed,  strongly  doubts  the  occurrence  of 
the  battle  itself,  and  says  that  Hector  Boece,  who  re- 
lates the  occurrence,  must  be  under  strong  suspicion  of 
having  enthely  invented  it.  As  for  the  origin  of  the 
name  itself,  it  is,  as  Mr.  Cosmo  Innes  points  out  in  his 
work  on  '  Scottish  Surnames,'  derived  from  a  place  in 
Normandy,  and  neither  it  nor  any  other  surname  oc- 
curred in  Scotland  till  long  after  the  battle  of  Luncarty. 
I  have  mentioned  this  story  in  some  detail,  as  it  is  a  very 
typical  specimen  of  its  class ;  but  there  are  others  like 
unto  it,  often  traceable  to  the  same  incorrigible  old  liar. 
Hector  Boece." 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  ox-yoke  was  a  badge  of 
the  Hays,  Earls  of  Errol,  and  a  reference  to  the  varia- 
tions of  the  original  arms,  crest,  and  supporters  of  Hay 
will  show  how  the  changes  have  been  rung  on  the 
shields,  falcon,  ox-yokes,  and  countrymen  of  the  legend. 

Another  instance  is  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of  the 
Mowbray  family  as  they  were  at  one  time  depicted  with 
an  ostrich  feather  on  either  side  of  the  shield  (Fig.  823), 
and  at  first  one  might  be  inclined  to  class  these  amongst 
the  inanimate  supporters.  The  Garter  plate,  however, 
of  John  Beaufort,  Duke  of  Somerset  (Plate  CXXXII.), 
probably  supplies  the  key  to  the  whole  matter,  for  this 
shows  not  only  the  ostrich  feathers  but  also  supporters 
of  the  ordinary  character  in  their  usual  position.  From 
the  last-mentioned  instance,  it  is  evident  the  ostrich 
feathers  can  be  only  representations  of  the  badge,  their 
character  doubtless  being  peculiarly  adaptable  to  the 
curious  position  they  occupy.  They  are  of  course  the 
same  in  the  case  of  the  Mowbray  arms,  and  doubtless 
the  ox-yoke  of  the  Earl  of  Errol  is  similarly  no  more 
than  a  badge. 

A  most  curious  instance  of  supporters  is  to  be  foimd 
in  the  case  of  the  arms  of  Viscount  Montgomery.-  This 
occurs  in  a  record  of  them  in  Ulster's  Office,  where  the 
arms  appear  without  the  usual  kind  of  supporters,  but 
represented  with  an  arm  in  armour  on  either  side 
issuing  from  clouds  in  base,  the  hands  supporting  the 
shield. 

When  supporters  are  inanimate  objects,  the  escut- 


cheon is  said  to  be  cottised — a  term  derived  from  the 
French  word  c6te  (a  side)  —  in  contradistinction  to 
supported.  An  old  Scottish  term  for  supporters  was 
"  bearers." 

Amongst  other  cases  where  the  shield  is  cottised  by 
inanimate  objects  may  be  mentioned  the  following.  The 
Breton  family  of  "  Bastard  "  depict  their  shield  cottised 
by  two  swords,  with  the  points  in  base.  The  Marquises 
Albert!  similarly  use  two  Ughted  flambeaux,  and  the 
Dalzells  (of  Binns)  the  extraordinary  device  of  a  pair 
of  tent-poles.  Whether  this  last  has  been  officially 
sanctioned  I  am  unaware.  The  "  Pillars  of  Hercules  " 
used  by  Charles  V.  are,  perhaps,  the  best  known  of  this 
group  of  supporters.  In  many  cases  (notably  foreign) 
the  supporters  appear  to  have  gradually  receded  to  the 
back  of  the  shield,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Comte  d'Erps, 
Chancellor  of  Brabant,  where  two  maces  (or)  are  repre- 
sented saltirewise  behind  the  shield.  Generally,  how- 
ever, this  variation  is  found  in  conjunction  with  purely 
official  or  corporate  achievements. 

A  curious  example  of  inanimate  supporters  occurs 
on  the  English  seal  of  William,  Lord  Botreaux  (1426), 
where,  on  each  side  of  a  couche  shield  exhibiting 
a  griffin  "segreant"  and  surmounted  by  a  helmet  and 
crest,  a  buttress  is  quaintly  introduced,  in  evident  allu- 
sion to  the  owner's  name.  A  somewhat  similar  arrange- 
ment appears  on  the  Scottish  seal  of  William  Ruthven 
( 1 396),  where  a  tree  growing  from  a  mount  is  placed  on 
each  side  of  the  escutcheon.  Another  instance  is  to  be 
found  in  the  seal  of  John  de  Segrave,  where  a  garb  is 
placed  on  either  side  of  the  shield.  Perhaps  mention 
should  here  be  made  of  the  arms  (granted  in  1826)  of 
the  National  Bank  of  Scotland,  the  shield  of  which  is 
"  surrounded  with  two  thistles  proper  disposed  in  orle." 

Heraldic  supporters  as  such  and  not  merely  as 
artistic  accessories  in  England  date  from  about  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Very  restricted 
in  use  at  first,  they  later  rapidly  became  popular,  and 
there  were  few  peers  who  did  not  display  tnem  upon 
their  seals.  For  some  reason,  however,  very  few  indeed 
appear  on  the  early  Garter  plates.  It  is  a  striking  fact 
that  by  far  the  larger  number  of  the  ancient  standards 
display  as  the  chief  device  not  the  arms  but  one  of 
the  supporters,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  it  is 
quite  possible  the  device  for  the  standard  is  the  older, 
that  being  transferred  to  the  seal,  and  not  vice  versa. 

Even  after  the  use  of  two  supporters  had  become 
general,  a  third  figure  is  often  found  placed  behind  the 
shield,  and  forms  a  connecting  link  with  the  old  prac- 
tice of  filling  the  void  spaces  on  seals,  to  which  we  have 
already  referred.  On  the  seal  of  William  Sterling,  in 
1292,  two  lions  rampant  support  the  shield  in  front  of  a 
tree.  The  shield  on  the  seal  of  Oliver  Bouillon,  in  1 376, 
is  supported  by  an  angel,  and  by  two  demi- lions  couchant- 
guardant  in  base.  That  of  Pierre  Avoir,  in  1378,  is  held 
by  a  demi-eagle  above  the  shield,  and  by  two  mermaids. 
On  many  ancient  seals  the  supporters  are  disposed  so 
that  they  hold  the  crested  helm  above  a  couche  shield. 

The  counter  -  seals  of  Rudolf  IV.,  Archduke  of 
Austria,  in  1359  and  1362,  afford  instances  in  which  a 
second  set  of  supporters  is  used  to  hold  up  the  crested 
helm.  The  shield  of  Austria  is  supported  by  two  lions, 
on  whose  volets  are  the  arms  of  Hapsburg  and  Pfirt  ; 
the  crested  helm  (coroneted,  and  having  a  panache  of 
ostrich  feathers)  is  also  held  by  two  lions,  whose  volets 
are  charged  with  the  arms  of  Stiria,  and  of  Caeinthia 
(HuEBER,  Austria  Ilhcstrata,  tab.  xviii.). 

In  1372  the  seal  of  Edmund  Mortimer  represents 
his  shield  hanging  from  a  rose-tree,  and  supported 
by  two  lions  couchant  (of  March),  whose  heads  are 
covered  by  coroneted  helmets  with  a  panache  (azure) 
as  crest. 


305 


2  Q 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


BouTELL  directs  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  shield 
of  Edmund  de  Aeundel  (i  301- 13  26)  is  placed  between 
similar  helms  and  panaches,  without  the  supporting 
beasts  ("Heraldry:  Historical  and  Popular,"  pp.  271-41 8). 
Crested  supporters  have  sometimes  been  misunder- 
stood, and  quoted  as  instances  of  double  supporters — for 
instance,  by  Lower,  "  Curiosities  of  Heraldry,"  who  gives 
(p.  144)  a  cut  from  the  achievement  of  the  French 
D'Albrets  as  "the  most  smgular  supporters,  perhaps, 
ia  the  whole  cu'cle  of  heraldry."  These  supporters  are 
two  lions  couchant  (or),  each  helmed,  and  crested  with 
an  eagle  au  vol  leva.  These  eagles  certainly  assist  in 
holding  the  shield,  but  the  lions  are  its  true  supporters ; 
nor  is  this  arrangement  by  any  means  unique.  The 
swans  which  were  used  as  supporters  by  Jean,  Due  de 
Beeei,  in  1386,  are  each  mounted  upon  a  bear.  Two 
wild  men,  each  a  cheval  on  a  lion,  support  the  escut- 
cheons of  Gerard  D'Haechies  (1476)  and  of  Nicole 
de  Gieesme  (1464).  Two  lions  sejant,  helmed  and 
crested  (the  crest  is  a  human  head  with  the  ears  of  an 
ass)  were  the  supporters  of  Arnaud  D' Albeey  in  1 368. 
Scotland,  which  is  the  home  of  curiosities  of  heraldry, 
gives  us  at  least  two  instances  of  the  use  of  supporters 
which  must  be  absolutely  unique — that  is,  the  sur- 
charging of  an  escutcheon  with  an  inescutcheon,  to  the 
latter  ot  which  supporters  are  attached.  The  first  in- 
stance occurs  in  the  oases  of  Baronets  of  Nova  Scotia,  a 
clause  appearing  in  all  the  earlier  patents  which  or- 
dained "  that  the  Baronets,  and  their  heirs-male,  should, 
as  an  additament  of  honour  to  their  armorial  ensigns, 
bear,  either  on  a  canton  or  inescutcheon,  in  their  option, 
the  ensign  of  Nova  Scotia,  being  argent,  a  cross  of  St. 
Andrew  azure  (the  badge  of  Scotland  counterchanged), 
charged  with  an  inescutcheon  of  the  Royal  Arms  of  Scot- 
land, supported  on  the  dexter  by  the  Royal  unicorn,  and 
on  the  sinister  by  a  savage,  or  wild  man,  proper ;  and 
for  crest,  a  branch  of  laurel  and  a  thistle  issuing  from 
two  hands  conjoined,  the  one  being  armed,  the  other 
naked ;  with  the  motto,  "  Munit  hsBC  et  altera  vincit." 
The  incongruity  of  these  exterior  ornaments  within  a 
shield  of  arms  is  noticed  by  Nisbet,  who  informs  us, 
however,  that  they  are  very  soon  removed.  In  the  year 
1629,  after  Nova  Scotia  was  sold  to  the  French,  the 
Baronets  of  Scotland,  and  their  heirs-male,  were  autho- 
rised by  Charles  I.  "  to  wear  and  carry  about  their 
necks,  in  all  time  coming,  an  orange-tawny  silk  ribbon, 
whereon  shall  be  pendent,  in  a  scutcheon  argent,  a 
saltire  azure,  thereon  an  inescutcheon  of  the  arms  of 
Scotland,  with  an  Imperial  crown  above  the  scutcheon, 
and  encircled  with  this  motto :  '  Fax  mentis  honestas 
gloria.' "  According  to  the  same  authority,  this  badge 
was  never  much  used  "  about  their  necks,"  but  was  car- 
ried, by  way  of  canton  or  inescutcheon,  in  their  armorial 
bearings,  without  the  motto,  and,  of  course,  since  then 
the  superimposed  supporters  have  been  dropped. 

The  same  peculiarity  of  supporters  being  surcharged 
upon  a  shield  will  be  found,  however,  in  the  matricula- 
tion (1795)  '°  Cummmg-Gordon  of  Altyre.  These 
arms  are  depicted  on  Plate  XIII.  In  this  the  entire 
achievement  (arms,  crest,  motto,  and  supporters)  of 
Gordon  of  Gordon  is  placed  upon  an  inescutcheon 
superimposed  over  the  arms  of  Gumming. 

In  Scotland  the  arms,  and  the  arms  only,  constitute 
the  mark  of  a  given  family,  and  whilst  due  difference  is 
made  in  the  respective  shields,  no  attempt  is  made  as 
regards  crest  or  supporters  to  impose  any  distinction 
between  the  figures  granted  to  different  families  even 
where  no  blood  relationship  exists.  The  result  is  that 
whilst  the  same  crests  and  supporters  are  duplicated 
over  and  over  again,  they  at  any  rate  remain  in  Scotland 
simple,  graceful,  and  truly  heraldic,  even  when  judged 
by  the  most  rigid  mediaeval  types.    They  are,  of  course. 


necessarily  of  no  value  whatever  for  identification.  In 
England  the  simplicity  is  relinquished  for  the  sake  of 
distinction,  and  it  is  held  that  due  distinction  must  be 
made,  both  in  regard  to  the  crests  and  the  supporters, 
as  is  made  between  the  shields  of  different  families. 
The  result  as  to  modern  crests  is  truly  appalling,  and 
with  supporters  it  is  almost  equally  so,  for  by  their 
very  nature  it  is  impossible  to  design  adequate  differ- 
ences for  crests  and  supporters,  as  can  readily  be  done 
in  the  charges  upon  a  shield,  without  creating  mon- 
strosities. With  regret  one  has  to  admit  that  the  dang- 
ling shields,  the  diapered  chintz-like  bodies,  and  the 
fasces  and  other  footstools  so  frequently  provided  for 
modern  supporters  in  England  would  seem  to  be  pedan- 
tic, unnecessary,  and  inartistic  strivings  after  a  useless 
ideal. 

In  England  the  right  to  bear  supporters  is  confined 
to  those  to  whom  they  have  been  granted  or  recorded, 
but  such  grant  or  record  is  very  rigidly  confined  to  peers, 
to  Knights  of  the  Garter,  Thistle,  and  St.  Patrick,  and 
to  Knights  Grand  Cross,  or  Knights  Grand  Com- 
manders (as  the  case  may  be)  of  other  Orders.  Before 
the  Order  of  the  Bath  was  divided  into  classes.  Knights 
of  the  Bath  had  supporters.  As  by  an  unwritten  but 
nowadays  invariably  accepted  law,  the  Orders  of  the  Gar- 
ter, Thistle,  and  St.  Patrick  are  confined  to  members  of 
the  peerage,  those  entitled  to  claim  (upon  their  petition- 
ing) a  grant  of  supporters  in  England  are  in  practice 
limited  to  peers  and  Knights  Grand  Cross.  In  the  cases 
of  peers,  the  grant  is  always  attached  to  a  particular 
peerage,  the  "  remainder  "  in  the  limitations  of  the  grant 
being  to  "  those  of  his  descendants  upon  whom  the  peer- 
age may  devolve,"  or  some  other  words  to  this  effect,  in 
the  cases  of  life  peers  and  Knights  Grand  Cross  the 
grant  has  no  hereditary  limitation,  and  the  right  to  the 
supporters  is  personal  to  the  grantee.  There  is  nothing 
to  distinguish  the  supporters  of  a  peer  from  those  of  a 
Knight  Grand  Cross.  Baronets  of  England,  Ireland, 
Great  Britain,  and  the  United  Kingdom  as  such  are  not 
entitled  to  claim  grants  of  supporters,  but  there  are 
some  number  of  cases  in  which,  by  special  favour  of  the 
sovereign,  specific  Royal  Warrants  have  been  issued — 
either  as  marks  of  favour  or  as  augmentations  of  honour 
— conveying  the  pleasure  of  the  sovereign  to  the  kings 
of  arms,  and  directing  the  latter  to  grant  supporters 
— to  descend  with  the  baronetcy.  Of  the  cases  of  this 
nature  the  following  may  be  quoted  :  Guise  (Royal 
Warrant,  dated  July  12,  1863),  Prevost  (Royal  War- 
rant, October  1 8 1 6),  Guimiess,  now  Lord  Ardilaun  (Royal 
Warrant,  dated  April  15,  1867),  Halford  (Royal  War- 
rant, May  19,  1827),  and  Otway  (Royal  Warrant,  June  10, 
1845).  These,  of  course,  are  exceptional  marks  of 
favour  from  the  sovereign,  and  this  favour  in  at  least 
two  instances  has  been  extended  to  untitled  families. 
In  1 8 1 5  Mr.  George  Watson-Taylor,  an  especial  intimate 
of  the  then  Prince  Regent,  by  Royal  Warrant  dated  Sep- 
tember 28,  1 81 5,  was  granted  the  following  supporters  : 
"  On  either  side  a  leopard  proper,  armed  and  langued 
gules,  collared  and  chamed  or."  A  more  recent  instance, 
and  the  only  other  one  within  the  knowledge  of  the 
writer,  is  the  case  of  the  Speke ''  arms  (Plate  XXXIX.). 

b  Armorial  bearings  of  William  Speke,  Esq.  :  Argent,  two  bars  azure, 
over  all  an  eagle  displayed  with  two  heads  gules,  and  as  an  honour- 
able augmentation  (granted  by  Royal  Licence,  dated  July  26,  1S67,  to 
commemorate  the  discoveries  of  the  said  John  Hanning  Speke),  a  chief 
azure,  thereon  a  representation  of  flowing  water  proper,  superinscribed 
with  the  word  "  Nile  "  in  letters  gold.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed 
a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  argent ;  and 
for  bis  crests:  i.  (of  honourable  augmentation)  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  crocodile  proper;  2.  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  porcupine 
proper ;  and  as  a  further  augmentation  for  supporters  (granted  by 
Royal  Licence  as  above  to  the  said  William  Speke,  Esq. ,  for  and  during 
his  life) — on  the  dexter  side,  a  crocodile ;  and  on  the  sinister  side,  a 
hippopotamus,  both  proper ;  with  the  motto,  "  Super  lethera  virtus." 


306 


PLATE  XCVIII. 


'^(^tt^tSl^oiSlwS 


Ifittai^pccfa  ^&^i^<^^S' 


tea 


Prinwd  ftt  Stottgart. 


EXAMPLES  FROM  THE  "KATZE"  ROLL  IN  CONSTANCE. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


It  is  recited  in  tlie  Royal  Warrant,  dated  July  26,  1867, 
that  Captain  John  Banning  Speke  "  was  by  a  deplorable 
accident  suddenly  deprived  of  his  life  before  he  had  re- 
ceived any  mark  of  our  Royal  favour"  in  connection 
with  the  discovery  of  the  sources  of  the  NOe.  The 
Warrant  goes  on  to  recite  the  grant  to  his  father,  William 
Speke,  of  Jordans,  co.  Somerset,  of  the  following  aug- 
mentations to  his  original  arms  (argent,  two  bars  azure) 
namelj' :  on  a  chief  a  representation  of  flowing  water 
superinscribed  with  the  word  "  Nile,"  and  for  a  crest  of 
honoui'able  augmentation  a  "crocodUe,"  also  the  sup- 
porters following — that  is  to  say,  on  the  dexter  side  a 
crocodile,  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  hippopotamus. 
Some  number  of  English  baronets  have  gone  to  the 
trouble  and  expense  of  obtaining  grants  of  supporters 
in  Lyon  Office ;  for  example  Sir  Christopher  Bajmes, 
by  grant  dated  June  10,  1805,  obtained  two  savages, 
wreathed  about  the  temples  and  loins,  each  hold- 
ing a  club  over  the  exterior  shoulder.  It  is  very 
doubtful  to  what  extent  such  grants  in  Scotland 
to  domiciled  Englishmen  can  be  upheld.  Many 
other  baronets  have  at  one  time  or  another 
assumed  supporters  without  any  official  warrant 
or  authority  in  consequence  of  certain  action 
taken  by  an  earlier  committee  of  the  baronetage, 
but  cases  of  this  kind  are  slowly  dropping  out  of 
the  Peerage  books,  and  this,  combined  with  the 
less  ostentatious  taste  of  the  present  day  in  the 
depicting  of  armorial  bearings  upon  carriages  and 
elsewhere,  is  slowly  but  steadUy  reducing  the  use 
of  supporters  to  those  who  possess  official  autho- 
rity for  their  display. 

Another  fruitful  origin  of  the  use  of  unauthorised 
supporters  at  the  present  day  lies  in  the  fact  that 
grants  of  supporters  personal  to  the  grantee  for 
his  life  only  have  been  made  to  Knights  Grand 
Cross  or  to  life  peers  in  cases  where  a  hereditary 
title  has  been  subsequently  conferred.  The  limi- 
tations of  the  grant  of  supporters  having  never 
been  extended,  the  grant  has  naturally  expired 
with  the  death  of  the  life  honour  to  which  the 
supporters  were  attached. 

In  addition  to  these  cases  there  is  a  very 
limited  number  of  families  which  have  always 
claimed  supporters  by  prescriptive  right,  amongst 
whom  may  be  mentioned  Tichborne  of  Tichborne 
(two  lions  guardant  gules),  De  Hoghton  of  Hogh- 
ton  (two  bulls  argent),  Scroope  of  Danby  (two 
choughs)  (Fig.  800),  and  Stapylton.  Concerning 
such  cases  it  can  only  be  said  that  in  England 
no  official  sanction  has  ever  been  given  to  such 
use,  and  no  case  exists  of  any  official  recognition 
of  the  right  of  an  untitled  family  to  bear  sup- 
porters to  their  arms  save  those  few  exceptional 
cases  governed  by  specific  Royal  Warrants.  In 
many  cases,  notably  Scroope,  Luttrell,  Hilton,  and 
Stapylton,  the  supporters  have  probably  originated  in 
their  legitimate  adoption  at  an  early  period  in  connec- 
tion with  peerage  or  other  titular  distinction,  and 
have  continued  inadvertently  in  use  when  the  titular 
distinctions  to  which  they  belonged  have  ceased  to 
exist  or  have  devolved  upon  other  families.  Possibly 
their  use  in  some  cases  has  been  the  result  of  a  claim, 
to  de  jure  honours.  The  cases  where  supporters  are 
claimed  "  by  prescriptive  right "  are  few  indeed  in 
England,  and  need  not  be  further  considered. 

Whilst  the  official  laws  in  Ireland  are,  and  have 
apparently  always  been,  the  same  as  in  England,  there 
is  no  doubt  that  the  heads  of  the  different  septs  assert 
their  claim  to  the  right  to  use  supporters.  On  this 
point  Sir  Bernard  Burke,  Ulster  King  of  Arms,  wrote : 
"  No  registry  of  supporters  to  an  Irish  chieftain  appears 


in  Ulster's  Office,  in  right  of  his  chieftaincy  only,  and 
without  the  honour  of  peerage,  nor  does  any  authority 
to  bear  them  exist."  But  nevertheless  "  The  O'Donovan  " 
uses,  dexter,  a  lion  guardant,  and  sinister  a  griffin; 
"  The  O'Gorman "  uses,  dexter,  a  lion,  and  sinister,  a 
horse;  "  The  O'Reilly  "  uses  two  lions  or.  "  The  O'Connor 
Don,"  however,  is  in  the  unique  position  of  bearing 
supporters  by  unquestionable  right,  inasmuch  as  the 
late  Queen  Victoria,  on  the  occasion  of  her  last  visit  to 
Dublin,  issued  her  Royal  Warrant  conferring  the  right 
upon  him.  The  supporters  granted  to  him  were  "  two 
lions  rampant  gules,  each  gorged  with  an  antique  crown, 
and  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  an  Irish  harp  or." 

The  right  to  bear  supporters  in  Scotland  is  on  a 
widely  different  basis  from  that  in  any  other  country. 
As  in  England  and  Ireland,  peers  and  Knights  Grand 


«  SevION  ScROOPE,orDA>rBY  SUPEE.YORE.IN  CoM  EBpRiSQias'.i 
Is  quarters   as  his  Complclc  Atctic-.-menl,  by  n^t  of  Descent  from  Hi-ufs    ^ 


GreneraL,riiefc  Tei 


i^Ar. 


KXHil'hiijm.  7jyWri. 


•~llflk-n 


Fig.  800. — The  arms  and  quarterings  of  Simon  Scroope  ot  Danby. 

Cross  are  permitted  to  obtain  grants  of  these  distinctions. 
But  outside  and  beyond  these  there  are  many  other 
families  who  bear  them  by  right.  At  the  official 
inquiry  concerning  the  Lyon  Office,  the  Lyon  Depute, 
Mr.  George  Tait,  put  in  a  Note  of  Persons  whom  he 
considered  might  lawfully  bear  supporters  under  Scot- 
tish Heraldic  Law.  The  following  is  the  text  of  the 
note  in  question : — 

"  Note  of  Persons  who  are  considered  by  Geoege  Tait, 
Esq.,  Lyon-Depute,  to  be  entitled  to  supporters, 
furnished  to  the  Commissioners  of  Inquiry  by 
their  desire,  intimated  to  him  at  his  examination 
this  day,  June  27,  1821. 
"  I.  Peer.s. — By  immemorial  usage.  Peers  have  right 

to  supporters,  and  supporters  are  commonly  inserted  in 


307 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


modern  patents  of  Peerage.  This  includes  Peeresses  in 
their  own  right. 

"  2.  Ancient  Usage. — -Those  private  gentlemen,  and 
the  lawful  heirs  male  of  their  bodies,  who  can  prove 
immemorial  usage  of  carrying  supporters,  or  a  usage 
very  ancient,  and  long  prior  to  the  Act  1672,  are  en- 
titled to  have  their  supporters  recognised,  it  being 
presumed  that  they  received  them  from  lawful  authority, 
on  account  of  feats  of  valour  in  battle  or  in  tourna- 
ments, or  as  marks  of  the  Royal  favour  (see  Mxin-ay  of 
Touchadam's  Ca.se,  June  24,  1778). 

"  3.  Barons. — Lawful  heirs  male  of  the  bodies  of  the 
smaller  Barons,  who  had  the  full  right  of  free  barony 
(not  mere  freeholders)  prior  to  15  87,  when  representa- 
tion of  the  minor  Barons  was  fully  established,  upon  the 
ground  that  those  persons  were  Barons,  and  sat  in 
Parliament  as  such,  and  were  of  the  same  as  the  titled 
Barons.  Their  right  is  recognised  by  the  writers  on 
heraldry  and  antiquities.  Persons  having  right  on  this 
ground,  will  almost  always  have  estabhshed  it  by  ancient 
usage,  and  the  want  of  usage  is  a  strong  presumption 
against  the  right. 

"4.  Chiefs. — Lawful  heirs-male  of  Chiefs  of  tribes  or 
clans  which  had  attained  power,  and  extensive  terri- 
tories and  numerous  members  at  a  distant  period,  or  at 
least  of  tribes  consisting  of  numerous  families  of  some 
degree  of  rank  and  consideration.  Such  persons  will  in 
general  have  right  to  supporters,  either  as  Barons  (great 
or  small)  or  by  ancient  usage.  When  any  new  claim 
is  set  up  on  such  a  ground,  it  may  be  viewed  with 
suspicion,  and  it  will  be  extremely  difficult  to  establish 
it  chiefly  from  the  present  state  of  society,  by  which 
the  traces  of  clanship,  or  the  patriarchal  state,  are  in 
most  parts  of  the  country  almost  obliterated ;  and  indeed 
it  is  very  diflicult  to  conceive  a  case  in  which  a  new 
claim  of  that  kind  could  be  admitted.  Mr.  Tait  has 
had  some  such  claims,  and  has  rejected  them. 

"  5.  Royal  Coinmissions. — Knights  of  the  Garter  and 
Bath,  and  any  others  to  whom  the  King  may  think 
proper  to  concede  the  honour  of  supporters. 

"  These  are  the  only  descriptions  of  persons  who 
appear  to  Mr.  Tait  to  be  entitled  to  supporters. 

"  An  idea  has  gone  abroad,  that  Scots  Baronets  are 
entitled  to  supporters ;  but  there  is  no  authority  for  this 
in  their  patents,  or  any  good  authority  for  it  elsewhere. 
And  for  many  years  subsequent  to  167^,  a  very  small 
portion  indeed  of  their  arms  which  are  matriculated  in 
the  Lyon  Register,  are  matriculated  with  supporters ; 
so  small  as  necessarily  to  lead  to  this  inference,  that 
those  whose  arms  are  entered  with  supporters  had  right 
to  them  on  other  grounds,  e.g.  ancient  usage,  chieftain- 
ship, or  being  heirs  of  Barons.  The  arms  of  few  Scots 
Baronets  are  matriculated  during  the  last  fifty  or  sixty 
years ;  but  the  practice  of  assigning  supporters  gradually 
gained  ground  during  that  time,  or  rather  the  practice 
of  assigning  supporters  to  them,  merely  as  such,  seems 
to  have  arisen  during  that  period ;  and  it  appears  to  Mr. 
Tait  to  be  an  erroneous  practice,  which  he  would  not  be 
warranted  in  following. 

"  British  Baronets  have  also,  by  recent  practice,  had 
supporters  assigned  to  them,  but  Mr.  Tait  considers  the 
practice  to  be  unwarranted ;  and  accordingly,  in  a  recent 
case,  a  gentleman,  upon  being  created  a  Baronet,  applied 
,  for  supporters  to  the  King — having  applied  to  Mr.  Tait, 
and  been  informed  by  him  that  he  did  not  conceive 
the  Lord  Lyon  entitled  to  give  supporters  to  British 
Baronets. 

"  No  females  (except  Peeresses  in  their  own  right) 
are  entitled  to  supporters,  as  the  representation  of 
families  is  only  in  the  male  line.  But  the  widows  of 
Peers,  by  courtesy,  carry  their  arms  and  supporters ; 
and  the  sons  of  Peers,  using  the   lower   titles   of  the 


peerage    by   courtesy,   also    carry   the    supporters    by 
courtesy. 

"  Mr.  Tait  does  not  know  of  any  authority  for  the 
Lord  Lyon  having  a  discretionary  power  of  granting 
supporters,  and  understands  that  only  the  King  has 
such  a  power. 

"  Humbly  submitted  by 

(Signed)        "G.  Tait." 

Though  this  statement  would  give  a  good  general 
idea  of  the  Scottish  practice,  its  publication  entails  the 
addition  of  certain  qualifying  remarks.  Supporters 
are  most  certainly  not  "  commonly  inserted  in  modern 
patents  of  peerage."  Supporters  appertaining  to  peer- 
ages are  granted  by  special  and  separate  patents.  These 
are  now  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  Garter  alone.  In 
the  event  of  a  grant  following  upon  the  creation  of  an 
Iri.sh  peerage,  the  patent  of  supporters  would  be  issued 
by  Ulster  King  of  Arms.  But  it  is  competent  to  Lyon 
King  of  Arms  to  matriculate  the  arms  of  Scottish  peers 
with  supporters,  or  to  grant  these  to  such  as  may  still 
be  without  them.  Garter  claims  the  right  to  grant 
supporters  in  all  cases  of  Peerages  of  England,  Great 
Britain,  or  the  United  Kingdom,  no  matter  what  the 
domicile  of  the  grantee  may  be.  In  this  I  totally  dis- 
agree with  him,  though  I  do  not  flatter  myself  that  my 
opinion  will  have  any  eftect  upon  his  contention.  But 
I  consider  it  little  short  of  an  official  scandal  that  a 
Scotsman,  bearing  properly  recorded  supporters  by 
Scottish  law,  should  have  their  validity  questioned  in 
England.  With  regard  to  the  second  paragraph  of 
Mr.  Tait's  memorandum,  there  will  be  few  families 
within  its  range  who  will  not  be  included  within  the 
range  of  the  paragraph  which  follows,  and  the  pre- 
sumption would  rather  be  that  the  use  of  supporters 
by  an  untitled  family  originated  in  the  right  of  barony 
than  in  any  mythical  grant  following  upon  mythical 
feats  of  valour. 

Mr.  Tait,  however,  is  clearly  wrong  in  his  statement 
that  "  no  females  (except  peeresses  m  their  own  right) 
are  entitled  to  supporters."  They  have  constantly  been 
allowed  to  the  heir  of  line,  and  their  devolution  through 
female  heirs  must  of  necessity  presuppose  the  right 
thereto  of  the  female  heir  through  whom  the  inherit- 
ance is  claimed.  A  recent  case  in  point  occurs  with 
regard  to  the  arms  of  Hunter- Weston  (Fig.  800a),  matri- 
culated in  1880,  Mrs.  Hunter- Weston  bemg  the  heir  of 
line  of  Hunter  of  Hunterston.  Widows  of  peers,  pro- 
viding they  have  arms  of  their  own  to  impale  with 
those  of  their  husbands,  cannot  be  said  to  only  bear 
the  supporters  of  their  deceased  husbands  by  courtesy. 
With  them  it  is  a  matter  of  right.  The  eldest  sons  of 
peers  bearing  courtesy  titles  most  certainly  do  not  bear 
the  supporters  of  the  peerage  to  which  they  are  heirs. 
Even  the  far  more  generally  accepted  "  courtesy " 
practice  of  bearing  coronets  is  expressly  forbidden  by 
an  Earl-Marshal's  Warrant. 

Consequently  it  may  be  asserted  that  the  laws  con- 
cerning the  use  of  supporters  in  Scotland  are  as  follows : 
In  the  first  place,  no  supporters  can  be  borne  of  right 
unless  they  have  been  the  subject  of  formal  grant  or 
matriculation.  The  following  classes  are  entitled  to 
obtain,  upon  payment  of  the  necessary  fees,  the  grant  or 
matriculation  of  supporters  to  themselves,  or  to  them- 
selves and  their  descendants  according  as  the  case  may 
be  :  ( I )  Peers  of  Scotland,  and  probably  other  peers  who 
are  domiciled  Scotsmen.  (This,  however,  raises  a  point 
concerning  which  there  is  a  conflict  of  authority,  and 
with  the  subject  of  jurisdiction  as  between  the  various 
offices  of  arms  I  prefer  not  to  deal.)  (2)  Knights  of 
the  Garter,  Knights  of  the  Thistle,  and  Knights  of 
St.  Patrick,  being  Scotsmen,  are   entitled   as  such   to 


308 


PLATE   XCIX. 


1 


T 


a^Gvdckicv 


-fuct    ^^  1^ 


:^yM 


ARMS    FROM    "PRIN'CE    ARTHUR'S    BOOK.' 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


obtain  grants  of  supporters  to  themselves  for  use  during 
life,  but  as  these  three  orders  are  now  confined  to 
members  of  the  peerage,  the  supporters  used  would  be 
probabh'  those  appertaining  to  their  peerages,  and  it 
IS  unlikely  that  any  further  grants  for  life  will  be 
made  imder  these  circumstances.  (3)  Knights  of  the 
Bath  until  the  revision  of  the  order  were  entitled  to 
obtain  grants  of  supporters  to  themselves  for  use  during 
their  lifetimes,  and  there  are  many  instances  in  the 
Lyon  Register  where  such  grants  have  been  made.  (4) 
&aights  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath,  of  St.  Michael  and 
St.  George,  and  of  the  Royal  Victorian  Order,  and 
Knights  Grand  Commanders  of  the  Orders  of  the  Star 
of  India,  and  of  the  Indian  Empire,  are  entitled  to  ob- 
tain grants  of  supporters  for  use  during  their  lifetimes. 
(5)  The  lawful  heirs  of  the  minor  barons  who  had  the 


And  the  result  was  the  growth  and  acceptance  of  the 
fixed  idea  that  it  was  within  the  power  of  Lyon  King 
of  Arms  to  grant  supporters  to  any  one  whom  he  might 
choose  to  so  favour.  Consequently  many  grants  of  sup- 
porters were  placed  upon  the  records,  and  many  untitled 
families  of  Scotland  apparently  have  the  right  under 
these  patents  of  grant  to  add  supporters  to  tneir  arms. 
Though  it  is  an  arguable  matter  whether  the  Lord 
Lyon  was  justified  in  making  these  grants,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that,  so  long  as  they  remain  upon  the 
official  register,  and  no  official  steps  are  taken  to  cancel 
the  patents,  they  must  be  accepted  as  existing  by  legal 
right.  Probably  the  most  egregious  instance  of  such  a 
grant  is  to  be  found  in  the  case  of  the  grant  to  the  first 
baronet  of  the  family  of  Antrobus,  who  on  purchasing 
the  estate  of  Rutherford,  the  seat  of  the]  extinct  Lords 


Fig.  Sooa. — Arms  of  Hunter- "Weston. 


full  right  of  free  barony  prior  to  1587  may  matriculate 
supporters  if  they  can  show  their  ancestors  used  them, 
or  may  now  obtain  grants.  (Though  practically  the 
whole  of  these  have  been  at  some  time  or  other  matricu- 
lated in  Lyon  Register,  there  still  remain  a  few  whose 
claims  have  never  been  ofiiciaUy  adjudicated  upon. 
For  example,  it  is  only  within  the  last  few  months 
that  the  ancient  Swinton  supporters  (Plate  LXIII.) 
have  been  formally  enrolled  on  the  official  records.) 
(6)  There  are  certain  others,  being  chiefs  of  clans 
and  the  heirs  of  those  to  whom  grants  have  been 
made  in  times  past,  who  also  have  the  right,  but  as  no 
new  claim  is  likely  to  be  so  recognised  in  the  future,  it 
may  be  taken  that  these  are  confined  to  those  cases 
which  have  been  already  entered  in  the  Lyon  Register. 
During  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
executive  of  Lyon  Office  had  fallen  into  great  disrepute. 
The  oflice  of  Lyon  King  of  Arms  had  been  granted  to 
the  Earls  of  Kinnoul,  who  had  contented  themselves  with 
appointing  deputies  and  drawing  fees.  The  whole  sub- 
ject of  armorial  jurisdiction  in  Scotland  had  become  lax 
to  the  last  degree,  and  very  many  irregularities  had 
crept  in.  One,  and  probably  the  worst  result,  had  been 
the  granting  of  supporters  in  many  oases  where  no  valid 
reason  other  than  the  payment  of  fees  could  be  put 
forward  to  warrant  the  obtaining  of  such  a  privilege. 


Rutherford,  obtained  from  the  then  Lyon  King  of  Arms 
a  grant  of  the  peerage  supporters  carried  by  the  pre- 
vious owners  of  the  property. 

With  regard  to  the  devolution  of  Scottish  supporters, 
the  large  proportion  of  those  registered  in  Lyon  Office 
are  recorded  in  the  terms  of  some  patent  wljich  specifies 
the  limitations  of  their  descent,  so  that  there  are  a 
comparatively  small  number  only  concerning  which 
there  can  be  any  uncertainty  as  to  whom  the  supporters 
will  descend  to.  The  difficulty  can  only  arise  in  those 
cases  in  which  the  arms  are  matriculated  with  supporters 
as  borne  by  ancient  usage  in  the  early  years  of  the  Lyon 
Register,  or  in  the  eases  of  supporters  still  to  be  matri- 
culated on  the  same  grounds  by  those  families  who  have 
so  far  failed  to  comply  with  the  Act  of  1672.  Whilst 
Mr.  Tait,  in  a  memorandum  which  has  been  previously 
quoted,  would  deny  the  right  of  inheritance  to  female 
heirs,  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  in  many 
cases  such  heirs  have  been  allowed  to  succeed  to  the 
supporters  of  their  families.  Taking  supporters  as  an 
appanage  of  right  of  barony  (either  greater  or  lesser), 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  greater  baronies,  and 
consequently  the  supporters  attached  to  them,  devolved 
upon  heirs  female,  and  upon  the  heir  of  line  inheriting 
through  a  female  ancestor  ;  and,  presumably,  the  same 
considerations  must  of  necessity  hold  good  with  regard 


509 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


to  those  supporters  which  are  borne  by  right  of  lesser 
barony,  for  the  greater  and  the  lesser  were  the  same 
thing,  difltering  only  in  degree,  until  in  the  year  1587 
the  lesser  barons  were  relieved  of  compulsory  attendance 
in  Parliament.  At  the  same  time  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  headship  of  a  family  must  rest  with  the  heir 
male,  and  consequently  it  would  seem  that  in  those 
cases  in  which  the  supporters  are  borne  by  right  of 
being  head  of  a  clan  or  chief  of  a  name,  the  right  of 
inheritance  would  devolve  upon  the  heir  male.  There 
must  of  necessity  be  some  cases  in  which  it  is  impossible 
to  determine  whether  the  supporters  were  originally 
called  into  being  by  right  of  barony  or  because  of 
chieftainship,  and  the  consequence  has  been  that  con- 
cerning the  descent  of  the  supporters  of  the  older  un- 
titled families  there  has  been  no  uniformity  in  the 
practice  of  Lyon  Office,  and  it  is  impossible  from  the 
precedents  which  exist  to  deduce  any  certain  and 
unalterable  rule  upon  the  point.  Precedents  exist  in 
each  case,  and  the  well-known  case  of  Smith-Cunning- 
ham and  Dick-Cunningham,  which  is  often  referred  to 
as  settling  the  point,  did  nothing  of  the  kind,  inasmuch 
as  that  judgment  depended  upon  the  interpretation  of 
a  specific  Act  of  Parliament,  and  was  not  the  determi- 
nation of  a  point  of  heraldic  law.  The  case,  however, 
afibrded  the  opportunity  to  Lord  Jeffi'ey  to  make  the 
following  remarks  upon  the  point  (see  p.  355,  Seton) : — 

"  If  I  may  be  permitted  to  take  a  common-sense  view, 
I  should  say  that  there  is  neither  an  inflexible  rule  nor 
a  uniform  practice  in  the  matter.  There  may  be  cases 
where  the  heir  of  line  will  exclude  the  heir  male,  and 
there  may  be  cases  where  the  converse  will  be  held.  In 
my  opinion  the  common-sense  rule  is,  that  the  chief 
armorial  dignities  should  follow  the  more  substantial 
rights  and  dignities  of  the  family.  If  the  heir  male 
succeed  to  the  title  and  estates,  I  thinJi  it  reasonable  that  he 
should  also  succeed  to  the  armoricd  bearings  of  the  head 
of  tlie  house.  I  would  think  it  a  very  difficult  proposition 
to  establish  that  the  heir  of  line,  when  denuded  of 
everything  else,  was  still  entitled  to  retain  the  barren 
honours  of  heraldry.  But  I  give  no  opinion  upon  that 
point." 

Mr.  Seton,  in  his  "  Law  and  Practice  of  Heraldry  in 
Scotland,"  sums  up  the  matter  of  inheritance  in  these 
words  (see  p.  357) :  "  As  already  indicated,  however,  by 
one  of  the  learned  Lords  in  his  opinion  on  the  case  of 
Cuninghame,  the  practice  in  the  matter  in  question  has 
been  far  from  uniform ;  and  accordingly  we  are  very 
much  disposed  to  go  along  with  his  relative  suggestion, 
that  '  the  chief  armorial  dignities  should  follow  the 
more  substantial  rights  and  dignities  of  the  family ' ; 
and  that  when  the  latter  are  enjoyed  by  the  female  heir 
of  line,  such  heir  should  also  be  regarded  as  fairly  en- 
titled to  claim  the  principal  heraldic  honours." 

The  result  has  been  in  practice  that  the  supporters 
of  a  family  have  usually  been  matriculated  to  whoever 
has  carried  on  the  name  and  line  of  the  house,  unless 
the  supporters  in  question  have  been  governed  by  a 
specific  grant,  the  limitations  of  which  exist  to  be  re- 
ferred to ;  but  in  cases  where  both  the  heir  of  line  and 
the  heir  male  have  been  left  in  a  prominent  position, 
the  diflSculty  of  decision  has  in  many  cases  been  got 
over  by  allowing  supporters  to  both  of  them.  The  most 
curious  instance  of  this  within  our  knowledge  occurs 
with  regard  to  the  family  of  Chisholm. 

Chisholm  of  Erchless  Castle  appears  undoubtedly  to 
have  succeeded  as  head  and  chief  of  his  name — "The 
Chisholm " — about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. As  such  supporters  were  carried,  namely :  "  On 
either  side  a  savage  wreathed  about  the  head  and 
middle  with  laurel,  and  holding  a  club  over  his  exterior 
shoulder." 


At  the  death  of  Alexander  Chisholm — "The  Chis- 
holm"— 7th  February  1793,  the  chieftainship  and  the 
estates  passed  to  his  half-brother  William,  but  his  heir 
of  line  was  his  only  child  Mary,  who  married  James 
Gooden  of  London.  Mrs.  Mary  Chisholm  or  Gooden  in 
1827  matriculated  the  tindifferenced  arms  of  Chisholm 
["Gules,  a  boar's  head  couped  or"],  without  supporters, 
but  in  1 83 1  the  heir  male  also  matriculated  the  same 
undifferenced  arms,  in  this  case  with  supporters. 

The  chieftainship  of  the  Chisholm  family  then  con- 
tinued with  the  male  line  until  the  death  of  Duncan 
Macdonell  Chisholm — "The  Chisholm" — in  1859,  when 
his  only  sister  and  heir  became  heir  of  line  of  the  later 
chiefs.  She  was  then  Jemima  Batten,  and  by  Royal 
Licence  in  that  year  she  and  her  husband  assumed 
the  additional  surname  of  Chisholm,becoming  Chisholm- 
Batten,  and,  contrary  to  the  English  practice  in  such 
cases,  the  arms  of  Chisholm  alone  were  matriculated 
m  i860  to  Mrs.  Chisholm-Batten  and  her  descendants. 
These  once  again  were  the  undiffereyiced  coat  of  Chis- 
holm, viz. :  "  Gules,  a  boar's  head  couped  or."  Arms 
for  Batten  have  since  been  granted  in  England,  the 
domicile  of  the  family  being  English,  and  the  illustra- 
tion of  the  arms  of  the  present  Mr.  Chisholm-Batten 
(Fig.  801),  though  including  the  quartering  for  Chis- 


FlG.  801. — Armorial  bearings  of  James  Forbes  Chisholm  Chisholm- 
Batten,  Esq. :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  chevron  nebuly  ermine 
between  three  anchors  erect,  entwined  by  a  cable  or,  a  chief  in 
arch  of  the  last  (for  Batten) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  boar's  head  couped 
or,  langued  azure  (for  Chisholm),  impaling  the  arms  of  Utermarck, 
namely :  per  fess  or  and  azure,  in  chief  a  sprig  of  three  rose-leaves 
slipped  vert,  and  in  base  a  mullet  of  six  points  of  the  iirst,  pierced 
of  the  second.  Crest  (for  Batten) :  in  front  of  the  stump  of  an  oak- 
tree  sprouting  on  either  side  proper,  three  roses  argent,  barbed 
and  seeded  proper.  [Under  the  Scottish  matriculation  for  Chis- 
holm. Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent ;  and  for  crest,  on  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  dexter  hand  erect  holding  a  dagger  pro- 
per, on  its  point  a  boar's  head  erased  or ;  and  on  an  escroll  over 
the  same  this  motto,  "  Feros  ferio."]  Badge  (for  Chisholm):  a 
fern-leaf. 


holm,  is  marshalled  as  allowed  in  the  College  of  Arms 
by  English  rules. 

Though  there  does  not  appear  to  have  been  any 
subsequent  rematriculation  in  favour  of  the  heir  male 
who  succeeded  as  "  The  Chisholm,"  the  undifferenced 
arms  were  also  considered  to  have  devolved  upon  him 
together  with  the  supporters.  On  the  death  of  the  last 
known   male    heir    of    the    family,   Roderick    Donald 


310 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Matteson  Chisholm,  The  Chisholm  in  1 887,  Mr.  James 
Chisholm  Gooden-Chisholm  "^  claimed  the  chieftainship 
as  heir  of  line,  and  in  that  year  the  Gooden-Chisholm 
arms  -s-ere  again  rematrioulated.  In  this  case  sup- 
porters were  added  to  the  again  undifferenced  arms  of 
Chisholm,  but  a  slight  alteration  in  the  supporters  was 
made,  the  clubs  being  reversed  and  placed  to  rest  on 
the  ground,  as  shown  in  Plate  LVII. 

Amongst  the  many  other  untitled  Scottish  families 
who  rightly  bear  supporters,  may  be  mentioned  Gibsone 
of  Pentland  (Fig  565).  Barclay  of  Urie,  Barclay  of  Towie 
(Fig.  802), Drummond  of  Megginch  (Fig.  53)  Maclachlan 


Fig.  S02. — Armorial  beariflgs  of  Barclay  of  Towie  (Charles  A.  Barclay, 
Esq.,  of  Aberdour  Honse,  Fraserburgh) :  Azure,  a  chevron  or,  be- 
tween three  crosses  patee  argent.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest ; 
on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  hand  holding  a  dagger  proper. 
Motto;  "Aut  ^ere  aut  moru"  Supporters:  two  bounds  argent, 
collared  gules. 


of  that  ilk,  "Cluny"  Macpherson  (Fig.  311),  Cunning- 
hame  (Fig.  150&),  and  Brisbane  of  that  Ilk  (Fig.  553). 

Armorial  matters  in  the  Channel  Islands  present  a 
verj'  unsatisfactory  state  of  aifairs.  There  never  appears 
to  have  been  any  Visitation,  and  the  arms  of  Channel 
Island  families  which  officially  pass  muster  must  be 
confined  to  those  of  the  very  few  families  (for  example, 
De  Carteret,  Dobree,  and  Tupper)  who  have  found  it 
necessary  or  advisable  on  their  own  initiative  to  register 
their  arms  in  the  official  English  sources.  In  none  of 
these  instances  have  supporters  been  allowed,  nor  I  be- 
lieve did  any  of  these  families  claim  to  use  them,  but 
some  (Lempriere,  De  Saumerez,  and  other  families) 
assert  the  possession  of  such  a  distinction  by  prescrip- 
tive right.  If  the  right  to  supporters  be  a  privilege  of 
peerage,  or  if,  as  in  Scotland,  it  anciently  depended  upon 
the  right  of  free  barony,  the  position  of  these  Channel 
Island  families  in  former  days  as  seigniorial  lords  was 
much  akin.  But  it  is  highly  improbable  that  the  right 
to  bear  supporters  in  such  cases  will  ever  be  officially 
recognised,  and  the  case  of  De  Saumerez,  in  which  the 
supporters  were  bedevilled  and  regranted  to  descend 
with  the  peerage,  will  probably  operate  as  a  decisive 

•^  Armorial  bearings  of  Chisholm  Gooden-Chisholm,  Esq :  Gules,  a 
boar's  head  erased  or.  langued  azure.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent. 
Crest:  on  a  wreath' of  his  liveries,  a  dexter  hand  couped  at  the  wrist, 
holding  a  dagger  erect  on  which  is  transiised  a  boar's  head  couped. 
Motto :  '*  Feros  ferio."  Supporters  :  two  savages  wreathed  about  the 
head  and  loins  with  lanrel,  their  clubs  reversed  and  resting  on  the 
ground. 


precedent  upon  the  point  and  against  such  a  right. 
There  are  some  number  of  families  of  foreign  origin 
who  bear  supporters  or  claim  them  by  the  assertion  of 
foreign  right.  Where  this  right  can  be  estabUshed 
their  use  has  been  confirmed  by  Royal  Licence  in  this 
country  in  some  number  of  cases ;  for  example,  the  cases 
of  Rothschild  and  De  Salis.  In  other  cases  (for  example, 
the  case  of  Chamier)  no  official  record  of  the  supporters 
exists  with  the  record  of  the  arms,  and  presumably  the 
foreign  right  to  the  supporters  could  not  have  been 
established  at  the  time  of  registration. 

With  regard  to  impersonal  arms,  the  right  to  sup- 
porters in  England  is  not  easy  to  define.  In  the  case  of 
counties,  one  can  only  say  that  no  supporters  have  as 
yet  been  granted  to  any  count}" ;  but  comity  grants  have 
been  so  very  few  in  number  that  it  is  hardly  safe  to 
draw  the  conclusion  that  they  are  not  eligible  to  obtain 
them  if  they  choose  to  pay  the  necessary  fees.  No 
English  county  has  as  yet  obtained  the  grant  of  a  crest, 
but  this  has  been  due  to  the  fact  that  those  responsible 
for  the  petitions  have  considered  it  an  anomaly  that  a 
crest  should  be  granted  to  such  a  body,  and  it  has  yet 
to  be  seen  whether  a  crest  would  be  refused  if  it  were 
asked  for  and  insisted  upon.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
next  few  grants  to  counties  which  may  be  issued  will 
be  minus  both  crest  and  supporters,  and  that  a  pre- 
cedent will  thereby  become  stereotyped  that  a  smeld 
only  shall  be  granted. 

In  the  case  of  towns,  the  rule  in  England  is  that  an 
ordinary  town  may  not  have  supporters  but  that  a  city 
may,  and  instances  are  numerous  where  supporters  have 
been  granted  upon  the  elevation  of  a  town  to  the  dignity 
of  a  cit}'.  Birmingham,  Sheffield,  and  Nottingham  are 
all  recent  instances  in  point.  This  rule,  however,  is  not 
absolutely  rigid,  and  an  exception  may  be  pointed  to 
in  the  case  of  Liverpool,  the  supporters  being  granted 
in  1797,  and  the  town  not  being  created  a  city  until 
a  subsequent  date.  In  Scotland,  where,  of  course, 
until  quite  recently  supporters  were  granted  practi- 
cally to  anybody  who  chose  to  pay  for  them,  a  grant 
will  be  found  for  the  county  of  Perth  dated  in  1800, 
in  which  supporters  were  included.  But  as  to  towns 
and  cities  it  is  no  more  than  a  matter  of  fees,  any 
town  in  Scotland  eligible  for  arms  being  at  liberty  to 
obtain  supporters  also  if  they  are  desired.  In  grants  of 
arms  to  corporate  bodies  it  is  difficult  to  draw  the  line 
or  to  deduce  any  actual  rule.  In  23rd  of  Henry  VIII. 
the  Grocers'  Livery  Company  were  granted  "two 
griffins  per  fess  gules  and  or,"  and  many  other  of  the 
Livery  Companies  have  supporters  to  their  arms. 
Others,  for  no  apparent  reason,  are  without  them. 
The  "Merchant  Adventurers'  Company  or  Hamburg 
Merchants "  have  supporters,  as  had  both  the  old  and 
the  new  East  India  Companies.  The  arms  of  Jamaica 
and  Cape  Colony  and  of  the  British  North  Borneo 
Company  have  supporters,  but  on  the  other  hand  no 
supporters  were  assigned  to  Canada  or  to  any  of  its 
provinces.  In  Ireland  the  matter  appears  to  be  much 
upon  the  same  footing  as  in  England,  and  as  far  as  im- 
personal arms  are  concerned  it  is  very  difficult  to  say 
what  the  exact  rule  is,  if  this  is  to  be  deduced  from 
known  cases  and  past  precedents. 

Probably  the  freedom — amounting  in  many  cases  to 
great  laxitj' — with  which  in  English  heraldic  art  the 
positions  and  attitudes  of  supporters  are  changed,  is  the 
one  point  in  which  English  heraldic  art  has  entirely 
ignored  the  trammels  of  conventionalised  officialism. 
There  must  be  in  this  country  scores  of  entrance  gates 
where  each  pillar  of  the  gateway  is  surmounted  by  a 
shield  held  in  the  paws  of  a  single  supporter,  and  the 
Governmental  use  of  the  Royal  supporters  in  an  amaz- 
ing variety  of  attitudes,  some  of  which  are  grossly  un- 


311 


THE   ART    OF   HERALDRY 


heraldic,  has  not  helped  towards  a  true  understanding. 
The  reposeful  attitude  of  watchful  slumber  in  which 
the  Royal  lion  and  unicorn  are  so  often  depicted,  may 
perhaps  be  in  the  nature  of  submission  to  the  biblical 
teaching  of  Isaiah  that  the  lion  shall  lie  down  with  the 
lamb  (and  possibly  therefore  also  with  the  unicorn),  in 
these  times  of  peace  which  have  succeeded  those  earlier 
days  when  "  the  lion  beat  the  unicorn  round  and  round 
the  town." 

In  official  minds,  however,  the  sole  attitude  for  the 
supporters  is  the  rampant,  or  as  near  an  approach  to  it 
as  the  nature  of  the  animal  will  allow.  A  human  being, 
a  bird,  or  a  fish  naturally  pan  hardly  adopt  the  attitude. 


Fig.  803. — The  Arms  used  by  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire:  Azure,  a  fess 
chequy  gules  and  argent.  Crest:  a  dexter  hand  raised  in  benedic- 
tion.    Supporters :  on  either  side  a  squirrel  sejant  proper. 


In  Scotland,  the  land  of  heraldic  freedom,  various  ex- 
ceptions to  this  can  be  found.  Of  these  one  can  call  to 
mind  the  arms  of  Kilmarnock  (Fig.  803),  in  which  the 
supporters,  "  squirrels  proper,"  are  depicted  always  as 
sejant.  These  particular  creatures,  however,  would 
look  strange  to  us  in  any  other  form.  These  arms 
unfortunately  have  never  been  matriculated  as  the  arms 
of  the  town  (being  really  the  arms  of  the  Boyd  family, 
the  attainted  Earls  of  Kilmarnock),  and  consequently 
can  hardly  as  yet  be  referred  to  as  a  definite  precedent, 
because  official  matriculation  might  result  in  a  similar 
"happening"  to  the  change  which  was  made  in  the 
case  of  the  arms  of  Inverness.  In  all  representations  of 
the  arms  of  earlier  date  than  the  matriculation,  the 
supporters,  (dexter)  a  camel  and  (sinister)  an  elephant, 
are  depicted  statant  on  either  side  of  the  shield,  no 
actual  contact  being  made  between  the  escutcheon  and 
the  supporters.  But  in  1900,  when  in  a  belated  com- 
pliance with  the  Act  of  1672  the  armorial  bearings  of 
the  Royal  Burgh  of  Inverness  were  matriculated,  the 
position  was  altered  to  that  more  usually  employed  for 
supporters,  as  will  be  seen  from  Fig.  239. 

The  supporters  always  used  by  Sir  John  Maxwell 
Stirling-Maxwell  of  PoUok  are  two  lions  sejant  guardant. 
These,  as  appears  from  an  old  seal,  were  in  use  as  far 
back  as  the  commencement  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
but  the  supporters  officially  recorded  for  the  family  are 
two  apes.  In  English  armory  one  or  two  exceptional 
cases  may  be  noticed;  for  example,  the  supporters  of 
the  city  of  Bristol,  which  are:  "On  either  side,  on  a  mount 
vert,  a  unicorn  sejant  or,  armed,  maned,  and  unguled 
sable."  Another  instance  will  be  found  in  the  supporters 
of  Lord  Rosmead,  which  are  :  "  On  the  dexter  side  an 
ostrich  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  kangaroo,  both  re- 
gardant proper."  From  the  nature  of  the  animal,  the 
kangaroo  is  depicted  sejant. 

Supporters  in  Germany  date  from  the  same  period  as 
with  ourselves,  being  to  be  met  with  on  seals  as  far  back 


as  1276.  At  first  they  were  similarly  purely  artistic 
adjuncts,  but  they  have  retained  much  of  this  character 
and  much  of  the  purely  permissive  nature  in  Germany 
to  the  present  day.  It  was  not  until  about  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century  that  supporters  were  granted 
or  became  hereditary  in  that  country.  Grants  of  sup- 
porters can  be  found  in  England  at  an  earlier  date,  but 
such  grants  were  isolated  in  number.  Nevertheless 
supporters  had  become  hereditary  very  soon  after  they 
obtained  a  regularly  heraldic  (as  opposed  to  a  decorative) 
footing.  Their  use,  however,  was  governed  at  that 
period  by  a  greater  freedom  as  to  alteration  and  change 
than  was  customary  with  armory  in  general.  Sup- 
porters were  an  adjunct  of  the  peerage,  and  peers  were 
not  subject  to  the  Visitations.  With  his  freedom  from 
arrest,  his  high  social  position,  and  his  many  other 
privileges  of  peerage,  a  peer  was  "too  big"  a  person 
formerly  to  accept  the  dictatorial  armorial  control  of 
the  Crown  enforced  upon  lesser  people.  Short  of 
treason,  a  peer  in  any  part  of  Great  Britain  for  most 
practical  purposes  of  social  life  was  above  the  ordinary 
law.  In  actual  fact  it  was  only  the  rights  of  one  peer 
as  opposed  to  the  rights  of  another  peer  that  kept  a 
Lord  of  Parliament  under  any  semblance  of  control. 
When  the  great  lords  of  past  centuries  could  and  did 
raise  armies  to  fight  the  King  he  was  hardly  likely  to, 
nor  did  he,  brook  much  control,  Of  the  development 
of  supporters  in  Germany  Herr  Strohl  writes : — 

"  Only  very  late,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  were  supporters  granted  as  hereditary,  but  they 
appear  in  the  arms  of  burghers  in  the  first  half  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  the  arms  of  many  towns  also 
possess  them  as  decorative  adjuncts. 

"  The  first  supporters  were  human  figures,  generally 
portraits  of  the  arms-bearers  themselves ;  then  women, 
young  men,  and  boys,  so-called  Schildbuhen.  In  the 
second  half  of  the  fourteenth  century  animals  appear : 
lions,  bears,  stags,  dogs,  griffins,  &c.  In  the  fifteenth 
century  one  frequently  encounters  angels  with  richly 
curling  hair,  saints  (patrons  of  the  bearer  or  of  the 
town),  then  later,  nude  wild  men  and  women  ( Waldmen- 
schen)  thickly  covered  with  hair,  with  garlands  round 
their  loins  and  on  their  heads  (Fig.  803(1 ;  see  also  Plate 


Fig.  So3a.. — Arms  of  Holzhausen  (Frankfort) :  Sable,  three  roses  argent, 
seeded  gules.  (From  Jost  Amman's  "Book  of  Arms  and  Gene- 
alogy,"- 1589. 


312 


PLATE   C. 


^o^mi  of,  fcatunr 


^u<-  ?)c-v7orF 


ma&  V\rw£ei7 


an 


^«  HA^V^ 


DESIGNS    FROM    "PRINCE   ARTHUR'S    BOOK." 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


XIII.  Figs.  2  :md  3).  The  thick  hairy  covering  of  the 
■  body  in  the  case  of  women  is  only  to  be  met  with  in  the 
very  beginning.  Later  the  endeavour  was  to  approach 
the  feminine  ideal  as  nearly  as  possible,  and  only  the 
garlands  were  retained  to  point  out  the  origin  and  the 
home  of  these  figures. 

"At  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  and  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  there  came  into  fashion  lansquenets  (Fig.  466), 
huntsmen,  pretty  women  and  girls,  both  clothed  and 
unclothed."  Speakino;  of  the  present  day,  and  from  the 
executive  standpoint,  he  adds : — 

"Supporters,  with  the  exception  of  flying  angels, 
should  have  a  footing  on  which  they  can  stand  in  a 
natural  manner,  whether  it  be  grass,  a  pedestal,  a  tree, 
or  line  of  ornament,  and  to  place  them  upon  a  ribbon 
of  a  motto  is  less  suitable  because  a  thin  ribbon  can 
hardly  give  the  impression  of  a  sufficiently  strong 
support  for  the  invariably  heavy-looking  figures  of  the 
men  or  animals.  The  supporters  of  the  shield  may  at 
the  same  time  be  employed  as  bearers  of  the  helmets. 
They  bear  the  helmets  either  over  the  head  (see  Plate 
LXI.  Fig.  6)  or  hold  them  in  their  hands  (see  Plate 
LV.).  Figures  standing  near  the  shield,  but  not 
holding  or  supporting  it  in  any  way,  cannot  in  the  strict 
sense  of  the  word  be  designated  supporters ;  such 
figures  are  called  Schildwdchter  (shield-watchers  or 
guardians). 


HUMAN  FIGURES  AS  S-UPPORTERS 

Of  all  figures  employed  as  supporters  probably  human 
beings  are  of  most  frequent  occurrence,  even  when 
those  single  and  double  figures  referred  to  on  an  earlier 
page,  which  are  not  a  real  part  of  the  heraldic  achieve- 


FlG.  S04. — Armorial  bearings  of  Hugh  Eobert  Wallace,  Esq. :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  grand  quarters,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent  within 
a  bordure  compony  of  the  last  and  azure  (for  Wallace  of  EUerslie) ; 
2.  grand  quarter,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii. ,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent ; 
il  and  iii.,  gules,  a  fess  chequy  argent  and  azure  {for  Wallace  of 
Craigie) ;  3.  grand  quarter,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  argent,  on  a  chief 
gules,  three  lions'  heads  erased  of  the  first ;  ii.  and  iii.,  azure,  a 
crescent  or  between  three  cross  crosslets  argent  (for  Ritchie  of 
Craigton) ;  over  all  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  gyronny  of  eight  or 
and  sable,  on  a  chief  azure,  a  galley,  oars  in  action,  pennons  fly- 
ing, between  two  mallets  of  the  first  (for  Campbell  of  Cammo). 
Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crests  :  dexter,  on  a  wreath  of 
the  liveries,  a  dexter  arm  vambraced,  the  hand  brandishing  a 
sword  all  proper;  and  in  an  escroU  over  same  this  motto,  "Pro 
libertate  "  (for  Wallace  of  EUerslie) ;  sinister,  on  a  wreath  of  the 
liveries,  an  ostrich  head  and  neck  couped,  holding  a  horse-shoe  in 
his  bealc  all  proper.  Motto  (over)  :"  Sperandum  est."  Supporters: 
two  savages  wreathed  about  the  head  and  middle  with  laurel, 
each  carrying  over  his  exterior  shoulder  a  club  all  proper. 


ment,  are  excluded  from  consideration.  The  endless 
variety  of  different  figures  perhaps  gives  some  clue  to 
the  reason  of  their  frequent  occurrence. 

Though  the  human  figure  iii  nudas  Veritas  appears 
(male)  upon  the  shield  of  Dalziel  and  (female)  in  the 
crest  of  Ellis  (Agar-Ellis,  formerly  Viscount  Clifden), 


Fig.  S05. — Armorial  bearings  of  Lord  Moncrielf ;  Quarterly,  I  and  4, 
argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  armed  and  langued  azure,  a  chief 
ermine ;  2  and  3,  argent,  an  oak-tree  growing  out  of  a  well  in  base 
both  proper.  Above  the  escutcheon,  which  is  charged  with  his 
badge  of  Ulster  as  a  Baronet  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  from 
which  is  pendent  by  an  orange-tawny  ribbon  his  badge  as  a 
Baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  is  placed  the  coronet  of  his  rank,  and 
thereupon  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules, 
doubled  ermine  ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  the  liveries  is  set  for  crest, 
a  demi-lion  rampant  gules,  armed  and  langued  azxire.  Supporters ; 
on  either  side  a  man  in  armour,  holding  in  the  exterior  hand  a 
spear  resting  on  his  shoulder  all  proper,  the  breastplate  charged 
with  a  crescent  gules.     Motto  :  "  Sur  esperance." 


one  cannot  call  to  mind  any  instance  of  such  an  occur- 
rence in  the  form  of  supporters,  though  possibly  the 
supporters  of  the  Glaziers'  Livery  Company  ["  Two 
naked  boys  proper,  each  holding  a  long  torch  inflamed 
of  the  last "]  and  of  the  Joiners'  Livery  Company  ["  Two 
naked  boys  proper,  the  dexter  holding  in  his  hand 
an  emblematical  female  figure,  crowned  with  ■  a  mural 
coronet  sable,  the  sinister  holding  in  his  hand  a  square  "] 
might  be  classed  in  such  a  character.  Nude  figures 
in  armory  are  practically  always  termed  "  savages,"  or 
occasionally  "woodmen"  or  "  ^vildmen,"  and  garlanded 
about  the  loins  with  foliage.  Figs.  2,  3,  5,  and  6  on 
Plate  LVI.  are  excellent  illustrations  of  such  figures. 
These  were  specially  drawn  for  the  present  work  by 
Professor  Emil  Dopier. 

With  various  adjuncts — clubs,  banners,  trees,  branches, 
&c. — Savages  will  be  found  as  the  supporters  of  the  arms 
of  the  German  Emperor,  and  in  the  sovereign  arms  of 
Prussia,  Brunswick,  Denmark,  Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
hausen,  and  Rudolstadt,  as  well  as  in  the  arms  of  the 
province  of  Prussia.  T'hey  also  appear  in  the  arms 
of  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  though  in  this  case  they 


313 


2e 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


should  perhaps  be  more  properly  described  as  figures  of 
Hercules. 

In  British  armory — amongst  many  other  families — ■ 
two  savages  are  the  supporters  of  the  Marquess  of 
Ailesbury,  Lord  Calthorpe,  Viscount  de  Vesoi,  Lord 
Elphinstone,  the  Earl  of  Elgin  and  Kincardine,  the 
Duke  of  Fife  (Fig.  251),  Earl  Fitzwilliam  (each  holding 
in  the  exterior  hand  a  tree  eradicated),  Lord  Kinnaird, 
the  Earl  of  Morton ;  and  amongst  the  baronets  who 
possess  supporters,  Menzies,  Douglas  of  Carr,  and 
Williams-Drummond  have  on  either  side  of  their  es- 
cutcheons a  "savage."  Earl  Poulett  alone  has  both 
man  and  woman,  his  supporters  being:  "Dexter,  a  savage 
man ;  sinister,  a  savage  woman,  both  wreathed  with 
oak,  all  proper."  As  some  one  remarked  on  seeing  a 
representation  of  this  coat  of  arms  by  Catton,  K.A.,  the 
blazon  might  more  appropriately  have  concluded  "  all 
improper." 

Fig.  251  represents  the  achievement  of  the  Duke  and 
Her  Royal  Highness  the  Duchess  of  Fife.     This  illus- 


of  a  savage  which  I  have  seen,  perhaps  the  finest 
heraldic  design  he  has  produced,  and  probably  one  of 
the  best  and  freest  examples  of  recent  heraldic  draughts- 
manship. 

Next  after  savages,  the  most  favourite  variety  of  the 
human  being  adopted  as  a  supporter  is  the  Man  in 
Armour.  If  so  described  without  any  additional  par- 
ticularisation,  the  official  type  is  usually  in  the  form  of 
the  supporters  of  Lord  Moncrieff,  as  wUl  be  seen  in 
Fig.  805.  This  illustration  is  from  a  drawing  by  Mr. 
Eve.  Another  representation  of  knights  in  armour  as 
supporters  will  be  found  in  Fig.  806,  which  is  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  arms  of  Count  Lubienski. 

Even  as  heraldic  and  heritable  supporters  angels  are 
not  uncommon,  and  are  to  be  met  with  amongst  other 
eases  in  the  arms  of  the  Marquess  of  Waterford,  the 
Earl  of  Dudley,  and  Viscount  Dillon  (Plate  XXXVL). 

It  is  rare  to  find  supporters  definitely  stated  to  repre- 
sent any  specific  person,  but  in  the  case  of  the  arms  of 
Arbroath  (Fig.  807)  the  supporters  are  "Dexter:  'St. 


Fig.  806. — Armorial  bearings  of  Count  Louis  Pomian  Bodenham  Lubienski:  Quarterly  of  four,  within  a  bordnre 
or,  I.  gules,  a  wounded  ram  passant  proper  (for  Bielinski) ;  2.  or,  a  bison's  head  regardant  transfixed  with  a 
sword  all  proper  (for  Lubienski) ;  3.  gules,  an  armed  knight  on  a  white  horse  (for  Sanguszko) ;  4.  tierced 
in  bend  azure  or  and  gules,  on  ilrst  and  third  a  stag  courant  proper,  on  second  two  roses  of  the  third  (for 
Szembek).  Over  all  an  inescutoheon,  Lubienski  repeated.  Crest:  hand  and  arm  armed,  grasping  a  falchion 
rising  from  a  count's  coronet. 


tration  is  from  a  design  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E., 
and  probably  is  the  best  possible  example  of  savages 
depicted  "  sans  freedom  "  in  the  style  adopted  officially 
in  England. 

The  arms  of  Gooden-Chisholm  (Plate  LVII.)  are 
savages  from  the  pencil  of  Mr.  Graham  Johnston. 

The  arms  upon  the  patent  of  the  matriculation  which 
Mr.  Forbes  Nixon  emblazoned  in  1 898,  when  the  arms 
of  Wallace  of  EUerslie  were  rematriculated  in  Lyon 
Register  for  Mr.  Hugh  Robert  Wallace  of  Busbie,  are 
an  example  of  that  artist's  work.  His  design  was  fac- 
similed into  the  Lyon  Register,  from  which  Fig.  804 
was  reproduced.     This  is  the  finest  example  of  his  idea 


Thomas  a  Becket,'  and  sinister,  a  Baron  of  Scotland." 
Another  instance,  again  from  Scotland,  appears  in  a 
most  extraordinary  grant  by  the  Lyon  in  18 16  to  Sir 
Jonathan  Wathen  Waller,  Bart.,  of  Braywick  Lodge, 
CO.  Berks,  and  of  Twickenham,  co.  Middlesex.  In  this 
case  the  supporters  were  two  elaborately  "harnessed" 
ancient  warriors,  "to  commemorate  the  surrender  of 
Charles,  Duke  of  Orleans,  at  the  memorable  battle  of 
Agincourt  (that  word  being  the  motto  over  the  crest)  in 
the  year  141 5,  to  Richard  Waller  of  Groombridge  in 
Kent,  Esq.,  from  which  Richard  the  said  Sir  Jonathan 
Wathen  Waller  is,  according  to  the  tradition  oi  his 
family,  descended."     This' pedigree  is  set  out  in  Burke's 


314 


THE   ART    OF   HERALDRY 


Peerage,  which  assigns  as  arms  to  this  family  ( 
ofWaUer  of  Groombridge,  with  the  augmentec 


'  the  old  coat 
!  augmented  crest,  viz. : 
"  On  a  mount  vert,  a  walnut-tree  proper,  and  pendent 
therefrom  an  escutcheon  of  the  arms  of  France  with 
a  label  of  three  points  argent."  Considerable  doubt, 
however,  is  thrown  upon  the  descent  by  the  fact  that  in 
1 8 14,  when  Sir  Jonathan  (then  Mr.  Phipps)  obtained  a 
Royal  Licence  to  assume  the  name  and  arms  of  Waller,  a 
very  ditferent  and  much  bedevilled  edition  of  the  arms- 
and  not  the  real  coat  of  Waller  of  Groombridge  was  ex- 


Highlanders  in  modern  costume  figure  as  supporters 
to  the  arms  of  Maconochie-Wellwood  (Plate  LIX.),  and 
in  more  ancient  garb  in  the  case  of  Cluny  Macpherson 
(Fig.  311),  and  soldiers  in  the  uniforms  of  every  regi- 
ment, and  savages  from  every  clime,  have  at  some  time 
or  other  been  pressed  into  heraldic  service  as  supporters ; 
but  a  work  on  Armory  is  not  a  handbook  on  costume, 
military  and  civil,  nor  is  it  an  ethnographical  directory, 
which  it  would  certainly  become  if  any  attempt  were 
to  be  made  to  enumerate  the  different  varieties  of  men 


Fig.  S07. — Anns  of  Arbroath :  Gules,  a  portcullis  with  chains  pendent  or.  Motto :  "  Propter  Libertatem."  Supporters : 
dester,  St.  Thomas  Ji  Backet  in  his  archiepiscopal  robes  all  proper ;  sinister,  a  Baron  of  Scotland  armed  cap-h-pie, 
holding  in  his  exterior  hand  the  letter  from  the  Convention  of  the  Scottish  Estates,  held  at  Arbroath  in  the 
year  1320,  addressed  to  Pope  John  XXII.,  all  proper. 


emplified  to  him.  These  supporters  (the  grant  was  quite 
idtra  vires.  Sir  Jonathan  being  a  domiciled  Englishman) 
do  not  appear  in  any  of  the  Peerage  books,  and  it  is  not 
clear  to  what  extent  they  were  ever  made  use  of,  but  in 
a  painting  which  came  under  my  notice  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  in  his  surcoat  of  France,  could  be  observed 
handing  his  sword  across  the  front  of  the  escutcheon 
to  Mr.  (or  Sir)  Richard  Waller.  The  supporters  of  the 
Needlemakers'  Company  are  commonly  known  as  Adam 
and  Eve,  and  the  motto  of  the  Company  ["  They  sewed 
fig-leaves  together  and  made  themselves  aprons  "]  bears 
this  supposition  out.  The  blazon,  however,  is :  "  Dexter, 
a  man :  sinister,  a  woman,  both  proper,  each  wreathed 
round  the  waist  with  leaves  of  the  last,  in  the  woman's 
dexter  hand  a  needle  or."  The  supporters  of  the  Earl 
of  Aberdeen,  "  dexter  an  Earl  and  sinister  a  Doctor  of 
Laws,  both  in  their  robes  all  proper,"  are  illustrated  on 
Plate  LVIII.,  which  is  a  facsimile  of  the  painting  in 
Lyon  Register.  A  scroll  below  the  arms,  carrying  the 
words  "  Ne  nimium,"  has,  however,  been  since  added  to 
the  arms  in  the  Register.  These  additional  words, 
however,  are  always  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  other 
motto,  and  not  as  a  second  motto. 


and  women,  clothed  and  unclothed,  which  have  been 
used  for  the  purposes  of  supporters. 


ANIMALS   AS   SUPPORTERS 

When  we  turn  to  animals  as  supporters,  we  at  once 
get  to  a  much  wider  range,  but  little  can  be  said  con- 
cerning them  beyond  stating  that  though  usually 
rampant,  they  are  sometimes  sejant,  and  may  be 
guardant  or  regardant.  One  may,  however,  append 
examples  of  the  work  of  different  artists,  which  will 
doubtless  serve  as  models,  or  possibly  may  develop 
ideas  in  other  artists.  The  Lion  naturally  first  claims 
one's  attention.  Fig.  808  shows  an  interesting  and 
curious  instance  of  the  use  of  a  single  lion  as  a  sup- 
porter. This  is  taken  from  a  drawing  in  the  possession 
of  the  town  library  at  Breslau  {Herold,  1S88,  No.  i), 
and  represents  the  arms  of  Dr.  Heinrich  Rubische, 
Physician  to  the  King  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia.  The 
arms  are,  "per  fesse,"  the  chief  argent,  a  "point"  through- 
out sable,  cnarged  with  a  lion's  face,  holding  in  the  jaws 
an  annulet,  and  the  base  also  argent  charged  with  two 


315 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


bars  sable.     The  mantling  is  sable  and  argent.     Upon 
the  helmet   as   crest   are   two   bufl'alo's   horns   of  the 


Fig.  80S. — Arms  of  Dr.  Heinrich  Rubische. 


colours  of  the  shield,  and  between  them 
appears  (apparently  as  a  part  of  the  herit- 
able crest)  a  lion's  face  holding  an  annulet 
as  in  the  arms.  This,  however,  is  the 
face  of  the  lion,  which,  standing  behind 
the  escutcheon,  is  employed  as  the  sup- 
porter, though  possibly  it  is  intended  that  it 
should  do  double  duty.  This  employment 
of  one  animal  to  serve  a  double  armorial 
purpose  is  practically  unknown  in  British 
armory,  except  possibly  in  a  few  early 
examples  of  seals,  but  in  German  heraldry 
it  is  very  far  from  being  uncommon. 
Another  instance  of  it  will  be  found  on 
Plate  LXI.  Fig.  6.  This  represents  the 
arms  of  the  Count  Palatine  Wolfgang  bei 
Rhein,  Duke  in  Bavaria  (born  1526,  died 
1569),  of  the  House  of  Zweibrucken, 
ancestor  of  all  the  later  Counts  Palatine. 
The  design  is  by  Virgil  Solis,  1559.  The 
arms  are :  "  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  sable,  a 
lion  rampant  or,  armed  and  crowned  gules 
(for  the  County  Palatine  on  the  Rhine) ; 
2  and  3,  bendy  lozengy  argent  and  azure 
(for  the  Duchy  of  Bavaria)"  On  an  in- 
escutcheon  are  the  arms  of  the  Countship 
of  Veldeny,  namely:  "Argent,  a  lion  ram- 
pant azure,  crowned."  The  supporters 
are  two  lions  rampant  or,  but  these  are 
depicted  as  wearing  the  two  helmets  upon 
which  the  crests  are  displayed,  the  faces 
of  the  lions  being  visible  through  the 
visors  of  the  helmets.  Each  crest  issues 
from  a  coronet,  and  is  a  lion  sejant  or, 
armed  and  crowned  gules,  the  dexter  being 
between  two  buffalo's  horns,  and  the 
sinister  between  two  wings,  both  horns 
and  wings  being  of  azure  and  argent  as 
the  second  quarter. 


Two  typical  lions  as  supporters,  drawn  by  Mr.  J. 
Forbes  Nixon,  will  be  found  in  Fig.  54,  which  repre- 
sents the  arms  of  his  Grace  the  late  Duke  of  Argyll, 
K.G.,  K.T.,  and  others  by  the  same  artist  appear  in 
Plate  LX.,  which  shows  the  arms  of  Sir  William 
Ogilvy  Dalgleish,!  Bart. 

1  Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  William  Ogilvy-Dalgleish :  Quarterly,  i  and 
4,  argent,  a  tree  eradicated  fesswise  vert,  between  tliree  pheoDS  points 
downwards  azure  (for  Dalgleish) ;  2  and  3,  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  argent, 
a  lion  passant,  guardant  gules  (for  Ogilvy};  ii.  and  iii.,  or,  three 
crescents  gules  (for  Edmonstone) ;  over  all  dividing  the  coats  a  cross 
engrailed  sable  (for  Sinclair),  all  for  Ogilvy  of  Boyne ;  over  all  on  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence  in  right  of  his  wife  the  arms  of  Mollinson, 
namely :  or,  two  cross  crosslets  fitche  in  chief  and  in  base  the  attires 
of  a  hart  affixed  to  the  scalp  gules,  a  chief  chequy  of  the  second  and 
argent,  in  the  fess  point  a  crescent  sable  for  difference.  Above  the 
shield,  which  is  charged  with  his  badge  of  Ulster  as  a  baronet,  is 
placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  mantled  vert,  doubled  argent; 
and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  the  stump  of  an  oak- 
tree  sprouting  out  branches  and  leaves  proper ;  and  upon  an  escroll 
above  the  crest  this  motto,  "  Revkescam " ;  and  for  his  supporters, 
upon  either  side  of  the  escutcheon  a  lion  rampant  or,  charged  upon 
the  shoulder  with  a  pheon  point  downwards  azure,  such  being  personal 
to  the  above-mentioned  William  Ogilvy-Dalgleish. 

The  arms  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  (Fig.  809)  show 
a  good  example  of  a  lion  as  a  supporter,  from  a  draw- 
ing by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve. 

Probably,  however,  the  most  characteristic  and  the 


Fig.  Sog. — Arms  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  K.G.,  E.M. :  Quarterly,  l.  gules,  on  a  bend  between 
six  cross  crosslets  fitchee  argent,  an  escutcheon  or,  charged  with  a  demi-lion  rampant 
pierced  through  the  mouth  by  an  arrow  within  a  double  tressure  flory  counterflory  of 
the  first  (for  lloward) ;  2.  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale  or,  in  chief  a  label 
of  three  points  argent  (for  IJrotherton) ;  3.  chequy  or  and  azure  (for  Warren) ;  4.  gules,  a 
lion  rampant  or  (for  Fitzalan),  behind  the  shield  two  gold  batons  in  saltire,  enamelled 
at  the  ends  sable  (the  insignia  of  his  office  of  Earl-Marslial).  Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crests:  I.  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  lion  statant  with  tail  extended  or, 
gorged  with  a  ducal  coronet  argent ;  2.  issuant  from  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  pair  of  wings 
gules,  each  charged  with  a  bend  between  six  cross  crosslets  fitchee  argent ;  3.  on  a  mount 
vert,  a  horse  passant  argent,  holding  in  the  mouth  a  slip  of  oak  fracted  proper.  Sup- 
porters :  Dexter,  a  lion ;  sinister,  a  horse,  both  argent,  the  latter  holding  in  his  mouth 
a  slip  of  oak  vert,  fructed  proper.     Motto  :  "  Sola  virtus  invicta.'* 

316 


PLATE   CI. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


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317 


THE   AKT    OF    HERALDRY 


best  lion  supporters  which  Mr.  Eve  has  ever  drawn  are 
in  the  largest  of  the  Royal  bookplates  which  he  de- 
signed for  use  in  the  Windsor  Castle  Library  (Fig.  1098). 

Fig.  810  is  a  reproduction  of  a  bookplate  by  Mr. 
Sherborn,  and  shows  the  arms  as  used  by  Sir  Thomas 
Dick-Lauder,  Bart. 

Fig.  811,  which  shows  the  achievement  of  the  late 
Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava,  and  Fig.  812,  which 
shows  the  arms  of  Sir  George  Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar, 


collared  or."  Two  lions  rampant  double-queued,  the 
dexter  or,  the  sinister  sable,  are  the  supporters  of  the 
Duke  of  Portland,  and  the  supporters  of  both  the  Earl 
of  Feversham  and  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth  afford  in- 
stances of  lions  crowned  with  a  coronet,  and  issuing 
therefrom  a  plume  of  ostrich  feathers. 

Sea-lions  will  be  found  as  supporters  to  the  arms  of 
Viscount  Falmouth  ["  Two  sea-lions  erect  on  their  tails 
argent,   gutte-de-l'armes"],    and  the   Earl   of  Howth 


Fig.  812. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  George  Daff-Sutherland-Dunbar,  6tli  Bart.;  Quarterly,  I.  gules,  a 
lion  rampant  within  a  bordure  argent,  charged  with  eight  roses  of  the  field  (for  Dunbar) ;  2.  gules, 
three  mullets  or,  a  crescent  of  the  last  for  difference  (for  Sutherland) ;  3.  vert,  on  a  fess  dancette 
ermine,  between  a  buck's  head  caboshed  in  chief  and  two  escallox^s  in  base  or,  a  mullet  of  the  first 
for  difference  (for  Duff)  ;  4.  or,  three  cushions  within  a  double  tressure  fiory  and  counterflory  gules 
(for  Pandolph) ;  the  whole  within  a  bordure  vairy  or  and  gules.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent. 
Crest:  on  a  wreath  of  his  liveries,  a  sword  and  key  in  saltire  proper.  Supporters:  dexter,  a  lion 
rampant  argent ;  sinister,  a  savage  man  holding  a  club  over  his  shoulder  proper.  Motto  (over  the 
crest) :  "  Sub  spe." 


afford  examples  of  lion  supporters  from  designs  by  Mr. 
Graham  Johnston. 

Winged  lions  are  not  very  usual,  but  they  occur  as 
the  supporters  of  Lord  Braye :  "  On  either  side  a  lion 
guardant  or,  winged  vair."  A  winged  lion  is  also  one  of 
the  supporters  (the  dexter)  of  Lorcl  Leconfield,  but  this, 
owing  to  the  position  of  the  wings,  is  quite  unique. 
The   blazon   is :    "A  lion   with  wintjs  inverted   azure. 


bears :  "  Dexter,  a  sea-lion  as  in  the  crest ;  sinister,  a 
mermaid  proper,  holding  in  her  exterior  hand  a  mirror." 
The  Heraldic  Tiger  is  occasionally  found  as  a  sup- 
porter, and  an  instance  occurs  in  Fig.  81 1,  just  referred 
to,  in  the  arms  of  the  Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava. 
It  also  occurs  as  the  sinister  supporter  of  the  Duke  of 
Leeds,  and  of  the  Baroness  Daroy  de  Knayth,  and  was 
the  dexter  supporter  of  the  Earls  of  Holderness.     Two 


318 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


heraldic  tigers  are  the  supporters  both  of  Sir  Andrew 
Noel  Agnew,  Bart.,  and  ot  the  Marquess  of  Anglesey. 
Of  recent  years  the  natural  tiger  has  taken  its  place  in 
the  heraldic  menagerie,  and  iastances  of  its  appearance 
will  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Sir  Mortimer  Durand,  and 
will  be  seen  on  Plate  CXVIII.,  where  it  appears  as  one 
of  the  supporters  of  the  arms  of  the  city  ot  Bombay.l 

When  occurring  in  heraldic  surroundings  it  is  always 
termed  for  distinction  a  "  Bengal  tiger,"  and  two  Royal 
Bengal  tigers  are  the  supporters  of  Sir  Francis  Outram, 
Bart.:  "  On  either  side  a  Royal  Bengal  tiger  guardant 
proper,  gorged  with  a  wreath  of  laurel  vert,  and  on  the 
head  an  Eastern  crown  or." 

The  G-riffi/n,  is  perhaps  the  next  most  favourite  sup- 
porter, and  a  good  example  of  the  official  type  of  this 


Mr.  Eve.  Male  griffins  are  the  supporters  of  Sir 
George  John  Egerton  Dashwood :  "  On  either  side  a 
male  gryphon  argent,  gorged  with  a  collar  fiory  counter- 
flory  gules." 

Fig.  814,  also  by  Mr.  Eve,  shows  the  arms  of  the  Earl 
of  Mar. 

Continental  artists  assume  even  a  greater  freedom 
than  our  own  in  depicting  their  supporters.  Plate  LXI. 
Fig.  I  represents  the  arms  of  his  Apostolic  Majesty  the 
Emperor  Franz  Joseph,  King  of  Hungary.  Tihe  griffin 
supporters  are  from  a  drawing  by  Herr  Strohl  (Strohl's 
"  Austro-Hungarian  Roll  of  Arms,"  Vienna,  1895).  The 
shield  shows  the  arms  of  Austria,  the  Collar  of  the 
Golden  Fleece,  &c.,  but  it  is  here  introduced  to  show 
the  supporters,  which  are  griffins  per  fess  sable  and 


Fig.  S  [  3, — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Earl  of  Mar  and  KeUie  (Erskine) :  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  argent,  a  pale  sable  (for  Erskine) ; 
2  and  3,  azure,  a  bend  between  sis  cross  crosslets  fitche  or  (for  Mar).  Over  all,  on  an  escutcheon  gules,  the  Imperial  crown 
of  Scotland  proper,  within  a  double  tressure  flory  counterflory  or,  ensigned  with  an  Earl's  coronet  {for  the  Earldom  of 
Kellie),  impaling  the  arms  of  Ashley-Cooper,  namely :  argent,  three  bulls  passant  sable,  armed  and  nnguled  or  (for  Ashley) ; 
2  and  3,  gules,  a  bend  engrailed  between  sis  lions  rampant  or  (for  Cooper).  Above  the  escutcheon  is  placed  the  coronet 
of  his  rank,  and  thereupon  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable,  doubled  ermine ;  and  upon  wreaths  of 
the  proper  liveries  are  set  the  two  following  crests :  upon  the  dexter  side,  a  dexter  hand  holding  a  Skene  in  pale  argent, 
hilted  and  pommelled  or;  and  on  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto,  "Je  pense  plus"  (for  Erskine);  and  upon  the 
sinister  side,  a  demi-lion  rampant  guardant  gules,  armed  argent,  and  on  an  escroU  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Decori  decus 
addit  avito "  (for  Kellie).  Supporters :  two  griffins  gules,  armed,  beaked,  and  winged  or ;  underneath  this  motto, 
"  Unione  fortior." 


animal  occurs  on  Plate  LXII.,  which  shows  the  arms 
of  Viscount  Halifax.*  Fig.  813,  which  represents  the 
arms  of  the  Earl  of  Mar  and  Kellie,  is  from  a  design  by 

d  Armorial  bearings  of  Viscount  Halifax  (Wood) :  Azure,  three  naked 
savages  ambulant  in  fess  proper,  in  the  dexter  hand  of  each  a  shield 
argent  charged  with  a  cross  gules,  in  the  sinister  a  club  resting  on  the 
shoulder  also  proper,  on  a  canton  ermine,  three  lozenges  conjoined  in 
fess  sable,  and  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Courtenay, 
namely ;  quarterly,  I  and  4,  or,  three  torteaux  surmounted  by  a  label 
of  three  points  azore  {for  Courtenay) ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  lion  rampant  azure 
(for  Redvers).     Above  the  escutcheon,  which  is  charged  with  his  badge 


or.  The  motto,  "Viribus  unitis,"  is  the  personal 
motto  of  the  Emperor. 

A  very  curious  supporter  is  borne  by  Mr.  Styleman 
Le  Strange.  Of  course,  as  a  domiciled  English  com- 
moner, having  no  Royal  Licence  to  bear  supjjorters,  his 

of  Ulster  as  a  baronet,  is  placed  the  coronet  of  his  rank,  and  there- 
upon a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  azure  and  argent ; 
and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  savage  as  in  the  arms, 
the  shield  sable,  charged  with  a  griiHn's  head  erased  argent.  Sup- 
porters :  on  either  side  a  griffin  sable,  gorged  with  a  collar  and  pendent 
therefrom  a  portcullis  or.     Motto :  "  I  like  my  choice." 


319 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


claim  to  these  additions  would  not  be  recognised,  but 
their  use  no  doubt  originated  in  the  fact  that  he  repre- 
sents the  lines  of  several  coheirships  to  different  baronies 
by  writ,  to  some  one  of  which,  no  doubt,  the  supporters 
may  have  at  some  time  belonged.  The  dexter  supporter 
in  question  is  "  a  stag  argent  with  a  lion's  forepaws  and 
tail,  collared." 

The  supporters  recently  granted  to  Lord  MUner  are 
two  "  springbok,"  and  the  same  animal  (an  "  oryx  "  or 
"  springbok  ")  is  the  sinister  supporter  of  the  arms  of  Cape 
Colony  (Plate  LXI.). 

Goats  are  the  supporters  of  the  Earl  of  Portsmouth 
(who  styles  his  "  chamois  or  wild  goats  "),  of  Lord  Bagot 
and  Lord  Cranworth,  and  they  occur  in  the  achievements 
of  the  Barony  of  Ruthven  and  the  Marquess  of  Nor- 


of  Mowbray,  but  the  sinister  supporter  still  remained  a 
"  sea-dog." 

The  Horse  and  the  Pegasus  are  constantly  met  with 
supporting  the  arms  of  peers  and  others  in  this  country. 
In  Fig.  920  a  bay  horse  regardant  appears  as  the  dexter 
supporter  of  the  Earl  of  Yarborough,  and  the  horses 
which  support  the  shield  of  Earl  Cowper  are  very  speci- 
fically detailed  in  the  official  blazon  :  "  Two  dun  horses 
close  cropped  (except  a  tuft  upon  the  withers)  and 
docked,  a  large  blaze  down  the  face,  a  black  list  down 
the  back,  and  three  white  feet,  viz.  the  hind-feet  and 
near  fore-foot." 

Fig.  809  represents  the  official  type,  and  Fig.  58, 
which  is  the  coat  of  arms  of  Lord  Newlands,  is  a  charac- 
teristic piece  of  work  by  Mr.  Graham  Johnston. 


Fig.  S14. — Armorial  bearings  of  the  Earl  of  Mar  (Goodeve-Erskine) ;  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  bend  between  six 
cross  crosslets  fitche  or  {for  Mar) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  pale  sable  (for  Erskine).  Above  the  escutcheon  is  placed  the 
coronet  of  his  rank,  and  thereupon  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules,  doubled  ermine ;  and 
upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  dexter  hand  proper,  holding  a  cutlass  argent,  hilted  and  pommelled 
or.     Supporters  :  two  griffins  argent,  armed,  beaked,  and  winged  or.     Motto;  "  Je  pense  plus." 


manby.  The  supporters  of  Viscount  Southwell  are  two 
"  Indian  "  goats. 

Raiiis  are  the  supporters  of  Lord  De  Ramsey  and 
Lord  Sherard.  A  ram  is  also  one  of  the  supporters 
attached  to  the  Barony  of  Ruthven,  and  one  of  the 
supporters  used  by  the  town  of  New  Galloway.  These 
arms,  however,  have  never  been  matriculated,  which  on 
account  of  the  curious  charge  upon  the  shield  is  very 
much  to  be  regretted. 

The  supporters  of  Lord  Mowbray  and  Stourton  afford 
an  example  of  a  most  curious  and  interesting  animal. 
Originally  the  Lords  Stourton  used  two  antelopes  azure, 
but  before  the  seventeenth  century  these  had  been 
changed  to  two  "  sea-dogs."  When  the  abeyance  of  the 
Barony  of  Mowbray  was  determined  in  favour  of  Lord 
Stourton  the  dexter  supporter  was  changed  to  the  lion 


The  arms  of  the  City  of  London "  are  always  used  with 
Dragons  for  supporters  (Plate  CXVI.),  but  these  sup- 
porters are  not  officially  recorded.  The  arms  of  the 
city  of  London  are  referred  to  at  greater  length  else- 
where in  these  pages.  The  town  of  Appleby  uses 
dragons  with  wings  expanded  (most  fearsome  creatures), 
but  these  are  not  official,  nor  are  the  "dragons  sejant 
addorsed  gules,  each  holding  an  ostrich  feather  argent 
affixed  to  a  scroll"  which  some  enterprising  artist  de- 
signed for  Cheshire.  Dragons  will  be  found  as  suppor- 
ters to  the  arms  of  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  Lord  St. 

•^  Ai-ms  of  the  City  of  London:  Argent,  a  cross  gules  in  the  first 
quarter,  a  sword  in  pale  point  upwards  of  the  last.  Crest :  a  dragon's 
sinister  wing  argent,  charged  with  a  cross  gules.  Supporters  :  on 
either  side  a  dragon  with  wings  elevated  and  endorsed  argent,  and 
charged  on  the  wing  with  a  cross  gules.  Motto :  "  Domine  dirige 
nos." 


320 


PLATE   ClI. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Oswald,  the  Earl  of  Castlestuart,  and  Viscount  Arbutli- 
nott. 

The  heraldic  dragon  is  not  the  only  form  of  the  crea- 
ture now  known  to  armory.  The  Chinese  dragon  was 
granted  to  Lord  Gough  as  one  of  his  supporters,  and  it 
has  since  also  been  granted  as  a  supporter  to  Sir  Robert 
Hart,  Bart. 

Wyverns  are  the  supporters  of  the  Earl  of  Meath  and 
Lord  Burghclere,  and  the  sinister  supporter  of  both  Lord 
Raglan  and  Lord  Lyveden. 

The  arms  of  the  Royal  Burgh  of  Dundee  are  quite 
unique.  The  official  blazon  runs :  "  Azure,  a  pott  of 
growing  lillies  argent,  the  escutcheon  being  supported 
bj'  two  dragons,  their  tails  nowed  together  underneath 
vert,  with  this  word  in  an  escroll  above  a  lilie  growing 
out  of  the  top  of  the  shield  as  the  former, '  Dei  Donum.' " 
Though  blazoned  as  dragons,  the  creatures  are  undoubt- 
edly wyverns,  and  a  representation  of  this  coat  of  arms 
will  be  found  on  Plate  LXI. 

Wyverns  when  figuring  as  supporters  are  usually 
represented  standing  on  the  one  claw  and  supporting 
the  shield  with  the  other,  but  in  the  case  of  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  whose  supporters  are  two  wyverns, 
these  are  general^  represented  sejant  erect,  supporting 
the  shield  with  both  claws.  This  position  is  also  adopted 
for  the  \vyvern  supporters  of  Sir  Robert  Arbuthnot, 
Bart.,  and  the  Earl  of  Eglinton. 

Two  Cockatrices  are  the  supporters  of  Lord  Donough- 
more,  the  Earl  of  Westmeath,  and  Sir  Edmund  Nugent, 
Bart.,  and  the  dexter  supporter  of  Lord  Lanesborough  is 
also  a  cockatrice. 

The  Basilisk  is  the  same  creature  as  the  cockatrice, 
and  Plate  LXL,  Fig.  4,  which  shows  the  arms  of  the 
town  of  Basle  (German  Basel),  is  an  example  of  a  sup- 
porter blazoned  as  a  basilisk.  The  arms  are :  "  Argent,  a 
crosier  sable."  The  supporter  is  a  basilisk  vert,  ai-med 
and  jelloped  gules.  The  design,  which  is  signed  "  D.  S.," 
and  which,  as  will  be  seen,  is  dated  1 5 1 1 ,  is  really  a 
printer's  mark.  In  a  second  design  by  the  same  artist, 
and  used  for  the  same  purpose,  the  basilisk  is  holding 
the  shield  strap  in  its  beak. 

The  peculiar  shape  of  the  Basle  crosier,  it  may  be  here 
noticed,  is  to  be  found  on  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Council 
of  the  town  as  early  as  the  fifteenth  century  with  the 
legend  :  "  ►{<  S'  Consvlvm  Civitatis  Basiliensis."  The 
figure  is  borrowed  from  the  arms  of  the  Bishopric  of 
Basle,  which  shows :  "  Argent,  a  crosier  gules."  The 
crosier  gules  is  also  borne  by  the  Province  of  Basle 
(Basel-Landschaft).  The  canton  since  1833  has  been 
composed  of  the  town  of  Basle  (Basel-Stadt)  and  Basel- 
Landschaft,  and  the  arms  of  the  canton  show  both  on 
the  one  shield,  but  the  red  crosier  has  the  addition  of 
a  knob  on  the  top,  as  it  will  be  found  on  a  fourteenth- 
century  seal  of  the  little  town  of  Liestal,  now  the  prin- 
cipal town  of  Basle- Province. 

The  supporters  of  the  Plasterers'  Company,  which 
were  granted  with  the  arms  (January  15,  1556),  are: 
"Two  opimaci  (figures  very  similar  to  griffins)  vert 
pursted  (?  purfled)  or,  beaked  sable,  the  wings  gules." 
The  dexter  supporter  of  the  arms  of  Cape  Colony  is 
a  "  gnu  "  (Plate  LXL). 

The  zebra,  the  giraffe,  and  the  okapi  are  as  yet  un- 
claimed as  supporters,  though  the  giraffe,  under  the 
name  of  the  camelopard,  figures  in  some  number  of 
cases  as  a  crest,  and  there  is  at  least  one  instance 
(Kemsley)  of  a  zebra  as  a  crest.  The  ass,  though  there 
are  some  number  of  cases  in  which  it  appears  as  a  crest 
or  a  charge,  does  not  yet  figure  anywhere  as  a  supporter, 
nor  does  the  mule.  The  hyena,  the  sacred  cow  of 
India,  the  bison,  the  giant-sloth,  and  the  armadillo  are 
all  distinctive  animals  which  still  remain  to  be  with- 
drawn from  the  heraldic  "  lucky  bag  "  of  Garter.     The 


mythical  human-faced  winged  bull  of  Egyptian  myth- 
ology, the  harpy,  and  the  female  centaur  would  lend 
themselves  well  to  the  character  of  supporters. 

Robertson  of  Struan  has  no  supporters  matriculated 
with  his  arms,  and  it  is  difficult  to  say  for  what  length 
of  time  the  supporters  now  in  use  have  been  adopted. 
But  he  is  chief  of  his  name,  and  the  representative 
of  one  of  the  minor  barons,  so  that  there  is  no  doubt  that 
supporters  would  be  matriculated  to  him  if  he  cared  to 
apply.  Those  supporters  in  use,  viz.  "  Dexter,  a  serpent ; 
sinister,  a  dove,  the  heads  of  each  encircled  with  rays," 
must  surely  be  no  less  unique  than  is  the  strange  com- 
partment, "  a  wild  man  lying  in  chains,"  which  is  borne 
below  the  arms  of  Robertson,  and  which  was  granted 
to  his  ancestor  in  145 1  for  arresting  the  murderers  of 
King  James  I. 

The  supporters  belonging  to  the  city  of  Glasgow '  are 
also  unique,  being  two  salmon,  each  holding  a  signet- 
ring  in  the  mouth  (Plate  CXVIL). 

the  supporters  of  the  city  of  Waterford,  though  not 
recorded  in  Ulster's  Office,  have  been  long  enough  in 
use  to  ensure  their  official  "  confirmation "  if  a  request 
to  this  effect  were  to  be  properly  put  forward.  They 
are,  on  the  dexter  side  a  lion,  and  on  the  sinister  side 
a  dolphin.  Two  dolphins  azure,  finned  or,  are_  the 
supporters  of  the  Watermen  and  Lightermen's  Livery 
Company,  and  were  granted  1655. 


BIRDS  AS   SUPPORTERS 

Whilst  eagles  are  plentiful  as  supporters,  nevertheless 
if  eagles  are  eliminated  the  proportion  of  supporters 
which  are  birds  is  not  great. 

A  certain  variety  and  differentiation  is  obtained  by 
altering  the  position  of  the  wings,  noticeably  in  regard 
to  eagles,  but  these  differences  do  not  appear  to  be  by 
any  means  closely  adhered  to  by  artists  in  pictorial 
representations  of  armorial  bearings. 

The  arms  of  Nicolson  (Fig.  815)  afford  a  good  example 
of  eagles  "  close."  These  are  from  a  design  by  Mr.  G. 
W.  Eve.  The  arms  of  the  Bishop  of  Argyll  and  the 
Isles  (Fig.  816)  afford  examples  of  eagles  with  wings 
inverted,  from  designs  by  Mr.  J.  Forbes  Nixon. 

Fig.  817  ought  perhaps  more  properly  to  have  been 
placed  amongst  those  eagles  which,  appearing  as  single 
figures,  carry  shields  charged  upon  the  breast,  but  in 
the  present  case,  in  addition  to  the  shield  charged  upon 
it  in  the  usual  manner,  it  so  palpably  supports  the  two 
other  escutcheons,  that  we  are  tempted  to  include  it 
amongst  definite  supporters.  The  figure  represents  the 
arms  "of  the  free  city  of  Nllrnberg,  and  the  design  is 
reproduced  from  the  title-page  of  the  German  edition 
of  Andreas  Vesili's  Anatovvia,  printed  at  Nilrnberg 
in  1537.  The  eagle  is  that  of  the  German  Empire, 
carrying  on  its  breast  the  impaled  arms  of  Castile 
and  Austria.  The  shields  it  supports  may  now  be 
said  both  to  belong  to  NtU-nberg.  The  dexter  shield, 
which  is  the  coloured  seal  device  of  the  old  Imperial  city, 
is :  "  Azure,  a  harpy  (in  German  frauenacller  or  maiden 
eagle)  displayed  and  crowned  or."     The  sinister  shield 

'  Arms  of  Glasgow:  Argent,  on  a  mount  in  base  Terl  an  oak-tree 
proper,  the  stem  at  the  base  thereof  surmounted  by  a  salmon  on  its 
back  also  proper,  with  a  signet-ring  in  its  mouth  or,  on  the  top  of  the 
tree  a  redbreast,  and  in  the  sinister  fess  point  an  ancient  hand-bell, 
both  also  proper.  Above  the  shield  is  placed  a  suitable  helmet,  with  a 
mantling  gules,  doubled  argent;  and  issuing  from  a  wreath  of  the 
proper  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  the  half-length  figure  of  St.  Kentigern 
affronte,  vested  and  mitred,  his  right  hand  raised  in  the  act  of  bene- 
diction, and  having  in  his  left  hand  a  crosier,  all  proper  On  a  com- 
partment below  the  shield  are  placed  for  supporters,  two  salmon  proper, 
each  holding  in  its  mouth  a  signet-ring  or,  and  in  an  escroll  entwined 
with  the  compartment  this  motto,  "  Let  Glasgow  flourish." 


321 


2s 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


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322 


PLATE  cm. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


(which  may  more  properly  be  considered  the  real  arms 
of  Niirnberg)  is :  "  Per  pale  or,  a  double-headed  Imperial 


Herons :    "  On    either    side    a   heron   proper,   collared 


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eagle  displayed,  dimidiated  with  bendy  of  six  gules  and 
argent." 

The  supporters  of  Lord  Amherst  of  Hackney  are  two 


The  city  of  Calcutta,  to  which  arms  and  supporters 
were  granted  in  1896,  has  for  its  supporters  Adjutant 
Birds  (Fig.  818),  which  closely  approximate  to  storks. 


A.  C.  F-D.  AND  H.  S. 


323 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER     XXXI 


THE    COMPARTMENT 


A  COMPARTMENT  is  anything  depicted  below 
the  shield  as  a  foothold  or  resting-place  for  the 
supporters,  or  indeed  for  the  shield  itself. 
Sometimes  it  is  a  fixed  part  of  the  blazon  and  a  con- 
stituent part  of  the  heritable  heraldic  bearings.  At 
other  times  it  is  a  matter  of  mere  artistic  fancy,  and 
no  fixed  rules  exist  to  regulate  or  control  nor  even  to 
check  the  imagination  of  the  heraldic  artist.  The  fact 
remains  that  supporters  must  have  something  to  stand 
upon,  and  if  the  blazon  supplies  nothing,  the  discretion 
of  the  artist  is  allowed  considerable  laxity. 

On  the  subject  of  compartments  a  great  deal  of 
diversity  of  opinion  exists.  There  is  no  doubt  that  in 
early  days  and  earlj'  examples  supporters  were  placed 
to  stand  upon  some  secure  footing,  but  with  the  de- 
cadence of  heraldic  art  in  the  seventeenth  century  came 
the  introduction  of  the  gilded  "  freehand  copy  "  scroll 
with  which  we  are  so  painfully  familiar,  which  one 
writer  has  aptly  termed  the  heraldic  gas-bracket. 
Arising-  doubtless  from  and  following  upon  the  earlier 
habit  of  balancing  the  supporters  upon  the  unstable 
footing  afforded  by  the  edge  of  the  motto  scroll,  the 
"gas-bracket"  was  probably  accepted  as  less  open  to 
objection.  It  certainly  was  not  out  of  keeping  with  the 
heraldic  art  of  the  period  to  which  it  owed  its  evolution, 
or  with  the  style  of  armorial  design  of  which  it  formed 
a  part.  It  still  remains  the  accepted  and  "  official " 
style  and  type  in  England,  but  Scotland  and  Ireland 
have  discarded  it,  and  "  compartments "  in  those 
countries  are  now  depicted  of  a  nature  requiring  less 
gymnastic  ability  on  the  part  of  the  animals  to  which 
they  afford  a  foothold.  The  style  of  compartment  is 
practically  always  a  matter  of  artistic  taste  and  design. 
With  a  few  exceptions  it  is  always  entirely  disregarded 
in  the  blazon  of  the  patent,  and  the  necessity  of  some- 
thing for  the  supporters  to  stand  upon  is  as  much  an 
understood  thing  as  is  the  existence  of  a  shield  whereon 
the  arms  are  to  be  displayed.  But  as  the  shape  of  the 
shield  is  left  to  the  fancy  of  the  artist,  so  is  the 
character  of  the  compartment,  and  the  Lyon  Register 
nowadays  affords  examples  of  achievements  where  the 
supporters  stand  on  rocks  and  flowery  mounds  or  issue 
from  a  watery  abiding-place.  The  example  set  by  the 
Lyon  Register  has  been  eagerly  followed  by  most 
heraldic  artists. 

It  is  a  curious  commentary  upon  the  heraldic  art  of 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  and  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  centuries  that  whilst  the  gymnastic  capabili- 
ties of  animals  were  admitted  to  be  equal  to  "  tight- 
rope "  exhibitions  of  balaiioing  upon  the  ordinary  scroll, 
these  feats  were  not  considered  practicable  in  the  case 
of  human  beings,  for  whom  little  square  platforms  were 
always  provided.  Fig.  813,  which  gives  the  arms  of  the 
Earl  of  Mar  and  Kellie,  is  a  good  example  of  the  official 
"  gas-bracket,"  and  Fig.  8 1 9,  which  represents  the  sinister 
supporter  of  Lord  Scarsdale  (viz.  the  figure  of  Liber- 
ality represented  by  a  woman  habited  argent,  mantled 
purpure,  holding  a  cornucopia  proper)  shows  the 
method  by  which  platform  accommodation  was  pro- 
vided for  human  figures  when  acting  as  supporters. 
Fig.  812,  which  represents  the  achievement  of  Sir  George 
Duiif-Sutherland-Dunbar,  is  reproduced  direct  from  the 
painting  in  the  Lyon  Register,  and  is  a  good  example  of 
the  more  rational  treatment  supporters  now  receive. 


At  the  same  time  this  greater  freedom  of  design  may 
occasionally  lead  to  mistakes  in  relation  to  English 
supporters  and  their  compartments.  Following  upon 
the  English  practice  already  referred  to  of  differentiat- 
ing the  supporters  of  different  families,  it  has  apparently 
been  found  necessary  in  some  cases  to  place  the  sup- 
porters to  stand  upon  a  definite  object,  which  object 


Fig.  819. 

is  recited  in  tlie  blazon  and  becomes  an  integral  and 
unchangeable  portion  of  the  supporter.  Thus  Lord  Tor- 
rington's  supporters  are  each  placed  upon  dismounted 
ships'  guns  ["  Dexter,  an  heraldic  antelope  ermine, 
horned,  tusked,  nu^ned  and  hoofed  or,  standing  on  a 
ship  gun  proper ;  sinister,  a  sea-horse  proper,  on  a  like 
gun  "],  Lord  Hawke's  "■  dexter  supporter  rests  his  sinister 
foot  upon  a  dolphin,  and  Lord  Hersohell's  supporters 
each  stand  upon  a  fasces  ["  Supporters :  on  either  side 
a  stag  proper,  collared  azure,  standing  on  a  fasces  or  "]. 
The  supporters  of  Lord  Iveagh  each  rest  a  hind  foot 
upon  an  escutcheon  ["  Supporters :  on  either  side  a 
stag  gules,  attired  and  collared  gemel  or,  resting  the 
inner  hoof  on  an  escutcheon  vert  charged  with  a  lion 
rampant  of  the  second  "],  whilst  the  inner  hind  foot  of 
each  of  Lord  Burton's  supporters  rests  upon  a  stag's 
head  caboshed  proper.  Probably  absurdity  could  go  no 
further.  But  in  the  case  of  the  supporters  granted  to 
Cape  Town  (Fig.  820),  the  official  blazon  runs  as  follows : 
"  On  the  dexter  side,  standing  on  a  rook,  a  female  figure 
proper,  vested  ai-gent,  mantle  and  sandals  azure,  on  her 
head  an  estoile  radiated  or,  and  supporting  with  her 
exterior  hand  an  anchor  also  proper ;  and  on  the  sinister 
side,  standing  on  a  like  rock,  a  lion  rampant  guardant 
gules."     In  this  case  it  will  be  seen  that  the  rocks  form 

■^  Supporters  of  Lord  Hawke:  Dexter,  Neptune,  bis  mantle  of  a  sea- 
green  colour,  edged  argent,  crowned  with  an  Eastern  coronet  or,  his 
dexter  arm  erect,  darting  downwards  his  trident  sable,  beaded  silver, 
resting  his  sinister  foot  on  a  dolphin,  also  sable  ;  sinister,  a  sea-horse 
or,  sustaining  in  his  forefins  a  banner  argent,  the  staff  broken  proper. 


324 


PLATE   CIV. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


an  integral  part  of  the  supporters,  and  are  not  merely 
an  artistic  rendering  of  the  compartment.  The  illustra- 
tion, which  was  made  from  an  official  drawing  supplied 
from  the  Heralds'  College,  shows  the  curious  way  in 
which  the  motto  scroll  is  made  to  answer  the  purpose 
of  the  compartment. 

Occasionally  the  compartment  itself — as  a  thing 
apart  from  the  supporters — receives  attention  in  the 
blazon,  e.g.  in  the  case  of  the  arms  of  Baron  de  Worms, 
which  are  of  foreign  origin,  recorded  in  this  country  by 


having  the  right  to  supporters,  and  doubtless  those  in 
use  have  originated  in  the  old  artistic  custom,  previously 
referred  to,  of  putting  escutcheons  of  arms  under  the 
guardianship  of  angels.  They  may  be  so  deciphered 
upon  an  old  stone  carving  upon  one  of  the  municipal 
buildings  in  that  city.  The  result  has  been  that  two 
angels  have  been  regularly  adopted  as  the  heraldic 
supporters  of  the  city  arms.  The  point  that  renders 
them  worthy  of  notice  is  that  they  are  invariably  repre- 
sented each  standing  upon  its  own  little  pile  of  clouds. 


Fig.  S20. — Arms  of  Cape  Town :  Or,  an  anchor  erect  sable,  stock  proper,  from  the  ring  a  riband  flowing 
azure,  and  suspended  therefrom  an  escocheon  gules  charged  with  three  annulets  of  the  field  ;  and  for 
the  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  upon  the  battlements  of  a  tower  proper,  a  trident  in  bend 
dexter  or,  stu-mounted  by  an  anchor  and  cable  in  bend  sinister  sable. 


Koyal  Warrant.  His  supporters  are:  "On  a  bronze 
compartment,  on  either  side  a  lion  gold,  collared  and 
chained  or,  and  pendent  from  the  compartment  a 
golden  scroU,  thereon  in  letters  gules  the  motto, 
'  Viactus  non  victus.' " 

In  the  Royal  Arms  of  the  United  Kingdom  the 
motto  "  Dieu  et  mon  Droit "  is  required  to  be  on  the 
compartment  below  the  shield,  and  thereon  the  Union 
Badge  of  the  Rose,  Thistle,  and  Shamrock  engrafted  on 
the  same  stem. 

The  city  of  Norwich  is   not  officially  recognised  as 


The  arms  of  the  Royal  Burgh  of  Montrose  (Forfar- 
shire) aftbrd  an  official  instance  of  another  variety  in 
the  way  of  a  compartment,  which  is  a  fixed  matter  of 
blazon  and  not  depending  upon  artistic  fancy.  The 
entry  in  Lyon  Register  is  as  follows : — 

"The  Royal  Burgh  of  Montrose  gives  for  Ensignes 
Armoriall,  Argent,  a  rose  gules.  The  shield  adorned 
with  helmet,  mantling,  and  wreath  suteable  thereto. 
And  for  a  crest,  a  hand  issuing  from  a  cloud  and  reach- 
ing down  a  garland  of  roses  proper,  supported  by  two  mer- 
maids aryseing  from  the  sea  proper.     The  motto,  '  Mare 


325 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ditat  Rosa  decorat.'  And  for  a  revers,  Gules,  St.  Peter 
on  the  cross  proper,  with  the  keyes  hanging  at  his 
girdle  or.  Which  Arms,  &c.,  Ext.  Decern ber  i6, 
1694." 

An  English  example  may  be  found  in  the  case  of  the 
arms  of  Boston,''  which  are  depicted  with  the  supporters 
(again  two  mermaids)  rising  from  the  sea,  though  to 
what  extent  the  sea  is  a  fixed  and  unchangeable  part  of 
the  achievement  in  this  case  is  less  a  matter  of  certainty. 

Probabl}'  of  all  the  curious  "supporters"  to  be  found  in 
British  armory,  those  of  the  city  of  Southampton  (Plate 
LXIV.)  must  be  admitted  to^  be  the  most  unusual.  As 
far  as  the  actual  usage  of  the  arms  by  the  corporation  is 
concerned,  one  seldom  if  ever  sees  more  than  the  simple 
shield  employed.  This  bears  the  arms :  "  Per  fess  gules 
and  argent,  three  roses  counterchanged."  But  in  the 
official  record  of  the  arms  in  onB  of  the  Visitation 
books  a  crest  is  added,  namely :  "  Upon  a  mount  vert,  a 
double  tower  or,  and  issuing  from  the  upper  battle- 
ments thereof  a  demi-female  affronte  proper,  vested 
purpura,  crined  and  crowned  with  an  Eastern  coronet 
also  or,  holding  in  her  dexter  hand  a  sword  erect  point 
upwards  argent,  pommel  and  hilt  of  the  second,  and  in 
her  sinister  hand  a  balance  sable,  the  pans  gold.  The 
shield  in  the  Visitation  book  rests  upon  a  mount  vert, 
issuing  from  waves  of  the  sea,  and  thereupon  placed 
on  either  side  of  the  escutcheon  a  ship  of  two  masts  at 
anchor,  the  sails  furled  all  proper,  the  round  top  or, 
and  from  each  masthead  flying  a  banner  of  St.  George, 
and  upon  the  stern  of  each  vessel  a  lion  rampant  or, 
supporting  the  escutcheon. 

from  the  fact  that  in  England  the  compartment  is 
so  much  a  matter  of  course,  it  is  scarcely  ever  alluded 
to,  and  the  term  "  Compartment "  is  practically  one 
peculiar  to  Scottish  heraldry.  It  does  not  appear  to  be 
a  very  ancient  heraldic  appendage,  and  was  probably 
found  to  be  a  convenient  arrangement  when  shields 
were  depicted  erect  instead  of  couche,  so  as  to  supply  a 
resting-place  (or  standpoint)  for  the  supporters.  In  a 
few  instances  the  compartment  appears  on  seals  with 
couche  shields,  on  which,  however,  the  supporters  are 
usually  represented  as  resting  on  the  sides  of  the 
escutcheon,  and  bearing  up  the  helmet  and  crest,  as 
already  mentioned.  Sir  George  Mackenzie  conjectures 
that  the  compartment  "represents  the  bearer's  land  and 
territories,  though  sometimes  (he  adds)  it  is  bestowed 
in  recompense  of  some  honourable  action."  Thus  the 
Earls  of  Douglas  are  said  to  have  obtained  the  privilege 
of  placing  their  supporters  with  a  pale  of  wood  wreathed, 
because  the  doughty  lord,  in  the  reign  of  King  Robert 
the  Bruce,  defeated  the  English  in  Jedburgh  Forest,  and 
"  caused  wreathe  and  impale,"  during  the  night,  that 
part  of  the  wood  by  which  he  conjectured  they  might 
make  their  escape.  Such  a  fenced  compartment  appears 
on  the  seal  of  James  Douglas,  second  Earl  of  Angus, 
"  Dominus  de  Abernethie  et  Jedworth  Forest"  (1434), 
on  that  of  George  Douglas,  fourth  Earl  (1459),  and  also 
on  those  of  several  of  his  successors  in  the  earldom 
(1511-1617).      A  still   earlier  example,  however,  of  a 

^  Arms  of  Boston :  Sable,  fcliree  coronets  composed  of  crosses  patte 
and  fleurs-de-lis  in  pale  or.  Crest :  A  woolpack  charged  with  a  ram 
couchant  all  proper,  ducally  crowned  azure. 


compartment  "  representing  a  park  with  trees,  &c., 
enclosed  by  a  wattled  fence,"  occurs  on  the  seal  of 
Walter  Stewart,  Earl  of  Atholl  (e.  1430),  where  the 
escutcheon  is  placed  in  the  entrance  to  the  park 
between  two  trees.  Nisbet  refers  to  a  seal  of  William, 
first  Earl  of  Douglas  (1377),  exhibiting  a  single  sup- 
porter (a  lion)  "sitting  on  a  compartment  like  to  a 
rising  ground,  with  a  tree  growing  out  of  it,  and  seme 
of  hearts,  mullets,  and  cross  crosslets,"  these  being  the 
charges  of  Douglas  and  Mar  in  the  escutcheon. 

According  to  Sir  George  Mackenzie,  these  compart- 
ments were  usually  allowed  only  to  sovereign  princes ; 
and  he  further  informs  us  that,  besides  the  Douglases, 
he  knows  of  no  other  subject  in  Britain,  except  the  Earl 
of  Perth,  whose  arms  stand  upon  a  compartment.  In 
the  case  of  the  Perth  family,  the  compartment  consists 
of  a  green  hill  or  mount,  seme  of  caltraps  ■=  (or  cheval- 
traps),  with  the  relative  motto,  "  Gang  warily,"  above 
the  achievement.  "  Albeit  of  late,"  says  Mackenzie, 
"  compartments  are  become  more  common,  and  some 
families  in  Scotland  have  some  creatures  upon  which 
their  achievement  stand,  as  the  Laird  of  Dundas, 
whose  achievement  has  for  many  hundreds  of  years 
stood  upon  a  salamander  in  flames  proper  (a  device  of 
the  kings  of  France),  and  Robertson  of  Struan  has  a 
monstrous  man  lying  under  the  escutcheon  chained, 
which  was  given  him  for  his  taking  the  murderer  of 
James  I.  .  .  ."  Such  figures,  however,  as  Nisbet  re- 
marks, cannot  properly  be  called  compartments,  having 
rather  the  character  of  devices ;  while,  in  the  case  of 
the  Struan  achievement,  the  chained  man  would  be 
more  accurately  described  as  "an  honourable  supporter." 
Sir  George  Mackenzie  engraves  "  the  coat  of  Denham 
of  ould,"  viz.  a  stag's  head  "  caboshed,"  below  a  shield 
couche  charged  with  three  lozenges,  or  fusils,  conjoined 
in  bend.  In  like  manner,  Nisbet  represents  the  crest 
and  motto  of  the  Scotts  of  Thirlstane,  "  by  way  of 
compartment,"  below  the  escutcheon  of  Lord  Napier, 
and  a  blazing  star,  with  the  legend,  "  Luceo  boreale," 
under  that  of  Captain  Robert  Seton,  of  the  family  of 
Meldrum  ;  while  in  the  case  of  the  illumination  which 
accompanies  the  latest  entry  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
Lyon  Register  (1804),  relative  to  the  arms  of  John 
Hepburn  Belshes  of  Invermay,  the  trunk  of  an  oak- 
tree  sprouting  forth  anew  is  placed  on  a  compartment 
under  the  shield,  with  the  motto,  "  Revirescit." 

Two  other  instances  of  regular  compartments  are 
mentioned  by  Nisbet,  viz.  those  carried  by  the  Mac- 
farlanes  of  that  Ilk  and  the  Ogilvies  of  Innerquharity. 
The  former  consists  of  a  wavy  representation  of  Loch 
Sloy,  the  gathering-place  of  the  clan,  which  word  is 
also  inscribed  on  the  compartment  as  their  cri  de  guerre 
or  slogan;  while  the  latter  is  a  "green  hill  or  rising 
terrace,"  on  which  are  placed  two  serpents,  "nowed," 
spouting  fire,  and  the  motto,  "Terrena  pericula 
sperno."  For  some  of  the  foregoing  instances  I  am 
indebted  to  Seton's  well-known  "  Law  and  Practice  of 
Heraldry  in  Scotland." 

A.  C.  F-D. 

*=  The  caltrap  was  an  instrument  thrown  on  the  ground  to  injure  the 
feet  of  horses,  and  consisted  of  four  iron  spikes,  of  which  one  always 
pointed  upwards. 


326 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XXXII 


MOTTOES 


TO  the  uninitiated,  the  subject  of  the  motto  of  a 
family  has  a  far  greater  importance  than  is  con- 
ceded to  it  by  those  who  have  spent  any  time  in 
the  study  of  armory.  Perhaps  it  may  clear  the  ground 
if  the  rules  presently  in  force  are  first  recited.  It  should 
be  carefully  observed  that  the  status  of  the  motto  is 
vastly  different  in  England  and  in  other  countries. 
Except  in  the  cases  of  impersonal  arms  (and  not  always 
then),  the  motto  is  never  mentioned  or  alluded  to  in 
the  terms  of  the  patent  in  a  grant  of  arms  in  England ; 
consequently  they  are  not  a  part  of  the  "  estate  "  created 
by  the  Letters  Patent,  though  if  it  be  desired  a  motto 
will  always  be  painted  below  the  emblazonment  in  the 
margin  of  the  patent.  Briefly  speaking,  the  position  in 
England  with  regard  to  personal  armorial  bearings  is 
that  mottoes  are  not  hereditary  nor  are  they  made  the 
subject  of  grant.  No  one  is  compelled  to  bear  one, 
nor  is  any  authority  needed  for  the  adoption  of  a  motto, 
the  matter  is  left  purely  to  the  personal  pleasure  of 
every  person ;  but  if  that  person  elects  to  use  a  motto, 
the  of&cers  of  arms  are  perfectly  willing  to  paint  any 
motto  he  may  chose  upon  his  grant,  and  to  add  it  to 
the  record  of  his  arms  in  their  books.  There  is  no 
necessity  expressed  or  implied  to  use  a  motto  at  all, 
nor  is  the  slightest  control  exercised  over  the  selection 
or  change  of  mottoes,  though,  as  would  naturally  be 
expected,  the  officers  of  arms  would  decline  to  record 
to  any  private  person  any  motto  which  might  have  been 
appropriated  to  the  sovereign  or  to  any  of  the  orders  of 
knighthood.  In  the  same  way  no  control  is  exercised 
over  the  position  in  which  the  motto  is  to  be  carried 
or  the  manner  in  which  it  is  to  be  displayed.  In 
Scotland,  however,  the  matter  is  on  an  entirely  different 
footing.  The  motto  is  included  within  the  terms  of 
the  patent,  and  is  consequently  made  the  subject  of 
grant.  It  therefore  becomes  inalienable  and  unchange- 
able without  a  rematriculation,  and  a  Scottish  patent 
moreover  always  specifies  the  position  in  which  the 
motto  is  to  be  carried.  This  is  usually  "  in  an  escroll 
over  the  same"  (i.e.  over  the  crest),  though  occasion- 
ally it  is  stated  to  be  borne  on  "  a  compartment  below 
the  arms."  The  matter  in  Ireland  is  not  quite  the 
same  as  in  either  Scotland  or  England.  Sometimes 
the  motto  is  expressed  in  the  patent — in  fact  this  is 
the  most  usual  alternative^but  it  is  not  a  universal 
rule,  and  to  a  certain  extent  the  English  permissive- 
ness is  recognised.  Possibly  the  subject  can  be  summed 
up  in  the  remark  that  if  any  motto  has  been  granted 
or  is  recorded  with  a  particular  coat  of  arms  in  Ireland, 
it  is  expected  that  that  shall  be  the  motto  to  be  made 
use  of  therewith.  As  a  general  practice  the  use  of 
mottoes  in  England  did  not  become  general  until  the 
eighteenth  century — in  fact  there  are  very  few,  if  any, 
grants  of  an  earlier  date  on  which  a  motto  appears. 
The  majority,  well  on  towards  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  had  no  motto  added,  and  many 
patents  are  still  issued  without  such  an  addition.  With 
rare  exceptions,  no  mottoes  are  to  be  met  with  in  the 
Visitation  books,  and  it  does  not  appear  that  at  the 
time  of  the  Visitations  the  motto  was  considered  to 
be  essentially  a  part  of  the  armorial  bearings.  The 
one  or  two  exceptions  which  I  have  met  with  where 
mottoes  are  to  be  found  on  Visitation  pedigrees  are  in 
every  case  the  arms  of  a  peer.     There  are  at  least  two 


such  in  the  Yorkshire  Visitation  of  1587,  and  probably 
it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  majority  of  peers 
at  that  period  had  begun  to  make  use  of  these  addi- 
tions to  their  arms.  Unfortunately  we  have  no  exact 
means  of  deciding  the  point,  because  peers  were  not 
compelled  to  attend  a  Visitation,  and  there  are  but  few 
cases  in  which  the  arms  or  pedigree  of  a  peer  figure 
in  the  Visitation  books.  In  isolated  cases  the  use  of 
a  motto  can,  however,  be  traced  back  to  an  even  earlier 
period.  There  are  several  instances  to  be  met  with 
upon  the  early  Garter  plates. 

Many  writers  have  traced  the  origin  of  mottoes  to 
the  "slogan"  or  war-cry  of  battle,  and  there  is  no 
doubt  whatever  that  instances  can  be  found  in  which 
an  ancient  war-cry  has  become  a  family  motto.  For 
example,  one  can  refer  to  the  Fitzgerald  "  Crom-a-boo  "  : 
other  instances  can  be  found  amongst  some  of  the 
Highland  families,  but  the  fact  that  many  well-known 
war-cries  of  ancient  days  never  became  perpetuated  as 
mottoes,  and  also  the  fact  that  by  far  the  greater  majority 
of  mottoes,  even  at  a  much  earlier  period  than  the 
present  day,  cannot  by  any  possibility  have  ever  been 
used  for  or  have  originated  with  the  purposes  of  battle- 
cries,  inclines  me  to  believe  that  such  a  suggested  origin 
for  the  motto  in  general  is  without  adequate  founda- 
tion. There  can  be  little  if  any  connection  between 
the  war-cry  as  such  and  the  motto  as  such.  The  real 
origin  would  appear  to  be  more  correctly  traced  back 
to  the  badge.  As  will  be  found  explained  elsewhere, 
the  badge  was  some  simple  device  used  for  personal 
and  household  purposes  and  seldom  for  war,  except 
by  persons  who  used  the  badge  of  the  leader  they  fol- 
lowed. No  man  wore  his  own  badge  in  battle.  It  gener- 
ally partook  of  the  nature  of  what  ancient  writers  would 
term  "  a  quaint  conceit,"  and  much  ingenuity  seems  to 
have  been  expended  in  devising  badges  and  mottoes 
which  should  at  the  same  time  be  distinctive  and 
should  equally  be  or  convey  an  index  or  suggestion  of 
the  name  and  family  of  the  owner.  Many  of  these 
badges  are  found  in  conjunction  with  words,  mottoes, 
and  phrases,  and  as  the  distinction  between  the  badge 
in  general  and  the  crest  in  general  slowly  became  less 
apparent,  they  eventually  in  practice  became  inter- 
changeable devices,  if  the  same  device  did  not  happen 
to  be  used  for  both  purposes.  Consequently  the  motto 
from  the  badge  became  attached  to  the  crest,  and  was 
thence  transferred  to  its  present  connection  with  the 
coat  of  arms.  Just  as  at  the  present  time  a  man  may 
and  often  does  adopt  a  maxim  upon  which  he  will  model 
his  life,  some  pithy  proverb,  or  some  trite  observation, 
without  any  question  or  reference  to  armorial  bearings 
— so,  in  the  old  days,  when  learning  was  less  diffuse 
and  when  proverbs  and  sayings  had  a  wider  acceptance 
and  vogue  than  at  present,  did  many  families  and  many 
men  adopt  for  their  use  some  form  of  words.  We  find 
these  words  carved  on  furniture,  set  up  on  a  cornice, 
cut  in  stone,  and  embroidered  upon  standards  and 
banners,  and  it  is  to  this  custom  that  we  should  look 
for  the  beginning  of  the  use  of  mottoes.  But  because 
such  words  were  afterwards  in  later  generations  given 
an  armorial  status,  it  is  not  justifiable  to  presume  such 
status  for  them  from  their  beginnings.  The  fact  that 
a  man  put  his  badges  on  the  standard  that  he  carried 
into  battle,  and  with  his  badges  placed  the  mottoes  that 


327 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


thereto  belonged,  has  led  many  people  mistakenly  to 
believe  that  these  mottoes  were  designed  for  war-cries 
and  for  use  in  battle.     That  was  not  the  case. 

With  regard  to  the  mottoes  in  use  at  the  moment, 
some  of  course  can  be  traced  to  a  remote  period,  and 
many  of  the  later  ones  have  interesting  legends  con- 
nected therewith.  Of  mottoes  of  this  character  may 
be  instanced  the  "  Jour  de  ma  vie  "  of  West,  which  was 
formerly  the  motto  of  the  La  Warr  family,  adopted  to 
commemorate  the  capture  of  the  King  of  France  at  the 
battle  of  Poictiers.  There  are  many  other  mottoes  of 
this  character,  amongst  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
"  Grip  fast "  of  the  Leslies,  the  origin  of  which  is  well 
known.  But  though  many  mottoes  relate  to  incidents 
in  the  remote  past,  true  or  mythical,  the  motto  and 
the  incident  are  seldom  contemporary.  Nothing  would 
be  gained  by  a  recital  of  a  long  list  of  mottoes, 
but  I  cannot  forbear  from  quoting  certain  curious 
examples  which  by  their  very  weirdness  must  excite 
curiosity  as  to  their  origin.  A  family  of  Martin 
used  the  singular  words,  "  He  who  looks  at  Martin's 
ape,  Martin's  ape  shall  look  at  him,"  whilst  the  Curzons 
use,  "Let  Curzon  hold  what  Curzon  helde."  The  Cranston 
motto  is  still  more  grasping,  being,  "  Thou  shalt  want 
ere  I  want;"  but  probably  the  motto  of  Dakyns  is  the 
most  mysterious  of  all,  "  Strike  Dakyns,  the  devil's  in 
the  hempe."  The  motto  of  Corbet,  "Deus  pascit  corvos," 
evidently  alludes  to  the  raven  or  ravens  (corby  crows) 
upon  the  shield.  The  mottoes  of  Traffbrd,  "  Now  thus," 
and  "  Gripe  griffin,  hold  fast ; "  the  curious  PUking- 
ton  motto,  "Pilkington  Pailedown,  the  master  mows 
the  meadows;"  and  the  "Serva  jugum"  of  Hay 
have  been  the  foundation  of  many  legends.  The 
"Fuimus"  of  the  Bruce  family  is  a  pathetic  allusion 
to  the  fact  that  they  were  once  kings,  but  the  majority 
of  ancient  mottoes  partake  rather  of  the  nature  of  a 
pun  upon  the  name,  which  fact  is  but  an  additional 
argument  towards  the  supposition  that  the  motto  has 
more  relation  to  the  badge  than  to  any  other  part 
of  the  armorial  bearings.  Of  mottoes  which  have  a 
punning  character  may  be  mentioned  "Mon  Dieu  est 
ma  roche,"  which  is  the  motto  of  Roche,  Lord  Fermoy ; 
"  Cavendo  tutus,"  which  is  the  motto  of  Cavendish ; 
"  Forte  scutum  salus  ducum,"  which  is  the  motto  of 
Fortescue ;  "  Set  on,"  which  is  the  motto  of  Seton ;  and 
"Ver  non  semper  veret,"  the  well-known  pun  of  the 
Vernons.  Another  is  the  apocryphal  "  Quid  rides " 
which  Theodore  Hook  sug^-ested  for  the  wealthy  and 
retired  tobacconist.  This  punning  character  has  of  late 
obtained  much  favour,  and  wherever  a  name  lends  it- 
self to  a  pun  the  effort  seems  nowadays  to  be  made  that 
the  motto  shall  be  of  this  nature.  Perhaps  the  best 
pun  which  exists  is  to  be  found  in  the  motto  of  the 
Barnard  family,  who,  with  arms  "  Argent,  a  bear 
rampant  sable,  muzzled  or,"  and  crest  "A  demi-bear  as 
in  the  arms,"  use  for  the  motto,  "  Bear  and  Forbear,"  or 
in  Latin,  as  it  is  sometimes  used,  "  Fer  et  perfer."  Others 
that  may  be  alluded  to  are  the  "  What  I  win  I  keep  " 
of  Winlaw;  the  "Libertas"  of  Liberty;  the  "  Ubi  crux 
ibi  lux  "  of  Sir  William  Crookes ;  the  "  Bear  thee  well " 
of  Bardwell ;  the  "  Gare  le  pied  fort "  of  Bedford ;  the 


"  Gare  la  bete  "  of  Garbett ;  and  the  "  Cave  Deus  videt " 
of  Cave.  Other  mottoes — and  they  are  a  large  pro- 
portion— are  of  some  saintly  and  religious  tendency. 
However  desirable  and  acceptable  they  may  be,  and 
however  accurately  they  may  apply  to  the  first  possessor, 
they  sometimes  are  sadly  inappropriate  to  later  and 
more  degenerate  successors. 

In  Germany,  a  distinction  appears  to  be  drawn 
between  their  "  Wahlspruche "  (i.e.  those  which  are 
merely  dictated  by  personal  choice)  and  the  "  armorial 
mottoes"  which  remained  constantly  and  heritably 
attached  to  the  armorial  bearings,  such  as  the  "Gott 
mit  uns "  ("  God  with  us  ")  of  Prussia  and  the  "  Nihil 
sine  Deus  "  of  Hohenzollern. 

The  Initial  or  Riddle  Mottoes  appear  to  be  peculiar 
to  Germany.  Well-known  examples  of  these  curiosities 
are  the  "  W.  G.  W."  (i.e.  "  Wie  Gott  will"— "As  God 
wills  "),  or  "  W.  D.  W."  (i.e.  "  Wie  du  willst " — "  As  thou 
wilt "),  which  are  both  frequently  to  be  met  with.  The 
strange  but  well-known  alphabet  or  vowel -motto 
"  A.  E.  I.  O.  V  "  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  III.  has  been 
variously  translated,  "  Aquila  Electa  Juste  Omnia 
Vincit"  ("The  chosen  eagle  vanquishes  all  by  right"), 
"  AUer  Ehren  1st  Oesterrich  Voll "  ("  Austria  is  full 
of  every  honour"),  or  perhaps  with  more  likelihood, 
"  Austria  Est  Imperare  Orbe  Universo  "  ("  All  the  earth 
is  subject  to  Austria"). 

The  cri-de-guerre  both  as  a  heraldic  fact  and  as  an 
armorial  term,  is  peculiar,  and  exclusively  so,  to  British 
and  French  heraldry.  The  national  cri-de-guerre  of 
France,  "  Montjoye  Saint  Denis,"  appeared  above  the 
pavilion  in  the  old  Royal  Arms  of  France,  and  probably 
the  English  Royal  motto,  "  Dieu  et  mon  Droit,"  is 
correctly  traced  to  a  similar  origin.  A  distinction  is 
still  made  in  modern  heraldry  between  the  cri-de- 
guerre  and  the  motto,  inasmuch  as  it  is  considered 
that  the  former  should  always  of  necessity  surmount 
the  crest.  This  is  very  generally  adhered  to  in  Scot- 
land in  the  cases  where  both  a  motto  and  a  cri-de- 
guerre  (or,  as  it  is  frequently  termed  in  that  country, 
a  "  slogan ")  exist  the  motto,  contrary  to  the  usual 
Scottish  practice,  being  then  placed  below  the  shield. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  general  knowledge  of  this  fact 
will  not,  however,  result  in  the  description  of  every 
motto  found  above  a  crest  as  a  cri-de-guerre,  and 
certainly  the  concentrated  piety  now  so  much  in  favovir 
in  England  for  the  purposes  of  a  motto  can  be  quite 
fitly  left  below  the  shield. 

Artists  do  not  look  kindly  on  the  motto  for  decora- 
tive purposes.  It  is  usually  depicted  in  heraldic 
emblazonment  in  black  letters  upon  a  white  scroll, 
tinted  and  shaded  with  pink,  but  with  the  present 
revival  of  heraldic  art,  it  has  become  more  general 
to  paint  the  motto  ribbon  in  conformity  with  the 
colour  of  the  field,  the  letters  being  often  shown  thereon 
in  gold.  The  colour  and  shape  of  the  motto  ribbon, 
however,  are  governed  by  no  heraldic  laws,  and  except 
in  Scottish  examples  should  be  left  as  they  are 
purely  unimportant  accessories  of  the  achievement, 
wholly  at  the  discretion  of  the  artist. 

A.  C.  F-D.  AND  H.  S. 


328 


PLATE   CV. 


±_V 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XXXIII 


BADGES 


THE  exact  status  of  the  badge  in  this  country,  to 
which  it  is  pecuhar,  has  been  very  much  mis- 
understood. This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  evolution  of  the  badge  was  gradual,  and  that 
its  importance  increased  unconscious^.  Badges  do  not 
appear  to  have  ever  been  made  the  subjects  of  grants, 
and  the  instances  which  can  be  referred  to  showing  their 
control,  or  attempted  control,  by  the  Crown  are  very 
rare  indeed.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  Crown  seems  to 
have  perhaps  purposel}'  ignored  them.  They  are  not, 
as  we  know  them,  found  in  the  earhest  times  of  heraldry, 
unless  we  are  to  presume  their  existence  from  early  seals, 
many  of  which  show  isolated  charges  taken  from  the 
arms;  for  if  in  the  cases  where  such  charges  appear 
upon  the  seals  we  are  to  accept  those  seals  as  proofs  of 
the  contemporary  existence  of  those  devices  as  heraldic 
badges,  we  should  often  be  led  into  strange  conclusions. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  these  isolated  devices  which 
are  met  with  were  not  only  a  part  of  the  arms,  but  in 
many  oases  the  origin  of  the  arms.  Devices  possessing 
a  more  or  less  personal  possessive  character  occur  in 
many  cases  before  record  of  the  arms  they  later 
developed  into  can  be  traced.  This  will  be  noticed  in 
relation  to  the  arms  of  Swinton,  to  which  reference  is 
made  elsewhere.  If  these  are  badges,  then  badges  go  back 
to  an  earlier  date  than  arms.  Such  devices  occur  many 
centuries  before  such  a  thing  as  a  shield  of  arms  existed. 

The  Heraldic  Badge,  as  ive  know  it,  came  into  general 
use  about  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  that  is,  the  heraldic 
badge  as  a  separate  matter  having  a  distinct  existence 
in  addition  to  concurrent  arms,  and  having  at  the  same 
time  a  distinctly  heraldic  character.  But  long  before 
that  date,  badges  are  found  with  an  allied  reference 
to  a  particular  person,  which  very  possibly  are  rightly 
included  in  any  enumeration  of  badges.  Of  such  a 
character  is  the  badge  of  the  broom  plant,  which  is 
found  upon  the  tomb  of  Geoffrey,  Count  of  Anjou,  from 
which  badge  the  name  of  the  Plantagenet  dynasty 
originated  (Plantagenet,  by  the  way,  was  never  a 
personal  surname,  but  was  the  name  of  the  dynasty). 

It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  at  that  early  period  there 
existed  the  opportrunity  for  the  use  of  heraldic  badges. 
At  the  same  time,  as  far  back  as  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
— and  some  writers  would  take  examples  of  a  still  more 
remote  period — these  badges  were  depicted  upon 
banners,  for  Richard  I.  appears  to  have  had  a  dragon 
upon  one  of  his  banners. 

These  banner  decorations,  which  at  a  later  date  have 
been  often  accepted  as  badges,  can  hardly  be  quite  pro- 
perly so  described,  for  there  are  many  cases  where  no 
other  proof  of  usage  can  be  found,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
that  many  such  are  instances  of  no  more  than  banners 
prepared  for  specific  purposes ;  and  the  record  of  such 
and  such  a  banner  cannot  necessarily  carry  proof  that 
the  owner  of  the  banner  claimed  or  used  the  objects 
depicted  thereupon  as  personal  badges.  If  they  are  to 
Jdc  so  included  some  individuals  must  have  revelled  in 
a  multitude  of  badges. 

But  the  difficulty  in  deciding  the  point  very  greatly 
depends  upon  the  definition  of  the  badge;  and  if  we 
are  to  take  the  definition  according  to  the  manner  of 
acceptance  and  usage  at  the  period  when  the  use  of 
badges  was  greatest,  then  many  of  the  earliest  cannot 
be  taken  as  coming  within  the  limits. 


In  later  Plantagenet  days,  badges  were  of  consider- 
able importance,  and  certain  characteristics  are  plainly 
marked.  They  were  never  worn  by  the  owner — in  the 
sense  in  which  he  carried  his  shield,  or  bore  his  crest ; 
they  were  his  sign-mark  indicative  of  ownership ;  they 
were  stamped  upon  his  belongings  in  the  same  way  in 
which  Government  property  is  marked  with  the  broad 
arrow,  and  they  were  worn  by  his  servants.  They 
were  worn  by  his  retainers  and  very  probably  worn 
more  or  less  temporarily  by  adherents  of  bis  party  if  he 
were  big  enough  to  lead  a  party  in  the  State.  At  all 
times  badges  had  very  extensive  decorative  use. 

There  was  never  any  fixed  form  for  the  badge ;  there 
was  never  any  fixed  manner  of  usage.  I  can  find  no 
fixed  laws  of  inheritance,  no  common  method  of 
assumption.  In  fact  the  use  of  a  badge,  in  the  days 
when  everybody  who  was  anybody  possessed  arms,  was 
quite  subsidiary  to  the  arms,  and  very  much  akin  to  the 
manner  in  which  nowadays  monograms  are  made  use 
of.  At  the  same  time  care  must  be  taken  to  distinguish 
the  "  badge "  from  the  "  rebus,"  and  also  from  the 
temporary  devices  which  we  read  about  as  having  been 
so  often  adopted  for  the  purpose  of  the  tournament 
when  the  combatant  desired  his  identity  to  be  con- 
cealed. Modern  novelists  and  poets  give  us  plenty  of 
illustrations  of  the  latter  kind,  but  proof  of  the  fact 
even  that  they  were  ever  adopted  in  that  form  is  by  no 
means  easy  to  find,  though  their  professedly  temporary 
nature  of  course  militates  against  the  likelihood  of 
contemporary  record.  The  rebus  had  never  an  heraldic 
status,  and  it  had  seldom  more  than  a  temporary  exist- 
ence. A  fanciful  device  adopted  (we  hear  of  many  such 
instances)  for  the  temporary  purpose  of  a  tournament 
could  generally  be  so  classed,  but  the  rebus  proper  has 
some  device,  usually  a  pictorial  rendering  of  the  name  of 
the  person  for  whom  it  stood.  In  such  form  would  be 
included  printers'  and  masons'  marks,  but  probably  the 
definition  of  Dr.  Johnson  of  the  word  rebus,  as  a  word 
represented  by  a  picture,  is  as  good  a  definition  and  de- 
scription as  can  be  given.  The  rebus  in  its  nature  is  a 
different  thing,  and  may  best  be  described  as  a  pictorial 
signature,  the  most  frequent  occasion  for  its  use  being 
in  architectural  surroundings,  where  it  was  frequently 
introduced  as  a  pun  upon  some  name  which  it  was 
desired  to  perpetuate.  The  best-known  and  perhaps 
the  most  typical  and  characteristic  rebus  is  that  of  Islip, 
the  builder  of  part  of  Westminster  Abbey.  Here  the 
pictured  punning  representation  of  his  name  had 
nothing  to  do  with  his  armorial  bearings  or  personal 
badge;  but  the  great  difficulty,  in  deaUng  with  both 
badges  and  rebuses,  is  the  difficulty  of  knowing  which  is 
which,  for  very  frequently  the  same  or  a  similar  device 
was  used  for  both  purposes.  Parker,  in  his  glossary  of 
heraldic  terms,  gives  several  typical  examples  of  rebuses 
which  very  aptly  illustrate  their  status  and  meaning. 
At  Lincoln  College  at  Oxford,  and  on  other  buildings 
connected  with  Thomas  Beckynton,  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  will  be  found  carved  the  rebus  of  a  beacon  issuing 
from  a  tun.  This  is  found  in  conjunction  with  the  letter 
T  for  his  Christian  name,  Thomas,  but  this  design  was 
not  his  coat  of  arms,  and  was  not  his  crest,  nor  was  it 
his  badge.  Another  rebus  which  is  found  at  Canterbury 
shows  an  ox  and  the  letters  N,  E,  as  the  rebus  of  John 
Oxney.     A  rebus  which  indicates   Thomas   Conyston, 


329 


2  T 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Abbot  of  Cirencester,  which  can  be  fonud  in  Gloucester 
Cathedral,  is  a  comb  and  a  tun,  and  the  printer's  mark  of 
Richard  Griffon,  which  is  a  good  example  of  a  rebus  and 
its  use,  was  a  tree,  or  graft,  growing  on  a  tun.  In  none  of 
these  cases  are  the  designs  mentioned  on  any  part  of  the 
arms,  crest,  or  badge  of  the  persons  mentioned.  Rebuses 
of  this  character  abound  on  all  our  ancient  buildings,  and 
their  use  has  lately  come  very  prominently  into  favour  in 
connection  with  the  many  allusive  bookplates,  the  design 
of  which  originates  in  some  play  upon  the  name.  The 
words  "device,"  "ensign,"  and  "cognisance"  have  no 
definite  heraldic  meaning,  and  are  used  impartially  to 
apply  to  the  crest,  the  badge,  and  sometimes  to  the  arms 
upon  the  shield,  so  that  they  may  be  eliminated  from 
consideration.  There  remains  therefore  the  crest  and 
the  badge  between  which  to  draw  distinctions.  The  crest 
was  the  ornament  upon  the  helmet,  seldom  if  ever  actually 
used,  and  never  used  except  by  the  person  to  whom  it 
belonged.  The  badge,  on  the  other  hand,  was  worn  by 
the  servants  and  retainers,  and  was  used  right  and  left 
on  his  belongings  as  a  sign  of  ownership.  So  great  and 
extensive  was  the  use  of  these  badges,  that  they  were  far 
more  generally  employed  than  either  arms  or  crest,  and 
whilst  the  knowledge  of  a  man's  badges  would  be  every- 
day knowledge  and  common  repute  throughout  the  king- 
dom, few  people  would  know  a  man's  crest,  fewer  still 
would  ever  have  seen  it  worn. 

It  is  merely  an  exaggeration  of  the  difficulty  that  we 
are  always  in  uncertainty  whether  any  given  device  is 
merely  a  piece  of  decoration  borrowed  from  the  arms  or 
crest,  or  whether  it  had  continued  usage  as  a  badge.  In 
the  same  way  many  families  who  had  never  used  crests, 
but  who  had  used  badges,  took  the  opportunity  of  the 
Visitations  to  record  their  badges  as  crests.  A  notable 
example  of  the  subsequent  record  of  a  badge  as  a  crest  is 
met  with  in  the  Stourton  family.  Their  crest,  origi- 
nally a  buck's  head,  but  after  the  marriage  with  the 
heiress  of  Le  Moigne,  a  demi-monk,  can  be  readily 
substantiated,  as  can  their  badge  of  the  drag  or  sledge. 
At  one  of  the  Visitations,  however,  a  cadet  of  the 
Stourton  family  recorded  the  sledge  as  a  crest.  Un- 
certainty also  arises  from  the  lack  of  precision  in  the 
diction  employed  at  all  periods,  the  words  badge,  device, 
and  crest  having  so  often  been  used  interchangeably. 

Another  difficulty  which  is  met  with  in  regard  to 
badges  is  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  extensive 
records  of  the  Royal  badges  and  some  other  more  or 
less  informal  lists  of  badges  of  the  principal  personages 
at  different  periods,  badges  were  never  a  subject  of 
official  record,  and  whilst  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the 
initial  point  as  to  whether  any  particular  device  is  a 
badge  or  not,  the  difficulty  of  deducing  rules  concerning 
them  becomes  practically  impossible,  a,nd  after  most 
careful  consideration  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  there  were  never  any  rules  relating  to  badges,  that 
they  were  originally  and  were  allowed  to  remain 
matters  of  personal  fancy,  and  that  although  well- 
known  cases  can  be  found  where  the  same  badge  has 
been  used  generation  after  generation,  those  cases  are 
perhaps  the  exception  rather  than  the  rule.  Badges 
should  be  considered  and  accepted  in  the  general  run 
as  not  being  matters  of  permanence,  and  as  of  little  im- 
portance except  during  the  time  from  about  the  reign 
of  Edward  III.  to  about  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
Their  principal  use  upon  the  clothes  of  the  retainers 
came  to  an  end  by  the  creation  of  the  standing  army  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIIL,  and  as  badges  never  had  any 
ceremonial  use  to  perpetuate  their  status,  they  practi- 
cally ceased  altogether  at  that  period  except  as  regards 
the  Royal  family. 

Speaking  broadly,  regularised  and  recorded  heraldic 
control  as  a  matter  of  operative  fact  dates  little  if  any 


further  back  than  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
consequently  badges  do  not  appear  to  have  been  taken 
much  cognisance  of  by  the  Heralds.  Their  use  from 
that  period  onwards  rapidly  declined,  and  now  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  is,  and  for  the  last  two  hundred 
years  has  been,  at  an  end. 

Though  the  use  of  badges  has  become  almost  obsolete, 
the]'e  are  still  one  or  two  occasions  on  which  badges 
are  used  as  badges,  in  the  style  formerly  in  vogue. 
Perhaps  the  one  which  is  most  familiar  is  the  broad 
arrow  which  is  used  to  mark  Government  stores.  It  is  a 
curious  commentary  upon  heraldic  officialdom  and  its 
ways  that  though,  this  is  the  only  badge  which  has  really 
any  extensive  use,  it  is  not  a  Crown  badge  in  any  degree. 
It  originated  in  the  fact  that  one  of  the  Sydney  family, 
when  Master  of  the  Ordnance,  to  prevent  disputes  as  to  the 
stores  for  which  he  was  responsible,  marked  everything 
with  his  private  badge  of  the  broad  arrow,  and  this 
private  badge  has  since  remained  in  constant  use.  One 
wonders  at  what  date  the  officers  of  His  Majesty  will 
observe  that  this  has  become  one  of  His  Majesty's  recog- 
nised badges,  and  will  include  it  with  the  other  Royal 
badges  in  the  warrants  in  which  they  are  recited.  Already 
more  than  two  centuries  have  passed  since  it  first  came 
into  use,  and  either  they  should  represent  to  the  Govern- 
ment that  the  pheon  is  not  a  Crown  mark,  and  that  some 
recognised  Royal  badge  should  be  used  in  its  place,  or  else 
they  should  place  its  status  upon  a  definite  footing. 

Another  instance  of  a  badge  used  at  the  present  day  in 
the  ancient  manner  is  the  conjoined  rose,  thistle,  and 
shamrock  which  is  embroidered  front  and  back  upon  the 
tunics  of  the  Beef-eaters.  The  crowned  harps  which  are 
worn  by  the  Royal  Irish  Constabulary  are  another  instance 
of  the  kind,  but  though  a  certain  number  of  badges  are 
recited  in  the  warrant  each  time  any  alteration  or  con- 
firmation of  the  Royal  Arms  occurs,  their  use  has  now 
become  limited  to  the  last  degree.  Present  badges  are 
the  crowned  rose  for  England,  the  crowned  thistle  for 
Scotland,  and  the  crowned  trefoil  and  the  crowned  harp 
for  Ireland ;  for  the  union  there  is  the  conjoined  rose, 
thistle,  and  shamrock  under  the  crown,  and  the  crowned 
shield  which  carries  the  device  of  the  Union  Jack.  The 
badge  of  Wales,  which  has  existed  for  long  enough,  is  the 
uncrowned  dragon  upon  a  mount  vert,  and  the  crowned 
cyphers,  one  within  and  one  without  the  Garter,  are  also 
depicted  upon  the  warrant.  These  badges,  which  appear 
on  the  Sovereign's  warrant,  are  never  assigned  to  any 
other  member  of  the  Royal  Family,  of  whom  the  Prince  of 
Wales  is  the  only  one  who  rejoices  in  the  possession  of 
officially  assigned  badges.  The  badge  of  the  eldest  son 
of  the  Sovereign,  as  such,  and  not  as  Prince  of  Wales, 
is  the  plume  of  three  ostrich  feathers,  enfiled  with  the 
circlet  from  his  coronet  (Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  34).  Recently 
an  additional  badge  (on  a  mount  vert,  a  dragon  passant 
gules,  charged  with  a  label  of  three  points  argent)  has 
been  assigned  to  His  Royal  Highness.  This  action  was 
taken  with  the  desire  to  in  some  way  gratify  the  forcibly 
expressed  wishes  of  Wales,  and  it  is  probable  that,  the 
precedent  having  been  set,  it  will  be  assigned  to  all  those 
who  may  bear  the  title  of  Prince  of  Wales  in  future. 

The  only  instances  I  am  personally  aware  of  in  which 
a  real  badge  of  "ancient  origin  is  still  worn  by  the 
servants  are  the  cases  of  the  state  liveries  of  the  Earl  of 
Tarborough,  whose  servants  wear  an  embroidered  buckle, 
and  Lord  Mowbray  and  Stourton,  whose  servants  wear 
an  embroidered  sledge.  I  believe  the  servants  of  Lord 
Braye  still  weair  the  badge  of  the  hemp-brake,  and  doubt- 
less there  are  a  few  other  instances.  When  the  old 
families  were  becoming  greatly  reduced  in  number,  and 
the  nobility  and  the  upper  classes  were  being  recruited 
from  families  of  later  origin,  the  wearing  of  badges,  like 
so  much  else  connected  with  heraldry,  became  lax  in  its 


330 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


practice,  and  the  custom    to  all  intents  and  purposes 
has  been  at  an  end  for  the  last  two  centuries. 

The  uniform  of  the  Beef-eaters  and  Yeomen  of  the 
Guard  at  the  Tower  of  London  is  the  best  and,  as  far  as 
I  know,  the  only  instance  of  the  use  of  a  badge  at  the 
present  date  in  the  style  and  manner  in  which  badges 
were  originally  worn.  An  examination  of  this  old-world 
uniform  shows  the  rose,  thistle,  and  shamrock  conjoined 
below  the  Royal  crown,  and  embroidered  of  some  con- 
siderable size  on  the  breast  and  on  the  back.  The 
servants  of  all  the  great  nobles  appear  to  have  worn  the 
badges  of  their  masters  in  such  a  manner,  although 
sometimes  they  were  embroidered  upon  the  sleeve ;  and 
the  wearing  of  the  badge  by  the  retainers  is  the  chief 
and  principal  use  to  which  badges  were  anciently  put. 
Nisbet  alludes  on  this  point  to  a  paragraph  from  the 
Act  for  the  Order  of  the  Riding  of  Parliament  in  1681, 
which  says  that  "the  noblemen's  lacqueys  may  have 
over  their  liveries  velvet  coats  with  their  badges,  i.e. 
their  crests  and  mottoes  done  on  plate,  or  embroidered 
on  the  back  and  breast  conform  to  ancient  custom." 
A  curious  survival  of  these  plates  is  to  be  found  in  the 
large  silver  plaques  worn  by  so  many  bank  messengers. 
Badges  appear,  however,  to  have  been  frequently  de- 
picted seme  upon  the  lambrequins,  as  will  be  seen  from 
many  of  the  old  Garter  plates ;  but  here,  again,  it  is 
not  always  easy  to  distinguish  between  definite  badges 
and  artistic  decoration,  nor  between  actual  badges 
in  use  and  mere  appropriately  selected  charges  from 
the  shield. 

The  water-bougets  of  Lord  Berners,  the  knot  of  Lord 
Staftbrd,  popularly  known  as  "the  Stafford  knot";  the 
Harrington  fret ;  the  ragged  staff  or  the  bear  and  the 
ragged  staff  of  Lord  Warwick  (this  being  really  a  con- 
junction of  two  separate  devices);  the  Rose  of  England, 
the  Thistle  of  Scotland,  and  the  sledge  of  Stourton,  the 
hemp-brake  of  Lord  Braye  wherever  met  with  are  readily 
recognised  as  badges,  but  there  are  many  badges  which 
it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  from  crests,  and  even  some 
which  in  all  respects  would  appear  to  be  more  correctly 
regarded  as  coats  of  arms. 

It  is  a  point  worthy  of  consideration  whether  or  not 
a  badge  needs  a  background ;  here,  again,  it  is  a  matter 
most  difficult  to  determine,  but  it  is  singular  that  in 
any  matter  of  record  the  badge  is  almost  invariably 
depicted  upon  a  background,  either  of  a  banner  or  a 
mantling,  or  upon  the  "  field  "  of  a  roundel,  and  it  may 
well  be  that  their  use  in  such  circumstances  as  the  two 
cases  first  mentioned  may  have  only  been  considered 
correct  when  the  colour  of  the  mantling  or  the  banner 
happened  to  be  the  colour  of  the  background  of  the 
badge. 

Badges  are  most  usually  met  with  in  stained  glass 
upon  roundels  of  some  colour,  and  though  one  would 
hesitate  to  assert  it  as  an  actual  fact,  there  are  many  in- 
stances which  would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  the  back- 
ground of  a  badge  was  usually  the  livery  colour  or 
colours  of  its  then  owner,  or  of  the  family  from  which 
it  was  originally  inherited.  Certain  is  it  that  there  are 
very  few  contemporary  instances  of  badges  v;fhich,  when 
emblazoned,  are  not  upon  the  livery  colours ;  and  if  this 
fact  be  accepted,  we  get  at  once  a  ready  explanation  on 
several  points  which  have  puzzled  antiquaries.  The 
name  of  Edward  "  the  Black  Prince "  has  often  been 
a  matter  of  discussion,  and  the  children's  history  books 
tell  us  that  the  nickname  originated  from  the  colour  of 
his  armour.  This  may  be  true  enough,  but  as  most 
armour  would  be  black  when  it  was  unpolished,  and  as 
all  armour  was  either  polished  or  dull,  the  probabilities 
are  not  very  greatly  in  its  favour.  No  one  painted  his 
armour  red  or  green.  It  seems  to  me  far  more  probable 
that  black  was  the  livery  colour  of  the  Black  Prince, 


and  that  his  own  retainers  and  followers  wore  the  livery 
of  black.  If  that  were  the  case,  one  understands  at 
once  how  he  would  obtain  the  nickname.  Even  if  his 
armour  were  enamelled  black,  it  would  be  so  usually 
hidden  by  his  surcoat  that  he  is  hardly  likely  to  have 
been  nicknamed  from  it.  The  nickname  is  doubtless 
contemporary.  A  curious  confirmation  of  my  supposi- 
tion is  met  with  in  the  fact  that  his  shield  for  peace 
was :  "  Sable,  three  ostrich  feathers  two  and  one,  the 
quill  of  each  passing  through  a  scroll  argent."  There 
we  get  the  undoubted  badge  of  the  three  ostrich  feathers 
depicted  upon  his  livery  colour — black  (Fig.  455).  The 
badges  depicted  in  Prince  Arthur's  Book  in  the  College 
of  Arms,  an  important  source  of  our  knowledge  upon 
the  subject,  are  all  upon  backgrounds  (see  pages 
429  and  430) ;  and  the  curious  divisions  of  the  colours 
on  the  backgrounds  would  seem  to  show  that  each 
badge  had  its  own  background,  several  badges  being 
only  met  with  upon  the  same  ground  when  that 
happens  to  be  the  true  background  belonging  to 
them.  But  in  attempting  to  deduce  rules,  it  should 
be  remembered  that  in  all  and  every  armorial  matter 
there  was  greater  laxity  of  rule  at  the  period  of  the 
actual  use  of  arms  than  it  was  possible  to  permit 
when  the  multiplication  of  arms  made  regulation  neces- 
sary and  more  restrictive ;  so  that  an  occasional  varia- 
tion from  any  deduction  need  not  necessarily  vitiate 
the  conclusion,  even  in  a  matter  exclusively  relating  to 
the  shield.  How  much  more,  then,  must  we  remain  in 
doubt  when  dealing  with  badges  which  appear  to  have 
been  so  entirely  a  matter  of  personal  caprice. , 

It  is  a  striking  comment  that  of  all  the  badges  pre- 
sently to  be  referred  to  of  the  Stafford  family,  each  single 
one  is  depicted  upon  a  background.  It  is  a  striking 
fact  that  of  the  eighteen ' "  badges  "  exemplified  as  be- 
longing to  the  family  of  Stafford,  nine  are  upon  party- 
coloured  fields,  and  whilst  this  is  not  an  unreasonable 
proportion  if  the  fields  are  considered  to  be  the  livery 
colours  of  the  families  from  whom  the  badges  were 
originally  derived,  it  is  altogether  out  of  proportion  to 
the  number  of  shields  in  any  roll  of  arms  which  would 
have  the  field  party  per  pale,  or  party  in  any  other 
form  of  division.  With  the  exception  of  the  second 
badge,  which  is  on  a  striped  background  of  green  and 
white,  all  the  party  backgrounds  are  party  per  pale, 
which  was  the  most  usual  way  of  depicting  a  livery  in 
the  few  records  which  have  come  down  to  us  of  the 
heraldic  use  of  livery  colours,  and  of  the  eighteen 
badges,  no  less  than  eight  are  upon  a  party-coloured 
field  of  which  the  dexter  is  sable  and  the  sinister  gules. 
Scarlet  and  black  are  known  to  have  been  the  livery 
colours  of  Edward  Stafford,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  who 
was  beheaded  in  1521.  The  arms  of  the  town  of 
Buckingham  are  on  a  field  per  pale  sable  and  gules. 

With  regard  to  the  descent  of  badges  and  the  laws 
which  govern  their  descent  stUl  less  is  known.  The 
answer  to  the  question,  "  How  did  badges  descend  ? " 
is  simple  :  "  Nobody  knows."  One  can  only  hazard 
opinions  more  or  less  pious,  of  more  or  less  value. 
It  is  distinctly  a  point  upon  which  it  is  risky  to  be 
dogmatic.  Whilst  the  secrecy  of  the  records  of  the 
College  of  Arms  is  so  jealously  presented  it  is  impossible 
to  speak  definitely,  for  an  exact  and  comprehensive 
knowledge  of  exact  and  authoritative  instances  of  fact 
is  necessary  before  a  decision  can  be  definitely  put 
forward.  Unless  some  officer  of  arms  will  carefully 
collate  the  information  which  can  be  gleaned  from  the 
records  in  the  College  of  Arms  which  are  relevant  to 
the  subject,  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  our  knowledge 
win  advance  greatly. 

In  recently  reading  through  the  evidence  of  the 
Stafford  Peerage  Case,  a  certain  document  which  was 


331 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


then  put  in  evidence  excited  my  curiosity,  and  I 
have  been  at  pains  to  procure  a  copy  of  the  grant  or 
exemplification  of  the  Stafford  badges  to  the  Earl  of 
Stafford,  paternally  and  by  male  descent  Howard, 
but  who  was  known  by  the  name  of  Stafford-Howard, 
and  who  was  the  heir-general  of  the  Stafford  family. 
To  make  the  matter  complete,  perhaps  it  will  be  well 
to  first  reprint  a  certain  clause  in  the  Act  of  Re- 
storation, I  Edward  VI.,  upon  which  was  based  the 
necessity  for  action  by  the  Crown :  "  And  that  the  said 
Henry  and  theu-s  Males  of  his  Bodye  shall  and  may  by 
Auothoritie  of  this  Acte  be  restored  and  inhabled  from 
hensfurthe  to  beare  and  give  all  and  singuler  suohe  the 
Armes  of  the  Barons  of  Stafforde  as  the  same  Barons 
and  Ancesto'*  to  yo'  saide  Subgecte  have  doon  and  used 
to  doo  in  the  tyme  of  your  noble  Progenit''  before  theie 
or  anny  of  them  were  called  or  created  Earles  or  Dukes 
without  chalenging  bearing  or  giving  any  other  Armes 
that  were  of  the  said  late  Dukes  his  Father." 

The  Stafford  Descent  and  Attainders  with  the  Restora- 
tions will  be  found  detailed  in  the  pages  of  the  Genea- 
logical Magazine,  September  and  October  igoo.  Hero 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  point  out  that  by  restricting  the 
Act  to  the  arms  of  the  Barons  Stafford,  any  claim  to 
the  Royal  Arms  inherited  after  they  became  Earls  of 
Stafford  was  prevented.  It  is  curious  that,  whilst  the 
heir-general  was  held  to  be  debarred  from  succession 
to  the  barony  which  tvas  restored  to  the  heir  male,  the 
former  was  not  debarred  from  succession  to  the  Royal 
quarterings  which  ivei-e  specifically  withheld  from  the 
heir  male.  The  "  opinion "  referred  to  subsequently 
might  throw  some  light  upon  the  point  were  it  avail- 
able. 

Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  following  is  a  verbatim  ex- 
tract from  the  Stafford  Minutes  of  Evidence : 

"  Mr.  Adam,  the  Counsel  for  the  Petitioner,  stated, 
they  would  next  produce  a  Register  in  the  College  of 
Arms  of  a  Petitionary  Letter  dated  the  26th  April  1720 
from  William  Stafford  to  Henry  Bowes  Howard  Earl  of 
Berkshire,  Deputy  Earl  Marshall,  desiring  to  have  as- 
signed to  him  such  Supporters  as  his  Grandfather 
WUliam  the  last  Viscount  Stafford  used  in  his  Life 
Time,  and  that  the  Arms  of  Woodstock  and  Stafford 
might  be  quartered  with  his  Paternal  Arms,  and  de- 
picted in  the  Margin  of  the  Grant  with  the  Badges  of 
the  Family  of  Stafford. 

"Also  the  Register  in  the  College  of  Arms  of  a 
Warrant  dated  the  3rd  of  May  1720  from  the  Earl  of 
Berkshire  to  John  Anstis  Esquire  Garter  Principal  King 
of  Arms,  ordering  him  to  grant  Supporters  and  Arms 
to  the  said  Earl  of  Stafford ;  also  the  Register  in  the 
College  of  Ai-ms  to  the  opinion  of  Nathaniel  Pigot 
Esquire,  dated  the  20th  January  17 19,  that  the  Heirs 
general  of  the  restored  Henry  Lord  Stafford  were  not 
affected  by  the  Restriction  in  the  Act  of  the  ist  of 
Edward  the  6th  on  the  Heirs  Male  of  the  said  restored 
Henry  Lord  Stafford  to  the  bearing  of  Arms ;  and  the 
Register  in  the  College  of  Arms  dated  the  istof  August 
1720  of  a  grant  of  Supporters  to  William  Stafford 
Howard  Earl  of  Stafford  expressing  that  the  Arms  of 
Thomas  of  Woodstock  Duke  of  Gloucester  were  de- 
picted in  the  Margin  and  quartered  as  the  same  were 
borne  by  the  Stattbrds,  Dukes  of  Buckingham,  with  18 
Badges  belonging  to  the  Family  of  Stafford. 

"  Whereupon  Feancis  Townsend  Esquire  was  again 
called  in,  and  producing  a  Book,  was  examined  as  fol- 
lows : — 

" '  What  is  that  you  have  before  you  ? ' 

" '  It  is  a  Book  containing  Entries  of  Grants  of  Coats 
of  Arms  and  Supporters ;  it  is  the  Seventh  Volume  of 
a  Series.' 

" '  From  whence  do  you  bring  it  ? ' 


" '  From  the  Heralds'  College.' 

" '  Is  that  an  official  copy  of  the  grant  ? ' 
" '  It  is  an  official  record  of  the  whole  process  relating 
to  it.' 

" '  Turn  to  April  26,  1720,  and  read  the  entry.' 
" '  Read  the  following  entries  in  the  same  : ' — 

"  My  Lord, 

"Whereas  his  late  Majesty  King  James  the 
Second  was  pleased  by  Letters  Patents  under  the  Great 
Seal  to  create  my  late  Uncle  Henry  Earl  of  Stafford 
with  remainder  for  want  of  Issue  Male  of  him  to  John 
and  Francis  his  brothers  and  the  heirs  Male  of  their 
Bodies  respectively  by  means  whereof  the  said  Title  is 
now  vested  in  me  the  Son  and  heir  of  the  said  John : 
And  it  being  an  indisputable  right  belonging  to  the 
Peers  to  have  Supporters  to  their  Arms  and  my  said 
Uncle  having  omitted  to  take  any  Grant  thereof  (as  I 
am  informed  is  usually  practised  on  such  Occasions)  I 
desire  y'  Lo"  would  please  to  issue  proper  directions 
for  the  assigning  to  me  such  Supporters  as  my  Grand- 
father the  late  Viscount  Stafford  used  in  his  life  time, 
to  be  born  by  me  and  such  on  whom  the  said  Honor  is 
settled. 

"  And  whereas  by  my  Descent  from  my  Grandmother, 
Mary  late  Countess  of  Stafford,  I  am  intitled  (as  I  am 
advised  by  Council)  to  the  Arms  and  Quarterings  of 
her  Family,  I  desire  the  Arms  of  Woodstock  and  Staf- 
ford may  be  quartered  with  my  Paternal  Arms  and  de- 
picted in  the  Margin  of  the  said  Grant,  together  with 
the  Badges  which  have  been  born  and  used  by  the 
Family  of  Stafford :  This  will  extremely  oblige 
"  Yo''  Lords'" 

"  most  affectionate  Kinsman 
"  and  humble  Servant 

"  Stafford. 

"  Ap.  26,  1720." 

"Whereas  the  R'  Hon"'"  William  Stafford  Howard 
Earl  of  Stafford  hath  by  Letter  represented  unto  me 
that  his  late  Majesty  King  James  the  Second  was  pleased 
by  Letters  Patent  under  the  Great  Seal  to  create  his 
late  Uncle  Henry  Earl  of  Stafford  with  remainder  for 
want  of  Issue  Male  of  him  to  John  and  Francis  his 
Brothers,  and  the  Heirs  Male  of  their  Bodies  respec- 
tively by  means  whereof  the  said  Title  is  now  vested  in 
him,  the  Son  and  Heu-  of  the  said  John ;  and  it  being 
an  indisputable  Right  belonging  to  the  Peers  of  the 
Realm  to  have  Supporters  added  to  their  Arms,  and  his 
said  Uncle  having  omitted  to  take  any  Grant  as  (he  is 
informed)  is  usually  practiced  on  such  occasions,  has 
therefore  desired  my  Warrant  for  the  assigning  to  him 
such  Supporters  as  his  Grandfather  the  late  Viscount 
Stafford  used  in  his  life  time  to  be  born  and  used  by  him 
and  such  on  whom  the  said  Honour  is  settled :  And 
whereas  he  hath  further  represented  to  me  that  by  his 
Descent  from  his  Grandmother  Mary  late  Countess  of 
Stafford  he  is  entituled  (as  he  is  advised  by  Council)  to 
the  Arms  and  Quarterings  of  her  Family  and  has  further 
desired  that  the  Arms  of  Woodstock  and  Stafford  may 
be  quartered  with  his  Paternal  Arms  and  depicted  in 
the  Margin  of  the  said  Grant  together  with  the  Badges 
which  have  been  born  and  used  by  the  Family  of  Staf- 
ford, I,  Henry  Bowes  Howard  Earl  of  Berkshire  Deputy 
(with  the  Royal  Approbation)  to  the  Most  Noble 
Thomas  Duke  of  Norfolk  Earl  Marshal  and  Hereditary 
Marshall  of  England,  considering  the  Request  of  the 
said  Henry  Stafford  Howard  Earl  of  Stafford,  and  also 
the  Opinion  of  Council  learned  in  the  Law  hereunto 
annexed,  do  hereby  Order  and  Direct  you  to  grant  and 
assign  to  him  the  same  Supporters  as  his  Grandfather 
the  late  Viscount  Stafford  used  in  his  life  time;  To  be 


332 


PLATE    CVI. 


I     l»U  BLIC 


EXAMPLES    FROM    THE    " ARCHITECTVRA^'    OF    WEXDEL    DIETTERLIN. 


Printed   at  Stiiltgai 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


born  and  used  by  him  and  such,  on  whom  the  said 
Honour  is  setled ;  and  that  you  cause  to  be  depicted  in 
the  Margin  of  the  said  Grant  the  Arms  of  Thomas  of 
Woodstock  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  Stati'ord  Quartered 
with  his  Lordships  Arms  together  with  the  Badges 
which  have  been  born  and  used  by  the  said  FamiLy  of 
Staftbrd ;  Requiring  you  to  take  care  that  the  said  Letter, 
these  Presents,  the  said  Opinion  of  Council  and  yo' 
Grant  be  duely  entered  by  the  Register  in  the  College 
of  Arms :  For  all  which  Purposes  this  shall  be  your 
suificient  Warrant. 

"  Given  under  my  Hand  Seal  this  third  day  of  May 
Anno  Dni  1720. 

"Berkshiee. 

"  To  John  Anstis  Esq'  Garter 
"  Principal  King  of  Ai'uis. 

"  Then  the  Witness  being  about  to  read  the  Registry 
of  the  Opinion  of  Counsel,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Adam  ; 

"  Mr.  Attorney  General  objected  to  the  same. 

"Mr.  Adam,  Counsel  for  the  Petitioner,  waived  the 
Production  of  it. 

"  Read  from  the  same  Book  the  following  Entry : 

"  To  all  and  singular  to  whom  these  Presents  shall 
come,  John  Anstis  Esq'  Garter  principal  King  of  Arms, 
sends  greeting.  Whereas  his  late  Majesty  King  James 
the  Second  by  Letters  Patents  under  the  Great  Seal, 
did  create  Henry  Stafford  Howard  to  be  Earl  of  Stafford, 
to  have  and  hold  the  same  to  him  and  the  heirs  males 
of  his  body ;  and  for  default  thereof  to  John  and 
Francis  his  Brothers  and  the  heirs  males  of  their  bodies 
respectively,  whereby  the  said  Earldom  is  now  legally 
vested  in  the  right  Hon""''  WUliam  Stafford  Howard  Son 
and  Heir  of  the  said  John ;  And  in  regard  that  j"  said 
Henry  late  Earl  of  Stafford  omitted  to  take  any  Grant 
of  Supporters,  which  the  Peers  of  this  Realm  have  an 
indisputable  Right  to  use  and  bear,  the  right  Hon'''' 
Henry  Bowes  Howard  Earl  of  Berkshire  Deputy  (with 
the  Royal  Approbation)  of  his  Grace  Thomas  Howard 
Duke  of  Norfolk  Earl  Marshall  and  Hereditary  Marshall 
of  England  hath  been  pleased  to  direct  me  to  grant  to 
the  said  right  Hon'''''  WilUam  Stafford  Howard  Earl  of 
Stafford  the  Supporters  formerly  granted  to  y"  late 
Viscount  Stafford,  Grandfather  to  the  said  Earl ;  as  also 
to  order  me  to  cause  to  be  depicted  in  the  Margin  of 
my  said  Grant  y"  Arms  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock  Duke 
of  Gloucester  quartered  with  the  Arms  of  the  said  Earl 
of  Stafford,  together  with  the  Badges  of  the  said  Noble 
Family  of  Stafford:  Now  these  presents  Witness  that 
according  to  the  consent  of  the  said  Earl  of  Berkshire 
signified  under  his  Lordship's  hand  and  seal  I  do  by  the 
Authority  and  power  annexed  to  my  OiEce  hereby  grant 
and  assign  to  y"  said  Right  Honourable  William  Stafford 
Howard  Earl  of  Stafford,  the  following  Supporters  which 
were  heretofore  borne  by  the  late  Lord  Viscount  Stafford, 
that  is  to  say,  on  the  Dexter  side  a  Lion  Argent,  and  on 
the  Sinister  Side  a  Swan  surgiant  Argent  Gorged  with 
a  Ducal  Coronet  per  Pale  Gules  and  Sable  beaked  and 
membered  of  the  Second ;  to  be  used  and  borne  at  all 
times  and  upon  all  occasions  by  the  said  Earl  of  Stafford 
and  the  heirs  males  of  his  body,  and  such  persons  to 
whom  the  said  Earldom  shall  descend  according  to  the 
Law  and  Practice  of  Arms  without  the  let  or  interrup- 
tion of  any  Person  or  Persons  whatsoever.  And  in 
pursuance  of  the  Warrant  of  the  said  Earl  of  Berkshire, 
The  Arms  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
as  the  same  are  on  a  Plate  remaining  in  the  Chapel  of 
S'  George  within  y"  Castle  of  Windsor,  set  up  there  for 
his  Descendant  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  are  depicted 
in  the  Margin,  and  quartered  in  such  place  and  manner 
as  the  same  were  formerly  borne  by  the  Staffords  Dukes 
of  Buckingham,  together  with  Eighteen  badges  belong- 


ing to  the  said  most  ancient  and  illustrious  Family  of 
Stafford,  as  the  same  are  represented  in  a  Manuscript 
remaining  in  the  College  of  Arms.  In  AVitness  whereof 
I  the  said  Garter  have  hereto  subscribed  my  Name  and 
affixed  the  Seal  of  my  Office  this  First  Day  of  August 
Anno  Domini  1720. 

"  John  Anstis  Garter 

"  Principal  King  of  Arms. 

"  The  Witness  was  directed  to  withdraw." 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  Royal  Arms  are  displayed  before  those  of  Stafford 
(Fig.  821).  On  the  face  of  it,  the  document — as  far  as 
it  relates  to  the  badges — is  no  more  than  a  certificate  or 
exempUfication,  in  which  case  it  is  undoubted  evidence 


Fig  S21. — The  Stafford  Arms  and  Supporters  as  exemplified  in 
1 720  to  William  Stafford  Howard,  Earl  of  Stafford. 


that  badges  descend  to  the  heir-general  as  do  quar- 
terings ;  but  there  is  the  possibility  that  the  document 
is  a  re-grant  in  the  nature  of  an  exemplification  follow- 
ing a  Royal  Licence,  or  a  re-grant  to  remove  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  attainder.  And  if  the  document — as 
far  as  its  relation  to  the  badges  goes — has  any  of  the 
character  of  a  grant,  it  can  have  but  little  value  as 
evidence  of  the  descent  of  badges.  It  is  remarkable 
that  it  is  absolutely  silent  as  to  the  future  destination 
of  the  badges.  The  real  fact  is  that  the  whole  subject 
of  the  descent  and  devolution  of  badges  is  shrouded  in 
mystery.  Each  of  the  badges  (Fig.  822)  is  depicted 
within  a  circle  adorned  with  a  succession  of  Stafford 
knots,  as  is  shown  in  the  one  instance  at  the  head. 
Five  of  these  badges  appear  upon  a  well-known  portrait 
of  Edward,  Duke  of  Buckingham.  The  fact  that  some 
of  these  badges  are  really  crests  depicted  upon  wreaths 
goes  far  as  an  authority  for  the  use  of  a  crest  upon 
livery  buttons  for  the  purposes  of  a  badge. 

In  ancient  days  all  records  seemed  to  point  to  the 
fact  that  badges  were  personal,  and  that  though  they 
were  worn  by  the  retainers,  they  were  the  property  of 
the  head  of  the  family,  rather  than  (as  the  arms)  of  the 
whole  family,  and  though  the  information  available  is 
meagre  to  the  last  degree,  it  would  appear  probable  that 
in  all  cases  where  their  use  by  other  members  of  the 


333 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


family  than  the  head  of  the  house  can  be  proved,  the 
hkehhood  is  that  the  cadets  would  render  feudal  service 
and  would  wear  the  badge  as  retainers  of  the  man  whose 
banner  they  followed  into  battle,  so  that  we  should 
expect  to  find  the  badge  following  the  same  descent  as 
the  peerage,  together  with  the  lands  and  liabilities  which 
accompanied  it.  This  undoubtedly  makes  for  the  in- 
heritance of  a  badge  upon  the  same  line  of  descent  as 
a  barony  by  writ,  and  such  a  method  of  inheritance 
accounts  for  the  known  descent  of  most  of  the  badges 
heraldically  familiar  to  us.  Probably  we  shall  be  right 
in  so  accepting  it.  This  then  gives  us  the  badge,  the 
property  in  and  of  which  would  descend  to  the  heir- 
general,  whilst  it  would  be  used  in  token  of  allegiance 


Fig.  822. — The  Stafford  Badges  as  exemplified  in  1720  to 
William  Stafford  Howard,  Earl  of  Stafford. 


or  service,  actual,  quasi-actual,  or  sentimental,  by  the 
cadets  of  the  house  and  their  servants ;  for  whilst  the 
use  of  the  cockade  is  a  survival  of  the  right  to  be 
waited  on  and  served  by  a  soldier  servant,  the  use  of  a 
badge  by  a  cadet  is  a  survival  and  reminder  of  the  day 
when  (until  they  married  heiresses  and  continued  or 
found  other  families)  the  cadets  of  a  house  owed  and 
gave  military  service  to  the  head  of  their  own  family, 
and  in  return  were  supported  by  him. 

The  use  of  badges  at  the  present  day  is  singularly 
limited,  though  perhaps  this  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise 
when  we  remember  how  few  indeed  are  the  families 
belonging  to  the  days  when  badges  were  in  use,  of  whom 
there  are  now  direct  representatives.  The  absence  of 
rule  and  regulation  leaves  it  very  much  a  matter  of 
personal  taste  how  badges,  where  they  now  exist,  shall 
be   depicted,  and  perhaps  it   is  better  to   leave   their 


manner  of  display  to  artistic  requirements.  The  most 
usual  place  is  on  either  side  of  the  crest,  and  they  may 
well  be  depicted  in  that  position.  Where  they  exist, 
however,  they  ought  undoubtedly  to  be  continued  in 
use  upon  the  liveries  of  the  servants,  and  the  present 
practice  is  for  them  to  be  placed  on  the  livery  buttons, 
and  embroidered  upon  the  epaulettes  or  on  the  sleeves 
of  state  liveries.  Undoubtedly  the  former  practice  of 
placing  the  badge  upon  the  servants'  livery  is  the 
precursor  of  the  present  vogue  of  placing  crests  upon 
livery  buttons,  and  many  heraldic  writers  complain  of 
the  impropriety  of  placing  the  crest  in  such  a  position. 
I  am  not  sure  that  I  myself  may  not  have  been  guilty 
in  this  way,  but  when  one  bears  in  mind  the  number  of 
cases  in  which  the  badge  and  the  crest  are 
identical,  and  when,  as  in  the  above  instance, 
devices  which  are  undoubtedly  crests  are  ex- 
emplified as  and  termed  badges,  even  as  such 
being  represented  upon  wreaths,  whilst  in 
other  cases  the  action  has  been  the  reverse, 
it  leaves  one  under  the  necessity  of  being 
careful  in  making  dogmatic  assertions.  Now 
that  the  wearing  of  crests  upon  helmets  is 
entirely  at  an  end,  and  now  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  obtain  a  grant  of  a  badge,  it  is 
difficult  to  say  why  it  should  not  be  correct 
to  give  to  the  crest  the  additional  character 
and  usage  of  a  badge,  and  use  the  same  device 
as  a  badge  and  term  it  both  badge  and  crest. 
If  for  the  purposes  of  a  badge  the  wreath  be 
omitted  there  can  be  no  objection  at  all,  and 
my  advice  is  that  this  should  be  done.  The 
■fi  pity  of  such  a  suggestion  is  that  so  many  of 
the  modern  crests  artistically  prove  quite  un- 
suitable for  the  purpose  when  this  suggestion 
is  brought  under  consideration. 

Having   dealt  with   the   laws  (if   there  ever 
were  any)  and  the  practice  concerning  the  use 
and  display  of  badges,  it  will  be  of  interest  to 
notice  some  of  those  which  were  formerly  in  use. 
I  have  already  referred  to  the  badge  of  the 
ostrich  feathers.     The  old  legend  that  the  Black 
Prince  won  the  badge  at  the  battle  of  Crecy  by 
the  capture  of  John,  King  of  Bohemia,  together 
with  the  motto  "  Ich  dien,"  has  been  long  since 
exploded.     Sir  Harris  Nicolas  brought  to  notice 
the  fact  that  among  certain  pieces  of  plate  be- 
longing to  Queen  Philippa  of  Hainault  was  a 
large  silver-gilt  dish   enamelled   with    a   black 
escutcheon   with  ostrich   feathers,   "vuo   scuch 
nigro  cum   pennis   de   ostrich,"  and  upon  the 
strength   of   that,    suggested   that    the   ostrich 
feather  was  probably  originally  a  badge  of  the 
Counts  of  Hainault  derived  from  the  County  of 
Ostrevaus,  a  title  which  was  held  by  their  eldest  sons.    The 
suggestion  in  itself  seems  probable  enough  and  may  be 
correct,  but  it  would  not  account  for  the  use  of  the  ostrich 
feathers  by  the  Mowbray  family,  who  did  not  descend  from 
the  marriage  of  Edward  III.  and  Philippa  of  Hainault. 
Contemporary  proof  of  the  use  of  badges  is  often  difficult 
to  find.     The  Mowhrays  had  many  badges,  and  certainly 
do  not  appear  to  have  made  any  very  extensive  use  of  the 
ostrich  feathers.    But  there  seems  to  be  very  definite  autho- 
rity for  the  existence  of  the  badge.     There  is  in  one  of 
the  records  of  the  College  of  Arras  (R.  22,  67),  which  is 
itself  a  copy  of  another  record,  the  following  statement: — 
"  The  discent  of  Mowbray  written  at  length  in  lattin 
from  the  Abby  booke  of   newborough   wherein   Rich   2 
gaue  to  Thomas  Duke  of  norff.  &  Erie  Marshall  the  armes 
of  Saint  Edward  Confessor  in  theis  words : 

"  Et  dedit  eidem   Thome  ad  pertandum   in   sigillo  et 
vexillo  quo   arma  S''    EdwardL     Idcirco  arma  bipartata 


334 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


portavit  scil'  't  Sci  Edwardi  et  domini  marcialis  anglias 
cum  duabiis  pennis  striitionis  erectis  et  super  crestam 
leonem  et  duo  parva  scuta  cum  leonibus  et  utraq'  parto 
predictorum  armorum." 

Accompanying  this  is   a  rough-tricked   sketoli  of  the 
arms  upon   which  the   ilhistrntion  (Fig.    S23)   has   been 


Fig.  823. — The  arms  granted  by  King  Richard  II.  to  Thomas  de 
Mowbray,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  showing  the  ostrich  feather 
badges. 


based.  Below  this  extract  in  the  College  Records  is 
written  in  an  another  hand :  "  I  find  this  then  in  ye 
chancell  window  of  Effingham  by  Bungay  in  the  top  of 
the  cot  window  with  Mowbraye  &  Segrave  on  the  side  in 
glass  there." 

Who  the  writer  was  I  am  unaware.  He  appends  a 
further  sketch  to  his  note,  which  slightly  difFers.  No 
helmet  or  crest  is  shown,  and  the  central  shield  has  only 
the  arms  of  Brotherton.  The  feathers  which  flank  it  are 
both  enfiled  below  the  shield  by  one  coronet.  Of  the 
smaller  shields  at  the  side,  the  dexter  bears  the  arms  of 
Mowbray  and  the  sinister  those  of  Segrave. 

An  ostrich  feather  piercing  a  scroll  was  certainly  the 
favourite  badge  of  the  Black  Prince  and  so  appears  on 
several  of  his  seals,  and  triplicated  it  occurs  on  his  "  shield 
of  peace"  (Fig.  455  ;  the  illustration  of  this  shield,  Plate 
LXVII.  Fig.  30,  unfortunately  wrongly  depicts  the  feathers 
and  scrolls  gold  instead  of  silver).  The  arms  of  Sir  Roger 
de  Clarendon,  the  illegitimate  son  of  the  Black  Prince 
(Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  31),  were  derived  from  this  "shield 
of  peace,"  which  I  take  it  was  not  a  coat  of  arms  but 
merely  the  badge  of  the  Prince  depicted  upon  his  livery 
colour,  and  which  might  equally  have  been  displayed  upon 
a  roundle.  In  the  form  of  a  shield  bearing  three  feathers 
the  badge  occurs  on  the  obverse  of  the  second  seal  of 
Heniy  IV.  in  141 1.  A  single  ostrich  feather  with  the 
motto  "  Ich  dien  "  upon  the  scroll  is  to  be  seen  on  the 
seal  of  Edward,  Duke  of  York,  who  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Agineourt  in  141 5.  Henry  IV.  as  Duke  of 
Lancaster  placed  on  either  side  of  his  escutcheon  an 
ostrich  feather  with  a  garter  or  belt  carrying  the  motto 
"  Sovereygne  "  twined  arov/nd  the  feather,  John  of  Gaunt 
used  the  badge  with  a  chain  laid  along  the  quill,  and 
Thomas,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  used  it  with  a  garter  and 


buckle  instead  of  the  chain ;  whilst  John  Beaufort,  Duke 
of  Somerset,  placed  an  ostrich  feather  on  each  side  of  his 
shield,  the  quills  in  his  case  being  compony  argent  and 
azure,  like  the  bordure  round  his  arms  (see  Plate  OXXXII. 
Fig.  I). 

There  is  a  note  in  Karl.  MS.  304,  folio  12,  which,  if  it 
be  strictly  accurate,  is  of  some  importance.  It  is  to 
the  effect  that  the  "  feather  silver  with  the  pen  gold  is 
the  King's,  the  ostrich  feather  pen  and  all  silver  is  the 
Prince's  (i.e.  the  Prince  of  Wales),  and  the  ostrich  feather 
gold  the  pen  ermine  is  the  Duke  of  Lancaster's."  That 
statement  evidently  relates  to  a  time  when  the  three  were 
in  existence  contemporaneously,  i.e.  before  the  accession 
of  Henry  IV.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  there  was  no 
Prince  of  Wales.  During  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  from 
1 376  onwards,  Richard,  afterwards  Richard  II.,  was  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  John  of  Gaunt  was  Duke  of  Lancaster 
(so  or.  1362).  But  John  of  Gaunt  used  the  feather  in 
the  form  above  stated,  and  to  find  a  Duke  of  Lancaster 
before  John  of  Gaunt  we  must  go  back  to  before  1360, 
when  we  have  Edward  III.  as  King,  the  Black  Prince  as 
Prince,  and  Henry  of  Lancaster  (father-in-law  of  John 
of  Gaunt)  as  Duke  of  Lancaster.  He  derived  from  Henry 
III.,  and  like  the  Mowbray s  had  no  blood  descent  from 
Philippa  of  Hainault.  A  curious  confirmation  of  my  sug- 
gestion that  black  was  the  livery  colour  of  the  Black 
Prince  is  found  in  the  fact  that  there  was  in  a  window  in 
St.  Dunstan's  Church,  London,  within  a  wreath  of  roses 
a  roundle  per  pale  sanguine  and  azure,  a  plume  of  ostrich 
feathers  argent,  qnUled  or,  enfiled  by  a  scroll  bearing  the 
words  "Ich  dien.'-'  Above  was  the  Prince's  coronet  and 
the  letters  E.  &  P.,  one  on  each  side  of  the  plume.  This 
was  intended  for  Edward  VI.,  doubtless  being  erected  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The  badge  in  the  form  in 
which  we  know  it,  i.e.  enfiled  by  the  princely  coronet 
(Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  34),  dates  from  about  the  beginning  of 
the  Stuart  dynasty,  since  when  it  appears  to  have  been  ex- 
clusively reserved  for  the  eldest  son  and  heir-apparent  to 
the  throne.  At  the  same  time  the  right  to  the  display 
of  the  badge  would  appear  to  have  been  reserved  by  the 
Sovereign,  and  Woodward  remarks : — 

"  On  the  Privy  Seals  of  our  Sovereigns  the  ostrich 
feather  is  still  employed  as  a  badge.  The  shield  of  arms 
is  usually  placed  between  two  lions  sejant  guardant 
addorsed,  each  holding  the  feather.  On  the  Privy  Seal 
of  Henry  VIII.  the  feathers  are  used  without  the  lions, 
and  this  was  the  case  on  the  majority  of  the  seals  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster.  On  the  reverse  of  the  present  seal 
of  the  Duchy  the  feathers  appear  to  be  ermine." 

Fig.  824  shows  the  seal  of  James  II.  for  the  Duchy  of 
Lancaster.  The  seal  of  the  Lancashire  County  Council 
shows  a  shield  supported  by  two  talbots  sejant  addorsed, 
each  supporting  in  the  exterior  paw  an  ostrich  feather 
seme-de-lis.  It  is  possible  that  the  talbots  may  be 
intended  for  lions  and  the  fleurs-de-lis  for  ermine  spots. 
On  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  32  will  be  seen  the  silver  swan, 
one  of  the  badges  of  King  Henry  V.,  and  used  also 
by  Henry  IV.  It  was  derived  from  the  De  Bohuns, 
Mary  de  Bohun  being  the  wife  of  Henry  IV.  From 
the  De  Bohuns  it  has  been  traced  to  the  Mandevilles, 
Earls  of  Essex,  who  may  have  adopted  it  to  typify 
their  descent  from  Adam  Pitz  Swanne,  temp.  Conquest. 
Fig.  33  on  the  same  plate  is  the  white  hart  of  Richard  II. 
Although  some  have  traced  this  badge  from  the  white 
hind  used  as  a  badge  by  Joan,  the  Fair  Maid  of  Kent,  the 
mother  of  Richard  II.,  it  is  probably  a  device  punning 
upon  his  name,  "  Rich-hart."  Richard  II.  was  not  the 
heir  of  his  mother.  The  heir  was  his  half-brother, 
Thomas  Holland,  Earl  of  Kent,  who  did  use  the  badge  of 
the  hind,  and  perhaps  the  real  truth  is  that  the  Earl  of 
Kent  having  the  better  claim  to  the  hind,  Richard  was 
under  the  necessity  of  making  an  alteration  which  the 


335 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


obvious  pun  upon  his  name  suggested.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  the  crest  of  Ireland  (Plate  CXV.)  originated  there- 
from. The  stag  in  this  case  was  undoubtedly  "  lodged  " 
in  the  earliest  versions,  and  I  have  been  much  interested 
in  tracing  the  steps  by  which  the  springing  attitude  has 
developed  owing  to  the  copying  of  badly  drawn  examples. 


reference  should  be  made  to  Plate  CXIV.     Richard  I., 
John,  and  Henry  III.  are  all  said  to  have  used  the  device 


Fig.  824. — Seal  of  King  James  II,  for  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster. 


Figs.  32  and  33  are  taken  from  "Prince  Arthur's  Book," 
other  examples  therefrom  being  reproduced  elsewhere  in 
the  present  volume.  Amongst  the  many  Royal  and  other 
badges  in  this  country  there  are  some  of  considerable 
interest.  Fig.  825.  represents  the  famous  badge  of  the 
"broom-cod"  or  "planta  genista,"  from  which  the  name 
of  the  dynasty  was  derived.  It  appears  to  have  been  first 
used  by  King  Henry  II.,  though  it  figures  in  the  decora- 
tion of  the  tomb  of  Geoffrey,  Count  of  Anjou.  "Peas- 
cod  "  Street  in  Windsor  of  course  derives  its  name 
therefrom.  The  well-known  badges  of  the  white  and 
red  roses  of  York  and  Lancaster  have  been  already  re- 
ferred to,  and    Fig.   826,  the  well-known  device  of  the 


Fig.  825.— Badge  of 
King  Henry  II. 


Fig.  826.— Badge  of 
Edward  IV. 


"  rose-en-soleil "  used  by  King  Edward  IV.,  was  really 
a  combination  of  two  distinct  badges,  viz.  "  the  blazing 
sun  of  York  "  and  the  "  white  rose  of  York."  The  rose 
again  appears  in  Fig.  827,  here  dimidiated  with  the 
pomegranate  of  Catharine  of  Aragon.  This  is  taken  from 
the  famous  Tournament  Roll  (now  in  the  College  of 
Arms),  which  relates  to  the  Tournament,  13th  and  14th 
of  February  1 5 10,  to  celebrate  the  birth  of  Prince  Henry. 
For  the  forms  in  which  the  rose  still  exists  as  a  Royal  badge 


Fig.  S27. — Compound  Badge  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Catharine  of 
Aragon.    {From  the  Westminster  Tournament  RoU.) 

of  the  crescent  and  star  (Fig.  828).  Henry  VII.  is  best 
known  by  his  two  badges  of  the  crowned  portcullis  and 
the  "  sun-burst "  (Fig.   829).     The    suggested   origin    of 


Fig.  S28.— Badge  of 
Richard  I. 


Fig.  829. — Two  badges  of  Henry 
VII.,  viz.  the  ''sun-burst"  and 
the  crowned  portcullis. 


the  former,  that  it  was  a  pun  on  the  name  Tudor  (i.e.  two- 
door)  is  confirmed  by  the  motto  "  Altera  securitas"  which 
was  used  with  it,  but  at  the  same  time  is  rather  vitiated 
by  the  fact  that  it  was  also  used  by  the  Beauforts,  who 
had  no  Tudor  descent.  Save  a  very  tentative  remark 
hazarded  by  Woodward,  no  explanation  has  as  yet  been 
suggested  for  the  sun-burst.  My  own  strong  conviction, 
based  on  the  fact  that  this  particular  badge  was  princi- 
pally used  by  Henry  VII.,  who  was  always  known  as 
Henry  of  Windsor,  is  that  it  is  nothing  more  than  an 
attempt  to  pictorially  represent  the  name  "  Windsor  "  by 
depicting  "  winds  "  of  "  or."  The  badge  is  also  attributed 
to  Edward  III.,  and  he,  like  Henry  VII.,  made  his 
principal  residence  at  Windsor.  Edward  IV.  also  used 
the  white  lion  of  March  (whence  is  derived  the  shield  of 
Ludlow :  "  Azure,  a  lion  couchant  guardant,  between 
three  roses  argent,"  Ludlow  being  one  of  the  fortified 
towns  in  the  Welsh  Marches),  and  the  black  bull  which, 
though  often  termed  "  of  Clarence,"  is  generally  associated 
with  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall.  Richard  III.,  as  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  used  a  white  boar. 

The  Earl  of  Northumberland  used  a  silver  crescent ; 
the  Earl  of  Douglas,  a  red  heart ;  the  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
a  golden  pack  -  horse  with  collar  and  traces ;  Lord 
Hastings  bore  as  badge  a  black  bull's  head  erased,  gorged 
with  a  coronet ;  Lord  Stanley,  a  golden  griffin's  leg, 
erased  ;  Lord  Howard,  a  white  lion  charged  on  the 
shoulder  with  a  blue  crescent ;  Sir  Richard  Dunstable 
adopted  a  white  cock  as  a  badge ;  Sir  John  Savage,  a 
sUver  unicorn's  head  erased ;  Sir  Simon  Montford,  a 
golden  lily  ;  Sir  William  Gresham,  a  green  grasshopper. 

Two  curious  badges  are  to  be  seen  in  Figs.  S30  and  83 1. 
The  former  is  an  ape's  clog  argent,  chained  or,  and  was 
used  by  William  de  la  Pole,  Duke  of  Suffolk  (d.  1450). 
Fig.  831,  "  a  salet  silver  "  (MS.  Coll.  of  Arms,  2nd  M.  16), 
is  the  badge  of  Thomas  Howard,  Duke  of  Norfolk  (d. 
1 524).  Various  families  used  knots  of  different  design,  of 
which  the  best  known  is  the  Stafford  knot  (Pig.  S32). 
The  wholesale  and  improper  appropriation  of  this  badge 


336 


PLATE  CVII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


with  a  territorial  application  has  unfortunately  caused  it 
to  be  very  generally  referred  to  as  a  "  Staffordshire  " 
knot,  and  that  it  was  the  personal  badge  of  the  Lords 
Stafford  is  too  often  overlooked.     Other  badge  knots  are 


Fig.  S30.- 


-Badge  of  the  Duke  of 
Suffolk. 


Fig.  831. — Badge  of  Thomas 
Howard,  Duke  of  Norfolk. 


but  from  that  time  forward  the  Royal  badges  obtained 
a  territorial  character  :  the  rose  of  England,  the  thistle 
of  Scotland,  and  the  sliararock  of  Ireland.  To  these 
popular  consent  has  added  the  lotus-flower  for  India,  the 


Fig.  S32. — Stafford  Knot.  Fig.  833. — Wake  or  Ormond  Knot. 


Fig.  S34. — Bourchier  Knot. 


Fig.  835. — Heneage  Knot. 


the  Wake  or  Ormonde  knot  (Fig.  833),  the  Bourchier 
knot  (Fig.  834),  and  the  Heneage  knot  (Fig.  835).  - 

The   personal   badges    of   the   members   of   the  Royal 
Family  continued  in  use  until  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne, 


maple  for  Canada,  and  in  a  lesser  degree  the  wattle  or 
mimosa  for  Australia  ;  but  at  present  these  lack  any 
official  confirmation.  The  two  first  named,  nevertheless, 
figured  on  the  Coronation  Invitation  Cards. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER     XXXIV 


HERALDIC  FLAGS  AND  BANNERS 


WHEN  it  comes  to  the  display  of  flags,  the 
British-born  individual  usually  makes  a  hash 
of  the  whole  business,  and  flies  either  the 
Sovereign's  personal  coat  of  arms,  which  really  should 
only  be  made  use  of  over  a  residence  of  the  Sovereign 
when  the  Sovereign  is  actually  there,  or  flown  at  sea 
when  the  Sovereign  is  on  board ;  or  else  he  uses  the 
national  flag,  colloquially  termed  the  "  Union  Jack," 
which  ought  never  to  be  made  use  of  on  land  except  over 
the  residence  of  the  Sovereign  in  his  absence,  or  on  a 
fortress  or  other  Government  building.  The  banner  of 
St.  George,  which  is  a  white  flag  with  a  plain  red  cross 
of  St.  George  throughout,  is  now  appropriated  to  the 
Order  of  the  Garter,  of  which  St.  George  is  the  patron 
saint,  though  I  am  by  no  means  inclined  to  assert  that 
it  would  be  incorrect  to  make  use  of  it  upon  a  church 
which  happened  to  be  specifically  placed  under  the 
patronage  of  St.  George. 

The  white  ensign,  which  is  a  white  flag  bearing  the 
cross  of  St.  George  and  in  the  upper  quarter  next  to  the 
staff  a  reproduction  of  the  Union  device,  belongs  to  the 
Royal  Navy,  and  certain  privileged  individuals  to  whom 
the  right  has  been  given  by  a  specific  warrant.  The  blue 
ensign,  which  is  a  plain  blue  flag  with  the  Union 
device  on  a  canton  in  the  upper  corner  next  the  staff, 
belongs  to  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve ;  and  the  red  ensign, 
which  is  the  same  as  the  former,  except  that  a  red  flag 
is  substituted  for  the  blue  one,  belongs  to  the  ships  of 
the  merchant  service.  These  three  flags  have  been  speci- 
fically called  into  being  by  specific  warrants  for  certain 
purposes  which  are  stated  in  these  warrants,  and  these 
purposes  being  wholly  connected  with  the  sea,  neither  the 
blue,  the  red,  nor  the  white  ensign  ought  to  be  hoisted 
on  land  by  anybody.  Of  course  there  is  no  penalty  for 
doing  so  on  land,  though  very  drastic  penalties  can  be 
enforced  for  misuse  of  these  ensigns  on  the  water,  a  step 
which  is  taken  frequently  enough.  For  a  private  person 
to  use  any  one  of  these  three  flags  on  land  for  a  private 
purpose,  the  only  analogy  which  I  can  suggest  to  bring 
home  to  people  the  absurdity  of  such  action  would  be  to 
instance  a  private  person  for  his  own   private  pleasure 


adopting  the  exact  uniform  of  some  regiment  whenever 
he  might  feel  inclined  to  go  bathing  in  the  sea.  If  he 
were  to  do  so,  he  would  find  under  the  recent  Act  that  he 
had  incurred  the  penalty,  which  would  be  promptly  en- 
forced, for  bringing  His  Majesty's  uniform  into  disrepute. 
It  is  much  to  be  wished  that  the  penalties  exacted  for  the 
wrongful  display  of  these  flags  at  sea  should  be  extended 
to  their  abuse  on  shore. 

The  development  of  the  Union  Jack  and  the  warrants 
relating  to  it  are  dealt  with  herein  by  the  Rev.  J.  R. 
Crawford,  M.A.,  in  a  subsequent  chapter,  and  I  do  not 
propose  to  further  deal  with  the  point,  except  to  draw 
attention  to  a  proposal,  which  is  very  often  mooted,  that 
some  change  or  addition  to  the  Union  Jack  should  be 
made  to  typify  the  inclusion  of  the  colonies. 

But  to  begin  with,  what  is  the  Union  Jack  ?  Probably 
most  would  be  inclined  to  answer,  "  The  flag  of  the 
Empire."  It  is  nothing  of  the  kind.  It  is  in  a  way 
stretching  the  definition  to  describe  it  as  the  King's  flag. 
Certainly  the  design  of  interlaced  crosses  is  a  badge  of  the 
King's,  but  that  badge  is  of  a  later  origin  than  the  fiag. 

The  flag  itself  is  the  fighting  emblem  of  the  Sovereign, 
which  the  Sovereign  has  declared  shall  be  used  by  his 
soldiers  or  sailors  for  fighting  purposes  under  certain 
specified  circumstances.  That  it  is  used,  even  officially, 
in  all  sorts  of  circumstances  with  which  the  King's 
warrants  are  not  concerned  is  beside  the  matter,  for  it  is 
to  the  Royal  Warrants  that  one  must  refer  for  the  theory 
of  the  thing. 

Now  let  us  go  further  back,  and  trace  the  "  argent,  a 
cross  gules,"  the  part  which  is  England's  contribution  to 
the  Union  Jack,  which  itself  is  a  combination  of  the 
"  crosses "  of  St.  George,  St.  Andrew,  and  St.  Patrick. 
The  theory  of  one  is  the  theory  of  the  three,  separately 
or  conjoined. 

"Argent,  a  cross  gules"  was  never  the  coat  of  arms  of 
England  (except  under  the  Commonwealth,  when  its  use 
for  armorial  pui-poses  may  certainly  be  disregarded),  and 
the  reason  it  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  flag  of  England 
is  simply  and  solely  because  fighting  was  always  done 
under  the  supposed  patronage  of  some  saint,  and  England 


337 


2u 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


fought,  nut  under  the  arms  of  England,  but  under  the  flag 
of  St.  George,  the  patron  saint  of  England  and  of  the 
Order  of  the  Garter.  The  battle-cry  "  St.  George  for 
Merrie  England  !  "  is  too  well  known  to  need  more  than 
the  passing  mention.  Scotland  fought  under  St.  Andrew  ; 
Ireland,  by  a  similar  analogy,  had  for  its  patron  saint 
St.  Patrick  (if  indeed  there  was  a  Cross  of  St.  Patrick 
before  one  was  needed  for  the  Union  flag,  which  is  a  very 
doubtful  point),  and  the  Union  Jack  was  not  the  com- 
bination of  three  territorial  flags,  but  the  combination  of 
the  recognised  emblems  of  the  three  recognised  saints, 
and  though  England  claimed  the  sovereignty  of  France, 
and  for  that  reason  quartered  the  arms  of  France,  no 
Englishman  bothered  about  the  patronage  of  St.  Denis, 
and  the  emblem  of  St.  Denis  was  never  flown  in  this 
country.  The  fact  that  no  change  was  ever  made  in 
the  flag  to  typify  Hanover,  whilst  Hanover  duly  had  its 
place  upon  the  arms,  proves  that  the  flag  was  recognised 
to  be,  and  allowed  to  remain,  the  emblem  of  the  three 
patron  saints  under  whose  patronage  the  British  fought, 
and  not  the  badge  of  any  sovereignty  or  territorial  area. 
If  the  colonies  had  already  any  saint  of  their  own  under 
whose  patronage  they  had  fought  in  bygone  days,  or  in 
whose  name  they  wished  to  fight  in  the  future,  there 
might  be  reason  for  indiuling  the  cmhlem  of  that  saint 
upon  the  fighting  flag  of  the  Empire  ;  but  they  have  no 
recognised  saintly  patrons,  and  they  may  jnst  as  well 
fight  for  our  saints  as  choose  others  for  themselves  at  so 
late  a  day  ;  but  having  a  flag  which  is  a  combination  of 
the  emblems  of  three  saints,  and  which  contains  nothing 
that  is  not  a  part  of  those  emblems  to  make  any  addition 
heraldic  or  otherwise  to  it  now,  would  in  my  opinion  be 
best  expressed  by  the  following  illustration.  Imagine 
three  soldiers  in  full  and  complete  uniform,  one  English, 
one  Scottish,  and  one  Irish,  it  being  desired  to  evolve  a 
uniform  that  should  be  taken  from  all  three  for  use  by  a 
Union  regiment.  A  tunic  from  one,  trousers  from  another, 
and  a  helmet  from  a  third,  might  be  blended  into  a  very 
efiiective  and  harmonious  composite  unifoj-m.  Following 
the  analogy  of  putting  a  bordure,  which  is  not  the  emblem 
of  a  saint,  round  the  recognised  emblems  of  the  three 
recognised  saints,  and  considering  it  to  be  in  keeping 
because  the  bordure  was  heraldic  and  the  emblems 
heraldic,  one  might  argue,  that  because  a  uniform  was 
clothing  as  was  also  a  ballet-dancer's  skirt,  therefore  a 
ballet-dancer's  skirt  outside  the  whole  would  be  in  keep- 
ing with  the  rest  of  the  uniform.  For  myself  I  should 
dislike  any  addition  to  the  Union  device,  as  much  as  we 
should  deride  the  donning  of  tulle  skirts  outside  their 
tunics  and  trousers  by  the  brigade  of  Guards. 

The  flag  which  should  float  from  a  church  tower  should 
have  no  more  on  it  than  the  recognised  ecclesiastical 
emblems  of  the  saiut  to  whom  it  is  dedicated :  the  keys 
of  St.  Peter,  the  wheel  of  St.  Catherine,  the  sword  of 
St.  Paul,  the  cross  and  martlets  of  St.  Edmund,  the  lily 
of  St.  Mary,  the  emblem  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  or  whatever 
the  emblem  may  be  of  the  saint  in  question.  The  flags 
upon  public  buildings  should  bear  the  arms  of  the  cor- 
porate bodies  to  whom  those  buildings  belong.  The  flag 
to  be  flown  by  a  private  person,  as  the  law  now  stands, 
should  bear  that  person's  private  arms,  if  he  has  any,  and 
if  he  has  not  he  should  be  content  to  forego  the  pleasures 
arising  from  the  use  of  bunting.  A  private  flag  should 
be  double  its  height  in  length.  The  entire  surface  should 
be  occupied  by  the  coat  of  arms. 

These  flags  of  arms  are  banners,  and  it  is  quite  a 
misnomer  to  term  the  banner  of  the  Royal  Arms  the 
Royal  Standard.  The  flags  of  arms  hung  over  the  stalls 
of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter,  St.  Patrick,  and  the  former 
Knights  of  the  Bath  are  properly,  and  are  always  termed 
banners.  A  standard  one  never  meets  with  nowadays. 
The  term  properly  refers  to  the  long  tapering  flag  used 


in  battle,  and  under  which  an  overlord  mustered  his 
retainers  in  battle.  This  did  not  display  his  armorial 
bearings.  Next  to  the  staff  came  the  cross  of  St.  George, 
which  was  depicted,  of  course,  on  a  white  field.  This  occu- 
pied rather  less  than  one-third  of  the  standard.  The 
remainder  of  the  standard  was  of  the  colour  or  colours  of 
the  livery,  and  thereupon  was  represented  all  sorts  of 
devices,  usually  the  badges  and  sometimes  the  crest;  but 
almost  invariably  the  largest  and  most  prominent  object 
on  a  standard  was  o^ic  of  the  supporters.  The  motto  was 
usually  on  transverse  bands,  which  frequently  divided  the 
standard  into  compartments  for  the  different  badges. 
These  mottoes  from  their  nature  are  not  war-cries,  but 
undoubtedly  relate  and  belong  to  the  badges  with  which 
they  appear  in  conjunction.  The  whole  banner  was 
usually  fringed  with  the  livery  colours,  giving  the  effect 
of  a  bordure  compony.  These  standards  do  not  seem, 
except  for  the  ceremonial  purposes  of  funerals,  to  have 
survived  the  Tudor  period,  this  doubtless  being  the  result 
of  the  creation  of  the  standing  army  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  The  few  exotic  standards,  e.g.,  remaining 
from  the  Jacobite   rebellion,   seldom  conform  to  the  old 


Fig.  S36. — "  ^Middle"  arms  of  I  he  Duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg. 
(From  StTohVs  BeutscJie  Wappcnrollc.) 

patterns,  but  although  the  shape  is  altered,  the  artistic 
character  largely  remains  in  the  regimental  colours  of 
the  present  day  with  their  assorted  regimental  badges 
and  scrolls  with  the  names  of  battle  honours. 

The  armorial  use  of  the  banner  in  connection  with  the 
display  of  heraldic  achievements  is  very  limited  in  this 
country.  In  the  cases  of  Cochrane  (Plate  LX  VIII.)  and  the 
Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava  (Fig.  811)  the  banner  or 
flag  is  an  integral  and  unchangeable  part  of  the  heraldic 
supporters,  and  in  Ross-of-Bladensburg,  e.g.,  it  is  similarly 
an  integral  part  of  the  crest.  Other  cases  where  arms 
have  been  depicted  on  banners  are  generally  no  more  than 
matters  of  artistic  design,  but  in  the  arms  of  Scotland  as 
matriculated  in  Lyon  Register  for  King  Charles  II.  the 
supporters  are  accompanied  by  banners,  the  dexter  being 
of  the  arms  of  Scotland,  and  the  sinister  the  banner  of 
St.  Andrew.  These  banners  possess  rather  a  different 
character,  and  approach  very  closely  to  the  German  use. 
The  same  practice  has  been  followed  in  the  seals  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,  inasmuch  as  on  the  obverse  of  the 
seal  of  George  IV.  and  the  seal  of  Queen  Victoria  the 
Royal  supporters  hold  banners  of  the  arms  of  England 
and  of  the  Duchy  (i.e.  England,  a  label  for  difference). 
James  I.  on  his  Great  Seal  had  the  banners  of  Cadwal- 
lader  (azure,  a  cross  patte  fitche  or)  and  King  Edgar  (azure, 


338 


PLATE   CVIII. 


HBaoeHemKiimnopCL 


Printed  at  SlDttgnrt. 

HERALDIC   \VOOD-CARVI.\(;S    IX    THE    POSSESSION    OF    THE    Al'STRIAN    IMPERIAL    FAMILY. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


a  cross  patonee  between  four  martlets  or),  and  on  the  Great 
Seal  of  Charles  I.  the  dexter  supporter  holds  a  banner  of 
St.  George,  and  the  sinister  a  banner  of  St.  Andrew. 

Of  the  heraldic  use  of  the  banner  in  Germany  Herr 
Strohl  writes : — 

"  The  banner  appears  in  a  coat  of  arms,  either  in  the 
hands  or  paws  of  the  supporters  (Fig.  836),  also  set  up  be- 
hind the  shield  (see  Plate  CXVIII.  Fig.  3).  or  the  pavilion, 
as,  for  instance,  in  the  larger  achievement  of  his  Majesty 
the  German  Emperor,  in  the  large  achievement  of  the  king- 
dom of  Prussia,  of  the  dukedom  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  and 
further  in  the  Arms  of  State  of  Italy,  Russia,  Roumania,  &o. 

"  Banners  on  the  shield  as  charges,  or  on  the  helmet  as 
a  crest  (Plate  LXXXVIII.  Fig.  6),  are  here,  of  course, 
not  in  question,  but  only  those  banners  which  serve  as 
Frachtstiicke  (appendages  of  magnificence). 

"  The  banners  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries 
are  long  and  narrow,  and  frequently  run  in  stripes,  like 


JftBd 


Fig.  S37. — Arms  of  Tetnang:  Ar- 
gent, an  ecclesiastical  banner 
gules.  (From  the  Zurich  Wap- 
penroUe. ) 


Fig.  S38.— Arms  o£ 
town  of  Tangermunde : 
Argent,  the  eagle  of 
Brandenburg  displayed 
gules  armed  or,  each 
wing  charged  with  a  rose 
of  the  field. 


battlements  (Plate  CXXXVI.  Fig.  3).  Hojvever,  in  the 
second  half  of  the  thirteenth  century  flags  were  also  to 
be  met  with,  with  the  longer  side  attached  to  the  stick 
(Plates  V.  Fig.  i,  and  CXXXVI.  Fig.  i).  Later  on  the 
banners  became  more  square,  and  show  on  the  top  a  long 
strip,  generally  of  another  colour,  the  Schwenkd  {i.e.  some- 
thing that  flourishes,  waves  to  and  fro).  Fig.  I002  ;  Plates 
CXXXVI.  Fig.  5  ;  CXXXVII.  Fig.  3.  To  bear  a  red 
schwenhd  was  a  special  privilege,  similar  to  the  right  of 
sealing  with  red  wax. 


Fig.  S39. 


Fig.  S40. 


"The  ecclesiastical  banner  has  three  points,  and  is 
provided  with  rings  on  the  top  in  order  that  it  may  be 
fastened  to  the  stick  by  them,  in  an  oblique  position 
(Fig.  837;  see  also  Plate  CXXXIX.  Fig.  18). 

"  The  banner  always  represents  the  field  of  the  shield, 
and  assumes  accordingly  its  tincture.  The  charges  of  the 
shield  should  be  placed  upon  the  banner  without  the 
outline  of  a  shield,  and  the  edge  against  the  flag-staff  is 
considered  the  dexter  ;  it  follows  from  this  that  the 
figure  must  be  turned  towards  it  (see  Fig.  1002  and 
Plate  CXVIII.  Fig.  3). 

"  For  instance,  if  the  shield  bear  the  following  arms, 
argent  an  eagle  gules  (Fig.  838),  the  same  figure,  suited  to 


the  size  of  the  flag,  appears  on  the  banner,  with  its 
head  turned  towards  the  staff  (Fig.  839).  If  it  be  wished 
to  represent  only  the  colours  of  the  arms  upon  the  flag, 
that  of  the  charge  is  placed  above,  and  that  of  the 
field  below  (Fig.  840).      Thus,  for  example,  the  Prussian 


Fig.  841. 


Fig.  842. 


flag  is  black  and  white,  corresponding  to  the  black 
eagle  on  the  silver  field;  the  flag  of  HohenzoUern  is 
white  and  black,  corresponding  to  their  coat  of  arms, 
quartered  silver  and  black,  because  in  the  latter  case,  so 
soon  as  a  heraldic  representation  is  available,  from  the 
position  of  the  coloured  fields,  the  correct  order  of  the 
tinctures  is  determined. 

"  Where  flags  are  used  for  purely  decorative  purposes, 
one  is  no  longer  strictly  tied  down  to  the  simple  square 
or   rectangular    shape ;    some    scope   for   fancy   may   be 


accorded,  but  the  cut  of  the  flag  must  not  interfere  with 
its  clearness,  and  the  heraldic  character  of  the  charge 
must  not  be  disturbed.  A  few  examples  of  such  different 
shapes  (Figs.  841,  842,  and  S43)  will  bring  more  nearly 
before  the  eyes  what  has  been  mentioned." 

H.  S.  AND  A.  C.  F-D. 


339 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER     XXXV 


MARKS    OF    CADENCY 


THE  manner  in  which  cadency  is  indicated  in 
heraldic  emblazonment  forms  one  of  the  most 
important  parts  of  British  armory,  but  our  own 
intricate  and  minutely  detailed  systems  are  a  purely 
British  development  of  armory.  I  do  not  intend  by 
the  foregoing  remark  to  assert  that  the  occasional  use, 
or  even,  as  in  some  cases,  the  constant  use  of  altered 
arms  for  purposes  of  indicating  cadency  is  unknown  on 
the  Continent,  because  ditferent  branches  of  one  family 
are  constantly  found  using,  for  the  purposes  of  dis- 
tinction, variations  of  the  arms  appertaining  to  the 
head  of  the  family;  in  France  especially  the  bordure 
has  been  extensively  used,  but  the  fact  nevertheless 
remains  that  in  no  other  countries  is  there  found  an 
organised  system  or  set  of  rules  for  the  purpose. 

The  obligation  of  cadet  lines  to  diii'erence  their  arms 
was  recognised  practically  universally  in  the  fourteenth 
century ;  and  when,  later,  the  systematic  use  of  dif- 
ferencing seemed  in  danger  of  being  ignored,  it  was 
made  the  subject  of  specific  legislation.  In  the  treatise 
of  Zypceus,  de  Notitia  juris  Belgici,  lib.  xii.,  quoted  also 
in  Menetrier,  Becherches  du  Blazon,  p.  218,  we  find 
the  following: — 

"  Ut  secundo  et  ulterius  geniti,  quinimo  primogeniti 
vivo  patre,  Integra  insignia  non  gerant,  sed  aliqua  nota 
distincta,  ut  perpetuo  Wms  dignosci  possint,  et  ex 
qua  quique  descendant,  donee  anteriores  defecerint. 
Exceptis  Luxenburgis  et  Gueldris,  quibus  non  sunt  ii 
mores."     (The  exception  is  curious.) 

The  choice  of  these  brisures,  as  marks  of  difference 
are  often  termed,  was,  however,  left  to  the  persons  con- 
cerned ;  and  there  is,  consequently,  a  great  variety  of 
differences  or  differentiation  which  seem  to  have  been 
used  for  the  purpose.  The  term  "brisure"  is  really 
French,  whilst  the  German  term  for  these  marks  is 
"  Beizeichen." 

British  heraldry,  on  the  contrary,  is  remarkable  for 
its  use  of  two  distinct  sets  of  rules — the  English  and 
the  Scottish — the  Irish  system  being  identical  with  the 
former.  Nor  is  this  idea  of  the  indication  of  cadency 
wholly  a  modern  development,  though  some,  in  fact 
most,  of  the  rules  presently  in  force  are  no  doubt  a 
result  of  modern  requirements,  and  do  not  date  back 
to  the  earliest  periods  of  heraldry  in  this  country. 

To  understand  the  question  of  cadency  it  is  necessary 
to  revert  to  the  status  of  a  coat  of  arms  in  early  periods. 
In  the  first  chapter  we  dealt  with  the  origin  of  armory ; 
and  in  a  subsequent  chapter  with  the  status  of  a  coat  of 
arms  in  Great  Britain,  and  it  will  therefrom  have  been 
apparent  that  arms,  and  a  right  to  them,  developed  in  this 
country  as  an  adjunct  of,  or  contemporaneously  with,  the 
extension  of  the  feudal  system.  Every  landowner  was 
at  one  time  required  to  have  his  seal — presumably,  of 
arms — and  as  a  result  arms  were  naturally  then  con- 
sidered to  possess  something  of  a  territorial  character. 
I  do  not  by  this  mean  to  say  that  the  arms  belonged  to 
the  land  and  were  transferable  with  the  sale  and  pur- 
chase thereof  There  never  was  in  this  country  a  period 
at  which  such  an  idea  held ;  nor  were  arms  originally 
purely  personal.  They  belonged  rather  to  a  position 
half-way  between  the  two.  They  were  the  arms  of  a  given 
family,  originating  because  that  family  held  land  and 
accepted  the  consequent  responsibOities  thereto  belong- 
ing, but  the  arms  appertained  for  the  time  being  to  the 


member  of  that  family  who  owned  the  land,  and  that  this 
is  the  true  idea  of  the  former  status  of  a  coat  of  arms  is 
perhaps  best  evidenced  by  the  Grey  and  Hastings  con- 
troversy, which  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Court  of 
Chivalry  for  several  years  prior  to  1410.  The  decision 
and  judgment  in  the  case  gave  the  undifferenced  arms 
of  Hastings  to  the  heir-general  (Grey  de  Ruthyn),  the 
heir-male  (Sir  Edward  Hastings)  being  found  only 
capable  of  bearing  the  arms  of  Hastings  subject  to 
some  mark  of  difference. 

This  case,  and  the  case  of  Scrope  and  Grosvenor,  in 
which  the  king's  award  was  that  the  bordure  was  not 
sufficient  difference  for  a  stranger  in  blood,  being  only 
the  mark  of  a  cadet,  show  clearly  that  the  status  of  a 
coat  of  arms  in  early  times  was  that  it  belonged  to  one 
person  only  for  the  time  being,  and  that  person  the 
head  of  the  family,  though  it  should  be  noted  that  the 
term  "  Head  of  the  Family  "  seems  to  have  been  inter- 
preted into  the  one  who  held  the  lands  of  the  family — 
whether  he  were  heir-male  or  hen-general  being  appar- 
ently immaterial. 

Thus  much  being  recognised,  it  follows  that  some 
means  were  needed  to  be  devised  to  differentiate  the 
armorial  bearings  of  the  younger  members  of  the 
family.  Of  course  the  earliest  definite  instances  of  any 
attempt  at  a  systematic  "differencing"  for  cadency 
which  can  be  referred  to  are  undoubtedly  those  cases 
presented  by  the  arms  of  the  younger  members  of 
the  Royal  Family  in  England.  These  cases,  however, 
it  is  impossible  to  take  as  precedents.  Royal  Arms  have 
always,  from  the  very  earliest  times,  been  a  law  unto 
themselves,  subject  only  to  the  will  of  the  Sovereign, 
and  it  is  neither  safe  nor  correct  to  deduce  precedents 
to  be  applied  to  the  arms  of  subjects  from  proved  in- 
stances concerning  the  Royal  Arms. 

Probably,  apart  from  these,  the  earliest  mark  of 
cadency  which  is  to  be  met  with  Ln  heraldry  is  the 
label  (Fig.  844)  used  to  indicate  the  eldest  son,  and 


\j  "iym^mni 


Fig.  S44.— The  label. 

this  mark  of  difference  dates  back  far  beyond  any  other 
regularised  methods  applicable  to  "younger"  sons. 
The  German  name  for  the  label  is  "  Turnierkragen," 
i.e.  Tournament  Collar,  which  may  indicate  the  origin 
of  this  curious  figure.  Probably  the  use  of  the  label 
can  be  taken  back  to  the  middle  or  early  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  but  the  opportunity  and  necessity 
of  marking  the  arms  of  the  heir-apparent  temporarily, 
he  having  the  expectation  of  eventually  succeeding 
to  the  undifferenced  arms,  is  a  very  different  matter 
to  the  other  opportunities  for  the  use  of  marks  of 
cadency.  The  lord  and  his  heir  were  the  two  most 
important  members  of  the  family,  and  all  others  sunk 
their  identity  in  then-  position  in  the  household  of  their 
chief  unless  they  were  established  by  marriage,  or 
otherwise,  in  lordships  of  their  own,  in  which  cases 
they  are  usually  found  to  have  preferred  the  arms  of 
the  family  from  whom  they  inherited  the  lordships 
they  enjoyed ;  and  their  identities  being  to  such  a 
large  extent  overlooked,  the  necessity  for  any  system 


340 


PLATE   CIX. 


V""^x 


MANTLINGS    OF    THE   XVI.    AND    XVII.    CENTURIES. 


Printed  at  Stuttgart 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


of  marking  the  arms  of  a  younger  son  was  not  so  early 
apparent  as  the  necessity  for  marking  the  arms  of  the 
heir. 

The  lahel  does  not  appear  to  have  been  originally 
confined  exclusively  to  the  heir.  It  was  at  first  the 
only  method  of  differencing  known,  and  it  is  not  there- 
fore to  be  wondered   at  that  we  find  that  it  was  fre- 


h  IG.  S45. — Arms  of  John  de  Lacy,  Earl  of  Lincoln  {d.  1 240) :  Quarterly, 
or  and  gules,  a  bend  sable,  and  a  label  argent. 


I^ 

\ 

TO 

X 

^ 

?^ 

W 

Fig.  S46. — Arms  of  John  de  la 
Pole,  Earl  of  Lincoln  (son  of 
John,  Duke  of  Suffolk),  d.  14S7  : 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  azure,  a  fess 
between  three  leopards'  faces 
or;  2  and  .1,  per  fess  gules  and 
argent,  a  lion  rampant  queue 
fourche  or,  armed  and  langued 
azure,  over  all  a  label  argent. 
(From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  S47.— Arms  of  William  Le 
Scrope,  Earl  of  Wiltes  (rf.  1 399)  ; 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  the  arms  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  a  label  argent ; 
2  and  3,  azure,  a  bend  or,  a 
label  guies.  (From  Willement's 
Roll,  sixteenth  century, ) 


quently  used  by  other  cadets,  who  used  it  with  no  other 
meaning  than  to  indicate  that  they  were  not  the  Head 
of  the  House.  It  has,  consequently,  in  some  few  cases 
[for  example,  in  the  arms  of  Courtenay  (Fig.  228), 
Babington,  and  Barrington]  become  stereotyped  as  a 
charge,  and  is  continuously  and  unchangeably  used  as 
such,  whereas  doubtless  it  may  have  been  no  more 
originally  than  a  mere  mark  of  cadency.  The  label 
was  origmally  drawn  with  its  upper  edge  identical  with 
the  top  of  the  shield  (Fig.  1 23  and  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  26), 
but  later  its  position  on  the  shield  was  lowered.  The 
number  of  points  on  the  label  was  at  first  without 
meaning,  a  five-pointed  label  occurring  in  Fig.  1 23  and 
a  seven- pointed  one  in  Fig.  218. 

In  the  Roll  of  Caerlaverock  the  label  is  repeatedly 
referred  to.  Of  Sir  Maueice  de  Berkeley  it  is 
expressly  declared  that 

".  .  .  un  label  de  asur  avoit, 
Porce  qe  ces  peres  vivoit." 

Sir  Patrick  Dunbar,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Lothian 
(i.e.  of  March),  then  bore  arras  similar  to  his  father, 
with  the  addition  of  a  label  "  azure."  On  the  other 
hand.  Sir  John  de  Segrave  is  said  to  bear  his  deceased 
father's  arms  undifferenced,  while  his  younger  brother 
N1CHOLA.S  carries  them  with  a  label  "  gules " ;  and  in 
the  case  of  Edmund  de  Hastings  the  label  is  also 
assigned  to  a  younger  brother.  Further  proof  of  its 
being  thus  borne  by  cadets  is  furnished  by  the  evidence 
in  the  Gray  and  Hastings  controversy  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  IV.,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  younger 
line  of  the  Hastings  family  liad  for  generations  differ- 
enced the  paternal  coat  by  a  label  of  three  points ;  and. 


as  various  knights  and  esquires  had  deposed  to  this 
label  being  the  cognisance  of  the  nearest  heir,  it  was 
argued  that  the  defendant's  ancestors  would  not  have 
borne  their  arms  in  this  way  had  they  not  been  the 
reputed  next  heirs  of  the  family  of  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke.   The  label  will  be  seen  m  Figs.  845,  846,  and  847. 

William  Euthven,  Provost  of  Perth,  eldest  son  of 
the  Master  of  Ruthven,  bore  a  label  of  four  points  in 
1503,  Two  instances  occur  of  a  label  borne  by  a  power- 
ful younger  brother.  One  is  Walter  Stewart,  Earl 
of  Menteith,  the  fourth  High  Steward,  in  1 292 ;  and 
we  find  the  label  again  on  the  seal  of  his  son  Alex- 
ander Stewart,  Earl  of  Menteith. 

At  Caerlaverock,  Henry  of  Lancaster,  brother  and 
successor  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster — 

"  Portait  les  amies  son  fiere 
Au  beau  bastoun  s;ins  label," 

i.e.  he  bore  the  Royal  Arms,  differenced  by  a  bendlet 
"  azure." 

Jane  FENTOUN,daughter  and  heir-apparent  of  Walter 
Fentoun  of  Baikie,  bore  a  label  in  1448,  and  dropped  it 
after  her  father's  death.  This  is  apparently  an  instance 
quite  unique.  I  know  of  no  other  case  where  the  label 
has  been  used  by  a  woman  as  a  mark  of  difference. 

In  France  the  label  was  the  chief  recognised  mode 
of  difference,  though  the  bend  and  the  bordure  are 
frequently  to  be  met  with. 

In  Germany,  Spener  tells  us  that  the  tise  of  the 
label,  though  occasional,  was  not  infrequent :  "  Sicuti  in 
Gallia  vix  alius  discerniculorum  modus  frequentior  est, 
ita  rariora  exempla  reperimus  in  Germania,"  and  he 
gives  a  few  examples,  though  he  is  unable  to  assign  the 
reason  for  its  assumption  as  a  hereditary  bearing.  The 
most  usual  method  of  differencing  in  Germany  was  by 
the  alteration  of  the  tinctures  or  by  the  alteration  of 
the  charges.  As  an  example  of  the  former  method,  the 
arms  of  the  Bavarian  family  of  Parteneck  may  be  in- 
stanced (Figs.  848  to  852),  all  representing  the  arms  of 


Fig.  S48.— Parteneck.      FiG.  849.— Cammer.    FiG.  S50.— Cammerberg. 


Fig.  S51. — Hilgertshauser, 


Fig,  852, — Massenhauser, 


different  branches  of  the  same  family.  The  arms  of 
the  family  of  Freiberg  are  an  instance  of  the  change 
of  charges.  The  original  family,  who  were  settled 
in   Swabia,  bore :    "  Per  fesse   argent  and  azure,  three 


Fig.  S53, — Arms  of  Freiberg 
(Swabia). 


Fig.  S54. — Arms  of  Freiberg 
(Bavaria), 


bezants"  (Fig.  853);  the  bezants  in  this  case  being 
intended  to  represent  the  yolks  of  eggs.  A  cadet 
branch  which  settled  in  Bavaria  changed  the  bezants 
to  stars  (Fig.  854). 


341 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Next  to  the  use  of  the  label  in  British  heraldry  came 
the  use  of  the  bordure,  and  the  latter  as  a  mark  of 
cadency  can  at  any  rate  be  traced  back  as  a  well-estab- 
lished matter  of  rule  and  precedent  as  far  as  the  Scrope 
and  Grosvenor  controversy  in  the  closing  years  of  the 
fourteenth  century. 

At  the  period  when  the  bordure  as  a  difference  is  to  be 
found  most  frequently  met  with  in  English  heraldry,  it 
never  had  any  more  definite  status  or  meaning  than  a 
sign  that  the  bearer  was  not  the  head  of  the  house,  as  in 
the  case  of  Humphrey  Stafford,  Earl  of  Devonshire  (Fig. 
855),  though  one  cannot  but  think  that  in  many  cases 


Fig.  S55. — Arms  of  Humphrey  Stafford,  Earl  of  Devonshire  {d.  1469) ; 
Or,  a  chevron  gules,  a  bordure  engrailed  sable.  (From  MS. 
Harl.  6129.) 

in  which  it  occurs  its  significance  is  a  doubt  as  to  legiti- 
mate descent,  or  a  doubt  of  the  probability  of  an  as- 
serted descent.  In  modern  English  practice  the  bordure 
as  a  difference  for  cadets  only  continues  to  be  used  by 
those  whose  ancestors  bore  it  in  ancient  times.  Its 
other  use  as  a  modern  mark  of  illegitimacy  is  dealt 
with  in  the  chapter  upon  marks  of  illesitimacy,  and  the 
curious  and  unique  Scottish  system  of  cadency  bordures 
will  be  presently  referred  to.  In  Germany  of  old  the 
use  of  the  bordure  as  a  difference  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  very  frequent,  but  it  is  now  used  to  dis- 
tinguish the  arms  of  the  Crown  Prince.  In  Italian 
heraldry,  although  differences  are  known,  there  is  no 
system  whatever. 

In  Spain  and  Portugal  marks  of  cadency,  in  our  sense 
of  the  word,  are  almost  unknown,  but  nevertheless  the 
bordure,  especially  as  indicating  descent  from  a  maternal 
ancestor,  is  very  largely  employed.  The  most  familiar 
instance  is  afforded  by  the  Royal  Arms  of  Portugal,  in 
which  the  arms  of  Portugal  are  surrounded  by  a 
"  bordure  "  of  Castile. 

Differencing,  however,  had  become  a  necessity  at  an 
earlier  period  than  the  period  at  which  we  find  an 
approach  to  the  systematic  usage  of  the  label,  bordure, 
and  bend,  but  it  should  be  noticed  that  those  who 
wished,  and  needed,  to  difference  were  those  younger 
members  of  the  family  who  by  settlement,  or  marriage, 
had  themselves  become  lords  of  other  estates,  and 
heads  of  distinct  houses.  For  a  man  must  be  taken  as 
a  "  Head  of  a  House  "  for  all  intents  and  purposes  as 
soon  as  by  his  possession  of  lands  "held  in  chief"  he 
became  himself  liable  to  the  Crown  to  provide  stated 
military  service,  and  as  a  consequence  found  the 
necessity  for  a  banner  of  arms,  under  which  his  men 
could  be  mustered.  Now  having  these  positions  as 
overlords,  the  inducement  was  rather  to  set  up  arms 
for  themselves  than  to  pose  merely  as  cadets  of  other 
families,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  at 
the  earliest  period  differencing,  for  the  above  reason, 
took  the  form  of  and  was  meant  as  a  change  in  the 
arms.  It  was  something  quite  beyond  and  apart  from 
the  mere  condition  of  a  right  to  recognised  arms,  with 
an  indication  thereupon  that  the  bearer  was  not  the 
person  chiefly  entitled  to  the  display  of  that  particular 
coat.     We  therefore   find  cadets   bearing   the  arms  of 


their  house  with  the  tincture  changed,  with  subsidiary 
charges  introduced,  or  with  some  similar  radical  altera- 
tion made.  Such  coats  should  properly  be  considered 
essentially  different  coats,  merely  indicatmg  in  their 
design  a  given  relationship  rather  than  as  the  same  coat 
differenced  to  indicate  cadency.  For  instance,  the  three 
original  branches  of  the  Conyers  family  bear :  "  Azure,  a 
maunch  ermine ;  azure,  a  maunch  or ;  azure,  a  maunch 
ermine  debruised  by  a  bendlet  gules."  The  coat 
differenced  by  the  bend,  of  course,  stands  self-confessed 
as  a  differenced  coat,  but  it  is  by  no  means  certain,  nor 
is  it  known  whether  "azure,  a  maunch  ermine,"  or 
"azure,  a  maunch  or"  indicates  the  original  Conyers 
arms,  for  the  very  simple  reason  that  it  is  now  im- 
possible to  definitely  prove  which  branch  supplies  the 
true  head  of  the  family.  It  is  known  that  a  wicked 
uncle  intervened,  and  usurped  the  estates  to  the  detri- 
ment of  the  nephew  and  heir,  but  whether  the  uncle 
usurped  the  arms  with  the  estates,  or  whether  the  heir 
changed  his  arms  when  settled  on  the  other  lands 
to  wnich  he  migrated,  there  is  now  no  means  of 
ascertaining. 

Similarly  we  find  the  Darcy  arms  ["Argent,  three 
cinquefoils  gules,"  which  is  probably  the  oldest  form], 
"  Argent,  crusuly  and  three  cinquefoils  gules,"  and 
"  Azure,  crusuly  and  three  cinquefoils  argent,"  and 
countless  instances  can  be  referred  to  where,  for  tlie 
purpose  of  indicating  cadency,  the  arms  of  a  family 
were  changed  in  this  manner.  This  reason,  of  which 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  supplies  the  origin  and  the  ex- 
cuse for  the  custom  of  assigning  similar  arms  when 
the  descent  is  but  doubtful.  Similarity  originally, 
though  it  may  indicate  consanguinity,  was  never  in- 
tended to  be  proof  thereof. 

The  principal  ancient  methods  of  alteration  in  arms, 
which  nowadays  are  apparently  accepted  as  former  modes 
of  differencing  merely  to  indicate  cadencj^  may  perhaps 
be  classified  into :  (a)  Change  of  tincture ;  (6)  the 
addition  of  small  charges  to  the  field,  or  to  an  ordinary ; 
(c)  the  addition  of  a  label  or  (rZ)  of  a  canton  or  quarter ; 
(e)  the  addition  of  an  inescutcheon ;  (/)  the  addition 
(or  change)  of  an  ordinary;  (g)  the  changing  of  the 
lines  of  partition  enclosing  an  ordinary,  and  perhaps 
also  (h)  diminishing  the  number  of  charges;  (i)  a 
change  of  some  or  all  of  the  minor  charges.  At  a 
later  date  came  (j)  the  systematic  use  of  the  label, 
the  bordure,  and  the  bend ;  and  subsequently  (k) 
the  use  of  the  modern  systems  of  "marks  of  cad- 
ency." Perhaps,  also,  one  should  include  (l)  the  addi- 
tion of  quarters,  the  use  of  (m)  augmentations  and 
official  arms,  and  (n)  the  escutcheon  en  surtout, 
indicating  a  territorial  and  titular  lordship,  but  the 
three  last-mentioned,  though  useful  for  distinction  and 
frequently  obviating  the  necessity  of  other  marks  of 
cadency,  did  not  originate  with  the  theory  or  necessities 
of  differencing,  and  are  not  properly  marks  of  cadency. 
At  the  same  time,  the  warning  should  be  given  that  it 
is  not  safe  always  to  presume  cadency  when  a  change 
of  tincture  or  other  slight  deviation  from  an  earlier 
form  of  the  arms  is  met  with.  Many  families  when 
they  exhibited  their  arms  at  the  Visitations  could  not 
substantiate  them,  and  the  heralds,  in  confirming  arms, 
frequently  deliberately  changed  the  tinctures  of  many 
coats  they  met  with,  to  introduce  distinction  from  other 
authorised  arms. 

Practically  contemporarily  with  the  use  of  the  bor- 
dure came  the  use  of  the  bend,  then  employed  for 
the  same  purpose.  In  the  Armoinal  de  Gelre,  one  of 
the  earliest  armorials  now  in  existence  which  can  be 
referred  to,  the  well-known  coat  of  Abernethy  is  there 
differenced  by  the  bendlet  engrailed,  and  the  arms  of 
the   King  of  Navarre   bear  his  quartering  of  France 


342 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


differenced  by  a  bendlet  compony.  These  two  instances 
will  be  seen  on  Plate  LXXVI.,  and  amongst  other  in- 
stances in  which  the  bend  or  bendlet  appears  originally 
as  a  mark  of  cadency,  but  now  as  a  charge,  may  be  men- 
tioned the  arms  of  Fitzherbert,  Fulton,  Stewart  (Earl  of 
Gallowaj'),  and  others.  It  is  a  safe  presumption  with 
regard  to  ancient  coats  of  arms  that  any  coat  in  which 
the  field  is  seme  is  in  nine  oases  out  of  ten  a  difl'er- 
enced  coat  for  a  junior  cadet,  as  is  also  any  coat  in 
which  a  charge  or  ordinary  is  debruised  by  another. 
Of  course  in  more  modern  times  no  such  presumption 
is  permissible.  An  instance  of  a  seme  field  for  cadency 
will  be  found  in  the  case  of  the  D'Arcy  arms  already 
mentioned.  Little  would  be  gained  by  a  long  list  of 
instances  of  such  difi'erenoes,  because  the  most  careful 
and  systematic  investigations  clearly  show  that  in  early 
times  no  definite  rules  whatever  existed  as  to  the 
assumption  of  differences,  which  largely  depended  upon 
the  pleasure  of  the  bearer,  and  no  system  can  be  deduced 
which  can  be  used  to  decide  that  the  appearance  of  any 
given  difference  or  kind  of  difference  meant  a  given  set 
of  circumstances.  Nor  can  any  system  be  deduced 
which  has  any  value  for  the  purposes  of  precedents. 

Certain  instances  are  appended  which  will  indicate 
the  style  of  differencing  which  was  in  vogue,  but  it 
should  be  distinctly  remembered  that  the  object  was  not 
to  allocate  the  bearer  of  any  particular  coat  of  arms  to 
any  specific  place  in  the  family  pedigree,  but  merely  to 
show  that  he  was  not  the  head  of  the  house,  entitled 
to  bear  the  undift'erenced  arms,  if  indeed  it  would  not 
be  more  accurate  to  describe  these  instances  as  simply 
examples  of  different  coats  of  arms  used  by  members  of 
the  same  family.  For  it  should  be  remembered  that 
anciently,  before  the  days  of  "  black  and  white "  illus- 
tration, prominent  change  of  tincture  was  admittedly 
a  sufficient  distinction  between  strangers  in  blood. 
Beyond  the  use  of  the  label  and  the  bordure  there  does 
not  seem  to  have  been  any  recognised  system  of  differ- 
encing until  at  the  earliest  the  fifteenth  century — 
probably  any  regulated  system  does  not  date  much 
beyond  the  commencement  of  the  series  of  Visitations. 

Of  the  four  sons  of  Gilles  De  Mailly,  who  bore, 
"  Or,  three  mallets  vert,"  the  second,  third,  and  fourth 
sons  respectively  made  the  charges  "  gules,"  "  azure," 
and  "  sable."  The  "  argent  "  field  of  the  Douglas  coat 
was  in  some  branches  converted  into  "  ermine  "  as  early 
as  1373  ;  and  the  descendants  of  the  Douglases  of 
Dalkeith  made  the  chief  "  gules "  instead  of  "  azure." 
A  similar  mode  of  differencing  occurs  in  the  Lyon 
Kegister  in  many  other  families.  The  Mueeays  of 
Culbin  in  the  North  bore  a  "  sable "  field  for  their 
arms  in  lieu  of  the  more  usual  "  azure,"  and  there 
seems  reason  to  believe  that  the  Southern  Frasers 
originally    bore    their    field    "  sable,"    the    change    to 


by  the  Earls  of  Warwick.  Waleran,  Earl  of  Warwick 
(d.  1204),  appears  to  have  added  to  the  arms  of  Warenne 
(his  mother's  family)  (Fig.  856)  "  a  chevron  ermine." 
His  son  Henry,  Earl  of  Warwick  {d.  1229),  changed  the 
chevron  to  a  bend  (Fig.  857),  but  Thomas,  Earl  of  War- 
wick (d.  1242),  reverted  to  the  chevron  (Fig.   858),   a 


Fig.  856. — Arms  of  Warenne:  Fig.  857. — Arms  of  Henry,  Earl 

Cliequy  or  and  azure.  of  Warwick  [d.  1229):  Chequy 

or  and  azure,  a  bend  ermine. 

(After    Matthew    Paris,     MS. 

Reg.  14,  C.  vii.  folio  134.) 

"  azure "  being  an  alteration  made  by  those  branches 
who  migrated  northwai-ds.  An  interesting  series  of 
arms  is  met  with  in  the  case  of  the  differences  employed 


Fig.  858.— Arms  of  Thomas,  Earl      Fig.  S59.— Arms  of  William   de 
of   Warwick    (rf.    1242):     Che-  Bohun,    Earl   of    Northampton 

quy  or  and   azure,    a   chevron  [d.  1360) ;  Azure,  on  a  bend  ar- 

ermine.       (From    MS.    L.     14,  gent,  cottised,  and  between  six 

Coll.  Arms.)  lioncels  rampant  or,  three  mul- 

lets  gules,  pierced  vert.      (MS. 
Otho,  D.  IV.  folio  93.) 

form  which  was  perpetuated  after  the  earldom  had 
passed  to  the  house  of  Beauchamp  (Fig.  133).  An 
mstance  of  the  addition  of  mullets  to  the  bend  in  the 
arms  of  Bohun  (Fig.  265)  is  met  with  in  the  cadet  line 
created  Earls  of  Northampton  (Fig.  859). 

The  shield  of  William  de  Roumaee,  Earl  of  Lin- 
coln, who  died  in  11 98,  is  adduced  by  Mr.  Planche 
as  an  early  example  of  differencing  by  crosses  crosslet ; 
the  principal  charges  being  seven  mascles  conjoined, 
three,  three,  and  one.  We  find  in  the  Rolls  of  Arms 
of  the  thirteenth  and  early  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century  many  instances  of  coats  crusily,  billetty, 
bezanty,  and  "  pleyn  d'escallops,"  fleurette,  and  "  a 
les  trefoilles  d'or."  With  these  last  Sir  Edmond 
Dacee  of  Westmoreland  powdered  the  shield  borne 
by  the  head  of  his  family  :  "  Gules,  three  escallops  or  " 
(Roll  of  Edward  IL).  The  coat  borne  by  the  Actons  of 
Aldenham,  "  Gules,  crusily  or,  two  lions  passant  argent," 
is  sometimes  quoted  as  a  gerated  coat  of  Lesteange; 
for  Edwaed  de  Acton  married  the  coheiress  of  Le- 
steange (living  1387),  who  bore  simply:  "Gules,  two 
lions  passant  argent."  That  the  arms  of  Acton  are 
derived  fi-om  Lestrange  cannot  be  questioned,  but  the 
probability  is  that  they  were  a  neiv  invention  as  a 
distinct  coat,  the  charges  suggested  by  Lestrange.  The 
original  coat  of  the  House  of  Berkeley  in  England 
(Barclay  in  Scotland)  appears  to  have  been  :  "  Gules, 
a  chevron  or  "  (or  "  argent ").  The  seals  of  Robeet  de 
Beekeley,  who  died  4  Henry  III.,  and  Maueice  de 
Beekeley,  who  died  1281,  all  show  the  shield  charged 
with  a  chevron  only.  MoEis  de  Baekele,  in  the  Roll 
tew/p.  Henry  III.,  bears  :  "  Goules,  a  cheveron  argent." 

But  Thomas,  son  of  Maurice,  who  died  1 5  Edwaed 
II.,  has  the  present  coat  ;  "  Gules,  a  chevron  between 
ten  crosses  patee  argent "  (Fig.  860) ;  while  in  the  Roll 
of  Edward  II.,  "  De  goules  od  les  rosettes  de  argent  et 
un  chevron  de  argent "  is  attributed  to  Sir  Thomas  de 
Berkeley.  In  Leicestershire  the  Beekeleys  gerated 
with  cinquefoils,  an  ancient  and  favourite  bearing  in 
that  county,  derived  of  course  from  the  arms  or  badge 
of  the  Earl  of  Leicester.  In  Scotland  the  Baeclays 
differenced  by  change  of  tincture,  and  bore  :  "  Azure,  a 
chevron  argent  between  (or  in  chief)  three  crosses  patee 
of  the  same"  (Fig.  802).  The  same  coat  differenced 
for  a  cadet  (Mr.  Charles  Herbert  Barclay)  will  be 
seen  on  Plate  XX.  An  interesting  series  of  differ- 
ences is  met  with  upon  the  arms  of  Neville  of  Raby, 
which  are :  "  Gules,  a  saltire  argent,"  and  which  were 


343 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


differeooed  by  a  crescent  "sable";  a  martlet  "gnles"; 
a   mullet  "sable"  and   a   mullet   azure   (Fig.  86i);   a 


Fig.  S6o. — Arms  of  Thomas,  Lortl      FlG.    86i. — Arms     of     William 
Berkeley  of  Berkeley  {d.  1321 ) ;  Nevill,   Lord    Fauconberg  and 

Gules,  a  chevron  between   ten  Earl  of  Kent :  Quarterly,  i  and 

crosses    patee    argent.      (From  4,  gules,  a  saltire  argent,  a  mul- 

his  seal,  1301.)  let  of  the   field   for  difference 

(Nevill)  ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  lion 
rampant  azure  (for  Fauconberg, 
this  being  however  really  the 
coat  of  Bruce).  (From  MS. 
Harl.  6163.) 

"  fleur-de-lis  "  ;  a  rose  "  gules  "  (Fig.  862  and  Plate 
LXVII.  Fig.  29) ;  a  pellet,  or  annulet,  "  sable "  (Plate 
LXVII.  Fig.  28),  this  being  the  difference  of  Lord 
Latimer ;    and    two    interlaced    annulets   "  azure,"    all 


Fig.  S62. — Arms  of  Edward  Ne-      Fig.  863. — Arms  of  Richard  Ne- 
vill, Baron  Bergavenny  {d.  1476) :  vill,  Earl  of  Salisbury :  Gules,  a 
Quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  quarterly  saltire  argent,  a  label  compony 
I  and  4,  gules,  a  f  ess  between  six          argent  and  azure.     (From   his 
cross    crosslets   or,  a   crescent  seal,  1428.) 
sable  for  difference ;   2  and  3, 
chequy   or  and  azure,   ii.   and 
iii.,  gules,  on  a  saltire  argent,  a 
rose  of  the  field  for  difference. 
(From  his  seal.) 

borne  on  the  centre  point  of  the  saltire.  The  inter- 
laced annulets  were  borne  by  Lord  Montagu,  as  a 
second  ditt'erence  on  the  arms  of  his  father,  Richard 
Nevill,  Earl  of  Salisbury  (Fig.  S63),  he  and  his  brother 
the  King  Maker  (Fig.  213)  botJi  using  the  curious  com- 
pony label  of  azure  and  argent  borne  ly  their  father, 
which  indicated  their  descent  from  John  of  Gaunt. 
One  of  the  best  known  English  examples  of  differencing 
by  a  change  of  charges  is  that  of  the  coat  of  the  Cob- 
hams,  "  Gules,  a  chevron  or,"  in  which  the  ordinary  was 
charged  by  various  cadets  with  three  pierced  estoiles, 
three  lions,  three  crossed  crosslets,  three  "fleur-de-lis," 
three  crescents,  and  three  martlets,  all  of  "  sable." 

The  original  Grey  coat  ["  Barry  of  six  argent  and 
azure  "]  is  ditterenoed  in  the  Roll  of  Edward  L  by  a 
bend  gules  for  John  de  Grey,  at  Gaerlaverock  this  is 
engrailed. 

The  Segkave  coat  ["  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  argent "] 
is  differenced  by  the  addition  of  "  a  bendlet  or  "  ;  or  "  a 
bendlet  gules "  ;  and  the  last  is  again  differenced  by 
engrailing  it. 

The  Leslies  of  Balquhain  differenced  the  chief  coat 
of  their  family  ["  Argent,  on  a  bend  azure  three  buckles 
or"]  by  turning  the  bend  into  a  fess.  A  very  early 
cadet  of  the  Graham  family,  Graham  of  Morphie, 
adopted  an  unusually  pronounced  difl'erence,  substituting 
a  chevron  for  the  chief,  and  at  the  same  time  changing 
the  tinctures.     The  principal  Graham  coat  is  :  "  Or,  on 


a  chief  sable  three  escallops  of  the  field  " ;  that  of  Mor- 
phie :  "  Sable,  a  chevron  between  three  escallops  argent." 

In  the  Calais  Roll  the  arms  of  William  de  Warren 
[■'  Chequy  or  and  azure  "]  are  differenced  by  the  addition 
of  a  canton  said  to  be  that  of  Fitzalan  (but  really  that 
of  Nerford). 

Whilst  no  regular  system  of  differencing  has  survived 
in  France,  and  whilst  outside  the  Royal  Family  arms 
in  that  country  show  comparatively  few  examples  of 
difference  marks,  the  system  as  regards  the  French 
Royal  Arms  was  well  observed  and  approximated  closely 
to  our  own.  The  Dauphin  of  France  bore  the  Royal 
Arms  undifferenced  but  never  alone,  they  being  always 
quartered  with  the  sovereign  arms  of  his  personal 
sovereignty  of  Dauphine :  "  Or,  a  dolphin  embowed 
azure,  finned  gules"  (Plate  LXVIL  Fig.  i ).  This  has  been 
more  fully  referred  to  on  page  1 84.  It  is  much  to  be 
regretted  that  the  arms  of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales 
do  not  include  the  arms  of  his  sovereignty  of  the  Duchy 
of  Cornwall,  nor  any  allusion  to  his  dignities  of  Prince 
of  Wales  or  Earl  of  Chester. 

The  arms  of  the  Dukes  of  Orleans  (Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  2) 
show  the  arms  of  France  differenced  by  a  label  argent. 
This  is  to  be  observed,  for  example,  upon  the  seal  (Fig. 
864)  of  the  Duchess  Charlotte  Elizabeth  of  Orleans, 
widow  of  Philip  of  Orleans,  brother  of  King  Louis  XIV. 
of  France.  She  was  a  daughter  of  the  Elector  Charles 
Louis.  The  arms  of  the  old  Dukes  of  Anjou  were  the 
ancient  coat  of  France  (azure,  seme-de-lis  or)  dift'erenced 
by  a  label  of  five  points  gules,  but  the  younger  house  of 
Anjou  bore  the  modern  arms  of  France  differenced  by 
a  bordure  gules  (Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  3).  The  Dukes 
d'Alencon  also  used  the  bordure  gules,  but  charged  this 
with  eight  plates  (Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  4),  whilst  the 
Dukes  de  Berri  used  a  bordure  engrailed  gules. 


1 IG.  S64.  —Seal  of  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Philip, 
Duke  of  Orleans. 

The  Counts  d'Angouleme  used  the  arms  of  the  Dukes 
of  Orleans,  adding  a  crescent  gules  on  each  point  of  the 
label  (Plate  LXVII.  Fi^.  13),  whilst  the  Counts  d'Artois 
used  France  (ancient)  differenced  by  a  label  gules,  each 
point  charged  with  three  castles  (towers)  or. 

Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  17  shows  the  shield  of  Pier  de 
Luxembourg,  Count  de  St.  Paul  (rZ.  1433):  "Argent, 
a  lion  rampant  double-queued  gules,  crowned  or,  differ- 
enced by  a  label  of  three  points  argent." 

The  rules  which  govern  the  marks  of  cadency  at 
present  in  England  are  as  follows,  and  it  should  be 
carefully  borne  in  mind  that  the  Scottish  system  bears 
no  relation  whatever  to  the  English  system.  The  eldest 
son  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father  differences  his  arms 
by  a  label  of  three  points  couped  at  the  ends.  This  is 
placed  in  the  centre  chief  point  of  the  escutcheon.  There 
is  no  rule  as  to  its  colour,  which  is  left  to  the  pleasure  of 
the  bearer;  but  it  is  usually  decided  as  follows  :  (i)That 
it  shall  not  be  metal  on  metal,  or  colour  on  colour ;  (2) 


344 


PLATE   ex. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


that  it  shall  not  be  argent  or  white ;  and,  if  possible,  that 
it  shall  difler  from  any  colour  or  metal  in  which  any  com- 
ponent part  of  the  shield  is  depicted.  Though  anciently 
the  label  was  drawn  throughout  the  shield,  this  does  not 
now  seem  to  be  a  method  officially  adopted.  At  any  rate 
drawn  throughout  it  apparently  obtains  no  official  coun- 
tenance for  the  arms  of  subjects.  The  eldest  son  bears 
this  label  during  his  father's  lifetime,  succeeding  to  the 
undiii'erenced  shield  on  the  death  of  his  father.  His 
children — being  the  grandchildren  of  the  then  head  of 
the  house — dift'erence  upon  the  label,  but  such  difference 
marks  are,  like  then-  father's,  but  contemporary  with 
the  life  of  the  grandfather,  and,  immediately  upon  the 
succession  of  their  father,  the  children  remove  the  label, 
and  difference  upon  the  original  arms.  The  use  of  arms 
by  a  junior  grandson  is  so  restricted  in  ordinary  life  that 
to  all  intents  and  pm-poses  this  may  be  ignored,  except 
in  the  case  of  the  heir  apparent  of  the  heir  apparent,  i.e. 
of  the  grandson  in  the  lifetimes  of  his  father  and  grand- 
father. In  his  case  a  label  oifive  points  is  used,  and  to 
place  a  label  upon  a  label  is  not  correct  when  both  are 
marks  of  cadency,  and  not  charges.  But  the  grandson 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  during  the  lifetime  of  the 
grandfather,  and  when  the  grandson  succeeds  as  heir 
apparent  of  the  grandfather,  succeeds  also  to  the  label 
of  three  points,  which  may  therefore  more  properly  be 
described  as  the  difference  mark  of  the  heu'  apparent 
than  the  difference  mark  of  the  eldest  son.  It  is  neces- 
sary, perhaps,  having  said  this,  to  add  the  remark  that 
heraldry  knows  no  such  thing  as  disinheritance,  and  heir- 
ship is  an  inalienable  matter  of  blood  descent,  and  not 
of  worldly  inheritance.  Though  now  the  number  of 
points  on  a  label  is  a  matter  of  rule,  this  is  far  from 
having  been  always  the  case,  and  prior  to  the  Stuart 
period  no  deductions  can  be  drawn  with  certainty  from 
the  number  of  the  points  in  use.  It  seems  a  very  great 
pity  that  no  warrants  were  issued  for  the  children  of 
the  then  Duke  of  York  during  the  lifetime  of  Queen 
Victoria,  as  labels  for  (/reai-grandchildren  would  have 
been  quite  unique. 

If  the  eldest  son  succeeds  through  the  death  of  his 
mother  to  her  arms  and  quarterings  during  his  father's 
lifetime,  he  must  be  careful  that  the  label  which  he 
bears  as  heir  apparent  to  his  father's  arms  does  not 
cross  the  quartering  of  his  mother's  arms. 

If  his  father  bears  a  quarterly  shield,  the  label  is  so 
placed  that  it  shall  apparently  debruise  all  his  father's 
quarterings,  i.e.  in  a  shield  quarterly  of  four  the  label 
would  be  placed  in  the  centre  chief  point,  the  centre  file 
of  the  label  being  upon  the  palar  line,  and  the  other  files 
in  the  first  and  second  quarters  respectively,  whilst  the 
colour  would  usually  depend,  as  has  been  above  indi- 
cated, upon  the  tinctures  of  the  pronominal  arms.  Due 
regard,  however,  must  be  had  that  a  label  of  gules,  for 
example,  is  not  placed  on  a  field  of  gules.  A  parti- 
coloiured  label  is  not  nowadays  permissible,  though  in- 
stances of  its  use  can  occasionally  be  met  with  in  early 
examples.  Supposing  the  field  of  the  first  quarter  is 
argent,  and  that  of  the  second  azure,  in  all  probabihty 
the  best  colour  for  the  label  would  be  gules,  and  indeed 
gules  is  the  colour  most  frequently  met  with  for  use  in 
this  purpose. 

If  the  father  possess  the  quarterly  coat  of,  say,  four 
quarterings,  which  are  debruised  by  a  label  by  the  heir 
apparent,  and  the  mother  die,  and  the  heir  apparent 
succeed  to  her  arms,  he  would  of  course,  after  his 
father's  death,  arrange  his  mother's  quarterings  with 
these,  placing  his  lather's  pronominal  arms  i  and  4, 
the  father's  quartering  in  the  second  quarter,  and  the 
mother's  arms  in  the  third  quarter.  This  arrangement, 
however,  is  not  permissible  during  his  father's  lifetime, 
because  otherwise  his  label  in  chief  would  be  held  to 


debruise  all  the  four  coats,  and  the  only  method  in 
which  such  a  combination  could  be  properly  displayed 
in  the  lifetime  of  the  father  but  after  the  death  of  his- 
mother  is  to  place  the  father's  arms  in  the  grand  quarter- 
ing in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  each  being  debruised 
by  the  label,  and  the  mother's  in  the  grand  quartering 
in  the  second  and  third  quarters  without  any  inter- 
ference by  the  label. 

The  other  marks  of  difference  are :  For  the  second 
son  a  crescent ;  for  the  third  son  a  muUet ;  for  the 
fourth  son  a  martlet ;  for  the  fifth  son  an  annulet ;  for 
the  sixth  son  a  fleur-de-lis ;  for  the  seventh  son  a  rose ; 


^^^Ol^V© 


Fig.  865. — The  English  marks  of  cadency. 

for  the  eighth  son  a  cross  moHne ;  for  the  ninth  son  a 
double  quatrefoil  (Fig.  865). 

Of  these  the  first  six  are  given  in  Bossewell's 
"  Workes  of  Armorie  "  (1572),  and  the  author  adds  :  "  If 
there  be  any  more  than  six  brethren  the  devise  or 
assignment  of  further  difference  only  appertaineth  to 
the  kingis  of  armes  especially  when  they  visite  their 
severall  provinces ;  and  not  to  the  father  of  the  children 
to  give  them  what  difference  he  list,  as  some  without 
authoritie  doe  allege." 

The  position  of  a  mark  of  difference  is  in  the  centre 
chief  point,  though  it  is  not  incorrect  (and  many  such 
instances  will  be  found)  for  it  to  be  charged  on  a 
chevron  or  fess,  on  the  centre  point  (Fig.  72).  This, 
however,  is  not  a  very  desirable  position  for  it  in  a 
simple  coat  of  arms.  The  second  son  of  the  second 
son  places  a  crescent  upon  a  crescent,  the  third  son 
a  muUet  on  a  crescent,  the  fourth  son  a  martlet  on 
a  crescent,  and  so  on;  and  there  is  an  instance  in  the 
Visitation  of  London  in  which  the  arms  of  Cokayne 
appear  with  three  crescents  one  upon  another:  this 
instance  has  been  already  referred  to  on  p.  262.  Of 
course,  when  the  English  system  is  carried  to  these 
lengths  it  becomes  absurd,  because  the  crescents  charged 
one  upon  each  other  become  so  small  as  to  be  practically 
indistinguishable.  There  are,  however,  very  few  cases 
in  which  such  a  display  would  be  correct — as  will  be 
presently  explained.  This  difficulty,  which  looms  large 
in  theory,  is  very  little  in  practical  use,  but  it  nevertheless 
is  the  one  outstanding  objection  to  the  English  system 
of  difference  marks.  It  is  constantly  held  up  to  derision 
by  those  people  who  are  unaware  of  the  next  rule  upon 
the  subject,  which  is,  that  as  soon  as  a  quartering  comes 
into  the  possession  of  a  cadet  branch — which  quartering 
is  not  enjoyed  by  the  head  of  the  house — all  necessity 
for  any  marks  of  difference  at  all  is  considered  to  be 
ended,  provided  that  that  quartering  is  always  dis- 
played— and  that  cadet  branch  then  begins  afresh  from 
that  generation  to  redifference. 

Now  there  are  few  English  famihes  in  whose  pedigree 
during  three  or  four  generations  one  marriage  is  not 
with  an  heiress  in  blood,  so  that  this  theoretical  diffi- 
culty very  quickly  disappears. 

No  doubt  there  is  always  an  inducement  to  retain  the 
quarterings  of  an  historical  or  illustrious  house  which 
may  have  been  brought  in  in  the  past,  but  if  the  honours 
and  lands  brought  in  with  that  quartering  are  wholly 
enjoyed  by  the  head  of  the  house,  it  becomes,  from  a 
practical  point  of  view,  mere  affectation  to  prefer  that 
quartering  to  another  (brought  in  subsequently)  of  a 
family,  the  entire  representation  of  which  belongs  to  the 
junior  branch  and  not  to  the  senior.  If  the  old  idea  of 
confining  a  shield  to  four  quarters  be  borne  in  mind, 
concurrently  with  the  necessity — for  purposes  of  distinc- 


345 


2x 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


tion — of  introducing  new  quarterings,  the  new  quarter- 
ings  take  the  place  of  the  old,  the  use  of  which  is  left  to 
the  senior  branch.  Under  such  circumstances,  and  the 
regular  practice  of  them,  the  English  system  is  seldom 
wanting,  and  it  at  once  wipes  out  the  difficulty  which  is 
made  much  of — that  under  the  Enghsh  system  there  is 
no  way  of  indicating  the  difference  between  the  arms  of 
uncle  and  nephew.  If  the  use  of  impalements  is  also 
adhered  to,  the  difficulty  practically  vanishes. 

To  difference  a  single  coat  the  mark  of  difference  is 
placed  in  the  centre  chief  point ;  to  difference  a 
quarterly  coat  of  four  quarters  the  same  position  on 
the  shield  is  most  generally  used,  the  mark  being 
placed  over  the  palar  line,  though  occasionally  the 
difference  mark  is  placed,  and  not  incorrectly,  in  the 
centre  of  the  quarterings.  A  coat  of  six  quarters,  how- 
ever, is  alwaj's  differenced  on  the  fess  line  of  partition, 
the  mark  being  placed  in  the  fess  point,  because  if 
placed  in  the  centre  chief  point  it  would  only  appear  as 
a  difference  upon  the  second  quartering,  so  that  on  all 
shields  of  six  or  more  quarterings  the  difference  mark 
must  be  placed  on  some  line  of  partition  at  the  nearest 
possible  point  to  the  true  centre  fess  point  of  the 
escutcheon.  It  is  then  understood  to  difference  the 
whole  of  the  quarterings  over  which  it  is  displayed,  but 
directly  a  qiiartering  is  introduced  which  has  been  in- 
herited subsequently  to  the  cadency  which  produced  the 
difference  mark,  that  difference  mark  must  be  either 
discarded  or  transferred  to  the  first  quartering  only. 

The  use  of  these  difference  marks  is  optional.  Neither 
officially  nor  unofficially  is  any  attempt  made  to  enforce 
their  use  in  England — they  are  left  to  the  pleasure  and 
discretion  of  the  bearers,  though  it  is  a  weU-understood 
and  well-accepted  position  that,  unless  differenced  by 
quarterings  or  impalement,  it  is  neither  courteous  nor 
proper  for  a  cadet  to  display  the  arms  of  the  head  of  his 
house :  beyond  this,  the  m  atter  is  usually  left  to  good  taste. 

There  is,  however,  one  position  in  which  the  use  of 
difference  marks  is  compulsory.  If  under  a  Royal 
Licence,  or  other  exemplification — for  instance,  the 
creation  of  a  peerage — a  difference  mark  is  painted  upon 
the  arms,  or  even  if  an  exemplification  of  the  arms 
differenced  is  placed  at  the  head  of  an  official  record  of 
pedigree,  those  arms  would  not  subsequently  be  ex- 
emplified, or  their  use  officially  admitted,  without  the 
difference  mark  that  has  been  recorded  with  them. 

The  differencing  of  crests  for  cadency  is  very  rare. 
Theoretically,  these  should  be  marked  equally  with  the 
shield,  and  when  arms  are  exemplified  officially  under 
the  circumstances  above  referred  to,  crest,  supporters, 
and  shield  are  all  equally  differenced,  but  the  difficulty 
of  adding  difference  mark  on  difference  mark  when  no 
marriage  or  heiress  can  ever  bring  in  any  alteration  to 
the  crest  is  very  generally  recognised  and  admitted, 
even  officially,  and  it  is  rare  indeed  to  come  across  a 
crest  carrying  more  than  a  single  difference  mark. 

The  grant  of  an  augmentation  to  any  cadet  obviates 
the  slightest  necessity  for  any  further  use  of  diiference 
marks  inherited  before  the  grant. 

There  are  no  difference  marks  whatever  for  daughters, 
there  being  in  the  English  law  no  seniority  between  the 
different  daughters  of  one  man.  They  succeed  equally, 
whether  heiresses  or  not,  to  the  arms  of  their  father  for 
use  during  their  lifetimes,  and  they  must  bear  them  on 
their  own  lozenges  or  impaled  on  the  shields  of  their 
husbands,  with  the  difference  marks  which  their  father 
needed  to  use.  It  would  be  permissible,  however,  to 
discard  these  difference  marks  of  their  fathers  if  sub- 
sequently to  his  death  his  issue  succeeded  to  the 
position  of  head  of  the  family.  For  instance,  suppose 
the  daughters  of  the  younger  son  of  an  earl  are  under 
consideration.     They  would  bear  upon  lozenges  the 


arms  of  their  father,  which  would  be  those  of  the  earl, 
charged  with  the  mullet  or  crescent  which  he  had  used 
as  a  younger  son.  If  by  the  extinction  of  issue  the 
brother  of  these  daughters  succeed  to  the  earldom, 
they  would  no  longer  be  compelled  to  bear  their 
father's  difference  mark. 

There  are  no  marks  of  difference  between  illegitimate 
children.  In  the  eye  of  the  law  an  illegitimate  person 
has  no  relatives,  and  stands  alone.  Supposing  it  be 
subsequently  found  that  a  marriage  ceremony  had  been 
illegal,  the  whole  issue  of  that  marriage  becomes  of 
course  illegitimate.  As  such,  no  one  of  them  is  entitled 
to  bear  arms.  A  Royal  Licence,  and  exemplification 
following  thereupon,  is  necessary  for  each  single  one. 
Of  these  exemplifications  there  is  one  case  on  record 
in  which  I  think  nine  follow  each  other  on  successive 
pages  of  one  of  the  Grant  Books:  all  differ  in  some 
way — usually  in  the  colour  of  the  bordure ;  but  the 
fact  that  there  are  illegitimate  brothers  of  the  same 
parentage  does  not  prevent  the  descendants  of  any 
daughter  quartering  the  differenced  coat  exemplified  to 
her.  As  far  as  heraldic  law  is  concerned,  she  is  the 
heiress  of  herself,  representing  only  herself,  and  con- 
sequently her  heir  quarters  her  arms. 

Marks  of  difference  are  never  added  to  an  exemplifica- 
tion following  upon  a  Royal  Licence  after  illegitimacy. 
Marks  of  difference  are  to  indicate  cadency,  and  there 
is  no  cadency  vested  in  a  person  of  illegitimate  birth — 
their  right  to  the  arms  proceeding  only  from  the  re- 
grant  of  them  in  the  exemplification.  What  is  added  in 
lieu  is  the  mark  of  distinction  to  indicate  the  bastardy. 

The  method  of  differencing  the  English  Royal  Arms 
is  quite  unique,  and  has  no  relation  to  the  method 
ordinarily  in  use  in  this  country  for  the  arms  of  sub- 
jects. The  Royal  Arms  are  not  personal.  They  are  the 
sovereign  arms  of  dominion,  indicating  the  sovereignty 
enjoyed  by  the  person  upon  the  throne.  Consequently 
they  are  in  no  degree  hereditary,  and  from  the  earliest 
times,  certainly  since  the  reign  of  Edwai'd  I.,  the  right 
to  bear  the  undifferenced  arms  has  been  confined 
exclusively  to  the  sovereign  upon  the  throne.  In  early 
times  there  were  two  methods  employed,  namely,  the 
use  of  the  bordure  and  of  varieties  of  the  label,  the 
label  of  the  heir  apparent  to  the  English  throne  being 
originally  of  azure.  The  arms  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock, 
the  youngest  son  of  Edward  I.,  were  differenced  by  a 
bordure  argent;  his  elder  brother, Thomas  de  Brotherton, 
having  had  a  label  of  three  points  argent;  whilst  the  eldest 
son,  Edward  II.,  as  Prince  of  Wales  used  a  label  of  three 
points  azure.  From  that  period  to  the  end  of  the  Tudor 
period  the  use  of  labels  and  bordures  seems  to  have 
continued  concurrently,  some  members  of  the  Royal 
Family  using  one,  some  the  other,  though  there  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  any  precise  rules  governing  a 
choice  between  the  two.  When  Edward  III.  claimed 
the  throne  of  France  and  quartered  the  arms  of  that 
country  with  those  of  England,  of  course  a  portion  of 
the  field  then  became  azure,  and  a  blue  label  upon  a 
blue  field  was  no  longer  possible.  The  heir  apparent 
therefore  differenced  his  shield  by  the  plain  label  of 
three  points  argent,  and  this  has  ever  since,  down  to  the 
present  day,  continued  to  be  the  "  difference "  used  by 
the  heir  apparent  to  the  English  throne.  A  label  of 
gules  upon  the  gules  quartering  of  England  was  equally 
impossible,  and  consequently  from  that  period  all  labels 
used  by  any  member  of  the  Roj'al  Family  have  been 
argent,  charged  with  different  objects,  these  being  fre- 
quently taken  from  the  arms  of  some  female  ancestor. 
Figs.  866  to  897  are  a  somewhat  extensive  collection  of 
variations  of  the  Royal  Arms,  and  reference  may  perhaps 
be  also  made  to  Figs.  76,  123,  181,  189,  201,  251,  264, 
295,303,455.635- 


346 


PLATE   CXI. 


^-^ 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  S66.— William  FitzRobert, 
Earl  of  Gloucester,  rf.  11S3  (son 
of  Robert  de  Caen,  natural  son 
of  Henry  I.).  (From  a  drawing 
of  his  seal,  MS.  Cott.,  Julius, 
C.  vii.,  f.  233.) 


Fig.  S67.— Kiug  John,  before  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  (From 
MS.  Cott.,  Julius,  0.  vii.) 


FiG.868.~Edmund '  'Crouchback," 
Earl  of  Lancaster,  second  sou 
of  Henry  III.  (From  his  tomb.) 
His  arms  are  elsewhere  given : 
De  goules  ove  trois  leopardes 
passantz  dor,  et  lambel  dazure 
floret e  d'or. 


Fig.  S69.— Thomas,  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, c^.  1322  (son  of  preced- 
ing) :  England  with  a  label 
azure,  each  point  charged  with 
three  fleurs-de-lis.  (From  bis 
seal,  1301.) 


Fig.  S70.— Henry  of  Lancaster, 
1295-1324  (brother  of  preceding, 
before  he  succeeded  his  brother 
as  Earl  of  Lancaster) :  England 
with  a  bend  azure.  (From  his 
seal,  1301.)  After  1324  he  bore 
England  witb  a  label  as  his 
brother. 


Fig.  S71. — Henry,  Duke  of  Lan- 
caster, son  of  preceding.  (From 
his  seal,  1358.) 


Fig.  S72. — Edward  of  Carnarvon, 
Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards 
Edward  II.),  bore  before  1307: 
England  with  a  label  azure. 
(From  his  seal,  1305.) 


Fig.  873.— John  of  Eltham  (second 
son  of  Edward  II.):  England 
with  a  bordure  of  the  arms  of 
France.     (From  his  tomb.) 


Fig.  S74. — Arms  of  Edmund  of 
Woodstock,  Earl  of  Kent,  3rd 
son  of  Edward  I. :  England 
within  a  bordure  argent.  The 
same  arms  were  borne  by  his 
descendant,  Thomas  deHoland, 
Earl  of  Kent. 


Fig.  875. — Arms  of  John  de  Hol- 
and,  Duke  of  Exeter  (d.  1400) : 
England,  a  bordure  of  France. 
(From  his  seal,  1381.) 


Fig.  S76.— John  de  Holand,  Duke 
of  Exeter,  son  of  preceding. 
Arms  as  preceding.  (From  his 
seal. ) 


Fig.  S77.— Henry  de  Holand,  Duke 
of  Exeter,  son  of  preceding. 
Arms  as  preceding.  (From  his 
seal,  1455.) 


Fig.  S78. — Thomas  of  Brotherton,       Fig.  879. — Thomas  de  Mowbray,       Fig. 


Earl  of  Norfolk,  second  son  of 
Edward  I.  :  Arms  of  England,  a 
label  of  three  points  argent. 


Duke  of  Norfolk  ,{d.  1400). 
(From  a  drawing  of  his  seal, 
MS.  Cott.,  Julius,  C.  vii.,  f.  166.) 
Arms,  see  page  335. 


). — John    de     Mowbray,       Fig.    SSi. — John     de    Mowbray, 


Duke  of  Norfolk  {d.  1432)  : 
Arms  as  Fig.  87S.  {From  his 
Garter  plate. ) 


Duke  of  Norfolk  (d.  1461): 
Arms  as  Fig.  87S.  (From  his 
seal). 


347 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


i    i\     ^     >^    ^li-r^r,-?. 


Fig.  SS2.— Edward  the  Black 
Prince :  Quarterly,  i  and  4 
France  (ancient)  ;  2  and  3 
England,  and  a  label  of  three 
points  argent.   (From  his  tomb.) 


Fig.  8S3. — Kichard,  Prince  of 
Wales  (afterwards  Richard  II.), 
son  o£  preceding  :  Arms  as  pre- 
ceding.    (From  his  seal,  1377.) 


Fig.  SS5.— Richard,  Duke  of 
York  (sou  of  Edward,  Earl  of 
Cambridge  and  Duke  of  York) : 
Arms  as  preceding.  (From  his 
seal,  1436). 


Fig.  SS4. — Edmund  of  Langley, 

Duke  of  York,  fifth  son  of  Kiug 

Edward  III.  :  France  (ancient) 

and  England  quarterly,  a  label 

of    three    points    argent,   each 

point  charged  with   three  tor- 

teaux.     (From  his  seal,   1391). 
His  son,  Edward,  Earl  of   Cambridge,  until  he  succeeded  his  father,   i.e. 
before  1462,  bore  the  same  with  an  additional  difference  of  a    bordure  of 
Spain  (Fig.  303).     Vincent  attributes  to  him,  however,  a  label  as  Fig.  886, 
which  possibly  he  bore  after  his  father's  death. 


Fig.  SS6.— Referred  to  under  Fig. 


Fig.  SS7. — Thomas  of  Woodstock, 
Earl  of  Buckingham,  seventh 
son  of  Edward  III. :  France 
(ancient)  and  England  quar- 
terly, a  bordure  argent.  (From 
a  drawing  of  his  seal,  1391, 
MS.  Cott.,  Julius,  C.  vii.). 


Fig.  SS8. — Henry  of  Monmouth, 
afterwards  Henry  V.  :  France 
(modern)  and  England  quar- 
terly, a  label  of  three  points 
argent.     (From  his  seal.) 


Fig.  8S9.— Richard,  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester (afterwards  Richard  III.): 
A  label  of  three  points  ermine, 
on  each  point  a  canton  gales. 


Fig.  S91. — John  de  Beaufort,  Earl 
and  Marquis  of  Somerset,  son 
of  John  of  Gaunt.  Arms  sub- 
sequent to  his  legitimation : 
France  and  England  quarterly, 
within  a  bordure  gobony  azure 
and  argent.  Prior  to  his  legiti- 
mation he  bore :  Per  pale  argent  and  azure  (the  livery  colours  of  Lancaster), 
a  bend  of  England  [i.e.  a  bend  gules  charged  with  three  lions  passant 
guardant  or)  with  a  label  of  France. 


Fig.  890. — Humphrey  of  Lancas- 
ter, Duke  of  Gloucester,  fourth 
son  of  Henry  IV.:  France 
(modern)  and  England  quar- 
terly, a  bordure  argent.  (From 
his  seal.) 


Fig.  892.— Thomas,  Duke  of 
Clarence,  second  son  of  Henry 
IV.  France  and  England  quar- 
terly, a  label  of  three  points 
ermine.     (From  his  seal,  14 13.) 


Fig.  893.— George  Plantagenet, 
Duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of 
Edward  IV.:  France  and  Eng- 
land quarterly,  a  label  of  three 
points  argent,  each  charged 
with  a  canton  gules.  (From 
MS.  Harl.  521.) 


45 

fm 

\^^^ 

Fig.  894. — John,  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford, third  son  of  Henry  IV. : 
France  and  England  quarterly, 
a  label  of  five  points,  the  two 
dexter  ermine,  the  three  sinister 
azure,  charged  with  three  fleurs- 
de-lis  or.  (From  MS.  Add. 
18,850.) 


Fig.  S95.— Jasper  Tudor,  Duke  of 
Bedford  :  France  and  England 
quarterly,  a  bordure  azure, 
chargedwith  martlets  or.  (From 
his  seal.)  Although  uncle  of 
Henry  VII.,  Jasper  Tudor  had 
no  blood  descent  whatever 
which  would  entitle  him  to  bear 
these  arms.  His  use  of  them 
is  very  remarkable. 


Fig.  896. — Thomas  de  Beaufort, 
Earl  of  Dorset,  brother  of  John, 
Earl  of  Somerset  (Fig.  S91): 
France  and  England  quarterly, 
a  bordure  compony  ermine  and 
azure.     (From  his  Garter  plate.) 


Fig.  897. — John  of  Gaunt,  Duke 
of  Lancaster,  bore :  France 
(ancient)  and  England  quarterly, 
a  label  of  three  points  ermine 
(i.e.  each  point  charged  with 
three  ermine  spots). 


348 


PLATE   CXII. 


THE  ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   OF   THE   RT    REV.   .ENEAS   CHISHOLM   (Roman  Catholic),  Bishop   or  Aberdeen. 

Reproduced  from  the  Painting  in  Lvon  Register  bv  Mr  Graham  Johnston. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Lionel  of  Antwerp,  Duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of 
Edward  III.,  bore:  France  (ancient)  and  England 
quarterl}',  a  label  of  three  points  argent,  and  on  each 
point  a  canton  gules. 

The  use  of  the  bordure  as  a  legitimate  difference  upon 
the  Royal  Arms  ceased  about  the  Tudor  period,  and 
dift'erencing  between  members  of  the  Royal  Family  is 
now  exclusively  done  bj'  means  of  these  labels.  A  few 
cases  of  bordures  to  denote  illegitimacy  can,  however, 
be  found.  The  method  of  deciding  these  labels  is 
for  separate  warrants  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the 
sovereign  to  be  issued  to  the  different  members  of  the 
Royal  Family,  assigning  to  each  a  certain  coronet,  and 
the  label  to  be  borne  over  the  Royal  Arms,  crest,  and 
supporters.  These  warrants  are  personal  to  those  for 
whom  they  are  issued,  and  are  not  hereditary.  Of  late 
their  use,  or  perhaps  may  be  their  issue,  has  not  been 
quite  so  particularly  conformed  to  as  is  desirable,  and 
at  the  present  time  the  official  records  show  the  arms 
of  their  Royal  Highnesses  the  Duchess  of  Fife,  the 
Princess  Victoria,  and  the  Princess  Charles  of  Denmark, 
still  bearing  the  label  of  five  points  indicative  of  their 
position  as  grandchildren  of  the  sovereign,  which  of 
course  they  were  when  the  warrants  were  issued  in  the 
lifetime  of  the  late  Queen  Victoria,  In  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  warrants  have  no  hereditary  limitation,  I  am 
only  aware  of  two  modern  instances  in  which  a  warrant 
has  been  issued  to  the  son  of  a  cadet  of  the  Royal  House 
who  had  previously  received  a  warrant.  One  of  these 
is  the  present  Duke  of  Cambridge.  The  warrant  was 
issued  to  him  in  his  father's  lifetime,  and  to  the  label 
previously  assigned  to  his  father  a  second  label  of  three 
points  gules,  to  be  borne  directly  below  the  other,  was 
added.  The  label  of  the  eldest  son  of  the  heir  apparent  to 
the  English  throne  is  not,  as  might  be  imagined,  a  plain 
label  of  five  points,  but  the  plain  label  of  three  points, 
the  centre  point  only  being  charged.  The  other  case 
was  that  of  his  cousin,  afterwards  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land and  King  of  Hanover. 

The  late  Duke  of  Clarence  charged  his  centre  point 
with  a  cross  couped  gules.  After  his  death  the  Duke 
of  York  relinquished  the  label  of  five  points  which 
he  had  previously  borne,  receiving  one  of  three,  the 
centre  point  charged  with  an  anchor.  In  every  other 
case  all  of  the  points  are  charged.  The  following 
examples  of  the  labels  in  use  at  the  moment  will  show 
how  the  system  now  exists : — 

Prince  of  Wales. — A  label  of  three  points  argent  (see 
Plate  LXVI.). 

Princess  Royal  (Louise,  Duchess  of  Fife). — A  label  of 
five  points  argent,  charged  on  the  centre  and  outer  points 
with  a  cross  of  St.  George  gules,  and  on  the  two  others 
with  a  thistle  proper. 

Princess  Victoria. — A  label  of  five  points  argent, 
charged  with  three  roses  and  two  crosses  gules. 

Princess  Maud  (Princess  Charles  of  Denmark). — A 
label  of  five  points  argent,  charged  with  three  hearts 
and  two  crosses  gules. 

The  Duke  of  Edinburgh  (Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and 
Gotha). — A  label  of  three  points  argent,  the  centre 
point  charged  with  a  cross  gules,  and  on  each  of  the 
others  an  anchor  azure.  His  son,  the  hereditary  Prince 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha,  who  predeceased  his  father, 
bore  a  label  of  five  points,  the  first,  thu-d,  and  fifth  each 
charged  with  a  cross  gules,  and  the  second  and  fourth 
each  with  an  anchor  azure  (Fig.  898). 


Fig.  S98.- 


-Label  of  the  late  Hereditary  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  Gotha. 


The  Duke  of  Connaught. — A  label  of  three  pouits 
argent,  the  centre  point  charged  with  St.  George's 
cross,  and  each  of  the  other  pouits  with  a  fleur-de-lis 
azure. 

27(6  late  Princess  Royal  (German  Empress).  —  A 
label  of  three  points  argent,  the  centre  point  charged 
with  a  rose  gules,  and  each  of  the  others  with  a 
cross  gules. 

Tlie  late  Grand  Duchess  of  Hesse. — A  label  of  three 
points  argent,  the  centre  point  charged  with  a  rose 
gules,  and  each  of  the  others  with  an  ermine  spot 
sable. 

Princess  Christian  of  Schleswig-Holstein. — A  label 
of  three  points,  the  centre  point  charged  with  St. 
George's  cross,  and  each  of  the  other  points  with  a  rose 
gules. 

Princess  Louise  (Duchess  of  Argyll). — A  label  of 
three  points,  the  centre  point  charged  with  a  rose,  and 
each  of  the  other  two  with  a  canton  gules. 

Princess  Henry  of  Battenherg. — A  label  of  three 
points,  the  centre  point  charged  with  a  heart,  and  each 
of  the  other  two  with  a  rose  gules. 

The  late  Duke  of  Albany. — A  label  of  three  points,  the 
centre  point  charged  with  a  St.  George's  cross,  and  each 
of  the  other  two  with  a  heart  gules. 

The  late  Duke  of  Cavibridye. — A  label  of  three  points 
argent.  The  centre  point  charged  with  a  St.  George's 
cross,  and  each  of  the  other  two  with  tivo  hearts  in  pale 
gules.  The  warrant  to  the  present  Duke  assigned  him 
the  same  label  with  the  addition  of  a  second  label,  plain, 
of  three  points  gules,  to  be  borne  below  the  former  label. 

The  first  Duke  of  Cumberland. — A  label  of  three 
points  argent,  the  centre  point  charged  with  a  fleur-de- 
lis  azure,  and  each  of  the  other  two  points  with  a  cross 
of  St.  George  gules. 

Of  the  foregoing  recently  assigned  labels  all  are  borne 
over  the  plain  EngUsh  arms  (i  and  4  England,  2  Scot- 
land, 3  Ireland),  charged  with  the  escutcheon  of  Saxony, 
except  those  of  the  Dukes  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha, 
Cambridge,  and  Cumberland.  In  the  two  latter  cases 
the  labels  are  borne  over  the  latest  version  of  the  arms 
of  King  George  III.,  i.e.  with  the  inesoutcheon  of 
Hanover,  but,  of  course,  neither  the  electoral  bonnet 
nor  the  later  crown  which  surmounted  the  inesout- 
cheon of  Hanover  was  made  use  of,  and  the  smaller 
inescutoheon  bearing  the  crown  of  Charlemagne  was 
also  omitted  for  the  children  of  George  III.,  except  in 
the  case  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who  bore  the  plain 
inesoutcheon  of  gules,  but  without  the  crown  of  Charle- 
magne thereupon. 

The  labels  for  the  other  sons  and  daughters  of  King 
George  III.  were  as  follows : — 

Tlie  Duke  of  Fo?'/c. — A  label  of  three  points  argent, 
the  centre  point  charged  with  a  cross  gules.  The  Duke 
of  York  bore  upon  an  inesoutcheon  argent  (in  the  place 
occupied  in  the  Royal  Arms  by  the  inesoutcheon 
charged  with  the  crown  of  Charlemagne)  charged  with 
a  wheel  of  six  spokes  gules,  for  the  Bishopric  of  Osna- 
burgh,  which  he  possessed. 

Tlie  Duke  of  Clarence  (afterwards  William  IV.). — A 
label  of  three  points  argent,  the  centre  point  charged 
with  a  cross  gules,  and  each  of  the  others  with  an 
anchor  erect  azure. 

The  Duke  of  Kent  had  his  label  charged  with  a  cross 
gules  between  two  fleurs-de-lis  azure. 

Tlie  Duke  of  Sussex. — The  label  argent  charged  with 
two  hearts  in  pale  gules  in  the  centre  point  between 
two  crosses  gules. 

TJie  Princess  Royal  (Queen  of  Wilrtemberg). — A  rose 
between  two  crosses  gules. 

The  Princess  Augusta. — A  like  label,  charged  with  a 
rose  gules  between  two  ermine  spots. 


349 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Tlif  Princess  Elizabeth  (Princess  of  Hesse-Homburg). 
— A  like  label  charged  with,  a  cross  between  two  roses 
gules. 

The  Princess  Mary  (Duchess  of  Gloucester). — A  like 
label,  charged  with  a  rose  between  two  cantons  gules. 

Tlie  Princess  Sopliia. — A  like  label,  charged  with  a 
heart  between  two  roses  gules, 

Tlie  Princess  Amelia. — A  like  label,  charged  with  a 
rose  between  two  hearts  gules. 

The  Duhe  of  Gloucester  (brother  of  George  III.). — A 
label  of  jive  points  argent,  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis 
azure  between  four  crosses  gules.  His  son  (afterwards 
Duke  of  Gloucester)  bore  an  additional  plain  label  of 
three  points  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father. 

The  foregoing  labels  are  placed  across  the  shield,  on 
the  crest,  and  on  each  of  the  supporters.  The  crest 
stands  upon  and  is  crowned  with  a  coronet  identical 
with  the  cu-clet  of  any  coronet  of  rank  assigned  in  the 
same  patent ;   the  lion   supporter  is  crowned  and  the 


which  the  Royal  Arms  were  quartered,  were  again  the 
arms  of  Saxony,  these  appearing  in  the  second  and 
third  quarters. 

Abroad  there  is  now  no  equivalent  whatever  to  our 
methods  of  differencing  the  Royal  Arms.  An  official 
certificate  was  issued  to  me  recently  from  Denmark  of 
the  undifierenced  Royal  Arms  of  Denmark  certified 
as  correct  for  the  "  Princes  and  Princesses "  of  that 
country.  But  the  German  Crown  Prince  bears  his 
shield  within  a  bordure  gules,  and  anciently  in  France 
(from  which  country  the  English  system  was  very  pro- 
bably originally  derived)  the  difl'erencing  of  the  Royal 
French  Arms  for  the  younger  branches  seems  to  have 
been  carefully  attended  to,  as  has  been  already  specified. 

Differencing  in  Scotland  is  carried  out  on  an  entirely 
different  basis  from  differencing  in  England.  In  Scot- 
land the  idea  is  still  rigidly  preserved  and  adhered  to  that 
the  coat  of  arms  of  a  family  belongs  only  to  the  head  of 
the  family  for  the  time  being,  and  the  terms  of  a  Scot- 


^J  ^J  ^J  rrTTj  [jQj  rpjgj  l?S|  [r-jl 

Y  Y  ^  ^ 


^^^^S~51q]  H  gg  [y]  fy] 


Fig.  899. — The  scheme  of  Cadency  Bordures  devised  by  Mr.  Stodart. 


unicorn  supporter  is  gorged  with  a  similar  coronet.  It 
may  perhaps  be  of  interest  to  note  that  no  badges  and 
no  motto  are  ever  assigned  in  these  Royal  Warrants 
except  in  the  case  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

F.-M.  H.S.H.  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg,  the 
Consort  of  H.R.H.  the  Princess  Charlotte  (only  child  of 
George  IV.),  received  by  warrant  dated  Aprd  7,  1818, 
the  right  "to  use  and  bear  the  Royal  Arms  (without 
the  inescocheon  of  Charlemagne's  crown,  and  without 
the  Hanoverian  Royal  crown)  differenced  vnth.  a  label 
of  five  points  argent,  the  centre  point  charged  with  a 
rose  gules,  quarterly  with  the  arms  of  his  illustrious 
House  ['Barry  of  ten  sable  and  or,  a  crown  of  rue  in 
bend  vert'],  the  Royal  Arms  in  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters." 

By  Queen  Victoria's  desire  this  precedent  was 
followed  in  the  case  of  the  late  Prince  Consort,  the  label 
in  his  case  being  of  three  points  argent,  the  centre 
point  charged  with  a  cross  gules,  and,  by  a  curious 
coincidence,  the  arms  of  his    illustrious   House,  with 


tish  grant  are  as  follows :  "  Know  ye  therefore  that  we 
have  devised  and  do  by  these  presents  assign  ratify  and 

confirm  to  the  said and  his  descendants  with 

such  congruent  differences  cls  nuiy  hereafter  he  vuUriou- 
lated  for  them  the  following  ensigns  armorial."  Under 
the  accepted  interpretation  of  Scottish  armorial  law, 
whilst  the  inherent  gentdity  conferred  by  a  patent  of 
arms  is  not  denied  to  cadets,  no  right  to  make  use  of 
arms  is  conceded  to  them  until  such  time  as  they  shall 
elect  to  matriculate  the  arms  of  their  ancestors  in  their 
own  names.  This  point  has  led  to  a  much  purer  system 
of  heraldry  in  Scotland  than  in  England,  and  there  is 
far  less  heraldic  abuse  in  that  country  as  a  result, 
because  the  differences  are  decided  not  haphazardly  by 
the  user  himself,  as  is  the  case  in  England,  but  by  a 
competent  officer  of  arms.  Moreover  the  constant  occa- 
sions of  matriculation  bring  the  arms  frequently  under 
ofiicial  review.  There  is  no  fixed  rule  which  decides 
ip.se  ftwto  what  difference  shall  be  borne,  and  conse- 
quently this  decision  has  retained  in  the  hands  of  the 


350 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


heraldic  executive  an  amount  of  control  which  they 
still  possess  far  exceeding  that  of  the  executive  in  Eng- 
land, and  perhaps  the  best  way  in  which  to  state  the 
rules  which  hold  good  will  be  to  reprint  a  portion  of 
one  of  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul's  Ehind  Lectures,  which 
is  devoted  to  the  point : — 

"  I  have  said  that  in  Scotland  the  principle  which 
limited  the  number  of  paternal  coats  led  to  a  careful 
diflerenciag  of  these  coats  as  borne  by  the  junior 
branches  of  the  family.  Though  the  English  system 
was  sometimes  used,  it  has  never  obtained  to  any  great 
extent  in  Scotland,  the  practice  here  being  generally  to 
difference  hj  means  of  a  bordure,  in  which  way  many 
more  generations  are  capable  of  being  distinguished 
than  is  possible  by  the  English  method.  The  weak 
point  of  the  Scottish  system  is  that,  whilst  the  general 
idea  is  good,  there  is  no  definite  rule  whereby  it  can  be 
carried  out  on  unchanging  lines;  much  is  left  to  the 
discretion  of  the  authorities. 

"  As  a  general  rule,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  second 
son  bears  a  plain  bordure  of  the  tincture  of  the  principal 
charge  in  the  shield,  and  his  younger  brothers  also  bear 
plain  bordures  of  varying  tinctures.  In  the  next 
generation  the  eldest  son  of  the  second  son  would  bear 
his  father's  coat  and  bordure  without  change;  the 
second  son  would  have  the  bordure  engrailed;  the 
third,  invected ;  the  fourth,  indented,  and  so  on,  the 
other  sons  of  the  younger  sons  in  this  generation 
differencing  their  father's  bordures  in  the  same  way. 
The  junior  members  of  the  next  generation  might  have 
their  bordures  parted  per  pale,  the  following  generations 
having  their  bordures  parted  per  fess  and  per  saltire, 
per  cross  or  quarterly,  gyronny  or  compony,  that  is, 
divided  into  alternate  spaces  of  metal  or  colour  in  a 
single  trace — this,  however,  being  often  in  Scotland  a 
mark  of  illegitimacy — counter-compone  or  a  similar 
pattern  in  two  tracts,  or  chequy  with  three  or  more 
tracts. 

"  You  will  see  that  these  modifications  of  the  simple 
bordure  afford  a  great  variety  of  differences,  and  when 
they  are  exhausted  the  expedient  can  then  be  resorted 
to  of  placing  on  the  bordures  charges  taken  from  other 
coats,  often  from  those  of  a  maternal  ancestor ;  or  they 
may  be  arbitrarily  assigned  to  denote  some  personal 
characteristic  of  the  bearer,  as  in  the  case  of  James 
Maitland,  Major  in  the  Scots  regiment  of  Foot  Guards, 
who  carries  the  dismembered  lion  of  his  family  within 
a  bordure  wavy  azure  charged  with  eight  hand  grenades 
or,  significant,  I  presume,  of  his  military  profession. 

"You  will  observe  that,  with  all  these  varieties  of 
differencing  we  have  mentioned,  the  younger  branches 
descending  from  the  original  eldest  son  of  the  parent 
house  are  still  left  unprovided  with  marks  of  cadency. 
These,  however,  can  be  arranged  for  by  taking  the 
ordinary  which  appears  in  their  father's  arms  and  modi- 
iying  its  boundary  lines.  Say  the  original  coat  was 
'  argent  a  chevron  gules,'  the  second  son  of  the  eldest 
son  would  have  the  chevron  engrailed,  but  without  any 
bordure ;  the  third,  invected,  and  so  on ;  and  the  next 
generations  the  systems  of  bordures  accompanying  the 
modified  chevron  would  go  on  as  before.  And  when  all 
these  methods  are  exhausted,  differences  can  still  be 
made  in  a  variety  of  ways,  e.g.  by  charging  the  ordinary 
with  similar  charges  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  bordure 
as  Erskine  of  Shielfield,  a  cadet  of  Balgownie,  who  bore: 
'  Argent,  on  a  pale  sable,  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  or 
within  a  bordure  azure ' ;  or  by  the  introduction  of  an 
ordinary  into  a  coat  which  had  not  one  previously,  a  bend 
or  the  ribbon  (which  is  a  small  bend)  being  a  favourite 
ordinary  to  use  for  this  purpose.  Again,  we  occasion- 
ally find  a  change  of  tincture  of  the  field  of  the  shield 
used  to  denote  cadency. 


"  There  are  other  modes  of  differencing  which  need  not 
be  alluded  to  in  detail,  but  I  may  say  that  on  analysing 
the  earlier  arms  in  the  Lyon  Register,  I  find  that  the 
bordure  is  by  far  the  most  common  method  of  indicating 
cadency,  being  used  in  no  less  than  1080  cases.  The 
next  most  popular  way  is  by  changing  the  boundary 
lines  of  an  ordinary,  which  is  done  in  563  shields ;  233 
cadets  difference  their  arms  by  the  insertion  of  a  smaller 
charge  on  the  ordinary  and  195  on  the  shield.  A 
change  of  tincture,  including  counterchanging,  is  carried 
out  in  155  coats,  and  a  canton  is  added  in  70  cases, 
while  there  are  350  coats  in  which  two  or  more  of  the 
above  methods  are  used.  From  these  figures,  which  are 
approximately  correct,  you  will  see  the  relative  frequency 
of  the  various  modes  of  differencing.  You  will  also  note 
that  the  original  coat  of  a  famQy  can  be  differenced  in 
a  great  many  ways  so  as  to  show  the  connection  of 
cadets  with  the  parent  house.  The  di-awback  to  the 
system  is  that  heralds  have  never  arrived  at  a  uniform 
treatment  so  as  to  render  it  possible  to  calculate  the 
exact  relationship  of  the  cadets.  Much  is  left,  as  I  said, 
to  the  discretion  of  the  officer  granting  the  arms ;  but 
still  it  gives  considerable  assistance  in  determining  the 
descent  of  a  family." 

The  late  Mr.  Stodart,  Lyon  Clerk  Depute,  who  was  an 
able  herald,  particularly  in  matters  relating  to  Scotland, 


Fig.  goo.— Arms  of  Lieut.-Col.  Arthur  Balfour  Haig,  C.M.G.,  M.V.O., 
of  Bemersyde :  Azure,  a  saltire  between  two  mullets  in  chief  and 
base,  and  a  decrescent  and  an  increscent  in  the  flanks  argent,  a 
bordure  engrailed  party  per  pale  or  and  argent,  charged  with  three 
hedgehogs  sable.  Mantling  azure,  doubled  argent;  and  upon  a 
wreath  of  his  liveries  is  set  for  crest,  a  rock  proper ;  and  in  an 
escroll  over  the  same  this  motto,  "  Tyde  what  may." 

had  elaborated  a  definite  system  of  these  bordures  for 
differencing  which  would  have  done  much  to  simplify 
Scottish  cadency.  Its  weak  point  was  obviously  this, 
that  it  could  only  be  applied  to  new  matriculations  of 
arms  by  cadets;  and  so,  if  adopted  as  a  definite  and 
unchangeable  matter  of  rule,  it  might  have  occasioned 
doubt  and  misunderstanding  in  future  times  with 
regard  to  many  important  Scottish  coats  now  existing, 
without  reference  to  Mr.  Stodart's  system.  But  the 
scheme  elaborated  by  Mr.  Stodart  is  now  accepted  as 
the  broad  basis  of  the  Scottish  system  for  matriculations 
(Fig.  899). 


351 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


In  early  Scottish  seals  the  bordures  are  to  so  large  an 
extent  engrailed  as  to  make  it  appear  that  the  later  and 
present  rule,  which  gives  the  plain  bordure  to  immediate 
cadets,  was  not  fully  recognised  or  adopted.  Bordures 
charged  appear  at  a  comparatively  early  date  in  Scot- 
land. The  bordure  compony  in  Scotland  and  the 
bordure  wavy  in  England,  which  are  now  used  to 
signify  illegitimacy,  will  be  further  considered  in  a 
subsequent  chapter,  but  neither  one  nor  the  other 
originally  carried  any  such  meaning.  The  doubtful 
legitimacy  of  the  Avondale  and  Ochiltree  Stewarts,  who 
bore  the  bordure  compony  in  Scotland,  along  with  its 


during  the  first  twenty  years  of  the  Lyon  Register  were 
unquestionably  legitimate,  whilst  others,  as  Scott  of 
Gorrenberry  and  Patrick  Sinclair  of  Ulbester,  were 
illegitimate,  or  at  best  only  legitimated.  The  light  in 
which  the  bordure  compony  had  come  to  be  regarded 
is  shown  by  a  Royal  Warrant  granted  in  1679  to  John 
LtjNDiN  of  that  Ilk,  allowing  him  to  drop  the  coat  which 
his  family  had  hitherto  canned,  and,  as  descended  of  a 
natural  son  of  William  the  Lion,  to  bear  the  arms  of 
Scotland  within  a  bordure  compony  argent  and  azure. 

The  bordure  counter-compony  is  assigned  to  fifteen 
persons,  none  of  them,  it  is  believed,  of  illegitimate 


HAIG  OF  BEMERSYDE 

Arms :  Azure,  a  saltire  between  two  mullets  in  chief  and  base,  and 
a  decrescent  and  an  increscent  in  the  flanks  argent.  Crest :  a 
rock  proper.     Motto:  "  Tyde  what  may. " 

'*  Tyde  what  may  betyde 
Haig  shall  be  Haig  of  Bemersyde. " 


GEORGE  HAIG,  of  Newbigging, 
Nr.  Alloa 
I 


I 
JoHK  Haig 


I 
James  Haig,  of  Alloa 


Grandsons 


A  quo 


AiEXANDEE  Ritchie 
Haig,  of  Charleston, 
U.S.A.,  head  of  the 
House  of  Haig  of 
Bemersyde  (Plate 
LXV.  Fig.  I). 


James  Haig, 
of  Blahhill 


Gt, -Grandson 


Alexander  Price 
Haig,  of  Blau-- 
hih  (Plate  LXV. 
Fig.  2). 


John  Haig, 
of  Bonnington 


Grandson 


Lt.  -  Col.  Arthur 
Ealfoue  Haig, 
now  of  Bemersyde 
(Fig.  900). 


I 

Robert  Haig,  of  Roebuck 

and  Dodderbank 

:     I 


William  Haig, 
Provost  of  St.  Andrews 


Grandson 


Henry  Alex- 
anderHaig, 
(Plate  LXV. 
Fig.  5)- 


I 
Son 


George  Augus- 
tus Haig,  of 
Pen  Ithon 
(Plate  LXV. 
Fig.   6). 


Grandsons 


I 


Hugh  Veitch 
Haig  (Plate 
LXV.  Fig.  3). 


I 
George   Ogilvy 
Haig       (Plate 
LXV.  Fig.  4). 


use  by  the  Beauforts  in  England,  has  tended  latterly  to 
bring  that  difference  into  disrepute  in  the  cadency  of 
lawful  sons — yet  some  of  the  bearers  of  that  bordure 


Fig.  901. — Arms  of  Arthur  Samuel  Haigh,  Esq.,  of  Cat  Cay,  Bahamas : 
Azure,  on  a  saltire  invected  ermine,  between  two  rocks  in  pale 
proper  and  a  decrescent  and  an  increscent  in  f  ess  argent,  an  estoile 
of  the  first.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest;  upon  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  in  front  of  a  demi-man  aifrontee  proper  holding  in 
the  dexter  hand  a  crescent  or,  a  rock  also  proper.  Motto:  "Tyde 
what  may." 


descent,  and  some  expressly  said  to  be  "lineallie  and 
lawfulie  descended  "  from  the  ancestor  whose  arms  they 
bore  thus  differenced.  The  idea  of  this  bordure  having 
been  at  any  time  a  mark  of  bastardy  is  a  very  modern 
error,  arising  from  a  confusion  with  the  bordure  compony. 

A  very  instructive  series  of  bordures  will  be  found 
upon  Plate  LXV.,  which  shows,  with  Fig.  goo,  some 
number  of  variations  upon  the  Haig  coat  of  arms,  and 
above  is  a  key  pedigree  showing  the  relationship  of  the 
owners  of  the  varj'ing  differences. 

Fig.  901  is  also  instructive,  as  it  is  an  example  of  an 
English  grant  of  arms  founded  upon  the  old  Scottish 
coat  for  a  family  who,  though  they  had  long  used  the 
same  arms,  could  prove  no  descent  from  the  Bemersyde 
stock. 

In  conclusion,  attention  needs  to  be  pointedly  drawn 
to  the  fact  that  all  changes  in  arms  are  not  due  to 
cadency,  nor  is  it  safe  always  to  presume  cadency  from 
proved  instances  of  change.  Instead  of  merely  detailing 
isolated  instances  of  variation  in  a  number  of  different 
families,  the  matter  may  be  better  illustrated  by  closely 
following  the  successive  variations  in  the  same  family, 
and  an  instructive  instance  is  met  with  in  the  case  of 
the  arms  of  the  family  of  Swinton  of  that  Ilk.  This  is 
peculiarly  instructive,  because  at  no  point  in  the  descent 
covered  by  the  arms  referred  to  is  there  any  doubt  or 
question  as  to  the  fact  of  descent. 

Claiming  as  they  do  a  male  descent  and  inheritance 
from  Liulf  the  son  of  Edulf,  Vicecomes  of  Northum- 
bria,  whose  possession  before  1 1 00  of  the  lands  of 
Swinton  is  the  earliest  contemporary  evidence  which  has 
come  down  to  us  of  landowning  by  a  Scottish  subject, 


352 


PLATE   CXllI. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


it  is  unfortunate  that  we  cannot  with  authority  date 
their  armorial  ensigns  beiore  the  Later  half  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  Charters  there  are  in  plenty.  Out 
of  the  twenty-three  earliest  Scottish  writings  given  in 
the  National  MSS.  of  Scotland,  nine,  taken  from  the 
Coldingham  documents  preserved  at  Durham,  refer  to 
the  village  and  lands  of  Swinton.  Among  these  are 
two  confirmations  by  David  I.,  i.e.  before  1 153,  of  Swin- 
ton "in  hereditate  sibi  et  heredibus"  to  "meo  militi 
Hernulfo"  or  "Arnolto  isti  meo  Militi,"  the  first  ot 
the  family  to  follow  the  Norman  fashion,  and  adopt 
the  territorial  designation  of  de  Swinton;  while  at 
Durham  and  elsewhere,  Cospatric  de  Swinton  and  his 
son  Alan  and  grandson  Alan  appear  more  than  eighty 
times  in  charters  before  1250.  But  it  is  not  till  we 
come  to  c.  1271  that  we  tiad  a  Swinton  seal  still 
attached  to  a  charter. 

This  is  a  grant  by  a  third  Alan  of  the  Kirk  croft  of 
Lower  Swinton  to  God  and  the  blessed  Cuthbert  and 
the  blessed  Ebba  and  the  Prior  and  Monks  of  Colding- 
ham.    The  seal  is  of  a  very  early  form  (Fig.  902),  and 


Fig.  903.— Seal  of  Henry 
de  Swinton,  137S. 


I'IG.  902. — Seal  of  Alan  de  Swinton, 
c.  1271. 

may  perhaps  have  belonged  to  the  father  and  grand- 
father of  the  particular  Alan  who  uses  it. 

Of  the  Heiuy  de  Swinton  who  came  next,  and  who 
swore  fealty  to  Edward  the  First  of  England  at  Berwick 
in  1296,  and  of  yet  a  fourth  Alan,  no  seals  are  known. 
These  were  turbulent  days  throughout  Scotland:  but 
then  we  find  a  distinct  advance;  a  shield  upon  a  diapered 
ground,  and  upon  it  the  single  boar  has  given  place 
to  the  three  boars'  heads  which  afterwards  became  so 
common  in  Scotland.  Nisbet  lends  his  authority  to  the 
tradition  that  all  the  families  of  Border  birth  who  carried 
them — Gordon,  Nisbet,  Swinton,  Redpath,  Dunse,  he 
mentions,  and  he  might  have  added  others — were  origi- 
nally of  one  stock,  and  if  so,  the  probability  must  be 
that  the  breed  sprung  from  Swinton. 

This  seal  (Fig.  903)  was  put  by  a  second  Henry  de 
Swynton  to  one  of  the  family  charters,  probably  of  the 
date  of  1378,  which  have  lately  been  placed  for  safe 
keeping  in  the  Register  House  in  Edinburgh. 

His  successor,  Sir  John,  the  hero  of  Noyon  in  Picardy, 
of  Otterburn,  and  Homildon,  was  apparently  the  first 
of  the  race  to  use  supporters.  His  seal  (Fig.  904)  be- 
longs to  the  second  earliest  ot  the  Douglas  charters 
preserved  at  Drumlanrig.  Its  date  is  1389,  and  Sir 
John  de  Swyntoun  is  described  as  Dominus  de  Mar,  a 
title  he  bore  by  right  of  his  marriage  with  Margaret, 
Countess  of  Douglas  and  Mar.  This  probably  also  ac- 
coiints  for  his  coronet,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  helmet,  coronet,  and  crest  are  the  exact  counterpart 
of  those  on  the  Garter  plate  of  Ralph,  Lord  Basset,  in 
St.  George's  Chapel  at  Windsor.  It  is  possibly  more 
than  a  coincidence,  for  Froissart  mentions  them  both 
as  fighting  in  France  ten  to  twenty  years  earlier. 


Ot  his  son,  the  second  Sir  John,  "Lord  of  that  Ilk," 
we  have  no  seal.  His  lance  it  was  that  overthrew 
Thomas,  Duke  of  Clarence,  the  brother  of  Henry  V., 
at  Beauge  in  1421,  and  he  fell,  a  young  man,  three 
years  later  with  the  flower   of  the  Scottish  army  at 


Fig.  904. — Seal  of  Sir  John  de  Swinton,  13S9. 

Verneuil;  but  in  1475  his  son,  a  third  Sir  John,  uses 
the  identical  crest  and  shield  which  his  descendants 
carry  to  this  day  (Fig.  905).  John  had  become  a 
common  name  in  the  family,  and  the  same  or  a 
similar  seal  did  duty  for  the  next  three  generations; 
but  in  1598  we  find  the  great-great-grandson,  Robert 
Swinton  of  that  Ilk,  who  represented  Berwickshire  in 
the  first  regularly  constituted  Parliament  of  Scotland, 


Fig.  905.— Seal  of  Sir  John 
de  Swinton,  1475. 


Fig.  906. — Seal  of  Eobert  Swinton, 
of  that  Ilk,  1598. 


altering  the  character  of  the  boars'  heads  (Fig.  go6). 
He  would  also  appear  to  have  placed  upon  the  chevron 
something  which  is  difficult  to  decipher,  but  is  pro- 
bably the  rose  so  borne  by  the  Hepburns,  his  second 
wife  having  been  a  daughter  of  Sir  Patrick  Hepburn 
of  Whitecastle. 

Whatever  the  charge  was,  it  disappeared  from   the 
shield  (Fig.  907)  erected  on  the  outer  wall  of  Swinton 


Fig.  907. — Arms  of  Swinton.     (From  Swinton  Church,  163-.) 

Church  by  his  second  son  and  eventual  heir.  Sir 
Alexander,  also  member  for  his  native  county ;  but 
the  boars'  heads  are  turned  the  other  way,  perhaps  in 
imitation  of  those  above  the  very  ancient  effigy  of  the 
first  Sir  Alan  inside  the  church. 

Sir  Alexander's  son,  John  Swinton,  "Laird  Swin- 
ton" Carlyle  calls  him,  wrecked  the  family  fortunes. 
According  to  Bishop  Burnet  he  was  "  the  man  of  all 
Scotland  most  trusted  and  employed  by  Cromwell,"  and 


353 


2  Y 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


he  died  a  Quaker,  excommunicated  and  forfeited.  To 
tlie  circumstance  tliat  wlien,  in  1672,  the  order  went  out 
that  all  arms  were  to  be  officially  recorded,  he  was  a 
broken  man  under  sentence  that  his  arms  should  be 
"  laceret  and  delete  out  of  the  Heralds'  Books,"  we  pro- 
bably owe  it  that  until  of  late  years  no  Swinton  arms 
appeared  on  the  Lyon  Register. 

Then  to  come  to  less  stirring  times,  and  turn  to  book- 


t-^^^J?i 


Fig.  goS. — Bookplate  of  Sir  John  Swinton  of  that  Ilk,  1707. 

plates.  His  son,  yet  another  Sir  John  of  that  Ilk,  in 
whose  favour  the  forfeiture  was  rescinded,  sat  for  Ber- 
wickshu'e  in  the  last  Parliament  of  Scotland  and  the 
first  of  Great  Britain.  His  bookplate  (Fig.  908)  is  one 
of  the  earliest  Scottish  dated  plates. 


Fig.  909. — Bookplate  of  Aichibalcl  Swinton  of  Kimmerghame. 

His  grandson.  Captain  Archibald  Swinton  of  Kim- 
merghame, county  Berwick  (Fig.  909),  was  an  ardent 
book  collector  up  to  his  death  in  1 804,  and  Archibald's 
great-grandson,  Captain  George  C.  Swinton  (Fig.  910), 
walked  as  March  Pursuivant  in  the  procession  in  West- 
minster Abbey  at  the  coronation  of  King  Edward  the 
Seventh  of  England  in  1902,  and  smote  on  the  gate 


when  that  same  Edward  as  First  of  Scotland  claimed 
admission  to  his  castle  of  Edinburgh  in  1903. 

The  arms  as  borne  to-day  by  the  head  of  the  family, 
John  Edulf  Blagrave  Swinton  of  Swinton  Bank,  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Lothians  and  Berwickshu-e  Imperial 
Yeomanry,  are  as  given  on  Plate  LXIII. 

The  heraldic  use  of  party  badges  is  unknown  in 
British  armory.  Elsewhere  we  have  suggested  that 
perhaps  the  oinquefoil  where  it  occurs  in  early  coats 
may  be  a  perpetuation  of  the  party  badge  of  Simon 
de  Montfort,  the  great  Earl  of  Leicester.  Many  of  the 
red  roses  and  the  white  roses  which  survive  in  our 
armory  are  doubtless  due  to  the  party  badges  of  York 
and  Lancaster.     The  red  rose  for  Lancashire  grantees 


_  LlBRlJ"  li 

CAPTfllliflEOMKiWlNTON^ 

MflRCilPUR$CJlYANT 


il 


li 


Fig.  910. — Bookplate  of  Captain  George  S.  Swinton, 
March  Pursuivant  of  Arms. 

and  the  white  rose  for  Yorkshire  grantees,  the  thistle 
for  Scotsmen  and  the  shamrock  for  Irishmen,  all  in  a 
way  may  approach  the  category,  but  the  party  badge 
proper  we  have  never  known.  It  is  really  a  peculiarity 
of  Italian  heraldry,  the  result  of  the  curious  party  strife 
of  the  "  Ghibellines  "  and  the  "  Guelphs."  'The  former 
party  bore  on  a  chief  the  Imperial  eagle,  the  latter  a 
chief  of  Anjou.  On  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  23  will  be  seen 
the  Ghibellme  badge  over  the  arms  of  the  Counts  of 
Gambara,  Pralboina,  and  Verola-Nuova.  These  are : 
"  Or,  a  lobster  erect  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  field  the 
crowned  Imperial  eagle  displayed  sable."  The  alternate 
badge  is  represented  in  Fig.  24  on  the  same  plate  over 
the  arms  of  the  Manfredi  family.  Papal  Vicars,  and 
Lords  of  Faenza,  Imola,  Cesena,  and  lorli,  then-  arms 
being  quarterly  argent  and  azure,  and  the  Guelph 
badge  bemg  the  azure  chief  charged  with  the  three 
fleurs-de-lis  or  of  France  and  the  label  gules  of  Anjou. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


354 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XXXVI 


MARKS    OF    BASTARDY 


IT  has  been  remarked  that  the  knowledge  of  "the 
man  in  the  street "  is  least  incorrect  when  he 
knows  nothing.  Probably  the  only  heraldic  know- 
ledge that  a  large  number  possess  is  summed  up  in  the 
assertion  that  the  heraldic  sign  of  illegitimacy  is  the 
"  bar  sinister." 

No  doubt  it  is  to  the  novehsts — who,  seeking  to  touch 
lightly  upon  an  unpleasant  subject,  have  ignorantly 
adopted  a  French  colloquialism — that  we  must  attribute 
a  great  deal  of  the  misconception  which  exists  concern- 
ing illegitimacy  and  its  heraldic  marks  of  indication. 
I  assert  most  unhesitatingly  that  there  are  not  now 
and  never  have  been  any  unalterable  laws  as  to 
what  these  marks  should  be,  and  the  colloquialism 
which  insists  upon  the  "  bar  sinister "  is  a  curiously 
amusing  example  of  an  utter  misnomer.  To  any  one 
with  the  most  rudimentary  knowledge  of  heraldry  it 
must  plainly  be  seen  to  be  radically  impossible  to 
depict  a  bar  sinister,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the 
bar  is  neither  dexter  nor  sinister.  It  is  utterly  impos- 
sible to  draw  a  bar  sinister — such  a  thing  does  not 
exist.  But  the  assertion  of  many  writers  with  a  know- 
ledge of  armory  that  "  bar  sinister "  is  a  mistake  for 
"  bend  sinister  "  is  also  somewhat  misleading,  because 
the  real  mistake  lies  in  the  spelHng  of  the  term. 
The  "  barre  sinistre "  is  merely  the  French  trans- 
lation of  bend  sinister,  the  French  word  "barre" 
meaning  a  hencl.  The  French  "  barre "  is  not  the 
EngUsh  bar. 

In  order  to  properly  understand  the  true  significance 
of  the  marks  of  illegitimacy,  it  is  necessary  that  the 
attempt  should  be  made  to  transplant  oneself  into 
the  environment  when  the  laws,  and  rules  of  heraldry 
were  in  the  making.  At  that  period  illegitimacy  was 
of  little  if  any  account.  It  has  not  debarred  the  succes- 
sion of  some  of  our  own  sovereigns,  although,  from  the 
earliest  times,  the  English  have  always  been  more 
prudish  upon  the  point  than  other  nations.  In  Ireland, 
even  so  late  as  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  it  is  a 
strikLng  genealogical  difficulty  to  decide  in  many  noble 
pedigrees  which  if  any  of  the  given  sons  of  any  person 
were  legitimate,  and  which  of  the  ladies  of  his  house- 
hold, if  any,  might  be  legally  termed  his  wife.  In 
Scotland  we  find  the  same  thing,  though  perhaps  it  is 
not  quite  so  blatant  to  so  late  a  date,  but  considering 
what  are  and  have  been  the  Scottish  laws  of  marriage, 
it  is  the  fact  or  otherwise  of  marriage  which  has 
to  be  ascertained ;  and  though  in  England  the  legal 
status  was  recognised  from  an  earlier  period,  the  social 
status  of  the  oftsprLng  of  a  given  man  depended 
Uttle  upon  the  legal  legitimacy  of  birth,  but  rather 
upon  the  amount  of  recognition  the  bastard  received 
from  his  father.  If  a  man  had  an  unquestionably 
legitimate  son,  that  son  undoubtedly  succeeded ;  but 
if  he  had  not,  any  technical  stain  upon  the  birth  of 
the  others  had  little  effect  in  preventing  their  succes- 
sion. A  study  of  the  succession  to  the  Barony  of  Meinill 
clearly  shows  that  the  illegitimate  son  of  the  second 
Lord  Meinill  succeeded  to  the  estates  and  peerage  of  his 
father  in  preference  to  his  legitimate  uncle.  There  are 
many  other  analogous  cases.  And  when  the  Church 
juggled  at  its  pleasure  with  the  sacrament  of  marriage 
— dispensing  and  annulling  or  recognising  marriages  for 
reasons  which  we  nowadays  can  only  term  whimsical — 


small  wonder  is  it  that  the  legal  fact,  though  then  ad- 
mitted, had  little  of  the  importance  which  we  now  give 
to  it.  When  the  actual  fact  was  so  little  more  than  a 
matter  at  the  personal  pleasure  of  the  person  most 
concerned,  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  suppose  that  any 
perpetuation  of  a  mere  advertisement  of  the  fact  would 
be  considered  necessary,  whilst  the  fact  itself  was  so 
often  ignored ;  so  that  until  comparatively  recent  times 
the  Crown  certainly  never  attempted  to  enforce  any 
heraldic  marks  of  illegitimacy.  Rather  were  these  en- 
forced by  the  legitimate  descendants  if  and  when  such 
descendants  existed. 

The  point  must  have  first  arisen  when  there  were 
both  legitimate  and  illegitimate  descendants  of  a  given 
person,  and  it  was  desired  to  make  record  of  the  true 
line  in  which  land  or  honours  should  descend.  To  effect 
this  purpose,  the  arms  of  the  illegitimate  son  were  made 
to  carry  some  charge  or  alteration  to  show  that  there 
was  some  reason  which  debarred  inheritance  by  their 
users,  whilst  there  remained  those  entitled  to  bear  the 
arms  without  the  mark  of  distinction.  But  be  it  noted 
that  this  obligation  existed  equally  on  the  legitimate 
cadets  of  a  family,  and  in  the  earliest  periods  of  heraldry 
there  is  little  or  no  distinction  either  in  the  marks  em- 
ployed 'or  in  the  character  of  the  marks,  which  can  be 
drawn  between  mere  marks  of  cadency  and  marks  of  ille- 
gitimacy. Until  a  comparatively  recent  period  it  is  abso- 
lutely unsafe  to  use  these  marks  as  signifying  or  proving 
either  legitimate  cadency  or  illegitimacy.  The  same 
mark  stood  for  both,  the  only  object  which  any  distinctive 
change  accomplished,  being  the  distinction  which  it  was 
necessary  to  draw  between  those  who  owned  the  right 
to  the  undifferenced  arms,  and  owned  the  land,  and 
those  who  did  not.  The  object  was  to  safeguard  the 
right  of  the  real  possessors,  and  not  to  penalise  the  others. 
There  was  no  particular  mark  either  for  cadency  or  for 
illegitimacy,  the  distinctions  made  being  dictated  by 
what  seemed  the  most  suitable  and  distinctive  mark 
applicable  to  the  arms  under  consideration. 

When  that  much  has  been  thoroughly  grasped,  one 
gets  a  more  accurate  understanding  of  the  subject.  One 
other  point  has  to  be  borne  in  mind  (and  to  the  present 
generation,  which  knows  so  well  how  extensively  arms 
have  been  improperly  assumed,  the  statement  may  seem 
startling),  and  that  is,  that  the  use  of  arms  was  formerly 
evidence  of  pedigree.  As  late  as  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  evidence  of  this  character  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Committee  of  Privileges  at  the  hearing  of 
a  Peerage  case.  The  evidence  was  admitted  for  that 
purpose,  though  doubt  (in  that  case  very  properly)  was 
thrown  upon  its  value. 

Therefore,  in  view  of  the  two  foregoing  facts,  there 
can  be  very  little  doubt  that  the  use  of  armorial 
marks  of  bastardy  was  not  invented  or  instituted,  nor 
ivere  they  enforced,  as  punishment  or  as  a  disgrace. 

It  is  a  curious  instance  how  a  careful  study  of  words 
and  terms  employed  will  often  afford  either  a  clue  or 
confirmation,  when  the  true  meaning  of  the  term  has 
lona:  been  overlooked. 

The  official  term  for  a  mark  of  cadency  is  a  "  differ- 
ence "  mark,  i.e.  it  was  a  mark  to  show  the  difference 
between  one  member  of  a  family  and  another.  The 
mark  used  to  signify  a  lack  of  blood  relationship,  and  a 
mark  used  to  signify  illegitimacy  are  each  termed  a 


\ 


355 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


mark  of  distinction,  i.e.  a  mai'k  that  shall  make  some- 
thing plainly  "distinct."  What  is  that  something? 
The  fact  that  the  use  of  the  arms  is  not  evidence  of 
descent  through  which  heirship  can  be  claimed  or 
proved.  This,  by  the  way,  is  a  patent  example  of  the 
advantage  of  adherence  to  precedent. 

The  inevitable  conclusion  is  that  a  bastard  was  origi- 
nally only  required  to  mark  his  shield  sufficiently  to  be 
distinctly  apparent  that  hehship  would  never  accrue. 
The  arms  had  to  be  distinct  from  those  borne  by  those 
members  of  the  family  upon  whom  heirship  might 
devolve.  The  social  position  of  a  bastard  as  "  belong- 
ing "  to  a  family  was  pretty  generally  conceded,  there- 
fore he  carried  their  arms,  sufficiently  marked  to  show 
he  was  not  in  the  line  of  succession. 

This  being  accepted,  one  at  once  understands  the 
great  variety  of  the  marks  which  have  been  employed. 
These  answered  the  purpose  of  distinction,  and  nothing 
more  was  demanded  or  necessary.  Consequently  a 
recapitulation  of  marks,  of  which  examples  can  be 
quoted,  are  largely  Usts  of  isolated  instances,  and  as 
such  are  useless  for  the  purposes  of  deduction  in  any 
attempt  to  arrive  at  a  correct  conclusion  as  to  what  the 
ancient  rules  were.  In  brief,  there  were  no  rules  until 
the  eighteenth,  or  perhaps  even  until  the  nineteenth 
century.  The  only  ride  was  that  the  arms  must  be 
sufficiently  marked  in  some  way.  This  is  borne  out  by 
the  dictum  of  Menestrier. 

Except  the  label,  which  has  been  elsewhere  referred 
to,  the  earliest  marks  of  either  cadency  or  illegitimacy 
for  which  accepted  use  can  be  found  are  the  bend  and 
the  bordure ;  but  the  bend  for  the  purpose  of  illegitimacy 
seems  to  be  the  earher,  and  a  bend  superimposed  over  a 
shield  remained  a  mark  of  illegitimate  cadency  until  a 
comparatively  late  period.  This  bend  as  a  difference 
naturally  was  originally  depicted  as  a  bend  dexter,  and 
as  a  mark  of  legitimate  cadency  is  found  in  the  arms 
of  the  younger  son  of  Edmund  Crouchback,  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  before  he  succeeded  his  elder  brother. 

There  are  scores  of  other  similar  instances  which  a 
little  research  will  show.  Whether  the  term  "left- 
handed  marriage  "  is  the  older,  and  the  sinister  bend  is 
derived  therefrom,  or  whether  the  slang  term  is  derived 
from  the  sinister  bend,  it  is  perhaps  not  necessary  to  in- 
quire. But  there  is  no  doubt  that  from  an  early  period 
the  bend  of  cadency,  when  such  cadency  was  illegitimate, 
is  frequently  met  with  in  the  sinister  form.  But  con- 
currently with  such  usage  instances  are  found  in  which 
the  dexter  bend  was  used  for  the  same  purpose,  and  it 
is  very  plainly  evident  that  it  was  never  at  that  date 
looked  upon  as  a  penalty,  but  was  used  merely  as  a 
distinction,  or  for  the  purpose  of  showing  that  the 
wearer  was  not  the  head  of  his  house  or  in  possession 
of  the  lordship.  The  territorial  idea  of  the  nature  of 
arms,  which  has  been  alluded  to  in  the  chapter  upon 
marks  of  cadency,  should  be  borne  in  mind  in  coming 
to  a  conclusion. 

Soon  after  the  recognition  of  the  bend  as  a  mark  of 
illegitimacy  we  come  across  the  bordure ;  but  there  is 
some  confusion  with  this,  bordures  of  all  kinds  being 
used  indiscriminately  to  denote  both  legitimate  and 
illegitimate  cadency.  There  are  countless  other  forms 
of  marking  illegitimacy,  and  it  is  impossible  to  attempt 
to  summarise  them,  and  absolutely  impossible  to  draw 
conclusions  as  to  any  family  fi-om  marks  upon  its  arms 
when  this  point  is  under  discussion.  To  give  a  list  of 
these  instances  would  rather  seem  an  attempt  to  deduce 
a  rule  or  rules  upon  the  point,  so  I  say  at  once  that 
there  was  no  recognised  mark,  and  any  plain  distinction 
seems  to  have  been  accepted  as  sufficient ;  and  no  dis- 
tinction whatever  was  made  when  the  illegitimate  son, 
either  from  failure  of  legitimate  issue  or  other  reason. 


succeeded  to  the  lands  and  honours  of  his  father. 
Out  of  the  multitude  of  marks,  the  bend,  and  subse- 
quently the  bend  sinister,  emerge  as  most  frequently  in 
use,  and  finally  the  bend  sinister  exclusively;  so  that 
it  has  come  to  be  considered,  and  perhaps  correctly 
at  one  period,  that  its  use  was  equivalent  to  a  mark  of 
illegitimacy  in  England. 

Bat  there  has  always  remained  to  the  person  of  bastard 
descent  the  right  of  discarding  the  bastardised  coat,  and 
adopting  a  new  coat  of  arms,  the  only  requirement  as  to 
the  new  coat  being  that  it  shall  be  so  distinct  from  the 
old  one  as  not  to  be  liable  to  confusion  therewith.  And 
it  is  a  moot  point  whether  or  not  a  large  proportion  of  the 
instances  which  are  tabulated  in  most  heraldic  works  as 
examples  of  marks  of  bastardy  are  anything  whatever  of 
the  kind.  My  own  opinion  is  that  many  are  not,  and  that 
it  is  a  mistake  to  so  consider  them,  the  true  explanation 
undoubtedly  in  some — and  outside  the  Eoyal  Family 
probably  in  most — being  that  they  are  new  coats  of  arms 
adopted  as  new  coats  of  arms  doubtless  bearing  relation 
to  the  old  family  coat,  but  sufficiently  distinguished  there- 
from to  rank  as  new  arms,  and  were  never  intended  to  be 
taken  as,  and  never  were  bastardised  examples  of  formerly 
existing  coats.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  I  have  refrained 
from  giving  any  extensive  list  such  as  is  to  be  found  in 
most  other  treatises  on  heraldry,  for  all  that  can  be  said 
for  such  lists  is  that  they  are  lists  of  the  specific  arms  of 
specific  bastards,  which  is  a  very  different  matter  from  a 
list  of  heraldic  marks  of  illegitimacy. 

Another  objection  to  the  long  lists  which  most  heraldic 
works  give  of  early  instances  of  marks  of  bastardy  as  data 
for  deduction  lies  in  the  fact  that  most  are  instances  of  the 
illegitimate  children  of  Eoyal  personages.  It  is  singularly 
unsafe  to  draw  deductions,  to  be  applied  to  the  arms  of 
others,  from  the  Eoyal  Arms,  for  these  generally  have  laws 
unto  themselves.  The  bend  sinister  in  its  bare  simplicity 
was  seldom  used,  the  more  frequent  form  being  the 
sinister  bendlet,  or  even  the  diminutive  of  that,  the 
cottise.  There  is  no  doubt,  of  course,  that  when  a 
sinister  bend  or  bendlet  debruises  another  coat  that  that 
is  a  bastardised  version  of  an  older  coat,  but  examples  can 
be  found  of  the  sinister  bend  as  a  charge  which  has  no 
reference  whatever  to  illegitimacy.  Two  instances  that 
come  to  mind,  which  can  be  found  by  reference  to  any. 
current  peerage,  are  the  arms  of  Shiffner  and  Burne-Jones. 
Certainly  in  these  cases  I  know  of  no  illegitimacy,  and 
neither  coat  is  a  bastardised  version  of  an  older  existing 
coat.  Anciently  the  bendlet  was  drawn  across  arms  and 
quarterings,  and  an  example  of  a  coat  of  arms  of  some 
number  of  quarterings  debruised  for  an  illegitimate  family 
is  found  in  the  registration  of  a  Talbot  pedigree  in  one  of 
the  Visitation  Books.  As  a  mark  of  distinction  upon 
arms  the  bend  sinister  for  long  past  has  fallen  out  of 
use,  though  for  the  purpose  of  differencing  crests  a  bend- 
let wavy  sinister  is  still  made  use  of,  and  will  be  again 
presently  referred  to. 

Next  to  the  bend  comes  the  bordure.  Bordures  of  all 
kinds  were  used  for  the  purposes  of  cadency  from  practi- 
cally the  earliest  periods  of  heraldic  differencing.  But 
they  were  used  indiscriminately,  as  has  been  already  stated, 
both  for  legitimate  and  illegitimate  cadency.  John  of 
Gaunt,  as  is  well  known,  was  the  father  of  Henry  IV.  and 
the  ancestor  of  Henry  VII.,  the  former  being  the  issue  of 
his  legitimate  wife,  the  latter  coming  from  a  son  who, 
as  one  of  the  old  chroniclers  puts  it,  "  was  of  double 
advowtrie  begotten."  But,  as  every  one  knows,  John  of 
Gaunt's  children  by  Catherine  Eoet  or  Swynford  were 
legitimated  by  Act  of  Parliament,  the  Act  of  Parliament 
not  excepting  the  succession  to  the  Throue,  a  disability 
later  introduced  in  Letters  Patent  of  the  Crown  when 
giving  a  subsequent  confirmation  of  the  Act,  but  which, 
nevertheless,  they  could   not  overrule.      But  taking  the 


356 


PLATE   CXIV. 


THE    ROYAL   ARMS    OF   GREAT   BRITAIN,   AS   DETERMINED   BY   THE   WARR,AxN'T, 
IN   THE   REIGN   OF   QUEEN   VICTORIA. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


sons  of  the  latter  family  as  legitimate,  whioli  (whatever 
may  have  been  the  moral  aspect  of  the  case)  they  were 
undoubtedly  in  the  eyes  of  the  common  law  after  the 
passing  of  the  Act  referred  to,  they  existed  concurrently 
with  the  undoubtedly  senior  descendants  of  the  first 
marriage  of  John  of  Gaunt  with  Blanche  of  Lancaster, 
and  it  was  necessary — whether  they  were  legitimate 
or  not — to  distinguish  the  arms  of  the  junior  from  the 
senior  branch.  The  result  was  that  as  legitimate 
cadets,  and  not  as  bastards,  the  arms  of  John  of  Gaunt 
were  differenced  for  the  line  of  the  Dukes  of  Somerset  by 
the  addition  of  the  bordure  compony  argent  and  azure — 
the  livery  colours  of  Lancaster. 

The  fight  as  to  whether  these  children  were  legitimate 
or  illegitimate  was,  of  course,  notorious,  and  a  matter  of 
history  ;  but  from  the  fact  that  they  bore  a  bordure  com- 
pony, an  idea  grew  up  both  in  this  country  and  in  Scotland 
from  the  similarity  of  the  cases  of  the  doubtful  legitimacy 
of  the  Avondale  and  Ochiltree  Stewarts,  who  both  used 
the  bordure  compony,  that  the  bordure  compony  was  a 
sign  of  illegitimacy,  whereas  in  both  countries  at  an  earlier 
period  it  undoubtedly  was  accepted  as  a  mark  of  legiti- 
mate cadency. 

As  a  mark  of  bastardy  it  had  subsequently  some 
extensive  use  in  both  countries,  and  it  still  remains  the 
only  mark  now  used  for  the  purpose  in  Scottish  heraldry. 
Whether  it  was  that  it  was  not  considered  as  of  a  fixed 
nature,  or  whether  it  was  that  it  had  become  notorious 
and  unacceptable,  it  is  difiicult  to  say,  though  the  officers 
of  arms  have  been  blamed  for  making  a  change  on  the 
assumption  that  it  was  the  latter. 

Some  writers  who  clamour  strongly  for  the  penalising 
of  bastard  arms,  and  for  the  plain  and  recognisable 
marking  of  them  as  such  (a  position  adopted  rather 
vehemently  by  Woodward,  a  singularly  erudite  heraldic 
writer),  are  rather  uncharitable,  and  at  the  same 
time  rather  lacking  in  due  observation  and  careful 
consideration  of  ancient  ideas  and  ancient  precedents. 
That  the  recognised  mark  has  been  changed  at  different 
periods,  and  as  a  consequence  that  to  a  certain  extent  the 
advertisement  it  conveys  has  been  less  patent  is,  of  course, 
put  down  to  the  "  venality  "  of  mediteval  heralds  (happily 
their  backs  are  broad)  by  those  who  are  too  short-sighted 
to  observe  that  the  one  thing  an  oflScial  herald  moves 
heaven  and  earth  to  escape  from  is  the  making  of  a  new 
precedent ;  and  that,  on  the  score  of  signs  of  illegitimacy, 
the  official  heralds,  when  the  control  of  arms  passed  into 
their  hands,  found  no  established  rule.  So  far  from 
having  been  guilty  of  venality,  as  Woodward  suggests, 
they  have  erred  on  the  other  side,  and  by  having  worked 
only  on  the  limited  number  of  precedents  they  found 
they  have  stereotyped  the  advertisement,  and  thereby 
made  the  situation  more  stringent  than  they  found  it. 

We  have  it  from  biblical  sources  that  the  sins  of  the 
fathers  shall  be  visited  upon  the  children  unto  the  third 
and  fourth  generations,  and  this  spirit  has  undoubtedly 
crept  into  the  views  of  many  writers,  but  to  get  into  the 
true  perspective  of  the  matter  one  needs  to  consider  the 
subject  from  the  point  of  view  of  less  prudish  days  than 
our  own. 

I  have  no  wish  to  be  misunderstood.  In  these  days 
much  heraldic  reviewing  of  the  blatant  and  baser  sort 
depends  not  upon  the  value  of  the  work  performed,  a 
point  of  view  which  is  never  given  a  thought,  but 
entirely  upon  the  identity  of  the  writer  whose  work 
is  under  review,  and  is  largely  composed  of  misquota- 
tion and  misrepresentation.  It  may  perhaps  be  as 
well,  therefore,  to  state  that  I  am  not  seeking  to 
condone  illegitimacy  or  to  combat  present  opinions 
upon  the  point.  I  merely  state  that  our  present  opinions 
are  a  modem  growth,  and  that  in  the  thirteenth,  four- 
teenth,  fifteenth,    and   sixteenth    centuries,    when    the 


fundamental  principles  of  heraldry  were  in  the  making, 
it  was  not  considered  a  disgrace  to  have  an  illegitimate 
son,  nor  to  be  of  illegitimate  birth. 

At  any  rate,  the  fact  remains  that  a  new  mark  was 
called  into  being  in  England  about  the  year  1780  when 
in  a  grant  to  Zachary  to  quarter  the  arms  of  Sacheverell, 
from  which  family  he  was  in  the  female  line  ille- 
gitimately descended,  the  bordure  wavy  was  first  met 
with  as  a  sufficient  and  proper  mark  of  illegitimacy. 
The  curious  point  is  that  before  that  date  in  Scotland  and 
in  England  the  bordure  wavy  possessed  nothing  of  this 
character,  and  to  the  present  day  the  bordure  wavy  in  Scot- 
land is  undoubtedly  nothing  more  than  a  legitimate  mark  of 
legitimate  cadency,  for  which  mark  Mr.  Stodart  provides 
a  place  in  the  scheme  of  differencing  which  he  tabulated 
as  the  basis  of  cadency  marks  in  Scotland  (Fig.  899). 
Since  that  date  the  bordure  wavy  has  remained  the  mark 
which  has  been  used  for  the  purpose  in  England,  as  the 
bordure  compony  has  remained  the  mark  in  Scotland. 

Bearing  in  mind  that  the  only  necessity  was  some  mark 
which  should  carry  sufficient  distinction  from  the  arms  of 
the  family,  it  follows,  as  a  natural  consequence  of  human 
nature,  that  as  soon  as  any  particular  mark  became 
identified  with  Olegitimacy  (after  that  was  considered  to 
be  a  stigma),  that  mark  was  quietly  dropped  and  some 
other  substituted,  and  no  one  would  be  surprised  to  find 
the  bordures  wavy  and  compony  quietly  displaced  by 
something  else.  If  any  change  is  to  be  made  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  no  existing  mark  will  be  adopted,  and  that  the 
marks  in  England  and  Scotland  shall  not  conflict  even  if 
they  do  not  coincide. 

The  bendlet  sinister,  however,  survives  in  the  form  of  the 
baton  sinister,  which  is  a  bendlet  couped  placed  across  the 
centre  of  the  shield.  The  baton  sinister,  however,  is  a 
privilege  which  is  preserved,  such  as  it  is,  for  Royal  bas- 
tards. The  latest  instance  of  this  was  in  the  exemplifica- 
tion of  arms  to  the  Earl  of  Mnnster  and  his  brothers  and 
sisters  early  in  the  nineteenth  century.  Other  surviving 
instances  are  met  with  in  the  arms  of  the  Duke  of  St. 
Albans  and  the  Duke  of  Grafton.  Another  privilege  of 
Royal  bastards  is  that  they  may  have  the  baton  of  inetal, 
aprivilege  which  is,  according  to  Berry,  denied  to  those 
of  humbler  origin.  According  to  present  law  the  posi- 
tion of  an  illegitimate  person  heraldically  is  based  upon 
the  common  law  of  the  country,  which  practically  declares 
that  an  illegitimate  child  has  no  name,  no  parentage, 
and  no  relations.  The  illegitimacy  of  birth  is  an  in- 
superable bar  to  inheritance,  and  a  person  of  illegitimate 
birth  inherits  no  arms  at  all,  the  popular  idea  that  he 
inherits  a  right  to  the  arms  subject  to  a  mark  of  dis- 
tinction being  quite  incorrect.  He  has  none  at  all. 
There  has  never  been  any  mark  which,  as  a  matter  of 
course  and  of  mere  motion,  could  attach  itself  automati- 
cally to  a  shield,  as  is  the  case  with  the  English  marks 
of  difference,  e.g.  the  crescent  of  the  second  son  or  the 
mullet  of  the  third.  This  is  a  point  upon  which  I  have 
found  mistaken  ideas  very  frequently  held,  even  by  those 
who  have  made  some  study  of  heraldry. 

But  a  very  little  thought  should  make  it  plain  that  by 
the  very  nature  of  the  fact  there  cannot  be  either  a 
recognised  mark,  compulsory^use,  or  an  ipse  facto  sign. 

Illegitimacy  is  negative,  not  positive — a  fact  which 
many  writers  hardly  give  sufficient  weight  to.  If  any 
one  of  illegitimate  birth  desires  to  obtain  a  right  to  arms 
he  has  two  courses  open  to  him.  He  can  either  (not 
disclosing  the  fact  of  his  illegitimacy,  and  not  attempting 
to  prove  that  he  is  a  descendant  of  any  kind  from  any  one 
else)  apply  for  and  obtain  a  new  grant  of  arms  on  his  own 
basis,  and  worry  through  the  College  the  grant  of  a  coat 
as  closely  following  in  design  that  of  the  old  family  as  he 
can  get,  which  means  that  he  would  be  treated  and  penal- 
ised with  such  alterations  (not  "marks  of  distinction  ")  as 


357 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


would  be  imposed  upon  a  stranger  in  blood  endeavouring 
to  obtain  arms  founded  upon  a  coat  to  whicli  lie  had  no 
right.  The  cost  of  such  a  proceeding  in  England  is  £y&, 
los.,  the  usual  fees  upon  an  ordinary  grant. 

The  alternative  course  is  simple.  He  must  avow  him- 
self a  bastard,  and  must  prove  his  paternity  or  maternity, 
as  the  case  may  be  (for  in  the  eye  of  the  law — common 
and  heraldic — he  bears  the  same  relation,  which  is  nil, 
and  the  same  right  to  the  name  and  arms,  which  is  nil,  of 
both  his  father  and  his  mother). 

Illegitimacy  under  English  law  affords  one  of  the 
many  instances  in  which  anomalies  exist,  for,  strange  as 
the  statement  is,  a  bastard  comes  into  the  world  without 
any  name  at  all. 

Legally,  at  birth  a  bastard  child  has  then  no  name  at  all, 
and  no  arms.  It  must  sabiequently  acquire  such  rio-ht  to  a 
name  (whatever  right  that  may  amount  to)  as  user  of  and 
reputation  therein  may  give  him.  He  inherits  no  arms  at 
all,  no  name,  and  no  property,  save  by  specific  devise  or 
bequest.  The  lack  of  parents  operates  as  a  chasm  which 
it  is  impossible  to  bridge.  It  is  not  a  case  of  a  peculiar 
bridge  or  a  faulty  bridge  ;  there  is  no  bridge  at  all. 

Names,  in  so  far  as  they  are  matters  of  law,  are 
subject  to  canon  law ;  at  any  rate,  the  law  upon  the 
subject,  such  as  it  is,  originated  in  canon  law,  and  not 
in  statute  or  civil  law.  Canon  law  was  made,  and  has 
never  since  been  altered,  at  a  time  when  surnames  were 
not  in  existence.  A  bastard  no  more  inherits  the  surname 
of  the  mother  than  it  does  the  surname  of  its  father  ;  and 
the  spirit  of  petty  officialism,  so  rampant  amongst  the 
clergy,  which  seeks  to  impose  upon  a  bastard  nolens  volens 
the  surname  of  its  mother,  has  no  justification  in  law  or 
fact.  A  bastard  has  precisely  as  little  right  to  the  sur- 
name of  its  mother  as  it  has  to  the  surname  of  its  father. 
Obviously,  however,  under  the  customs  of  our  present 
social  life,  every  person  must  have  a  surname  of  one  kind 
or  another ;  and  it  is  here  that  the  anomaly  in  the  British 
law  exists,  inasmuch  as  neither  statute  nor  canon  law 
provide  any  means  for  conferring  a  surname.  That  the 
King  has  the  prerogative,  and  eSercises  it,  of  conferring 
or  confirming  surnames  is,  of  course,  unquestioned,  but  it 
is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  the  King  will  trouble  him- 
self to  provide  a  surname  for  every  illegitimate  child 
which  may  be  born ;  and  outside  this  prerogative,  which 
probably  is  exercised  about  once  a  year,  there  is  no 
method  provided  or  definitely  recognised  by  the  law  to 
meet  this  necessity.  To  obviate  the  difficulty,  the  sur- 
name has  to  be  that  which  is  conferred  upon  the  child  by 
general  custom  ;  and  as  an  illegitimate  child  is  in  ninety- 
nine  cases  out  of  a  hundred  brought  up  by  its  mother,  it 
is  usually  by  the  same  custom  which  confers  the  surname 
of  its  owner  upon  a  dog  in  so  many  parts  of  the  country 
that  a  bastard  child  gets  known  by  its  mother's  surname, 
and  consequently  has  that  surname  conferred  upon  it  by 
general  custom.  The  only  names  that  an  illegitimate 
child  has  inalienable  right  to  are  the  names  by  which  it 
is  baptized ;  and  if  two  names  are  given,  and  the  child  or 
its  guardians  elect  that  it  should  be  known  only  by  those 
baptismal  names,  and  if  common  repute  and  general 
custom,  as  would  be  probable,  uses  the  last  of  those  names 
as  a  surname,  there  is  no  legal  power  on  earth  which  can 
force  upon  the  child  any  other  name  ;  and  if  the  last  of 
the  baptismal  names  happens  to  be  its  father's  surname, 
the  child  will  have  an  absolute  right  to  be  known  only  by 
its  Christian  names,  which  to  all  intents  and  purposes 
wDl  mean  that  it  will  be  known  by  its  father's  surname. 

In  the  same  way  that  an  illegitimate  child  inherits  no 
surname  at  all,  it  equally  inherits  no  arms.  Consequently 
it  has  no  shield  upon  which  to  cany  a  mark  of  bastardy, 
if  such  a  mark  happened  to  be  in  existence.  But  if 
under  a  will  or  deed  of  settlement  an  illegitimate  child  is 
required  to  assume  the  name  and  arms  of  its  father  m-  of 


its  mother,  a  Royal  Licence  to  assume  such  name  and  arms 
is  considered  to  be  necessary.  It  may  be  here  noted  that 
voluntary  applications  to  assume  a  name  and  arms  in  the 
case  of  an  illegitimate  child  are  not  entertained  unless  it 
can  be  clearly  shown  (which  is  not  always  an  easy  matter) 
what  the  parentage  really  was. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  I  have  said  he  will  be  required 
to  prove  his  paternity.  This  is  vigorously  insisted  upon, 
inasmuch  as  it  is  not  fair  to  penalise  the  reputation  of  a 
dead  man  by  inflicting  upon  him  a  record  of  bastard  de- 
scendants whilst  his  own  life  might  have  been  stainless. 
An  illegitimate  birth  is  generally  recorded  under  the  name 
of  the  mother  only,  and  even  when  it  is  given,  the  truth  of 
any  statement  as  to  paternity  is  always  open  to  grave  sus- 
picion. There  is  nothing,  therefore,  to  prevent  a  person 
asserting  that  he  is  the  son  of  a  duke,  whereas  his  real  father 
may  have  been  in  a  very  plebeian  walk  in  life  ;  and  to  put 
the  arms  of  the  duke's  family  at  the  mercy  of  any  father- 
less person  who  chose  to  fancy  a  differenced  version  of 
them  would  be  manifestly  unjust,  so  that  without  proof  in 
a  legal  action  of  the  actual  paternity,  or  some  recognition 
under  a  will  or  settlement,  it  is  impossible  to  adopt  the 
alternative  in  question.  But  if  such  recognition  or  proof 
is  forthcoming,  the  procedure  is  to  petition  the  Sovereign 
for  a  Eoyal  Licence  to  use  (or  continue  to  use)  the  name 
desired  and  to  bear  the  arms  of  the  famOy.  Such  a  peti- 
tion is  always  granted,  on  proper  proof  of  the  facts,  if 
made  in  due  form  through  the  proper  channels.  The 
Royal  Licence  to  that  effect  is  then  issued.  But  the 
document  contains  two  conditions,  the  first  being  that  the 
arms  shall  be  exemplified  according  to  the  laws  of  arms 
"  with  due  and  proper  marks  of  distinction,"  and  that  the 
Eoyal  Licence  shall  be  recorded  in  the  College  of  Arms, 
otherwise  "to  be  void  and  of  none  effect."  The  invariable 
insertion  of  this  clause  puts  into  the  hands  of  the  College 
one  of  the  strongest  weapons  the  officers  of  arms  possess. 

Under  the  present  regime  the  due  and  proper  marks  of 
distinction  are,  for  the  arms,  a  bordure  wavy  round  the 
shield  of  the  most  suitable  colour,  according  to  what  the 
arms  may  be,  but  if  possible  of  some  colour  or  metal 
different  from  any  of  the  tinctures  in  the  arms.  The 
crest  is  usually  differenced  by  a  bendlet  wavy  sinister, 
but  a  pallet  wavy  is  sometimes  used,  and  sometimes  a 
saltire  wavy,  couped  or  otherwise.  The  choice  between 
these  'marks  generally  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the 
crest.  But  even  with  this  choice,  the  anomaly  is  fre- 
quently found  of  blank  space  being  carefully  debruised. 
Seeing  that  the  mark  of  the  debruising  is  not  a  tangible 
object  or  thing,  but  a  mark  painted  upon  another  object, 
such  a  result  seems  singularly  ridiculous,  and  ought  to 
be  avoided.  Whilst  the  ancient  practice  certainly  ap- 
pears to  have  been  to  make  some  slight  change  in  the 
crest,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  debruised  in  the  pre- 
sent manner.  There  are  some  number  of  more  recent 
cases  where,  whilst  the  existing  arms  have  been  charged 
with  the  necessary  marks  of  distinction,  entirely  new,  or 
very  much  altered  crests  have  been  granted  without  any 
recognisable  "  marks  of  distinction."  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  bendlet  wavy  sinister  upon  the  crest  is  a 
palpable  penalising  of  the  bearer,  and  I  think  the  whole 
subject  of  the  marks  of  bastardy  in  the  three  kingdoms 
might  with  advantage  be  brought  under  official  considera- 
tion, with  a  view  to  new  regulations  being  adopted.  A 
bendlet  wavy  sinister  is  such  an  absolute  defacement  of  a 
crest  that  few  can  care  to  make  use  of  a  crest  so  marked. 
It  carries  an  effect  far  beyond  what  was  originally  the 
intention  of  marks  of  distinction. 

The  last  few  bastardised  exemplifications  which  have 
issued  from  Ulster's  Office  have  had  the  crest  charged  with 
a  baton  couped  sinister.  The  baton  couped  sinister  has 
always  hitherto  been  confined  to  the  arms  of  Royal 
bastards,  but  there  was  no  exclusive  reservation  of  it  to 


358 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


sucli  circumstances.  Of  course  no  circumstances  can  be 
conceived  in  which  it  is  necessary  to  debruise  sup- 
porters, as  under  no  cLrcumstanoes  can  these  be  the 
subject  of  a  Eoyal  Licence  of  this  character.  They  sig- 
nify some  definite  honour  which  cannot  ordinarily  survive 
illegitimacy. 

The  bordure  wavy  is  placed  round  the  pronominal  arms 
only,  and  no  right  to  any  quarterings  the  famUy  may  have 
enjoyed  previously  is  conferred,  except  such  right  to  a 
quarterly  coat  as  might  ensue  through  the  assumption  of 
a  double  name.  Quartering  is  held  to  signify  representa- 
tion which  cannot  be  given  by  a  Eoyal  Licence,  but  a 
quartering  of  augmentation  or  a  duplicate  coat  for  the 
pronominal  name  which  had  been  so  regularly  used  with 
the  alternative  coat  as  to  constitute  the  two  something 
in  the  nature  of  a  compound  coat,  would  be  exemplified 
"  all  within  a  bordure  wavy."  Each  illegitimate  coat 
stands  on  its  own  basis,  and  there  is  a  well-known  in- 
stance in  which  a  marriage  was  subsequently  found  to  be 
illegal,  or  to  have  never  taken  place,  after  which,  I  be- 
lieve, some  number  of  brothers  and  sisters  obtained  Eoyal 
Licences  and  exemplifications.  The  descendants  of  one  of 
the  brothers  will  be  found  in  the  current  Peerage  Books, 
and  those  who  know  their  peerage  history  well  will  recog- 
nise the  case  I  allude  to.  All  the  brothers  and  sisters  had 
the  same  arms  exemplified,  each  with  a  bordure  wavy  of  a 
different  eoloiiT.  If  there  were  descendants  of  any  of  the 
sisters,  those  descendants  would  have  been  entitled  to 
quarter  the  arms,  because  the  illegitimacy  made  each 
sister  an  heiress  for  heraldic  purposes.  This  is  a  curious 
anomaly,  for  had  they  been  legitimate  the  descendants 
would  have  enjoyed  no  such  right. 

In  Scotland  the  mark  of  Ulegitimaoy  for  the  arms  is 
the  bordure  compony,  which  is  usually  but  not  always 
indicative  of  the  same.  The  bordure  counter-oompony  has 
been  occasionally  stated  to  have  the  same  character.  This 
is  hardly  correct,  though  it  may  be  so  in  a  few  isolated 
cases,  but  the  bordure  chequy  has  nothing  whatever  of  an 
illegitimate  character.  It  will  be  noticed  that  whOst  the 
bordure  compony  and  the  bordure  counter-compony  have 
their  chequers  or  "  panes,"  to  use  the  heraldic  term, 
following  the  outUne  of  the  shield,  by  lines  parallel  to 
those  which  mark  its  contour,  the  bordure  chequy  is 
drawn  by  lines  parallel  to  and  at  right  angles  to  the 
palar  line  of  the  shield,  irrespective  of  the  outline.  A 
bordure  chequy  must,  of  course,  at  one  point  or  another 
show  three  rows  of  checks. 

The  bastardising  of  crests  even  in  England  is  a  com- 
paratively modern  practice.  I  know  of  no  single  instance 
ancient  or  modern  of  the  kind  in  Scottish  heraldry, 
though  I  could  mention  scores  of  achievements  in  which 
the  shields  carry  marks  of  distinction.  This  is  valuable 
evidence,  for  no  matter  how  lax  the  official  practice  of 
Scottish  armory  may  have  been  at  one  period,  the  theory 
of  Scottish  armory  far  more  nearly  approaches  the  ancient 
practices  and  rules  of  heraldry  than  does  the  armory  of 
any  other  country.  That  theory  is  much  nearer  the  ideal 
theory  than  the  English  one,  but  unfortunately  for  the 
practical  purposes  of  modern  heraldic  needs,  it  does  not 
answer  so  well.  At  the  present  day,  therefore,  a  Scottish 
crest  is  not  marked  in  any  way. 

Most  handbooks  refer  to  a  certain  rule  which  is  sup- 
posed to  exist  for  the  differencing  of  a  coat  to  denote 
illegitimacy  when  the  coat  is  that  of  the  mother  and  not 
the  father,  the  supposed  method  being  to  depict  the  arms 
under  a  surcoat,  the  result  being  much  the  same  as  if  the 
whole  of  the  arms  appeared  in  exaggerated  flaunohes,  the 
remainder  of  the  shield  being  left  vacant.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  only  one  instance  is  known,  and  consequently  we 
must  consider  it  as  a  new  coat  devised  to  bear  reference 
to  the  old  one,  and  not  as  a  regularised  method  of  differ- 
encing for  a  particular  set  of  circumstances. 


In  Ireland  the  rules  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  the 
same  as  in  England,  with  the  exception  of  the  occasional 
use  of  a  sinister  baton  instead  of  a  bendlet  wavy  sinister 
upon  the  crest.  In  Scotland,  where  Eoyal  Licences  are 
unknown,  it  is  merely  necessary  to  prove  paternity,  and 
rematriculate  the  arms  with  due  and  proper  marks  of 
distinction. 

It  was  a  very  general  idea  during  a  former  period,  but 
subsequently  to  the  time  when  the  bendlet  sinister  and 
the  bordure  were  recognised  as  in  the  nature  of  the  ac- 
cepted marks  of  bastardy,  and  when  their  penal  nature 
was  admitted,  that  whatever  mark  was  adopted  for  the 
purpose  of  indicating  illegitimacy  need  only  be  borne  for 
three  generations.  Some  of  the  older  authorities  tell  us 
that  after  that  length  of  time  had  elapsed  it  might  be 
discarded,  and  some  other  and  less  objectionable  mark 
be  taken  in  its  place.  The  older  writers  were  striving, 
consciously  or  unconsciously,  to  reconcile  the  disgrace  of 
illegitimacy  which  they  knew  with  heraldic  facts  which 
they  also  knew,  and  to  reconcile  in  certain  prominent 
families  undoubted  illegitimacy  with  unmarked  arms,  the 
probability  being  that  their  sense  of  justice  and  regard 
for  heraldry  prompted  them  to  the  remark  that  some  other 
mark  of  distinction  oiLgkt  to  be  added,  whilst  all  the  time 
they  knew  it  never  was.  The  arms  of  Byron,  Somerset, 
Meiniil,  and  Herbert  are  all  cases  where  the  marks  of 
illegitimacy  have  been  quietly  dropped,  entire  reversion 
being  had  to  the  undifferenoed  original  coat.  At  a  time 
when  marks  of  illegitimacy,  both  in  fact  and  in  theory, 
were  nothing  more  than  marks  of  cadency  and  difference 
from  the  arms  of  the  head  of  the  house,  it  was  no  ven- 
ality of  the  heralds,  but  merely  the  acceptance  of  current 
ideas,  that  permitted  them  to  recognise  the  undifferenced 
arms  for  the  illegitimate  descendants  when  there  were  no 
legitimate  owners  from  whose  claim  the  arms  of  the  others 
needed  to  be  differentiated,  and  when  lordships  and  lands 
had  lapsed  to  a  bastard  branch.  To  this  fact  must  be 
added  another.  The  armorial  control  of  the  heralds  after 
the  days  of  tournaments  was  exercised  through  the  Visita- 
tions and  the  Earl  Marshal's  Court.  Peers  were  never 
subject  to  the  Visitations,  and  so  were  not  under  control 
unless  their  arms  were  challenged  in  the  Earl  Marshal's 
Court  by  the  rightful  owner.  The  cases  that  are  notorious 
are  cases  of  the  arms  of  peers. 

The  Visitations  gave  the  officers  of  arms  greater  control 
over  the  arms  of  Commoners  than  they  had  had  thereto- 
fore, and  the  growing  social  opinions  upon  legitimacy  and 
marriage  brought  social  observances  more  into  conformity 
with  the  technical  law,  and  made  that  technical  law  of  no 
inheritance  and  no  paternity  an  operative  fact.  The  re- 
sult is  that  the  hard  legal  fact  is  now  rigidly  and  rightly 
insisted  upon,  and  the  claim  and  right  to  arms  of  one  of 
illegitimate  descent  depends  and  is  made  to  depend  solely 
upon  the  instruments  creating  that  right,  and  the  condi- 
tions of  "due  and  proper  marks  of  distinction"  subject 
to  which  the  right  is  called  into  being.  Nowadays  there 
is  no  release  from  the  penalty  of  the  bordures  wavy  and 
compony  save  through  the  avenue  of  a  new  and  totally 
different  grant  and  the  full  fees  payable  therefor.  But, 
as  the  bearer  of  a  bordure  wavy  once  remarked  to  me,  "I 
had  rather  descend  Olegitimately  from  a  good  family  and 
bear  their  arms  marked  than  descend  from  a  lot  of 
nobodies  and  use  a  new  grant."  But  until  the  common 
law  is  altered,  if  it  ever  is,  the  game  must  be  played 
fairly  and  the  conditions  of  a  Eoyal  Licence  observed, 
for  the  sins  of  the  fathers  are  visited  upon  the  children. 

Although  I  have  refrained  from  giving  any  extended 
list  of  bastardised  coats  as  examples  of  the  rules  for  in- 
dicating illegitimacy,  reference  may  nevertheless  be  made 
to  various  curious  examples. 

The  canton  has  occasionally  been  used.  Sir  John  de 
Warren,  a  natural  son  of  John,  Earl  of  Surrey,  Sussex, 


359 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  Warenne  [d.  1 347),  bore  a  canton  of  the  arms  of  his 
mother,  Alice  de  Nerford  ["  Gules,  a  lion  rampant 
ermine"],  over  the  chequy  shield  of  Warren.  A  similar 
instance  can  be  found  in  modern  times,  the  arms  of 
Charlton  of  Apley  Castle,  co.  Salop,  being  bastardised 
by  a  sinister  canton  which  bears  two  coats  quarterly, 
these  coats  having  formerly  been  quarterings  borne  in 
the  usual  manner. 

The  custom  of  placing  the  paternal  arms  upon  a  bend 
has  been  occasionally  adopted,  but  this  of  course  is  the 
creation  of  a  new  coat.  It  was  followed  by  the  Beauforts 
(see  page  356)  before  their  legitimation,  and  by  Sir  Roger 
de  Clarendon,  the  illegitimate  son  of  the  Black  Prince  (see 
page  182  and  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  31).  The  Somerset 
family,  who  derived  illegitimately  from  the  Beauforts, 
Dukes  of  Somerset,  first  debruised  the  Beaufort  arms  by 
a  bendlet  sinister,  but  in  the  next  generation  the  arms 
were  placed  upon  a  wide  fess,  this  on  a  plain  field  of  or. 
Although  the  Somersets,  Dukes  of  Beaufort,  have  dis- 
carded all  signs  of  bastardy  from  their  shield,  the  version 
upon  the  fess  was  continued  as  one  of  the  quarterings  upon 
the  arms  of  the  old  Shropshire  family  of  Somerset  Fox. 
One  of  the  most  curious  bastardised  coats  is  that  of  Henry 
Fitz-Roy,  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Somerset,  illegitimate 
son  of  Henry  VIII.  (Fig.  911).  This  shows  the  Royal 
Arms  within  a  bordure  quarterly  ermine  and  counter- 
compony  or  and  azure,  debruised  by  a  baton  sinister 
argent,  an  inescutcheon  quarterly  gules  and  vaire  [doubt- 
less hinting  at  the  Blount  arms  of  his  mother,  barry 
nebuly  or  and  sable],  or  and  vert,  over  all  a  lion  rampant 
argent,  on  a  chief  azure  a  tower  between  two  stags'  heads 
caboshed  argent,  attired  or.  The  ownership  of  the  arms 
depicted  on  Plate  XCIX.  Fig.  10,  described  as  the  arms  of 


Fig.  911. — Arms  of  Henry  FitzEoy, 
Duke  of  Richmond. 


the  King's  brother,  and  showing  England  debruised  by  an 
escarbuncle  azure,  is  an  absolute  mystery  to  me.  The 
esoarbuncle  is  attributed  as  a  badge  to  Henry  II.,  and 
there  is  good  reason  to  suppose  he  derived  it  from  Anjou. 
It  is  not  unlikely  it  is  intended  for  one  of  his  sons,  or  for 
one  of  the  illegitimate  sons  of  King  John.  It  will  be 
seen  (Fig.  41)  on  the  shield  of  Geoffrey,  Count  of  Anjou, 
and  appears  as  the  sole  charge  on  the  arras  of  his  natural 
son  Hamelin,  Earl  of  Surrey  and  Warenne  (Fig.  626),  and 
elsewhere  herein  as  the  crest  of  his  descendant,  John  de 
Warenne,  Earl  of  Surrey. 

Some  Continental  examples  of  arms,  differenced  either 
for  bastardy  or  cadency,  are  to  be  seen  on  Plate  LXVII. 
It  will  be  seen  therefrom  that  in  France  it  is  not  always 
possible  to  decide  from  the  arms  alone  whether  the  line 
be  legitimate  or  illegitimate.  Fig.  6  thereupon  shows  the 
shield  of  the  old  Dukes  of  Bourbon,  viz.  France  (ancient) 
debruised  by  a  bendlet  gules.  At  a  later  date  these 
Bourbons  (Conde  Bourbons)  shortened  the  bendlet  to  a 


baton  (see  Fig.  7  on  the  same  Plate),  and  it  should  be 
noticed  that  the  baton  in  France  was  depicted  very  much 
smaller  than  was  ever  the  case  in  this  country.  The 
Princes  of  Bourbon  Conti  (cadets  of  the  House  of  Cond^) 
added  the  bordure  gules  as  in  Fig.  8.  All  these  were 
legitimate- 

The  Counts  of  Toulouse,  whose  line  was  illegitimate, 
bore  the  same  arms  but  with  a  sinister  baton.  How  in- 
significant was  such  a  mark  can  be  seen  from  Fig.  gi2, 
which  represents  the  seal  of  Louis  Alexandre  de  Bourbon, 


Fig.  912. — Seal  of  Louis  Alexandre  de  Bourbon, 
Count  of  Toulouse. 


Comte  of  Toulouse,  Duke  of  Damville,  Penthievre  Chateau- 
villain  and  Rambouillet,  Peer  of  France,  the  natural  son 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Marquise  de  Montespan.  The 
arms  of  France,  differenced  as  stated  above,  are  sur- 
rounded by  the  collars  of  the  Orders  of  St.  Michael  and 
of  the  Holy  Ghost.  The  anchor  upon  which  the  shield  is 
displayed  is  the  badge  of  his  office  of  Lord  High  Admiral 
of  France. 

Pig.  10  on  Plate  LXVII.  shows  the  coat  of  the  Dukes 
of  Montpensier,  viz.  the  arms  of  France  debruised  by  a 
bend  dexter  gules,  the  upper  part  being  charged  with  the 
arms  of  Dauphine.  The  following  shield  (Fig.  1 1)  is  that 
of  the  Due  de  Vendome,  son  of  Heniy  IV.  by  Gabrielle 
d'Estr&s,  and  Fig.  12  on  the  same  plate  is  the  shield  of 
the  Counts  d'Evreux,  who  were  legitimate,  as  were  also 
the  Counts  d'Etampes,  who  differenced  (Fig.  15)  by  a 
bordure  compony  ermine  and  gules.  The  Dukes  of 
Touraine  bore  a  bordure  engrailed  compony  gules  and 
argent  (Fig.  16).  Fig.  18,  also  on  Plate  LXVII.,  shows 
the  arms  of  John,  the  Bastard  "  de  Luxembourg," 
Seigneur  de  Haubourdin  (1457).  Here  a  bendlet  sinister 
azure  is  the  mark.  The  next  shield  is  that  of  Joseph 
Zabeltitz  (natural  sou  of  Prince  Xavier  of  Saxony).  Here 
the  shield  of  Saxony  is  debruised  by  a  fess  sable.  Fig.  20 
shows  the  arms  of  Francis  Louis,  Count  of  Holnstein, 
illegitimate  son  of  the  Elector  Charles  Albert  of  Bavaria. 
Here  the  curious  coat  of  Bavaria  is  debruised  by  a  baton 
sinister  gules.  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  2 1  depicts  the  coat  of 
John  George,  Count  von  Sontheim  (1807),  the  natural 
son  of  Duke  Ludwig  of  Wiirtemberg,  the  arms  of  that 
country  being  charged  with  a  bendlet  sinister  gules. 
The  last  example  on  that  Plate  (Fig.  22)  shows  the  arms 
of  James  Welser,  natural  son  of  James  Welser  of  Num- 
berg,  legitimated  by  the  Emperor  Charles  in  1545.  Here 
a  sinister  bendlet  azure  is  employed. 

A.  C.  F-D.  AND  H.  S. 


360 


PLATE   CXV. 


P  U  S  L  I  <  !   j 


Printed  at  SluKsdn. 

ARMS    OF    SOVEREIGNTY,    DOMINION,   &C. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XXXVII 


THE    MARSHALLING    OF    ARMS 


THE  science  of  marshalling  is  the  conjoining  of  two 
or  more  coats  of  arms  upon  one  shield  for  the 
purpose  of  indicating  sovereignty,  dominion,  alli- 
ance, descent,  or  pretension,  according  to  recognised  rules 
and  regulations,  by  the  employment  of  which  the  story 
of  any  given  achievement  shall  be  readily  translatable. 

The  methods  of  marshalling  are  (l)  dimidiation,  (2) 
impalement,  (3)  quartering,  (4)  superimposition. 

Instances  of  quartered  shields  are  to  be  met  with 
possibly  before  impalements  or  dimidiation.  The  earliest 
attempt  at  anything  like  a  regularised  method  of  pro- 
cedure to  signify  marriage  was  that  usually  males 
quartered  the  arms  of  their  wives  or  ancestresses  from 
whom  they  acquired  their  lands ;  whilst  impaled  coats 
were  to  all  intents  and  purposes  the  armorial  bearings  of 
married  women,  or  more  frequently  of  widows  who  took 
an  immediate  interest  in  their  husbands'  property.  This 
ancient  usage  brings  home  very  forcibly  the  former 
territorial  connection  of  arms  and  land.  The  practice  of 
the  husband  impaling  the  wife's  arms,  whether  heiress 
or  not,  probably  arose  near  the  close  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  Even  now  it  is  laid  down  that  the  arras  of  a 
wife  should  not  in  general  be  borne  upon  the  husband's 
banner,  surcoat,  or  official  seal.  But  impalement  as  we 
now  know  it  was  preceded  by  dimidiation. 

Dimidiation,  which  was  but  a  short-lived  method,  was 
effected  by  the  division  of  the  shield  down  the  centre.  On 
the  dexter  side  was  placed  the  dexter  half  of  the  husband's 
arms,  and  on  the  sinister  side  was  placed  the  sinister  half 
of  the  wife's  arms.  With  some  coats  of  arms  no  objection 
could  be  urged  against  the  employment  of  this  method. 
But  it  was  liable  to  result  {e.g.  with  two  coats  of  arms  hav- 
ing the  same  ordinary)  in  the  creation  of  a  design  which 
looked  far  more  like  one  simple  coat  than  a  conjunction 
of  two.  The  dimidiation  of  "  argent,  a  bend  gules  "  and 
"  argent,  a  chevron  sable  "  would  simply  result  in  a  single 
coat  "  argent,  a  bend  per  pale  gules  and  sable."  This  fault 
of  the  system  must  have  made  itself  manifest  at  an  early 
period,  for  we  soon  find  it  became  customary  to  introduce 
about  two-thirds  of  the  design  of  each  coat  for  the  sake  of 
demonstrating  their  separate  character.  It  must  soon 
thereafter  have  become  apparent  that  if  two-thirds  of  the 
design  of  a  coat  of  arms  could  be  squeezed  into  half  of  the 
shield,  there  was  no  valid  reason  why  the  whole  of  the 
design  could  not  be  employed.  This  therefore  became 
customary  under  the  name  of  impalement,  and  the 
practice  has  ever  since  remained  with  us.  Few  examples 
indeed  of  dimidiation  are  to  be  met  with,  and  as  a  practical 
method  of  conjunction,  the  practice  was  chiefly  in  vogue 
during  the  earlier  part  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

Occasionally  quartered  coats  were  dimidiated,  in  which 
case  the  first  and  third  quarters  of  the  husband's  coat  were 
conjoined  with  the  second  and  fourth  of  the  wife's.  As  far 
as  outward  appearance  went,  this  practice  resulted  in  the 
fact  that  no  distinction  existed  from  a  plain  quartered  coat. 
Thus  the  seal  of  Margaret  of  Bavaria,  Countess  of  Holland, 
and  wife  of  John,  Count  de  Nevers,  in  1385  (afterwards 
Duke  of  Burgundy),  bears  a  shield  on  which  is  apparently 
a  simple  instance  of  quartering,  but  really  a  dimidiated 
coat.  The  two  coats  to  the  dexter  side  of  the  palar  line  are  : 
In  chief  Burgnndy-Modern  ("  France- Ancient,  a  bordure 
compony  argent  and  gules "),  and  in  base  Burgundy- 
Ancient.  On  the  sinister  side  the  coat  in  chief  is  Bavaria 
(•'  Bendy-lozengy  argent  and  azure  ")  ;  and  the  one  in  base 


contains  the  quartered  arms  of  Flanders  ("  Or,  a  lion  ram- 
pant sable  ")  ;  and  Holland  ("  Or,  a  lion  rampant  gules  ")  ; 
the  pourfilar  lines  dividing  these  latter  quarters  being 
omitted,  as  is  usually  found  to  be  the  case  with  this 
particular  shield. 

Certain  examples  can  be  found  amongst  the  Eoyal 
Arms  in  England  which  show  much  earlier  instances  of 
dimidiation.  The  arms  of  Margaret  of  France,  who  died 
in  1319,  the  second  queen  of  Edward  I.,  remain  on  her 
tomb  in  Westminster  Abbey  as  an  example  of  this  method 
of  conjunction.  The  arms  of  England  appear  on  the 
dexter  side  of  the  escocheon ;  and  this  coat  undergoes  a 
certain  amount  of  curtailment,  though  the  dimidiation  is 
not  complete,  portions  only  of  the  hindmost  parts  of  the 
lions  being  cut  ofE  by  the  palar  line.  The  coat  of  France, 
on  the  sinister  side,  of  course  does  not  readily  indicate  the 
dimidiation. 

Boutell,  in  his  chapter  on  marshalling  in  "  Heraldry, 
Historical  and  Popular,"  gives  several  early  examples  of 
dimidiation.  The  seal  of  Edmond  Plantagenet,  Earl  of 
Cornwall  (d.  1300),  bears  his  arms  (those  of  Eichard, 
Earl  of  Cornwall,  and  King  of  the  Romans)  dimidiating 
those  of  his  wife,  Margaret  de  Clare.  Here  only  the 
sinister  half  of  his  bordure  is  removed,  while  the  Clare 
coat  ("  Or,  three  chevrons  gules  ")  is  entirely  dimidiated, 
and  the  chevrons  are  little  distinguishable  from  bends. 
Both  coats  are  dimidiated  in  other  examples  mentioned 
by  Boutell,  viz.  William  de  Valence  and  his  wife,  and  Ali- 
anore  Montendre  and  her  husband  Guy  Ferre.  On  the 
seal  of  Margaret  Campbell,  wife  of  Alexander  Napier,  in 
1 53 1,  the  shield  shows  upon  the  dexter  side  the  arms  of 
Lennox,  and  on  the  sinister  the  dimidiated  coat  (the  sinister 
half  of  the  quartered  arms)  of  Campbell  and  Lorn.  This 
results  in  the  galley  of  Lorn  being  in  chief,  and  the 
Campbell  gyrons  in  base. 

An  early  and  interesting  Irish  example  of  this  kind  of 
marshalling  is  afforded  by  a  dimidated  coat  of  Clare  and 
Fitzgerald,  which  now  figures  on  the  official  seal  of  the 
Provosts  of  Youghal  (Clare  :  "  Or,  three  chevrons  gules." 
Fitzgerald:  "Argent,  a  saltire  gules,  with  a  label  of  five 
points  in  chief.")  Both  these  coats  are  halved.  They 
result  from  the  marriage  of  Eichard  Clare,  Earl  of  Here- 
ford, with  Juliana,  daughter  and  heir  of  Maurice  Fitz- 
Gerald,  feudal  lord  of  Inohiquin  and  Youghal. 

An  even  more  curious  case  of  dimidiation  comes  to 
light  in  the  arms  formerly  used  by  the  Abbey  of  St. 
Etienne  at  Caen,  in  which  the  arms  of  England  and  those 
attributed  to  the  Duchy  of  Normandy  ("  Gules,  two  lions 
passantgnardant  or")  were  dimidiated,so  that  in  the  former 
half  three  of  the  fore-quarters  of  the  lions  appear,  while 
in  the  sinister  half  only  two  of  the  hind- quarters  are 
represented. 

Dimidiation  was  not  always  effected  by  conjunction 
down  the  palar  line,  other  partition  lines  of  the  shield 
being  occasionally,  though  very  rarely,  employed  in  this 
manner. 

Certain  curious  (now  indivisible)  coats  of  arms  remain 
which  undoubtedly  originated  in  the  dimidiation  of  two 
separate  coats,  e.g.  the  arms  of  Yarmouth,  Sandwich, 
Hastings,  Eye,  and  Chester.  In  all  cases  some  Eoyal 
connection  can  be  traced  which  has  caused  the  Eoyal 
Arms  of  England  to  be  conjoined  with  the  earlier  devices 
of  fish,  ships,  or  garbs  which  had  been  employed  by  the 
towns  in  question.     It  is  worth  the  passing  thought,  how- 


361 


2z 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ever,  whether  the  conjoined  lions  and  hulks  used  by  the 
Cinque  Ports  may  not  originally  have  been  a  device  of  the 
Sovereign  for  naval  purposes,  or  possibly  the  naval  version 
of  the  Royal  Arms  (see  pages  128  and  129). 

One  other  remainder  from  the  practice  of  dimidiation 
still  survives  amongst  the  presently  existing  rules  of 
heraldry.  It  is  a  rule  to  which  no  modern  a\ithoritative 
exception  can  be  mentioned.  When  a  coat  within  a 
bordure  is  impaled  with  another  coat,  the  bordure  is  not 
continued  down  the  centre  of  the  shield,  but  stops  short 
at  top  and  bottom  when  the  palar  line  is  reached  (Figs. 
165,  200,  260).  This  rule  is  undoubtedly  a  result  of 
the  ancient  method  of  conjunction  by  dimidiation,  but 
the  curious  point  is  that,  at  the  period  when  dimidiation 
was  employed  and  during  the  period  which  followed,  some 
number  of  examples  can  be  found  where  the  bordure 
is  continued  round  the  whole  coat  which  is  within  it 
(Pig.  201). 

The  arms  of  man  and  wife  are  now  conjoined  according 
to  the  following  rules  : — If  the  wife  is  not  an  heiress  the 
two  coats  are  impaled  (Figs.  53,  65,  82,  96,  lOOn,  108,  1 10, 
255,  258,  262,  299,  305).  If  the  wife  be  an  heraldic  heir 
or  coheir,  in  lien  of  impalement  the  arms  of  her  family  are 
placed  on  an  iaesoutcheon  superimposed  on  the  centre  of 
her  husband's  arms,  the  inescutcheon  being  termed  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence,  because  jure  tixoris  she  being  an 
heiress  of  her  house,  the  husband  "pretends"  to  the  re- 
presentation of  her  family  (Figs.  105,  129,  321,  436,  464, 
and  512). 

For  heraldic  purposes  it  therefore  becomes  necessary  to 
define  the  terms  heir  and  heiress.  It  is  very  essential 
that  the  point  should  be  thoroughly  understood,  because 
quarterings  other  than  those  of  augmentation  can  only  be 
inherited  from  or  through  female  ancestors  who  are  in 
themselves  heirs  or  coheirs  (this  is  the  true  term,  or, 
rather,  the  ancient  term,  though  they  are  now  usually  re- 
ferred to  colloquially  as  heiresses  or  coheiresses)  in  blood, 
or  whose  issue  subsequently  become  in  a  later  generation 
the  representatives  of  any  ancestor  in  the  male  line  of 
that  female  ancestor.  A  woman  is  an  "  heir  "  or  "  heiress  " 
(l)  if  she  is  an  only  child  ;  (2)  if  all  her  brothers  die  with- 
out leaving  any  issue  to  survive,  either  male  or  female  ; 
(3)  she  becomes  an  heiress  "  in  her  issue,"  as  it  is  termed, 
if  she  die  leaving  issue  herself  if  and  when  all  the  de- 
scendants male  and  female  of  her  brothers  become  abso- 
lutely extinct.  The  term  "coheir"  or  "coheiress"  is 
employed  in  cases  similar  to  the  foregoing  when,  instead 
of  one  daughter,  there  are  two  or  more.  The  table  on 
page  363  may  make  things  a  little  clearer. 

No  person  can  be  "  heir  or  "coheir  "  of  another  person 
until  the  latter  is  dead,  though  he  or  she  may  be  heir- 
apparent  or  heir-presumptive.  Though  the  word  "  heir  " 
is  frequently  used  with  regard  to  matei'ial  matters,  such 
usage  is  really  there  incorrect,  except  in  cases  of  intestacy. 
A  person  benefiting  under  a  will  is  a  legatee  of  money,  or 
a  devisee  of  land,  and  not  an  heir  to  either.  In  this 
article  intestacy  is  ignored,  and  the  explanations  apply 
solely  to  heirship  of  blood. 

Charles  in  the  accompanying  pedigree  is,  after  1800, 
heir  of  David.  Thomas  is  heir-apparent  of  Charles,  being 
a  son  and  the  eldest  born.  He  dies  v.p.  (vita  2Mtris,  i.e.  in 
the  lifetime  of  his  father)  and  never  becomes  heir.  A 
daughter  can  never  become  an  heir-apparent,  as  there  is 
always,  during  the  lifetime  of  her  father,  the  possibility 
of  a  son  being  born.  Mary,  Ellen,  and  Blanche  are 
coheirs  of  Thomas  their  father,  whom  they  survive,  and 
they  are  also  coheirs  of  their  grandfather  Charles,  to 
whom  they  succeed,  and  they  would  properly  in  a  pedi- 
gree be  described  as  both.  They  are  heirs-general  of 
Thomas,  Charles,  and  David,  and,  being  the  heirs  of  the 
senior  line,  they  are  heirs-general  or  coheirs-general  of 
their  house.     David  being  possessed  of  the  barony  "  by 


writ "  of  Cilfowyr,  it  would  "  fall  into  abeyance  "  at  the 
death  of  Charles  between  the  three  daughters  equally. 

In  Scotland  Mary,  Ellen,  and  Blanche  would  be  termed 
"  heirs  portioners,"  and  Mary,  being  an  heiress  and  the 
eldest  born  in  the  direct  and  senior  line,  would  be  termed 
the  "  heir  of  line."  David  being  possessed  of  an  ancient 
Scottish  peerage  not  limited  to  males  (the  Earldom  of 
Edinburgh),  Mary,  the  heir  of  line,  would  at  once  succeed 
in  her  own  right  as  Countess  of  Edinburgh  on  the  death 
of  her  grandfather  Charles.  If  the  family  were  an 
untitled  Scottish  family  entitled  to  supporters,  these 
would  descend  to  Mary  unless  they  had  been  specifically 
granted  with  some  other  limitation. 

At  the  death  of  Thomas  in  1830  Edmond  becomes  heir 
male  apparent,  and  at  the  death  of  his  father  in  1840 
Edmond  becomes  heir  male  of  his  house  until  his  death. 
David  having  been  created  a  peer  (Duke  of  London)  with 
remainder  to  the  heirs  male  of  his  body,  Edmond 
succeeded  as  Duke  of  London  at  the  death  of  Charles  in 
1840.  Grace  and  Muriel  are  coheirs  of  Edmond  after  his 
death.  They  are  not  either  coheirs  or  heirs-general  of 
Charles,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  their  father  was  his  heir 
male.  At  the  death  of  Charles  in  1840,  when  Edmond 
succeeded  as  heir  male,  John  succeeded  as  heir  male  pre- 
sumptive to  Edmond.  He  was  not  heir-apparent,  because 
a  son  might  at  any  moment  have  been  born  to  Edmond. 
An  heir-apparent  and  an  heir-presumptive  cannot  exist 
at  the  same  time,  for  whilst  there  is  an  heir-apparent 
there  cannot  be  an  heir-presumptive.  John  succeeded  as 
heir  male  of  his  house,  and  therefore  as  Duke  of  London, 
in  1850,  at  the  death  of  his  elder  brother  Edmond;  but, 
though  John  was  the  "heir  male"  of  his  said  elder 
brother,  he  was  not  his  "  heir"  (Grace  and  Muriel  being 
the  coheirs  of  Edmond),  nor  was  he  the  "  heir  male  of  the 
body  "  of  Edmond,  not  being  descended  from  him.  John, 
however,  was  "heir  male  of  the  body"  of  Charles. 
George  is  heir-apparent  of  John  until  his  death  in  1 870, 
when  George  succeeds  as  "  heir  "  of  his  father  and  heir 
male  of  his  house,  and  consequently  Duke  of  London. 
At  his  death  in  1880  Dorothy  becomes  the  "sole  heir," 
or,  more  properly,  the  "  sole  heir-general,"  of  her  father 
George  ;  but  his  kinsman  Robert  becomes  his  "  heir  male," 
and  therefore  Duke  of  London,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
there  was  a  much  nearer  male  relative,  viz.  a  nephew, 
Arthur,  the  son  of  his  sister.  Robert  also  becomes  the 
heir  male  of  the  body  of  Owen  and  heir  male  of  his  house, 
and  as  such  Duke  of  London.  He  would  also  be  generally 
described  as  the  heir  male  of  the  body  of  David. 

At  the  death  of  Dorothy  in  1885  her  coheirs  were  her 
aunt  Alice  and  her  cousin  Arthur  equally,  and  though 
these  really  were  the  coheirs  of  Dorothy  (the  claims  of 
Alice  and  Annie  being  equal,  and  the  rights  of  Annie 
having  devolved  upon  Arthur),  they  would  more  usually 
be  found  described  as  the  coheirs  of  George  or  of  John. 
Annie  was  never  herself  really  a  coheir,  because  she  died 
before  her  brother,  but  "in  her  issue"  she  became  the 
coheir  of  Dorothy,  though  she  would,  after  1 885,  be 
usually  described  as  "in  her  issue  "  a  coheir  of  George,  or 
possibly  even  of  John,  though  this  would  be  an  inexact 
description.  Arthur  was  heir  of  his  mother  after  1 870,  heir 
of  his  father  after  1872,  and  heir-apparent  of  his  father 
before  that  date;  after  1885  he  is  a  coheir  of  Dorothy, 
and  after  1887  sole  heir  of  Dorothy  and  sole  heir  of  Alice. 
He  would  also  be  usually  described  as  heir-general  of 
George,  and  heir-general  of  John.  Let  us  suppose  that 
John  had  married  Edith  Torkington,  an  English  baroness 
{suo  jure)  by  writ  (Baroness  Neville),  who  had  died  in 
1862.  At  that  date  the  barony  would  have  descended  to 
her  eldest  son  George  until  his  death  in  1880,  when 
Dorothy,  suo  jure,  would  have  succeeded.  At  her  death 
in  1885  the  barony  would  have  fallen  into  abeyance 
between  Alice  and  Arthur.     At  the  death  of  Alice  in 


362 


PLATE   CXVI. 


Birmingham. 


Manchester. 


London. 


Liverpool. 


Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


COATS    OF    ARMS    OF    TOWNS. 


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363 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


1S87  the  abeyance  would  be  at  an  end,  and  the  barony 
in  its  entii-ety  would  have  devolved  upon  Arthur,  who 
would  have  enjoyed  it  until  at  his  death  in  1888  the 
barony  would  have  again  fallen  into  abeyance  between 
Maria,  Jane,  and  Hannah  equally.  It  is  not  unlikely 
that  Her  Majesty  might  have  "  determined  the  abey- 
ance," or  "called  the  barony  out  of  abeyance"  (the 
meanings  of  the  terms  are  identical)  in  favour  of  Maria, 
who  would  consequently  have  enjoyed  the  barony  in  its 
entirety.  At  her  death  in  1889  it  would  again  fall  into 
abeyance  between  Jane  and  Hannah.  At  Jane's  death 
in  1890  Hannah  became  sole  heir,  and  the  abeyance  came 
to  an  end  when  Hannah  succeeded  to  the  barony.  At 
her  death  it  would  pass  to  her  aunt  Lilian.  Hannah 
would  usually  be  described  as  ''  coheir  and  subsequently 
sole  heir  of  "  Arthur.  If  the  Baroness  Neville  had  been 
possessed  of  an  ancient  Scottish  Peerage  (the  Earldom  of 
Torkington)  it  would  have  passed  undividedly  and  in  full 
enjoyment  to  the  heir  of  line,  i.e.  in  1862  to  George, 
1880  to  Dorothy,  1885  to  Alice,  1887  to  Arthur,  1888  to 
Maria,  18S9  to  Jane,  1890  to  Hannah,  and  1896  to  Lilian, 
the  last  (shown  on  the  pedigree)  in  remainder.  Lilian  does 
not  become  an  heiress  until  1896,  when  the  whole  issue  of 
her  brother  becomes  extinct.  Irene  and  Isabel  never 
become  heirs  at  all. 

Robert,  as  we  have  seen,  became  heir  male  of  his  house 
and  Duke  of  London  in'  1880.  At  his  death  (l8g6) 
Harriet  becomes  sole  heir  of  Eobert,  but  at  her  death  in 
1897  his  niece  Ada,  the  only  child  of  his  younger  brother 
Philip,  who  had  predeceased  him,  would  be  usually 
referred  to  as  heir  of  Robert,  whilst  Cecil  is  heir  male  of 
his  house. 

When  the  term  "  of  the  body "  is  employed,  actual 
descent  from  that  person  is  signified,  e.g.  Arthur  after 
1885  is  "collateral"  heir-general  of  Dorothy,  but  heir- 
general  of  the  body  of  Edith  Torkington. 

An  "  heir  of  entail,"  or,  to  use  the  Scottish  term,  the 
"  heir  of  tailzie,"  is  merely  the  person  succeeding  to 
property  under  a  specific  remainder  contained  in  a  deed 
of  entaU.  This  has  no  relation  to  heirship  in  blood,  and 
the  term,  from  an  armorial  point  of  view,  might  be 
entirely  disregarded,  were  it  not  that  some  number  of 
Scottish  coats  of  arms,  and  a  greater  number  of  Scottish 
supporters,  are  specifically  granted  and  limited  to  the 
heir  of  entail.  There  are  a  few  similar  English  grants  fol- 
lowing upon  Royal  Licences  for  change  of  name  and  arms. 

The  term  "  heir  in  expectancy  "  is  sometimes  heard, 
but  it  is  not  really  a  proper  term,  and  has  no  exact  or 
legal  meaning.  When  George  was  alive  his  daughter 
Dorothy  was  his  heir-presumptive,  but  supposing  that 
Dorothy  were  a  Catholic  nun  and  Alice  a  lunatic,  in  each 
of  which  cases  there  would  be  very  little  likelihood  of  any 
marriage  ever  taking  place,  Arthur  would  very  generally 
be  described  as  the  "  heir  in  expectancy,"  for  though  he 
was  neither  heir-apparent  nor  heir  -  presumptive,  all 
probability  pointed  to  the  eventual  succession  of  himself 
or  his  issue. 

Anybody  is  said  to  be  "  in  remainder  "  to  entailed  pro- 
perty or  a  peerage  if  he  is  included  within  the  recited 
limits  of  the  entail  or  peerage.  The  "  heir  in  remainder  " 
is  the  person  next  entitled  to  succeed  after  the  death  of 
the  existing  holder. 

Thus  (excluding  heirs  in  expectancy  and  women  who 
are  heirs- presumptive)  a  marriage  with  any  woman  who 
is  an  heir  or  coheir  results  in  her  arms  being  placed  upon 
an  escutcheon  of  pretence  over  the  arms  of  the  husband. 
In  the  cases  of  all  other  women  the  arms  are  "  impaled  " 
only.  To  "  impale  two  coats  "  the  shield  is  divided  by  a 
straight  line  down  the  centre,  the  whole  design  of  the 
arms  of  the  husband  being  placed  on  the  dexter  side  of 
the  escutcheon,  and  the  whole  design  of  the  wife's  arms 
being  placed  on  the  sinister  side. 


It  may  perhaps  be  as  well  to  here  exemplify  the 
different  methods  of  the  conjunction  of  the  arms  of  man 
and  wife,  arranging  the  same  two  coats  in  the  different 
methods  in  which  they  might  be  marshalled  before  re- 
verting to  ancient  practices. 

An  ordinary  commoner  impales  his  wife's  arms  as  in 
Fig.  913.     If  she  be  an  heiress,  he  places  them  on  an 


Jig.  913. 


Fig.  914. 


escutcheon  of  pretence  as  in  Pig.  914.  If  the  husband  is 
a  companion  of  any  order,  this  does  not  give  him  the 
right  to  use  the  circle  of  his  order  round  his  arms,  and 
his  badge  is  simply  hung  below  the  escutcheon,  the  arms 
of  the  wife  being  impaled  or  placed  on  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  thereupon  as  the  case  may  necessitate.  The  wife 
of  a  Knight  Bachelor  shares  the  state  and  rank  with 
her  husband,  and  the  only  difference  is  in  the  helmet 
(Figs.  396  and  91 5).    But  if  the  husband  be  a  knight  of  any 


Fig.  915. 

order,  the  ensigns  of  that  order  are  personal  to  himself, 
and  cannot  be  shared  with  his  wife,  and  consequently  two 
shields  are  employed.  On  the  dexter  shield  are  the  arms 
of  the  husband  with  the  circle  of  his  order  of  knighthood, 
and  on  the  sinister  shield  are  the  arms  of  the  husband 
impaling  the  arms  of  the  wife.  Some  meaningless  decora- 
tion, usually  a  wreath  of  oak-leaves,  is  placed  round  the 
sinister  shield  to  "  balance  "  from  the  artistic  point  the 
ribbon,  or  the  ribbon  and  collar,  as  the  case  may  be, 
of  the  order  of  knighthood  of  the  husband  (Figs.  358, 
498,  and  916).  A  Knight  Grand  Cross,  of  course,  adds 
his  collar  to  the  dexter  shield,  and  if  he  has  supporters, 
these  are  placed  outside  the  tico  shields  (Fig.  i). 

A  peer  impales  the  arms  of  his  wife  as  in  the  case  of  a 
commoner,  the  arms  of  the  wife  being,  of  course,  under 


364 


PLATE    CXVII. 


Glasgow. 


Leeds. 


.^y:       ^'-   "'^     )(■        '*  ■*.   » 


*>-    *•    ^ 


Edinburgh. 


Sheffield. 


Bristou 


COATS   OF   ARMS   OF   TOWNS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the   protection   of   the   supporters,   coronet,   and   helmet 
of  the  peer  (Fig.  917).     If,  in  addition  to  being  a  peer, 
he  is  also  a  knight  of  an  order,  he  follows  the 
rules  which  prescribe  the  use  of  two  shields  as 
already  described  (Figs.  251  and  407). 

Supposing  the  wife  to  be  a  peeress  in  her 
own  right,  she  cannot  nowadays   confer   any 


an  artistic  detaO,  but  it  is  a  happy  conceit  in  such  an 
instance  to  join  together  the  compartments  npon  which 


Fig.  91S. 

the  two  pairs  of  supporters  stand  to  emphasise  the  fact 
that  the  whole  is  in  reality  but  one  achievement  (Figs. 


Fig.  916. 

rank  whatever  upon  her  husband ;  conse- 
quently, if  she  marry  a  commoner,  the  hus- 
band places  her  arms  upon  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  surmounted  by  a  coronet  of  her  rank, 
but  the  supporters  belonging  to  her  peerage 
cannot  be  added  to  his  shield.  The  arms  of 
the  wife  are  consequently  repeated  alone,  but 
in  this  case  upon  a  lozenge  on  the  sinister 
side  of  the  husband's  shield.  Above  this 
lozenge  is  placed  the  coronet  of  her  rank, 
and  the  supporters  belonging  to  her  peerage 
are  placed  on  either  side  of  the  lozenge  (Fig. 
918).  In  the  case  of  a  peeress  in  her  own  right 
marrying  a  peer,  the  arms  of  the  peeress  are  placed  upon 
an  escutcheon  of  pretence  in  the  centre  of  the  husband's 
shield,  the  only  difference  being  that  this  escutcheon  of 


Fig.  917. 

pretence  is  surmounted  by  the  coronet  belonging  to  the 
peerage  of  the  wife  ;  and  on  the  sinister  side  the  arms  of 
the  wife  are  repeated  npon  a  lozenge  with  the  supporters 
and  coronet  belonging  to  her  own  peerage.     It  is  purely 


Fig.  919. 

919  and  920).  The  former  is  imaginary,  the  latter  is  the 
achievement  of  the  Earl  of  Yarborough  and  his  wife,  who 
is  in  her  own  right  Baroness  Fauconberg  and  Conyers. 

Now,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  an  achievement  dis- 
played in  this  manner,  for  there  have  been  several  in- 
stances in  recent  years  of  peeresses  in  their  own  right 
who  have  married  peers.  Every  woman  who  mherits  a 
peerage  must  of  necessity  be  an  heir  or  coheir,  and,  as 
■ivill  have  been  seen,  the  laws  of  armory  provide  for  this 
circumstance ;  but  supposing  that  the  peeress  were  a 
peeress  by  creation  and  were  not  an  heiress,  how  would 
her  arms  be  displayed  ?  Apparently  it  would  not  be 
permissible  to  place  them  on  an  escutcheon  of  pretence, 
and  consequently  there  is  no  way  upon  the  husband's 
shield  of  showing  that  his  wife  is  a  peeress  in  her  own 
right.  Such  an  instance  did  arise  in  the  case  of  the  late 
Baroness  Stratheden,  who  was  created  a  peeress  whilst 
not  being  an  heiress.  Her  husband  was  subsequently 
created  Baron  Campbell.  Now,  how  were  the  arms  of 
Lord  Campbell  and  Lady  Stratheden  and  Campbell  dis- 
played ?  I  think  I  am  correct  in  saying  that  not  a  single 
textbook  on  armory  recites  the  method  which  should  be 
employed,  and  I  candidly  confess  that  I  myself  am  quite 
ignorant  upon  the  point. 

All  the  foregoing  are  simply  instances  of  how  to  display 
the  arms  of  man  and  wife,  or,  to  speak  more  correctly, 
they  are  instances  of  the  methods  m  which  a  man  should 
hear  arms  for  himself  and  his  wife  when  he  is  married; 


365 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


for  the  helmet  and  mantliDg  clearly  indicate  that  it  is  the 
man's  coat  of  arms,  and  not  the  woman's.  In  olden  days, 
when  the  husband  possessed  everything,  this  might  have 


borne  by  her  father  (Fig.  922),  or  with  the  latter  upon 
an  escutcheon  of  pretence  if  the  widow  be  herself  an 
heiress  (Fig.  923).     The  widow  of  a  knight  has  no  way 


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been  enough  for  all  the  circumstances  which  were  likely 
to  occur. 

A  lady  whilst  unmarried  bears  arms  on  a  lozenge 
(Fig.  921),  and  upon  becoming  a  widow,  bears  again  upon 
a  lozenge  the  arms  of  her  husband  impaled  with  the  arms 


whatever  of  indicating  that  her  husband  was  of  higher 
rank  than  an  ordinary  untitled  gentleman.  The  widow 
of  a  baronet,  however,  places  the  inescutoheon  with  the 
hand  of  Ulster  upon  her  husband's  arms  (Fig.  924).  I 
have  often  heard  this  disputed,  but  a  reference  to  the 


366 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Grant   Books  at  the  College  of  Arms  {vide  a  grant  of 
arms  some  years  ago  to  Lady  Pearce)  will  provide  the 


Fig.  921. 


Fig.  922. 


necessary  precedent.     If,  however,  the  baronetcy  is   of 
Nova  Scotia,  this  means  of  indicating  the  rank  cannot  be 


Fig.  923. 


Fig.  924. 


employed.  The  widow  of  a  peer  (not  being  a  peeress  in 
her  own  right)  uses  a  lozenge  of  her  husband's  and  her  own 
arms,  with  his  supporters  and  his  coronet  (Fig.  925). 


Fig.  925. 

If  a  peeress,  after  marriage  with  a  commoner,  becomes 
a  widow  she  bears  on  the  dexter  side  a  lozenge  of  her  late 
husband's  arms  and  superimposed  thereupon  her  own  on 
an  escutcheon  of  pretence  surmounted  by  a  coronet. 
(The  coronet,  it  should  be  noted,  is  over  the  escutcheon 
of  pretence  and  not  above  the  lozenge.)  On  the  sinister 
side  she  bears  a  lozenge  of  her  own  arms  alone  with  her 
supporters  and  with  her  coronet  above  the  lozenge.  Fig. 
926,  which  represents  the  arms  of  the  Baroness  Kinloss, 
shows  an  example  of  such  an  arrangement,  of  two 
lozenges,  but  as  Lady  Kinloss  does  not  possess  supporters 
these  additions  could  not  be  introduced. 


Impalement  is  used  occasionally  in  other  circumstances 
than  marriage,  i.e.  to  effect  conjunction  of  official  and 
personal  arms. 


Fig.  926. — Armorial  bearings  of  Baroness  Kinloss :  Upon  two  lozenges, 
the  dexter  being  the  arms  of  Morgan-Grenville,  namely  :  quarterly 
I  and  4,  vert,  on  a  cross  argent  five  torteaus,  and  for  distinction  a 
canton  or  (for  Grenville) :  2  and  3,  paly  of  six  argent  and  or.  a 
lion  rampant  regardant  sable,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a 
cross  crosslet  of  the  second,  between  four  quatrefoils  saltirewise 
of  the  third  {for  Morgan)  and  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence, 
surmounted  by  the  coronet  of  a  Baroness,  the  arms  of  Temple- 
Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,  namely  :  quarterly  1  and  6, 
vert,  on  a  cross  argent,  five  torteaux  (for  Grenville) ;  2.  quarterly 
i.  and  iiii.,  or,  an  eagle  displayed  sable;  ii.  and  iij.,  argent,  two 
bars  sable,  each  charged  with  three  martlets  or  (for  Temple) ; 
3.  ermine,  two  bars  gules  (for  Nugent) ;  4.  argent,  on  a  cross  sable, 
a  leopard's  face  or  (for  Brydges) ;  5.  or,  a  pile  gules  (for  Chandos), 
and  upon  the  sinister  lozenge,  which  is  surmounted  by  the  coro- 
net of  a  Baroness,  the  arms  and  quarterings  of  Temple-Nugent- 
Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,  namely  :  quarterly  i  and  8,  the  arms 
of  Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville  as  previously ;  2. 
argent,  on  a  cross  sable,  a  leopard's  face  or  (for  Brydges,  Dukes  of 
Chandos)  ;  3.  or,  a  saltire  and  a  chief  gules,  on  a  canton  argent, 
a  lion  rampant  azure  (for  Bruce,  Earls  of  Elgin  and  Ailesbury) ;  4. 
quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  or,  on  a  pile  gules,  between  six  iieurs-de-lis 
azure,  three  lions  of  England  (being  the  coat  of  augmentation 
granted  by  King  Henry  VIII.  on  his  marriage  with  Lady  Jane 
Seymour) ;  ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  two  wings  conjoined  in  leure,  points 
downwards  or  (for  Seymour,  Dukes  of  Somerset);  5,  harry  of  six 
argent  and  azure,  in  chief  three  torteaux,  a  label  of  three  points 
ermine  (for  Grey,  Duke  of  Suffolk  and  Marquess  of  Dorset) ;  6. 
harry  of  ten  argent  and  gules,  a  lion  rampant  or,  ducally  crowned 
per  pale  of  the  first  and  second  (for  Brandon,  Duke  of  Suffolk) ; 
7.  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or  (for  France) ;  ii. 
and  iii.,  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale  or  (for  Eng- 
land), being  the  arms  of  the  Princess  Mary  (Tudor),  younger  dau. 
and  co-heir  of  King  Henry  VII.  ;  pendent  from  the  lozenges  is 
the  Badge  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India. 


With  rare  exceptions,  the  official  arms  which  exist  are 
those  of  Archiepiscopal  and  Episcopal  Sees,  of  the  Kings 
of  Arms  (Figs.  l'9  and  21),  and  for  the  Kegius  Professors 
at  Cambridge.  Here  certainly,  in  the  ecclesiastical  cases, 
the  theory  of  marriage  remains,  the  official  arms  being 
placed  on  the  dexter  side  and  the  personal  arms  on  the 
sinister,  inasmuch  as  the  laws  of  armory  for  ecclesiastics 
were  made  at  a  time  when  the  clergy  were  celibate.  The 
personal  helmet  and  crest  are  placed  above  the  impaled 
coat,  except  in  the  cases  of  bishops  and  archbishops,  who, 
of  course,  use  a  mitre  in  place  thereof.  It  is  not  correct 
to  impale  the  arms  of  a  wife  upon  the  same  shield 
which  carries  the  impalement  of  an  official  coat  of  arms, 
because  the  wife  does  not  share  the  office.  In  such  a 
case  it  is  necessary  to  make  use  of  two  shields  placed 
side  by  side,  as  is  done  in  conjoining  the  arms  of  a  knight 
of  any  order  with  those  of  his  wife. 

In  impaling  the  arms  of  a  wife,  it  is  not  correct  to 
impale  more  than  her  pronominal  coat.  This  is  a  definite 
rule  in  England,  somewhat  modified  in  Scotland,  as  will 
be  presently  explained.  Though  it  has  never  been  con- 
sidered good  form  to  impale  a  quartered  shield,  it  is  only 
recently  that  the  real   fact   that   such  a   proceeding  is 


367 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


definitely  incorrect  has  come  to  light.  It  appears  from 
the  State  Papers,  Domestic  Series,  Eliz.  xxvi.  31, 
1561 : — 

"At  a  Chapitre  holden  by  the  Office  of  Armes  at  the 
Embroyderers'  Hall  in  London,  anno  4°  EeginiB  Elizabeths 
it  was  agreed  that  no  inhiritrix  eyther  mayde  wife  or 
widow  should  bear  or  cause  to  be  borne  any  Creast  or 
cognizance  of  her  Ancestors  otherwise  than  as  followeth. 
If  she  be  unmarried  to  bear  in  her  ringe,  cognizaunce  or 
otherwise,  the  first  coate  of  her  ancestors  in  a  Lozenge. 
And  during  her  widdowhood  to  set  the  first  coate  of  her 
husbande  in  pale  with  the  first  coate  of  her  Auncestors. 
And  if  she  mary  on  who  is  noe  gentleman,  then  she  to  be 
clearly  exempted  from  the  former  conclusion." 

Whilst  this  rule  holds  in  England,  it  must,  to  a  certain 
extent,  be  modified  in  relation  to  the  arms  of  a  Scottish 
wife.  Whilst  the  inalienable  right  to  quarter  arms 
derived  from  an  heiress  cannot  be  said  to  be  non-existent 
in  Scotland,  it  should  be  noted  that  the  custom  of  indis- 
criminately quartering  is  much  less  frequent  than  in 
England,  and  comparatively  seldom  adopted,  unless 
estates,  or  chief  representation  in  an  important  or  appreci- 
able degree,  follow  the  technical  heraldic  representation. 
In  England  the  claim  is  always  preferred  to  quarter  the 
arms  of  an  ancestress  who  had  no  brothers  whether  she 
transmitted  estates  or  not.  Of  course,  technically  and 
theoretically  the  claim  is  perfectly  correct,  and  cannot, 
and  should  not,  be  denied.  But  in  practice  in  England  it 
has  in  some  cases  reached  a  rather  absurd  extent,  when  a 
man  on  marrying  an  only  daughter  of  the  youngest  son 
of  the  youngest  branch  of  a  family  consequently  acquires 
the  right  to  display  with  his  own  ensigns  the  full  arms 
and  quarterings  of  the  head  of  a  house  from  which  he 
has  inherited  no  lands,  and  which  is  still  thriving  in  the 
senior  male  line.  In  Scottish  practice  such  an  event 
would  be  ignored,  and  in  that  country  it  is  not  usual  to 
add  quarterings  to  a  shield,  nor  are  these  officially 
rceognised  without  a  rematriculation  of  the  arms.  In 
England  it  is  merely  a  question  of  recording  the  pedigree 
and  proving  heirship,  and  many  quarterings  are  proved 
and  recorded  that  there  is  not  the  slightest  intention 
to  use  regularly.  Rematriculation  has  a  more  permanent 
character  than  mere  registration,  inasmuch  as  the  coat 
with  its  quarterings  upon  matriculation  as  far  as  usage 
be  concerned  becomes  indivisible,  and,  consequently, 
for  a  Scottish  wife  the  impalement  should  be  of  the 
indivisible  arms  and  quarterings  matriculated  to  her 
father  in  Lyon  Register,  with  his  bordure  and  other 
"  difference  "  marks. 

All  the  old  armorists  provide  ways  of  impaling  at  one 
and  the  same  time  the  arms  of  several  wives,  and  con- 
sequently the  idea  has  grown  up  that  it  is  permissible  and 
correct  to  bear  and  use  the  arms  of  two  wives  at  the 
same  time.  This  is  a  mistake,  because,  strictly  and 
technically  speaking,  the  right  to  impale  the  arms  of  a 
wife  ceases  at  her  death.  Impalement  means  marriage, 
and  when  the  marriage  is  dissolved  the  impalement  be- 
comes meaningless,  and  should  be  discontinued.  A  man 
cannot  be  married  to  two  people  at  one  time,  nor  can  he 
as  a  consequence  impale  two  coats  of  arms  at  the  same 
time. 

The  matter  is  more  clearly  apparent  if  the  question  of  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence  be  considered  in  place  of  an  impale- 
ment. The  escutcheon  of  pretence  means  that  the  husband 
pretends  to  represent  the  family  of  his  wife.  This  jure 
uxoris  he  undoubtedly  does  whilst  she  is  alive,  but  the 
moment  she  dies  the  actual  representation  of  her  family 
passes  to  her  son  and  heir,  and  it  is  ridiculous  for  her 
husband  to  pretend  to  I'epresent  when  there  is  an  un- 
doubted representative  in  existence,  and  when  the  repre- 
sentation, such  as  it  was  when  vested  in  himself,  has 
come  to  an   end,  and  passed  elsewhere.     If  his  heiress- 


wife  had  been  a  peeress,  he  would  have  borne  her  escut- 
cheon of  pretence  surmounted  by  her  coronet ;  but  it  is 
ridiculous  for  him  to  continue  to  do  so  when  the  right  to 
the  coronet  and  to  the  peerage  has  passed  to  his  wife's 
heir.  The  same  argument  holds  good  with  regard  to 
impalement.  That,  of  course,  raises  the  point  that  in 
every  authority  (particularly  in  those  of  an  earlier  period) 
will  be  found  details  of  the  methods  to  be  adopted  for 
impaling  the  arms  of  several  wives.  People  have  quite 
failed  to  appreciate  the  object  of  these  rules.  Armory 
from  its  earliest  introduction  has  had  great  memorial  use, 
and  when  a  monument  or  hatchment  is  put  up  to  a  man 
it  has  been  usual,  prior  to  these  utilitarian  days  of  funeral 
reform,  to  memorialise  cdl  the  wives  he  has  been  possessed 
of.  In  the  same  way,  in  a  pedigree  it  is  necessary  to 
enumerate  the  names  and  arms  of  all  the  wives  of  a  man. 
Consequently  for  tombs  and  pedigrees — when  all  being 
dead,  there  is  no  reason  to  indicate  any  particular  woman 
as  the  present  loife — plans  have  been  devised  for  the 
combination  of  several  coats  into  one  memorial  achieve- 
ment, plans  necessitated  by  the  circumstances  of  the 
cases,  and  plans  to  which  no  objection  can  be  taken. 
Tombs,  pedigrees,  and  other  memorials  are  the  usual  form 
in  which  the  records  of  arms  have  chiefly  come  down  to 
us,  and  from  the  frequency  in  which  cases  of  achieve- 
ments with  double  impalements  have  been  preserved,  a 
mistaken  idea  has  arisen  that  it  is  correct  to  bear,  and 
actually  use  and  carry,  two  impalements  at  one  and 
the  same  time.  Outside  memorial  instances,  I  have 
utterly  failed  to  find  any  instance  in  former  days  of  a 
man  himself  using  in  his  own  lifetime  two  impalements, 
and  I  believe  and  state  it  to  be  absolutely  incorrect 
for  a  man  to  use,  say  on  a  carriage,  a  bookplate,  or 
a  seal,  the  arms  of  a  deceased  wife.  Ton  may  have 
been  married  to  a  presently  deceased  woman,  therefore 
impale  her  arms  in  a  i-ecord  or  memorial ;  but  no  one  is 
married  to  a  deceased  woman,  therefore  is  it  wrong 
to  advertise  that  you  are  married  to  her  by  impaling  her 
arms  ;  and  as  you  cannot  be  married  to  two  people  at  the 
same  time,  it  is  illogical  and  wrong  to  nse  or  carry  two 
impalements.  I  know  of  no  instance  of  a  grant  to  a  man 
of  arms  to  bear  in  right  of  a  deceased  wife.  It  is  for 
these  occasions  of  memorial  and  record  that  methods 
have  been  devised  to  show  a  man's  marriage  with  several 
wives.  They  certainly  were  not  devised  for  the  purpose 
of  enabling  him  to  bear  and  use  for  contemporary  pur- 
poses the  arms  of  a  series  of  dead  women,  the  representa- 
tion of  whom  is  no  longer  vested  in  himself. 

WhUst  admitting  that  for  purposes  of  record  or  me- 
morial rules  do  exist,  it  should  at  the  same  time  be  pointed 
out  that  even  for  such  occasions  it  is  much  more  usual  to 
see  two  shields  displayed,  each  carrying  its  sej^arate  im- 
palement, than  to  find  two  impalements  on  one  shield. 
The  use  of  a  separate  shield  for  each  marriage  is  the 
method  that  I  would  strongly  advocate,  but  as  a  know- 
ledge of  past  observances  must  be  had  fully,  if  one  is  to 
read  aright  the  records  of  the  tombs,  I  recite  what  the 
rules  are  : — • 

(1)  To  impale  the  arms  of  two  wives. — Either  the 
husband's  arms  are  placed  in  the  centre,  with  the  first 
wife  on  the  dexter  and  the  second  wife  on  the  sinister,  or 
else  the  husband's  arms  are  placed  on  the  dexter  side, 
and  the  sinister  side  is  divided  in  fess,  the  arms  of  the 
first  wife  being  placed  in  chief  and  those  of  the  second  in 
base.  The  former  method  is  the  one  more  generally 
employed  of  the  two. 

(2)  Three  wives. — Husband's  arms  in  centre,  first  wife's 
on  dexter  side,  second  wife's  on  sinister  side  in  chief,  and 
third  wife  in  base. 

(3)  Four  ivires. — Husband's  in  centre,  first  and  second 
wives'  in  chief  and  base  respectively  on  the  dexter  side, 
and  third  and  fourth  similarly  on  the  sinister. 


368 


PLATE   CXVIII. 


COATS    OF    ARMS    OF   TOWNS. 


Printed   ni  S(nrtg»rt 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


If  one  of  two  wives  be  an  heiress  her  arms  might  be 
found  in  pretence  and  the  other  coat  or  coats  impaled,  but 
it  is  impossible  in  such  a  case  to  place  a  number  to  the 
wife,  and  it  is  impossible  to  display  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  for  more  than  one  wife,  as  if  the  escutcheon  of 
pretence  is  removed  from  the  exact  centre  it  at  once 
ceases  to  be  an  escutcheon  of  pretence.  Consequently,  if 
more  than  one  wife  be  an  heiress,  separate  escutcheons 
should  be  used  for  each  marriage.  Plans  have  been 
drawn  up  and  apparently  accepted  providing  for  wives  up 
to  nearly  twenty  in  number,  but  no  useful  puq^ose  will  be 
served  by  repeating  them.  A  man  with  more  than  four 
wives  is  unusual  in  this  country. 

Divorce  nullifies  marriage,  and  both  husband  and  wife 
must  at  once  revert  to  bachelor  and  maiden  achievements 
respectively. 

It  is  difficult  to  deduce  any  certain  conclusions  as  to 
the  ancient  rules  connected  with  impalement,  for  a  simple 
reason  which  becomes  very  noticeable  on  an  examination 
of  ancient  seals  and  other  armorial  records.  In  early 
times  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  men  did  not 
impale,  or  bother  about  the  arms  of  wives  who  were  not 
great  heiresses.  A  man  bore  his  own  arms,  and  he  left 
his  father-in-law,  or  his  brother-in-law,  to  bear  those  of 
the  family  with  which  he  had  matched.  Of  course,  we 
find  many  cases  in  which  the  arms  of  a  wife  figure  upon 
the  husband's  shield,  but  a  careful  examination  of  them 
shows  that  in  practically  every  case  the  reason  is  to  be 
found  in  the  fact  that  the  wife  was  an  heiress.  Husbands 
were  called  to  Parliament  in  virtue  of  the  peerages  vested 
in  their  wives,  and  we  cannot  but  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  whenever  one  finds  use  in  early  times  of  the  arms  of  a 
wife,  it  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  husband  was  bearing  them 
not  because  of  his  mere  marriage,  but  because  he  was  en- 
joying the  estates,  or  peerage,  of  his  wife. 

For  that  reason  we  find  in  many  oases  the  arms  of  the 
wife  borne  in  preference  to  the  paternal  arms  of  descent, 
or  meet  with  them  quartered  with  the  arms  of  the  husband 
frequently  being  given  precedence  over  his  own  ;  and  on 
the  analogy  of  the  coats  of  arms  of  wives  at  present  borne 
with  the  wife's  surname  by  the  husband  under  Royal 
Licence,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  at  a  period  when 
Royal  Licences  had  not  come  into  regular  vogue  the 
same  idea  was  dominant,  and  the  appearance  of  a  wife's 
coat  of  arms  meant  the  assumption  of  those  arms  by  the 
husband  as  his  own,  with  or  without  the  surname  of  the 
wife. 

The  connection  between  name  and  arms  was  not  then 
so  stereotyped  as  it  is  at  present ;  rather  was  it  a  connection 
between  arms  and  land,  and  perhaps  more  pointedly  of 
arms  and  a  peerage  title  where  this  existed,  for  there  are 
many  points  and  many  facts  which  conclusively  show  that 
at  an  early  period  a  coat  of  arms  was  often  considered  to 
have  a  territorial  character ;  or  perhaps  it  should  be  said 
that,  whilst  admittedly  personal,  arms  have  territorial 
attributes  or  connection. 

This  is  borne  out  by  the  pleadings  and  details  remain- 
ing to  us  concerning  the  Grey  and  Hastings  controversy, 
and  if  this  territorial  character  of  a  coat  of  arms  is 
admitted,  together  with  another  characteristic  no  less 
important — and  certainly  equally  accepted — that  a  coat  of 
arms  could  belong  to  but  one  person  at  the  same  time,  it 
must  be  recognised  that  the  appearance  of  a  wife's  arms 
on  a  husband's  shield  is  not  an  instance  of  a  sign  of  mere 
marriage  or  anything  analogous  thereto.  But  when  we 
turn  to  the  arms  of  women,  the  condition  of  affairs  is 
wholly  reversed.  A  woman,  who  of  course  retained  her 
identity,  drew  her  position  from  her  marriage  and  from 
her  husband's  position,  and  from  the  very  earliest  period 
we  find  that  whilst  a  man  simply  bore  his  own  arms,  the 
wife  upon  her  seal  displayed  both  the  arms  of  her  own 
family  and  the  arms  of  her  husband's.     Until  a  much  later 


period  it  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  customary  for  the 
husband  to  bear  the  arms  of  his  wife  unless  she  were  an 
heiress,  but  from  almost  the  beginning  of  armory  the  wife 
conjoined  the  arras  of  her  husband  and  herself.  But  the 
instances  which  have  come  down  to  us  from  an  early  period 
of  dimidiated  or  impaled  coats  are  chiefly  instances  of  the 
display  of  arms  by  a  widow. 

The  methods  of  conjunction  which  can  be  classed  as 
above,  however,  at  first  seem  to  have  been  rather  varied. 

Originally  separate  shields  were  employed  for  the 
different  coats  of  arms,  then  dimidiated  examples  occur ; 
at  a  later  period  we  find  the  arms  impaled  upon  one 
shield,  and  at  a  subsequent  date  the  escutcheon  of  pre- 
tence comes  into  use  as  a  means  of  indicating  that  the 
wife  was  an  heiress. 

The  origin  of  this  escutcheon  is  easy  to  understand. 
Taking  arms  to  have  a  territorial  character — a  point 
which  still  finds  a  certain  amount  of  acceptance  in  Scottish 
heraldry — there  was  no  doubt  that  a  man,  in  succeeding 
to  a  lordship  in  right  of  his  wife,  would  wish  to  bear  the 
arms  associated  therewith.  He  placed  them,  therefore, 
upon  his  own,  and  arms  exclusively  of  a  territorial 
character  have  certainly  very  frequently  been  placed  "  in 
pretence."  His  own  arms  he  would  look  upon  as  arms 
of  descent;  they  consequently  occupied  the  field  of  his 
shield.  The  lordship  of  his  wife  he  did  not  enjoy  through 
descent,  and  consequently  he  would  naturally  incline  to 
place  it  "in  pretence,"  and  from  the  constant  occasions 
in  which  such  a  proceeding  would  seem  to  be  the  natural 
course  of  events  (all  of  which  occasions  would  be  asso- 
ciated with  an  heiress-wife),  one  would  be  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  such  a  form  of  display  indicated  an 
heiress-wife ;  and  consequently  the  rule  deduced,  as  are  all 
heraldic  rules,  from  past  precedents  became  established. 

In  the  next  generation,  the  -son  and  heir  would  have 
descent  from  his  mother  equally  with  his  father,  and  the 
arms  of  her  family  would  be  equally  arms  of  descent  to 
him,  and  no  longer  the  mere  territorial  emblem  of  a 
lordship.  Consequently  they  became  on  the  same  footing 
as  the  arms  of  his  father.  The  son  would  naturally, 
therefore,  quarter  the  arms.  The  escutcheon  of  pretence 
being  removed,  and  therefore  having  enjoyed  but  a 
temporary  existence,  the  association  thereof  with  the 
heiress  -  wife  becomes  emphasised  in  a  much  greater 
degree. 

11113  is  now  accepted  as  a  definite  rule  of  armory,  but  in 
reciting  it  as  a  rule  it  should  be  pointed  out,  first,  that  no 
man  may  place  the  arms  of  his  wife  upon  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  during  the  lifetime  of  her  father,  because  whilst 
her  father  is  alive  there  is  always  the  opportunity  of  a  re- 
marriage, and  of  the  consequent  birth  of  a  son  and  heir. 
No  man  is  compelled  to  bear  arms  on  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence,  it  being  quite  correct  to  impale  them  merely 
to  indicate  the  marriage — if  he  so  desires.  There  are 
many  cases  of  arms  which  would  appear  meaningless 
and  undecipherable  when  surmounted  by  an  escutcheon 
of  pretence. 

"Sometimes,  also  (says  Guillim),  he  who  marries  an 
heretrix  may  carry  her  arms  in  an  inescutcheon  upon  his 
own,  because  the  husband  pretends  that  his  heirs  shall 
one  day  inherit  an  estate  by  her ;  it  is  therefore  called  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence;  but  this  way  of  bearing  is  not 
known  abroad  upon  that  occasion." 

A  man  on  marrying  an  heiress-wife  has  no  great  space 
at  his  disposal  for  the  display  of  her  arms,  and  though  it 
is  now  considered  perfectly  correct  to  place  any  number 
of  quarterings  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence,  the  oppor- 
tunity does  not  in  fact  exist  for  more  than  the  display  of 
a  limited  number.  In  practice,  three  or  four  are  as  many 
as  will  usually  be  found,  but  theoretically  it  is  correct  to 
place  the  whole  of  the  quarterings  to  which  the  wife  is 
entitled  upon  the  escutcheon  of  pretence. 


369 


3  a 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Two  early  English  instances  may  be  pointed  out  in  the 
fifteenth  century,  in  which  a  husband  placed  his  wife's 
arms  cnsurtout.  These  are  taken  from  the  Garter  Plates 
of  Sir  John  Neville,  Lord  Montagu,  afterwards  Marquess 
of  Montagu  (elected  K.G.  circa  1463),  and  of  Kichard 
Beauohamp,  fifth  Earl  of  Warwick  and  Albemarle  (elected 
K.Ct.  circa  1400)  ;  but  it  was  not  until  about  the  beginning 
of  the  seventeenth  century  that  the  regular  practice  arose 
by  which  the  husband  of  an  heiress  places  his  wife's  arms 
in  an  escutcheon  eti  surtout  upon  his  personal  arms, 
whether  his  coat  be  a  quartered  one  or  not.  Another 
early  instance  is  to  be  found  in  Fig.  927,  which  is  in- 


FlG.  927.— Arms  of  John  Talbot,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  K.G. :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  within  a  bordure  engrailed  or 
(Talbot) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  gules  (Strange) ; 
impaling  the  arms  of  his  first  wife  whose  Peerage  he  enjoyed,  viz. : 
quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  a  bend  between  six  martlets  gules 
(Furnival)  ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  fret  gules  (Verdon) ;  and  upon  an  escut- 
cheon of  pretence  the  arms  of  the  mother  of  his  second  wife  (to 
whom  she  was  coheir,  conveying  her  mother's  Peerage  to  her  son), 
viz.  ;  I  and  4.  gules,  a  lion  passant  guardaut  argent,  crowned  or 
(Lisle)  ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  chevron  gules  (Tyes).  (From  MS.  Beg. 
15,  B.  vi.) 


teresting  as  showing  the  arms  of  both  wives  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury.  His  first  was  suo  jure  Baroness 
Furnivall.  Her  arms  are,  however,  impaled.  His  second 
wife  was  the  daughter  (but  not  the  heir)  of  Richard 
Beauchamp,  Earl  of  Warwick,  but  she  was  coheir  of  her 
mother,  the  Baroness  Lisle. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  even  in  England  an 
inescutcheon  en  surtout  does  not  always  mean  an  heiress- 
wife.  The  Earl  of  Mar  and  Kellie  bears  (Fig.  813)  an 
inescutcheon  surmounted  by  an  earl's  coronet  for  his 
Earldom  of  Kellie,  and  other  instances  are  to  be  found 
in  the  arms  of  Cumming-Gordon  (see  Plate  XIIL),  and 
Sir  Hector  Maclean  Hay,  Bart.,  thus  bears  his  pronominal 
arms  (Fig.  194).  Inescutcheons  of  augmentation  occur 
in  the  arms  of  the  Dukes  of  Marlborough  and  Wellington, 
Lord  Newton,  and  on  the  shields  of  Newman,  Wolfe,  and 
others. 

Under  the  Commonwealth  the  Great  Seals  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  and  his  son  Richard,  as  Protectors,  bear  a  shield 
of  arms :  "  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  a  cross  gules  (for 
England) ;  2.  azure,  a  saltire  argent  (for  Scotland) ;  3. 
azure,  a  harp  or,  stringed,  argent  (for  Ireland) ;  "  and  upon 
these  quarterings  en  surtout  an  escutcheon  of  the  personal 
arms  of  Cromwell :  "  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  argent." 

In  the  heraldry  of  the  Continent  of  Europe  it  has  long 
been  the  custom  for  an  elected  sovereign  to  place  his 
hereditary  arms  in  an  escutcheon  en  surtout  above  those  of 
his  dominions.  As  having  obtained  the  crown  by  popular 
election,  the  Kinps  of  the  Hellenes  also  place  en  surtout 
upon  the  arms  of  the  Greek  kingdom  ("Azure,  a  Greek 
cross  couped  argent  ")  an  escutcheon  of  their  personal  arms. 
Another  instance  is  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of  the  Dukes 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha.  Whilst  all  the  descendants 
of  the  late  Prince  Consort  (other  than  his  Majesty  King 
Edward  Vil.)  bear  in  England  the  Royal  Arms  of  this 
country,  differenced  by  their  respective  labels  with  an 


escutcheon  of  Saxony  en  $U7-tout  as  Dukes  and  Duchesses 
of  Saxony,  the  late  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  bore 
the  arms  of  Saxony,  placing  the  differenced  Royal  shield 
of  this  couutiy  en  surtout. 

We  now  come  to  the  subject  of  quartering.  Considering 
the  fact  that  every  single  text-book  on  armory  gives  the 
ordinary  rules  for  the  marshalling  of  quarterings,  it  is 
strange  how  many  mistakes  are  made,  and  how  extremely 
funny  are  the  ideas  of  some  people  upon  the  subject  of 
quartering.  As  has  already  been  stated,  the  rules  of 
quartering  are  governed  by  the  simple,  but  essential  and 
important  fact,  that  every  quartering  exhibited  means  the 
representation  in  blood  of  some  particular  person.  Quar- 
terings, other  than  those  of  augmentation,  can  only  be 
inherited  from  or  through  those  female  ancestors  who  are 
in  themselves  heirs  or  coheirs  in  blood,  or  whose  issue 
subsequently  become  in  a  later  generation  the  represen- 
tatives of  any  ancestor  in  the  male  line  of  that  said  female 
ancestor.  Briefly  speaking,  a  woman  is  an  heiress,  first, 
if  she  is  only  child  ;  second,  if  all  her  brothers  die  without 
issue  in  her  own  lifetime ;  and  third,  if  the  entire  issue, 
male  and  female,  of  her  brothers,  becomes  extinct  in  her 
own  lifetime.  A  woman  becomes  an  "heiress  in  her 
issue,"  as  it  is  termed,  if  she  die  before  her  brothers,  if  and 
when  all  the  descendants  of  her  brothers  become  abso- 
lutely extinct.  The  following  pedigrees  may  help  to 
explain : — 


Behtram. 

I 


Alfred, 
d.v.p. 

Susan. 


LonisA. 


In  this  case  Susan  is  the  heir,  vot  Louisa. 

Paul, 
Died  1820. 


Pe'l'ER, 
Died  1S60. 


I 

Saul, 

Died  1S50. 

I 


Benjamin, 
Died  1 86 1. 


I 


I 
Miriam,  =Joel. 
Died  1849. 

I 


I 


Isaac,        Reuben. 
Died  1S63. 


Timothy. 


In  this  case  Miriam  becomes  "in  her  issue"  heir  of 
Paul  at  the  death  of  Isaac  in  1862,  and  Reuben  and 
Timothy  would  both  quarter  the  arms  of  Paul. 

If  the  wife  be  either  an  heir  or  coheir,  she  transmits 
after  her  death  to  all  her  children  the  arms  and  quarter- 
ings— as  quarterings  to  add  to  their  paternal  arms,  and  as 
such  only — which  she  was  entitled  to  place  upon  her  own 
lozenge. 

The  origin  and  theory  of  quartering  is  as  follows  :  If  the 
daughter  be  an  heiress  or  coheiress  she  represents  either 
wholly  or  in  part  her  father  and  his  branch  of  the  family, 
even  if  "his  branch"  only  commenced  with  himself. 
Now  in  the  days  when  the  science  of  armory  was  slowly 
evolving  itself  there  was  no  Married  Women's  Property 
Act,  and  the  husband  ipso  facto  became  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  possessed  of  and  enjoyed  the  rights  of  his  wife. 
But  it  was  at  the  same  time  only  a  possession  and  enjoy- 
ment by  courtesy,  and  not  an  actual  possession  in  fee,  for 
the  reversion  remained  with  the  wife's  heirs,  and  did  not 
pass  to  the  heirs  of  the  husband;  for  in  cases  where  the 
husband  or  wife  had  been  previously  married,  or  where 
there  was  no  issue  of  their  marriage,  their  heirs  would  not 
be  identical.  Of  course  during  the  lifetime  of  his  wife  he 
could  not  actually  represent  his  wife's  family,  and  conse- 
quently could  not  quarter  the  arms,  but  in  right  of  his 
wife  he  "pretended"  to  the  representation  of  her  house. 


370 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  consequently  the  inescutoheon  of  lier  arms  is  termed 
an  "  escutcheon  of  pretence." 

After  the  death  of  a  wife  her  children  immediately 
and  actually  become  the  representatives  of  their  mother, 
and  are  as  such  entitled  of  right  to  quarter  the  arms  of 
their  mother's  family. 

The  earliest  example  which  has  been  discovered  at  the 
present  time  of  the  use  of  a  quartered  coat  of  arms  is 
afforded  by  the  seal  of  Joanna  of  Ponthieu,  second  wife  of 
Ferdinand  III.,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon,  in  1272.  This 
seal  bears  on  its  reverse  in  a  vesica  the  triple-towered 
castles  of  Castile,  and  the  rampant  lion  of  Leon,  repeated 
as  in  the  modern  quarterings  of  Spain.  There  is,  how- 
ever, no  separation  of  the  quarters  by  a  line  of  partition. 
This  peculiarity  will  be  also  noticed  as  existing  in  the 
early  quartered  coats  of  Hainault  a  quarter  of  a  century 
later.  The  quartered  coat  of  Castile  and  Leon  remains 
upon  the  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey  erected  in 
memory  of  Eleanor  of  Castile,  who  died  in  1290,  the  first 
wife  of  Edward  I. 

Providing  the  wife  be  an  heiress — and  for  the  remainder 
of  this  chapter,  which  deals  only  with  quarterings,  this 
will  be  assumed — the  son  of  a  marriage  after  the  death 
of  his  mother  quarters  her  arms  with  those  of  his  father, 
that  is,  he  divides  his  shield  into  four  quarters,  and  places 
the  arms  of  his  father  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters, 
and  the  arms  of  his  mother  in  the  second  and  third.  That 
is  the  root,  basis,  and  original  rule  of  all  the  rules  of 
quartering,  but  it  may  be  here  remarked,  that  no  man 
is  entitled  to  quarter  the  arms  of  his  mother  whilst  she  is 


family  with  which  they  originated.  The  matter  was  of 
little  consequence  in  the  days  when  the  "  upper-class  "  and 
arms-bearing  families  were  few  in  number.     Every  one 


Fig.  92S. — Arms  of  John  de  Welles,  Viscount  de  Welles,  son  of  Lionel, 
Lord  Welles,  by  his  wife  Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Beau- 
cbamp,  Lord  JBeauchamp  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  or,  a  lion  rampant 
queue-fourche  sable  (for  Welles) ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  fess  dancett(5 
between  six  cross  crosslets  or  (for  Beauchamp).  (From  MS.  Harl. 
6163.) 

alive,  inasmuch  as  she  is  alive  to  represent  herself  and  her 
family,  and  her  issue  cannot  assume  the  representation 
whilst  she  is  alive.  An  example  of  such  a  simple  quar- 
tered coat  occurs  in  Fig.  928. 

But  it  should  not  be  imagined  that  the  definite  rules 
which  exist  at  the  moment  had  any  such  unalterable 
character  in  early  times.  Husbands  quartered  the  arms 
of  their  wives  if  they  were  heiresses,  and  if  important 
lordships  devolved  through  the  marriage.  Territorial  arms 
of  dominion  were  quartered  with  personal  arms  as  in  Figs. 
l8g  and  929,  quarterings  of  augmentation  were  granted, 
and  the  present  system  is  the  endeavour  to  reconcile  all 
the  varying  circumstances  and  precedents  which  exist. 
One  point,  however,  stands  out  clearly  from  all  ancient 
examples,  viz.  that  quartering  meant  quartering,  and  a 
shield  was  supposed  to  have  but  four  quarters  upon  it.  Con- 
sequently we  find  that  instead  of  the  elaborate  schemes  now 
in  vogue  showing  10,  20,  50,  or  100  quarterings,  the  shield 
had  but  four ;  and  this  being  admitted  and  recognised,  it 
became  essential  that  the  four  most  important  should  be 
shown,  and  consequently  we  find  that  quarterings  were 
selected  in  a  manner  which  would  seem  to  us  haphazard. 
Paternal  quarterings  were  dropped,  and  the  result  has  been 
that  many  coats  of  arms  are  now  known  as  the  arms  of  a 
family  with  quite  a  difierent  surname  from  that  of  the 


Fig.  929.— Arms  of  Thomas  Stanley,  Earl  of  Derby,  (d.  1572)  ;  Quar- 
terly, I.  quarterly,  i.  and  iiij. ,  argent,  on  a  bend  azure,  three 
bucks'  heads  caboshed  or  (Stanley) ;  ii.  and  iii.,  or,  on  a  chief 
indented  azure,  three  bezants  (Lathom);  2  and  3,  gules,  three 
legs  in  armour  conjoined  at  the  thigh  and  flexed  at  the  knee 
proper,  garnished  and  spurred  or  (for  the  Lordship  of  Man) ; 
4.  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  gules,  two  lions  passant  in  pale 
argent  (for  Strange) ;  ii.  and  iii.,  argent,  a  fess  and  a  canton  gules 
(for  Wydeville).  The  arms  on  the  escutcheon  of  pretence  are 
not  those  of  his  wife  (Anne  Hastings),  who  was  not  an  heiress, 
and  they  seem  difficult  to  account  for  unless  they  are  a  coat  for 
Rivers  or  some  other  territorial  lordship  inherited  from  the  Wyde- 
ville family.  The  full  identification  of  the  quarterings  borne  by 
Anthony,  Lord  Rivers,  would  probably  help  in|  determining  the 
point. 


knew  how  Stafford  derived  his  Royal  descent,  and  that 
it  was  not  male  upon  male,  so  that  no  confusion  resulted 
from  the  Earls  of  Buckingham  giving  the  Royal  coat 
precedence  before  their  paternal  quartering  of  Stafford 
(see  Fig.  930),  or  from  their  using  only  the  arms 
of  Woodstock ;  but  as  time  went  on  the  upper  classes 
became  more  numerous,  arms-bearing  ancestors  by  the 
succession  of  generations  increased  in  number,  and 
while  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  it 
would  be  a  physical  impossibility  for  any  man  to  have 
represented  one  hundred  different  heiresses  of  arms- 
bearing  families,  in  later  days  such  became  the  case.  The 
result  has  been  the  necessity  to  formulate  those  strict 
and  rigid  rules  which  for  modern  purposes  must  be  con- 
formed to,  and  it  is  futile  and  childish  to  deduce  a  set 
of  rules  from  ancient  examples  originating  in  and  suit- 
able for  the  simpler  genealogical  circumstances  of  an 
earlier  day,  and  assert  that  it  is  equally  permissible  to 


Fig.  930 — Arms  of  Edward  Stafford,  Duke  of  Buckingham  (d.  1521): 
Quarterly,  I  and  4,  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  France ;  ii.  and  iii., 
England,  within  the  bordure  argent  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock  ; 
2  and  3,  or,  a  chevron  gules  (for  Stafford).  (From  MS.  Add. 
22,306.) 


adopt  them  at  the  moment,  or  to  marshal  a  modern  shield 
accordingly. 

The  first  attempt  to  break  away  from  the  four  quar- 
ters of  a  shield  was  the  initiation  of  the  system  of  grand 
quarters  (see  Figs.  213,  926,  929,  931,  and  932).  By 
this  means  the  relative  importance  could  roughly  be 
shown.  Supposing  a  man  had  inherited  a  shield  of 
four  quarters  and  then  married  a  wife  in  whom  was 
vested  a  peerage,  he  naturally  wished  to  display  the 
arms   connected  with    that   peerage,    for  these  were    of 


371 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


greater  importance  than  his  own  four  quarterings.  The 
problem  was  how  to  introduce  the  fifth.  In  some 
cases  we  find  it  borne  in  pretence,  but  in  other  cases, 


Fig.  931. — Arms  of  Charles  Brandon,  Duke  of  Suffolk:  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  b,irry  of  ten  argent  and  gules,  a  lion  rampant  queue- 
fourche  or,  crowned  per  pale  of  the  second  and  first ;  2  and  3, 
quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  azure,  a  cross  tuoline  or  (Bruyn) ;  ii.  and 
iii.,  lozengy  gules  and  ermine  (Rokeley). 

particularly  in  a  later  generation,  we  find  that  important 
quarter  given  the  whole  of  a  quarter  of  the  shield  to 
itself,  the  other  four  being  conjoined  together  and  dis- 
played so  as  to  occupy  a  similar  space.  These,  therefore, 
became  sub-quarters.  The  system  also  had  advantages, 
because  it  permitted  coats  which  by  constant  quartering 
had  become  indivisible  to  be  perpetuated  in  this  form.  So 
definite  was  this  rule,  that  in  only  one  of  the  series  of 
Garter  plates  anterior  to  the  Tudor  period  is  any  shield 
found  containing  more  than  four  quarters,  though  many 
of  these  are  grand  quarters  containing  other  coats  borne 
sub-quarterly.  The  one  instance  which  I  refer  to  as  an 
exception  is  the  shield  of  the  Duke  D'Urbino,  and  it  is 
quite  possible  that  this  should  not  be  quoted  as  an  in- 
stance in  point.  He  appears  to  have  borne  in  the  ordi- 
nary way  four  quarters,  but  he  subsequently  added  thereto 
two  quarterings  which  may  or  may  not  have  been  one  and 
the  same  coat  of  arms  by  way  of  augmentation.  These  he 
placed  in  pale  in  the  centre  of  the  others,  thus  making 
the  shield  apparently  one  of  six  quarters. 

But  one  is  safe  in  the  assertion  that  during  the 
Plantagenet  period  no  more  than  four  quarters  were 
usually  placed  upon  a  shield.  Then  we  come  to  the 
brief   period   of   "  squeezed-in "    quarterings   (Figs.    932 


Fig.  932. — Arms  of  Henry  Algernon  Percy,  Earl  of  Northumberland 
((/.  1527);  Quarterly,  I.  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  or,  a  lion  rampant 
azure  (Percy) ;  ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  three  lucies  haurient  argent  (Lucy); 
2.  azure,  five  fusils  conjoined  in  fess  or  (for  Percy) ;  3.  barry  of 
six  or  and  vert,  a  bendlet  gules  (Poynings) ;  4.  gules,  three  lions 
passant  in  pale  argent,  a  bendlet  azure  (FitzPayne),  or  three  piles 
azure  (Brian). 

and  933).  In  the  early  Visitations  we  get  instances 
of  six,  eight,  and  even  a  larger  number,  and  the  start 
once  being  made,  and  the  number  of  four  relinquished, 
there  was  of  course  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be 
extended  indefinitely.  This  appears  to  liave  rapidly 
become  the  case,  and  we  find  that  schemes  of  quarterings 
are  now  proved  and  recorded  officially  in  England  and 
Ireland  some  of  which  exceed  200  in  number.  The 
record  number  of  officially  proved  and  recorded  quarter- 
ings is  at  present  held  by  Mr.  Lloyd,  of  Stockton 
in  Chirbury,  co.  Salop  (Fig.  934),  but  many  of  these 
quarterings  are  mere  repetition  owing  to  constant  inter- 


marriages, and  to  the  fact  that  a  single  Welsh  line  of  male 
descent  often  results  in  a  number  of  different  shields. 
Welsh  arms  did  not  originally  have  the  hereditay  unchange- 
ability  we  are  accustomed  to  in  English  heraldry,  and 
moreover  a  large  proportion  are  later  inventions  borne 
to  denote  descent  and  are  not  arms  actually  used  by 
those  they  stand  for,  so  that  the  quarterings  of  Sir.  Money- 
Kyrle  (Fig.  935),  or  of  the  sister  Countesses  of  Tarborough 
and  Powis,  respectively  Baroness  Pauconberg  and  Conyers 
and  Baroness  Darcy  de  Knayth  (Pig.  936),  are  decidedly 
more  enviable.  Nobody  of  course  attempts  to  bear  such  a 
number.  In  Scotland,  however,  even  to  the  present  day, 
the  system  of  four  quarterings  is  still  adhered  to.  The 
result  is  that  in  Scotland  the  system  of  grand  quarterings 
is  still  pursued,  whilst  in  England  it  is  almost  unknown, 
except  in  cases  where  coats  of  arms  have  for  some  reason 
or  another  become  indivisible.  This  is  a  very  patent  diffi- 
culty when  it  becomes  necessary  to  marshal  indivisible 
Scottish  coats  with  English  ones,  and  the  system  of 
cadency  adopted  in  Scotland,  which  has  its  chief  char- 
acteristic in  the  employment  of  bordures,  makes  the  matter 
sometimes  very  far  from  simple.  The  system  adopted  at 
the  present  time  in  the  case  of  a  Koyal  Licence,  for  ex- 
ample, to  bear  a  Scottish  name  and  arms  in  cases  where 
the  latter  is  a  coat  of  many  quarterings  within  a  bordure, 
is  to  treat  such  coat  as  made  indivisible  by  and  according 


Fig.  933.— Arms  of  George  Nevill,  Baron  Abergavenny  {d.  1535): 
Quarterly,  I.  gules,  on  a  saltire  argent,  a  rose  of  the  field  (Nevill) ; 
2.  chequy  or  and  azure  (Warenne)  ;  3.  or,  three  chevrons  gules 
(Clare) ;  4.  quarterly  argent  and  gules,  in  the  second  and  third 
quarters  a  fret  or,  over  all  a  bend  sable  (Le  Despencer)  ;  4.  gules, 
on  a  fess  between  six  cross  crosslets  or,  a  crescent  sable  (for 
(Beauchamp).     (Add.  MS.  22,306.) 


to  the  most  recent  matriculation.  That  coat  is  then  treated 
as  a  grand  quartering  of  an  equivalent  value  to  the  pro- 
nominal coat  in  England. 

But  reverting  to  the  earlier  chart,  by  the  aid  of  which 
heirship  was  demonstrated,  the  following  were  entitled  to 
transmit  the  Cilfowyr  arms  as  quarterings.  Mary,  Ellen, 
Blanche,  Grace,  Muriel,  and  Dorothy  all  had  the  right 
to  transmit.  IBy  the  death  of  Dorothy  v.p.  Alice  and 
Annie  both  became  entitled.  Maria  Jane  and  Hannah 
would  have  been  entitled  to  transmit  Sherwin  and 
Cilfowyr,  but  not  Cilfowyr  alone,  if  there  had  been  no 
arms  for  Sherwin,  though  they  could  have  transmitted 
Sherwin  alone  if  there  had  been  arms  for  Sherwin  and  none 
for  Cilfowyr.  Harriet  would  have  transmitted  the  arms  of 
Cilfowyr  if  she  had  survived,  and  Ada  would,  each  subject 
to  the  differences  as  has  been  previously  explained. 

As  has  been  already  explained,  every  woman  is  entitled 
to  bear  upon  a  lozenge  in  her  own  lifetime  the  arms, 
quarterings,  and  difference  marks  which  belonged  to  her 
father.  If  her  mother  were  an  heiress  she  adds  her 
mother's  arms  to  her  father's,  and  her  mother's  quarter- 
ings also,  marshalling  the  whole  into  a  correct  sequence, 
and  placing  the  said  sequence  of  quarterings  upon  a 
lozenge.  Such  are  the  armorial  bearings  of  a  daughter. 
If  the  said  daughter  be  not  an  heraldic  heiress  in  blood 
she  cannot  transmit  either  arms  or  quarterings  to  her 
descendants.  Needless  to  say,  no  woman,  heiress  or  non- 
heiress,  can  now  transmit  a  crest,  and  no  woman  can  bear 


372 


PLATE   CXIX. 


ARMS  GRANTED   TO   THE    CARPENTERS   COMPANY, 
OF    LONDON  ,    61"  EDWARD  VI,  1466. 


ARMS    GRANTED   TO   THE    MASONS    COMPANY. 
OF    LONDON,    laTx  EDWARD   IV.   1+72-3, 


ARMS    OF    THE     SCULPTURES    OR    MARBLERS, 
FROM    THE    GATESHEAD    CHARTE  R  .  1671 . 


ARMS   OF   THE    FREE    MASONS. 
FROM    THE    GATESHEAD    CHARTER.  1671. 


ARMS    OF    CORPORATE    BODIES. 


-■e 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

either  crest  helmet,  mantling,  or  motto.  A  daughter  not  until  arms  are  established  for  their  fathers  line,  inasmuch 
■being  an  heiress  simply  confers  the  right  upon  her  as  they  can  only  inherit  armorially  from  thkr  mother 
husband  to  impale  upon  his  shield  such  arms  and  differ-      through  their  father.     In  England  it  is  always  optional 


Fig.  934.— Arms  and  Quarterings  of  Henry  Crampton  Lloyd,  Esq., 
of  Stockton  in  Chirbury,  co.  Salop. 

ence  marks  as  her  father  bore  in  his  own  right.     If  an  for  a  man  to  have  arms  assigned  to  him  to  fill  in  any  blanks 
heiress  possessing  arms  marry  a  man  with  illegal  arms,  which  would  otherwise  mar  his  scheme  of  quartenngs. 
or  a  man  making  no  pretensions  to  arms,  her  children  Let  us  now  see  how  various  coats  of  arms  are  mar- 
have  no  arms  at  all,  and  really  inherit  nothing  ;  and  the  shalled  as  quarterings  into  one  achievement, 
rights,  such  as  they  are,  to  the  arms  of  the  mother  as  a  The  original  theory  of  quartering  upon  which  all  rules 
quartering  remain,  and  must  remain,  dormant  unless  and  are  based  is  that  after  a  marriage  with  an  heiress,  necessi- 

373 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


tating  for  the  cliildren  the  combination  of  the  two  coats, 
the  shield  is  divided  into  fonr  quarters.  These  four  are 
numbered  from  the  top  left-hand  (the  dexter)  corner 
(No.  i)  across  towards  the  sinister  (Xo.  2)  side  of  the 
shield ;  then  the  next  row  is  numbered  in  the  same  way 


to)  that  places  the  arms  of  the  father  in  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters,  and  the  arms  of  the  mother  in  the  second  and 
thii'd ;  such,  of  course,  being  on  the  assumption  that  the 
father  possessed  only  a  simple  coat  without  quarterings, 
and  that  the   mother  was  in    the    same  position.     The 


^^^^g^ 


Fig.  935. — Arms  and  Quarterings  of  Audley  Waller  Wasbbourne  Money-Kyrle, 
of  Homme  House,  Dymock,  Gloucs. 


(Nos.  3  and  4).  This  rule  as  to  the  method  of  numbering 
holds  good  for  any  number  of  quarterings. 

In  allocating  the  position  of  the  different  coats  to  their 
places  in  the  scheme  of  quarterings,  the  pronominal  coat 
mast  always  be  in  the  first  quartering. 

In  a  simple  case  (the  exceptions  will  presently  be  referred 


children  therefore  possess  a  coat  of  four  quarters  (Figs. 
937  and  938).  Suppose  a  son  of  theirs  in  his  turn  marries 
another  heiress,  also  possessing  only  a  simple  coat  without 
quarterings,  the  grandchildren  descending  from  the  afore- 
said marriage  put  that  last-mentioned  coat  in  the  third 
quarter,  and  the  coat,  though  still  of  only  four  quarters, 


374 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


is  :   I  and  4,  the  pronominal  coat ;  2.  the  first  heiress  ;  3. 
the  second. 

If  another  single  quartering  is  brought  in,  in  a  later 
generation,  that  takes  the  place  of  No.  4  (Fig.  939). 
So  far  it  is  all  plain  sailing,  but  very  few  text-books  carry 
one  beyond  this  point.  Another  single  quartering  in- 
herited gives  five  quarterings  to  be  displayed  on  one  shield. 
The  usual  plan  is  to  repeat  the  first  quartering,  when  this 
gives  you  six,  which  are  then  arranged  in  two  rows  of  three. 


they  devolve  (according  to  the  pedigree  and  not  necessarily 
according  to  the  date  order  in  which  they  are  inherited) 
must  be  rigidly  adhered  to ;  but  a  person  is  perfectly  at 
liberty  (l)  to  repeat  the  first  quartering  at  the  end  to 
make  an  even  number  or  not  at  his  pleasure,  but  no  more 
than  the  first  quartering  must  be  repeated  in  such  cases  ; 
(2)  to  arrange  the  quarters  in  any  number  of  rows  he 
may  find  most  convenient  according  to  the  shape  of  the 
space  the  quarterings  will  occupy. 


Fig.  936. — Arms  and  Quarterings  of  the  late  Sackville  George  Lane-Fox,  Lord  Darcy  de 
Knayth  and  Conyers  {d.  18S8),  which  have  now  devolved  upon  his  daughters  and 
coheirs,  Marcia,  Countess  of  Yarborough,  Baroness  Fauconberg  and  Conyers,  and 
Violet,  Countess  of  Fowls,  Baroness  Darcy  de  Knayth. 


If  the  shield  be  an  impaled  shield  one  sometimes  sees 
them  arranged  in  three  rows  of  two,  but  this  is  unusual 
though  not  incorrect.  But  five  quarterings  are  sometimes 
arranged  in  two  rows,  three  in  the  upper  and  two  in  the 
lower,  as  in  the  illustration  of  the  arms  of  Lloyd  (Fig.  325). 
and  with  a  shield  of  this  long  pointed  variety  this  plan 
may  be  adopted  with  advantage.  Subsequent  quarterings, 
as  they  are  introduced  by  subsequent  marriages,  take  their 
places,  Nos.  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  and  so  on  ad  infinitum. 

In  arranging  them  on  one  shield,  the  order  in  which 


Upon  the  Continent  it  is  usual  to  specify  the  number 
and  position  of  the  lines  by  which  the  shield  is  divided. 
Thus,  while  an  English  herald  would  say  simply.  Quarterly 
of  six,  and  leave  it  to  the  painter's  or  engraver's  taste  to 
arrange  the  quarterings  in  three  rows  of  two,  or  in  two 
rows  of  three,  a  French  or  German  herald  would  ordi- 
narily specify  the  arrangement  to  be  used  in  distinct 
terms. 

If  a  man  possessing  only  a  simple  coat  of  arms  without 
quarterings  marry   an   heiress  with    a  number  {e.g.   say 


375 


THE   AKT    OF    HERALDRY 


twenty)  of  quarterings,  he  places  the  arms  and  qnarterings 
of  his  wife  in  pretence.  Their  children  eventuall}^  as  a 
conseqaence,  inherit  twenty-one  quarteiings.     The  iirst  is 


Fig.  937.— Arms  of  Fieniies,  Lord  Saye  de  Sele :  Quarterly,  I  and 
4,  azure,  three  lions  rampant  or  { Fiennes) ;  2  and  3,  quarterly 
or  and  gules  (Saye). 


the  coat  of  their  father,  the  second  is  the  first  coat  of  the 
mother,  and  the  remaining  nineteen  follow  in  a  regular 
sequence,  according  to  their  position  upon  their  mother's 
achievement. 

To  sum  the  rule  up,  it  is  necessary  first  to  take  all  the 
qnarterings  inherited  from  the  father  and  arrange  them 


Fig.  93S.— Arms  of  Richard  Fitz  AJan,  Earl  of  Arundel,  son  of 
Edmund  Fitz  Alan  and  Alice  de  Warenne :  Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
gules,  a  lion  rampant  or  (Fitz-Alan) ;  2  and  3,  chequy  or  and 
azure  (Warenne). 


in  a  proper  sequence,  and  then  follow  on  in  the  same 
sequence  with  the  arms  and  quarterings  inherited  from  the 
mother. 

The  foregoing  explanations  should  show  how  generation 
by  generation  quarterings  are  added  to  a  paternal  shield, 
but  I  have  found  that  many  of  those  who  possess  a  know- 


FlG.  939. — Arms  of  Edward  Courtenay,  Earl  of  Devonshire  {d.  1 509) : 
Quarterly,  I.  or,  three  torteaux  (Courtenay) ;  2.  or,  a  lion  rampant 
azure,  armed  and  langued  gules  (Reviers) ;  3.  gules,  a  cross 
patonce  vair  (De  Fortis) ;  4.  per  pale  dexter  chequy  or  and  azure, 
sinister  vert,  over  all  two  bars  argent  (stated  to  be  for  the  Barony 
of  Okebampton,  which  is  highly  improbable). 

ledge  of  the  laws  to  this  extent  are  yet  at  a  loss,  given 
a  pedigree,  to  marshal  the  resulting  quarterings  in  their 
right  order. 

Given  your  pedigree — the  first  quartering  must  be  the 
pronominal  coat  (I  am  here  presuming  no  change  of  name 
or  arms  has  occurred),  which  is  the  coat  of  the  strict  male 
line  of  descent.  Then  follow  this  male  line  back  as  far  as 
it  is  known.  The  second  quartering  is  the  coat  of  the 
first  heiress  who  married  your  earliest  ancestor  in  the 
male  line  who  is   known    to   have  married   an   heiress. 


Then  after  her  coat  will  follow  all  the  quarterings  which 
she  was  entitled  to  and  which  she  has  "  brought  in  "  to 
your  family.  Having  exhausted  these,  you  then  follow 
your  male  line  down  to  the  next  heiress,  adding  her  arms 
as  a  quartering  to  those  already  arranged,  and  following 
it  by  her  quarterings.  The  same  plan  must  be  pursued 
until  you  arrive  at  your  own  name  upon  the  pedigree. 
Unless  some  exceptional  circumstance  has  arisen  (and 
such  exceptions  will  presently  be  found  detailed  at  length), 
all  the  quarterings  are  of  equal  heraldic  value,  and  must 
be  the  same  size  when  displayed. 

If  after  having  worked  out  your  quarterings  you  find 
that  you  have  more  than  you  care  to  use,  you  are  quite  at 
liberty  to  make  a  selection,  omitting  any  number,  hut  it  is 
entirely  wrong  to  display  quarterings  without  those  quar- 
terings which  brought  them  into  the  paternal  line.  Sup- 
posing your  name  to  be  Brown,  you  must  put  the  Brown 
arms  in  the  first  quarter,  but  at  your  pleasure  you  can 
quarter  the  arms  of  each  single  heiress  who  married  an 
ancestor  of  yours  in  the  male  line  {i.e.  who  herself  became 
Mrs.  Brown),  or  you  can  omit  the  whole  or  a  part.  But 
supposing  one  of  these,  Mrs.  Brown  {nie  Smith),  was  en- 
titled to  qnarter  the  arms  of  Jones,  which  arms  of  Jones 
had  brought  in  the  arms  of  Robinson,  you  are  not  at 
liberty  to  quarter  the  arms  of  Jones  without  quartering 
Smith,  and  if  you  wish  to  display  the  arms  of  Robinson 
you  must  also  quarter  the  arms  of  Jones  to  bring  in  Robin- 
son and  the  arms  of  Smith  to  bring  in  Robinson  and  Jones 
to  your  own  Brown  achievement.  You  can  use  Brown 
only  :  or  quarterly,  I  and  4,  Brown  ;  2  and  3,  Smith  :  or 
I  and  4,  Brown  ;  2.  Smith  ;  3.  Jones  :  or  quarterly,  i. 
Brown  ;  2.  Smith  ;  3.  Jones  ;  4.  Robinson  ;  but  you  are 
not  entitled  to  quarter':  i  and  4.  Brown  ;  2.  Jones  ;  3. 
Robinson,  because  Smith,  which  brought  in  Jones  and 
Robinson,  has  been  omitted,  and  there  was  never  a  match 
between  Brown  and  Jones. 

Quarterings  are  not  compulsory,  and  their  use  or  disuse 
is  quite  optional. 

So  much  for  the  general  rules  of  quartering.  Let  ns 
now  consider  certain  oases  which  require  rules  to  them- 
selves. 

It  is  possible  for  a  daughter  to  be  the  sole  heir  or  co- 
heir of  her  mother  whilst  not  being  the  heir  of  her  father, 
as  in  the  following  imaginary  pedigree  :^ 

I  si  wife 
(an  heiress).  ind  vnfe. 
Mart  CosYEns=JoHN  Daiicy= Margaret  Fauconberg. 
I                         I 


Joan  (only  daughter), 
heir  of  her  mother 
but  not  of  her  father. 


Thomas. 


I 
Henry. 


In  this  case  Joan  is  not  the  heir  of  her  father,  inasmuch 
as  he  has  sons  Thomas  and  Henry,  but  she  is  the  heir  of 
her  mother  and  the  only  issue  capable  of  inheriting  and 
transmitting  the  Conyers  arms  and  quarterings.  Joan  is 
heir  of  her  mother  but  not  of  her  father. 

The  husband  of  Joan  can  either  impale  the  arms  of 
Darcy  as  having  married  a  daughter  of  John  Darcy,  or  he 
can  place  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  arms  to  indicate 
that  he  has  married  the  heiress  of  Conyers.  But  it  would 
be  quite  incorrect  for  him  to  simply  place  Conyers  in 
pretence,  because  he  has  not  married  a  Miss  Conyers. 
What  he  must  do  is  to  charge  the  arms  of  Conyers  with 
a  dexter  canton  of  the  arms  of  Darcy  and  place  this  upon 
his  escutcheon  of  pretence.'  The  children  will  quarter  the 
arms  of  Conyers  with  the  canton  of  Darcy  and  inherit 
likewise  all  the  quarterings  to  which  Mary  Conyers  suc- 
ceeded, but  the  Conyers  arms  must  be  always  thereafter 
charged  with  the  arms  of  Darcy  on  a  canton. 


•  Arms  borne  on  a  sinister  canton  suggest  illegitimacy. 


376 


PLATE    CXX. 


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5    P 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  following  curious,  but  quite  genuine  case,  which 
was  pointed  out  to  me  by  Ulster  King  of  Arms,  presents 
a  set  of  circumstances  absolutely  unique,  and  it  still  re- 
mains to  be  decided  what  is  the  correct  method  to  adopt : — 


jst  unfe. 
Lady  Mart,  dau.  and  =  William  St. 
coheir     of     Thomas  I    Lawrence, 
Bermingliani,  Earl  of      2nd  Earl  of 
Louth.  Married  1777,  Howtli. 

died  1793. 


■ind  wife. 

Margaket, 

dau.  of  William 

Burke. 


I  I  I 

Tliree  other  daughters 

and  coheirs  of  their 

mother. 


I  I 

Thomas  St.    Other 
Lawrence,     issue. 
3rd  Earl  of 
Howth. 


Lady  Isabella  St.  Lawrence,  inds 
dau.  and  coheir  of  lier  mother,  but 
not  heir  of  her  father,  therefore 
entitled  to  transmit  the  arms  of 
Bermingham  with  those  of  St. 
Lawrence  on  a  canton.  First  wife 
of  Earl  Annesley.  Married  i  S03, 
died  1S27. 


William    ■■ 
Richard 
Annesley, 
3rd  Earl  of 
Annesley. 


Priscilla, 
2nd  dau.  of 
Hugh  Moore. 


William, 
4th  Earl 
Annesley. 


I 

Hugh, 

5  th  Earl 

Annesley. 


William  John  M'Ghire 
of  Rostrevor. 


Lady  Mart  Annesley,  only  child  = 
and  sole  heir  of  her  mother  and 
sole  heir  of  her  grandmother,  but 
not  heir  of  her  father  or  of  her 
grandfather.  She  is  therefore  en- 
titled to  transmit  the  arms  of  Ber- 
mingham with  St.  Lawrence  on  a 
canton  plus  Annesley  on  a  canton. 
Married  182S. 


How  the  arms  of  Bermingham  are  to  be  charged  with 
both  St.  Lawrence  and  Annesley  remains  to  be  seen.  I 
believe  Ulster  favours  two  separate  cantons,  dexter  and 
sinister  respectively,  but  the  point  has  not  yet  come 
before  him  officially,  and  I  know  of  no  official  decision 
which  affords  a  precedent. 

The  reverse  of  the  foregoing  affords  another  curious 
point  wheij  a  woman  is  the  heir  of  her  father  but  not  the 
heir  of  her  mother  : — 

John  Smith = Mart  Jones. 

\st  liushanA.  \  2-nd  husband. 
John  Williams = Ethel  Smith,  =  Henet  Roberts. 
I  only  child  and  I 
^1           heir.           | 

I  ' 

Alice  Williams,  =  Arthur  Ellis. 
only  child  and  heir 
of  John  Williams. 

Theodore  Ellis, 

who  claims  to  quarter : 

I  and  4,  Ellis  ;  2.  Williams  ;  3.  Smith. 

It  is  officially  admitted  (see  the  introduction  to  Burke's 
"General  Armory")  that  the  claim  is  accurately  made. 
The  process  of  reasoning  is  probably  thus.  John  Williams 
places  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Smith, 
and  Alice  Williams  succeeds  in  her  own  right  to  the  arms 
of  her  mother  because  the  latter  was  an  heiress,  and  for 
herself  is  entitled  to  bear,  as  would  a  son,  the  arms  of  the 
two  parents  quarterly ;  and  having  so  inherited,  Alice 
Williams  being  herself  an  heiress,  is  entitled  to  transmit. 
At  any  rate  Arthur  Ellis  is  entitled  to  impale  or  place 
upon  his  escutcheon  of  pretence  Williams  and  Smith 
quarterly.  To  admit  the  right  for  the  descendants  to 
quarter  the  arms  Arthur  Ellis  so  bore  is  no  more  than  a 
logical  progression,  but  the  eventual  result  appears  faulty, 
because  we  find  Theodore  Ellis  quartering  the  arms  of 
Smith,  whilst  the  representation  of  Smith  is  in  the  line 


Edwaud    Roberts, 
heir  of  his  mother. 

I 
Issue. 


of  Edward  Roberts.  This  curious  set  of  circumstances, 
however,  is  rare  in  the  extreme. 

It  frequently  happens,  in  devising  a  scheme  of  quarter- 
ings,  that  a  person  may  represent  heiresses  of  several 
families  entitled  to  bear  arms,  but  to  whom  the  pedigree 
must  be  traced  through  an  heii'ess  of  another  family  which 
did  not  possess  arms.  Consequently  any  claim  to  quarter- 
ings  inherited  through  the  non-armorial  heiress  is  dormant, 
and  the  quarterings  must  not  be  used  or  inserted  in  any 
scheme  drawn  up.  It  is  always  permissible,  however,  to 
petition  for  arms  to  be  granted  to  be  borne  for  that  non- 
armorial  family  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  the  quarter- 
ings in  question,  and  such  a  grant  having  been  made,  the 
dormant  claim  then  becomes  operative  and  the  new  coat 
is  introduced,  followed  by  the  dormant  quartering  in  pre- 
cisely the  same  manner  as  would  have  been  the  case  if  the 
arms  granted  had  always  existed.  Grants  of  this  char- 
acter are  constantly  being  obtained. 

When  a  Eoyal  Licence  to  assume  or  change  name  and 
arms  is  granted  it  very  considerably  affects  the  question 
of  quartering,  and  many  varying  circumstances  attending 
these  Royal  Licences  make  the  matter  somewhat  intricate. 
If  the  Royal  Licence  is  to  assume  a  name  and  arms  in  lieu 
of  those  previously  used,  this  means  that  for  everyday  use 
the  arms  are  chanf/ed,  the  right  to  the  old  arms  lapsing  ex- 
cept for  the  purpose  of  a  scheme  of  quarterings.  The  new 
coat  of  arms  under  the  terms  of  the  Royal  Licence,  which 
requires  it  first  "to  be  exemplified  in  our  Royal  College  of 
Arms,  otherwise  this  our  Royal  Licence  to  be  void  and  of 
none  effect,"  is  always  exemplified,  this  exemplification 
being  from  the  legal  point  of  view  equivalent  to  a  new  grant 
of  the  arms  to  the  person  assuming  them.  The  terms  of  the 
Royal  Licence  have  always  carefully  to  be  borne  in  mind, 
particularly  in  the  matter  of  remainder,  because  frequently 
these  exemplifications  are  for  a  limited  period  or  intended 
to  devolve  with  specified  property,  and  a  Royal  Licence 
only  nullifies  a  prior  right  to  arms  to  the  extent  of  the 
terms  recited  in  the  Letters  Patent  of  exemplification. 
In  the  ordinary  way,  however,  such  an  exemplification  is 
equivalent  to  a  new  grant  affecting  all  the  descendants. 
When  it  is  assumed  in  lieu,  for  the  ordinary  purpose  of 
use  the  new  coat  of  arms  takes  the  place  of  the  old  one, 
but  the  right  to  the  old  one  remains  in  theory  to  a  certain 
extent,  inasmuch  as  its  existence  is  necessary  in  any  scheme 
of  quartering  to  bring  in  any  quarterings  previously  in- 
herited, and  these  cannot  be  displayed  with  the  new  coat 
unless  they  are  preceded  by  the  old  one.  Quarterings, 
however,  which  are  brought  into  the  family  through  a 
marriage  in  the  generation  in  which  the  Royal  Licence  is 
obtained,  or  in  a  subsequent  generation,  can  be  displayed 
with  the  new  coat  without  the  interposition  of  the  old  one. 

If  the  Royal  Licence  be  to  bear  the  name  of  a  certain 
family  in  lieu  of  a  present  name,  and  to  bear  the  arms 
of  that  family  quarterly  with  the  arms  previously  borne, 
the  quarterly  coat  is  then  exemplified.  In  an  English  or 
Irish  Royal  Licence  the  coat  of  arms  for  the  name  assumed 
is  placed  in  the  first  and  the  fourth  quarters,  and  the  old 
paternal  arms  figure  in  the  second  and  third.  This  is 
an  invariable  rule.  The  quarterly  coat  thus  exemplified 
becomes  an  indivisible  coat  for  the  new  name,  and  it  is 
not  permissible  to  subsequently  divide  these  quarterings. 
They  become  as  much  one  coat  of  arms  as  "  azure,  a  bend 
or"  is  the  coat  of  arms  of  Scrope.  If  this  quarterly  coat  is 
to  be  introduced  in  any  scheme  of  quarterings  it  will  only 
occupy  the  same  space  as  any  other  single  quartering  and 
counts  only  as  one,  though  it  of  course  is  in  reality  a 
grand  quartering.  In  devising  a  scheme  of  quarterings 
for  which  a  sub-quarterly  coat  of  this  character  exempli- 
fied under  a  Royal  Licence  is  the  pronominal  coat,  that 
sub-quarterly  coat  is  placed  in  the  first  quarter  (Fig.  935)- 
Next  to  it  is  placed  the  original  coat  of  arms  borne  as  the 
pronominal  coat  before  the  Royal  Licence  and  exemplified 


377 


3b 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  the  second  and  third  sub-quarters  of  the  first  quarter. 
When  here  repeated  it  occupies  an  entire  quarter.  Next  to 
it  are  placed  the  whole  of  the  quarterings  belonging  to  the 
family  in  the  order  in  which  they  occur.  If  the  family  whose 
name  has  been  assumed  is  represented  through  an  heiress 
that  coat  of  arms  is  also  repeated  in  its  proper  position  and 
in  that  place  in  which  it  would  have  appeared  if  unaffected 
by  the  Koyal  Licence.  But  if  it  be  the  coat  of  arms  of  a 
family  from  whom  there  is  no  descent,  or  of  whom  there  is 
no  representation,  the  fact  of  the  Royal  Licence  does  not 
give  any  further  right  to  quarter  it  beyond  its  appearance 
in  the  pronominal  grand  quartering.  The  exact  state  of 
the  case  is  perhaps  best  illustrated  by  the  arms  of  Reid- 
Cuddon.  The  name  of  the  family  was  originally  Reid, 
and  representing  an  heiress  of  the  Cuddons  of  Shadding- 
field  Hall  they  obtained  a  Royal  Licence  to  take  the  name 
and  arms  of  Uuddon  in  addition  to  the  name  and  arms 
of  Eeid,  becoming  thereafter  Reid-Cuddon.  The  arms 
were  exemplified  in  due  course,  and  the  achievement  then 
became:  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  Reid-Cuddon  sub-quarterly, 
2.  the  arms  of  Reed,  3.  the  arms  of  Cuddon.  In  Scotland 
no  such  thing  as  a  Royal  Licence  exists,  the  matter  being 
determined  merely  by  a  rematriculation  following  upon  a 
voluntary  change  of  name.  There  is  no  specified  order  or 
position  for  the  arms  of  the  different  names,  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  various  quarterings  is  left  to  be 
determined  by  the  circumstances  of  the  case.  Thus  in 
the  arms  of  Anstruther-Dnncan  the  arms  of  Anstruther 
are  in  the  first  quarter  (Fig.  147),  and  the  matter  is 
always  largely  governed  by  the  importance  of  the  re- 
spective estates  and  the  respective  families.  In  England 
this  is  not  the  case,  because  it  is  an  unalterable  rule  that 
the  arms  of  the  last  or  principal  surname  if  there  be  two, 
or  the  arms  of  the  one  surname  if  that  be  the  case  when 
the  arms  of  two  families  are  quartered,  must  always  go 
in  the  ist  and.  4th  quarters.  If  three  names  are  assumed 
by  Royal  Licence,  the  arms  of  the  last  name  go  in  the  ist 
and  4th  quarters,  and  the  last  name  but  one  in  the  second 
quarter,  and  of  the  first  name  in  the  third  (Figs.  684  and 
686).  These  cases  are,  however,  rare.  But  no  matter 
how  many  names  are  assumed,  and  no  matter  how  many 
original  coats  of  arms  the  shield  as  exemplified  consists 
of,  it  thereafter  becomes  an  indivisible  coat. 

When  a  Royal  Licence  is  issued  to  an  illegitimate 
person  to  bear  the  name  and  arms  of  another  family,  no 
right  is  conferred  to  bear  the  quarterings  of  that  family 
even  subject  to  difference  marks.  The  Royal  Licence  is 
only  applicable  to  whatever  arms  were  the  pronominal 
coat  used  with  the  name  assumed.  Though  instances 
certainly  can  be  found  in  some  of  the  Visitation  Books 
and  other  ancient  records  of  a  coat  with  quarterings,  the 
whole  debruised  by  a  bendlet  sinister,  notably  in  the  case 
of  a  family  of  Talbot,  where  eight  quarters  are  so  marked, 
the  fact  remains  that  this  practice  has  long  been  de- 
finitely considered  incorrect,  and  is  now  never  per- 
mitted. If  a  Royal  Licence  is  issued  to  an  illegitimate 
woman  the  exemplification  is  to  herself  personally,  for  in 
the  eyes  of  the  law  she  has  no  relatives ;  and  though  she 
may  be  one  of  a  large  family,  her  descendants  are  entitled 
to  quarter  the  arms  with  the  marks  of  distinction  exempli- 
fied to  her  because  such  quartering  merely  indicates  the 
representation  of  that  one  woman,  who  in  the  eyes  of  the 
law  stands  alone  and  without  relatives.  In  the  case  of  a 
Royal  Licence  to  take  a  name  and  arms  subject  to  these 
marks  of  distinction  for  illegitimacy,  and  in  cases  where 
the  arms  to  be  assumed  are  a  sub-quarterly  coat,  the  mark 
of  distinction,  which  in  England  is  now  invariably  a  bor- 
dure  wavy,  will  surround  both  quarterings,  which  remain 
an  indivisible  coat.  If  an  augmentation  is  granted  to 
a  person  whose  pronominal  coat  is  sub-quarterly,  that 
augmentation,  whatever  form  it  may  assume,  is  super- 
imposed upon  all  quarterings.     Thus  a  chief  of  augmenta- 


tion would  go  across  the  top  of  the  shield,  the  four 
quarters  being  displayed  below,  and  the  whole  of  this 
shield  would  be  only  one  quartering  in  any  scheme  of 
quartering.  An  inescutcheon  is  superimposed  over  all. 
If  the  augmentation  take  the  form  of  a  quartering,  tlien 
the  pronominal  coat  is  a  grand  quartering,  equivalent  in 
size  to  the  augmentation.  If  a  person  entitled  to  a  sub- 
quarterly  coat  and  a  double  name  obtains  a  Royal  Licence 
to  bear  another  name  and  arms,  and  to  bear  the  arms  he 
has  previously  borne  quarterly  with  those  he  has  assumed, 
the  result  would  be:  Quarterly,  .1  and  4,  the  new  coat 
assumed,  quarterly  2  and  3,  the  arms  he  has  previously 
borne  sub-quarterly.  But  it  should  be  noticed  that  the 
arrangements  of  coats  of  arms  under  a  Royal  Licence 
largely  depends  upon  the  wording  of  the  document  by 
which  authority  is  given  by  the  Sovereign.  The  wording 
of  the  document  in  its  terms  is  based  upon  the  wording  of 
the  petition,  and  within  reasonable  limits  any  arrange- 
ment which  is  desired  is  usually  permitted,  so  that  care 
should  be  taken  as  to  the  wording  of  the  petition. 

A  quartering  of  augmentation  is  always  placed  in  the 
first  quarter  of  a  shield,  but  it  becomes  indivisible  from 
and  is  depicted  sub-quarterly  with  the  paternal  arms;  for 
instance,  the  Duke  of  Westminster  bears  as  an  augmenta- 
tion the  arms  of  the  city  of  Westminster  in  the  ist  and 
4th  quarters  of  his  shield,  and  the  arms  of  Grosvenor 
in  the  2nd  and  3rd,  but  this  coat  of  Westminster  and 
Grosvenor  is  an  indivisible  sub-quarterly  coat  which  to- 
gether would  only  occupy  the  first  quarter  in  a  shield  of 
quarterings.  Then  the  second  one  would  be  the  arms  of 
Grosvenor  alone,  which  would  be  followed  by  the  quar- 
terings previously  inherited. 

If  under  a  Royal  Licence  a  name  is  assumed  and  the 
Royal  Licence  makes  no  reference  to  the  arms  of  the 
family,  the  arms  for  all  purposes  remain  unchanged  and 
as  if  no  Royal  Licence  had  ever  been  issued.  If  the 
Royal  Licence  issued  to  a  family  simply  exemplifies  a 
single  coat  of  arms,  it  is  quite  wrong  to  introduce  any 
other  coat  of  arms  to  convert  this  single  coat  into  a  sub- 
quarterly  one. 

To  all  intents  and  purposes  it  may  be  stated  that  in 
Scotland  there  are  only  four  quarters  in  a  shield,  and  if 
more  than  four  coats  are  introduced  grand  quarterings 
are  employed.  Grand  quarterings  are  very  frequent  in 
Scottish  armory.  The  Scottish  rules  of  quartering  follow 
no  fixed  principle,  and  the  constant  rematrioulations  make 
it  impossible  to  deduce  exact  rules ;  and  though  roughly 
approximating  to  the  English  ones,  no  greater  generalisa- 
tion can  be  laid  down  than  the  assertion  that  the  most 
recent  matriculation  of  an  ancestor  governs  the  arms  and 
quartering  to  be  displayed. 

A  royal  quartering  is  never  subdivided. 

In  combining  Scottish  and  English  coats  of  arms  into 
one  scheme  of  quartering,  it  is  usual  if  possible  to  treat 
the  coat  of  arms  as  matriculated  in  Scotland  as  a  grand 
quartering  equivalent  in  value  to  any  other  of  the  English 
quarterings  (Fig.  684).  This,  however,  is  not  always 
possible  in  cases  where  the  matriculation  itself  creates 
grand  quarterings  and  sub-quarterings  ;  and  for  a  scheme 
of  quarterings  in  such  a  case  it  is  more  usual  for  the 
Scottish  matriculation  to  be  divided  up  into  its  com- 
ponent parts,  and  for  these  to  be  used  as  simple  quar- 
terings in  succession  to  the  English  ones,  regardless  of 
any  bordure  which  may  exist  in  the  Scottish  matricula- 
tion. It  cannot,  of  course,  be  said  that  such  a  practice  is 
beyond  criticism,  though  it  frequently  remains  the  only 
practical  way  of  solving  the  difficulty. 

Until  comparatively  recent  times,  if  amongst  quarter- 
ings inherited  the  Royal  Arms  were  included,  it  was  con- 
sidered a  fixed,  unalterable  rule  that  these  should  be 
placed  in  the  first  quarter,  taking  precedence  of  the 
pronominal  coat,  irrespective  of  their  real  position  accord- 


378 


PLATE   CXXI. 


Drapers'  Company. 


Bank  of  Scotland. 


Institute  of  Chartered  Accountants. 


Mercers'  Company. 


Goldsmiths'  Company. 


COATS  OF  ARMS  OF  TRADE  CORPORATIONS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ing  to  the  date  or  pedigree  place  of  introduction.  This 
rule,  however,  has  long  since  been  superseded,  and  Royal 
quarterings  now  take  their  position  on  the  same  footing 
as  the  others.  It  very  probably  arose  from  the  mis- 
conception of  the  facts  concerning  an  important  case 
which  doubtless  was  considered  a  precedent.  The 
family  of  Mowbray,  after  their  marriage  with  the  heiress 
of  Thomas  de  Brotherton,  used  either  the  arms  of 
Brotherton  alone  (Figs.  878,  879,  880,  and  881),  these 
being  England  differenced  by  a  label,  ov  else  placed 
them  in  the  first  quarter  of  their  shield.  Consequently 
from  this  precedent  a  rule  was  deduced  that  it  was  per- 
missible and  correct  to  give  a  Eoyal  quartering  precedence 
over  all  others.  The  position  of  the  Mowbrays,  Dukes  of 
Norfolk,  as  Earls  Marshal  no  doubt  led  to  their  own 
achievement  being  considered  an  exemplary  model.  But 
it  appears  to  have  been  overlooked  that  the  Mowbrays 
bore  these  Eoyal  Arms  of  Brotherton  not  as  an  inherited 
quartering  but  as  a  grant  to  themselves.  Richard  II. 
apparently  granted  them  permission  to  bear  the  arms 
of  Edward  the  Confessor  impaled  with  the  arms  of 
Brotherton,  the  whole  between  the  two  Royal  ostrich 
feathers  (Eig.  823),  and  consequently,  the  grant  having 
been  made,  the  Mowbrays  were  under  no  necessity  to 
display  the  Mowbray  or  the  Segrave  arms  to  bring  in  the 
arms  of  Brotherton.  A  little  later  a  similar  case  occurred 
with  the  Stafford  family,  who  became  sole  heirs-general  of 
Thomas  of  Woodstock,  and  consequently  entitled  to  bear 
his  arms  as  a  quartering.  The  matter  appears  to  have 
been  settled  at  a  chapter  of  the  College  of  Arms,  and  the 
decision  arrived  at  was  as  follows  : — 

Cott.  MS.,  Titus,  C.  i.fol.  404,  in  handivritmg  of  end 
of  sixteenth  century. 

[An  order  made  for  Henry  Duke  of  Buckingham  to  heaie 
the  Armes  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock  alone  without 
any  other  Armes  to  bee  quartered  therewith. 
Anno  13  E  4.] 

Memorandum  that  in  the  yeare  of  the  Reigne  of  our  Soveraign 
Lord  King  Edward  the  iiij"",  the  Thuvtein  in  the  xviij''" 
day  of  ffeverir,  it  was  concluded  in  a  Chapitre  of  the 
office  of  Armes  that  where  a  nobleman  is  descended 
lenyalle  Ineritable  to  iij.  or  iiij.  Cotes  and  afterward  is 
ascended  to  a  Cotte  neir  to  the  King  and  of  his  royall 
bloud,  may  for  his  most  onneur  here  the  same  Cootte 
alone,  and  none  lower  Coottes  of  Dignite  to  be  quartered 
therewith.  As  my  Lord  Henry  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
Eirll  of  Harford,  Northamton,  and  Stafford,  Lord  of 
Breknoke  and  of  Holdernes,  is  assended  to  the  Coottes 
and  ayer  to  Thomas  of  Woodstoke,  Duke  of  Glocestre  and 
Sonne  to  King  Edward  the  third,  hee  may  beire  his  Cootte 
alone.  And  it  was  so  Concluded  by  [Claurancieulx  King 
of  Armes,  Marclie  King  of  Armes,  Gyen  King  of  Armes, 
Windesor  Herauld,  Fawcon  Herauld,  Harfford  Herald]. 

But  I  imagine  that  this  decision  was  in  all  probability 
founded  upon  the  case  of  the  Mowbrays,  which  was  not 
in  itself  an  exact  precedent,  because  with  the  Staffords 
there  appears  to  have  been  no  such  Royal  grant  as  existed 
with  the  Mowbrays.  Other  instances  at  about  this  period 
can  be  alluded  to,  but  though  it  must  be  admitted  that 
the  rule  existed  at  one  time,  it  has  long  since  been 
officially  over-ridden. 

A  territorial  coat  or  a  coat  of  arms  borne  to  indicate 
the  possession  of  a  specific  title  is  either  placed  in  the 
first  quarter  or  borne  in  pretence ;  see  the  arms  of  the 
Earl  of  Mar  and  Kellie  (Fig.  813).  A  singular  instance 
of  a  very  exceptional  method  of  marshalling  occurs  in 
the  case  of  the  arms  of  the  Earl  of  Caithness.  He  bears 
four  coats  of  arms,  some  being  stated  to  be  territorial 
coats,  quarterly,  dividing  them  by  the  cross  engrailed 
sable  from  his  paternal  arms  of  Sinclair.  The  arms  of 
the  Earls  of  Caithness  are  thus  marshalled :  "  Quarterly, 


I.  azure,  within  a  Royal  tressure  a  ship  with  furled  sails 
all  or."  Orkney  :  "  2  and  3,  or,  a  lion  rampant  gules." 
Spar  (a  family  in  possession  of  the  Earldom  of  Caithness 
before  the  Sinclairs) :  "  4.  Azure,  a  ship  in  sail  or, 
Caithness";  and  over  all,  dividing  the  quarters,  a  cross 
engrailed  "  sable,"  for  Sinclair.  The  Barons  Sinclair  of 
Sweden  (so  created  1766,  but  extinct  ten  years  later) 
bore  the  above  quartered  coats  as  cadets  of  Caithness, 
but  separated  the  quarters,  not  by  the  engrailed  ci'oss 
sable  of  Sinclair,  but  by  a  cross  patee  throughout  ermine. 
In  an  escutcheon  en  surtout  they  placed  the  Sinclair  arms  : 
"Argent,  a  cross  engrailed  sable";  and,  as  a  mark  of 
cadency,  they  surrounded  the  main  escutcheon  with  "  a 
boi'dure  chequy  or  and  gules."  This  arrangement  was 
doubtless  suggested  by  the  Eoyal  Arms  of  Denmark,  the 
quarterings  of  which  have  been  for  many  centuries  sepa- 
rated by  the  cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Dannebrog: 
"  Argent,  a  cross  patee  throughout  fimbriated  gules."  In 
imitation  of  this  a  considerable  number  of  the  principal 
Scandinavian  families  use  a  cross  patee  throughout  to 
separate  the  quarters  of  their  frequently  complicated 
coats.  The  quarterings  in  these  are  often  not  indicative 
of  descent,  but  were  all  included  in  the  original  grant  of 
armorial  bearings.  On  the  centre  of  the  cross  thus  used, 
an  escutcheon,  either  of  augmentation  or  of  the  family 
arms,  is  placed  cji  surlov.t. 

The  main  difference  between  British  and  foreign  usage 
with  regard  to  quartering  is  this,  that  in  England  quarter- 
ings are  usually  employed  to  denote  simply  descent  from 
an  heiress,  or  representation  in  blood  ;  in  Scotland  they 
also  implied  the  possession  of  lordships.  In  foreign  coats 
the  quarterings  are  often  employed  to  denote  the  possession 
of  fiefs  acquired  in  other  ways  than  by  marriage  (e.g.  by 
bequest  or  purchase),  or  the  jus  expectationis,  the  right 
of  succession  to  such  fiefs  in  accordance  with  certain 
agreements. 

In  foreign  heraldry  the  base  of  the  quartered  shield  is 
not  unfrequently  cut  off  by  a  horizontal  line,  forming 
what  is  known  as  a  Champagne,  and  the  space  thus  made 
is  occupied  by  one  or  more  coats.  At  other  times  a  pile 
with  curved  sides  runs  from  the  base  some  distance  into 
the  quartered  shield,  which  is  then  said  to  be  ente  en 
point,  and  this  space  is  devoted  to  the  display  of  one  or 
more  quarterings.  The  definite  and  precise  British  regu- 
lations which  have  grown  up  on  the  subject  of  the  mar- 
shalling of  arms  have  no  equivalent  in  the  armorial  laws 
of  other  countries. 

Very  rarely  quartering  is  affected  per  saltire,  as  in  the 
arms  of  Sicily  and  in  a  few  other  coats  of  Spanish  origin, 
but  even  as  regards  foreign  armory  the  practice  is  so  rare 
that  it  may  be  disregarded. 

The  laws  of  marshalling  upon  the  Continent,  and  par- 
ticularly in  Germany,  are  very  far  from  being  identical 
with  British  heraldic  practices. 

The  British  method  of  impaling  two  coats  of  arms 
upon  one  shield  to  signify  marriage  is  now  wholly  dis- 
carded, and  two  shields  are  invariably  made  use  of. 
These  shields  are  placed  side  by  side,  the  dexter  shield 
being  used  to  display  the  man's  arms  and  the  sinister 
those  of  the  woman's  family.  The  shields  are  tilted 
towards  each  other  (the  position  is  not  quite  identical 
with  that  which  we  term  accolle).  But — and  this  is  a 
peculiarity  practically  unknown  in  England — the  German 
practice  invariably  reverses  the  charges  upon  the  dexter 
shield,  so  that  the  charges  upon  the  two  shields  "  respect " 
each  other.  This  perhaps  can  be  most  readily  understood 
by  reference  to  Figs.  940  and  941.  The  former  shows 
the  simple  arras  of  Von  Bibelspurg,  the  latter  the  same 
coat  allied  with  another.  Other  examples  of  this  practice 
will  be  seen  on  Plate  CXLIX.  But  it  should  be  noted 
that  letters  or  words,  if  they  appear  as  charges  upon  the 
shield,  are  not  reversed.     This  reversing  of  the  charges  is 


379 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


by  no   means   an   uncommon   practice   in  Germany  for 
other  purposes.     For  instance,  if  the  arms  of  a  State  are 


Fig.  940. — Arms  of 
Hans  Wolf  von 
Bibelspurg. 


Fig.  941. — Arms  of  Hans  Wolf  von  Bibels- 
purg and  bis  wife  Catherina  Waraus, 
married  in  1507  at  Augsburg. 


depicted  surrounded  by  the  arms  of  provinces,  or  if  the 
arms  of  a  reigning  Sovereign  are  grouped  within  a 
bordure  of  the  shields  of  other  people,  the  charges  on  the 
shields  to  the  dexter  are  almost  invariably  shown  in 
reflection  regarding  the  shield  in  the  centre.  This  prac- 
tice, resting  only  on  what  may  be  termed  "  heraldic 
courtesy,"  dates  back  to  very  early  times,  and  is  met  with 
even  in  Rolls  of  Arms  where  the  shields  are  all  turned  to 
face  the  centre.  Such  a  system  was  adopted  in  Sieb- 
macher's  "  Book  of  Arms."  But  what  the  true  position  of 
the  charges  should  be  when  represented  upon  a  simple 
shield  should  be  determined  by  the  position  of  the  helmet. 
It  may  be  of  interest  to  state  that  in  St.  George's  Chapel 
at  Windsor  the  early  Stall  plates  as  originally  set  up  were 
all  disposed  so  that  helmets  and  charges  alike  faced  the 
High  Altar. 

The  conjunction  of  three  coats  of  arms  in  Germany  is 
effected  as  shown  in  Fig.  942.  Although  matrimonial 
alliance  does  not  in  Germany  entail  the  conjunction  of 
different  coats  of  arms  on  one  shield,  such  conjunction  does 
occur  in  German  heraldry,  but  it  is  comparable  (in  its 
meaning)  with  our  rules  of  quartering  and  not  with  onr 
rules  of  impalement.  No  such  exact  and  definite  rules 
exist  in  that  country  as  are  to  be  met  with  in  our  own  to 
determine  the  choice  of  a  method  of  conjunction,  nor  to 
indicate  the  significance  to  be  presumed  from  whatever 
method  may  be  found  in  use.  Personal  selection  and  the 
adaptability  to  any  particular  method  of  the  tinctures  and 
the  charges  themselves  of  the  coats  to  be  conjoined  seem 
to  be  the  determining  factors,  and  the  existing  territorial 
attributes  of  German  armory  have  a  greater  weight  in 


Fig.  942. 


Fig.  944. — ^Arms  of  Loschau 
or  Lesaw,  of  Augsburg. 


v^ 


Fig.  943. 


FIG.  945. 


some  of  the  various  modes  of  conjunction  which  have  been 
or  are  still  practised.  These  include  impalement  per  pale 
or  per  fess  (Fig.  943)  and  dimidiation  (Fig.  944),  which 
is  more  usual  on  the  Continent  than  in  these  kingdoms. 
The  subdivision  of  the  field,  as  with  ourselves,  is  most 
frequently  adopted;  though  we  are  usually  confined  to 
quartering,  German  armory  knows  no  such  restrictions. 
The  most  usual  subdivisions  are  as  given  in  Fig.  945. 
The  ordinary  quartered  shield  is  met  with  in  Fig.  946, 


marshalling  than  the  principle  of  heirship  which  is  prac- 
tically the  sole  governing  factor  in  British  heraldry.  One 
must  therefore  content  oneself  with  a  brief   recital  of 


Fig.  946. — Arms  of  the  Elector  and  Archbishop  of  Treves. 

which  represents  the  arms  of  James  III.,  Von  Eltz, 
Elector  and  Archbishop  of  Treves  (1567-1581),  in  which 
his  personal  arms  of  Eltz  ("  Per  fess  gules  and  argent,  in 
chief  a  demi-lion  issuing  or ")  are  quartered  with  the 
impersonal  arms  of  his  archbishopric,  "  Argent,  a  cross 
gules."  Another  method  of  conjunction  is  superimposi- 
tion,  by  which  the  design  of  the  one  shield  takes  the  form 
of  an  ordinary  imposed  upon  the  other  (Fig.  947).  _  A 
curious  method  of  conjoining  three  coats  is  by  engrafting 
the  third  in  base  (Fig.  948).  The  constant  use  of  the 
inescutcheon  has  been  already  referred  to,  and  even  early 
English  armory  (Figs.  76  and  303)  has  examples  of  the 
widespread  Continental  practice  (which  obtains  largely  in 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  heraldry)  of  surrounding  one 
coat  with  a  bordure  of  another. 

The  German  method  of  conjunction  by  incorporation 
has  been  frequently  pleaded  in  British  heraldry,  in  efforts 
to  account  for  ancient  arms,  but  with  us  (save  for 
occasional  use  for  cadency  differencing  at  an  early  and  for 
a  limited  period)  such  incorporation  only  results  in  and 
signifies  an  originally  new  coat,  and  not  an  authorised 
marshalling  of  existing  arms  of  prior  origin  and  authority. 
The  German  method  can  best  be  explained  by  two  ex- 


FIG.  947 


Fig.  94S. 

amples.  Let  us  suppose  a  coat  "  per  fess  argent  and  gules," 
with  which  another  coat  "gules,  a  fleur-de-lis  argent," 
is  to  be  marshalled.  The  result  would  be  "  per  fess  argent 
and  gules,  a  fleur-de-lis  counterchanged."  With  smaller 
objects  a  more  usual  method  would  duplicate  the  charges, 
thus  "  per  bend  argent  and  azure,"  and  "  argent,  a  star 
of  six  points  azure  "  would  result  in  "  per  bend  argent 
and  azure,  two  stars  of  six  points  counterchanged"  (Fig. 
949).  A.  C.  F-D.  AND  H.  S. 


380 


PLATE   CXXII. 


Frinted  m  :5iiitt^iirl. 


ARMS    OF    SOCIETIES   AND    CORPORATIONS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER     XXXVIII 


THE    ARMORIAL    INSIGNIA    OF    KNIGHTHOOD 


IT  hardly  falls  within  the  scope  of  the  present  work 
to  detail  or  discuss  the  various  points  concerning 
the  history  or  statutes  of  the  different  British 
Orders  of  Knighthood,  and  still  less  so  of  the  Foreign 
Orders.  The  history  of  the  English  Orders  alone  would 
make  a  bulky  volume.  But  it  is  necessary  to  treat  of 
the  matter  to  some  limited  extent,  inasmuch  as  in  modern 
heraldry  in  every  country  in  Europe  additions  are  made 
to  the  armorial  achievement  whenever  it  is  desired  to 
signify  rank  in  any  of  the  orders  of  knighthood. 

Though  a  large  number  of  the  early  Plantagenet  Garter 
Stall-plates  date  as  far  back  as  the  year  1420,  it  is  evident 
that  nothing  in  the  armorial  bearings  with  which  they  are 
emblazoned  bears  any  relation  to  the  order  of  knighthood 
to  which  they  belonged  until  the  year  1469  or  thereabouts, 
when  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  was  elected 
a  Knight  of  the  Garter.  His  Stall  plate,  which  is  of  a 
very  exceptional  style  and  character,  is  the  first  to  bear 
the  garter  encircling  the  shield.  It  is  curious  to  notice, 
by  the  way,  that  upon  the  privy  seal  of  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  which  shows  the  same  arms  depicted  upon 
his  Garter  plate,  the  shield  is  surrounded  by  the  collar, 
from  which  depends  the  badge  of  the  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece,  so  that  it  is  highly  probable  that  the 
custom  of  adding  marks  of  knighthood  to  a  shield  came 
to  us  from  the  Continent.  The  next  Garter  plate,  which 
shows  the  garter  around  the  shield,  is  that  of  Viscount 
Lovel,  who  was  elected  in  1483  ;  and  the  shield  of  the 
Earl  of  Derby,  who  was  elected  in  the  same  year,  also  is 
encircled  by  the  garter.  The  Garter  itself  encircling  the 
shields  of  knights  of  that  order  remained  the  only  mark 
of  knighthood  used  armorially  in  this  country  for  a  con- 
siderable period,  though  we  find  that  the  example  was 
copied  in  Scotland  soon  afterwards  with  regard  to  the 
Order  of  the  Thistle.  At  the  commencement  of  the  pre- 
sent Lyon  Register,  which  dates  from  the  year  1672,  the 
arms  of  the  King  of  Scotland,  which  are  given  as  such 
and  not  as  the  King  of  England  and  Scotland,  are  de- 
scribed as  encircled  by  the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the 
Thistle.  This  probably  was  used  as  the  equivalent  of 
the  garter  in  England,  for  we  do  not  find  the  collar  of  the 
Garter,  together  with  the  garter  itself  or  the  ribbon  circle 
of  the  Thistle,  together  with  the  collar  of  that  order,  until 
a  much  later  period.  The  use  of  collars  of  knighthood 
upon  the  Continent  to  encircle  coats  of  arms  has  been  from 
the  fifteenth  century  very  general  and  extensive  ;  examples 
are  to  be  found  at  an  earlier  date  ;  but  the  encircling  of 
arms  with  the  garter  carrying  the  motto  of  the  order,  or 
with  the  ribbon  (which  is  termed  the  circle)  and  motto  of 
any  other  order  is  an  entirely  English  practice,  which  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  copied  in  any  other  country.  It, 
of  course,  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  actual  garter  as 
worn  by  the  knight  of  the  order  carried  the  motto, 
and  that  by  representing  the  garter  round  the  shield, 
the  motto  of  the  order  was  of  necessity  also  added. 
The  Lyon  Eegister,  however,  in  the  entry  of  record 
(dated  1672),  states  that  the  shield  is  "encircled  with 
the  Order  of  Scotland,  the  same  being  composed  of 
rue  and  thistles  having  the  image  of  St.  Andrew  with 
his  Crosse  on  his  brest  y'unto  pendent,"  and  it  is  by 
no  means  improbable  that  occasional  instances  of  the 
heraldic  use  of  the  collar  of  the  garter  might  be  dis- 
covered  at   the    same   period.     But  it  is  not   until   the 


later  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  that  it  obtained 
anything  like  a  regular  use. 

During  the  Hanoverian  period  it  became  customary  to 
encircle  the  shield  first  with  the  garter,  and  that  in  its 
turn  with  the  collar  of  the  order  whenever  it  was  desired 
to  display  the  achievement  in  its  most  complete  style ; 
and  though  even  then  and  at  the  present  day  for  less 
elaborate  representations  the  garter  only  was  used  without 
the  collar,  it  still  remains  correct  to  display  both  in  a  full 
emblazonment  of  the  arms.  An  impetus  to  the  practice 
was  doubtless  given  by  the  subdivision  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath,  which  will  be  presently  referred  to.  An 
example  of  this  will  be  found  in  Figs.  809  and  54, 
which  respectively  represent  the  arms  of  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  K.G.,  and  the  late  Duke  of  Argyll,  K.G.,  K.T. 
Pendent  from  the  collar,  it  will  be  noticed,  hangs 
the  badge  of  the  order  which  is  known  as  the  Greater 
George.  In  speaking  of  the  garter,  the  opportunity 
should  be  taken  to  protest  strongly  against  the  objec- 
tionable practice  which  has  arisen  of  using  a  garter  to 
encircle  a  crest  or  shield  and  to  carry  the  family  motto. 
No  matter  what  motto  is  placed  upon  the  garter,  it  is  both 
bad  form  and  absolutely  incorrect  for  any  one  who  is  not 
a  Knight  of  the  Garter  to  use  a  garter  in  any  heraldic 
display. 

But  to  tabulate  the  existing  practice  the  present  rules 
as  to  the  display  of  the  arms  of  knights  of  the  different 
orders  are  as  follows  : — 

A  Knight  of  the  Garter  encircles  his  escutcheon  by  a 
representation  of  the  garter  he  wears.  This  is  a  belt  of 
dark  blue  velvet  edged  with  gold  and  ornamented  with  a 
heavy  gold  buckle  and  ornament  at  the  end.  It  carries 
the  motto  of  the  Order,  "  Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense,"  in 
gold  letters  of  plain  Roman  character.  Anciently  the 
motto  was  spelled  "  Hony  soit  qy  mal  y  pense,"  as  may 
be  noticed  from  some  of  the  early  Garter  plates,  and 
the  style  of  the  letter  was  what  is  now  known  as  "  Old 
English."  The-garter  is  worn  buckled,  with  the  end 
tucked  under  and  looped  in  a  specified  manner,  which  is 
the  method  also  adopted  in  heraldic  representations  (Fig. 
809).  It  is  quite  permissible  to  use  the  garter  alone,  but 
a  Knight  of  the  Order  is  allowed  to  add  outside  the  garter 
the  representation  of  the  collar  of  the  order,  as  represented 
in  Fig.  809.  This  is  of  gold,  consisting  of  twenty-six 
buckled  garters  enamelled  in  the  correct  colour,  each  sur- 
rounding a  rose,  the  garter  alternated  with  gold  knots  all 
joined  up  by  chain  links  of  gold.  From  the  collar  depends 
the  "George,"  or  figure  of  St.  George  on  horseback  en- 
countering the  dragon,  enamelled  in  colours.  In  heraldic 
representations  it  is  usual  to  ignore  the  specified  number 
of  links  in  the  collar.  A  Knight  of  the  Garter  as  such  is 
entitled  to  claim  the  privilege  of  a  grant  of  supporters, 
but  as  nowadays  the  order  is  reserved  for  those  of  the 
rank  of  earl  and  upwards,  supporters  will  always  have  a 
prior  existence  in  connection  with  the  peerage. 

Knights  of  the  Thistle  are  entitled  to  surround  their 
arms  with  a  plain  circle  of  green  edged  with  gold  and 
bearing  the  motto  in  gold  letters,  "  Nemo  me  impune 
lacessit."  They  are  also  entitled  to  surround  their  arms 
with  the  collar  of  the  order,  which  is  of  gold,  and  com- 
posed of  sprigs  of  thistle  and  rue  (Andrew)  enamelled  in 
their  proper  colours.  From  the  collar  the  badge  (the 
figure  of  St.  Andrew)  depends  (Figs.  251  and  407). 


381 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Knights  of  St.  Patrick  are  entitled  to  surround  their 
arms  by  a  plain  circle  of  sky-blue,  edged  with  gold  bear- 
ing the  motto,  "  Quis  Separabit.  M.D.C.C.LXXXIII,"  as  enamel- 
led on  the  star  of  the  order.  This  is  encircled  by  the 
collar  of  the  order,  which  is  of  gold,  composed  of  roses 
and  harps  alternately,  tied  together  with  knots  of  gold,  the 
said  roses  enamelled  alternately,  white  leaves  within  red 
and  red  leaves  within  white  ;  and  in  the  centre  of  the  said 
collar  shall  be  an  Imperial  crown  surmounting  a  harp 
of  gold,  from  which  shall   hang  the  badge  (Fig.  950). 


people  now  imagine.  There  is  nobody  at  the  present 
time  who  is  entitled  to  use  these  letters.  Upon  those 
of  the  Bath  plates  which  now  remain  in  the  chapel 
of  Henry  VII.  in  Westminster  Abbey,  one  of  which  is 
represented  on  plate  LXVIII.,  no  instance  will  be  found 
in  which  the  collar  is  represented  outside  the  circle, 
which  is  pretty  good  evidence  that  although  isolated  ex- 
amples may  possibly  be  found  at  an  earlier  date,  it  was 
not  the  usual  custom  up  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century  to  encircle  a  shield  with  a  collar  of  knighthood. 


Fig.  950. — Arms  of  Viscount  Powerscourt,  K.P.  :  Argent,  on  a  bend  gules,  three  pairs  of 
wings  conjoined  in  lure  of  the  field.  The  escutcheon  is  surrounded  by  the  ribbon  of 
St.  Patrick,  and  by  the  collar  and  pendent  therefrom  the  badge  of  that  Order;  and 
impaling  upon  a  second  escutcheon  the  arms  of  Coke,  namely  :  per  pale  gules  and  azure, 
three  eagles  displayed  argent.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  demi-eagle  ri.-^ing,  wings  expanded  argent,  looking  at  the  sun  in  its  glory. 
Supporters:  two  pegasi  argent,  winged,  maned,  and  hoofed  or.  Motto:  "Fidillite  est 
de  Dieu." 


Knights  of  the  Thistle  and  St.  Patrick  are  entitled  as 
such  to  claim  a  grant  of  supporters  on  payment  of  the 
fees,  but  these  orders  are  nowadays  confined  to  peers. 

The  Order  of  the  Bath. — Knights  of  the  Bath  who  have 
existed  from  a  remote  period  do  not  appear  as  such  to 
have  made  any  additions  to  their  arms  prior  to  the  revival 
of  the  order  in  1725.  At  that  time,  similarly  to  the 
Orders  of  the  Garter  and  the  Thistle,  the  order  was  of  one 
class  only  and  composed  of  a  limited  number  of  knights. 
Knights  of  that  order  were  then  distinguished  by  the 
letters  K.B.,  which,  it  should  be  noted,  mean  Knight 
of   the   Bath,    and   not   Knight   Bachelor,   as    so    many 


These  Knights  of  the  Bath  (K.B.),  as  they  were  termed, 
surrounded  their  escutcheons  with  circlets  of  crimson 
edged  with  gold,  and  bearing  thereupon  the  motto  of 
the  order,  "  Tria  junota  in  uno,"  in  gold  letters.  Plate 
LXVIII.  is  a  reproduction  of  a  Stall  plate  now  remain- 
ing in  the  chapel  of  Henry  VII.  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  represents  that  of  Admiral  Sir  Alexander  Cock- 
burn,  K.B.,  and  shows  the  arms:  "Argent,  a  chevron 
gules  between  three  boars'  heads  erased  azure,  and  as  an 
honourable  augmentation,  on  a  chief  wavy  azure,  a  sphinx 
couohant  argent.  Crests:  i.  (of  honourable  augmentation) 
out  of  a  naval  coronet  or,  a  dexter  arm  embowed,  vested 


382 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


aznre,  cuffed  argent,  holding  in  the  hand  proper  a  flag- 
staff in  bend  sinister  of  the  last,  therefrom  floating  to  the 
sinister  a  banner  argent,  charged  with  a  cross  gules,  and 
thereon  in  letters  of  gold  the  words  '  St.  Domingo  '  ;  2. 
on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  horse  passant  argent.  Sup- 
porters :  on  either  side  a  greyhound  argent,  collared  and 
lined  or,  each  supporting  a  flagstaff  and  banner  as  in  the 
crest.     Motto  :  '  Virtute  et  labore.'  " 

Although  at  that  time  it  does  not  appear  that  the  collar 
of  the  order  was  ever  employed  for  armorial  purposes, 
instances  are  to  be  found  in  which  the  laurel  wreath  sur- 
rounded the  circlet  with  the  motto  of  the  order.  The 
collar  at  any  rate  does  not  appear  upon  any  Stall  plates. 
In  the  year  1815,  owing  to  the  large  number  of  oflicers 
who  had  merited  reward  in  the  Peninsular  Campaign,  it 
was  considered  necessary  to  largely  increase  the  extent 


Fig.  951.— Arms  of  General  Sir  Charles  H.  Brownlow,  G.O.B.  :  Party 
per  pale  or  and  argent,  an  inesoutcheon  within  an  orle  of  martlets 
sable.  Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  encircled  by  the  ribbon  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath,  by  a  wreath  of  laurel,  and  by  the  collar 
and  pendent  therefrom  the  badge  of  a  G.C.B.,  is  placed  a  helmet 
befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  sable  and  or ;  and  for  his 
crest,  upon  a  chapeau  azure,  turned  up  ermine,  a  greyhound  gules, 
collared  or. 


and  scope  of  the  order.  For  this  purpose  it  was  divided 
into  two  divisions — the  Military  Division  and  the  Civil 
Division — and  each  of  these  were  divided  into  three 
classes,  namely.  Knights  Grand  Cross  (G.C.B.),  Knights 
Commanders  (K.C.B.),  and  Companions  (C.B.)  The  then 
existing  Knights  of  the  Bath  became  Knights  Grand  Cross. 
The  existing  collar  served  for  all  Knights  Grand  Cross, 
but  the  old  badge  and  star  were  assigned  for  the  civil 
division  of  the  order,  a  new  pattern  being  designed  for 
the  military  division.  The  number  of  stalls  in  Henry 
VII. 's  Chapel  being  limited,  the  erection  of  Stall  plates 
and  the  display  of  banners  ceased ;  those  then  in  position 
were  allowed  to  remain,  and  still  remain  at  the  present 
moment.  Consequently  there  are  no  Stall  plates  to  refer 
to  in  the  matter  as  precedents  since  that  period,  and  the 
rules  need  to  be  obtained  from  other  sources.  They  are 
now  as  follows :  A  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of 
the  Bath  surrounds  his  arms  with  the  circlet  as  was  there- 
tofore the  case,  and  in  addition  he  surrounds  the  circlet 
by  his  collar,  from  which  depends  the  badge  (either  mili- 
tary or  civil)  of  the  division  to  which  he  belongs.  The 
collar  is  really  for  practical  purposes  the  distinguishing 
mark  of  a  Knight  Grand  Cross,  because  although  as  such 
he  is  entitled  upon  payment  of  the  fees  to  claim  a  gj-ant 


of  supporters,  he  is  under  no  compulsion  to  do  so,  and 
comparatively  but  few  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege. 
All  Knights  of  the  Bath,  before  the  enlargement  of  the 
order,  had  supporters.  A  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the 
military  division  encircles  his  arms  with  the  laurel 
wreath  in  addition,  this  being  placed  outside  the  circlet 
and  within  the  collar  of  the  order.  The  collar  is  com- 
posed of  gold  having  nine  Imperial  crowns  and  eight 
devices  of  the  rose,  the  thistle,  and  shamrock  issuing 
from  a  sceptre  placed  alternately  and  enamelled  in  their 
proper  colours,  the  links  being  connected  with  seventeen 
knots  enamelled  white.  The  badges  of  the  military  and 
civil  divisions  differ  considerably,  as  may  be  seen  from 
Figs.  951  and  i  respectively. 

Knights  Commanders  of  the  Bath  have  no  collar  and 
cannot  claim  a  grant  of  supporters,  but  they  encircle  their 
shields  with  the  circlet  of  the  order,  suspending  their 
badge  below  the  shield  by  the  ribbon  from  which  it  is 
worn  (Pigs.  333  and  358).  Knights  Commanders  of  the 
military  division  use  the  laurel  wreath  as  do  Knights 
Grand  Cross  (Pigs.  951,  333,  and  779),  but  no  members 
of  any  class  of  the  civil  division  are  entitled  to  display  it. 

Companions  of  the  Order  (C.B.)  do  not  use  the  helmet 
of  a  knight  as  does  a  G.C.B.  or  a  K.C.B. ;  in  fact,  the 
only  difference  which  is  permissible  in  their  arms  is  that 
they  are  allowed  to  suspend  the  badge  of  a  C.B.  from 
a  ribbon  below  their  shields  (Pigs.  243,  534,  and  535). 
They  do  not  use  the  circlet  of  the  order.  Certain  cases 
have  come  under  my  notice  in  which  a  military  C.B. 
has  added  a  laurel  wreath  to  his  armorial  bearings,  but 
whether  such  a  practice  is  correct  I  am  unaware,  but  I 
think  it  is  not  officially  recognised. 

The  Most  Exalted  Order  of  the  Star  of  India  (like  the 
Order  of  the  Bath  as  at  present  constituted)  is  divided 
into  three  classes,  Knights  Grand  Commanders,  Knights 
Commanders,  and  Companions.  Knights  Grand  Comman- 
ders place  the  circlet  of  the  order  around  their  shields 
(Pig.  953).  This  is  of  light  blue  inscribed  with  the  motto, 
"  Heaven's  light  our  guide."  This  in  its  tui'n  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  collar  of  the  order,  which  is  composed  of 
alternate  links  of  the  Indian  lotus  flower,  crossed  palm- 
branches,  and  the  united  red  and  white  rose  of  England. 
In  the  centre  of  the  collar  is  an  Imperial  crown  from 
which  depends  the  badge  of  the  order,  this  being  an  onyx 
cameo  of  the  efBgy  of  her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria 
within  the  motto  of  the  order,  and  surmounted  by  a  star, 
the  whole  being  richly  jewelled.  The  surrounding  of  the 
shield  by  the  circlet  of  the  order  doubtless  is  a  con- 
sequence and  follows  upon  the  original  custom  of  the 
armorial  use  of  the  garter,  but  this  being  admitted,  it  is 
yet  permissible  to  state  that  that  practice  came  from  the 
Continent,  and  there  is  little  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
real  meaning  and  origin  of  the  custom  of  using  the  circlet 
is  derived  from  the  Continental  practice  which  has  for 
long  been  usual  of  displaying  the  shield  of  arms  upon 
the  star  of  an  order  of  knighthood.  The  star  of  every 
British  order — the  Garter  included — contains  the  circlet 
and  motto  of  the  order,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  how,  after 
depicting  the  shield  of  arms  upon  the  star  of  the  order, 
the  result  will  be  that  the  circlet  of  the  order  surrounds 
the  shield.  No  armorial  warrant  upon  the  point  is  ever 
issued  at  the  creation  of  an  order ;  the  thing  follows  as  a 
matter  of  course,  the  circlet  being  taken  from  the  star  to 
surround  the  shield  without  further  authorisation.  Upon 
this  point  there  can  be  no  doubt,  inasmuch  as  the  garter 
which  surrounds  the  shield  of  a  K.G.  is  in  all  authori- 
tative heraldic  paintings  buckled  in  the  peculiar  manner 
in  which  it  is  worn  and  in  which  it  is  depicted  upon  the 
star.  The  Star  of  the  Thistle  shows  the  plain  circlet,  the 
Star  of  St.  Patrick  the  same,  and  the  arms  of  a  Knight  of 
St.  Patrick  afford  a  curious  confirmation  of  my  contention, 
because  whilst  the  motto  of  the  order  is  specified  to  be, 


383 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"  Quis  separabit,"  the  circlet  used  for  armorial  purposes 
includes  the  date  (mdcclxxxiii.)  as  shown  upon  the  star. 
The  Order  of  the  Bath,  again,  has  a  plain  circlet  upon  the 
star,  and  the  badges  and  stars  of  the  military  knights 
have  the  laurel  wreath  represented  in  heraldic  drawings, 
the  laurel  wreath  being  absent  from  the  stars  and  the 
shields  of  those  who  are  members  of  the  civil  division. 
Now  with  regard  to  the  Order  of  the  Star  of  India  the 
motto  on  the  star  is  carried  upon  a  representation  of  a 
ribbon  which  is  tied  in  a  curious  manner,  and  my  own 


Fig.  953 — Arms  of  Lieiit.-Gen.  Sir  Richard  Strachey,  G.C.S.I. :  Quar- 
terly, I  and  4,  argent,  a  cross  between  four  eagles  displayed 
gules  (Strachey) ;  2  and  3,  or,  three  crescents  sable,  on  a  canton 
of  the  East,  a  ducal  coronet  of  the  first,  and  impaling  the  arms  of 
Grant,  namely :  quarterly  I  and  4,  gules  three  antique  crowns  or 
(for  Grant) ;  2.  or,  a  fess  chequy  azure  and  argent  between  three 
wolves'  heads  couped  sable  (for  Stewart  of  AthoU) ;  3.  azure,  a 
dexter  arm  vambraced,  grasping  a  sword  erected  in  pale  argent, 
between  three  boars'  heads  couped  or,  langued  gules  (for  Gordon), 
all  within  a  bordure  wavy  or.  Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is 
surrounded  by  the  ribbon  and  the  collar  of  the  Star  of  India, 
from  which  is  pendent  his  badge  as  a  G.C.S.I.,  is  placed  a  helmet 
befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mantling  gules  and  argent :  and  for 
his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  an  eagle  displayed  gules, 
charged  on  the  breast  with  a  cross  pattSe  fitchee  argent. 


opinion  is  that  the  circlet  used  to  surround  the  shield  of 
a  G.C.S.I.  or  K.C.S.I.  should  (as  in  the  case  of  the  garter) 
be  represented  not  as  a  simple  circlet  like  the  Bath  or 
Thistle,  but  as  a  ribbon  tied  in  the  curious  manner  re- 
presented upon  the  star.  This  tying  is  not,  however, 
duplicated  upon  the  badge,  and  possibly  I  may  be  told 
that  the  circlet  and  its  use  are  taken  from  the  badge  and 
not  from  the  star.  The  reply  to  such  a  statement  is,  first, 
that  there  is  no  garter  upon  the  badge  of  that  order, 
there  is  no  circlet  on  the  badge  of  the  Thistle,  and  the 
circlet  on  the  badge  of  St.  Patrick  is  surrounded  by  a 
wreath  of  trefoils  which  in  that  case  ought  to  appear  round 
the  shield  of  a  K.P.  This  wreath  of  trefoils  is  absent 
from  the  K.P.  star.  Further,  no  Companion  of  an  Order 
is  permitted  to  use  the  Circlet  of  the  Order,  whilst  every 
Companion  has  his  badge.  No  Companion  has  a  star. 
Though  I  hold  strongly  that  the  circlet  of  the  Star  of 
India  should  be  a  ribbon  tied  as  represented  on  the  star 
of  the  order,  I  must  admit  I  have  never  yet  come  across 
an  official  instance  of  it  being  so  represented.  This,  how- 
ever, is  a  point  upon  which  there  is  no  definite  warrant 
of  instructiou,  and  is  not  the  conclusion  justifiable  that 
on  this  matter  the  oflicers  of  arms  have  been  led  into  a 
mistake  in  their  general  practice  by  an  oversight  and 
possible  unfamiliarity  with  the  actual  star  ?  A  Knight 
Grand  Commander  is  entitled  to  claim  a  grant  of  sup- 
porters on  payment  of  the  fees.     A  Knight  Commander 


encircles  his  shield  with  the  circlet  of  the  order  and  hangs 
his  badge  from  a  ribbon  below  (Fig.  963),  a  Companion 
of  the  Order  simply  hangs  the  badge  he  wears  below  his 
shield. 

The  Most  Distinguished  Order  of  St.  Michael  and,  St. 
George. — This  order  again  is  divided  into  three  classes — 
Knights  Grand  Cross,  Knights  Commanders,  and  Com- 
panions. Knights  Grand  Cross  place  the  circlet  of  the 
order  and  the  collar  with  the  badge  around  their  shields, 
and,  like  other  Knights  Grand  Cross,  they  are  entitled  to 
claim  a  grant  of  supporters  (Figs.  117  and  222).  The 
circlet  of  the  order  is  of  blue  edged  with  gold,  and  bear- 
ing in  gold  letters  the  motto  of  the  order,  "  Auspioium 
melioris  a3vi."  The  collar  is  composed  alternately  of  lions 
of  England,  of  Maltese  crosses,  and  of  the  ciphers  S.M. 
and  S.G.,  and  haviug  in  the  centre  an  Imperial  crown 
over  two  lions  passant  guardant,  each  holding  a  bunch  of 
seven  arrows.  At  the  opposite  point  of  the  collar  are 
two  similar  lions.  The  whole  is  of  gold  except  the  crosses, 
which  are  of  white  enamel,  and  the  various  devices  are 
linked  together  by  small  gold  chains.  Knights  Com- 
manders of  the  Order  encircle  their  shields  with  a  similar 
circlet  of  the  order,  and  hang  their  badges  below  (Fig. 
501).  A  Companion  simply  suspends  his  badge  from  a 
ribbon  below  his  shield  (Fig.  954). 


Fig.  954. — Arms  of  John  Eoberts,  Esq.,  C.M.G.,  of  Littlebairn  House, 
Dunedin,  New  Zealand  :  Gules,  a  hawk's  lure  argent,  between 
two  cushions  or  in  chief,  in  base  a  ram's  head  proper,  horned  gold, 
all  within  a  bordure  azure,  and  below  the  escutcheon  his  badge  as 
a  C.M.G.  Mantling  gules,  doubled  argent.  Crest:  on  a  wreath 
of  his  liveries,  a  demi-lion  rampant  azure,  holding  in  the  dexter 
paw  a  fleur-de-lis  or.     Motto  :  "  Industria  et  probitate." 


The  Most  Eminent  Order  of  the  Indian  Empire. — This 
order  is  divided  into  three  classes — Knights  Grand 
Commanders,  Knights  Commanders,  and  Companions. 
Knights  Grand  Commanders  and  Knights  Commanders 
encircle  their  shields  with  the  circlet  of  the  order,  which 
is  of  purple  inscribed  in  letters  of  gold,  with  the  motto  of 


384 


PLATE   CXXIII. 


itiitafrwnhtt^^ 


The  Trinity  House. 


Stationers'  Company. 


^^LF 


ronrrm^ 


Great  Central  Railway  Company. 


ALL-WOT^SHIP^BE-TO-GOD-ONLY 

Fishmongers'  Company. 


tg>a S^  -  -     '    -^ 

Carpenters*  Company. 


North  Borneo  Company. 


Cutlers'  Company  of  Sheffield 


COATS  OF  ARMS  OF  TRADE  CORPORATIONS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  order,  "  Imperatricis  auspiciis."  The  collar  of  the 
order,  which  is  used  by  the  Knights  Grand  Commanders, 
in  addition  to  the  circle,  is  composed  of  elephants,  lotus 
flowers,  peacocks  in  their  pride,  and  Indian  roses,  and  in 
the  centre  is  an  Imperial  crown,  the  whole  being  linked 
together  by  chains  of  gold  (Fig.  955).     Knights  Com- 


FlG.  955. — Arms  of  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  Seccombe,  G.C.I.E.,  K.C.S.I., 
C.B.  :  Argent,  on  a  fess  gules,  between  three  lions  rampant  sable, 
a  lotus-flower  slipped  and  leaved  proper,  in  the  centre  cliief  point 
an  Eastern  crown  of  the  second,  a  bordure  invected  of  the  third. 
Upon  the  escutcheon,  which  is  surrounded  by  the  ribbon  of  the 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire,  and  by  the  collar  and  pendent  there- 
from the  star  of  a  G-.C.I.E,,  of  a  K.C.S.I.,  and  the  badge  of  a  C.B. 
(Civ.  Div.),  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree,  with  a  mant- 
ling gules  and  argent ;  and  for  his  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the 
colours,  a  lion  rampant  sable  between  two  elephants'  proboscides 
proper  :  with  the  motto,  "Paratus  et  fidelis." 

manders  suspend  their  badges  from  their  shields  (Figs. 
427  and  578).  Companions  are  only  permitted  to  suspend 
their  badges  from  a  ribbon,  and,  as  in  the  cases  of  the 
other  orders,  are  not  allowed  to  make  nse  of  the  circlet  of 
the  order  (Fig.  390). 

The  Royal  Victorian  Order  is  divided  into  five  classes, 
and  is  the  only  British  order  of  which  this  can  be  said. 
There  is  no  collar  belonging  to  the  order,  so  a  G.C.V.O. 
cannot  put  one  round  his  shield.  Knights  Grand  Cross 
surround  their  shields  with  the  circlet  of  the  order,  which 
is  of  dark  blue  carrying  in  letters  of  gold  the  motto, 
"  Victoria."  Knights  Commanders  also  use  the  circlet, 
with  the  badge  suspended  from  the  ribbon.  Commanders 
and  members  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  classes  of  the  Order 
suspend  the  badge  which  they  are  entitled  to  wear  below 
their  shields.  The  "  Victorian  Chain  "  is  quite  apart 
from  the  Victorian  Order,  and  up  to  the  present  time  has 
only  been  conferred  upon  the  late  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury and  Lord  Curzon  of  Kedleston.  It  apparently  exists 
by  the  pleasure  of  His  Majesty,  no  statutes  having  been 
ordained. 

The  Distinguished  Service  Order  (Fig.  964),  the  Imperial 
Service  Order,  and  the  Order  of  Merit  are  each  of  but 
one  class  only,  none  of  them  conferring  the  dignity  of 
knighthood.  They  rank  heraldically  with  the  Companions 
of  the  other  Orders,  and  for  heraldic  purposes  merely 
confer  upon  those  people  entitled  to  the  decorations  the 
right  to  suspend  the  badges  they  wear  below  their  shields 
or  lozenges  as  the  case  may  be,  following  the  rules  observed 
by  other  Companions.  The  Victoria  Cross  (Fig.  956),  the 
Albert  Medal,  the  Conspicuous  Service  Cross,  the  Kaisar-i- 


Hind  Medal,  the  Royal  Eed  Cross,  the  Volunteer  Officers' 
Decoration  (Fig.  127),  and  the  Decoration  of  the  League 
of  Mercy  all  rank  as  decorations.  Though  none  confer 
any  style  or  precedence  of  knighthood,  those  entitled  to 
them  are  permitted  to  suspend  representations  of  such 
decorations  as  are  enjoyed  below  their  shields. 
,  The  members  of  the  Orders  of  Victoria  and  Albert  and 
of  the  Crown  of  India  are  permitted  to  display  the 
badges  they  wear  below  their  lozenges. 

Some  people,  notably  in  the  early  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  adopted  the  practice  of  placing  war 
medals  below  the  escutcheons  amongst  other  decorations. 
It  is  doubtful,  however,  how  far  this  practice  is  correct, 
inasmuch  as  a  medal  does  not  technically  rank  as  a 
decoration  or  as  a  matter  of  honour.  That  medals  are 
"decorations  "  is  not  officially  recognised,  with  the  excep- 
tion, perhaps,  of  the  Jubilee  medal,  the  Diamond  Jubilee 
medal,  and  the  Coronation  medal,  which  have  been  given 


¥lG.  956. — Arms  of  Admiral  Charles  Davis  Lucas,  V.C. :  Argent,  a  fess 
between  six  annulets  gules.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  on 
a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-griffin  argent,  beaked  and  mem- 
bered  or  ;  with  the  motto,  "  Stat  religione  parentum." 

a  status  more  of  the  character  of  a  decoration  than  of 
simple  medals. 

Plate  XXIII.  Fig.  2  represents  the  arms  of  Sir  Wood- 
bine Parish,  K.H.,  and  illustrates  the  method  of  displaying 
the  arms  of  a  Knight  of  the  Royal  Hanoverian  Order. 

The  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in 
Eiigland  does  not  rank  with  other  orders  or  decorations, 
inasmuch  as  it  was  initiated  without  Royal  intervention, 
and  carries  no  precedence  or  titular  rank.  In  1888,  how- 
ever, a  Royal  charter  of  incorporation  was  obtained,  and 
the  distribution  of  the  highest  offices  of  the  order  in  the 
persons  of  the  Sovereign,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  other 
members  of  the  Royal  Family  has  of  late  years  very 
much  increased  its  social  status.  The  Crown  is  gradually 
acquiring  a  right  of  veto,  which  will  probably  eventually 
result  in  the  order  becoming  a  recognised  honour,  of 
which  the  gift  lies  with  the  Crown.  In  the  charter  of 
incorporation,  Knights  of  Justice  and  Ladies  of  Justice 
were  permitted  to  place  as  a  chief  over  their  arms  the 
augmentation  anciently  used  by  knights  of  the  English 
language  of  the  original  Roman  Catholic  Celibate  Order. 


.385 


30 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  chief  used  is:  "  Gules,  charged  with  a  cross  through- 
out argent,  the  cross  embellished  in  its  angles  with  lions 
passant  guardant  and  unicorns  passanb  alternately  both 
or,"  as  in  the  cross  of  the  order.  The  omission,  which  is 
all  the  more  inexplicable  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
present  Garter  King  of  Arms  is  the  officer  for  the  order, 
that  the  heraldic  provisions  of  this  charter  have  never 
been  conveyed,  as  should  have  been  the  case,  in  a  Royal 
Warrant  to  the  Earl  Marshal,  has  caused  some  confusion, 
for  the  officers  of  the  College  of  Arms,  when  speaking 
officially,  decline  to  admit  the  insignia  of  the  order  in  any 
official  emblazonment  of  arms.  Lyon  King  of  Arms  has 
been  less  punctilious,  and  Pig.  494,  which  represents  the 
arms  of  Mr.  A.  E.  Eraser,  a  Knight  of  Justice  of  the 
Order,  shows  his  shield  as  now  registered  in  Lyon  Office 
with  the  chief. 

Knights  of  Justice,  Knights  of  Grace,  and  Esquires  of 
the  Orders  all  suspend  the  badges  they  wear  from  a  black 
watered-silk  ribbon  below  their  shields  (Eig.  334),  and 
Ladies  of  Justice  and  Ladies  of  Grace  do  the  same  below 
their  lozenges.  By  the  Statutes  of  the  Order  Knights  of 
Justice  are  required  to  show  that  alU  their  four  grand- 
parents were  legally  entitled  to  bear  arms,  but  so  many 
provisions  for  the  exercise  of  discretion  in  dispensing 
with  this  requirement  were  at  the  same  time  created 
that  to  all  intents  and  purposes  such  a  regulation  might 
never  have  been  included.  Some  of  the  Knights  of 
Justice  even  yet  have  no  arms  at  all,  others  are  them- 
selves grantees,  and  still  others  would  be  unable  to  show 
what  is  required  of  them  if  the  claims  of  their  grand- 
parents were  properly  investigated.     Eigs.  957  and  958, 


Fig.  957. — From  the  tomb  of  Sir  Thomas  Tresham,  last  Grand 
Prior  in  England  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers. 

which  are  taken  from  the  effigy  of  Sir  Thomas  Tresham, 
Last  Grand  Prior  in  England  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers, 
now  in  All  Hallows  Church,  Riishton,  Northamptonshire, 
represents  the  method  in  which  the  arms  of  the  ancient 
Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  were  worn  and  borne. 


Fig.    811,  the  achievement  of  the  late   Marquess   of 
DufPerin  and   Ava,  shows  a  variety  of  such  decorations 


Fig.  95S. — Arms  from  the  tomb  of  Sir  Thomas  Tresham. 

added  to  a  shield,  as  does  the  coat  of  Colonel  John  Alex- 
ander Man  Stuart,  C.B.,  C.M.G.  (Plate  XVIII.  Eig.  i). 

It  should  perhaps  be  stated  that  the  supporters  issued 
to  Knights  Grand  Cross  are  personal  to  themselves,  and 
in  the  patents  by  which  they  are  granted  the  grant  is 
made  for  life  only,  no  hereditary  limitation  being  added. 

Any  person  in  this  country  holding  a  Royal  Licence  to 
wear  the  insignia  of  any  foreign  order  is  permitted  to 
adopt  any  heraldic  form,  decoration,  or  display  which  that 
order  confers  in  the  country  of  origin.  Official  recogni- 
tion exists  for  this,  and  many  precedents  can  be  quoted. 

The  rules  which  exist  in  foreign  countries  concerning 
heraldic  privileges  of  the  knights  of  different  orders  are 
very  varied,  and  it  is  impossible 
to  briefly  summarise  them.  It 
may,  however,  be  stated  that  the 
most  usual  practice  is  to  display 
the  shield  alone  in  the  centre  of 
the  star  (Eig.  959).  As  with  us, 
the  collars  of  the  orders  are 
placed  around  the  shields,  and  the 
badges  depend  below,  but  the  use 
of  the  circlet  carrying  the  motto  of 
the  order  is  exclusively  a  British 
practice.  In  the  case  of  some  of 
the  Orders,  however,  the  official 
coat  of  arms  of  the  order  is  quar- 
tered, impaled,  or  borne  in  pre- 
tence with  the  personal  arms,  and 
the  cross  pat^e  of  the  Order  of  the 
Dannebrog  is  to  be  met  with  placed  in  front  of  a  shield  of 
quarteriugs,  the  charges  thereupon  appearing  in  the  angles 
of  the  cross.  I  am  not  sure,  however,  that  the  cases  which 
have  come  under  my  notice  should  not  be  rather  con- 
sidered definite  and  hereditary  grants  of  augmentation, 
this  being  perhaps  a  more  probable  explanation  than  that 
such  a  method  of  display  followed  as  a  matter  of  course 
on  promotion  to  the  order.  The  Grand  Masters  of  the 
Teutonic  Order  quarter  the  arms  of  that  order  with  those 
of  their  family.  The  Knights  of  the  Order  of  St.  Stephen 
of  Tuscany  bear  the  arms  of  that  order  in  chief  over  their 
personal  arms.  Eig.  959  represents  the  manner  in  which 
a  "  Bailli-prof&s  "  (Grand  Cross)  of  the  real  Catholic  and 
Celibate  Order  of  St.  John  of  Malta  places  the  chief  of 
the  order  on  his  shield,  the  latter  being  imposed  upon  a 


Fig.  959.—"  Bailli  profis  " 
of  the  Catholic  Order 
of  the  Knights  Hospi- 
tallers or  the  Order  of 
Malta. 


386 


PLATE   CXXIV. 


JJieanms  bcrru  by 

GRAND  LOOCC  OF  ALL  EHGLAHO 

Circa  1125. 


BRICKLAYERS    AND    TILERS. 

from  GatesTiead  c?iarterl67I . 


MASONS  OF  COLOGNE. 
/rom  seal  1396  f colours  restortdj 


ARMS    OF    MASONIC   AND    KINDRED    BODIES. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Maltese  star  (this  being  white)  and  the  badge  of  the  order 
depending  below.  The  "  Knight-profes "  does  not  use 
the  chief  of  the  order.  In  the  German  Protestant  Order 
of  Malta  (formerly  Bailiwick  of  Brandenburg)  the  Com- 
mendatories  place  the  shield  of  their  arms  upon  the  Cross 
of  Malta,  the  Knights  of  Justice  ("  Riohtsritter  ")  on  the 
contrary  assume  the  cross  upon  the  shield  itself  (see 
Plate  LXV.  Fig.  4),  whilst  the  Knights  of  Grace  suspend 
it  from  the  bottom  of  the  shield.  Other  examples  con- 
cerning the  German  use  of  heraldic  insignia  of  knight- 
hood will  be  found  on  Plate  CXXXIX.  Figs.  4  and  16. 
Anciently  the  heraldic  emblems  of  an  order  were  placed 
in  the  dexter  chief  of  the  shield  or  simply  near  the 
escutcheon  (Plate  LXXXIX.) ;  in  like  manner  would  be 
disposed  the  badges  of  a  Society  of  Knights  or  other 
Fraternity  (Plates  LXXVIII.  Fig.  i  and  LXXX.  Fig.  4), 
but  in  a  few  instances  a  closer  connection  may  be  observed 
(Plate  CXXVI.  Fig.  4).  The  members  of  the  ancient 
Order  of  La  Covdeliere  formerly  encircled  their  lozenges 
with  a  representation  of  the  Cordelifere,  which  formed 
a  part  of  their  habit  (Fig.  864) ;  and  the  officers  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Orders  frequently  surround  their  escutcheons 
with  rosaries  from  which  depend  crucifixes.  Whether 
this  latter  practice,  however,  should  be  considered  merely 
a  piece  of  artistic  decoration,  or  whether  it  should  be 
regarded  as  an  ecclesiastical  matter  or  should  be  included 
within  the  purview  of  armory,  I  leave  others  to  decide. 

By  a  curious  fiction,  for  the  origin  of  which  it  is  not 
easy  to  definitely  account,  unless  it  is  a  survival  of  the 
celibacy  required  in  certain  orders,  a  knight  is  not  sup- 
posed to  share  the  insignia  of  any  order  of  knighthood 
with  his  wife.  There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  that 
his  own  knighthood  does  confer  upon  her  both  pre- 
cedence and  titular  rank,  and  why  there  should  be  any 
necessity  for  the  statement  to  be  made  as  to  the 
theoretical  position  has  long  been  a  puzzle  to  me. 
Such  a  theory,  however,  is  considered  to  be  correct, 
and  as  a  consequence  in  modern  times  it  has  become  a 
rigid  rule  that  the  arms  of  the  wife  of  a  knight  must  not 
be  impaled  upon  a  shield  which  is  displayed  within  the 
circlet  of  an  order.  No  such  rule  existed  in  ancient 
times,  and  many  instances  can  be  found  in  which  impaled 


shields,  or  the  shields  of  the  wife  only,  are  met  with 
inside  a  representation  of  the  Garter.  Nevertheless,  the 
modern  idea  is  that  when  a  Knight  of  any  Order  impales 
the  arms  of  his  wife,  he  must  use  two  shields  placed 
accolle,  the  dexter  surmounting  the  sinister  (Figs.  1,  251, 
and  358).  Upon  the  dexter  shield  is  represented  the 
arms  of  the  knight  within  the  circlet,  or  the  circlet  and 
collar,  as  the  case  may  be,  of  his  order ;  on  the  sinister 
shield  the  arms  of  the  knight  are  impaled  with  those 
of  his  wife,  and  this  shield,  for  the  pui-pose  of  artistic 
balance,  is  usually  surrounded  with  a  meaningless  and 
inartistic  floral  or  laurel  wreath  to  make  its  size  similar  to 
the  dimensions  of  the  dexter  shield. 

The  widow  of  a  knight  is  required  at  present  to 
immediately  discontinue  the  use  of  the  ensigns  of  the 
order,  and  to  revert  to  the  plain  impaled  lozenge  which 
she  would  be  entitled  to  as  the  widow  of  an  undecorated 
gentleman.  As  she  retains  her  titular  rank,  such  a  regula- 
tion seems  absurd,  but  it  undoubtedly  exists,  and  until  it 
is  altered  must  be  conformed  to. 

Knights  Grand  Cross  (Figs.  I  and  117)  and  Knight 
Commanders  (Pigs.  333  and  501),  as  also  Knights. 
Bachelors,  use  the  open  affront^  helmet  of  a  knight. 
Companions  of  any  order,  and  members  of  those  orders 
which  do  not  confer  any  precedence  or  title  of  knight- 
hood, use  only  the  close  profile  helmet  of  a  gentleman 
(Pigs.  243  and  558,  and  see  the  arms  of  Colonel  Man 
Stuart,  Plate  XVIII.  Pig.  i).  A  Knight  Bachelor,  of 
course,  is  at  liberty  to  impale  the  arms  of  his  wife  upon  his 
escutcheon  without  employing  the  double  form  (Fig.  396). 
It  only  makes  the  use  of  the  double  escutcheon  for  Knights 
of  Orders  the  more  incomprehensible. 

Reference  should  also  be  made  to  the  subject  of  impale- 
ment, which  will  be  found  in  the  chapter  upon  Marshalling, 
and  to  Fig.  811,  which  shows  the  simultaneous  heraldic 
use  of  several  decorations.  Baronetcies  are  not  of  course 
knighthood,  but  it  may  be  convenient  here  to  refer  to 
Pigs.  350  and  523  as  examples  of  the  use  of  the  badge  of 
Ulster  for  a  Baronet  of  England,  Ireland,  Great  Britain, 
or  the  United  Kingdom,  and  to  Pig.  194,  where  the  badge 
of  Baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  will  be  found. 

A.  0.  P-D. 


CHAPTER    XXXIX 

THE    ARMORIAL    BEARINGS    OF    A    LADY 


BEARING  in  mind  that  armory  was  so  deeply  inter- 
woven with  all  that  was  best  in  chivalry,  it  is 
curious  that  the  armorial  status  of  a  woman 
should  have  been  left  so  undefined.  A  query  as  to  how 
a  lady  may  bear  arms  will  be  glibly  answered  for  her  as 
maid  (Fig.  483)  and  as  widow  (Fig.  597)  by  the  most 
elementary  heraldic  text-book.  But  a  little  consideration 
will  show  how  far  short  our  knowledge  falls  of  a  complete 
or  uniform  set  of  rules. 

Let  what  is  definitely  known  be  first  stated.  In  the 
first  place,  no  woman  (save  the  Sovereign)  can  inherit  or 
transmit  crest  or  motto,  and  no  woman  may  use  a  helmet 
or  mantling.  All  daughters,  if  unmarried,  bear  upo7i  a 
lozenge  the  paternal  arms  and  qnarterings  of  their  father, 
with  his  difference  marks.  If  their  mother  were  an 
heiress,  they  quarter  her  arms  with  those  of  their  father. 
In  England  (save  in  the  Royal  Family,  and  in  this  case 
even  it  is  a  matter  of  presumption  only)  there  is  no 
seniority  amongst  daughters,  and  the  difference  marks  of 
all  daughters  are  those  borne  by  the  father,  and  none 
other.     There  are  no   marks   of  distinction  as  between 


daughters.  In  Scotland,  however,  seniority  does  exist, 
according  to  priority  of  birth ;  and,  though  Scottish 
heraldic  law  provides  no  marks  of  cadency  as  between 
sister  and  sister,  the  laws  of  arms  north  of  the  Tweed 
recognise  seniority  of  birth  in  the  event  of  a  certain  set 
of  circumstances  arising. 

In  Scotland,  as  doubtless  many  are  aware,  certain 
untitled  Scottish  families,  for  reasons  which  may  or  may 
not  be  known,  have  been  permitted  to  use  supporters  to 
their  arms.  When  the  line  vests  in  coheirs,  the  eldest 
born  daughter,  as  heir  of  line,  assumes  the  supporters, 
unless  some  other  limitation  has  been  attached  to  them. 
Scottish  supporters  are  peculiar  things  to  deal  with,  un- 
less the  exact  terms  of  the  patent  of  grant  or  matriculation 
are  known. 

The  lozenge  of  an  unmarried  lady  is  frequently  sur- 
mounted by  a  true  lover's  knot  of  ribbon,  usually  painted 
blue  (Fig.  483).  It  has  no  particular  meaning  and  no 
official  recognition,  though',  plenty  of  official  use,  and 
practically  its  status  is  no  more  than  a  piece  of  sup- 
posedly artistic  ornament. 


387 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Concernino;  the  law  for  unmarried  ladies,  therefore, 
there  is  neither  doubt  nor  dispute.  A  widow  bears  arms 
upon  a  lozenge,  this  showing  the  arms  of  her  late  husband 
impaled  with  those  of  her  own  family  (Fig.  597),  or  with 
these  latter  displayed  on  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  if 
she  be  an  heir  or  coheir. 

The  other  state  in  the  progress  of  life  in  which  a  lady 
may  hope  or  expect  to  find  herself  is  that  of  married  life. 
Now,  how  should  a  married  lady  display  arms?  Echo 
and  the  text^books  alike  answer,  "  How  ?  "  Does  anybody 
know  ?  This  "  fault,"  for  such  it  undoubtedly  is,  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  laws  of  arms  evolved  themselves  in 
that  period  when  a  married  woman  was  little  accounted  of. 
As  an  unmarried  heiress  she  undoubtedly  was  a  some- 
body ;  as  a  widowed  and  richly-jointured  dowager  she  was 
likewise  of  account,  but  as  a  wedded  wife  her  identity  was 
lost,  for  the  Married  Women's  Property  Act  was  not  in 
existence,  nor  was  it  thought  of.  So  completely  was  it 
recognised  that  all  rights  and  inheritance  of  the  wife 
devolved  of  right  upon  the  husband,  that  formerly  the 
husband  enjoyed  any  peerage  honours  which  had  de- 
scended to  the  wife,  and  was  summoned  to  Parliament  as 
a  peer  in  his  wife's  peerage.  Small  wonder,  then,  that 
the  same  ideas  dominated  the  rules  of  armory.  These 
only  provide  ways  and  methods  for  the  husband  to  bear 
the  wife's  arms.  This  is  curious,  because  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  at  a  still  earlier  period  the  practice  of  im- 
palement was  entirely  confined  to  women,  and  that,  unless 
the  wife  happened  to  be  an  heiress,  the  husband  did  not 
trouble  to  impale  her  arras.  But  a  little  thought  will 
show  that  the  two  are  not  at  variance,  for  if  monuments 
and  other  matters  of  record  are  ignored,  the  earliest  ex- 
amples of  impalement  which  have  come  down  to  us  are 
all,  almost  without  exception,  examples  of  arms  borne  by 
widows.  One  cannot  get  over  the  fact  that  a  wife  during 
coverture  had  practically  no  legal  status  at  all.  The  rules 
governing  impalement,  and  the  conjunction  of  the  arms 
of  man  and  wife,  as  they  are  to  be  borne  by  the  husband, 
are  recited  in  the  chapter  upon  Marshalling,  which  also 
details  the  ways  in  which  a  widow  bears  arms  in  the 
different  ranks  of  life.  Nothing  would  be  gained  by 
repeating  them  here. 

It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  it  is  not  considered 
correct  for  a  widow  to  make  use  of  the  true  lover's  knot 
of  blue  ribbon,  which  is  sometimes  used  in  the  case  of  an 
unmarried  lady.    A  divorce  puts  matters  in  sfahi  quo  ante. 

There  still  remains,  however,  the  question  of  the  bearing 
of  arms  in  her  own  right  by  a  married  woman  under  cover- 
ture at  the  present  day. 

The  earliest  grant  of  arms  that  I  can  put  my  hands 
upon  to  a  woman  is  one  dated  1558.  It  is,  moreover,  the 
only  grant  of  which  I  know  to  one  single  person,  that 
person  being  a  wife.  The  grant  is  decidedly  interesting, 
so  I  print  it  in  full : — 

"To  ALL  AND  SINGULAR  as  well  kinges  heraldesand  officers 
of  armes  as  nobles  gentlemen  and  others  which  these 
presents  shall  see  or  here  Wyllyam  Hervye  Esquire  other- 
wise called  Clarencieus  principall  heralde  and  kinge  of 
armes  of  the  south-east  and  west  parties  of  England 
findith  due  comendacons  and  greting  fforasmuch  as  aun- 
cientlye  ffrom  the  beginnynge  the  valyant  and  vertuous 
actes  off  excellent  parsons  have  ben  comended  to  the 
worlde  with  sondry  monumentes  and  remembrances  off 
theyr  gnod  desertes  among  the  vfhich  one  of  the  chefist 
and  most  usuall  hath  ben  the  beringe  of  figures  and  tokens 
in  shildes  called  armes  beinge  none  other  thinges  then 
Evidences  and  demonstracons  of  prowes  and  valoure  diver- 
selye  distributed  accordinge  to  the  quallyties  and  desertes 
of  the  parsons.  And  for  that  Dame  Marye  Mathew 
daughter  and  heyre  of  Thomas  Mathew  of  Colchester  in 
the   counte  of   Essex  esquire  hath   longe  contynued   in 


nobylyte  she  and  her  auncestors  bearinge  armes,  yet  she 
notwithstandinge  being  ignorant  of  the  same  and  ffor  the 
advoydinge  of  all  inconvenyences  and  troubles  that  dayleye 
happeneth  in  suohe  cases  and  not  wyllinge  topreiudyce 
anye  person  hath  instantlye  requyred  me  The  sayde 
Clarencieux  kinge  of  armes  accordinge  to  my  registers 
and  recordes  To  assigne  and  sett  forthe  ffor  her  and  her 
posterite  The  armes  belonging,  and  descendinge  To  her 
ffrom  her  saide  auncesters.  In  consideracon  whereof  I 
have  at  her  ientle  request  assigned  geven  and  granted 
unto  her  and  her  posterite  The  owlde  and  auncient  armes 
of  her  said  auncesters  as  followeth.  That  is  to  saye^ — partye 
per  cheveron  sables  and  argent  a  Lyon  passant  in  chefe 
off  the  second  the  poynt  goutey  "  of  the  firste  as  more 
plainly  aperith  depicted  in  this  margent.  Which  armes 
The  Saide  Clarencieux  kinge  of  Armes  by  powre  and 
authorite  to  myne  office  annexed  and  graunted  By  the 
Queenes  Majesties  Letters  patentes  under  The  great  Scale 
of  England  have  ratefyed  and  confirmed  and  By  These 
presentes  do  ratefye  and  confyrme  unto  and  for  the  saide 
dame  marye  Mathew  otherwise  called  dame  Mary  Jude 
wiffe  to  Sir  Andrew  Jude  Knight  late  Mayor  and  Alder- 
man off  London  and  to  her  posterite  To  use  bear  and 
shew  for  evermore  in  all  places  of  honnor  to  her  and  theyr 
wourshipes  at  theyr  Lybertie  and  pleasur  without  impedi- 
ment lett  or  interupcon  of  any  person  or  persons. 

"In  witness  whereof  the  saide  Clarencieux  Kinge  of 
Armes  have  signed  these  presentes  with  my  hand  and  sett 
thereunto  The  Scale  off  myne  office  and  The  Seale  of  myne 
armes  geven  at  London  The  x*^  daye  off  October  in  the 
Yeare  of  owre  Lord  Godd  1558  and  in  the  ffourth  and 
ffifth  yeares  off  the  reifrnes  off  owre  Souereignes  Lorde 
and  Layde  Phellip  and  Marye  by  the  grace  of  God  Kinge 
and  Queene  of  England  france  both  cycles  Jerusalem 
Irland  deffendors  of  the  faythe  Archedukes  of  Austrya 
Dukes  of  Burgoyne  myllain  &  braband  erles  of  haspurgie, 
Flanders  and  Tyrrell. 

"  W.  Hervey  als  Clarencieux 

"  King  of  Armes. 

"  Confirmation  of  Arms  to  Dame  Mary  Mathew,  '  other- 
wise called  Dame  Marye  Jude,  wyffe  to  Sir  Andrew  Jude, 
Knight,  Late  Lord  Mayor  and  Alderman  off  London,' 
1558." 

In  this  grant  the  arms  are  painted  upon  a  shield.  The 
grant  was  made  in  her  husband's  lifetime,  but  his  arms 
are  not  impaled  therewith.  Evidently,  therefore,  the  lady 
bears  arms  vn.  her  own  right,  and  the  presumption  would 
seem  to  be  that  a  married  lady  bears  her  arms  without 
reference  to  her  hu.sband,  and  bears  them  upon  a 
shield.  On  the  other  hand,  the  grant  to  Lady  Pearce, 
referred  to  at  an  earlier  page,  whilst  not  blazoning 
the  Pearce  arms,  shows  the  painting  upon  the  patent 
to  have  been  a  lozenge  of  the  arms  of  Pearce,  charged 
with  a  baronet's  hand  impaled  with  the  arms  then 
granted  for  the  maiden  name  of  Lady  Pearce.  On  the 
other  hand,  a  grant  is  printed  in  vol.  i.  of  the  Notes  to  the 
"Visitation  of  England  and  Wales."  The  grant  is  to 
Dame  Judith  Diggs,  widow  of  Sir  Maurice  Diggs,  Bart., 
now  wife  of  Daniel  Sheldon,  and  to  Dame  Margaret 
Sheldon,  her  sister,  relict  of  Sir  Joseph  Sheldon,  Knight, 
late  Alderman,  and  sometime  Lord  Mayor  of  the  City  of 
London,  daughters  and  coheirs  of  Mr.  George  Rose,  of 
Bastergate.  The  operative  clause  of  the  grant  is  :  "  do  by 
these  Presents  grant  and  assign  to  y*  said  Dame  Judith 
and  Dame  Margaret  the  Armes  hereafter  mentioned  Viz' ; 
Ermine,  an  Eagle  displayed  Sable,  membered  and  beaked 
Gules,  debruised  with  a  Bendlet  Coniponfe  Or  and  Azure, 
as  in  the  margin  hereof  more  plainly  appears  depicted. 
To  be  borne  and  used  for  ever  hereafter  by  them  y*  said 


'^  Gntte-de-poix. 


388 


PLATE   CXXV. 


CARPENTERS 

ANGERS 


JOINERS 
PERONNE 


ARMS     OF    THE      MASONS 

GERMAN 

irom  an  old  drawina 

AJ).15l5 

(MeidelofT.J 


--01NE  RS 
AMIENS 


JOINERS     L  ONOON 
StJ»-  J6Jo 


MARBLE  RS 

EQNBOU 

Stow  Jo  3  3 


MASON'S     COM  PANV 

L ON DON 

Stovr  2633 


CARPENTERS 

LONDON 
Stow  1635 


MASON  S    COMPANY 

EDINBURGH 

SitrJie-   f  dascriptiai}  i 


ARMS    OF    MASONS,    CARPENTERS,    &C. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Dame  Judith  Diggs  and  Dame  Margaret  Sheldon  and  the 
descendants  of  their  bodies  respectively,  lawfully  begotten, 
according  to  the  Laws,  Kules  and  practice  of  Armes." 

In  each  case  it  will  be  noted  that  the  sisters  were 
respectively  wife  and  widow  of  some  one  of  the  name  of 
Sheldon ;  and  it  might  possibly  be  supposed  that  these 
were  arms  granted  for  the  name  of  Sheldon.  There 
seems,  however,  to  be  very  little  doubt  that  these  are  the 
arms  for  Rose.  The  painting  is,  however,  of  the  single 
coat  of  Rose,  and  one  is  puzzled  to  know  why  the  arras 
are  not  painted  in  conjunction  with  those  of  Sheldon. 
The  same  practice  was  followed  in  the  patent  which  was 
granted  to  ISfelson's  Lady  Hamilton.  This  patent,  which 
both  heraldically  and  historically  is  excessively  interesting, 
was  printed  in  full  on  p.  i68,"  vol.  i.  of  the  Genealogical 
Magazine.  The  arms  which  in  the  grant  are  specifically 
said  to  be  the  arms  of  Lyons  (not  of  Hamilton)  are  painted 
upon  a  lozenge,  with  no  reference  to  the  arms  of  Hamilton. 
In  each  of  these  cases,  however,  the  grantee  of  arms  has 
been  an  heiress,  so  that  the  clause  by  which  the  arms  are 
limited  to  the  descendants  does  not  help.  An  instance  of 
a  grant  to  a  man  and  his  wife,  where  the  wife  was  not  an 
heiress,  is  printed  in  "  The  Right  to  Bear  Arms  "  ;  and  in 
this  case  the  painting  shows  the  arms  impaled  with  those 
of  the  husband.  The  grant  to  the  wife  has  no  hereditary 
limitations,  and  presumably  her  descendants  would  never 
be  able  to  quarter  the  arms  of  the  wife,  no  matter  even  if 
by  the  extinction  of  the  other  issue  she  eventually  became 
a  coheir.  The  fact  that  the  arms  of  man  and  wife  are 
herein  granted  together  prevents  any  one  making  any 
deduction  as  to  what  is  the  position  of  the  wife  alone. 

There  was  a  patent  issued  in  the  year  1784  to  a  Mrs. 
Sarah  Lax,  widow  of  John  Lax,  to  take  the  name  and 
arms  of  Maynard,  such  name  and  arms  to  be  borne  by 
herself  and  her  issue.  The  painting  in  this  case  is  of  the 
arms  of  Maynard  alone  upon  a  lozenge,  and  the  crest 
which  was  to  be  borne  by  her  male  descendants  is  quite  a 
separate  painting  in  the  body  of  the  grant,  and  not  in 
conjunction  with  the  lozenge.  Now,  Mrs.  Maynard  was 
a  widow,  and  it  is  manifestly  wrong  that  she  should  bear 
the  arms  as  if  she  were  unmarried,  yet  how  was  she  to 
bear  them  ?  She  was  bearing  the  name  of  Lax  because 
that  had  been  her  husband's  name,  and  she  took  the  name 
of  Maynard,  which  presumably  her  husband  would  have 
taken  had  he  been  alive ;  she  herself  was  a  Miss  Jefferson, 
so  would  she  have  been  entitled  to  have  placed  the  arms 
of  Jefferson  upon  an  escutcheon  of  pretence,  in  the  centre 
of  the  arms  of  Maynard  ?  Presumably  she  would,  because 
suppose  the  husband  had  assumed  the  name  and  arms  of 
Maynard  in  his  lifetime,  he  certainly  would  have  been 
entitled  to  place  his  wife's  arms  of  Jefferson  on  an 
escutcheon  of  pretence.  On  March  9,  1878,  Francis 
Cnlling  Carr,  and  his  second  wife,  Emily  Blanche, 
daughter  of  Andrew  Morton  Carr,  and  niece  of  the 
late  Field-Marshal  Sir  William  Maynard  Gomm,  G.O.B., 
both  assumed  by  Royal  Licence  the  additional  surname 
and  arms  of  Gomm.  Neither  Mr.  nor  Mrs.  Carr-Gomm 
appear  to  have  had  any  blood  descent  from  the  Gomm 
famUy ;  consequently  the  Gomm  arms  were  granted  to 
both  husband  and  wife,  and  the  curious  part  is  that  they 
were  not  identical,  the  marks  (showing  that  there  was  no 
-blood  relationship)  being  a  canton  for  the  husband  and  a 
cross  crosslet  for  the  wife.  In  this  case  the  arms  were 
impaled.  One  is  puzzled  to  know  why  the  grant  to  the 
wife  was  necessary  as  well  as  the  grant  to  the  husband. 

In  1865  Mrs.  Massy,  widow  of  Hugh  Massy,  assumed 
the  name  and  arms  of  Richardson  in  lieu  of  Massy.  Mrs. 
Massy  was  the  only  child  of  Major  Richardson  Brady, 
who  had  previously  assumed  by  Royal  Licence  the  arms  of 
Brady  only.  The  painting  upon  the  patent  is  a  lozenge, 
bearing  the  arms  of  Massy,  and  upon  an  escutcheon  of 
pretence  the  arms  of  Richardson.     Of  course,  the  arms  of 


Mrs.  Massy,  as  a  widow,  previously  to  the  issue  of  the 
Royal  Licence  were  a  lozenge  of  the  arms  of  Massy,  and 
on  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  the  arms  of  Brady. 

A  few  years  ago  a  Grant  of  Arms  was  issued  to  a  Mrs. 
Sharpe,  widow  of  Major  Sharpe.  The  arms  were  to  be 
borne  by  herself  and  the  descendants  of  her  late  husband, 
and  by  the  other  descendants  of  her  husband's  father,  so 
that  there  is  no  doubt  whatever  that  these  were  the  arms 
of  Sharpe.  I  have  no  idea  who  Mrs.  Sharpe  was,  and  I 
do  not  know  that  she  possessed  any  arms  of  her  own.  Let 
us  presume  she  did  not.  Now,  unless  a  widow  may  bear 
the  arms  of  her  late  husband  on  a  lozenge,  whether  she 
has  arms  to  impale  with  them  or  not,  how  on  earth  is  she 
to  bear  arms  at  all  ?  And  yet  the  grant  most  distinctly 
was  primarily  to  Mrs.  Sharpe. 

After  the  death  of  General  Ross,  the  victor  of  Bladens- 
burg,  a  grant  of  an  augmentation  was  made  to  be  placed 
upon  the  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  General 
(Fig.  776).  It  will  be  seen  that  the  grant  also  was  for 
the  augmentation  to  be  borne  by  his  widow  during  her 
widowhood.  But  no  mention  appears  of  the  arms  of 
Mrs.  Ross,  nor,  as  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  was  proof 
officially  made  that  Mrs.  Eoss  was  in  her  own  right 
entitled  to  arms ;  consequently,  whether  she  really  was  or 
was  not,  we  may  assume  that  as  far  as  the  official  authori- 
ties officially  knew  she  was  not,  and  the  same  query  for- 
mulated with  regard  to  the  Sharpe  patent  holds  good  in 
this  case.  The  painting  on  the  patent  shows  the  arms 
upon  a  shield,  and  placed  above  is  a  helmet  surmounted 
by  the  crest  of  augmentation  and  the  family  crest  of  Eoss. 

So  that  from  the  cases  we  have  mentioned  instances 
can  be  found  of  the  arms  of  a  wife  upon  a  shield  alone, 
and  of  a  widow  having  arms  depicted  upon  a  lozenge,  such 
arms  being  on  different  occasions  the  impaled  arms  of  her 
husband  and  herself,  or  the  arms  of  herself  alone  or  of  her 
husband  alone  ;  and  we  have  arms  granted  to  a  wife,  and 
depicted  as  an  impalement  or  upon  a  lozenge.  So  that 
from  grants  it  seems  almost  impossible  to  deduce  any 
decided  and  unquestionable  rule  as  to  how  wife  or  widow 
should  bear  a  coat  of  arms.  There  is,  however,  one  other 
source  from  which  profitable  instruction  may  be  drawn. 
I  refer  to  the  methods  of  depicting  arms  upon  hatchments, 
and  more  particularly  to  the  hatchment  of  a  married 
woman.  Now  a  hatchment  is  strictly  and  purely  personal, 
and  in  the  days  when  the  use  of  such  an  article  was  an 
everyday  matter,  the  greatest  attention  was  paid  to  the 
proper  marshalling  of  the  arms  thereupon.  There  are  so 
many  varying  circumstances  that  we  have  here  only  space 
to  refer  to  the  three  simple  rules,  and  these  uncomplicated 
by  any  exceptional  circumstances,  which  governed  the 
hatchments  of  maid,  wife,  and  widow.  In  the  first  case, 
the  hatchment  of  an  unmarried  lady  showed  the  whole  of 
the  background  black,  the  paternal  arms  on  a  lozenge, 
and  this  suspended  by  a  knot  of  blue  ribbon.  In  the 
hatchment  of  a  widow  the  background  again  was  all 
black,  the  arms  were  upon  a  lozenge  (but  without  the 
knot  of  ribbon),  and  the  lozenge  showed  the  arms  of 
husband  and  wife  impaled,  or  with  the  wife's  in  pretence, 
as  circumstances  might  dictate.  The  hatchment  of  a  wife 
was  entirely  different.  Like  the  foregoing,  it  was  devoid, 
of  course,  of  helmet,  mantling,  crest,  or  motto ;  but  the 
background  was  white  on  the  dexter  side  (to  show  that 
the  husband  was  still  alive),  and  black  on  the  sinister  (to 
show  the  wife  was  dead).  But  the  impaled  arms  were  not 
depicted  upon  a  lozenge,  but  upon  a  shield,  and  the  shield 
was  surmounted  by  the  true  lover's  knot  of  blue  ribbon. 

I  have  already  stated  that  when  the  rules  of  arms  were 
in  the  making  the  possibility  of  a  married  woman  bearing 
arms  in  her  own  right  was  quite  ignored,  and  theoretically 
even  now  the  husband  bears  his  wife's  arms  for  her  upon  his 
shield.  But  the  arms  of  a  man  are  never  depicted  sus- 
pended from  a  true  lover's  knot.  Such  a  display  is  distinctly 


389 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


femmine,  and  I  verily  believe  that  the  correct  way  for 
a  married  woman  to  use  arms,  if  she  desires  the  display 
thereof  to  be  personal  to  herself  rather  than  to  her  husband, 
is  her  husband's  arms  impaled  with  her  own  upon  a  shield 
suspended  from  a  true  lover's  knot,  and  without  helmet, 
mantling,  crest,  or  motto.  At  any  rate  such  a  method  of 
display  is  a  correct  one,  it  is  in  no  way  open  to  criticism 
on  the  score  of  inaccuracy,  it  has  precedent  in  its  favour, 
and  it  affords  a  very  desirable  means  of  distinction.  My 
only  hesitation  is  that  one  cannot  say  it  is  the  only  way, 
or  that  it  would  be  "  incorrect "  for  the  husband.  At  any 
rate  it  is  the  only  way  of  drawing  a  distinction  between 
the  "  married  "  achievements  of  the  husband  and  the  wife. 

The  limitations  attached  to  a  lady's  heraldic  display 
being  what  they  are,  it  has  long  been  felt,  and  keenly 
felt,  by  every  one  attempting  heraldic  design,  that 
artistic  treatment  of  a  lady's  arms  savoured  almost  of 
the  impossible.  What  delicacy  of  treatment  can  possibly 
be  added  to  the  hard  outline  of  the  lozenge  ?  The  sub- 
stitution of  curvilinear  for  straight  lines  in  the  outline, 
and  even  the  foliation  of  the  outline,  goes  but  a  little  way 
as  an  equivalent  to  the  extensive  artistic  opportunities 
which  the  mantling  affords  to  a  designer  when  depicting 
the  arms  of  a  man. 

To  a  certain  extent,  two  attempts  have  been  made 
towards  providing  a  remedy.  Neither  can  properly  claim 
official  recognition,  though  both  have  been  employed  in  a 
quasi-official  manner.  The  one  consists  of  the  knot  of 
ribbon  ;  the  other  consists  of  the  use  of  the  cordeliere. 
In  their  present  usage  the  former  is  meaningless  and 
practically  senseless,  whilst  the  use  of  the  latter  is 
radically  wrong,  and  in  my  opinion,  little  short  of  im- 
posture. The  knot  of  ribbon,  when  employed,  is  usually 
in  the  form  of  a  thin  streamer  of  blue  ribbon  tied  in  the 
conventional  true  lover's  knot  (Fig.  453).  But  the  im- 
becility and  inconsistency  of  its  use  lies  in  the  fact  that 
except  upon  a  hatchment  it  has  been  denied  by  custom 
to  married  women  and  widows,  who  have  gained  their 
lovers ;  whilst  its  use  is  sanctioned  for  the  unmarried 
lady,  who,  unless  she  be  affianced,  neither  has  nor  ought 
to  have  anything  whatever  to  do  with  lovers  or  with  their 
knot.  The  women  who  are  fancy-free  display  the  tied-up 
knot ;  women  whom  love  has  fast  tied  up,  unless  the  fore- 
going opinion  as  to  the  correct  way  to  display  the  arms 
of  a  married  lady  which  I  have  expressed  be  correct,  must 
leave  the  knot  alone.  But  as  matters  stand  heraldically 
at  the  moment  the  ribbon  is  used  with  the  lozenge  of  an 
unmarried  lady,  and  its  artistic  advantages  are  manifest 


in  Fig.  960,  specially  designed  by  Miss  C.  Helard.  With 
reference  to  the  cordeliere  some  writers  assert  that  its  use 
is  optional,  others  that  its  use  is  confined  to  widow  ladies. 
Now  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  nothing  whatever  of  the  kind. 
It  is  reallv  the  insignia  of  the  old  French  Order  of  the 


Fig.  960. — Armorial  bearings  of  tlit-  late  Mis-<  Emily  Paynter  :  Upon  a 
lozenge,  quarterly,  I.  azure,  three  blocks  argent,  each  charged 
with  an  annulet  sable  (for  Paynter) ;  2.  azure,  three  faggots  argent 
(for  Antron) ;  3.  argent,  three  bends  gules  (for  Bodrugan)  ;  4.  ar- 
gent, two  chevronels  nebuly  gules,  between  three  sheaves  of  as 
many  arrows  sable,  banded  of  the  second  (for  Best). 

Cordeliere,  which  was  founded  by  Anne  of  Bretagne, 
widow  of  Charles  VIII.,  in  1498.  its  membership  being 
confined  to  widow  ladies  of  noble  family.  The  cordeliere 
was  the  waist  girdle  which  formed  a  part  of  the  insignia 
of  the  Order,  and  it  took  its  place  around  the  lozenges  of 
the  arms  of  the  members  in  a  manner  similar  to  the 
armorial  use  of  the  Garter  for  Knights  of  that  Order. 
Though  the  Order  of  the  Cordeliere  is  long  since  extinct, 
it  is  neither  right  nor  proper  that  any  part  of  its  insignia 
should  be  adopted  unaltered  by  those  who  can  show  no  con- 
nection with  it  or  membership  of  it.  A.  0.  F-I). 


CHAPTER     XL 


OFFICIAL    HERALDIC    INSIGNIA 


THE  armory  of  all  other  nations  than  our  own  is 
rich  in  heraldic  emblems  of  oflSce.  In  France  this 
was  particularly  the  case,  and  France  undoubtedly 
for  many  centuries  gave  the  example, to  be  followed  by  other 
civilised  countries,  in  all  matters  of  honour  and  etiquette. 
If  English  heraldry  were  entirely  destitute  of  official 
heraldic  ensigns,  perhaps  the  development  elsewhere  of  this 
branch  of  armory  might  be  dismissed  as  an  entirely  foreign 
growth.  But  this  is  far  from  being  the  case,  as  there  are 
some  number  of  cases  in  which  these  official  emblems  do 
exist.  In  England,  however,  the  instances  are  governed 
by  no  scale  of  comparative  importance,  and  the  appearance 
of  such  tokens  can  only  be  described  as  capricious.  That 
a  more  extended  usage  might  with  advantage  be  made  no 
one  can  deny,  for  usage  of  this  character  would  teach  the 


general  public  that  armory  had  a  meaning  and  a  valne,  it 
would  increase  the  interest  in  heraldry,  and  also  assist 
greatly  in  the  rapidly  increasing  revival  of  heraldic  know- 
ledge. The  existence  of  these  heraldic  emblems  would 
manifestly  tend  towards  a  revival  of  the  old  and  interest- 
ingly excellent  custom  of  regularly  setting  up  in  appropri- 
ate public  places  the  arms  of  those  who  have  successively 
held  various  offices.  The  Inns  of  Court,  St.  George's 
Chapel,  the  Public  Office  at  the  College  of  Arms,  and  the 
halls  of  some  of  the  Livery  Companies  are  amongst  the 
few  places  of  importance  where  the  custom  still  obtains. 
And  yet  what  an  interesting  memorial  such  a  series 
always  becomes  !  The  following  list  may  not  be  entirely 
complete,  but  it  is  fairly  so  as  far  as  France  is  concerned, 
and  I  think  also  complete  as  to  England. 


390 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  following  are  from  the  Royal  French  Court : — 

The  High  Constable  of  France :  Two  swords  held  on 
each  side  of  the  shield  by  two  hands  in  armour  issuing 
from  the  clouds. 

The  Chancellor:  In  saltire  behind  his  arms  two  great 
maces,  and  over  his  helmet. a  mortier  or  cap  sable  crossed 
by  two  bands  of  gold  lace  and  turned  up  ermine ;  thereon 
the  figure  of  a  demi-queen  as  an  emblem  of  France,  hold- 
ing a  sceptre  in  her  right  hand  and  the  great  seal  of  the 
kingdom  in  her  left. 

The  Marshal:  Two  batons  in  saltu-e  behind  the  arms 
azure,  seme-de-lis  or. 

The  Admiral :  Two  anchors  in  saltire  behind  the  arms, 
the  stocks  of  the  anchors  in  chief  azure,  seme-de-lis  or. 

The  General  of  the  Galleys:  Two  anchors  in  saltire 
behind  the  arms. 

Vice-Admiral :  One  anchor  in  pale  behind  the  arms. 

Colmul-General  of  the  Infantry  :  Under  his  arms  in  sal- 
tire sis  flags,  three  on  each  side,  white,  crimson,  and  blue. 

Colonel  of  the  Cavcdry :  Over  the  arms  four  banners  of 
the  arms  of  France,  fringed,  &c.,  two  to  the  dexter  and 
two  to  the  sinister. 

Grand  Master  of  the  Artillery :  Two  field-pieces  of 
ordnance  under  the  arms,  one  pointing  to  the  dexter  and 
one  to  the  sinister. 

The  Superintendent  of  the  Finance  :  Two  keys  imperially 
crowned  and  endorsed  in  pale,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
arms,  the  dexter  or,  the  sinister  argent. 

Grand  Master  of  the  Household  to  the  King  :  Two  grand 
batons  of  sUver  gilt  in  saltire  behind  the  arms. 

Gi-a7id  Almoner:  Under  his  arms  a  blue  book,  on  the  cover 
the  arms  of  France  and  Navarre  within  the  Orders  of  St. 
Michael  and  the  Holy  Ghost,  over  the  Orders  the  Crown. 

Grand  Chamberlain:  Two  keys,  both  imperially  crowned 
or,  in  saltire  behind  the  arms  endorsed,  the  wards-in-chief. 

Grand  Esquire:  On  each  side  of  the  shield  a  royal  sword 
erect,  the  scabbard  azure,  seme-de-lis,  hilt  and  pommel  or, 
the  belts  folded  round  the  scabbard  azure,  seme-de-lis  or. 

Grand  Pannetier,  who  by  virtue  of  his  office  had  all  the 
bakers  of  Paris  under  his  jurisdiction,  and  had  to  lay  the 
king's  cover  at  his  table,  bore  under  his  arms  a  rich  cover 
and  a  knife  and  fork  in  saltire. 

Gra'/ul  Butler  or  Cupbearer :  On  each  side  of  the  base 
of  the  shield,  a  grand  silver  flagon  gilt,  with  the  arms  of 
the  King  thereon. 

Gamekeeper  to  the  King :  Two  bugle-horns  appending 
from  the  ends  of  the  mantling. 

Grand  Falconer :  Two  lures  appending  from  the  ends 
of  the  mantling. 

Gi-and  Wolf-hunter  :  On  each  side  of  the  shield  a  wolf's 
head  caboshed. 

Captain  of  the  King's  Guards :  Two  small  batons  sable, 
headed  gold,  like  a  walking-cane. 

Captain  of  the  Hnndred  Svnss  Guards :  Two  batons  Ln 
saltire  sable,  headed  argent,  and  under  the  arms  two 
black  velvet  caps  with  feathers. 

First  Master  of  the  Household :  Under  his  arms  two 
batons  in  saltire. 

Grand  Carver  to  His  Majesty:  Under  his  arms  a  knife  and 
fork  iu  saltire  proper,  the  handles  azure,  seme-de-lis  or. 

Graml  Provost  of  the  Household :  Under  his  arms  two 
Roman  fasces  or,  corded  azure. 

Gra'iuL  Quartermaster  :  A  mace  and  battle-axe  in  saltire. 

Captain  of  the  Guards  of  the  Gate :  Two  keys  in  pale, 
crowned  argent,  one  on  each  side  the  arms. 

The  President  of  the  Parliament :  On  his  helmet  a 
black  cap  with  two  bands  of  gold  lace. 

Under  the  Empire  (of  France)  the  Vice-Connetable 
used  arms  holding  swords,  as  had  been  the  case  with  the 
Constable  of  the  Kingdom,  but  the  swords  were  sheathed 
and  seme  of  golden  bees.  The  Grand  Chamberlain  had 
two  golden  keys  in  saltire,  the  bows  thereof  enclosing  the 


imperial  eagle,  and  the  batons  of  the  Mareohaux  de  Finance 
were  seme  of  bees  instead  of  fleurs-de-lis. 

The  Pope  bears  a  cross  with  three  arms,  an  archbishop 
one  with  two  arms,  a  bishop  one  with  a  single  arm. 
Besides  this,  two  crossed  keys  appertain  to  the  Pope,  the 
golden  key  to  bind,  in  bend  dexter,  the  silver  key  to 
loose,  in  sinister  bend  (see  Plate  CXIII.  Fig.  i,  and  Plate 
CXI.  Fig.  l).  British  archbishops  and  bishops  will  be  pre- 
sently referred  to.  Ecclesiastical  princes,  who  were  at  the 
same  time  sovereign  territorial  princes,  bore  behind  their 
shield  a  pedum  or  pastorale  (crosier),  crossed  with  the 
sword  of  penal  judicature  (Plate  CXIII.  Fig.  4).  A  bishop 
bears  the  crosier  with  an  outward  bend,  an  abbot  with  an 
inward  bend,  thus  symboKsing  the  range  of  their  activity 
or  dominion.  The  arch  and  hereditary  offices  of  the  old 
German  Empire  had  also  their  own  attributes :  thus  the 
"  Erztruchsess,"  Lord  High  Steward  (Palatinate-Bavaria), 
bore  a  golden  Imperial  globe,  which  arose  from  a  misinter- 
pretation of  the  double  dish,  the  original  attribute  of  this 
dignity.  The  Lord  High  Marshal  of  the  Empire  (Saxony) 
expressed  his  office  by  a  shield  divided  "  per  fess  argent 
and  sable,"  bearing  two  crossed  swords  gules.  The 
Hereditary  Standard-Bearer  (Wurtemberg)  bore  :  Azure, 
a  banner  or,  charged  with  an  eagle  sable,  the  Lord 
High  Chamberlain  (Brandenburg) :  Azure,  a  sceptre  or, 
while  the  Hereditary  Chamberlain  (Hohenzollern)  used : 
Gules,  two  crossed  sceptres  or,  as  a  distinction,  &o. 

In  Italy  the  Duca  de  Savelli,  as  Marshal  of  the  Con- 
clave, hangs  on  either  side  of  his  shield  a  key,  the  cords 
of  which  are  knotted  beneath  his  coronet. 

In  Holland  Admirals  used  the  naval  Crown,  and  added 
two  anchors  in  saltire  behind  the  shield. 

In  Spain  the  Admirals  of  Castile  and  of  the  Indies 
placed  an  anchor  in  bend  behind  the  shield. 

The  instances  I  am  aware  of  which  have  official 
sanction  already  in  this  country  are  as  stated  in  the  list 
which  follows : — 

I  have  purposely  (to  make  the  list  absolutely  complete) 
included  insignia  which  may  possibly  be  more  properly  con- 
sidered ensigns  of  rank,  because  it  is  not  particularly  easy 
always  to  distinguish  offices  from  honours  and  from  rank. 

The  Kings  of  Eiu/land  (George  I.  to  William  IV.),  as 
Arch  Treasurers  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  bore : 
Upon  an  inescutcheon  gules,  in  the  centre  of  the  arms  of 
Hanover,  a  representation  of  the  Crown  of  Charlemagne. 

An  Archbishop  has :  (l)  His  official  coat  of  arms,  which 
he  impales  (placing  it  on  the  dexter  side)  with  his 
personal  arms ;  (2)  his  mitre,  which,  it  should  be  noted, 
is  the  same  as  the  mitre  of  a  Bishop,  and  7iot  having  a 
coronet  ench'cling  its  band ;  (3)  his  archiepiscopal  stafi 
(of  gold,  and  with  two  transverse  arms),  which  is  placed 
in  pale  behind  his  escutcheon :  (4)  two  crosiers  in  saltire 
behind  the  escutcheon.  It  is  curious  to  note  that  the 
pallium  which  occurs  in  all  archiepiscopal  coats  of  arms 
(save  that  of  York)  is  now  very  generally  conceded  to 
have  been  more  in  the  nature  of  an  emblem  of  the  rank 
of  Archbishop  (it  being  a  part  of  his  ecclesiastical  costume) 
than  a  charge  in  a  concrete  impersonal  coat  of  arms  for 
a  defined  area  of  archiepiscopal  jurisdiction.  In  this 
connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Archbishops 
of  York  anciently  used  the  pallium  in  lieu  of  the  official 
arms  now  regularly  employed. 

A  Bishop  has:  (i)  His  official  coat  of  arms,  (2)  his 
mitre,  (3)  two  crosiers  in  saltii'e  behind  his  escutcheon. 

The  Bishop  of  Durham'  has:  (i)  His  official  coat  of 
arms,  (2 )  his  coronetted  mitre,  vjhich  is  peculiar  to  himself, 
and  (which  is  another  privilege  also  peculiar  to  himself 
alone)  he  places  a  svjord  and  a  crosier  in  saltire  behind  his 
arms.  Reference  should  also  be  made  to  the  chapter 
upon  Ecclesiastical  Heraldry. 

A  Peer  has  :  (i)  His  coronet,  (2)  his  helmet  of  rank, 
(3)  his  supporters,  (4)  his  robe  of  estate. 
91 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


A  Scottish  Peer  has,  in  addition,  the  ermine  lining  to 
his  mantling. 

A  Baronet  of  England,  of  Ireland,  of  Great  Britain,  or 
of  the  United  Kingdom  has  :  ( i )  His  helmet  of  rank,  (2)  his 
badge  of  Ulster  upon  an  inescutcheon  or  canton  (argent, 
a  sinister  hand  erect,  oouped  at  the  wrist  gules). 

A  Baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  has  :  (i)  His  helmet  of  rank, 
(2)  his  badge  (an  orange-tawny  ribbon,  whereon  shall 
hang  pendent  in  an  escutcheon  argent,  a  saltire  azure, 
thereon  an  inescutcheon  of  the  arms  of  Scotland,  with 
an  imperial  crown  over  the  escutcheon,  and  encircled  with 
this  motto,  "  Fax  Mentis  Honestffi  Gloria,"  pendent  below 
the  escutcheon). 

A  Kiiirjht  of  the  Garter  has:  (l)  His  Garter  to  encircle 
the  shield,  (2)  his  collar  and  badge,  (3)  supporters.  The 
Prelate  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter  (an  office  held  by  the 
Bishops  of  Winchester)  is  entitled  to  encircle  his  arms 
with  the  Garter.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Order  of  the 
Garter  encircles  his  arms  with  the  Garter.  Formerly  the 
Bishops  of  Salisbury  always  held  this  office,  but  in  1836 
when  the  county  of  Berks  (which  of  course  includes 
Windsor,  and  therefore  the  chapel  of  the  order)  was 
removed  from  the  Diocese  of  Salisbury  to  the  Diocese  of 
Oxford,  the  office  of  Chancellor  passed  to  the  Bishops  of 
Oxford.  The  Dean  of  Windsor,  as  Registrar  of  the  Order, 
displays  below  his  shield  the  ribbon  and  badge  of  his 
office. 

A  Knight  of  the  Thistle  has  :  (i)  The  ribbon  or  circlet  of 
the  order,  (2)  his  collar  and  badge,  (3)  supporters.  The 
Dean  of  the  Chapels  Eoyal  in  Scotland,  as  Dean  of  the 
Order,  used  the  badge  and  ribbon  of  his  office. 

A  Knight  of  St.  Patrick  has  :  (l)  The  ribbon  or  circlet 
of  the  order,  (2)  his  collar  and  badge,  (3)  supporters. 
The  Prelate  of  the  Order  of  St.  Patrick  was  as  such  en- 
titled to  encircle  his  escutcheon  with  the  ribbon  or  circlet 
of  that  order,  from  which  his  official  badge  depends. 
The  office,  of  course,  came  to  an  end  with  the  disestablish- 
ment of  the  Irish  Church.  It  was  held  by  the  Arch- 
bishops of  Armagh.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Patrick  is  as  such  entitled  to  encircle  his  escutcheon 
with  the  ribbon  or  circlet  of  that  order,  from  which  his 
official  badge  depends.  This  office,  formerly  held  by  the 
Archbishops  of  Dublin,  has  since  the  disestablishment 
been  enjoyed  by  the  Chief  Secretaries  for  Ireland.  The 
Deans  of  St.  Patrick's  were  similarly  Registrars  of  the 
Order,  and  as  such  used  the  badge  and  ribbon  of  their 
office. 

Knights  Grand  Cross  or  Knights  Grand  Commanders  of 
the  Orders  of  the  Bath,  the  Star  of  India,  St.  Michael  and 
St.  George,  the  Indian  Empire,  or  the  Victorian  Order, 
have:  (i)  The  circlets  or  ribbons  of  their  respective 
orders,  (2)  their  collars  and  badges,  (3)  their  helmets  of 
degree,  (4)  supporters. 

Knights  Commanders  of  the  aforesaid  Orders  have  :  (i) 
The  circlets  or  ribbons  of  their  respective  Orders,  (2)  their 
badges  pendent  below  the  shield,  (3)  their  helmets  of 
degree. 

Companions  of  the  aforesaid  Orders,  and  Commanders 
and  members  of  the  Victorian  Order,  as  also  members  of 
the  Distinguished  Service  Order,  the  Imperial  Service 
Order,  the  Order  of  Merit,  the  Order  of  Victoria  and 
Albert,  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India,  and  those 
entitled  to  the  Victoria  Cross,  the  Albert  Medal,  the 
Conspicuous  Service  Cross,  the  Kaisar-i-Hind  medal,  the 
Royal  Red  Cross,  the  Volunteer  Officers'  Decoration, 
and  the  Decoration  of  the  League  of  Mercy,  are  entitled 
to  suspend  their  respective  decorations  below  their 
escutcheons.  The  officers  of  these  orders  of  knighthood 
are  of  course  entitled  to  display  their  badges  of  office. 
The  Dean  of  Westminster  is  always  Dean  of  the  Order 
of  the  Bath. 

Knights  Grand  Cross  and  Knights  Commanders  of  the 


Bath,  if  of  the  Military  Division,  are  also  entitled  to  place 
a  wreath  of  laurel  round  their  escutcheons. 

Knights  of  Justice  of  the  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem  in  England  are  entitled  to  place  upon  their 
escutcheons  a  chief  of  the  arms  of  the  Order  (gules,  a 
cross  throughout  argent,  embellished  in  the  angles  with  a 
lion  guardant  and  a  unicorn,  both  passant  or). 

Knights  of  Grace  and  other  Members  of  the  Order  suspend 
whatever  badge  they  are  entitled  to  wear  below  their  shield 
from  a  black  watered-silk  ribbon. 

[Some  members  of  the  Order  display  their  arms  upon 
the  Cross  of  the  Order,  as  was  done  by  Knights  of  the 
original  Order,  from  which  the  present  Order  is  copied, 
but  how  far  the  practice  is  sanctioned  by  the  Royal 
Charter,  or  in  what  manner  it  is  controlled  by  the  rules 
of  the  Order,  I  am  not  aware.] 

The  Lord  High  Constable  of  England  is  entitled  to  place 
behind  his  escutcheon  two  batons  in  saltire  similar  to  the 
one  which  is  delivered  to  him  for  use  at  the  Coronation, 
which  is  now  the  only  occasion  when  the  ofBoe  is 
enjoyed.  As  the  office  is  only  held  temporarily,  the 
existing  privilege  does  not  amount  to  much. 

The  Lord  High  Constable  of  Scotland  is  entitled  to  place 
behind  his  escutcheon,  in  saltire,  two  silver  batons 
tipped  with  gold  at  either  end.  The  arms  of  the  Earl 
of  Brrol  (Hereditary  Lord  High  Constable  of  Scotland) 
have  only  once,  at  an  early  period,  been  matriculated 
in  Lyon  Register,  and  then  without  any  official  insignia, 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  right  to  the  crossed 
batons. 

The  Lord  High  Chamberlain  of  Scotland  (I  am  not  sure 
this  office  still  exists) :  Two  golden  keys  in  saltire  behind 
the  escutcheon. 

The  Earl  Marshal  and  Hereditary  Marshal  of  England 
places  two  batons  of  gold  tipped  with  sable  in  saltire 
behind  his  arms  (Fig.  809). 

[A  Deputy  Earl  Marshal  places  one  similar  baton  in 
bend  behind  his  shield.] 

The  Earl  Marischal  of  Scotland  (until  the  office  was 
extinguished  by  attainder)  placed  behind  his  shield  two 
batons  gules,  seme  of  thistles,  each  ensigned  on  the  top 
with  an  Imperial  Crown  or  placed  saltirewise. 

The  Hereditary  Marshal  of  Ireland  (an  office  long  in 
abeyance)  used  two  batons  in  saltire  behind  his  arms. 
According  to  MS.  Harl.  6589,  f.  39: 
"  Les  armes  des  office  du  Mares- 
chall  d'Ireland  sent  de  Goulz  et 
cinque  fucelles  bendes  d'Argent." 
These  certainly  do  not  appear  to 
be  the  personal  arms  of  those  who 
held  the  office,  but  there  is  other 
record  that  some  such  coat  was 
used  (Fig.  961). 

The  Hereditary  Lord  Great 
Senesclml  of  Ireland  (the  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury)  places  a  white  wand 
in  pale  behind  his  escutcheon. 

The  Duke  of  Argyll  places  in 
saltire  behind  his  arms :  ( I )  In 
bend  dexter,  a  baton  gules,  sem6 
of  thistles  or,  ensigned  with  an  Imperial  Crown  proper, 
thereon  the  crest  of  Scotland  (as  Hereditary  Great  Master 
of  the  Household  in  Scotland) ;  (2)  in  bend  sinister,  a 
sword  proper,  hilt  and  pommel  or  (as  Hereditary  Justice- 
General  of  Scotland). 

The  Master-Genercd  of  the  Ordnance  (by  Warrant  of  King 
Charles  II.)  bears  on  each  side  of  his  arms  a  field-piece. 

The  Lord  Justice-Clerk  of  Scotland  places  two  swords  in 
saltire  behind  his  shield. 

The  Lord  Chief-Justice  of  England  encircles  his  arms 
with  his  Collar  of  SS. 

The    Walker   Trustees   place   behind   their   shield  two 


KiG.  961. — Arm.=!  of  John 
Marshal,  Earl  of  War- 
wick, Hereditary  Mar- 
shal of  Ireland.  (From 
Charles'  Roll,  f.  20.) 


392 


PLATE  CXXVr. 


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THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


batons  in  saltire,  each  ensigned  with  a  unicom  salient 
supporting  a  shield  argent,  the  nnicorn  horned  or,  and 
gorged  with  an  antique  crown,  to  which  is  affixed  a  chain 
passing  between  the  fore-legs  and  reflexed  over  the  back 
of  the  last,  for  the  office  of  Heritable  Usher  of  the  White 
Eod  of  Scotland,  now  vested  in  the  said  Trustees.  Before 
the  recent  Court  of  Claims  the  claim  was  made  to  exercise 
the  office  by  deputy,  and  such  claim  was  allowed. 

The  Master  of  the  Bevels  in  Scotland  has  an  official  coat 
of  arms  :  Argent,  a  lady  rising  out  of  a  cloud  in  the  nom- 
bril  point,  richly  apparelled,  on  her  head  a  garland  of  ivy, 
holding  in  her  right  hand  a  poignard  crowned,  in  her  left 
a  vizard  all  proper,  standing  under  a  veil  or  canopy  azure 
garnished  or,  in  base  a  thistle  vert. 

Serjeants-at-Arms  encircle  their  arms  with  their  Collars 
of  SS. 

Garter  King  of  Arms  has  :  (i)  His  official  coat  of  arms 
(argent,  a  cross  gules,  on  a  chief  azure,  a  ducal  coronet 
encircled  with  a  Garter,  between  a  lion  passant  guardant 
on  the  dexter,  and  a  fleur-de-lis  on  the  sinister,  all  or)  : 

(2)  his  crown  ;  (3)  his  Collar  of  SS  (the  collar  of  a  King  of 
Arms  differs  from  that  of  a  Herald,  inasmuch  as  it  is  of 
silver-gilt,  and  on  each  shoulder  a  portcullis  is  inserted) ; 

(4)  his  badge  as  Garter  pendent  below  his  shield.  His 
sceptre  of  silver-gilt  has  been  sometimes  (and  doubtless 
correctly)  placed  in  bend  behind  his  escutcheon,  but  this 
has  not  been  regularly  done,  nor  is  it  adopted  by  the 
present  Garter. 

Lyon  King  of  Arms  has:  (l)  His  official  coat  of  arms 
(argent,  a  lion  sejant,  erect  and  afFronte  gules,  holding  in 
his  dexter  paw  a  thistle  slipped  vert,  and  in  the  sinister  a 
shield  of  the  second,  on  a  chief  azure  a  St.  Andrew's 
cross — ie.  a  saltire — of  the  field) ;  (2)  his  crown  ;  (3)  two 
batons,  representing  that  of  his  office  in  saltire  behind  his 
shield,  these  being  azure  semi^  of  thistles  and  fleurs-de-lis 
or,  tipped  at  either  end  with  gold ;  (4)  his  Collar  of  SS. ; 

(5)  his  triple  chain  of  gold,  from  which  depends  his  badge 
as  Lyon  King  of  Arms. 

Ulster  King  of  Arms  has:  (l)  His  official  coat  of  arms 
(or,  a  cross  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  last  a  lion  of  England 
between  a  harp  and  a  portcullis,  all  of  the  first) ;  (2)  his 
crown  ;  (3)  his  Collar  of  SS  ;  (4)  his  two  staves  in  saltire 
behind  the  shield  ;  (5)  his  chain  and  badge  as  Ulster  King 
of  arms ;  (6)  his  badge  as  Registrar  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Patrick. 

Clare'iueux  King  of  Arms  has:  (i)  His  ofiicial  coat  of 
arms  (argent,  a  cross  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  second  a  lion 
passant  guardant  or,  crowned  of  the  last)  ;  (2)  his  crown  ; 

(3)  his  Collar  of  SS. 

Norroy  King  of  Arms  has  :  (i)  His  official  coat  of  arms 
(argent,  a  cross  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  second  a  lion  of 
England  passant  guardant  or,  crowned  with  an  open 
crown,  between  a  fleur-de-lis  on  the  dexter  and  a  key  on 
the  sinister  of  the  last) ;  (2)  his  crown  ;  (3)  his  Collar 
of  SS. 

Bath  King  of  Arms  has  :  (i)  His  crown  ;  (2)  his  Collar 
of  SS. 

I  am  not  aware  that  any  official  arms  have  been  assigned 
to  Bath  up  to  the  present  time ;  but  if  none  exist,  there 
would  not  be  the  slightest  difficulty  in  obtaining  these. 

An  English  Herald  encircles  his  shield  with  his  Collar 
of  SS. 

A  Scottish  Herald  is  entitled  to  do  the  same,  and  has 
also  his  badge,  which  he  places  below  the  escutcheon 
pendent  from  a  ribbon  of  blue  and  white. 

The  English  Heralds  and  Fztrsuivants  in  some  instances 
use  badges,  but  it  is  difficult  to  decide  the  exact  status  of 
these.  They  are  all  royal  badges,  but  it  is  not  clear  to  me 
whether  they  are  used  on  the  same  footing  as  the  Royal 
Arms  are  in  other  Government  offices,  or  whether  they  are 
considered  to  be  specifically  allocated  to  the  various  offices. 
Those  now  in  use  will  be  found  on  page  22. 


The  Regius  Professors  {or  "  Headers  ")  m  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  for  "  Phisicke,"  "  Lawe,"  "  Devinity," 
"  Hebrew,"  and  "  Greke,"  have  official  arms  as  follows 
(see  grant  by  Robert  Cooke,  Clarenceux,  1590,  Genea- 
logical Magazine,  vol.  ii.  p.  125) : — 

Of  Phisicke :  Azure,  a  fess  ermines  (?  ermine)  between 
three  lozenges  or,  on  a  chief  gules  a  lion  passant  guardant 
of  the  third,  charged  on  the  side  with  the  letter  M  sable. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  or  and  azure,  a  quinquangle  silyer, 
called  "  simbolum  sanitatis."    Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Of  Laive :  Purpure,  a  cross  moline  or,  on  a  chief  gules, 
a  lion  passant  guardant  of  the  second,  charged  on  the 
side  with  the  letter  L  sable.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
"  purple  and  gold,"  a  bee  volant  or.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent. 

Of  Devinity :  Gules,  on  a  cross  ermine,  between  four 
doves  argent,  a  book  of  the  first,  the  leaves  or,  charged  in 
the  midst  with  the  Greek  letter  6  (Theta)  sable.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  "  silver  and  gules,"  a  dove  volant  argent, 
with  an  olive-branch  vert  in  his  beak.  Mantling  gules, 
double  argent. 

Of  Hebrew :  Argent,  the  Hebrew  letter  j-)  (Tawe)  sable, 
on  a  chief  gules,  a  lion  passant  guardant  or,  charged  on 
the  side  with  the  letter  H  sable.  Crest:  on  a  wreath 
"  silver  and  sables,"  a  turtle  -  dove  azure.  Mantling 
gules,  double  argent. 

Of  Grehe :  Per  chevron  argent  and  sable,  in  chief  the 
two  Greek  letters  A  (Alpha)  and  il  (Omega)  of  the 
second,  and  in  base  a  "  cicado  "  or  grasshopper  of  the  first, 
on  a  chief  gules,  a  lion  passant  guardant  or,  charged  on 
the  side  with  the  letter  G  sable.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
"  silver  and  sables,"  an  owl  argent,  legs,  beak,  and  ears  or. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

The  following  insignia  of  office  I  quote  subject  to  the 
reservation  that  I  am  doubtful  how  far  they  enjoy  official 
sanction  : — 

The  Lord  High  Chanx:ellor  of  England :  Two  maces  in 
saltire  or,  one  in  pale  behind  the  shield  and  the  purse 
containing  the  Great  Seal  below  it. 

The  Lord  High  Chamberlain  of  England :  Two  golden 
keys  in  saltire  ;  and 

The  Lord  Chamberlain  of  the  Household  ■■  A  golden  key 
in  pale  behind  the  shield. 

At  Exeter  the  Dean,  Precentor,  Chancellor,  and 
Treasurer  have  used  official  arms  impaled  with  their  own 
insignia.     These  were  : — 

The  Dean  :  Azure,  a  stag's  head  caboshed  and  between 
the  horns  a  cross  patee  fitch^e  argent. 

The  Precentor :  Argent,  on  a  saltire  azure  a  fleur-de- 
lis  or. 

The  Chancellor :  Gules,  a  saltire  argent  between  four 
crosslets  or. 

The  Treasurer :  Gules,  a  saltire  between  four  leopards' 
heads  or. 

The  Dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Savoy,  may  perhaps 
employ  the  complicated  coat  of  the  chapel  to  impale  his 
personal  arms,  placing  the  escutcheon  on  the  breast  of  an 
eagle  sable,  crowned  or. 

Many  English  Deaneries  claim  to  possess  arms  which 
presumably  the  occupant  may  use  to  impale  his  own 
coat  withal,  after  the  example  of  the  Dean  of  Exeter. 
Such  are  London,  Winchester,  Lincoln,  Salisbury,  Lich- 
field, Durham,  which  all  difference  the  arms  of  the  see 
with  a  letter  D  of  gold  or  sable. 

St.  David's  reverses  the  tinctures  of  the  arms  of  the  see. 

Norwich  and  Carlisle  carry  :  Argent,  a  cross  sable.       , 

Canterbury  :  Azure,  on  a  cross  argent  the  monogram  X 
sable. 

York  differences  the  arms  of  the  see  by  changing  the 
crown  into  a  mitre,  and  adding  three  plates  in  flanks  and 
base. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


393 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER    XLI 


AUGMENTATIONS    OF    HONOUR 


OF  all  heraldic  distiuotions  the  possession  of  an 
augmentation  of  honour  is  the  one  most  prized. 
The  Sovereign  is  of  course  the  fountain  of  honour, 
and  though  ordinary  grants  of  arms  are  made  by  Letters 
Patent  under  the  hands  and  seals  of  the  Kings  of  Arms, 
by  virtue  of  the  powers  expressly  and  specifically  con- 
ferred upon  them  in  the  Letters  Patent  respectively 
appointing  them  to  their  offices,  a  grant  of  arms  is 
theoretically  a  grant  from  the  Crown.  The  privilege  of 
the  possession  of  arms  in  the  ordinary  event  is  left  in  the 
discretion  of  the  Earl  Marshal,  whose  warrant  is  a  con- 
dition precedent  to  the  issue  of  a  Grant.  Providing  a 
person  is  palpably  living  in  that  style  and  condition 
of  life  in  which  the  use  of  arms  is  usual,  subject  always 
to  the  Earl  Marshal's  pleasure  and  discretion,  a  Grant 
of  Arms  can  ordinarily  be  obtained  upon  payment  of 
the  usual  fees.  The  social  status  of  present-day  grantees 
of  arms  is  considerably  in  advance  of  the  status  of 
grantees  in  the  Tudor  period.  An  augmentation  of 
arms,  however,  is  on  a  totally  and  entirely  different 
footing.  It  is  an  especial  mark  of  favour  from  the 
Sovereign,  and  the  effective  grant  is  a  Eoyal  Warrant 
under  the  hand  and  Privy  Seal  of  the  Sovereign.  No 
fees  are  paid  by  the  recipient.  The  warrant,  how- 
ever, recites  and  requires  that  the  augmentation  granted 
shall  be  exemplified  and  recorded  in  the  College  of 
Arms.  Augmentations  have  been  less  frequently  con- 
ferred in  recent  years  than  was  formerly  the  case. 
Technically  speaking,  a  gift  of  arms  by  the  Sovereign 
direct  where  none  previously  existed  is  not  an  augmenta- 
tion, though  one  is  naturallv  inclined  to  include  such 
grants  in  the  category.  Such  an  example  is  met 
with  in  the  shield  granted  to  Colonel  Carlos  by  King 
Charles  to  commemorate  their  mutual  adventures  in  the 
oak  tree  ("  Or,  issuing  from  a  mount  in  base  vert,  an  oak- 
tree  proper,  over  all  on  a  fess  gules,  three  Imperial  crowns 
also  proper)." 

There  are  many  gorgeous  legends  relating  to  augmenta- 
tions and  arms  which  are  said  to  have  been  granted  by 
William  the  Conqueror  as  rewards  after  the  Battle  of 
Hastings.  Personally  I  do  not  believe  in  a  single  one. 
There  was  a  certain  augmentation  borne  by  the  Dodge 
family,  which,  if  it  be  correct,  dates  from  the  thirty-fourth 
year  of  Edward  I.,  but  whether  this  be  authentic  it  is  im- 
possible to  say.  Most  people  consider  the  alleged  deed  of 
grant  a  forgery,  and  if  this  be  so,  the  arms  only  exist  by 
right  of  subsequent  record  and  the  question  of  augmen- 
tation rests  upon  tradition.  The  curious  charge  of  the 
woman's  breast  distilling  drops  of  milk  to  typify  the 
nourishment  afforded  to  the  king's  army  is  at  any  rate 
most  interesting.  The  earliest  undoubted  one  in  this 
country  that  I  am  aware  of  dates  from  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  Sir  John  de  Pelham  shared  in  the  glory  of 
the  Battle  of  Poictiers,  and  in  the  capture  of  the  French 
King  John.  To  commemorate  this  he  was  granted  two 
round  buckles  with  thongs.  The  Pelham  family  arms 
were  "  Azure,  three  pelicans  argent,"  and,  as  will  be  seen, 
these  family  arms  were  quartered  with  the  buckles  and 
thongs  on  a  field  gules  as  an  augmentation.  The  quarterly 
coat  forms  a  part  of  the  arms  both  of  Lord  Chichester  and 
of  Lord  Yarborough  (Fig.  920)  at  the  present  day,  and 
"the  Pelham  buckle"  has  been  the  badge  of  the  Pelham 
family  for  centuries. 

Piers  Legh  (Fig.  47)  fought  with  the  Black  Prince  and 


took  the  Count  de  Tanquervil  prisoner  at  the  Battle  of 
Crecy,  "  and  did  valiantly  rere  and  advance  the  said 
princes  Banner  att  the  bataile  of  Cressy  to  the  noe 
little  encouragement  of  the  English  army,"  but  it  was  not 
until  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  that  the  augmentation 
to  commemorate  this  was  granted.  The  Patent  will  be 
found  on  page  40. 

The  Battle  of  Flodden  was  won  by  the  Earl  of  Surrey, 
afterwards  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  amongst  the  many 
rewards  which  the  King  showered  upon  his  successful 
Marshal  was  the  augmentation  to  his  arms  of  "  a  demi- 


FlG.  962. — Armorial  bearings  of  Ross,  now  borne  by  Eev.  J.  Coulman 
Ross,  Vicar  of  Loversal,  co.  York  :  Gules,  three  estoiles  in  chevron 
between  as  many  lions  rampant  argent ;  and  for  an  honourable 
augmentation  a  chief  or,  thereon  a  portion  of  the  terrestrial  globe 
proper,  the  true  meridian  described  thereon  by  a  line  passing 
from  north  to  south  sable,  with  the  Arctic  circle  azure  within  the 
place  of  the  magnetic  pole  in  latitude  70°  5'  17"  and  longitude  96° 
46'  45"  west,  designated  by  an  inescutcheon  gules,  charged  with 
a  lion  passant  guardant  of  the  first ;  the  magnetic  meridian  shown 
by  a  line  of  the  fourth  passing  through  the  inescutcheon  with  a 
correspondent  circle,  also  gules,  to  denote  more  particularly  the 
said  place  of  the  magnetic  pole  ;  the  words  following  inscribed  on 
the  chief,  viz.  "  Arctseos  Numine  Fines."  Mantling  gules  and  ar- 
gent. Crests  ;  I.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  on  a  rock  a  flagstaff 
erect,  thereon  hoisted  the  Union  Jack,  inscribed  with  the  date 
June  I,  1S31  (being  that  of  discovering  the  place  of  the  magnetic 
pole),  and  at  foot,  and  on  the  sinister  side  of  the  flagstaff,  the 
dipping  needle,  showing  its  almost  vertical  position,  all  proper ; 
2.  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  fox's  head  erased  proper.  Motto  : 
"  Spes  aspera  levat." 


lion  pierced  in  the  mouth  with  an  arrow,  depicted  on  the 
colours  for  the  arms  of  the  Kingdom  of  Scotland,  which 
the  said  James,  late  King  of  Scots,  bore."  According  to 
the  Act  of  Parliament  under  which  it  was  granted  this 
augmentation  would  seem  now  to  belong  exclusively  to 
Lord  Mowbray  and  Stourton  and  Lord  Petre,  but  it  is 
borne  with  official  sanction  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  and 
the  rest  of  the  Howard  family. 

The  Battle  of  Agincourt  is  referred  to  by  Shakespeare, 


394 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


who  puts  these  words  into  King  Henry's  mouth  on  the 
eve  of  that  great  battle  (Act  iv.  sc.  3) : — 

"  We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers ; 
For  he  to-day  that  sheds  his  blood  with  me 
Shall  be  my  brother ;  be  he  ne'er  so  vile, 
This  day  shall  gentle  his  condition." 

There  is  actual  foundation  in  fact  for  these  lines.  For 
in  a  writ  couched  in  very  stringent  and  severe  terms 
issued  by  the  same  king  in  after  years  decreeing  penalties 
for  the  improper  assumption  and  use  of  false  arms,  specific 
exception  is  made  in  favour  of  those  "  who  bore  arms  with 
us  at  the  Battle  of  Aginoourt."  Evidently  this  formed  a 
very  extensive  kind  of  augmentation. 

The  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  furnishes  an  interesting 
example  of  the  gift  of  a  complete  coat  in  the  case  of  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  who  had  been  using  the  arms  of  an- 
other family  of  the  same  name.  The  representative  of  that 
family  complained  to  the  Queen  that  Sir  Francis,  whom 
he  styled  an  upstart,  should  take  such  liberties  with  his 
arms ;  whereupon  the  Queen  said  she  would  give  Sir 
Francis  arms  which  should  outrival  those  of  his  namesake. 
At  least,  such  is  the  legend,  and  though  the  arms  them- 
selves were  granted  by  Clarenceux  King  of  Arms,  and  I 
have  not  yet  found  any  Royal  Warrant  indicating  that  the 
grant  was  made  by  specific  Royal  command,  it  is  possible 
the  story  is  correct.  The  arms  are  :  "  Sable,  a  fess  wavy 
between  two  stars  argent.  Crest :  a  ship  under  reef, 
drawn  round  a  terrestrial  globe  with  a  cable  by  a  hand 
issuing  from  clouds  all  proper."  The  stars  upon  the 
shield  are  the  two  pole  stars,  and  the  wavy  band  between 
them  typifies  Drake's  voyage  round  the  world,  as  does 
also  the  peculiar  crest  in  which  the  Divine  hand  is  shown 
guiding  his  ship  around  the  globe. 

At  the  battle  of  Naseby  Dr.  Edward  Lake  fought 
bravely  for  the  King,  and  in  the  service  of  his  majesty 
received  no  less  than  sixteen  wounds.  At  the  end 
of  the  battle,  when  his  left  arm  was  useless,  he  put 
the  bridle  of  his  horse  between  his  teeth  and  still  fought 
on.  The  quartering  of  augmentation  given  to  him  was : 
"  Gules,  a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour  holding  in  the 
hand  a  sword  erect  all  proper,  thereto  afiixed  a  banner 
argent  charged  with  a  cross  between  sixteen  escutcheons 
of  the  field,  on  the  crest  a  lion  of  England."  The  sixteen 
shields  upon  the  banner  typify  his  sixteen  wounds. 

After  the  Commonwealth  was  established  in  England, 
Charles  II.  made  a  desperate  effort  to  regain  his  crown, 
an  effort  which  culminated  in  his  disastrous  defeat  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester.  The  King  escaped  through  the  gate 
of  the  city  solely  through  the  heroic  efforts  of  Colonel 
Newman,  and  this  is  kept  in  remembrance  by  the  in- 
escutcheon  of  augmentation,  viz.  :  "  Gules,  a  portcullis 
imperially  crowned  or."  Every  one  has  heard  how  the 
Eang  was  accompanied  in  his  wanderings  by  Colonel 
Carlos,  who  hid  with  him  in  the  oak  tree  at  Boscobel. 
Afterwards  the  King  accompanied  Mistress  Jane  Lane 
on  horseback  as  her  servant  to  the  coast,  whence  he  fled 
to  the  Continent.  The  reward  of  Colonel  Carlos  was  the 
gift  of  the  entire  coat  of  arms  already  referred  to.  The 
Lanes  (Fig.  57),  though  not  until  after  some  years  had 
passed  and  the  King  had  come  back  to  his  own  again,  were 
granted  two  remarkable  additions  to  their  family  arms. 
First  of  all  "  the  canton  of  England  "  (that  is,  the  arms  of 
England  upon  a  canton)  was  added  to  their  shield.  They 
are  the  only  family  to  whom  such  an  honour  has  been 
given,  and  a  most  curious  result  has  happened.  When 
the  use  of  armorial  bearings  was  taxed  by  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment the  Royal  Arms  were  specially  exempted,  and  on 
account  of  this  canton  the  Lane  family  claimed  and 
obtained  exemption  from  the  tax.  A  few  years  later  a 
crest  was  granted  to  them,  namely,  a  strawberry-roan 
horse,   "couped  at  the  flanks,"  holding  in  its  feet  the 


Royal  crown.  It  was  upon  a  horse  of  this  colour  that  the 
King  and  Mistress  Lane  had  escaped  and  thereby  saved 
the  crown.  Mr.  Francis  Wolfe,  of  Madeley,  who  also  was 
a  party  to  the  escape,  received  the  grant  of  an  inescutcheon 


Fig.  963. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Lepel  Griffin,  K.C.S.I :  Argent,  on 
a  chevron  gules,  between  in  chief  two  griffins  segreant,  and  in 
base  a  bull's  head  caboshed  between  two  wings,  a  plate  between 
two  ostrich  feathers  erect  argent,  the  escutcheon  being  surrounded 
by  the  circlet,  and  below  the  badge  of  a  K.C.S.I.  Crest :  a  griffin 
segreant  or,  between  two  ostrich  feathers  argent.  Motto:  "Judge 
not." 


gulescharged  with  a  lion  of  England.  Another  family 
which  bears  an  augmentation  to  commemorate  King 
Charles'  escape  is  Whitgreave  (Fig.  594). 

The  reign  of  Queen  Anne  produced  in  the .  Duke  of 
Marlborough  one  of  the  finest  generals  the  world  has 
ever  seen ;  and  in  the  Battle  of  Blenheim  one  of  its 
greatest  victories.  The  augmentation  which  commemor- 
ates this  is  a  shield  bearing  the  cross  of  St.  George  and 
in  the  centre  a  smaller  shield  with  the  golden  lilies  of 
France. 

In  the  year  1797  the  Battle  of  Camperdown  was 
fought,  when  Admiral  Duncan  defeated  the  Dutch  Fleet 
and  was  created  Lord  Camperdown.  To  his  family  arms 
were  added  a  naval  crown  and  a  representation  of  the 
gold  medal  given  by  George  III.  to  Lord  Camperdown  to 
commemorate  his  victory. 

The  arms  of  Nelson  are  most  interesting,  inasmuch  as 
one  version  of  the  arms  carries  two  separate  and  distinct 
augmentations.  It  is  not,  however,  the  coat  as  it  was 
granted  to  and  borne  by  the  great  Admiral  himself. 
After  the  Battle  of  the  Nile  he  received  the  augmentation 
on  the  chief,  a  landscape  showing  the  palm-tree,  the  dis- 
abled ship,  and  the  battery  in  ruins.  The  one  crest  was 
the  plume  of  triumph  given  to  the  Admiral  by  the  Sultan 
Selim  III.,  and  his  second  crest,  which,  however,  is  not  a 
ci'est  of  augmentation,  was  the  stem  of  the  Spanish  ship 
San  Josef.  After  his  death  at  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar  his 
brother  was  created  Earl  Nelson,  and  a  second  anementa- 


395 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


tion,  namely,  a  fess  wavy  sable  with  the  word  "  Trafalgar  " 
upon  it  in  gold  letters,  was  added  to  the  arms.  This, 
however,  has  since  been  discontinued,  except  by  Lord 
Bridport,  who  quarters  it,  whilst  the  Nelson  family  has 
reverted  to  the  arms  as  they  were  borne  by  the  great 
Admiral. 

After  the  death  of  Nelson  at  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar, 
Lord  Collingwood  took  command,  and  though  naval 
experts   think    that    the    action    of    Collingwood  greatly 


Fig.  964.— Armorial  bearings  of  General  Robert  Harvey,  C.B.,  D.S.O. : 
Gules,  on  a  bend  erminois,  three  trefoils  slipped  vert,  on  a  chief 
argent,  an  eagle's  head  erased  azure  between  two  mullets  of  the 
field.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  helmet  befitting  his  degree, 
with  a  mantling  gules  and  or  ;  and  upon  a  wreath  of  his  liveries 
is  set  for  crest,  a  cubit  arm  proper,  issuing  from  a  crescent  or, 
charged  with  an  eagle's  head  as  on  the  chief,  the  hand  holding  a 
trefoil  slipped  vert. 


minimised  the  number  of  prizes  which  would  have 
resulted  from  the  victory,  Lord  Collingwood  received  for 
an  augmentation  a  chief  wavy  gules,  thereon  the  lion  of 
England,  navally  crowned  with  the  word  "Ti-afalgar" 
above  the  lion.  He  also  received  an  additional  crest, 
namely,  the  stern  of  his  ship,  the  Boycd  Sovereign,  between 
a  wreath  of  oak  on  the  one  side  and  a  wreath  of  laurel  on 
the  other. 

The  heroic  story  of  the  famous  fight  between  the 
Shannon  and  the  Chesajjeake  has  been  often  told.  Captain 
Broke  sent  in  a  challenge  to  the  Chesapeake  to  come  out 
and  fight  him,  and,  though  a  banquet  was  prepared  by  the 
Mayor  of  Boston  for  that  evening  "  to  meet  the  English 
offlcers,"  Captain  Broke  defeated  the  Chesapeake  in  an 
engagement  which  only  lasted  a  very  short  time.  He 
was  granted  an  additional  crest  (Fig.  778),  namely,  an  arm 
holding  a  trident  and  issuing  from  a  naval  crown,  together 
with  the  motto,  "  Sfevumque  tridentem  servamus." 
General  Ross  fought  and  won  the  Battle  of  Bladensburg, 
and  took  the  city  of  Washington,  dying  a  few  days  after- 
wards. The  story  is  that  the  family  were  offered  their 
choice  of  a  baronetcy  or  an  augmentation,  and  they  chose 
the  latter.    The  augmentation,  which  was  specially  granted 


with  permission  for  it  to  be  placed  upon  the  monument  to 
the  memory  of  General  Eoss  (Fig.  776),  consists  of  the  arm 
holding  the  flag  of  the  United  States  with  a  broken  flag-staff 
which  will  be  seen  both  on  the  shield  itself,  and  as  an 
additional  crest.  The  shield  also  shows  the  gold  cross  for 
previous  services  at  Corunna  and  in  the  Peninsula,  The 
family  were  also  given  the  surname  of  "  Eoss-of-Bladens- 
burg." 

The  capture  of  Curaqoa  by  Admiral  Sir  Charles 
Brisbane,  K.C.B.  (Fig.  553),  is  commemorated  by  the 
representation  of  his  ship  passing  between  the  two 
Dutch  forts ;  and  by  the  additional  crest  of  an  arm  in  a 
naval  oflScer's  uniform  grasping  a  cutlass.  Admiral  Sir 
Robert  Otway,  for  his  distinguished  services,  was  granted  : 
"  On  a  chief  azure  an  anchor  between  two  branches  of 
oak  or,  and  on  the  dexter  side  a  demi-Neptune  and 
on  the  sinister  a  mermaid  proper,"  to  add  to  his  shield. 
Admiral  Sir  George  Pocock,  who  captured  Havannah, 
was  given  for  an  augmentation :  "  On  a  chief  wavy  azure 
a  sea-horse "  (to  typify  his  naval  career),  between  two 
Eastern  crowns  (to  typify  his  services  in  the  East  Indies), 
with  the  word  "Havanna,"  the  scene  of  his  greatest 
victory. 

Sir  Edward  Pellew,  who  was  created  Viscount  Ex- 
mouth  for  bombarding  and  destroying  the  fort  and  arsenal 
of  Algiers,  was  given  upon  a  chief  a  representation  of 
that  fort,  with  an  English  man-of-war  in  front  of  it,  to 
add  to  his  arms.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  one  of  his 
supporters,  though  not  a  part  of  his  augmentation,  re- 
presents a  Christian  slave,  in  memory  of  those  in  captivity 
at  Algiers  when  he  captured  the  city.  A  famous  aug- 
mentation occurs  on  the  arms  of  Cochrane  (Plate  LXVIIL), 
to  which  reference  was  made  in  a  previous  chapter. 

There  were  several  augmentations  won  at  the  Battle  of 
Waterloo,  and  the  Waterloo  medal  figures  upon  many  coats 
of  arms  of  Waterloo  officers.  Colonel  Alexander  Clark- 
Kennedy,  with  his  own  hand,  captured  the  French  Eagle 
of  the  105th  French  Regiment.  For  this  he  bears  a  repre- 
sentation of  it  and  a  sword  crossed  upon  a  chief  over  his 
arms,  and  his  crest  of  augmentation  is  a  demi-dragoon 
holding  the  same  flag.  Of  the  multitude  of  honours  which 
were  showered  upon  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  not  the 
least  was  his  augmentation.  This  was  a  smaller  shield  to 
be  superimposed  upon  his  own,  and  charged  with  those 
crosses  of  St.  George,  St.  Andrew,  and  St.  Patrick,  which 
we  term  "the  Union  Jack."  Sir  Edward  Kerrison,  who 
distinguished  himself  so  greatly  in  the  Peninsula  and 
at  Waterloo,  was  granted  a  sword  with  a  wreath  of  laurel 
and  representations  of  his  medals  for  Orthes  and  Water- 
loo, and,  for  an  additional  crest,  an  arm  in  armour  holding 
a  banner  inscribed  "  Peninsula." 

Sir  Thomas  Munro,  who  will  be  long  remembeied  as 
the  Governor  of  Madras,  was  rewarded  for  his  capture 
of  Badamy  by  a  representation  of  that  hill-fort  in  India. 
The  augmentation  of  Lord  Keane  is  very  similar,  being  a 
representation  of  the  Fortress  of  Ghuznee  in  Afghanistan, 
which  he  captured.  Other  instances  of  a  similar  character 
are  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of  Cockburn-Campbell  (Fig. 
966)  and  Hamilton-Grace. 

The  arms  of  Lord  Gough  are  most  remarkable,  inasmuch 
as  they  show  no  less  than  two  distinct  and  different  aug- 
mentations both  earned  by  the  same  man.  In  18 16,  for 
his  services  in  the  Peninsula,  he  received  a  representation 
of  the  Spanish  Order  of  Charles  III.,  and  on  a  chief  the 
representation  of  the  Fortress  of  Tarifa,  with  the  crest  of 
the  arm  holding  the  colours  of  his  own  regiment,  the  87th, 
and  a  French  eagle  reversed  and  depressed.  After  his 
victories  in  the  East,  particularly  at  Goojerat,  and  for  the 
subjugation  and  annexation  of  the  Punjab,  he  was  granted, 
in  1843,  ^°  additional  quartering  to  add  to  his  shield. 
This  has  the  Lion  of  England  holding  up  the  Union  Jack 
below  the  words  "China"  and  "India."     The  third  crest, 


396 


PLATE  CXXVII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


which  was  then  granted  to  him,  shows  a  similar  lion 
holding  the  Union  Jack  and  a  Chinese  flag.  The  Durban 
augmentation  has  been  already  illustrated  (Fig.  S3 8). 


Fig.  966. — Armorial  bearings  of  Sir  Alexander  Thomas  Coclcburn- 
Campbell,  Bart.  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  gryronny 
of  eight  or  and  sable  ;  ii.,  argent,  a  galley  sable,  sails  furled  and 
oars  in  action;  iii.,  or  a  fess  chequy  azure  and  argent;  over 
all  on  a  chief  argent  a  rock  proper,  superinscribed  "  Gibraltar," 
between  two  medals  pendent  by  a  ribbon  gules,  fimbriated,  for 
Seringapatam  and  Talavera  (for  Campbell)  ;  2  and  3,  quarterly,  i. 
and  iiiL,  argent,  an  ostrich  feather  ensigned  with  an  imperial 
crown  proper,  between  two  cocks  in  chief  and  a  lion's  head  erased 
in  base  gules;  ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  six  mascles,  three,  two  and  one 
or  (for  Cockburn),  the  escutcheon  being  charged  with  bis  badge 
of  IJIster  as  a  Baronet.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
of  the  colours,  a  dexter  hand  holding  a  scimitar  proper.  Mottoes  ; 
"  Without  fear ; "  "Forward." 


Sir  George  Pollock,  "  of  the  Khyber  Pass,"  Bart.,  earned 
everlasting  fame  for  himself  in  the  first  Afghan  War,  by 
forcing  the  Khyber  Pass  and  by  the  capture  of  Cabul. 
For  this  he  was  given  an  Eastern  crown  and  the  word 
"Khyber"  on  a  chief  as  well  as  three  cannon  upon  a 
canton,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was  granted  an  ad- 
ditional crest — a  lion  holding  an  Afghan  banner  with  the 
staff  thereof  broken.  With  him  it  seemed  as  if  the 
practice  of  granting  augmentations  for  military  services 
had  ceased.  Lord  Roberts  has  none,  neither  has  Lord 
Wolseley.  But  recently  the  old  practice  was  reverted  to 
in  favour  of  Lord  Kitchener.  His  family  arms  were : 
"  Azure,  a  chevron  cottised  between  three  bustards,"  and  in 
the  centre  chief  point  a  bezant ;  with  a  stag's  head  for  a 
crest;  but  for  "smashing  the  Khalifa"  he  has  been  given 
the  Union  Jack  and  the  Egyptian  flag  with  the  staves 
encircled  by  a  coronet  bearing  the  word  "  Khartoum,"  all 
on  a  pile  superimposed  over  his  family  arms.  He  also 
received  a  second  crest  of  an  elephant's  head  holding  a 
sword  in  its  trunk  issuing  from  a  mural  crown. 

Two  other  very  interesting  instances  of  augmentation 
of  arms  are  worthy  of  mention. 

Sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  after  a  distinguished  career, 
fought  and  won  the  Battle  of  Aboukir  Bay,  only  to  die  a 
few  days  later  on  board  H.M.S.  Foudroyant  of  his  wounds 
received  in  the  battle.  But  long  before  he  had  fought 
and  conquered  the  French  at  Valenciennes,  and  in  1795 
had  been  made  a  Knight  of  the  Bath.  The  arms  which 
are  upon  his  Stall  plate  in  Westminster  Abbey  include 
his  augmentation,  which  is  an  arm  in  armour  encircled  by 
a  wreath  of  laurel  supporting  the  French  Standard. 

Sir  William  Hoste  gained  the  celebrated  victory  over 
the  French  fleet  off  the  Island  of  Lissa  in  i8n,  and  the 
augmentation  which  was  granted  was  a  representation  of 


his  gold  medal  hanging  from  a  naval  crown,  and  an  ad- 
ditional crest,  an  arm  holding  a  flag  inscribed  with  the 
word  "  Cattaro,"  the  scene  of  another  of  his  victories. 

Peace  has  its  victories  no  less  than  war,  but  there  is 
generally  very  much  less  fuss  made  about  them.  Con- 
sequently, the  augmentations  to  commemorate  entirely 
pacific  actions  are  considerably  fewer  in  number.  The 
Speke  augmentation  has  been  elsewhere  referred  to 
(Plate  XXXIX.),  and  reference  may  be  made  to  the  Ross 
augmentation  (Fig.  962)  to  commemorate  the  Arctic  ex- 
ploits of  Sir  John  Ross. 

It  is  a  very  common  idea  that  arms  were  formerly  to  be 
obtained  by  conquest  in  battle.  Like  many  other  heraldic 
ideas,  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  truth  in  the  idea,  from 
which  very  erroneous  generalisations  have  been  made. 
The  old  legend  as  to  the  acquisition  of  the  plume  of  ostrich 
feathers  by  the  Black  Prince  no  doubt  largely  accounts 
for  the  idea.  That  legend,  as  has  been  already  shown, 
lacks  foundation.  Territorial  or  sovereign  arms  doubt- 
less would  be  subject  to  conquest,  but  I  do  not  believe 
that  because  in  battle  or  in  a  tournament  a  Vmitrance  one 
person  defeated  another,  he  therefore  became  entitled  to 
assume,  of  his  own  motion,  the  arms  of  the  man  he  had 
vanquished.  The  proposition  is  too  absurd.  But  there 
is  no  doubt  that  in  some  number  of  historic  cases  his 
Sovereign  has  subsequently  conferred  upon  the  victor  an 
augmentation  which  has  closely  approximated  to  the  arms 
of  his  victim.  Such  cases  occur  in  the  arms  of  the 
Clerkes,  Barts.,  of  Hitcham,  Bucks,  who  bear :  "  On  a 
sinister  canton  azure,  a  demi-ram  salient  of  the  first,  and 
in  chief  two  fleurs-de-lis  or,  debruised  by  a  baton,"  to  com- 
memorate the  action  of  Sir  John  Clerke  of  Weston,  who 
captured  Louis  D'Orleans,  Duke  of  Longueville,  at  Borny, 
near  Terouenne,  5  Henry  VIII.  The  augmentation  con- 
ferred upon  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  at  the  battle  of  Flodden 
has  been  already  referred  to,  but  Lloyd  of  Stockton  (Fig. 
325)  carry  a  remarkable  augmentation,  inasmuch  as  they 
are  permitted  to  bear  the  arms  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle, 
Lord  Cobham,  to  commemorate  his  recapture  at  Bromarth 
after  his  escape  from  the  Tower. 

Augmentations  which  have  no  other  basis  than  mere 
favour  of  kings,  or  consanguinity  to  the  Royal  Family,  are 
not  uncommon.  Richard  II.,  who  himself  adopted  the 
arms  of  St.  Edward  the  Confessor,  bestowed  the  right  to 
bear  them  also  upon  Thomas  Mowbray,  Duke  of  Norfolk 
(Fig.  823).  No  difference  was  added  to  them  in  his  case, 
which  is  the  more  remarkable  as  they  were  borne  by  the 
Duke  impaled  with  the  arms  of  England.  In  1397  the 
King  conferred  the  same  arms  upon  John  de  Holland, 
Duke  of  Exeter,  differenced  by  a  label  argent,  and  upon 
Thomas  de  Holland,  Duke  of  Surrey,  within  a  bordure 
ermine  (Fig.  201).  Richard  II.  seems  to  have  been  in- 
clined to  the  granting  of  augmentations,  for  in  1386,  when 
he  created  the  Earl  of  Oxford  (Robert  de  Vere)  Duke  of 
Ireland,  he  granted  him  as  an  augmentation  the  arms  of 
Ireland  ("  Azure,  three  crowns  or  ")  within  a  bordure  argent 
(Fig.    967).     The   Manners  family,    who  were   of   Royal 


^^ 

ik 

"aA,B' 

U 

^ 

f) 

Fig.  967. — Arms  of  Robert  De  Vere,  Duke  of  Ireland  and  Earl  of 
Oxford  :  Qaarterly,  i  and  4  (of  augmentation),  azure,  three  crowns 
or,  within  a  bordure  argent ;  2  and  3,  quarterly  gules  and  or,  in 
the  first  quarter  a  mullet  argent. 


397 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


descent,  but  who,  not  being  descended  from  an  heiress, 
had  no  right  to  quarter  the  Eoyal  Arms,  received  the 
grant  of  a  chief  "  quarterly  azure  and  gules,  in  the  first 
and  fourth  quarters  two  lieurs-de-lis,  and  in  the  second 
and  third  a  lion  passant  gaardant  or."  This  precedent 
might  well  be  followed  at  the  present  day  in  the  case  of 
the  daughters  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Fife.  The 
canton  in  Fig.  219,  and  the  similar  canton  in  the  arms  of 
Caulfield,  are  doubtless  augmentations.  The  Waller  family, 
of  Groombridge,  co.  Kent,  one  of  whom,  Richard  Waller, 
captured  Charles,  Duke  of  Orleans,  at  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court,  received  as  an  augmentation  the  right  to  suspend 
from  the  crest  ("  On  a  mount  a  walnut-tree  proper")  an 
escutcheon  of  the  arms  of  that  Prince,  viz. :  "  Azure,  three 
fleurs-de-lis  or,  a  label  of  three  points  argent."  Lord 
Polwarth  bears  one  of  the  few  augmentations  granted  by 
William  III.,  viz. :  "  An  inescutcheon  azure  charged  with 
an  orange  ensigned  with  an  Imperial  crown  all  proper," 
whilst  the  titular  King  James  III.  and  VIII.  granted  to 
John  Gr£eme,  Earl  of  Alford,  a  coat  of  augmentation,  viz.  : 
"  The  Royal  Arms  of  Scotland  on  the  field  and  cross  of 
St.  Andrew  counterchanged,"  the  date  of  the  grant  being 
20th  January  1734.  Sir  John  Keith,  Earl  of  Kintore, 
Knight  Marischal  of  Scotland,  saved  the  regalia  of  Scot- 
land from  falling  into  the  hands  of  Cromwell,  and  in 
return  the  Keith  arms  (now  quartered  by  Lord  Kintore) 
were  augmented  with  "  an  inescutcheon  gules,  a  sword 
in  bend  sinister  surmounted  by  a  sceptre  in  bend  dexter, 
in  chief  an  Imperial  crown,  the  whole  within  an  orle  of 
eight  thistles." 

The  well-known  augmentation  of  the  Seymour  family  : 
"  Or,  on  a  pile  gules,  between  six  fleurs-de-lis  azure,"  is 
borne  to  commemorate  the  marriage  of  Jane  Seymour  to 
Henry  VIII.,  who  granted  augmentations  to  all  his  wives 
except  Catherine  of  Arragon  and  Anne  of  Oleves.  The 
Seymour  family  is,  however,  the  only  one  in  which  the 
use  of  the  augmentation  has  been  continued.  The  same 
practice  was  followed  by  granting  the  arms  of  England 
to  the  Consort  of  the  Princess  Caroline  and  to  the  late 
Prince  Consort.     See  page  350. 

The  frequent  grant  of  the  Royal  tressure  in  Scotland, 
probably  usually  as  an  augmentation,  has  been  already 
referred  to.  King  Charles  I.  granted  to  the  Earl  of 
Kinnoull  as  a  quartering  of  augmentation :  "  Azure,  a 
unicorn  salient  argent,  armed,  maned,  and  unguled  or, 
within  a  bordure  of  the  last  charged  with  thistles  of  Scot- 
land and  roses  gules  of  England  dimidiated."  The  well- 
known  augmentation  of  the  Medicis  family,  viz. :  "  A 
roundle  azure,  charged  with  three  fleur-de-lis  or"  (Plate 
XVII.  Fig.  25),  was  granted  by  Louis  XII.  to  Pietro  de 
Medicis.  The  Prussian  Officers,  ennobled  on  the  i8th 
of  January  1896,  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the 
foundation  of  the  new  German  Empire,  bears  as  a  device 
a  chief  purpure,  and  thereupon  the  Prussian  sceptre  and 


Fig.  968. — Device  from  the  chief  of  the  ''  Prussian 
Sword  Nobility." 

a  sword  in  saltire  interlaced  by  two  oak-branches  vert 
(Fig  968).  The  arms  of  Smyth  (Fig.  501)  show  a  curious 
augmentation,  and  the  late  Right  Hon.  Sir  Thomas 
Thornton,  G.C.B.,  received  a  Eoyal  Licence  to  accept  the 


Portuguese  title  of  Conde  de  Cassilbas  and  an  augmenta- 
tion. This  was  an  inescutcheon  (ensigned  by  his  coronet 
as  a  Conde)  "  or,  thereon  an  arm  embowed  vested  azure, 
the  cuif  gold,  the  hand  supporting  a  flagstaff  therefrom 
flowing  the  Royal  Standard  of  Portugal."  The  same 
device  issuing  from  his  coronet  was  also  granted  to  him 
as  a  crest  of  augmentation.  Sir  Woodbine  Parish, 
K.C.H.,  by  legislative  act  of  the  Argentine  Republic  re- 
ceived in  1839  a  grant  of  the  arms  of  that  country,  which 
was  subsequently  incorporated  in  the  arms  granted  to  him 
and  registered  in  the  Heralds'  College  in  this  country 
(Plate  XXIIL).  He  had  been  Consul-General  and  Charge 
d' Affaires  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1823-1832  ;  he  was  appointed 
in  1824  Plenipotentiary,  and  concluded  the  first  treaty 
by  which  the  Argentine  Republic  was  formally  recog- 
nised. Reference  has  been  already  made  (page  306) 
to  the  frequent  grants  of  supporters  as  augmentations, 
and  perhaps  mention  should  also  be  made  of  the  ines- 
cutcheons  for  the  Dukedom  of  Aubigny,  borne  by  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon,  and  for  the  Duchy  of 
Chatelherault,  borne  by  the  Duke  of  Abercorn.  Possibly 
these  should  more  properly  be  ranked  as  territorial  arms 
and  not  as  augmentations.  A  similar  coat  is  the  ines- 
cutcheon borne  by  the  Earl  of  Mar  and  Kellie  (Fig.  813) 
for  his  Earldom  of  Kellie.  This,  however,  is  stated  by 
Woodward  to  be  an  augmentation  granted  by  James  VL 
to  Sir  Thomas  Erskine,  one  of  several  granted  by  that 
King  to  commemorate  the  frustration  of  the  Gowrie  Plot 
in  1600. 

The  Marquess  of  Westminster,  for  some  utterly  inex- 
plicable reason,  was  granted  as  an  augmentation  the  right 
to  bear  the  arms  of  the  city  of  Westminster  in  the  first 
quarter  of  his  arms.  Those  who  have  rendered  very 
great  personal  service  to  the  Crown  have  been  sometimes 
so  favoured.  The  Halford  and  Gull  (see  page  182)  aug- 
mentations commemorate  medical  services  to  the  Royal 
Family,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  general  surprise  that  no 
augmentations  have  been  conferred  upon  Sir  Frederick 
Treves  or  Sir  Francis  Laking  in  connection  with  His 
Majesty's  illness  at  the  time  of  the  Coronation. 

The  badges  of  Ulster  and  Nova  Scotia  borne  as  such 
upon  their  shields  by  Baronets  are,  of  course,  aug- 
mentations. 

Two  cases  are  known  of  augmentations  to  the  arms  of 
towns.  The  arms  of  Derry  were  augmented  by  the  arms 
of  the  city  of  London  in  chief,  when,  after  its  fearful  siege, 
the  name  of  Derry  was  changed  to  Londonderry  to  com- 
memorate the  help  given  by  the  city  of  London.  The 
arms  of  the  city  of  Hereford  had  an  azure  bordure  seme 
of  saltires  couped  argent  added  to  its  arms  after  it  had 
successfully  withstood  its  Scottish  siege,  and  this,  by  the 
way,  is  a  striking  example  of  colour  upon  colour,  the  field 
of  the  coat  being  gules. 

There  are  many  grants  in  the  later  part  of  the 
eighteenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  centuries 
recorded  in  Lyon  Register  which  at  first  sight  appear  to 
be  augmentations.  Perhaps  they  are  rightly  so  termed, 
but  as  the  additions  usually  appear  to  be  granted  by  the 
Lyon  without  specific  Royal  Warrants,  they  are  hardly 
equivalent  to  the  English  ones  issued  during  the  same 
period.  Many  ordinary  grants  made  in  England  which 
have  borne  direct  reference  to  particular  achievements 
of  the  grantee  have  been  (by  the  grantees  and  their 
descendants)  wrongly  termed  augmentations.  A  rough 
and  ready  (though  not  a  certain)  test  is  to  imagine  the 
coat  if  the  augmentation  be  removed,  and  see  whether  it 
remains  a  properly  balanced  design.  Few  of  such  coats 
will  survive  the  test.  The  additions  made  to  a  coat  to 
make  it  a  different  design,  when  a  new  grant  is  founded 
upon  arms  improperly  used  theretofore,  are  not  augmentar 
tions,  although  departures  from  the  truth  on  this  detail 
are  by  no  means  rare.  A.  C.  P-D. 

98 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER     XLII 


THE    UNION   JACK 


By  Rev.  J.  R.  CRAWFORD 


NOMEXCLATUEE 

ORDERS  in  Council  and  other  ofBcial  documents 
refer  to  this  flag  as  The  Union  Flag,  The  Union 
Jack,  Our  Jack,  The  King's  Colours,  and  The 
Union  Banner,  which  last  title  precise  Heraldry  usually 
adopts.  In  patriotic  songs  it  is  toasted  as  "  The  Red, 
White,  and  Blue,"  whilst  in  the  Services  men  affection- 
ately allude  to  it  as  "the  dear  old  duster."  But  Britons 
at  large  cling  to  the  title  wliich  heads  this  chapter ;  to 
them  it  is  '^The  Union  Jack." 

MEANING   OF   THIS   TITLE 

Why  Union?  Obviously  because  it  unites  three  emblems 
of  tutelar  saints  on  one  flag,  and  thereby  denotes  the 
union  of  three  peoples  under  one  Sovereign.  It  is  the 
motto  "  T'l-ia  juncta  in  Una  "  rendered  in  bunting. 

TTJiy  Jack  ?  Two  theories  are  propounded,  one  fanciful, 
the  other  probable.  Some  say  "Jack  "is  the  anglicised 
form  of  "Jacques,"  which  is  the  French  signature  of 
James  L,  in  whose  reign  and  by  whose  command  the  first 
Union  Flag  was  called  into  being.  Against  this  at  least 
three  reasons  may  justly  be  urged:  (i)  The  term  "Jack" 
does  not  appear — so  far  as  we  can  discover — in  any 
warrant  referring  to  the  Jacobean  Flag  of  1606.  It  is 
rather  in  later  documents  that  this  term  occurs.  (2)  If 
the  earliest  Union  Flag  be  a  "Jack"  just  because  it  is 
the  creation  of  James,  then  surely  it  follows  that,  to 
be  consistent,  later  Union  Flags,  the  creations  of  later 
sovereigns,  should  have  borne  those  Sovereigns'  names  ; 
for  example  The  Union  Anne,  The  Union  George  !  (3)  The 
English  way  of  pronouncing  "Jacques"  is  not,  and  pro- 
bably never  was  Jack,  but  Jaihes.  The  other,  and  more 
feasible  theory,  is  as  follows :  The  term  "  Jaque "  (e.g. 
jagxie  de  mailles)  was  borrowed  from  the  French  and 
referred  to  any  jacket  or  coat  on  which,  especially, 
heraldic  emblems  were  blazoned.  In  days  long  prior  to 
those   of    the    first    Stuart   king,    mention   is   made    of 

"iufjBtte  totjs  Initl)  rcD  trofises  iuom  b?  sij^ppEfimm 

anU  mm  of  rtjC  mtt  of  ILonOon,"  from  which  sentence 
we  learn  that  the  emblem  of  the  nation's  tntelar  saint 
was  (as  in  yet  earlier  Crusaders'  days)  a  fighter's  emblem. 
When  such  emblem  or  emblems  were  transferred  to  a 
flag,  the  term  Jaque  may  well,  in  course  of  time,  have 
been  also  applied  to  that  flag,  as  previously  to  the  jacket. 

THE   flag's   OFFICIAL  HISTORY 

Glance  now  at  the  story  of  those  Orders  in  Council 
which  created  the  various  Union  flags.  The  very  union 
of  the  two  kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland  seems  to 
have  accentuated  the  pettier  national  jealousies,  so  that 
Southrons  annoyed  Northerners  by  hoisting  the  St.  George 
above  the  St.  Andrew,  and  the  Scotchmen  retaliated  by 
a  species  of  tn  quoque.  The  King  sought  to  allay  these 
quarrels  by  creating  a  British,  as  other  than  a  purely 
English  or  Scottish,  flag.  But  let  the  Proclamation  speak 
for  itself. 

"By  the  King. 

"  Whereas,  some  differences  ha.th  arisen  between  Our 
subjects  of  South  and  North  Britaine  travelling  by  Seas, 
about  the  bearing  of  their  Flagges  :  For  the  avoiding  of  all 


contentions  hereafter.  Wee  have,  with  the  aAvice  of  our 
Councill,  ordered :  That  from  henceforth  all  our  Subjects 
of  this  Isle  and  Kingdome  of  Gi-eat  Britaine,  and  all  ottr 
members  thereof,  shall  beare  in  their  main-ioppe  the  Bed 
Crosse,  commonly  called  Si.  George's  Crosse,  and  the  Wliite 
Crosse,  commonly  called  St.  Andrew's  Crosse,  joyned  together 
CKCording  to  the  forme  made  by  our  heralds,  and  sent  by  Us 
to  our  Admerall  to  be  published  to  our  Subjects :  and  in 
their  fore-toppe  our  Subjects  of  South  Britaine  shall  weare 
the  Red  Crosse  onely  as  they  were  loont,  and  our  Subjects  of 
North  Britaine  in  their  fore-toppe  the  White  Crosse  onely 
as  they  were  accustomed." — 1606. 

This  attempt  at  conciliating  differences  deserved  but 
did  not  win  success.  "  The  King's  Owne  Shipps  "  deemed 
themselves  slighted,  since  all  vessels  were  treated  alike 
in  this  matter,  and  so  persistent  was  the  agitation  that  at 
last,  in  Charles  I.'s  reign  (1634),  another  Proclamation 
was  issued  "for  the  honour  of  Oure  Shipps  in  Oure  Navie 
Boyall,"  whereby  those  ships  alone  had  the  right  of 
hoisting  "  the  Union  Flagge."  The  days  of  the  Common- 
wealth brought  another  change,  for  with  the  King  the 
King's  Flag  disappeared.  The  Protector  caused  two  new 
flags  to  be  made,  viz.  The  Great  Union  (a  flag  little  used, 
however,  although  it  figured  at  his  funeral  obsequies), 
and  which  may  be  thus  blazoned :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  The 
St.  George ;  2.  The  St.  Andrew ;  3.  azure,  a  harp  or,  for 
Ireland ;  over  all  on  an  inescutcheon  of  pretence,  sable,  a 
lion  rampant  or,  for  the  Protector's  personal  arms,  and 
The  Gommo7iwealth  Ensigii,  which  latter  Parliament 
treated  as  the  paramount  flag.  The  most  interesting 
features  of  this  flag  are  that  it  was  of  three  kinds,  one 
red,  one  white,  one  blue,  and  that  Ireland  (but  not 
Scotland)  had  a  place  on  its  folds.  When  the  King 
came  to  his  own  again  yet  another  change  was  witnessed. 
By  this  Proclamation  ships  in  the  Navy  were  to  carry 
The  Union,  and  all  merchantmen  The  St.  George,  whilst 
these  latter  vessels  were  also  to  wear  "  The  Bed  Ensign 
with  the  St.  George  on  a  Canton."  Passing  on,  we  reach 
the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  who  as  soon  as  the  union  of 
the  two  Parliaments  was  accomplished,  issued  a  famous 
Proclamation  often  quoted.  Suffice  it  here  to  outline  its 
effect. 

The  two  crosses  of  St.  George  and  St.  Andrew  were — 
as  the  Treaty  of  Union  had  agreed  should  be — "  conjoyned 
in  such  a  manner  as  we  should  think  fit"  ;  and  what  that 
manner  was  is  "  described  on  the  margent "  in  the  shape  of 
a  sketch.  But  further,  in  place  of  the  St.  George  being 
placed  on  the  canton  of  the  Bed  Ensign  of  Charles  II. 
(itself  T7ie  Commonwealth  Ensign,  minus  the  harp)  the 
Proclamation  ordered  the  "Union"  as  a  canton,  and 
finally  this  new  Red  Ensign  was  confined  to  the  merchant 
ships,  whilst  "  Our  Jack  "  was  reserved  for  the  use  of  the 
Navy,  unless  by  particular  warrant.  Thus  things  con- 
tinued until  the  union  of  Ireland  with  England  and 
Scotland.  The  Proclamation  referring  to  this  Act  of 
Union  closes  with  the  Herald's  verbal  blazon  of  the  full 
Union  Flag: — "  The  Union  Flag  shall  be  Azure,  the  Crosses 
Saltire  of  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Fatrick,  Quarterly  per  saltire, 
countercharged  Argent  and  Gules,  the  latter  fimbriated  of  the 
secmid,  surmounted  by  the  Cross  of  St.  George  of  the  third, 
fimbriated  as  the  Saltire."  Thus  the  Union,  as  displayed 
in  bunting,  was  perfected. 


399 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


THE    FLAG    VIEWED    HEEALDICALL? 

Our  Union  Flag  is  very  remarkable,  even  amongst  the 
flags  of  Christendom,  both  as  a  blending  of  crosses,  and 
crosses  only,  and  also  as  an  emblem  of  the  union 
of  two  or  more  countries.  Tet  it  is  not  unique,  for  the 
flags  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway  have  a  some- 
what similar  story  to  tell.  The  last  two  countries 
separated  at  different  dates  from  Denmark,  and  then 
together  formed  a  United  Scandinavian  Kingdom.  In 
separating,  they  each  took  to  themselves  a  separate  flag, 
and  again,  in  uniting,  they  called  into  being  a  Union 
Banner.      How    they    treated   these    changes   Fig.    969 


The  Proclamation  of  James  (1606).  A  high  official  of  the 
College  of  Arms  informs  us  that  neither  verbal  blazon 
nor  drawing  of  the  first  Union  Flag  is  extant.  On  the 
other  hand,  in  the  Proclamations  of  1707  and  1801  we 
have  both  blazon  and  drawing.  The  blazon  has  already 
been  given  of  the  1 80 1  flag  (which  is  the  one  most  need- 
ing a  verbal  blazon),  and  the  drawings  of  both  flags  we 
here    produce    (Figs.    970   and    971).      These    drawings 


GL 


„;:.l 

•1, 

^1- 

M 

^ 

lii 

111 

1  III 

1  lllli 

11! 

- — 1    r= 

Dbit 

si 

SvycJhV 

Fig.  969. 

will  illustrate.  Notwithstanding  these  acts  of  union 
both  Scandinavians  and  Britons  have  had,  and  still 
have,  their  differences  over  these  Union  Flags.  Whilst, 
however,  they  base  their  protests  on  the  sentiment  of 
independence,  we  ground  our  grumblings  on  questions 
of  heraldic  precedence,  and  of  the  interpretation  of 
verbal  blazons.  Leaving  our  neighbours  to  settle  their 
differences,  let  us  examine  our  own.  Take  the  subject 
of  precedence.  Very  early  in  the  flag's  history,  Scotch- 
men were  indignant  because  the  St.  Andrew  was  not 
placed  over  the  St.  George.  All  kinds  of  variations  have 
been  suggested  to  lessen  this  crux  of  precedence,  but 
such  attempts  must  plainly  be  in  vain.  Do  what  you 
will,  some  kind  of  precedence  is  unavoidable.  The  St. 
George,  then,  as  representing  the  paramount  partner, 
occupies  the  centre  of  the  flag,  whilst  the  St.  Andreiv,  as 
senior  in  partnership  to  the  St.  Patrick,  is  placed  above 
the  St.  Patrick  in  the  first  quarter,  although  throughout  it 
is  counterohanged.  The  words  underlined  are  important, 
for  when  the  order  is  reversed,  then  that  particular  flag 
is  flying  upside  down. 

THE  VERBAL  BLAZON 

The  mode  of  procedure  in  creating  flags  has  been 
much  the  same  from  one  reign  to  another.  Briefly 
it  is  this :  The  Sovereign  seeks  the  advice  of,  and 
receives  a  report  from,  the  Lords  of  the  Privy  Council. 
These  councillors  are  "  attended  hy  the  King  of  Arms 
and  Heralds,  with  diverse  drafts  prepared  hy  them."  A 
decision  being  arrived  at,  an  Order  in  Council,  followed 
by  a  Royal  Proclamation,  makes  known  the  character 
of  the  flag.  In  both  Order  and  Proclamation  it  is 
usual  to  make  reference  to  the  verbal  blazon,  and  to 
"  the  form  inade  hy  our  heralds."  Thus  there  are  three 
agents  recognised — (i)  the  Sovereign,  the  fountain  of  all 
honours  ;  (2)  the  heralds,  who  authoritatively  blazon,  out- 
line, and  register  all  achievements ;  and  (3)  the  naval 
authority,  as  that  in  which  are  vested  the  duty  and  the 
power  of  seeing  the  actual  bunting  properly  made  up  and 
properly  flown.  In  keeping  with  this,  the  general  mode 
of  procedure,  the  Proclamations  demand   our  attention. 


Fig.  970. — The  Union  Flag  of  1707. 

— though  slightly  reduced  in  these  pages  —  are  most 
careful  copies  of  the  signed  copies  supplied  to  us  by  the 
official  already  alluded  to.  In  forwarding  them  he  writes  : 
"They  are  not  drawn  to  scale;"  and  he  adds,  further 
on,  "  they  are  exactly  the  same  size  as  recorded  in  our  books." 
So  then  we  have,  in  these  two  drawings,  the  heralds'  in- 
terpretation, at  the  time,  of  their  own  verbal  blazon.  Now 
comes  the  Admiralty  part  of  the  work.     In  the  Admiralty 


Fig.  971.— The  Union  Flag  of  iSoi. 

Regulations  we  have  a  "  Memorandum  relative  to  the  origin 
of  the  Union  Flag  in  its  present  form."  In  this  there  is  a 
brief  history  of  the  changes  made  in  the  flag  from  time  to 
time,  with  quotations  from  the  warrants,  together  with 
the  verbal  blazon  and  two  coloured  drawings  (Figs.  972 
and  973 ).  The  Admiralty  has  also  appended  to  the  Memor- 
andum the  following  interesting  and  ingeniously  worked 
out  Table  of  Proportions,  adapted  for  a  flag  1 5  feet  by 
yh  feet.  Presumably  this  table  forms  the  basis  upon 
which  all  Union  Flags  are  made  up  under  Admiralty 
supervision : — 


The  +  of 


i  St.  George J 

!  Two  borders  J?  each     .  fr  . 


together  J  |  J     ^  |  J 


'  St.  Patrick Jj 

The  X  of  <j  Its  border ^ 

.  St  Andrew      .     .     .     .  ^ 


I  togeth 


er  ,\i 


\ 


The  student  of  heraldry  will  observe  that  this  table  is 
based  on  the  proportions  of  the  Ordinaries  and  Sub- 
Ordinaries  flguring  on  the  flag,  as  those  proportions  are 


400 


PLATE   CXXVIII. 


'i^ 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


regulated  by  English  Enles  of  Armory.  These  rules  give 
a  cross  as  ^,  a  saltire  as  -J-,  a  fimbriation  about  ^V'  "^  ^^^ 
flag's  width.     By  the  way,  we  notice  here,  yet  only  to 


a 

:p 

A 

\\^ 

^/^;;> 

/^>^ 

^^.\- 

1 

Fig.  972. — Admiralty  Pattern  of  1707  Flag. 


dismiss  it  as  hypercritical,  the  objection  taken  to  the  em- 
ployment (in  the  verbal  blazon  of  1801)  of  the  term  "/?n- 
Tyricded."  To  our  mind  this  objection  seems  a  storm  in  a 
teacup.  Further,  it  is  always  admissible  in  armory  to 
lessen  the  size  of  charges  when  these  crowd  a  field,  and 
although  we  are  fully  aware  that  the  laws  of  armory  are 
not  always  nor  all  of  them  applied  to  flags,  yet  there  is 
sufficient  evidence  to  show  that  the  heralds  and  the 
Admiralty  did  recognise  the  cases  of  shields  and  flags  to  be 


^'KkijttC 


B 


proper  national  colours  for  all  ships  and  boats  hdonging  to 
any  British  subject,  ecccept  in  the  case  of  Her  Majesty's  ships 
or  boats,  or  in  the  case  of  any  other  ship  or  boat  for  tlie  time 
being  allowed  to  wear  any  other  national  colours  in  pur- 
suance of  a  warrant  from  Her  Majesty  or  from  the  Admir- 
alty. (2)  If  any  distinctive  national  colours  except  such  red 
ensign,  or  except  the  Union  Jack  loith  a  ^ohite  border,  or  if 
any  colours  usually  viorn  by  Ser  Majesty's  ships,  &c.  .  .  . 
are  or  is  hoisted  on  board  any  ship  .  .  .  icithout  warrant 
.  .  .  for  each  offence  ...  a  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred 
pounds. 

SUMMARY   AND   REFLECTIONS 

From  all  we  have  considered,  we  arrive  at  certain  clear 
conclusions,  (i)  Sentiment  and  Custom,  when  speaking 
of  The  Union  Flag  as  Tlie  National  Flag,  are  in  error.  (2) 
In  common  with  The  Red  Ensign,  The  Union  Flag  is  a 
National  Flag.  And  (3)  It  is  "  the  fighting  emblem  of  the 
Sovereign." 

What  remains  to  be  said  ?  Have  we  then  no  flag  which 
we  can  fly  as  individual  Sous  of  the  Empire  ?  Have  we 
no  Hag  (we  speak  not  of  private  and  local  banners)  which, 
as  a  loyal  Corporation,  or  a  king-revering  Parish,  we 
can  hoist  over  Town  Hall  or  Church  Tower  and  say : 
"This  we  have  a  Royal  Warrant  for  flying.  It  is  our 
flag  as  Britishers."  The  answer,  at  present,  is  plainly  in 
the  negative.  We  have  no  such  flag.  That  all  kinds  of 
flags  are  hoisted,  on  all  kinds  of  occasions,  over  all  kinds 
of  places,  gives  not  the  least  satisfaction  to  that  increas- 
ingly growing  portion  of  the  community  who  are  really 
interested  in  the  story  and  meaning  of  flags.  Many  of 
us  want  things  done  "decently  and  in  order"  (legally, 
consistently,  heraldically),  and  the  Sovereign — following 
in  the  footsteps  of  ancestors — would  do  great  service  if 
by  Order  in  Council  and  Royal  Proclamation  He  should 
grant  to  us.  His  subjects,  a  Warrant  to  fly  a  National 
colour,  which  each  one  of  us  can  proudly  point  to  as 
"  QUE  JACK."  J.  E.  C. 


Fig.  973. — Admiralty  Pattern  of  1801  Flag. 


somewhat  analogous.  But  there  are  two  features  in  The 
Admiralty  pattern  which  cannot  but  arrest  the  attention  of 
aU  those  who  have  made  a  study  of  armory.  The  one  is 
that  the  sub-ordinaries,  i.e.  the  fimbriations,  have  different 
proportions  given  to  them,  although  they  are  repetitions 
of  the  same  sub-ordinary,  and  also  seem  guarded  against 
such  treatment  by  the  very  wording  of  the  blazon,  and  by 
the  practice  usual  in  such  oases.  And  the  other  is  that, 
after  counterchanging  the  saltires,  the  St.  Patrick  is 
attenuated  by  having  its  fimbriation  taken  off  its  own 
field,  instead  (as  the  common  custom  is)  off  the  field  of  the 
flag. 


THE   UNION  JACK  S  PLACE   AMONGST  FLAGS 

All  Warrants  dealing  with  flags  provide  for  their  being 
flown  a.t  sea,  (Queen  Anne's  Proclamation  is  apparently  the 
first  that  adds  "  and  land  "),  and  gradually  reserve  for  the 
Royal  Navy — or  fighting  ships — the  honour  of  alone  bear- 
ing the  Union  -Jack.  The  accompanying  diagram  shows 
at  a  glance  the  changes  made  by  the  several  Proclama- 
tions. The  latest  word  on  this  subject  is  "The  Merchant 
Shipping  (Colours)  Act  of  Queen  Victoria,  1894."  This 
Act  sets  forth  among  other  things  that — (l)  "  The  red 
ensign  usucdly  v)orn  by  merchant  ships,  vjithout  any  deface- 
•ment  or  inodAfkation  whatsoever,  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the 


POSTSCRIPT 

Since  going  to  press,  much  keen  controversy  has  been 
continued  in  the  public  papers — notably  the  Times — on 
the  right  to  fly  flags,  and  on  the  heraldic  character  of 
the  Admiralty  pattern  of  1 80 1.  This  latter  subject 
directly  concerns  us  here,  and  hence  this  postscript.  la 
the  Heralds'  Office  drawing,  illustrating  their  verbal 
blazon,  the  counterchanged  saltires  are  represented  as 
of  equal  width,  the  Irish  fimbriation  being  taken  off  the 
field  and  not  off  the  saltire.  This  is  assuredly  in  keeping 
with  the  general  rule  and  the  very  raison  d'etre  of  counter- 
changing.  Again  :  there  is  no  heraldic  reason,  quite  the 
reverse,  why  the  English  and  Irish  charges  should  not 
be  fimbriated  alike,  both  as  to  metal  and  width.  The 
present  extreme  width  of  the  Admiralty  St.  George's 
edging  makes  the  centre  of  the  flag  look  as  if  it  consisted 
of  "a  %L'hitc  cross  vjith  a  red  cross  super-induced'.'  For 
such  it  has  been  frequently  mistaken.  Appended  is  a 
flag  whose  proportions  strictly  follow  the  verbal  blazon 
of  1801,  and  also  satisfy  all  heraldic  rules.  Worked  into- 
bunting  it  is  an  exceedingly  handsome  flag. 


Flag  yi  by  15. 


St.  George 21 

2  Fimbriations,  each  4^         .         .  9 

St.  Andrew  and  St.  Patrick,  each  6|    .  1 3i  ins. 

St.  Patrick's  Fimbriations     .        .        .  4!  „ 


■  [•  30  ins.,  or  \. 


iS  ins.,  or  ^> 


401 


3e 


PLATE   CXXIX. 


CHAPTER     XLIII 


THE  ARTISTIC  DEVELOPMENT   OF   HERALDRY 


IN  the  foregoing  pages  the  attempt  has  been  to  trace 
the  evolution  of  armory  from  its  scientific  side,  and, 
though  naturally  it  is  impossible,  even  if  it  were 
desirable,  to  wholly  divorce  the  scientific  point  of  view  from 
the  artistic,  in  first  treating  of  the  subject  in  its  scientific 
aspect,  nevertheless,  there  yet  remains  to  be  considered 
the  purely  artistic  development  of  armory.  This  can 
best  be  traced  by  an  examination  of  carefully  selected  and 
typical  examples  of  heraldic  art.  With  few  exceptions, 
the  selection  has  been  entirely  the  work  of  Herrn  Strbbl ; 
in  fact  the  various  examples  which  follow  comprise  the 
bulk  of  the  Heraldischer  Atlas,  which  is  the  foundation 
of  the  present  work.  To  Herrn  Strohl's  selection  I  have 
added  some  number  of  additional  English  examples 
which  appeared  well  worthy  of  reproduction.  In  looking 
through  the  chronologically  arranged  series  of  heraldic 
examples  which  follows,  it  will  be  found,  as  would  be 
the  case  in  examining  any  other  chronological  selection, 
that  heraldic  art  gradually  and  strikingly  develops  to  a 
very  high  degree  of  artistic  excellence  and  merit,  and 
then  as  strikingly  deteriorates. 

With  the  exception  of  seals  and  efiigies  and  occasional 
examples  of  sculpture,  each  of  which  has  of  necessity  an 
isolated  character,  one  of  the  earliest  collections  of  arms, 
or  the  earliest  heraldic  monument  of  that  nature  on  the 
Continent,  is,  or  rather  was — for  unfortunately  since  iS6l 
the  original  has  no  longer  been  in  existence — the  decora- 
tion in  the  House  "  Zum  Loch  "  (Fig.  974),  in  what  was 
formerly  called  the  Kilchgasse,  but  now  the  Romergasse 
in  Ztirich,  a  building  which  was  probably  originally 
erected  at  the  end  of  the  twelfth,  or  at  latest  at  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

About  1306  the  house  was  in  the  possession  of  the 
family  of  Wisso,  nobles  of  Zurich.  On  the  oak  beams 
of  the  ceiling  of  the  lower  rooms  were  painted  in  water- 
colour,  on  the  upright  sides,  coats  of  arms  from  24  to  30 
centimetres  high  (roughly,  from  gi  to  12  inches),  which, 
if  somewhat   roughly  done,  are   of  vast  interest  in  the 


History  of  Heraldry.  Fortunately,  before  its  demolition, 
careful  records  were  taken  which  rendered  it  possible  to 
place  a  copy  of  this  ceiling  in  the  new  Swiss  Museum  of 
Ziirich.  For  this  reproduction  we  are  indebted  to  the 
kindness  of  Herrn  K.  Biihrer,  editor  of  the  newspaper 
Die  Schvjeiz  (Switzerland). 

From  the  fact  of  the  presence  of  the  arms  of  the 
Bishopric  of  Eichstatt  (red,  a  white  crosier),  and  their 
position  near  the  Imperial  eagle,  and  the  Habsbourg 
lion,  the  date  of  the  decoration  may  be  determined  with 
some  degree  of  certainty.  In  the  year  1306  King 
Albrecht  (Albert)  was  in  Ziirich,  where  he  was  celebrating 
the  Karlstag  (28th  January)  (Charles'  Day — Charle- 
magne ?),  at  which  festival  many  noble  gentlemen  had 
presented  themselves.  Albert's  Chancellor  and  friend 
was  Johann,  prefect  of  the  canonry  of  the  Grand 
Cathedral  at  Zurich,  who  in  1305  was  also  Bishop  of 
Eichstatt,  which  bishopric,  however,  in  1306  he  exchanged 
for  that  of  Strasbourg.  The  paintings,  therefore,  would 
appear  to  have  been  placed  there  during  the  presence  of 
the  King  and  his  Chancellor.  Pigs.  975-979  give  ex- 
amples of  the  designs. 

Fig.  975.  Arms  of  the  Soman  Kingdom :  Or,  an  eagle 
displayed  sable. 

Pig.  976.  Arms  of  Von  Schonenwerd,  a  family  which 
belonged  to  the  Zurich  nobility  (their  ancestral  seat 
was  near  Dietikon  on  the  Limmat) :  Per  pale  argent  and 
gules,  on  the  dexter  side  a  lion  rampant  sable. 

Pig.  977.  Arms  of  the  Freiherren  (Barons)  von  Eussegg, 
of  Lucerne  :  Argent — perhaps  originally  "  or,"  as  they 
later  used  this  colour  also  (see  Plate  XXXI.  Fig.  6) — a 
unicorn  rampant  sable. 

Fig.  978.  Arms  of  Maness  von  Manegg,  Zurich  nobles: 
Gules,  two  warriors  fighting.     (See  Plate  XX.  Fig.  4.) 

Pig.  979.  Arms  of  the  Freiherren  von  Tuffen,  of  Zurich  : 
Gules,  a  helmet,  and  thereupon  a  demi-eagle  issuant 
argent. 

Equally  ancient  are  the  shields  on  the  brick  friezes  of 


403 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  974. — Copy  of  the  ceiling  of  tlie  Armorial  Room  in  the  House 
"  Zum  Loch."     (Swiss  Museum  at  Zurich). 


Fig.  975. — Romisohes        Fig.  976. — Schonenwerd.         Fig.  977. — HUssegg.  FiG.  978. — Manesse.  Fig.  979. — TufEen. 

Reich. 


(a)  Froburg.        Qj)  Strassberg-2fidau.         (c)  Bechburg.  (d)  Balm.  (p)  GrUnenberg. 

Fig.  9S0.— The  St.  Urban  Brick  Frieze. 


(/)  Kien. 


(g)  ITtzingen. 


(a)  Thorberg.  (li)  Iffenthal.  (c)  Bllttikon.  (d)  Aarwangen.  (c)  Eptingen. 

Fig.  981.— The  St.  Urban  Brick  Frieze. 
404 


(/)  Eud. 


(g)  Kienberg. 


PLATE   CXXX. 


Printed  at  Stnttgart. 

EXAMPLES    OF    ITALIAN    ARMORIAL    SCULPTURE. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


St.  Urban,  a  former  Cistercian  monastery,  near  Zofingen, 
in  the  canton  of  Lucerne,  which  have  now  been  similarly 
placed  under  the  protection  of  the  Zurich  Museum. 
These  exceedingly  delicately  executed  terra-cotta  examples 
would  seem  to  have  been  made  at  St.  Urban's  itself,  as  no 


/.  Arms  of  the  Barons  von  Kien :  Azure,  two 
eagles'  claws  in  saltire  argent,  armed 
sable. 

g.  Arms  of  Utzingen:  Argent,  a  quatrefoil 
vert. 


Fig.  9S2.— Arms  of  the  Duke 
of  Bavaria. 


Fig  9S3. — Arms  of  the  Land- 
grave of  Hesse. 


Fig.  984. — Arras  of  the  Count 
Von  der  Mark. 


other  examples  are  to  be  found  except  in  the  near  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  monastery.     The  two  friezes.  Figs.  980 


Fig.  9S5.— Arms  of  the  Count  of  Holstein. 

and  981,  are  examples  of  this  unique  and  highly-developed 
work.     The  arms  illustrated  are  : — 

Fig.  980.  a.  Arm's  of  the  Counts  von  Frdburg :  Or,  an 
eagle  displayed  ermine. 

b.  Arms   of   the    Strassberg-Niddau    family : 

Gules,  on  a  pale  sable,  three  chevrons  or. 

c.  Arms   of  the  Barons   von  Bechhurg  (Solo- 

thurn)  :  Tierced  in  f  ess  gules,  argent,  and 
sable.  The  last  of  this  family  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Sempach  in  1386. 

d.  Arms  of  the  Barons  von  Balm  (Solothurn)  : 

Per  pale  azure  and  argent,  a  lion  ram- 
pant gules.  The  colours  of  the  field  are 
sometimes  reversed,  and  a  modern  form 
of  the  arms  shows  the  field  paly  of  sis. 
«.  Arms  of  the  Barotis  von  Gi'iinenberg, 
Burggraves  of  Eheinfelden. 


Fig.  981.  a.  Arms  of  Thorherg :    Gules,  an  open  door 

argent. 
6.  Arms    of    Ijfenihal:     Or,     a    fess    azure, 

debruised  by  a  lion  rampant  gules, 
c.  Arms    of    the    von    Biittilcons,    Lords    of 

Schenkow :     Bendy    of   six    gules    and 

ermine. 

d.  Arms  of  Aarwaiigen :   Per  pale  sable  and 

argent,  on  the  sinister  side  a  fess  of  the 
first. 

e.  Arms   of  Eptingen  of  Basel :   Or,  an  eagle 

displayed  fesswise  sable,  armed  gules. 
/.  Arms     of    Eud.    (Rued),    servants    of    the 

Habsbourgs :    Azure,  a  rudder   in  bend 

argent. 
g.  Arms  of  Kienherg  (Solothurn) :    Per  bend 

sable  and  gules,  in  chief  a  bend  sinister 

sable ;    argent,   six  mounds  in   pyramid 

and  couped.     This  family  became  extinct 

in  1450. 

Other  early  examples  of  arms  from   German  sources 
will  be  found  in  Figs.  982-985. 


PLATE   LXXI 

EAELY  ENGLISH   ROLLS   OF  ARMS 

On  the  next  page  reference  will  be  made  to  a  col- 
lection of  armorial  drawings  by  Matthew  Paris,  and  to 
another  early  roll  of  arms  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  London.  There  is,  however,  in 
the  custody  of  the  College  of  Arms  a  fragment  of  a  roll 
which  some  have  considered  to  be  the  oldest  collected 
armorial  record  in  existence.  Doubtless  a  critical  ex- 
amination of  the  names  might  enable  one'to  arrive  at  an 
approximately  accurate  date ;  but  I  have  had  no  such 
opportunity  of  examination,  though  there  can  be  little 
doubt  the  fragment  belongs. to  the  early  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 


405 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  roll,  which  was  originally  emblazoned  upon  parch- 
ment, has  been  cat  up  at  some  period.  The  shields, 
which  are  conjoined,  appear  to  have  been  originally 
painted  conjoined  in  rows  of  sis.  Each  row  has  been 
cut  out,  the  outline  of  the  shields  being  carefully  followed, 
and  the  rows  are  now  fastened  upon  leaves  of  thick  paper, 
these  being  bound  up  with  other  matters  in  volume  form. 
The  leaves  to  which  these  rows  of  shields  are  attached 
are  preceded  by  a  painting  or  illumination,  doubtless 
belonging  thereto,  of  some  beauty  in  its  execution  and  of 
an  ecclesiastical  character.  This  would  seem  to  suggest 
that,  like  the  paintings  of  Matthew  Paris,  these  shields 
represent  the  arms  of  the  benefactors  of  some  religious 
foundation.  Beyond  the  name  which  surmounts  each 
shield  no  writing  or  other  descriptive  matter  remains 
with  the  roll.  Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Athill, 
Richmond  Herald,  who  has  had  paintings  made  which  he 
has  certified  for  me,  I  am  enabled  to  reproduce  some  of 
the  shields  from  this  roll.  Though  these  reproductions 
are  joined  together,  as  are  the  shields  in  the  original,  it 
should  be  noticed  that  the  examples  selected  for  repro- 
duction do  not  consecutively  follow  each  other  in  their 
present  order  upon  the  original.  Many — in  fact  a  large 
proportion — of  the  shields  are  badly  damaged,  some  nearly 
wholly  obliterated.  One  very  noticeable  detail,  however, 
at  once  becomes  apparent.  Though  identically  in  keeping 
with  the  other  heraldic  work  of  the  period,  the  paintings 
seem  to  have  been  finished  in  a  more  careful  manner, 
and  the  shields  lack  much  of  the  crudity  of  design  and 
draughtsmanship  so  often  met  with. 

The  following  are  the  particulars  of  those  selected.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  lines  of  division  are  wholly  absent : — 

1.  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable  (Count  de  Flandres). 

2.  Per  pale  argent  and  gules,  an  eagle  displayed  with 
two  heads  per  pale  sable  and  of  the  first  (Count  de 
B'goyns). 

3.  Sable,  a  cross  engrailed  argent  (Robert  de  Ufford.) 

4.  Sable,  a  cross  flory  argent  (Richard  Syward). 

5.  Argent,  a  bear  sable,  muzzled  argent  (Reginald 
Fitzurse). 

6.  Argent,  sis  eagles  displayed,  three,  two,  and  one 
(Richard  Tany). 

7.  Argent,  three  fleurs-de-lis  sable  (Willem  Peiferer). 

8.  Argent,  a  manuch  gules  (Henry  de  Hastings). 

9.  Argent,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  azure  (Roger  de 
Somery). 

10.  Argent,  three  stockings,  two  and  one  gules  (Nicholas 
de  la  Hese). 

11.  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  crowned  (Ibew 
D'Urberville). 

12.  Argent,  two  chevrons  gules,  a  canton  (or  quarter) 
of  the  last  (Novreram  de  Oriel). 

13.  Argent,  a  sun  in  splendour  gules  (unnamed). 

14.  Vair  (The  Count  of  Gynes  [Guisnes]). 

15.  Argent,  a  cross  moline  sable  (the  Prince  of  Moree). 

16.  Gules,  a  saltire  vair  (Rauf  de  Wiltun). 

17.  Argent,  a  griffin  segreant  azure,  armed  gules  (the 
King  of  ). 

18.  Argent,  two  ravens  in  pale  sable  (Roberd  Corbet). 

19.  Argent,  six  lions  rampant  3,  2,  and  i  sable  (Roger 
de  Leybume). 

20.  Gyronny  of  twelve  argent  and  azure  (.  .  .  de 
Bresum). 

21.  Per  pale  dancette  argent  and  gules  (the  Earl  of 
Leicester). 

22.  Chequy  argent  and  azure,  a  bordure  ingrailed  gules, 
a  quarter  (or  canton)  ermine  (the  Earl  of  Richmond). 

23.  Gules,  a  cross  patonce  argent  (the  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle). 

24.  Gules,  a  fleur-de-lis  argent  (Robert  de  Agulum). 

25.  Barry  nebuly  argent  and  gules  (Philip  Basser). 

A.  C.  F-D. 


PLATE   LXXII 

EXAMPLES    OF    HERALDIC   DRAWINGS    BY   MATH^US 
PARISIENSIS   (MATTHEW  PARIS) 

(1244) 

Some  of  the  earliest  drawings  of  arms,  and  possibly  the  earliest 
example  of  anything  in  the  nature  of  a  collection  or  roll  of  arms,  is 
that  of  Matthew  Paris. 

Matthe\v  Paris,  one  of  the  Lincolnshire  family  of  that  surname, 
entered  the  Benedictine  Monastery  of  St.  Albans  in  1217,  and  soon 
began  to  play  a  very  conspicuous  part,  not  only  as  a  scholar  and 
historian  {Hidoria  Anglorum,  Chronica  Major,  &c.),  but  also  as  the 
confidant  and  adviser  of  high  personages,  amongst  whom  were 
Henry  III.  of  England,  Louis  IX.  of  France,  Hakon  IV.  of  Norway, 
and  others. 

The  heraldic  representations  in  his  historical  works  are  for  the 
most  part  by  himself,  and,  on  account  of  their  great  age,  are  highly 
interesting.  His  teacher  in  the  art  of  drawing  was  perhaps  the 
celebrated  painter  and  sculptor,  Walter  of  Colchester,  sexton  of  St. 
Albans,  who  worked  in  the  cathedral  in  the  time  of  the  Abbot 
William  of  Trumpington  (1214-1235).  Matthew  Paris  died  at  an 
advanced  age  in  the  year  1259. 

Plate  XVIII.  shows  some  of  the  most  interesting  coats  of  arms  on 
a  sheet  now  in  the  British  Museum,  on  which  the  arms  are  painted 
on  both  sides.  The  work  was  probably  done  about  the  year  1244. 
(They  are  reproduced  from  Wappen  atis  den  Werken,  des  Matthias  von 
Parishy  Pusikan,  Berlin,  1881.)  -According  to  Pusikan,  the  arms 
depicted  on  the  sheet  from  which  the  reproductions  were  made 
ivere  most  probably  those  of  the  benefactors  of  the  Cathedral  of  St. 
Albans.  The  first  side  contains  thirty-three  shields,  some  of  which 
are  unfinished,  the  other  side  seven  rows  of  six  each,  thus  forty-two 
shields. 

Above  the  shields  stand  the  names  of  the  respective  owners  of  the 
arms,  and  at  the  side  of  the  blazoning  of  the  shields.  Those  repro- 
duced on  Plate  LXXII.  are  as  follows: — 

Fig.  I .  Scutum  imperatoris  Bomce  (Frederick  II.,  Roman  Emperor)  ; 
Scutum  aureum,  aquila  biceps  nigra  vel  moniceps  (Or,  a  double 
eagle  displayed  sable  with  one  or  two  heads). 

Fig.  2.  Scutiun  regis  Francoruvi  (St.  Louis  IX.,  King  of  France)  : 
Scutum  azureura  VI  gladioli  iioris  aurei  (Azure,  six  fleurs-de-lis, 
three,  two,  and  one). 

Fig.  3.  Scutum  regis  ScoticB  (Alexander  II.,  King  of  Scotland,  son 
of  William  the  Lion,  1214-1249.  LTnder  Alexander  II.  the 
tressure  flory,  which  is  also  painted  double  by  Matthew  Paris  in 
other  places,  was  introduced  into  the  arms  of  the  kingdom) :  Or,  a 
lion  rampant  within  a  tressure  flory. 

Fig.  4.  Scutum  ]>Jichol~de-Moles.  The  name  has  been  inserted  in- 
correctly, and  put  right  by  a  note  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  sheet : 
Hug  de  Baucei  pictavensis.  Hugo  (or  Hugh)  de  Baucey  of  Poitou. 
Scutum  aureum,  ferrum  molendinum  de  gules  (Or,  a  cross  moline 
[or  a  fer-de-moline]  gules). 

Fig.  5.  Scutum  iV.  de  Kenetz. :  Scutum  de  gules,  caniculi  de 
argento.  The  painting  of  the  shield  is  not  finished.  (Gules,  three 
talbots  argent,  two  and  one.) 

On  the  first  side,  the  foUow^ing  coat  of  arms  also  appears  in  the 
bottom  row  (Fig.  986) :  Scutum  regis  Castellae  et  Leonum  videlicet 

rqrcu-iJ) ctTmlc  X( .       '— 


v\?: 


All? 


Ito 


df^^ 


Fig.  9S6. — Arms  of  the  King  of  Castile  and  Leon. 


moderni  sed  non  partis,  pater  enim  portavit  scutum  tale  quale  comes 
Provinciai  Raimundus  (King  Ferdinand  III.  of  Spain) :  i  and  4, 
Campus  huius  quartej-i  rubens,  castrum  de  auro-campus  rubeus, 
castrum  de  auro :  2  and  3,  Campus  huius  qiiarteri  albns,  leo  de 
purpura-campus  iste  albus,  leo  de  purpura  (Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
gules,  a  castle  or  [tor  Castile] ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  lion  purjjure  [for 
Leon]). 

Alphonso  IX.,  the  father  of  King  Ferdinand,  bore  the  arms  of 
Aragon,  like  Count  Raimund  of  Provence,  because  both  were 
descended  from  the  Princes  of  Aragon.  H.  S. 


406 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  Spanish  coat  of  arms  just  given  not  only  proves  that  in  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  quartering  of  a  shield  was 
already  customary  in  Spain,  but  also  that  purpure  was  an  old 
heraldic  tincture,  even  if  seldom  made  nse  of. 

Fig.  6.  Willdmi  Longaspata  (William  de  Lougespee,  Earl  of 
Salisbury),  died  1257  :  Scutum  azureum,  leones  aurei  (Azure,  [six] 
lions  or). 

Fig,  7.  Johanis  de  Bellocampo  (Beauchamp)  :  Scutum  album, 
aquila  nigra  (Argent,  an  eagle  [displayed]  sable,  armed  or). 

Fig.  8.  Comitis  likurdi,  comitis  scilicet  Pictavii  (Earl  Richard  of 
Cornwall  and  Poitou,  died  1272,  brother-in-law  of  the  Emperor 
Frederic  II.,  elected  King  of  the  Eomans  in  1257)  :  Scutum  album 
leo  guleSj  bordura  nigra,  besantes  d'or  (Argent,  a  lion  gules 
[crowned  or],  within  a  bordure  sable  bezantee).  The  arms  of  the 
Duchy  of  Cornwall  are  still  sable,  fifteen  bezants,  five,  four,  three, 
two,  and  one,  and  the  family  of  Cornwall,  baronets,  still  bear 
arms  very  similar  to  those  of  the  ancestor  from  whom  they 
(illegitimately)  derive,  namely :  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  gules, 
ducally  crowned  or,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  sable. 

Fig.  g.  Comitis  de  Legrecestria  (Simon  de  Montfort,  Earl  of 
Leicester,  High  Steward  of  England,  died  1265  at  the  Battle  of 
Evesham  in  Worcestershire)  :  Scutum  album  leo  gules  (Argent,  a 
lion  rampant  [double-queued]  gules)  (see  Plate  T,X\T  Fig.  21). 

Fig.  10.  Rieardi  de  Munjichet.  (The  Montfichets  came  over  from 
Normandy  with  William  the  Conqueror,  but  died  out  as  early  as 
1 268.  Richard  was,  in  1 2 1 5,  one  of  the  twenty-five  barons  appointed 
to  enforce  the  provisions  of  ilagna  Charta)  :  Scutum  d'or.  III. 
chevrons  de  gules,  rastel  d'azure,  Y  lambel  (Or,  three  chevrons 
gules,  surmounted  by  a  label  of  five  points  azure). 

Fig.  II.  Siigonis  de  Novilti  {B.ugh  de  Neville  of  Essex,  who  was 
one  of  the  favourites  of  King  John,  121 1)  :  Anterior  quartena  cum 
suo  pari.  .  .  (Quarterly  indented  gules  and  vert,  a  bend  or). 

Fig.  12.  Johanis  de  Bassingeburne  (John,  Lord  Bassingbourne,  was 
also  one  of  the  advisers  of  King  John) :  Scutum  superius  de  gules 
leo  aureus,  inferius  scutum  de  albo  fesse  de  gules,  aves  de  gules 
(Argent,  a  bend  between  six  martlets  gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  last,  a 
lion  [passant  guardant]  or). 

Fig.  13.  Radulfi  filii  Nicholai  (Ralpli  Fitz  Nicholas  appears  in 
1250  as  "domini  regis  senescallus ") :  Scutum  de  gules,  pentafolium 
d'or,  bordura  escal  d'argent  (Gules,  a  cinquefoil  or).  Of  the  silver 
border  nothing  is  to  be  seen. 

Fig.  14.  Comitv;  CestricB  (Earl  of  Chester) :  Scutum  d'azuro 
garbe  d'or  (Azure  [three]  garbs  or). 

These  are  still  the  arms  used  for  and  attributed  to  the  Earldom  of 
Chester. 

Fig.  15.  Comitis  Tholosim  (Count  Eaimund  of  Toulouse,  who  was 
brother-in-law  to  King  John) :  Scutum  de  gules  crux  aurea  (Gules, 
a  cross  of  Toulouse,  voided  or).  The  town  of  Toulouse  still  bears 
the  cross  of  Toulouse,  with  other  figures,  in  her  nrms. 


SPECIMENS  FROM  AN  ENGLISH  ROLL  OF  ARMS 
{About  the  Year  1300) 

The  remaining  examples  on  Plate  LXXII.  are  taken  from  a  roll  of 
English  origin,  and  of  but  little  later  date.  It  is  in  the  possession 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  London,  and  is  a  parchment  roll  of 
78  feet  6  inches  long  by  1 1  inches  broad,  with  486  shields  upon  it, 
which  are  arranged  in  fifty-four  rows  of  nine  shields  each.  The 
superscriptions  are  of  later  date,  and  the  work  of  difl'erent  hands. 

The  following  specimens,  which  are  taken  therefrom,  are  repro- 
duced from  the  Catalogue  of  the  Heraldic  Exhibition  in  London 
in  1894,  edited  by  Mr.  St.  John  Hope,  Assistant  Secretary  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries. 

Fig.  16.  Wat  de  Gey  (Walter  de  Gey) :  Argent,  a  bend  gules,  sur- 
mounted by  a  lion  rampant  sable.     The  dexter  forepaw  is  missing. 

Fig.  17.  Jon  de  Bruton  (Jon  de  Brumton) :  ''  Or,  a  bend  sable,  sur- 
mounted by  two  lions  passant  gules. 

Fig.  18.  Jon  de  Herondi:  Gules,  billettee  d'or,  three  lions  rampant 
of  the  last. 

Fig.  19.  Gile  Fisshman :  Gules,  a  dolphin  embowed  or  (?  argent). 

Fig.  20.  Henry  de  Mortimer :  Argent,  a  cross  azure  charged  with 
five  escallops  or. 

Fig,  21.  Joh^  U  Fitz  Marmanduc:  Gules,  a  fess  between  three 
popinjays  argent. 

Fig.  22.   JViW  Corbet  (William  Corbet)  :  Or,  three  ravens  sable. 

Fig,  23.  IViW  de  Estokes  (William  de  Estokes):  Vair,  a  chief 
gules. 

Fig,  24.  Joh'  de  Beneshale  (Johan  de  Reveshale):  Or,  a  cross  gules 
surmounted  by  a  label  of  five  points  azure,  each  file  charged  with 
three  fleurs-de-lis  or. 

Fig.  25.  WilV  de  Stephewe :  Azure,  a  cross  or,  fretty  gules. 

H.  S. 


PLATE  LXXIIl 

EXAMPLES  OF  ARMS  REPRODUCED  FROM  THE 
"W^EINGARTNER"  AND  THE  "  HEIDELBERGER " 
MINNESANGER-LIEDERHANDSCHRIFT 

(The  Nos.    1-18  eefeh  to  the  FionEES  on  the  Plate) 

The  Minnesingers  anciently  were  wandering  minstrels  who  sang 
more  especially  of  love — minne — but  this  word  is  not  now  used 
except  in  this  or  similar  connections. 

WEINGAETNER  BOOK   OF  SONGS   (Figs.    i-io). 

This  manuscript,  now  consisting  of  158  sheets  of  parchment 
(about  15.3  cm.  high  by  11.7  broad),  was  in  the  sixteenth 
century  in  the  possession  of  the  Marx  magistrate  at  Constance, 
who  relinquished  it  to  the  Benedictine  Abbey  of  Weingarten 
(hence  its  name),  who  still  owned  it  in  1613.  Since  1810  this 
valuable  manuscript  has  been  in  tlie  possession  of  the  Royal  Select 
Library  (deposited  in  the  Public  Library)  of  Stuttgart  {Poet., 
germ.  i).  It  contains  verses  by  thirty-one  Minnesingers,  with 
twenty-five  coloured  pictures,  of  which  twenty  show  coats  of  arms. 
The  style  of  these  coats  of  arras  (height  of  shield  about  3  cm.),  in 
none  of  which  is  gold  used  at  all,  and  silver  only  in  Figs,  i  and  2, 
corresponds  to  the  closing  years  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

The  shields  and  helmets,  which  are  not  always  united  in  the 
original,  have  been  put  together  in  heraldic  manner  in  all  the  cases 
here  illustrated.    The  examples  chosen  are  as  follows  : — 

Fig.  I,  Burgrave  v[on']  Riete[n]burg.  Arms:  or,  on  a  bend  argent, 
three  roses  gules,  seeded  or.  Crest :  a  rose  gules,  the  stem  between 
two  fish-houks  or,  adorned  with  peacock's  feathers.  (The  Heidel- 
berg manuscript  has  tliese  arms  :  Or,  on  a  bend  gules,  three  roses 
argent.)  The  ancestral  seat  of  the  Counts  von  Rietenberg  was  over 
the  Riedenburg  market  an  der  Altmlihl,  in  Bavaria. 

Fig  2.  Crave  [Graf]  Otte  v[on2  Botenlauien.  Arms  :  per  fess  or 
and  chequy  argent  and  gules,  in  chief  a  demi-double-headed  eagle 
issuing  sable.  Crest :  an  eagle's  claw  erect  or  (Otto  von  Henneberg, 
1 1 75?-i245,  called  himself  after  his  estate,  Bodenlaube  bei  Kissingen, 
which,  however,  he  sold  again  in  1234). 

Fig.  3.  H.  Bliger  v\on'\  Sainach  (Herr  Bligger  von  Stainach),  Arms: 
gules,  a  harp  argent.  Crest :  two  peacock's  heads  and  necks  ad- 
dorsed  proper.  (The  Heidelberg  manuscript  has  these  arms  :  Azure, 
a  harp  or.)  The  ancestral  castle  was  at  Neckar-steinach,  above 
Heidelberg. 

Fig.  4.  H.  Volrich  ^[om]  Munegur.  Arms :  per  fess  gules  and 
gyronny  of  six  argent  and  sable.  Crest :  a  thing  similar  to  a  wolfs 
claw,  or  a  harpoon,  of  gold,  set  round  with  peacock's  feathers.  The 
Heidelberg  MS.  gives  the  tinctures  of  these  arms  as  per  fess  or,  and 
gyronny  argent  and  azure. 

Fig  5,  H.  Siltebolt  vlon]  Swanegou  (Schwangau).  Arms  :  gules,  a 
swan  argent,  armed  sable.  Crest :  a  swan  as  in  the  arms.  (The 
Heidelberg  MS.  makes  the  swan  beaked  and  legged  or.)  The 
ancestral  seat  of  this  Swabian  family  stood  where  is  now  Hohen- 
schwangau,  in  Upper  Bavaria. 

Fig.  6.  H.  Uolrich  v[on]  diote[7i]burg.  Arms  :  or,  a  lion  sable, 
debruised  by  a  fess  gules.  Crest :  a  lily  stalked  gules,  between 
two  buffalo's  horns  or,  each  adorned  with  seven  black  reeds  or 
bulrushes.  (The  Heidelberg  MS.  shows  the  crest  without  the  lily 
being  stalked,  and  makes  the  reeds  like  leaves.) 

Fig.  7.  Ber  Truhsoeze  v\oTi\  Singe\;ii^\er'^  (Ulrich  von  Singenberg 
12 19,  Trnchsess  or  High  Steward  to  St.  Gall).  Arms  :  azure,  a  demi- 
stag  argent.  Crest :  a  star  of  eight  rays  gules,  each  ray  adorned 
with  a  peacock's  feather.  (The  star  is  divided  in  half,  to  facilitate 
the  fastening  of  it  to  the  helmet.  The  Heidelberg  MS.  has  a 
golden  star.)  The  seat  of  the  Singenberg  family  lay  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Sitter,  above  Bischofszell,  in  'Thurgau. 

Fig.  8.  H.  Bemger  v[on']  Horheini.  Arms  :  gules,  four  lilies 
argent,  issuing  from  the  edge  of  the  shield  and  conjoined  in 
the  centre,  forming  a  cross.  Crest:  a  circular  hat  barry  of  six 
or  and  gules,  on  the  points  three  peacock's  feathers,  the  quills 
gules.  (The  Heidelberg  MS.  makes  the  field  azure  with  the  same 
cross  of  lilies  in  gold  ;  and  the  hat  there  is  also  gold.) 

Fig.  9.  H.  Hartioig  Raute.  Arms :  chequy  or  and  sable,  a  cross 
gules.  Crest :  a  snail-shaped  bouquetin's  horn,  alternately  sable 
and  or,  rising  out  of  a  helmet  "  bandeau  "  (fiUet  or  wreath),  counter- 
compony  argent  and  azure  (Heidelberg  MS,  :  blue  and  gold  striped 
horn). 

Fig,  10.  Serr  Waltlier  von  Mezze  (Metz).  Through  a  mistake  of 
the  artist  of  the  MS.  this  coat  of  arms  was  ascribed  to  Merre  Rubin 
(Schloss  Rubein  bei  Meran),  who,  however,  according  to  the  Heidel- 
berg MS.,  bears  as  arms  :  Azure,  a  ruby  ring.  The  arms  depicted 
are  :  Gules,  tw^o  bars  chequy  sable  and  or.  Crest :  a  pair  of  wings 
proper  (with  red  wing-bones)  bordered  with  a  gold  curve  ;  issuing 
from  a  helmet  bandeait  compony  counter-compony  sable  and  or. 
(The  Heidelberg  MS.  has  the  bars  chequy  argent  and  azure,  the 
wings  azure,  and  the  bones  covered  with  two  rows  of  red  and  yellow 


407 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


feathers.)     The  ancestral  castle  of  the  Metz  family  stood  in  the 
Etschthale  (Valley  of  the  Etsch),  between  Botzen  and  Trient. 

Two  other  armorial  pictures  from  the  Weingartner  MS.  are 
given  on  Plate  Y. 

GREAT  HEIDELBERG  SONG-BOOK  (Figs.  ii-iS) 
{Formerly  called  the  ''Parisian"  and  also  the  '^ Manes$"  MS.) 

This  manuscript,  consisting  of  346  sheets  of  parchment  (height 
35.5  cm.,  breadth  2.5  cm.),  was  foimd  at  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth century  among  the  effects  of  the  deceased  Freiherr  von 
Hohensax  auf  Forsteck,  who  had  borrowed  it  from  the  Elector  of 
the  Palatinate.  In  1607  the  Eegister  came  back  to  Heidelberg. 
In  1622,  alter  the  conquest  uf  the  town  by  Tilly,  it  was  carried  off 
and  was  found  at  last  among  the  effects  of  the  Royal  Librarian, 
J.  Dupuy,  in  Paris,  who  bequeathed  it  to  the  Royal  Library  in 
spite  of  frequent  attempts  (1S15,  1823,  1871)  to  win  the  Register 
for  Germany  once  more.  It  was  only  in  1S88  that  the  Strassburg 
bookseller,  K.  Triibner,  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  manuscript  in 
exchange  for  valuable  old  French  manuscripts,  which  he  had 
acquired  from  Lord  Ashburnham  for  ^26,000  sterling.  It  came 
back  to  Heidelberg  on  April  10,  1S88,  and  was  entered  in  the 
Library  catalogue  as  "  Codex  Palatinus,  germ.  No.  848."  The  MS. 
contains  poems  by  140  minnesingers,  137  coloured  pictures,  and  a 
pen-and-ink  drawing.  One  hundred  and  twenty  pages  show  coats 
of  arms,  and  ten,  helmet- ornaments  only.  (Height  of  shields  about 
5-6  cm.).  The  claim  that  Riidiger  (Roger)  ilanesse  of  Ziirich  was 
the  author  of  this  collection  of  songs,  is  somewhat  questionable. 

The  shield  and  helmets,  which  are  emblazoned  with  gold  and 
silver  in  the  original,  have  here  been  placed  in  conjunction,  whereas 


or  fin  gules,  terminating  in  peacock's  feathers.  The  family  was 
domiciled  in  Aargau,  and  was  an  offshoot  of  the  Habsbourgs  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  hence  the  arms,  which,  except  as  to  the  tincture  of 
the  head,  were  exactly  the  same  as  those  of  the  Habsbourgs  who  had 
borne  :  Or,  a  lion  gules. 

Herr  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach.     (See  Fig.  988.)     Arms  :  gules,  two 


Fig.  9S7. 


in  the  original  they  mostly  appear  separated,  the  helmets  being 
provided  with  hanging  red  cords  (see  Fig.  987).  The  lettering  of 
the  names  was  copied  from  the  original  Register. 

Fig.  II.  Berr  lieinmar  von  Ziceter.  Arms:  gules,  an  eagle  dis- 
played argent,  armed  or,  the  wing-bones  terminating  in  eagles' 
heads  respecting  each  other.  Crest:  a  demi-eagle  as  in  the  arms. 
He  belonged  to  the  Palatinate  family  of  the  Herren  von  Zuitem 
(Zeutern,  between  Bruchsal  and  Heidelberg). 

Fig.  12.  Hcrr  JValther  von  der  Vogelweide.  Arms:  gules,  a  bird- 
cage or,  and  within  it  a  bird  vert.  Crest  :  a  bird-cage  and  bird  as 
in  the  arras. 

This  celebrated  minnesinger  came  of  a  family  in  the  Southern 
T}Tol,  and  lived  from  about  1 187-1227. 

Fig.  13.  Meist&r Heinrich  Frauenlob.  Arms:  azure  (in  the  Register 
this  nas  turned  a  greenish  tint),  a  woman's  bust,  cro'mied  and 
vested  or,  wearing  a  veil  argent.  Crest  :  a  woman's  bust  as  in  the 
arms,  the  habit  continued  to  serve  as  the  mantling.  He  died  on  the 
29th  of  November  131 8,  at  Mayence,  and  was  carried  to  his  grave 
by  women      {Fraue7iloh  =  'W omen's  praise.) 

Fie.  14-  Seinrich  von  Tettmgen.  Arms  :  or,  a  sickle  argent,  the 
handle  gules.  Crest :  two  sickles  as  in  the  arms.  His  home  must 
have  been  Dottigen,  above  Klingnau,  in  Aargau. 

Fig.  15.  JEndilhurt  (Orendilhart)  vo7i  Adelburg.  Arms:  or,  two 
crab's  claws  in  pale  gules.  Crest :  two  crab's  claws  erect  gules.  His 
ancestral  seat  was  Adelburg,  on  the  Laber,  to  the  north  of  Parsburg 
(Bavarian  Upper  Palatinate). 

Fig.  16.  Herr  Rdnwar  der  Alte.  Arms:  barry  of  eight  or  and 
azure,  a  pale  gules.  Crest :  a  long  pointed  cap  of  the  arms,  sur- 
mounted with  a  tassel  of  peacock's  feathers.  The  Weingartner  MS. 
has  the  arms  barry  or  and  sable. 

Fig.  17.  Herr  Heinrich  von  Morungen.  Arms:  azure,  three 
crescents  argent,  each  horn  terminating  in  a  star  of  eight  rays  or. 
Crest :  a  crescent  as  in  the  arms,  resting  on  a  cushion  azure.  The 
ancestral  seat  was  the  castle  of  Morungen,  near  Sangershausen. 

Fig.  18.  Herr  Hesse  von  Einach.  Arms  :  or,  a  lion  gules,  the  head 
azure,  collared  or.     Crest :  a  lion's  head  azure,  adorned  with  a  comb 

408 


I3  w'vpolftan'^on  (SfclnTbacl). 

Fig.  9SS. 


^cr'^aril;uCer5 


Fig.  9S9. 


axes  (?)  argent.     Crest :  the  charges  as  in  the  arms.     Eschenbach  is 
situated  near  Ansbach,  and  there  the  poet,  who  died  about  1220, 


PLATE  CXXXI. 


a 
< 


w 

D 

O 
D 


a 
z 

<: 

< 
< 


■Si 


a 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


was  buried.  The  Esclienbaclis  of  the  Upper  Palatinate  bore  :  Gules, 
three  knives  argent. 

Every  one  must  be  familiar  with  the  name  of  Tannhduser,  whose 
arms  will  be  found  in  Fig.  9S9.  Shield  :  per  fess  sable  and  or. 
Crest :  two  buffalo's  horns  conjoined  to  combs,  the  whole  also  per 
fess  as  in  tlie  arms.     Taunhauser's  family  is  unknown. 

Many  of  the  coats  of  arms  in  both  manuscripts  were  most  likely 
not  real  family  arms,  but  merely  fanciful  inventions  adopted  by  or 
attributed  to  the  Minnesingers.  For  instance,  for  those  of  Walther 
von  der  Vogelweide,  Frauenlob,  Tannliauser,  &c. 

It  is,  of  course,  known  that  the  first  mentioned  won,  or  assumed, 
his  surname,  "Von  der  Vogelweide"  ("Of  the  bird-meadow" — 
only  in  its  German  form  a  little  more  poetic-sounding  than  when 
Anglicised),  because  he  sang  of  birds  and  fields  and  such  things  of 
nature.  H.  S. 


peacock's  feathers  proper,  surmounted  by  a  ball  argent,  ornamented 
with  a  plume  of  peacock's  feathers,  also  proper. 

Fig.  S.  Bieiibvrg  (No.  95) :  Azure,  a  leopard  or,  armed  gules. 
Crest :  two  buffalo's  horns  gules,  adorned  with  peacock's  feathers 
proper. 

Fig.  g.  Wcdbvrg  (No.  176)  :  Or,  three  leopards  (lions  passant 
guardant)  in  pale  sable.  Crest :  a  cushion  or,  with  tassels  gules,  and 
thereupon  a  plume  of  peacock's  feathers  proper  issuing  from  a 
case  or. 

Fig.  10.  Helfenstain  in  Swabia  (from  Ae!/anf= elephant)  (No. 
40)  :  Gules,  on  a  quadruple  mount  couped  or,  an  elephant  statant 
argent.  Crest :  two  "  combs  "'  or  "  fans "  argent,  adorned  with 
fan-crests  of  peacock's  feathers. 

Fig.  II.  Wvlfimjen  (Wiilflingen  of  Ziirich)  (No.  399)  :  Argent,  on 
two  Unden-leaves  the  stalks  conjoined  and  issuing  from  the  base,  a 
wolf  azure.     Crest :  a  demi-wolf  azure. 


PLATE   LXXIV 

EXAMPLES   TAKEN   FROM   THE   "ZtJRICHER  "VYAPPEN- 
ROLLE"   (ZURICH   ROLL  OE  ARMS) 

{First  half  of  tlie  Fourteenth  Century) 
Figs.  1-20  below  relate  to  the  Plate. 

"  He  who  has  not  studied  thoroughly  this  oldest  German  Collection 
of  Arms  has  no  idea  at  all  of  the  heraldry  of  the  Middle  Ages," 
writes  Prince  Frederick  Karl  of  Hohenlohe-Waldenburg,  in  his 
"  History  of  the  Flirstenberg  Arms,"  and  these  words  best  denote 
the  value  of  this  Register. 

In  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  this  Roll  of  Arms 
was  in  the  possession  of  the  well-known  naturalist,  and  lover  of 
armory,  Joh.  Jak.  (Johaun  Jakob)  Scheuchzer,  of  Ziirich,  and  was 
merely  known  under  the  name  of  Menibrana  Heraldica;  after  his 
death  in  the  year  1733,  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Zurich 
Town  Library.  The  Roll  is  at  the  present  time  400.5  centimetres 
long,  12.5  centimetres  broad,  and  consists  of  thirteen  pieces  of 
parchment  fastened  together  with  thread.  The  Roll,  which  is 
painted  with  coats  of  arms  in  two  rows  on  both  sides,  was  originally 
longer,  but  fortunately  the  missing  piece  is  available  in  the  form  of 
a  copy.  The  Roll,  including  this  piece,  contains  five  hundred  and 
fifty-nine  coats  of  arms  and  twenty-eight  episcopal  banners.  In 
the  year  i860  the  pictures  of  the  Roll  were  published  in  colours 
on  twenty-five  Plates  by  the  Antiquarian  Society  of  Ziirich,  from 
which  publication  the  reproductions  herein  have  been  taken. 

Fig.  I.  Bregen::  (No.  127  in  the  Roll) :  "  Kilrsch  "  a  pale  ermine  ; 
on  the  hebuet,  a  fur  cap  "turned  inside  out"  and  stuck  round  with 
peacock's  feathers.  This  is  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  old  Counts  of 
Bregenz,  who  died  out  in  11 57.  Their  crest  appears  here  some- 
what peculiarly  drawn,  a  copy  of  the  "Rblle,"  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  in  the  Library  of  Count  Konigsegg  at  Aulendorf,  shows 
the  fur  cap  more  distinctly  apparent.  (The  name  seems  to  have 
been  preserved  in  the  name  of  the  town  and  lake  of  Bregenz  (Ger.) 
— usually  called  Brienz  in  French  and  English,  in  Switzerland). 

Fig.  2.  (?)  (No.  24S)  :  Gules,  three  pieces  of  fur  two  and  one  ;  on 
the  helmet  as  crest  a  youth's  body  gules  charged  with  a  fess  vair, 
the  hood  also  gules  edged  with  vair,  the  point  of  the  hood  adorned 
with  a  bunch  of  black  cock's  feathers. 

Fig.  3.  Rotelen  (No.  1 43):  Vair,  on  a  chief  or,  a  d.emi-lion 
issuant  gules.    Crest :  a  lion's  head  adorned  with  a  comb  or  fan  vair. 

Fig.  4.  Maness  von  Manegg  (No.  234) :  Gules,  two  knighta 
combatant  argent.  On  the  helmet  as  crest  the  head  of  a  knight 
habited  in  mail  and  in  a  bassinet  all  proper. 

The  Ziirich  Knight,  Rlidiger  Maness  von  Manegg  (died  1304),  was, 
according  to  the  opinion  of  some  historians,  the  author  both  of  the 
Seidelberger  Liederhandschrift  (see  Plate  LXXIII.)  and  also  of  this 
Roll,  but  the  presumption  that  Constance  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
Roll  seems  to  be  more  probable. 

Fig,  5.  Betler  (Betler  von  Herderen  in  Thurgau) — No.  420 — 
(Bei?er  =  beggar  in  old-fashioned  spelling)  ;  Argent,  a  beggar  habited 
in  sable,  his  shoes  or,  on  his  shoulder  a  bag  or  knapsack  argent,  sus- 
pended by  a  cord  gules  and  a  pilgrim's  staff  in  his  sinister  hand,  and 
in  his  dexter  hand  a  dish,  both  gules.  On  the  helmet  as  crest  a 
demi-beggar  vested  argent,  the  bag  suspended  from  his  shoulders 
sable,  the  cord  gules,  and  holding  in  both  hands  a  bowl  sable. 

Fig.  6.  Hahspvrg  (No.  34) :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  gules :  on  the 
helmet  as  crest  a  demi-lion  gules,  with  a  comb  argent,  adorned  with 
peacock's  feathers. 

This  is  the  earliest  coat  of  arms  of  the  Counts  von  Habsbourg,  and 
can  be  found  on  the  seal  of  a  document  as  far  back  as  1 1S6.  The 
crest,  however,  occurs  only  in  1259.  Since  about  1500  the  lion  has 
been  borne  crowned. 

Fig.  7,  Eehherg  (Rechberg  of  Swabia)  (No.  403) :  Argent,  two 
lions  rampant  and  addorsed  gules.  Crest ;  a  demi-lion  gules.  The 
tails  of  the  lions  are  usually  depicted  intertwined,  but  they  do  not 
so  occur  in  the  present  instance. 

Fig.  990.  Geroldseck  am  JFasichen  (No.  453):  Argent,  billettee 
azure,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  crowned  or.     Crest :  a  hat  covered  with 


"WoiFvi 

RT 


Fig.  990.— Geroldseck. 


Fig.  991.— Wolfnrt. 


Fig.  991.  Wolfvrt  (No.  298)  :  Argent,  in  base  water  (furt^a  ford), 
two  wolves  current  in  pale  azure.  Crest :  the  head  and  neck  of  a 
wolf  azure.  In  the  thirteenth  century  the  Wolfurts  bore  ;  Or,  a 
wolf  azure. 

Fig.  12.  Bischach  (B.eischB.ch.  in  Swabia)  (No.  181):  Or,  a  boar's 
head  couped  at  the  neck  sable,  armed  of  the  field,  crined  at  the  neck 
argent.  Crest :  a  boar's  head  and  neck  couped  or,  armed  and  crimed 
at  the  neck  argent. 

Fig,  i-i,.  {Eethhenj  im  Entlebuch  ?)  (Eeh  =  Toe\  6er(/  =  mountain) 
(No.  249) :  Azure,  a  roe-buck  or,  climbing  up  the  face  of  a  rock 
issuing  from  the  dexter  side  of  the  escutcheon.  Crest :  the  head 
and  neck  of  a  stag  or. 

Fig.  14.  Tierberg  in  Swabia  (No.  165) :  Azure,  on  a  quadruple 
mount  couped  argent,  a  hind  statant  or.  Crest :  the  head  and  neck 
of  a  hind  or. 

Fig.  15.  Obaerloh  (No.  114):  Argent,  a  "bouquetin"  sable. 
Crest :  a  demi-bouquetin  sable. 

Fig.  16.  (?)  (No.  519):  Gules,  a  bull  sable,  the  nose-ring  argent. 
Crest :  a  cushion  argent  with  tassels  gules,  and  thereupon  a  bull  as 
in  the  arms. 

Fig.  17.  Eosnow  (No.  47) :  Or,  a  ram  sable.  Crest :  the  head 
and  neck  of  a  ram  or. 

Fig.  18.  Haimenhoven  in  Swabia  (No.  205):  Gules,  a  horse 
salient  argent,  the  saddle  or,  the  bridle  gules.  Crest :  the  head 
and  neck  of  a  horse  argent,  bridled  gules. 

Fig.  19.  (?)  (No.  375) :  Argent,  a  mastiff  [or  hound]  gules, 
gorged  with  a  spiked  dog-collar  sable.  Crest :  a  conical  hat  gules, 
and  thereupon  an  annulet  sable  adorned  around  the  outer  edge  with 
leaves  argent. 

Fig.  20.  Pfirt  (No.  30) :  Gules,  two  fish  hauriant  and  addorsed 
or.     Crest ;  two  fish  as  in  the  arms.  H.  S. 


PLATE   LXXV 

FURTHER  EXAMPLES  TAKEN  FROM  THE  "ZURICHER 

WAPPENROLLE  ■'   (ZURICH   ROLL  OF  ARMS) 

{First  half  of  the  Fourteenth  Century) 

Figs.  1-20  below  eelate  to  the  Plate. 

Fig.  I.  Hvn  (Hiin)  (No.  404  of  the  RoU):  Or,  an  eagle's  head 
erased  sable.     Crest :  an  eagle's  head  sable,  armed  or. 

Fig.  2.  Arbon  in  Thurgau  (No.  48) :  Argent,  an  eagle  displayed 
gules,  armed  or.    Crest :  a  demi-eagle  displayed  as  in  tlie  arms. 


409 


3f 


THE   ART    OF   HERALDRY 


Fig.  3.  {Heidegk  in  Swabia)  (No.  527) :  Gules,  an  ostrich  [so  de- 
scribed in  the  German  blazon]  azure,  armed  or,  holding  in  the  beak 
a  horseshoe  argent.  Crest :  an  ostrich  as  in  the  arms.  Without  the 
horseshoe  the  ostrich  could  hardly  be  recognised  in  this  parrot-like 
bird. 

Fig.  4.  Hvnrhvsen  in  Thurgau  (No.  334) :  Argent,  a  double- 
headed  cock  sable,  tlie  feet,  combs,  and  wattles  gules.  Crest :  two 
cock's  heads  and  necks  conjoined  or,  combed  and  wattled  gules. 

Fig.  5.  {Freiherren  von  Hohenteafen  in  Zliricher  Gebiet)  (No.  369, 
Barons  von  Hohenteufen,  in  Zilrich)  :  Gules,  a  swan  argent,  beaked 
and  legged  sable.  Crest:  a  swan's  head  and  neck  gules,  adorned 
with  a  fan-comb  argent. 

Fig.  6.    Slat  (Slatt   of   Zurich)    (No.    318):    Argent,   a   double- 
headed  eagle  displayed  azure,  the  claws  gules.     Crest:  an  eagle's 
head  argent,  the  head  surmounted  by  a  plume  of  cock's  feathers 
"  sable. 

Fig.  7.  OUinger  of  Basle  (No.  449) :  Gules,  a  griffin  segreant  argent. 
Crest :  a  demi-griffin  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  8.  Tengen  in  Switzerland  (No.  149) :  Gules,  a  unicorn  rampant 
argent.     Crest:  a  demi-unicorn  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  9.  (Hockenberg)  (No.  492) :  Sable,  a  "panther"  argent,  armed 
gules.     Crest:  a  demi-**^ panther"  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig,  10.  Kilchain  (No.  445):  Argent,  a  wyvern  gules.  Crest :  a 
demi-wyvern  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  II.  {Obrahoven  in  Sicit:cerla7id)  (No.  443):  Argent,  a  fleur-de- 
lis  gules.  Crest :  a  derai-fleur-de-lis  argent,  and  issuing  from  the 
point  thereof  a  plume  of  cock's  feathers  sable. 

Fig.  12.  Gvtmgen  (Giittingeu  in  Thurgau)  (No.  142):  Argent,  a 
rose  gules,  seeded  or,  barbed  and  slipped  vert  Crest:  (this  defies 
any  attempt  to  render  it  in  English  blazon.  The  literal  translation 
is  "  a  wliite  ilitra,  on  the  two  side-edges  of  which  are  laid  a  red 
rose  with  green  stalk  and  yellow  centre").  No.  213  of  the  KoU 
also  shows  a  coat  of  arms  of  the  Guttingens,  the  same  shield  device, 
but  another  crest. 

Fig.  13.  Roschach  (Rorschach  and  Eosenberg  in  St.  Gall)  (No. 
190) :  Argent,  issuing  from  a  triple  mount  in  base  or,  a  "  rose-bush  " 
vert,  flowered  gules.  Crest :  a  plume  of  cock's  feathers  sable  in  a 
case  argent.  The  arms  of  the  Rorschach  family,  which  became  ex- 
tinct in  1470,  appear  in  a  MS.  of  the  St.  Gall  Cathedral  Library 
(1520)  in  the  same  form,  only  the  triple  mount  is  there  represented 
vert,  which  would  seem  a  more  likely  rendering. 

Fig.  14.  Ot  a  dem  Rand  (i?«7i(/e  =  turnip)  (No.  427):  Sable,  a 
turnip  jjroper,  leaved  vert.     Crest:  a  turnip  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  15.  Ciingen  in  Thurgau  (No.  139):  Or,  an  oak-tree  issuing 
from  the  base  azure.  Crest:  an  annulet  gules,  the  outer  edge 
adorned  with  leaves  argent.  (Similar  to  the  crest  on  Plate  LXXIV". 
Fig.  19.)  No.  13S  on  the  Roll  also  shows  a  coat  of  arms  of  the 
Clingens,  but  with  quite  different  charges. 

Fig.  16.  -SfoY/ejiftery  (  =  Leaf-mountain)  (No.  311):  Argent,  a  fess 
gules,  from  which  issue  three  "  Bltitterberge "  [or  mountains  of 
leaves]  vert.     Crest :  a  linden-tree  vert. 

Fig.  17.  Cera  Tvrn  (Cem  Thurn  in  Wallis)  (No.  92):  Or,  a  battle- 
mented  tower  sable.  Crest :  a  pointed  cap  or,  liaving  a  ball  sable 
on  the  point,  and  two  others  one  on  either  side  thereof. 

Fig.  iS.  Eebnshoven  (No.  106):  Gules,  a  helmet  or.  Crest:  a 
helmet  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  19.  Phkgelberg  (No.  299) :  Gules,  on  a  triple  mount  in  base 
vert,  two  threshing  flails  proper,  the  handles  or.  Crest :  two  flails 
as  in  the  arms.    (i<7ff//eZ= flail ;  &fT(/  =  mount.) 

Fig.  20.  Grassoicer  (No.  309):  Gules,  a  "steel"  [for  striking  fire] 
argent.  Crest :  a  devil's  head  with  large  ears  sable,  the  crest  en- 
closing the  helmet.  (See  Plate  LXXX.  Fig.  2.)  The  devil's  head 
seems  later  not  to  have  been  pleasing  to  the  family,  inasmuch  as 
later  it  gave  place  to  a  bear's  head. 

Fig.  992.  Hennenherg  in  Thuringia  (No.  43)  :  Or,  on  a  triple  mount 


€inB€( 


Fig.  992. — The  Arms  of 
Hennenberg. 


Fig.  993. — The  Arms  of 
Werdenberg. 


(see  Strohl's  Deutsche  TFappenrolle,  p.  35)  ;  the  hen  appears  for  the 
first  time  on  a  seal  of  the  year  1300. 

Fig.  993.  Werdenberg  (No.  128) :  Argent,  an  ecclesiastical  banner 
sable.  Crest :  a  wing  or.  The  AVerdenbergs  belonged  to  the  power- 
ful dynastic  family  of  the  Herren  von  der  Falme,  a  family  which 
in  its  many  branches  all  bore  the  ecclesiasticiil  banner,  but  this  and 
the  field  in  varying  colours.  H.  S. 


PLATE   LXXVI 


SPECIMENS   OUT   OF   GELRE'S 
(1334-1372) 


'WAPENBOECK" 


in  base  couped  or,  a  hen  sable,  with  feet,  comb,  and  wattles  gules. 
Crest:  a  fan-like  object  composed  of  white  linden-twigs.  {Henne  — 
hen).     The  Counts  von  Henneberg  originally  bore  another  device 


Figs.  1-16  below  relate  to  the  Figures  on  the  Plate. 

The  JVapenboeck  ou  armorial,  of  the  herald  von  Geldreu 
Heynen,  surnamed  "Gelre"  (Geldern),  who  was  born  about  131 5 
and  died  about  1372  (see  Plate  I.  Fig.  i),  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  Royal  Library  at  Brussels,  and  was  reproduced  in  a  really 
excellent  manner  by  the  French  heraldic  author  Victor  Bouton  of 
Paris.  The  fi.rst  volume  of  the  work  appeared  in  iSSi,  the  third 
volume  in  18S3,  the  fourth  volume  in  1897.  The  second  volume 
has  not  yet  appeared.  Altogether  the  Wappenbuch  is  supposed  to 
contain  over  iSoo  hand-coloured  representations  of  coat-s  of  arms. 
Monsieur  V.  Bouton  (who  died  1901)  has  been  good  enough  to  allow 
the  reproduction  of  some  of  the  arms  from  his  copy  of  the  work. 

Fig.  I.  Die  Conine  van  Spaengen.  (Ai-ms  of  the  Spanish  king 
Don  Pedro  II.  (the  Cruel),  rf,  1369):  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  a 
triple-towered  castle  or,  the  port  and  windows  azure  (Castile) ;  2 
and  3,  argent,  a  lion  rampant  purpure,  crowned  or  (Leon).  Crest: 
a  demi-dragon  (a  demi-griffin)  continuing  into  the  mantling.  (The 
metals  are  mostly  replaced  by  yellow  and  white  in  this  armoriid 
register.) 

Fig.  2.  Gojsto  de  Moncada.  (Arms  of  Don  Gaston  de  Moncada, 
Herren  von  Aytona,  of  a  family  in  Aragon):  Gules,  eight  bezants, 
two,  two, two,  and  two.  Crest:  a  demi-swan  argent  ri.sing  out  of  the 
helmet  crown,  armed  gules,  the  wings  or.     Mantling  gules. 

Fig.  3.  G.  t.  de  Moiret.  (Arms  of  the  Earl  of  Moray) :  Argent, 
within  a  double  tressure  flory  and  counterflory,  three  cushions 
lozengewise  gules.  Crest:  issuing  from  a  ducal  coronet  a  stag's 
head  and  neck  argent,  collared  and  armed  or.     Mantling  argent. 

Fig.  4.  (Arms  of  the  Kingdom  of  Man):  Gules,  three  legs  con- 
joined in  triangle  at  the  thigh  in  chain-mail  argent,  spurred  and 
buckled  at  the  knee  or.  Crest :  issuing  from  a  coronet,  a  leg  erect 
as  in  the  arms.     The  chain-mail  is  continued  as  the  mantling. 

Fig,  5.  Die  Conim:  van  [Nyivaerne.  (Arms  of  King  Charles  II. 
(the  Bad)  of  Navarre,  d.  13S7) :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  an 
interwoven  orle  of  coins  or  (Kingdom  of  Navarre) ;  2  and  3,  azure, 
seme-de-lis  or,  a  bend  compony  argent  and  gules  (Countship  of 
Evreux).  Crest:  issuing  from  a  coronet  ermine  a  peacock's  tail 
proper  in  a  "quiver"  or  "case,"  this  and  the  mantling  repeating  the 
ae^i,ce  of  the  shield. 

Fig.  6.  G.  van  TyroeL  (Banner  of  the  count--hip  of  Tyrol) : 
Argent,  an  eagle  displayed  gules,  armed  and  crowned,  and  charged 
upon  the  wings  with  "  buckles"  or. 

Fig.  7.  Crayn.  (Arms  of  the  duchy  of  Krain)  :  Or,  an  eagle  dis- 
played azure,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  crescent  (?a  "buckle") 
counter-compony  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  8.  Die  He.  v.  Busseel.  (Arms  of  tlie  Lords  Bourchier) : 
Argent,  a  cross  engrailed  gules  between  four  water-budgets  [or 
"  bouses  "]  sable.  Crest :  a  grey-bearded  man's  head  with  a  golden 
crown,  inside  of  which  is  a  pointed  cap  gules,  striped  with  gold  and 
with  a  gold  ball  or  tassel  on  the  point.  The  mantling  is  gules. 
[The  blazon  of  this  crest  according  to  English  authorities  is  a  man's 
head  in  profile  proper  with  a  pointed  cap  gules,  and  ducally 
cro^vned  or.  ] 

Fig.  9.  C^.  vayi  Ceely.  (Arms  of  the  Counts  von  Cilly)  :  Azure, 
three  six-pointed  mullets  or.  Crest :  a  wing  charged  with  the  arms. 
Mantling  azure,  seme  of  mullets  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig  10.  Sijr  Ale^cander  St^l^caf•t.  (Arms  of  Sir  Alexander  Stewart 
of  Buchan  and  Badenoch,  d.  1404):  Or,  a  fess  chequy  azure  aud 
argent  Crest:  a  brown  (probably  black)  demi-lion,  issuing  from  a 
crown  gules  and  between  two  wings  argent.  Mantling  brown  (the 
continuation  of  the  lion's  skin). 

Fig.  II.  Luert  a  Sdon.  (Arms  of  Lord  Seton):  Or,  within  a 
double  tressure  flory  aud  counterflory,  three  crescents  gules.  Crest: 
a  goat's  head  ermine,  armed  and  bearded  or,  tlie  neck  being  con- 
tinued into  the  mantling. 

Fig.  12.  Avanderdeel.  (Arms  of  A nnandale,  properly  the  arms  of 
Bruce,  Lords  of  Annandale,  Scotland) :  Or,  a  saltire  and  a  chief 
gules.  Crest :  issuing  from  clouds  proper,  an  arm  enibowed,  habited 
gules,  the  thumb  and  first  two  fingei-s  raised  in  benediction.  On  the 
mantling  the  device  of  the  shield  is  repeated.  (It  is  not  unlikely 
that  the  "clouds"  are  an  attempt  to  represent  the  wreath,  which 
is  a  British  development,  and  might  have  been  unfamiliar  to  a 
foreign  herald.) 


410 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  13.  SijrJoon  Abb'tiatnij.  (Arms  of  Sir  John  Abernethv  of 
Balgouy,  Scotland)  :  Argent  [properly  or]  a  lion  rampant  gules!^  de- 
bruised  by  a  ribbon  in  bend  engrailed  sable.  Crest :  the  heail  and 
neck  of  a  grey  camel  proper,  bridled  vert,  belled  or,  collared  [vair  ?]. 
Mantling  per  pale  vert  and  sable. 

Fig.  14.  Die  Conine  van  Cipeis.  (Arms  of  the  King  of  Cyprns)  : 
Qnarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  a  Jerusalem  cross  or  (Jerusalem)  ;  2  and 
3,  barry  of  ten  azure  and  argent,  a  li.m  rampant  gules,  crowned  and 
armed  or  (Lusignan).  Crest :  issuing  from  a  mural  crown  or,  a 
conical  hat  argent,  sem^  of  crosses  couped  and  surmounted  by  a 
plume  of  cock's  feathers  also  or.  On  the  mantling  the  quarterly 
device  of  the  shield  is  repeated. 

Fig.  1 5.  Die  G.  v.  Oeseiroert.  (Arms  of  De  Vera,  Earls  of  Cxford)  : 
Quarterly  gules  and  or,  in  the  first  quarter  a  mullet  argent.  Crest : 
on  a  chapeau  gnles,  turned  up  ermine,  a  boar  azure,  armed  and 
bristled  or.     Mantling  gules. 

Fig.  16.  Die  Be.  ran  Cfiaestoc.  (Arms  of  Fitz-Willlaui,  Lord  of 
Greystook)  :  Barruly  argent  and  azure,  three  chaplets  [garlands  of 
flowers]  gules.  Crest :  a  flame  gules,  issuing  out  of  a  crown  or. 
On  the  mantling  the  device  of  the  shield  is  repeated. 

In  conclusion  we  give  the  arms  of  tlie  Austrian  dukes  (Fig.  994), 
those  of  Bohemia  (Fig.  995),  as  also  of  Mecklenburg  (Fig.  996)  and 
Holstein  (Fig.  997),  of  which  the_illustrations  will  be  found  here  in 


Fig.  994. — The  Arms  of  the 
Austrian  Dukes. 


Fig.  995.— The  Arms  of 
Bohemia. 


the  eagles  (Figs.  6  and  7)  show  a  form  differing  from  the  German 
model.  The  arms  of  Tyrol  and  Kraiu  are  of  great  interest,  especi- 
ally for  those  interested  in  Austrian  heraldry,  on  account  of  the 
early  appearance  of  the  crown  of  the  Tyrol  eagle,  and  the  gold  field 
on  the  arms  of  Krain. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  know  from  what  sources  Gelre  obtained 


Fig.  996. — The  Arms  of  Mecklenburg. 


the  details  of  his  arms.  As  concerns  some  of  the  British  examples, 
one  is  surprised  at  the  accuracy  of  the  detail  when  this  is  compared 
with  other  earlier  records  of  the  achievements  here  shown.     On  the 


the  text.  For  Austria,  Gelre  gives  the  silver  fess  on  a  field  of  gules, 
and  for  crest  the  peacock's  tail  as  it  has  been  borne  since  1231. 
Bohemia  is  represented  by  the  well-known  double-queued  lion,  and 
as  crest  the  old  black  wings,  seme  of  golden  linden-leaves.  The 
Mecklenburg  arms  are  shown  as  the  gold-crowned  black  bull's  head, 
with  the  skin  of  the  neck  erased  on  a  gold  field.  The  crest  shown 
is  a  screen  in  the  colours  of  Schwerin  (gules  and  or),  striped  palewise, 
behind  which  rises  a  peacock's  feather  fan.  Between  this  and  the 
screen  a  small  escutcheon  bearing  the  bull's  head  is  placed.  Judging 
from  the  tinctures  of  the  screen,  the  drawing  must  have  been  made 
after  1358,  because  in  December  of  that  year  the  countship  of 
Schwerin  was  bought  back  by  Mecklenburg.  The  Holstein  coat  of 
arms  shows  the  much-misunderstood  charge,  the  so-called  "  Nessel- 
blatt "  (nettle-leaQ. 

If  Gelre's  armorial  drawings  be  minutely  examined,  it  will  be 
noticed  that  a  few  striking  differences  occur  between  these  coats  of 
arms  and  those  from  the  almost  contemporary  Zurich  Roll  of  Arms 
(Plates  LXXIY.  and  LXXV.).  First  and  foremost,  the  dominating 
position  of  the  crest,  which  occasionally  exhibits  a  quite  unusual 
development  (see,  for  instance.  Fig.  13,  the  camel's  head,  with  the 
hell  dangling  in  front  of  the  knighf  s  nose).  The  helmet-mantlings 
are  short,  the  greater  number  simply  cut  with  a  plain  outline. 

The  eagles'  wings  without  wing-bones  (Figs,  i,  2,  and  10)  drawn  by 
Gelre  are  characteristic  of  the  style  of  West  European  arms.  In 
East  European  arms  (Fig.  9),  on  the  contrary,  he  draws  the  wings  in 
their  uative  conventional  style  ;  but,  opposed  to  this,  the  tails  of 

411 


Fig.  997. — The  Arms  of  Holstein. 


other  hand,  surely  this  roll  must  be  the  only  authority  for  the  flame 
as  the  crest  of  Greystock,  the  arm  as  the  crest  of  Bruce,  or  the  leg 
as  the  crest  of  Man.  H.  S. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE   LXXVII 

EXAMPLES  TAKEN  FROM  THE  "SANCTI  CHRISTO- 
PHORI  AM  ARLBERG  BRUDERSCHAFTS  BUCHE " 
(THE  BOOK  OF  THE  BROTHERHOOD  OR  FRATER- 
NITY  OF   ST.   CHRISTOPHER   AM   ARLBERG) 

(071  the  Arlherg  Mt.) 

The  Sancii  Clirisfophori  am  Arlherg  Bruderschaft  Buc1i€S,a.  Register 
of  Arms  of  the  very  highest  value,  is  now  amongst  tlie  Imperial 
Archives  in  Vienna,  and   contains   on   its   306   jjarchment  leaves 


Fig.  998. — ^Hospice  of  St.  Christopher  on  the  Arlberg. 


(mostly  painted  on  both  sides)  representations  of  arms  ranging 
through  four  centuries.  (The  pages  are  24  cm.  liigh  and  16  cm. 
broad.)  From, page  5  to  page  248  are  found  ancient,  authentic,  and 
occasionally  magnificently  emblazoned  coats  of  arms,  but  the  re- 
maining pages  give  representations  in  the  general  style  and  the  usual 
heraldic  calibre  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 

The  brotherhood  at  St.  Christopher  am  Arlberg,  under  the 
Bishopric  of  Brixen,  was  called  into  existence  in  the  second  half  of 
the  fourteenth  century  by  a  poor  shepherd,  Heinrich  der  Findling 
(Henry  the  foundling),  also  called  Heinrich  von  Kempten,  to  pro- 
vide and  support  a  hospice  for  the  protection  of  travellers  on  the 
top  of  the  Arlberg  pass.  The  date  of  the  pious  establishment  can 
no  longer  be  exactly  determined,  but  the  entry  on  page  iog/2  gives 
us  a  clue,  though  a  weak  one,  which  assists  in  the  determination  of 
the  time.  Wolf  von  Zillenhart,  who  in  1375  became  Landcomther  of 
the  German  orders  of  Ballei  an  der  Etseh  and  im  Gebirge,  appears 
registered  as  a  simple  knight  of  the  order.     The  confirmation  of  the 


Fig.  999.- 


-The  Arms  of  the  Brotherhood.     {From  the 
Brudersehafts  Buche.) 


establishment  by  Duke  Leopold  III.  of  Austria  followed  on  the 
27th  December  1386. 

Herr  Georg  von  Zwingenstein  was  the  first  who  thought  of  re- 
cording coats  of  arms  in  the  book.  In  the  course  of  the  sixteenth 
century  the  brotherhood  lost  its  attraction,  and  would  probably 
have  died  away  altogether  liad  not  the  invasion  of  the  Swedes  in 
1647  brought  the  hospice  on  the  Arlberg,  where  many  of  the 
Vorarlberg  fugitives  had  found  shelter,  once  more  into  remem- 
brance. Ghristoph  Reitterer,  pastor  at  Zams,  stood  at  that  time 
at  tlie  head  of  the  pious  society,  aud  he  succeeded  in  bringing 
the  matter  once  more  into  the  right  course.  The  whole  of  the 
archducal  family,  the  town  council  of  Innsbruck  in  a  body,  and 
many  nobles  and  burgesses  enrolled  themselves  in  the  brotherhood, 
but  it  was  not  long  b&fore  interest  in  it  died  out  once  more,  until  at 
last  the  year  1786  brought  its  official  dissolution. 


The  building  with  the  little  chapel  still  stands  on  the  now  isolated 
highway,  which,  owing  to  the  Arlberg  tunnel,  has  lost  all  of  its 
ancient  importance. 

In  1647,  at  the  time  of  the  resuscitation  of  the  brotherhood,  the 
leaves,  which  were  then  certainly  loose,  were  boiind  into  a  volume, 
the  binding  being  of  red  velvet  with  silver  fastenings  ;  but  unfor- 
tunately the  leaves  were  very  much  trimmed  by  the  binder,  quite 
without  regard  to  the  writing  or  the  emblazonments.  Moreover, 
the  trouble  had  not  been  taken  to  arrange  the  leaves  according  to 
tlie  order  in  which  they  had  been  made,  the  sheets  being  bound  up 
without  any  attempt  at  chronological  order. 

Fig.  I  (page  69/2).  Ott  von  Meissaw  (Meissau)  :  Or,  a  unicorn 
rampant  sable.  Crest :  a  mastiff's  head  and  neck  per  pale  chequy 
azure  and  argent  and  or,  these  tinctures  being  continued  into  the 
mantling.  The  mastiff  is  not  the  original  crest  of  the  Meissau 
family,  but  that  of  the  Burgrave  von  Gars.  "  Her  Ott  von  Meissaw 
geit  all  Jar  einen  halbii  guldein  vnd  nach  seiue  tod  einen  guldeiii  " 
(Herr  Otto  v.  Meissau  gives  every  year  half  a  gulden,  aud  after  his 
death  a  gulden). 

Fig.  2  (page  49).  Hertneyd  von  Potendorff:  Azure,  a  demi-lion 
argent,  armed  gules,  rising  out  of  the  base  gules.  Crest :  on  the 
dexter  side  a  buffalo's  horn  argent,  and  on  the  sinister  another  gules, 
each  adorned  with  seven  small  flags  of  the  same  colours.  Mantling  : 
dexter,  argent,  lined  gules ;  sinister,  counterchanged.  The  device 
of  some  society  of  nobles,  viz.  a  white  pike  or  sturgeon  twined  round 
the  neck  of  the  helmet,  is  visible. 

^^§-  3  (p^S^  19/2).  Perifliart  von  Pettaw:  Gules,  an  anchor  re- 
versed argent.  Crest :  a  wy  vern  sable,  winged  argent,  each  "  rib  " 
of  the  wings  garnished  with  a  tuft  of  peacock's  feathers.  Mantling 
azure  and  argent.  (The  shield  is  derived  from  the  arms  of  the 
Marshals  von  Treun,  the  crest  from  the  arms  of  the  Holenburgs.) 
"  Pernhart  von  Pettau  in  Steyr  geit  all  Jar  j  g  .  .  .  seim  tod  vir 
guldein  .  .  .  tag  Anno  etc,  cccc.  pnio."  (1401)  (Bernhart  von 
Pettau  in  Styria  gives  every  year  a  groschen,  after  his  death  four 
guldens  .  .  .  daj"-  Anno,  etc.). 

Fig.  4  (page  41).  Eivstach  von  Scherffenberg  (Scharfenberg) ;  Azure, 
a  crown  or.  Crest :  a  crown  as  in  the  arms,  and  issuing  from  each 
leaf  a'peacock's  tail  proper.  Mantling  azure  lined  gules.  "Ewstach 
von  Scherffenberg  geit  all  iar  vier  Grozz,  vnd  nach  seinem  tod  ainen 
guldein  auf  den  Arlperge"  (Eustace  von  Schjirffenberg  gives  every 
year  four  Groschen,  and  after  his  death  a  gulden  to  the  Arlberg). 

H.  S, 


PLATE   LXXVIII 

FURTHER   EXAMPLES    OUT    OF    THE    "STI.   CHRISTO- 
PHORI  AM  ARLBERG   BRUDERSCHAFTS   BUCHE" 

Fig.  I  (page  86/2).  Hans  Laum  (Laun)  :  Gules,  a  bend  chevronny 
of  six  argent  and  sable.  Crest :  a  grey-bearded  man's  .head  and 
neck  proper,  habited  in  sable  turned  up  or,  and  continuing  into 
the  mantling  of  sable  lined  or,  wreathed  about  the  temples,  the 
ends  flotant  also  or  and  sable,  crowned  or,  and  with  a  pointed  cap 
sable,  surmounted  by  an  ostrich  feather  argent.  Accompanying 
this  achievement  is  the  device  of  some  society,  viz.  a  silver  loop 
fringed  with  silver  aud  threaded  with  a  green  ribbon,  ending  in  a 
twisted  knot,  which  is  connected  by  means  of  a  gold  ring  to  a 
similar  knot,  from  which  a  black,  white,  and  green  tassel  hangs. 

Fig.  2  (page  53).  Dorothe  von  totznbach  (Totzenbach)  :  Gules,  an 
eagle  displayed  per  pale  azure  and  or,  armed  and  crowned  of  the 
last.  Crest :  an  engle  rising,  crowned  and  per  pale  as  in  the  arms. 
Mantling  :  on  the  dexter  side  azure,  gules,  and  or  ;  on  the  sinister 
side  or  and  azure.  "  Dorothe  von  totznpach  geit  aljag  ain  halbn 
guldn  vnd  nach  seim  tod  ain  gantzn,  &.c."  (Dorothe  von  Totzenbach 
gives  yearly  half  a  gulden  and  after  his  death  a  whole  one.) 
Dorothe  a^ipears  to  have  been  a  man. 

Fig.  3  (page  17).  Her .  Johannes  ^des .  reichs .  Bvrggraf  ze .  maidhurg 
vnd  Graf  %e  Hardegk  (Herr  Johannes,  Imperial  Burgrave  of  Magde- 
burg and  Count  of  Hardegk).  Arms  :  per  pale  dexter,  gules,  an 
eagle  displayed,  armed  and  crowned  or,  dimidiated  with,  on  the 
sinister  side,  barry  of  eight  argent  and  gules.  Crest :  a  wing  harry 
as  in  the  arms,  and  issuing  from  a  coronet  or.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent. 

Fig.  4.  Gi-afen  von  Mdtsck  (Vogte  von  Matsch)  :  Argent,  three 
wings  azure.  Crest  :  two  buffalo  horns,  the  dexter  argent,  the  sinis- 
ter gules,  banded  and  tied  counterchanged.  The  horns  and  their 
tinctures  are  continued  into  the  mantling.  Tlie  inscription 
accompanying  this  shield  is  "  vnd  Fraw  Methild  sein  gemehl 
gebent  all  Jar  ain  guldein  vnd  nach  irni  tod  zwen  guldein"  (And 
Mistress  Methild  [Matilda]  his  wife  gives  every  year  a  gulden,  and 
after  her  death  two  guldens).  Both  these  last  coats  of  arms  are 
joined  to  one  another  by  a  gold  chain  (as  indicated),  and  appear  on 
a  green  ground  ;  tlie  writing  is  laid  on  in  gold  with  the  exception 
of  the  name  "Grafen  von  Matsch,"  which  was  inserted  much  later. 

The  arms  of  Andre  Gvuener  ^e  pazzaw  (Andrew  Griiner  of  Passau) 
(Fig.   1000)  also  belong  to  the  oldest  entries.     They  are  :  Per  fess 


412 


PLATE  CXXXII. 


EXAMPLES   OF   ENGLISH    HERALDRY,   XV.   AND   XVL   CENTURIES. 


Printed   nt  -Stnitgart 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


argent  and  sable,  a  fess  of  the  last,  in  chief  issuing  from  the  fess 
two  points  reversed  of  the  second.  The  wings  on  the  helmet  which 
form  the  crest  repeat  the  arms.     The  complete  inscription  runs  : 


side  by  side.  The  dexter  bears  as  crest  wings  charged  "with  the 
device  as  in  the  arms,  and  issuing  from  a  wreath  or  and  sable. 
Mantling  sable  and  or.  The  second  helmet  bears,  issuing  from  a 
coronet  gules,  a  pyramid  of  lilies  with  yellow  filaments,  in  three  rows 
of  seven,  six,  and  five.  The  red  helmet-mantling  ends  in  two  yellow 
tassels.  With  this  coat  of  arms  is  connected  a  small  shield  by  a 
ring  inserted  through  a  corner  of  each  shield.  The  arms  upon  the 
smaller  shield  are  :  Azure,  a  patriarchal  cross  between  an  incres- 
cent and  a  decrescent  or.  (This  is  probably  the  shield  of  Frau  Anna 
Jochling.)  The  badge  of  a  society,  viz.  :  Under  a  crown  the  con- 
joined initials  a  and  h  (?)  appear,  but  these  are  unpainted.  Besides 
this,  there  will  be  noticed  the  motto  "  Ich  hoff"  ("  I  hope  ").  The 
shield,  which  in  the  original  is  cut  away,  is  here  shown  completed. 
The  inscription  is  "  Hanns  Johling  ann  sein  Hawsfraw  gebnt  all 
Jar  iiii  g  auf  den  adelsperkeh  nach  Jrem  tod"  (here  the  entry 
lacks),  "  Anno  Octam  "  (1408)  (Hans  Jochling  and  his  wife  [lit.  house- 
keeper] give  every  year  4  g.  to  the  Arlberg,  after  their  death  .  .  .). 
Fig.  looi  shows  the  coat  of  arms  of  an  Anhalt  prince,  pro- 
bably Woldemar  (Vlman)  V.  {d.  1436),  viz.  :  Party  per  pale, 
dexter,  argent,  an  eagle  displayed  gules,  crowned  and  armed  or, 
and  charged  upon  the  wings  with  a  golden  clover-leaf  buckle 
(Brandenburg),  dimidiated  with,  on  the  sinister  side,  barry  of  ten  or 


Fig.  iooo. — Arms  of  Andrew  Graener. 


"Andre  Grueiier  ze  pazzaw  geit  alle  iar  vier  grozz  :  nach  seinem 
tod  einen  guldein  ze  sand  Christoffen  auf  den  arelperkch  vnd  die 
vier  .  .  .  (Andrew  Gruner  of  Passau  gives  every  year  four  groschen  : 
after  his  death  a  gulden  to  St.  Christopher  on  the  Arlberg  and  the 
four  .  .  .)•  H.  S. 

PLATE   LXXIX 

FURTHER  EXAMPLES  FROM  THE  "STI.  CHRISTOPHORI 
AM  ARLBERG  BRUDER3CHAFTS   BUCHE" 

Fig.  I  (page  139/2).  Jacob  r&inachher  (Reinacher)  :  Argent,  an 
annulet  gules,  adorned  ■with  sis  plumes  of  cock's  feathers  sable. 
Crest :  the  device  as  in  the  arms,  but  without  the  undermost  plume 
of  feathers.  Mantling  argent,  lined  gules.  "Jacob  reinachher  git 
alle  iar  ij  gros  nach  sim  dot  ein  guldin"  (James  Reinacher  gives 
every  year  two  groschen,  after  his  death  a  gulden  "). 

Fig.  2  (page  60).  Eapold  von  Rosenhart :  Argent,  three  roses  gules, 
barbed  and  seeded  or.  Crest :  a  cock's  head  and  neck  argent, 
armed  and  eyed  or,  combed  and  wattled  gules.  Mantling  argent 
and  gules.  Traces  of  a  gold  helmet  crown  painted  over  it  are  appa- 
rent. "  Rapold  von  P,osenhart  git  alle  iar  iij  groffs  nach  seine  dot  j 
guldein  "  (Rapold  von  Rosenhart  gives  every  year  3  groschen, 
after  his  death  i  gulden).  In  the  Lower  Austrian  Land-Archives  is 
to  be  found  a  grant  of  arms  from  King  Weiiceslaus,  dated  at 
Prague,  December  23,  141 1,  to  Ruppen  (Rapold)  von  Rosenhart, 
which  conferred  on  him  the  right  to  bear  a  helmet  crown.  From 
that  it  follows  that  the  coat  of  arras  in  the  Bruderschafts  Buche 
was  painted  before  i4ii,andin  1411, or  later,  the  crown  was  added, 
but  the  gold-leaf  used  in  making  the  additions  did  not  properly 
adhere  to  the  silver.  The  Rosenharts  were  an  old  Swabian  family 
whose  ancestral  seat  of  the  same  name  lay  not  far  from  Ravens- 
burg,  in  TTlirtemberg.  Rapold  died  between  1444  and  1445  Jahr- 
huch,  ^^Adkr,"  1875. 

Fi^.  3  (page  127/2).  Steffan  (Stephen)  pielaher  (Pielacher)  :  Or,  a 
"  miller's  thumb  "  [a  kind  of  fish,]  in  bend  proper.  Crest :  the  fish 
as  in  the  arms,  pierced  by  a  staff  erect  gules,  and  issuing  from  the 
point  thereof  a  plume  of  cock's  feathers  sable.  Mantling  gules 
and  or.  The  shield,  which  in  the  original  has  been  cut  away  in 
the  binding  at  the  bottom,  is  here  completed.  "  Steffan  pielaher 
git  all  jar  ij  gross  vnd  nach  sinem  dot  ain  gvldin  "  (Stephen  Pielaher 
gives  every  year  2  groschen,  and  after  his  death  a  gulden). 

-  Fig.  4  (page  174).  Banns  Johling  (Jochling) :  Sable,  a  cross-bow 
or  ox-yoke  in  bend  or.     Upon  the  shield  are  placed  two  helmets 

413 


K^q^^ 


Fig.  iooi. — Arms  of  the  Prince  of  Anhalt. 

and  sable  (Ballenstedt).  Crest:  two  peacocks'  tails  in  saltire  issu- 
ing from  a  coronet.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Inscription  :  "  GmfF 
Ulman,  furst  ze  anhalt  geytt  ain  halben  guldein  nach  seine  tod  ain 
gulden"  (Count  Ulman,  Prince  of  Anhalt,  gives  a  half-gulden, 
after  his  death  a  gulden).  H.  S. 


PLATE   LXXX 

FURTHER  EXAMPLES  FROM  THE  "STI.  CHRISTOPHORI 
AM  ARLBERG  BRUDERSCHAFTS  BUCHE" 

Fig.  I  (page  106/2).  Hans  von  hahenwerchh  (Hohenberg)  :  Sable, 
a  panther  argent,  horned  or,  vomiting  flames  out  of  the  nostrils 
gules.  Crest:  two  wings  gules,  each  charged  with  a  bend  or. 
Mantling  gules. 

On  page  40  the  same  arms  appear  (Herr  Friedrich  von  Hohen- 
werg),  but  the  panther  is  there  armed  or. 

Fig.  2  (page  30).  Fridreich  tiimritcser  :  Gules,  a  "a  fire-steel"  in 
bend  argent.     Crest :  a  bear's  head  sable,  the  neck  continuing  into 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  mantling  sable,  lined  gules.  (Height  of  shield,  8.3  cm.)  The 
crest  is  here  depicted  as  containing  the  helmet,  the  visor  being 
visible  in  the  open  mouth  of  the  crest.  *'  Fridreich  tumritezergeit 
all  iar  ij  gss  nach  seim  tod  ain  gulden "  (Friedrich  tumritczer 
gives  every  year  2  groschen,  after  his  death  a  guldein.)  The  same 
armorial  bearings  are  also  entered  on  page  292  of  the  Register  for 
Albrech  Grassawer.    (See  also  Plate  LXXY.  Fig.  20.) 

Fig.  3   (page  34/2).  Jorig  Stoh-harn  (Stockhorner  von  Starein) ; 
Or,  a  crescent  sable.     Crest :  a  fox  sejant  or.     Mantling  gules  and 


Fig.  1002. 


argent.  (Height  of  shield,  5.2  cm.)  The  arms  appear  joined  with 
those  of  the  wife,  which,  however,  have  not  been  reproduced  here. 
The  complete  inscription  runs  :  "Jorig  Stokcharn  vnd  sain  Haws- 
fraw  gebnt  all  jar  (0/4)  grozz  vnd  nach  yrn  tod  ij  guldein  "  (Jorig 
Stokcharn  and  his  wife  give  every  year  4  groschen,  and  after  their 
death  2  guldens). 

Fig.  4  (page  42/2).  v.  Dach&perg  (the  name  appeared  in  a  later 
handwriting) :  Gules,  a  b;idger  rampant  argent,  armed  or.  Crest :  a 
demi-badger  as  in  the  arms,  the  back  adorned  with  a  gold  comb 
ornamented  with  cock's  feathers  sable.  Attached  to  the  helmet  by 
a  gold  chain  appears  the  badge  of  the  Order  of  the  Dragon  (founded 
by  the  Emperor  Sigismund  when  King  of  Hungary).  Another 
badge  of  some  society,  depicted  in  conjunction  with  these  armorial 
bearings,  consists  of  two  arms  descending  from  clouds  or,  the  hands 
clasped  vested  or,  the  sleeves  ha\^ng  pendent  scalloped  edges, 
of  which  the  dexter  has  a  white  border.  (Height  of  shield, 
9  era.)  The  inscription,  not  given  here,  runs:  "...  perig  geit  all 
iar  ain  halben  guldein  vnd  nach  sein  lod  ain  guldein"  (.  .  . 
perg  gives  every  year  a  half-gulden,  and  after  his  death  a  gulden). 

^^o-  5  (P^^  190-  Stejfel  prenmr:  Or,  above  flames  issuing  in  base 
gules,  a  salamander  sable  (?  gules,  in  flames  issuing  from  the  chief 


or,  a  salamandar  sable).  Crest :  two  dragon's  wings  or,  each 
charged  with  a  bend  gules,  and  thereupon  three  inescutcheons 
argent.  Mantling  gules,  linetl  or,  (Height  of  shield,  6  cm.)  Ihe 
complete  inscription  runs  :  "  Steffel  jirenner  maler  geit  all  jar  ayn 
grozz  nch  seinem  tott  iiii  grozz"  (Steffel  Prenner  (or  Brenner), 
jirtist  (or  painter),  gives  every  year  a  groschen,  after  his  death 
4  groschen).  Gules,  three  escutcheons  argent  are  the  arms  sup- 
posed to  belong  to  the  craft  of  shield-workers,  painters,  &c. 

Fig.  6  (page  26).  Wu-hart  durr :  Argent,  a  dragon's  head  and  neck 
issuing  out  of  the  base  gules.  Crest :  a  dragon's  head  and  neck  as  in 
the  arms,  continuing  into  the  mantling,  and  on  the  head  a  plume  of 
cock's  feathers  sable,  in  a  "case"  or.  (Height  of  shield,  6.5  cm.) 
The  inscription  is  :  "  Wichart  durr  all  jar  zwen  gross  nacli  seinem 
tod  ainen  guldein"  (Wichart  Durr,  every  year  2  groschen,  after 
his  death  a  gulden). 

An  interesting  drawing,  two  knights,  full  length,  appears  on 
page  63  in  the  Brotherhood  book.  One  of  the  two,  Herr  Jan  von 
Strolenburg,  is  shown  in  Fig.  1002.  He  is  clad  in  silver  armour 
and  a  red  tunic,  and  on  his  helmet,  whicli  has  a  mantling  gnles, 
is  a  golden  coronet,  out  of  which  rise  two  wings  or.  Round  the 
neck  he  bears  the  badge  of  the  Order  of  the  "  Fiirspanger"  (founded 
by  Charles  IV.  at  Kiirnberg),  viz.  a  golden  buckle-wreath.  The 
shield  (6  cm.  high)  shows  the  arms  :  Or,  a  pheon  azure,  the  staff 
gules,  flighted  argent.  The  banner  shows  the  same  nrras.  The  in- 
scription is  :  "Her  Jan  von  Strolenburg  gibt  alle  jar  ein  halben 
guldu  zu  dem  Gotes  Haus  der  weil  er  lebt  gen  arlberg  den  ersten 
suntag  in  der  fasten"  (Herr  Jan  (Johann)  von  Strolenburg  gives 
every  year  a  half-gulden  to  the  God's  House  the  while  he  lives 
on  the  Arlberg,  the  first  Sunday  in  the  fast).  H.  S. 


PLATE   LXXXI 

THE   EARLY   ENGLISH   GARTER   PLATES 

One  of  the  most  important  series  of  English  armorial 
designs  is  to  be  found  in  the  Stall  plates  of  the  Knights  of 
the  Garter,  set  up  in  St.  George's  Chapel  in  Windsor  Castle, 
which  is  the  Sanctuary  of  the  Order.  Nowhere  else  in 
Europe  is  an  equivalent  series  to  be  found,  and  these  Garter 
Stall  plates  are  both  most  excellent  examples  of  contempor- 
ary heraldry,  and  in  a  large  proportion  most  superb  pieces 
of  workmanship  and  design.  The  Order  of  the  Garter 
was  founded  in  the  year  1 348,  and  at  this  date  one  of  the 
chapels  of  Windsor  Castle  was  fitted  up  as  the  chapel  of 
the  order,  and  therein  has  been  placed  the  helmet,  crest, 
and  sword  of  every  knight.  The  actual  dates  at  which  the 
practice  of  setting  up  plates  of  the  arms  of  the  knights 
commenced  cannot  be  definitely  fixed,  but  there  is  good 
reason  to  believe  that  the  practice  was  contemplated  at  the 
foundation  of  the  order,  for  the  earliest  copies  of  the  statutes 
extant  require  that  as  soon  as  one  of  the  founder  knights 
should  die  a  shield  of  his  arms,  made  of  metal,  together 
with  his  helmet,  were  to  be  fixed  in  the  back  of  his  stall, 
and  it  was  ordained  that  similar  plates  should  be  set  up 
for  all  other  knights,  though  these  were  to  be  of  a  smaller 
size  than  the  plates  of  the  founders.  Many  of  the  plates 
of  the  founder  knights  still  remain,  and  of  the  800  or 
more  knights  who  have  since  been  appointed  to  the  order 
very  nearly  600  Stall  plates  remain.  It  is  difficult  to 
account  for  the  missing  ones,  but  in  all  probability 
attainder,  with  its  penalties  of  defacement  of  arms,  will 
account  for  most  of  those  lacking.  In  the  early  part 
of  the  fifteenth  century  it  became  customary  to  set  up 
the  Stall  plates  during  the  lifetime  of  the  knights ;  and 
during  the  same  century  it  became  a  matter  of  rule  that 
the  plates  should  be  set  up  within  twelve  months  of  the 
ceremony  of  installation.  The  plates  are  of  very  diverse 
sizes,  ranging  from  a  height  of  4  to  15  inches  ;  the  majo- 
rity of  the  early  ones,  however,  are  from  6  to  8  inches. 
The  method  of  depicting  the  arms  is  equally  varied  ;  a  few 
consist  simply  of  the  device  upon  the  shield  occupying  the 
whole  quadrangular  space  of  the  plate,  but  the  majority 
show  shield,  helmet,  crest,  and  mantling,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  the  earliest,  the  name  and  style  of  the  knight. 
The  shields  are  not  found  surrounded  with  the  garter  until 
the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  though  one  example  (the  plate 
of  Charles,  Duke  of  Burgundy)  is  earlier  than  this.     This 


414 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


is  curious,  because  elsewhere  the  armorial  use  of  the  garter 
had  come  into  vogue  somewhat  earlier.  The  conservatism 
with  regard  to  matters  of  design  is  further  illustrated  by 
the  fact  that  long  after  the  use  of  supporters  bad  become 
universal  in  the  peerage,  the  arms  are  depicted  on  the 
Stall  plates  without  these  ornaments.  The  earliest  Garter 
plate  to  show  supporters  is  that  of  John  Beaufort,  Duke  of 
Somerset,  the  grandfather  of  Henry  VII.  (Plate  CXXXII.). 
The  early  plates  are  almost  without  exception  enamelled 
upon  gilded  plates  of  copper,  but  the  modern  plates  are 
first  engraved  and  then  painted.  The  uniformity  of  design 
to  a  certain  extent  robs  the  plates  of  scientific  value  as 
contemporary  evidence  of  armorial  art,  and  in  using  these 
plates  as  evidence  it  needs  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  in 
many  points  developments  of  heraldic  law  or  practice  are 
of  an  earlier  date  than  would  be  judged  to  be  the  case 
from  an  examination  of  the  plates.  But  allowance  being 
made  of  a  sufficient  margin  to  balance  this,  the  value  of 
the  plates  as  scientific  evidence  and  as  examples  of  art  is 
extreme.  After  the  close  of  the  Tudor  period,  in  fact 
rather  earlier  than  this,  the  plates,  in  common  with  all 
other  heraldic  art,  deteriorate  sadly  both  in  boldness  of 
design  and  in  beauty  of  execution,  partaking  entirely  since 
that  date  of  the  stereotyped  lines  adopted  in  official  em- 
blazonments. 

The  arms  on  Plate  LXXXI.  ai-e  as  they  are  depicted  on 
the  Stall  plate  of  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  Lord  Talbot,  K.G. 
(d.  1419).  The  arms  are  :  "  Gules,  a  lion  rampant,  within 
a  bordure  engrailed  or.  Mantling  gules,  lined  ermine. 
Crest :  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  lion 
statant  tail  extended  or." 

Fig.  1003  shows  the  arms  of  Stafford  as  they  appear  on 


ii.  and  iii.,  barry  of  eight  argent  and  azure,  an   orle  of 
martlets  gules  (for  De  Valence) ;  over  all  a  label  of  three 


Fig.  1003.— From  the  Garter  Stall  Plate  of  Humphrey  Stafford, 
Earl  of  Stafford,  K.G.,  and  (later)  Duke  of  Buckingham. 


the  Stall  plate  of  Sir  Humphrey  Stafford,  Earl  of  Stafford 
and  Buckingham,  and  subsequently  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
K.G.  (1429  to  1460).  The  arms  are :  "  Or,  a  chevron  gales. 
Mantling :  on  the  dexter  side  sable,  and  on  the  sinister 
gules,  both  lined  ermine.  Crest :  out  of  a  coronet  gules, 
a  swan's  head  and  neck  between  two  wings  argent,  beaked 
gales. 

Fig.  1004  represents  the  achievement  on  the  plate  of  Sir 
John  Grey,  K.G.  (1436-1439),  the  eldest  son  and  heir- 
apparent  of  Reginald,  Lord  Grey  de  Ruthyn.  The  arms 
in  question  are:  "  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  barry  of  six  argent 
and  azure,  in  chief  three  torteaux  (for  Grey) ;  2  and  3, 
quarterly  i.  and  iiiL,  or,  a  maunch  gules  (for  Hastings)  ; 


FlG.[ioo4,— From  the  Garter  Stall  Plate  of  Sir  John  Grey,  K.G. 

points  throughout  argent.  Mantling :  or,  Hned  ermine. 
Crest :  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  wyvem 
or,  gorged  with  a  label  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  1005  shows  the  arms  of  John  Mowbray,  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  K.G.  These  are :  "  Gules,  three  lions  passant 
gnardant  in   pale   or,    a   label    of   three    points    argent. 


Fig.  1005. 


-From  the  Garter  Stall  Plale  of  John  Mowbray, 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  K.G. 


Mantling  gnles  and  ermine.  Crest :  on  a  chapeau,  a 
lion  statant  guardant  or,  crowned  and  gorged  with  a 
label  argent." 

The  Garter  plates  of  the  Knights  between  the  years 
1348  and  1485  have  been  recently  reproduced  in  facsimile 
with  very  valuable  notes,  and  an  introduction  by  Mr.  W. 


415 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


H.  St.  John  Hope.  However  much  one  may  disagree 
with  Mr.  Hope's  curious  ideas  on  the  subject  of  blazon, 
one  cannot  with  justice  withhold  from  his  book  the  high 
praise  which  the  admirable  reproduction  of  this  series  of 
plates  richly  deserves.  A.  C.  P-D. 


PLATES   LXXXII.   AND   LXXXIII. 

ENGLISH  ARMORIAL  PAINTINGS 
{Early  Fifteenth  Century) 

Bound  up  in  the  same  volume  with  the  early  English 
roll  of  arms  in  the  custody  of  the  College  of  Arms 
described  in  Plate  LXXI.  are  a  few  armorial  paintings 
which,  being  depicted  not  upon  shields,  but  in  a  square 
form,  are  probably  designs  for  banners. 

They  very  evidently  have  no  connection  whatever  with 
the  armorial  roll  with  which  they  are  now  bound  up,  nor 
does  it  very  plainly  appear  why  they  have  been  pre- 
served. The  Talbot  arms  appear  in  all  the  paintings, 
which  probably  are  a  series  of  banner  designs  prepared 
for  the  Talbot  family.  Earls  of  Shrewsbury.  From  the 
quarterings  exhibited,  and  from  the  date  at  which  these 
accrued  in  the  Talbot  family,  it  is  evident  that  these 
paintings  cannot  belong  to  a  period  earlier  in  date  than 
the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century  or  possibly  the  be- 
ginning of  the  fifteenth  century.  They  are  probably 
even  later.  They  are  palpably  all  the  work  of  the 
same  artist.  From  the  point  of  design,  but  hardly  of 
execution,  they  may  justly  be  considered  as  typical  of  the 
very  highest  range  of  excellence  reached  by  heraldic  art 
in  this  country.  Executed  in  transparent  water-colour 
over  a  visible  outline  which  has  been  allowed  to  remain, 
the  roughness  of  their  execution,  together  with  the 
smallness  of  their  number,  gives  them  somewhat  of  the 
appearance  of  trial  sketches,  preparatory  to  a  more 
elaborate  piece  of  work,  but  there  can  be  no  question  of 
the  ability  of  the  artist  or  of  the  surpassing  beauty  of  his 
work.  Their  reproduction  gives  the  opportunity  for  a 
remark  that  modern  artists  might  with  advantage  prefer 
these  paintings  as  models  rather  than  older  and  cruder 
forms.  The  name  of  the  artist  is  unfortunately  quite 
unknown.  The  examples  reproduced  on  Plates  LXXXII. 
and  LXXXIII.  are  taken  from  certified  copies  which  Mr. 
0.  H.  Athill,  Richmond  Herald,  has  very  kindly  supplied 
to  me.     The  heraldic  description  is  as  follows : — 

Plate  LXXXII.  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  a  lion  ram- 
pant within  a  bordure  engrailed  or  (for  Talbot) ;  2  and  3, 
or,  a  chief  azure,  over  all  a  hand  fesswise  in  chief  vested 
in  a  maunch  argent,  lined  ermine. 

Plate  LXXXIII. :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  a  lion  ram- 
pant within  a  bordnre  engrailed  or  (for  Talbot)  ;  2  and  3, 
gules,  a  lion  statant  guardant  argent,  crowned  or  (for 
Lisle  ;  see  page  370).  A.  C.  F-D. 


PLATE  LXXXIV 

SPECIMENS    OUT    OF    THE   " SCHEIBLERSCHEN    WAP- 

PENBUCHE"  (SCHEIBLER  BOOK    OF   ARMS) 

{First  half  of  the  Fifteenth  Century) 

There  is  in  ihe  possession  of  the  baronial  family  of  Scheibler- 
Hiilhoven  at  Aix-la-Chai^elle  a  paper  register  with  343  leaves 
(25  cm.  high,  17  cm.  broad)  of  wliicb  325  exhibit  450  paintings 
of  arms  by  a  distinguislied  South  German  artist.  The  remaining 
leaves  contain  armorial  rei^resentations  of  less  value  and  of  much 
later  date.  The  specimens  on  Plate  LXXXIV.  are  reproduced  from 
copies  made  by  tlie  Court  Heraldic  Artist,  E.  Krahl. 

Fig.  I.  Die  Winter  (Winter  of  Bolilanden) :  Sable,  billette  or,  a 
violin  in  bend  of  the  last,  stringed  gules.  Crest :  On  a  chapeau 
argent,  sem^  of  linden-leaves  or,  a  wing  sable  also  seme  of  linden- 
leaves  or,  and  charged  witli  two  violins  as  in  the  anus.  Mantling 
sable,  seme  of  linden-leaves  or. 


Fig  3.  Von  G-iich.  Franckhen:  Argent,  two  pairs  of  sheep-shears 
palewise  in  fess.  Crest :  a  demi-swan  argent,  beaked  gules,  the 
wings  each  charged  with  a  pair  of  sheep-shears  as  in  the  arms. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  3.  Specht  von  Bubejihain  (Specht  von  Bubenheim,  Rheinland). 
Or,  a  fess  sable,  fretty  argent,  in  the  sinister  chief  point  a  wood- 
pecker gules  (Specht).  Crest;  a  "player"  seated  upon  the  helmet, 
the  legs  one  on  eitlier  side,  habited  in  ragged  clothes,  tearing  his 
hair  with  the  dexter  hand  and  holding  in  the  sinister  a  board  or 
and  thereujion  three  dice  argent.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  4.  Anneiihenj ,  Tyrol:  Argent,  a  branch  in  bend  throughout 
^ules,  and  issuing  therefrom  in  chief  three  roses  of  the  last, 
seeded  or.  Crest  :  two  wings  proper,  bound  with  a  iiUet  gules, 
tied  in  a  knot,  the  ends  pendent.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  5.  Herzoge  v.  Lothrr/igen  (Dukes  of  Lorraine)  :  Or,  on  a  bend 
gules,  three  alerions  volant  argent,  the  wings  expanded  and  inverted. 
Crest ;  out  of  a  coronet  or,  an  eagle  rising  argent.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  It  was  Planche  who  first  pointed  out  that  the  word 
"alerion"  is  a  perfect  anagram  for  the  name  "Lorraine." 

Fig.  6.  Graffen  v.  Nassau  (Counts  of  Nassau) :  Azure,  sem6  of 
seven  diagonal  billets  or,  a  lion  rampant  of  the  last.  Crest :  two 
wings  argent,  the  pinion  feathers  sable,  through  which  a  yellow 
cord  is  interwoven.     Mantling  azure  and  argent. 

Fig.  7.  Die  Trauner  .  Bavaria  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules  a  "bou- 
quetin "  rampant  argent,  unguled  or ;  2  and  3,  sable,  two  chevrons 
conjoined  in  the  fess  point,  one  reversed  issuing  in  chief  and  one 
in  base  argent.  Crest :  a  demi-bouquetin  as  in  the  arms.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  S.  Die  Kriipfner  .  Tyrol .  (Kropfer) :  Sable,  the  bust  of  a  man 
in  profile  couped  proper,  habited  argent,  banded  about  the  temple 
with  a  ribbon  argent,  the  ends  fiotant,  the  beard  or  and  afflicted 
with  a  large  goitre.  Crest ;  the  bust  of  a  man  as  in  the  arms,  the 
habit  continued  into  the  mantling  and  lined  sable.  H.  S. 


PLATES   LXXXV.   AND   LXXXVI. 

AN   ENGLISH  ROLL   OP  ARMS 

Temp.  Henry  VI. 

There  is  in  the  possession  of  the  College  of  Arms  a 
MS.  volume  of  drawings  of  shields  in  trick  which,  from 
the  artistic  point  of  view,  must  always  remain  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  most 
curious  and  noteworthy  examples  of  heraldic  design. 
The  MS.  takes  the  form  of  a  Roll  of  Arms,  but  is  un- 
accompanied by  any  explanation.  As  an  armorial  record 
it  would  be  readily  possible  to  exaggerate  its  value,  for 
some  number  of  the  shields  are  plainly  quite  mythical,  and 
it  is  not  an  "official  record  "  by  which  proof  of  arms  can 
be  made.  There  is  nothing  to  show  why  it  was  compiled, 
nor  that  it  ever  had  any  official  character,  nor  is  it  known 
how  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  College  of  Arms. 
Its  chief  value  is  artistic,  and  for  that  reason  it  is  a  great 
pity  that  the  name  of  the  artist  is  lost  to  us.  One  would 
hesitate  to  put  forward  the  examples  in  this  roll  as  copies 
for  repetition  in  modern  heraldic  art.  As  a  whole  they 
are  out  of  keeping  with  any  type  of  design  outside  the 
volume  in  which  they  occur.  But  as  examples  of  virile 
work,  as  examples  of  the  artistic  capabilities  of  a  coat  of 
arms,  and  as  specimens  of  design  exhibiting  "grip"  and 
"go,"  they  have  never  been  surpassed  and  probably  never 
will.  The  forceful  exuberance  of  their  design  compels 
one's  admiration.  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve  in  his  "Decorative 
Heraldry  "  places  the  date  of  this  manuscript  as  between 
1540  and  1560,  and  adds  that  it  was  "probably  a  copy, 
with  additions,  of  an  earlier  work."  He  writes  concern- 
ing it :  "  The  lions  are  distinctly  extraordinary,  such  as 
are  rampant  having  the  thrown-back  pose  of  the  head 
exaggerated  to  eccentricity.  The  guardant  lions,  both 
rampant  and  passant,  are  without  this  peculiarity,  but,  like 
the  rest,  are  unsatisfactory  in  the  way  they  fail  to  occupy 
their  field ;  having  indeed  every  appearance  of  being 
removed  from  their  original  surroundings  to  be  placed  on 
shields  which  were  not  designed  to  contain  them.  So 
that  the  fault  that  may  be  said  to  characterise  Stuart 
and  most  subsequent  heraldry,  was  not  unknown  in  the 
decorative  Tudor  time." 

Mr.   C.  H.   Athill,  Richmond  Herald,  has  very  kindly 


416 


PLATE   CXXXIII. 


THE   ARMS    OF   MAGDALENE    OF    FRANCE    AND    OF    MARY   OF    LORRAINE. 

From  the  MS.  of  Sir  David  Lindsay  of  The  Mount. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


certified  for  me  various  selected  examples  which  are 
typical  of  the  work  of  the  master  hand  which  drew  them. 
Unfovtuoately  the  artist's  name  is  unknown.  These  are 
reproduced  herein. 

These  examples,  though  arranged  in  the  style  and  form 
of  page  adopted  in  the  original,  of  which  they  are  faithful 
reproductions,  are  selected  examples,  and  do  not  follow 
each  other  in  the  original  in  the  order  here  given.  The 
arms  chosen  are  as  follows  : — 

Plate  LXXXV 

1.  Gule.s,  three  piles  wavy  in  point  argent,  a  borclure  engrailed  of 
the  last  (Thomas  Pyke). 

2.  Per  chevron  sable  and  argent,  three  stags  rampant  counter- 
changed  (Francis  Herston). 

3.  (Gules),  three  legs  in  armour  conjoined  at  tlie  tliigli  and  flexed 
at  the  knees  (proper,  garnished  and  spurrol  or).  [The  arms  of  the 
Isie  of  Man.]  —  ' 

4.  Azure,  three  hares  in  triangle,  their  ears  conjoined  in  the  fess 
point  (Hiirewell). 

5.  Azure,  three  arms  in  armour  enibowed,  conjoined  at  the 
shoulders  in  the  fess  point,  the  hands  in  gauntlets,  each  holding  a 
sword  all  argent  (Sir  Thomas  Fyndarne). 

6.  Or,  three  hose  palewise  in  less  sable  (Thomas  House). 

7.  Giiles,  a  wyvern  argent  (Sir  Robert  Brentle). 

8.  Gules,  a  chief  azure,  a  lion  passant  double-(^ueued  over  all  or 
(Sir  Robert  Hastinges).  [A  commenta,tor  has  added  that  the  lion 
should  be  rampant  over  all.] 

9.  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  double-queued  and  interlaced  gules 
(unnamed). 

Plate  LXXXVI 

I.  Gules,  a  unicorn  rampant  chequy  argent  and  sable  (Clare). 

1.  Argent,  three  toads  sable  ("  Pharamond ").  [This  is  the 
mythical  coat  invented  and  attrilnited  to  Pharamond,  in  which 
some  old  writers  sought  to  find  the  origin  of  the  arms  of 
France.] 

3.  Per  pale  gules  and  azure,  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed  per 
pale  argent  and  or  (Wantleyes). 

4.  Barry  wavy  azure  and  argent  (Wesnan). 

5.  Azure,  three  horse-barnacles  or,  on  a  chief  ermine,  a  demi-lion 
issuant  gnles  (Earl  Genewyle). 

6.  Vert,  three  griffins  passant  or  (Sir  Gawayne,  the  good  knight). 

7.  Azure,  seme-de-lis  and  a  Hon  rampant  guardaiit  argent  (Sir 
Thomas  Holland  of  Thropwater). 

8.  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  or  (Sir  Edmond  Darell). 

9.  Sable,  a  saltire  flory  argent,  between  tour  lions  passant 
guardant  or  (William  de  Avne).  A.  C.  F-D. 


PLATE   LXXXVII 

SPECIMENS   OF  ARMOKIAL  ART   TAKEN   FROM 
HERALDIC   BOOKS 

{Fifteenth  Century) 

Fig.  I  is  a  representation  of  the  arms  of  the  Holy  Roman- 
German  Empire,  the  arms  depicted  being  ;  Or,  an  eagle  displayed 
sable.  The  tilting-helmet,  which  is  surmounted  by  the  crown  of 
the  sovereignty,  bears  as  crest  a  black  eagle,  ready  for  flight, 
crowned  with  a  similar  crown.  The  mantling,  which  has  a  gold 
lining,  is  of  black  seme  of  yellow  linden-leaves.  Over  the  coat  of 
arms,  which  is  placed  on  a  background  of  red  damask,  framed 
with  white  pearls,  appear  the  golden  letters  A  E  I  0  V,  and  the 
date  1446.  The  five  letters  form  a  kind  of  riddle-motto  of  King 
Friedrich  IV.'s,  and  allow  of  different  readings.  For  instance, 
"Austriie  Est  Imperare  Orbi  Universo,"  or  "  AUer  Ehren  1st 
Oesterreich  Voll"  ("  Of-all-Honours-is- Austria-full ''),  &c. 

This  reproduction  is  from  the  Hawhegv^iratur  of  King 
Frederick  IV.  in  the  possession  of  the  Royal  and  Imperial  House 
Court  and  State  Archives  in  Vienna. 

This  register  shows  four  magnificent  paintings  of  arms,  each 
occupying  a  full  page. 

Fig.  2. — A  liffeiLstain  (Auf enstein,  a  family  originally  Tyi'olese,  but 
at  a  later  date  possessing  large  estates  in  Karnten) :  Or,  standing 
on  a  stone  sable,  an  owl  proper  armed  or  {(iuf=oy{\  ;  .y^t;ni  =  stone). 
The  tilting-helmet,  which  has  a  black  aud  gold  mantling,  bears  as 
crest  a  yellow  broad-brimmed  hat,  with  two  yellow  tassels,  and 
thereon  an  owl  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  3  is  a  nameless  coat  of  arms,  which,  however,  may  be  not 
uninteresting  on  account  of  the  curious  crest,  and  the  drawing  of 
the  mantling. 


Fig.  ^. — Fomerania  (?) :  Argent,  a  griftin  segreant  gules,  armed 
or.  The  crowned  helmet  has  a  mantling  of  argent  and  gules,  and 
the  crest  a  wing  sable,  seme  of  linden-leaves  or.. 

Figs.  2-4  are  taken  from  the  OeMerreivhische  Jf'appenbnch 
(Austrian  Book  of  Arms)  in  the  possession  of  the  Royal  Family 
Court  and  State  Archives  in  Vienna.  ■  The  volume  is  also  known 
as  the  ll'a/>penbuch  fii'r  die  oesten'&ichischen  Bei'zoge  (Book  of 
Arms  for  the  Austrian  Dukes),  and  is  a  parchment  register  (50 
cm.  high  by  33  cm.  broad)  bearing  the  date  1445  on  the  first  page. 


Fig.  1006. 


The  greater  number  of  the  rather  luxuriantly  designed  arms 
herein  are  quite  imaginary,  attribute4  to  fabulous  Austrian  lords 
supposed  to  have  existed  in  primitive  times.  (Compare  Plate 
XCII.)  Amongst  them,  despite  the  sketchy  handling  of  the 
dra\ving,  there  is  to  be  found  much  that  is  heraldically  worthy  of 
notice  ;  see,  for  instance,  Figs.  1006  and  1007,  and  especially  the 
beautifully  conventionalised  style  in  which  the  oak  garland  is 
rendered  in  the  latter. 

Fig.  5. — Lihr  dm.  petri  de  Crmvar  alias  de  Straznycz  (Libris  (?) 


Fig.  1007. 


of  Peter  de  Crawar,  alias  de  Strasnycz).  The  family  of  Ki-awar 
were  Moravian,  later  caUing  themselves  Tworkovsky,  after  the 
estate  of  Tworkov.  Gules,  an  arrowhead  tied  by  a  floating 
kerchief  argent.  The  silver  tilting-helmet,  with  red  mantling, 
lined  with  ermine,  bears  as  crest,  two  black  on  the  outside  and 
gold  on  the  inside,  the  wing-bones  charged  on  the  outside  with 
gold  linden-leaves,  in  rows. 

This  coat  of  arms  is  interesting  inasmuch  as  it  explains  a  device 
which  appears  in  quite  a  series  of  arms  (for  the  house  of  Odrowaz), 
and  is  repeatedly  and  erroneously  drawn  and  blazoned  as  an 
"upper-lip  and  moustache,  struck  with  an  arrow"  (refer  to  the 

417  3g 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


arms  of  the  Counts  Sedlnitzky  and  others).  According  to  Pro- 
fessor Dr.  F.  Piekosinski,  the  device  may  be  traced  back  to  the 
very  old  flaj{-de\'ice  (Stannize)  of  the  PoHsh  dynastic  race  of  the 
Odrowaze,  composed  of  two  Scandina\nan  runes— -±^.    (See  more 

in  detail  when  treating  the,  subject  under  Plate  CXXVI.) 

The  coat  of  arms  as  given  in  Fig.  4  is  taken  from  a  volume  of 
the  Moravian  Land-Register  Books.  The  eighth  book  of  the 
Olmlitz  Landtafel  Quaterne  for  the  years  1412  to  14 16,  bears  the 
coat  of  arms  given  here,  on  the  front  side  of  the  cover  of  the  book. 
On  the  covers  of  the  registers  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  head  of 
the  pro\nncial  board  of  finance  for  the  time  being  alwaj's  appears  ; 
thus,  the  first  book  (commenced  in  1 348),  and  the  second,  third, 
fourth,  seventh,  and  eighth  books  all  show  the  arms  of  Krawar. 


Fig.  iooS. — Sickingen. 


Fig.  1009. — Honberg. 


Fig.  1010.-  Habsburg- 
Laufenburg. 


Fig.  101 1. — Habsburg. 


Other  characteristic  coats  of  arms  of  this  period,  taken  from 
German  sources,  will  be  found  in  Figs.  roo8,  1009,  loio,  and 
loir.  H.  S. 


PLATE   LXXXVJII 

REPRESENTATIONS   OF   ARMORIAL  BEARINGS  TAKEN 

FROM   THE   WORK    OF   GERMAN    MASTERS 

(Fifteenth  Centurt/) 

Figs.  1-5.— Arms  with  supporters,  engraved  by  Martin  .Schon- 
gauer,  also  called  "  Schon,"  from  his  own  designation  of  himself  on 
a  drawing  :  "  Hipsch  Martin  Schongauer  Maler,  1453."  He  was  a 
painter,  engraver,  and  goldsmith  ;  bom  at  Colmar  in  1420  (?),  died 
there  in  1488. 

Fig.  I  is  probably  the  escutcheon  of  the  family  of  Stein- 
Kalltiijth :    I'er  fess  vert  and  or,  in  chief  a  lion  passant  argent ; 


but  the  remaining  shields  on  the  plate  cannot  be  more  exactly 
determined,  on  account  of  the  lack  of  tinctures.  In  Figs.  4  and  5 
the  supporters  have  been  omitted.  Below  is  an  exquisitely 
drawn  figure  of  a  lion,  the  symbol  of  St.  Mark,  which  was  de- 
signed by  the  same  master  (Fig.  1012). 


Fig.  1012.— The  Lion  of  St.  Mark. 

Fig.  6  is  a  representation  of  the  arms  of  the  Prince-Bishop 
Rudolph  II.  of  Wiirzburg  (1466-95),  of  the  family  of  Scherenberg. 
The  engraver  was  probably  Alhrecht  Glovkenion  (born  1432  at 
Nlirnberg),  who  worked  for  a  long  time  in  Wiirzburg. 

This  figure  shows  the  arms:  Quarterly,  i.  argent,  a  chief 
dancettt'  gules  (Franconia) ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  pair  of  shears  extended 
gules  (Scherenberg)  (5(;/ie?-(,'=  scissors)  ;  4.  azure,  on  a  lance  in 
bend  or,  a  banner  quarterly  gules  and  argent  (Wiirzburg).  The 
crowned  helmet  with  the  Franconian  horns,  from  the  ends  of  each 
of  which  the  Wiirzburg  banner  is  issuant,  bears  the  Scherenberg 
crest,  a  lion's  head  affront6  argent,  crowned  with  a  like  coronet, 
from  which  rises  the  three  ostrich  feathers  azure,  argent,  and 
gules,  belonging  to  the  Wiirzburg  crest.  The  helmet  manthng 
here  really  deserves  special  attention,  being  exquisitely  drawn. 

Fig.  7.  — Arms  of  the  patrician  family  of  Goldast  (Gold  branch), 
of  Constance,  engraved  by  Bartiiolomseus  Zeithlom  at  Ulm,  born 
J  440  (?),  died  between  1 516  and  1521.  The  arms  are  :  Azure,  the 
branch  of  a  tree  or  (Goldast).  The  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling 
of  azure  and  or,  bears  as  crest  a  griffin,  the  upper  part  azure, 
armed  or,  the  hindquarters  of  the  last.  (Taken  from  a  house- 
keeping book  of  1470  in  the  possession  of  Prince  Waldburg- 
Wolfegg-Waldsee.)     (Compare  Fig.  18,  Plate  XOVIH.) 

The  sallet  or  helmet  which  is  here  shown  is  of  a  form  very 


Fig.  1013. 

seldom  met  with  in  heraldic  representations,  although  it  is  heraldi- 
cally  correct.  The  manthng  of  the  helmet  is  well  drawn,  but  the 
crest  is  somewhat  large  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  helmet. 

Fig.  8  shows  arms,  though  to  what  family  these  may  belong  is 
unknown.     The  design  was  engraved  by  Israel  vmi  Meckeiien,  en- 


418 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


graver  and  goldsmith  at  Bocholt  on  the  Aa,  in  WestphaUa,  who 
died  1503.  The  helmet  is  rather  small  in  proportion  to  the  shield, 
but  the  mantUng  is  very  beautifully  designed.  By  the  same 
master  is  the  amusing  heraldic  device  which  is  here  reproduced 
(Fig.  1013). 

Fi.L^  1 01 4  shows  the  mark  of  the  celebrated  printer,  Erhard 
Ratdolt,  of  Augsburg,  in  the  year  1 49 1  (14  cm.  high).  The  escutcheon 
is  printed  in  two  colours,  black  and  red,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest 


Fig.  1014. 

examples  of  printing  in  colour.  The  arms  are :  Gules,  the  young 
Hercules  holding  in  his  dexter  hand  the  two  snakes  intertwined,  and 
with  his  sinister  a  six-rayed  star  gules  in  front  of  the  lower  part  of 
his  body.  The  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  of  gules  and  argent, 
bears  as  crest :  between  two  buffalo's  horns  guies,  a  star  as  in 
the  arms.  This  beautiful  escutcheon  was  designed  by  Ratdolt 
himself,  as  appears  from  the  distich  over  an  impression*of  this  coat 

"  Eriiardi  Batdolt  fcelici:i  conspice  signa 
Testata  artificem  qua  valet  ipse  manum."  H.  S. 


PLATE  LXXXIX 

EXAMPLES  REPRODUCED  FROM  CONRAD  GRUNEN- 
BERG'S  "  WAPPENBUCH  " 

(1483) 

One  of  the  finest  emblazoned  books  of  arms  is  Conrad  Griinen- 
berg's  Wappenhuch^  which,  according  to  a  notice  in  Grlinenberg's 
own  hand,  was  completed  in  1483.  "Das  buch  ist  voibrach  am 
Nunden  tag  des  Abrellen  Do  man  zalt  Tusent  vier  hunder  dru 
vnd  Achtzig  Jar."  Griinenberg  belonged  to  a  well-to-do  burgher 
family  in  Constance ;  his  father  was  burgomaster  of  the  town 
(1466-70),  and  filled  from  1^41  till  his  death  in  1494  the  oftice  of 
architect  to  the  parish  church  of  St.  Stephen  at  Constance.  He 
belonged,  as  a  burgher,  to  the  guilds,  but,  by  a  patent  from 
the  Emperor,  dated  Saturday  before  vocem  jucunditatis  (May 
19th)  1465,  he  was  released  from  the  guild  and  admitted  into  an 
association  of  noble  families  called  **'  Zur  Katze "  (see  Plate 
XCVIH.).  He  appears  as  a  knight  after  his  return  from 
Jerusalem  in  i486. 

On  the  title-page  of  his  Book  of  Arms  (which  consists  of  190 
paper  leaves)  his  own  coat  of  arms  is  introduced  (Fig.  1015) :  Sable, 
three  mounds  or,  and  issuant  therefrom  a  like  number.  The  crowned 
helmet,  with  a  mantling  of  black  and  gold,  the  former  seme  of 
golden  linden-leaves,  bears  as  crest  a  plume  of  ostrich  feathers 
sable.  By  the  side  of  the  arms  appear :  on  the  dexter,  the  in- 
signia of  the  Order  of  the  Holy  Grave  (a  cross  of  Jerusalem  gules), 
and  of  the  Aragonese  Order  of  the  Pitcher  (a  golden  pitcher  with 
three  blue-bells,  over  a  golden  griffin,  which  bears  a  ribbon  with 
the  inscription:  "Por.  Los.  Amor'');  on  the  sinister,  the  insignia 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Katherine  of  Mount  Sion  (a  golden  rose  over  a 
sword  with  a  handle  gules,  round  this  entwined  a  gold  ribbon  with 
the  inscription  :  "Por.  Loyaltad  jVIantenir"),  and  of  the  Socut//  of 
St.  Georges  Sliield  (a  shield  of  St.  George,  argent,  a  cross  gules 
ornamented  with  gold,  from  which  is  suspended  the  golden  figure 
of  St.  George  slaying  the  dragon).  The  Griinenberg  Book  of 
Arms  was  purchased  by  the  Heroldsant  (Heralds'  Office)  of  BerUn 
for  300  Friedrichs  d'or.  It  was  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Dr. 
Stanz  of  Bern,  who  had  at  an  earlier  date  been  settled  in 
Constance, 

Besides  the  paper  register  there  also  exists  a  parchment  register 


(178  leaves),  a  more  amplified  but,  at  the  same  time,  a  not  quite 
complete  copy  of  the  first,  without  either  date  or  the  name  of  the 
painter,  which  passed  from  the  old  Landshuter  Library  into  the 
Royal  Library  at  Miinich.  This  has  been  published,  appearing  in 
the  year  1875,  after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  made  as  early  as 
1840.  It  is  printed  in  colours,  and  was  edited  by  the  Count  of 
Stillfried- Alcantara  and  M.  Hildebrandt.  The  three  specimen 
plates  here  reproduced  have  been  copied,  on  a  reduced  scale,  from 
this  pubhcation. 

Fig.  I. — Der  Kung  von  Behem  des  hailgen  Romischen  Richs  ertz- 
schen  vnd  Kiirfurst,  cbc.  (The  King  of  Bohemia,  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire,  Chief  Cup-bearer  and  Elector,  &c.).  The  arms  are : 
Gules,  a  lion  rampant  doubled-queued,  crowned,  armed,  and 
langued  or.  The  crowned  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  of  black 
and  gold,  both  seme  of  sjiots  comiterchanged,  bears  as  crest  a 
wing  sable,  seme  of  linden-leaves  or.  On  both  the  dexter  and  the 
sinister  sides  of  the  escutcheon,  but  unattached,  is  a  symbolical 
device  or  badge,  namely  ;  issuing  from  clouds  an  arm,  vested,  hold- 
ing in  the  hand  a  rod,  and  hanging  from  the  sleeve  an  eagle 
displayed  and  crowned,  holding  in  its  claws  a  motto  scroll,  thereon 
"  Duo  Recht."     The  badge  is  entirely  of  gold. 


Fig.  1015.— Tbe  Arms  of  Conrad  Griinenberg. 


Fig.  2  has  the  following  inscription  above  it :  "  Der  Kaiser  von 
Trajipesod  stost  an  Kriechen  vnd  an  das  Kaisseitum  von  Atlien  Hat 
yetzn  der  turgisch  Kaiser  gewunnen  vnd  den  Kaiser  gekdpft"  (The 
Emperor  of  Trebizond,  next  to  Greece :  the  Einpiie  of  Athens 
lias  now  overthrown  the  Turkish  Emperor,  and  beheaded  him). 
David  Komnenos,  Emperor  of  Trebizond,  died  1462.  The  arms 
are  :  Argent,  a  cockatrice  or,  armed,  combed,  and  wattled  gules.  Tlie 
crowned  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  of  gules  and  argent,  bears  as 
crest  the  charge  of  the  shiehl,  i.e.  a  cockatrice  as  in  the  arms.  By 
the  side  of  the  acliievement,  an  arched  crown  of  gold  is  depicted  as 
a  symbolical  badge  or  device.  H.  S. 


PLATE  XC 

FURTHER  EXAMPLES  FROil   CONRAD   GRtJNEN- 
BERG'S   "WAPPENBUCH" 

(1483.     Height  of  Shields,  6-6.5  ^'"^■) 

Fig.  I.  Fry  (FieiheTTen)  von  Triviherg :  Gules,  a  panther  vomiting 
flames  of  fire  azure,  armed  of  the  last,  the  horns  or.  It  is  here 
shown  with  divided  hoofs  on  the  hind  feet,  a  peculiarity  which  is 
only  to  be  met  with  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lake  Constance.  (See 
also  Fig.  ioi7be]ow.)  Crest:  ademi-figureasintliearms.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent.  The  foregoing  is  practically  a  literal  translation 
of  the  German  version,  but  the  creature  is  most  certainly  not  a 
panther  either  of  a  heraldic  or  natural  variety.  It  apparently  had 
better  be  left  for  some  one  to  discover  and  name  an  animal  with  the 


419 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


horns  and  hind  feet  of  the  domestic  cow  and  ihe  claws  of  an  ea^le. 
The  coat  is  not  included  in  Rietstap.  Attention  may  be  directed  to 
a  monograph  on  the  panther,  "  Das  Ladeswappen  der  Steierniark," 
by  A.  V.  Siegenfeld  (Graz,  1900). 


Fig.  1016. 


Fig.  2.  Fry  vovi  Joch :  Argent,  three  crossbow  yokes  fessewise  in 
pale  sable  (/or/t  =  yoke).  Crest :  two  buflfalo's  horns  or,  and  issniiio; 
from  the  ends  plumes  of  cock's  feathers  sable.  Mantling  sable  and 
argent. 


Fig. 
azure, 
azure. 


Fig.  1017. 

3.  Fry  von  Lieyperfi :  Gule.^,  a  leopard  or,  armed  and  laiigued 
Crest :  a  leopard's  head  affronte,  crowned  and  laiigued 
Mantling  gules  and  or. 


Fig.  4.  1^07*  Schopffla  dn.^  zii  der  ri^hen  ow  litt  (Isle  of  Reichenau  :) 
Argent,  a  cock  sable  with  wings  expanded,  iirmed,  crested,  and 
wattled  gules.  Crest :  two  cocks'  heads  and  necks  conjoined  or, 
armed,  crested,  and  wattled  gules.     Mantling  sable  and  or. 

Fig.  5.  Heren  von  Fanvk  in  Brabant  (Parwyss,  an  old  family  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege)  :  Or,  a  lion  gules,  debruised  by  a  label  of 
three  points  iizure.  Crest :  issuant  from  a  pointed  cap  ermine,  a 
peacock's  tail.     Mantling  gules  and  or. 

Fig.  6.  Fry  von  Rii,^seg  im  aergoe  (Russeck  in  Aargau)  :  Or,  a 
unicorn  sable.  Crest :  a  swan's  head  and  neck  or,  beaked  argent. 
Mantling  or  and  argent. 

Fig.  1016  gives  a  capitiil  representation  of  a  so-called  "klaufliigel" 
(claw-wing),  i.e.  an  eagle's  wing  conjoined  to  an  eagle's  talon,  and 
represents  the  arms  of  tlie  "Grafen  von  Canisse"  (Kanisay  de 
gi-nere  Ost)  in  Hungary  (founder  of  an  alleged  bishopric  of  Kanisse 
or  Kanisa).  Tbe  arms  are  blazoned  :  "Argent,  a  klaufliigel  sable, 
armed  or,"  this  being  in  English  terms  :  Argent,  an  eagle's  wing 
expanded,  cnnjoined  to  an  eagle's  claw  sable,  armed  or.  Crest :  the 
same  figure.     Mantling  sable  and  argent. 

Fig.  1017.  Hern  von  Bernegk  vom  JVasen  Jm  Land.  Stair  (Herr  von 
Berneck  of  Wasa  in  Styria)  :  Or,  a  panther  sabh^,  vomiting  flames 
of  tire  miles.  Crest :  a  demi-figure  as  in  the  arms,  cnntinuing  into 
a  mantling  of  sable  and  or.     Note  remarks  above  as  to  the  panther. 

Fig.  1018.  J'on  Bmnspenj  vn  von  Bos^no :  Or,  a  ram  trippant  sable. 
Crest:  issuing  from  a  wreath  gules  and  argent,  a  demi-ram  or. 
Mantling  or  and  sable  (see  Plate  LXXIV.  Fig.  17).  It  will  be 
noticetl  that  this  crest  alone  amongst  all  the  examples  given  issues 
from  a  wreath  or  torse,  this  being  an  ornament  seldom  met  with 


Fig.  lOiS. 

in  German  armory.  The  arms  are  evidently  intended  to  pun 
upon  the  name  :  "  ram  "  in  Middle  High  German  having  the  same 
meaning  as  in  English.  H.  S. 


PLATE  xci 

FURTHER  EXAMPLES  FROM   CONRAD   GRUNEN- 
BERG'S   "WAPPENBUCH" 

(1483.      Height  of  Shidfix,  6-6.5  <■'"•) 

Fig.  I.  Hern  roii  llergo  :  Gules,  a  winged  fish  in  bend  argent. 
Crest :  a  winged  fish  argent,  liead  downwards,  continuing  into  a 
mantling  gult-s  and  argent. 

Fig.  2.  Frylier  von  Zimem  mil  Here  zno  moahirch  (Belonging  to 
the  Tournament  Society  "  Falk  und  Fisch  " — Falcon  and  Fish) : 
Azure,  a  lion  or,  armed  gules,  holding  in  its  paws  a  battle-axe  argent, 
the  handle  gules.  Crest :  a  stag's  head  and  neck  gules,  attired  or. 
Mantling  red. 

Fig.  3.  Hereti  ro  Hofseiuloff  (Hassendorf) :  Or,  a  serpent  Siible. 
Crest :  a  demi-snake  oi",  combed  or  finned  sable,  the  body  continued 
into  a  mantling  of  or  and  sable. 


420 


PLATE   CXXXIV. 


THE   ARMS    OF    HAMILTON. 
Fro.m  the  Hamilton  aiS. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  4.  Von  La7igenstain,  Stiffler  rfes  tutschai  (deutschen)  Hmes  tier 
Maiijno  (Meiiiau)  (Och  Stiffter  ze  sant  Urban.  Von  Langenstaiii, 
fuunder  of  the   German   House   of  Meinau,  also   founder  of  St. 


[Fig,  1019.' 

Urban's)  :  Argent,  an  eagle  displayed  gules,  armed  azure,  the  claws 
supporting  a  triple  mound  of  the  last.  Crest :  issuing  from  a  wreath 
*?ules  and  argent,  five  swords  sable,  hilts  and  pommels  or,  points 
do^^^lwa^ds.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 


Fig.  1020. 

Fig.  5.  Von  Rottenstain  :  Argent,  a  bend  gules,  fimbriated  and 
fretty  or.  Crest :  upon  a  circular  peasant's  hat  sable,  the  brim 
fimbriated  or,  a  snowball  proper.     Mantling  gules  and  or. 


Fig.  6.  Rud  von  Buttinen  (Kuilt  von  Collenberg) :  Gules,  a 
mastiffs  head  couped  argent,  gorged  with  a  spiked  collar  sable,  the 
spikes  argent.  Crest  :  a  mastiffs  head  as  in  the  arms,  continuing 
into  the  white  anil  red  mantling. 

Fig.  7.  Von  Frmikenstain :  Or,  a  throwing  axe  (?)  in  bend  gules, 
the  edge  upwards.  Crest  :  two  wings  or,  each  charged  with  the 
figure  in  the  arms.     Mantling  gules  and  or. 

Fig,  1019.  Fi^  von  WildenfeU  in  Bairn  :  Argent,  a  rose  sable,  seeded 
or.  Crest :  on  a  pointed  cap  argent,  a  rose  as  in  the  arms,  the  cap 
continuing  into  the  mantling,  which  is  argent  and  sable. 

Fig.  1020.  Berner  van  Bernnekg  (Perner  von  Perneck  in  der 
Elsenau)  :  Argent,  a  bear  rampant  sable,  armed  oi',  collared  and 
chained  of  the  last.  Crest :  a  demi-bear  as  in  the  arms,  con- 
tinued into  a  mantling  of  sable  and  argent.  The  Perners  of 
Perneck  sometimes,  though  probably  only  later,  bore  their  arms 
with  the  field  or.  The  Perners  zum  Schachen  (at  Schachen),  who 
were  akin  to  them,  reversed  the  tinctures,  i.e.  on  a  field  sable  a  bear 
or,  collared  and  chained  argent. 


Fig.  102 1. 

Fig.  1021.  Fucks  Don  Fuchsberg  (Tyrol) :  Or,  a  fox  salient  gules. 
Crest :  on  a  cap  or  cbapeau,  turned  np  ermine,  a  fox  sejant 
gules.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  This  coat  of  arms  is  not  depicted  in 
colour  by  Griinenberg.  H.  S.    , 


PLATE   XCII 

HERALDIC  DEAWINGS  FROM  CONRAD   GRUNENBERG'S 
"OESTERREICHISCHER  CHRONIK" 

(1452  to  about  1484) 

Among  the  MSS.  in  the  k.u.k.  Haus-,  Hof-  und  Staats- Archives 
in  Vienna,  there  is  a  paper  volume,  a  kind  of  Chronicle  of  Austria, 
compiled  by  Conrad  Griinenberg  and  emblazoned  with  coats  of 
arms.     In  the  preface  he  says; — 

"  So  hab  Ich  Cunrat  Griineniberg  Eiter  mir  fiirgesetzt,  Etwas  ze 
arbaiten  vnd  zesamen  zuo  fassen,  als  ain  Anlianger  des  siegraiffs, 
dem  Hochstamendesten  adel  Kaiser,  Kung,  Ertzhertzogen  ^•nd 
Fiirsten  Oesterreich  gebltitz  damit  Ich  .  .  .  och  willen  Erzoge, 
vermainende  hie  mit  der  gedachtnnss  der  aller  eltesten  aUerdurch- 
luchtigeste  milt  vnd  giitligisten  Herschafl't  ain  wenig  zu  geschiirt 
haben.  Bittende  solich  werkli  lesend  zu  besichtigen,  datu  Sebastyani 
Im  LIZ  (20  Januar  1452.") 

("So  1,  Conrad  Griinenberg,  knight,  have  determined  to  make 
and  put  togetht^r  something,  as  an  Esquire  to  the  most  lofty,  noble 
Emperor,  King,  Archdukes  and  Princes  of  Austria,  of  blood,  that 
I  .  .  .  also  the  dukes,  thinking  here  of  the  oldest  and  most  serene, 
mild  and  kind  government  may  have  helped  to  advance  it  a  little. 
Begging  that  such  work  may  be  looked  at  and  read,  dated  St. 
Sebastian's  in  52  (20th  January  1452)"). 


421 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Griiuenberg  depicts  the  arms  of  the  rulers  of  Austria  from  about 
the  year  850  after  the  Flood  up  to  about  14S4  a.d.  The  greater  part 
of  these  arras  (11  single  coats  of  arms,  70  double  or  impaled  escut- 
cheons, and  14  triple  shields)  are  naturally  quite  myihical,  which 
he^  must  either  have  takeu  from  a  book  of  arms  (Oesterrekhisches 
TFappenbufh,  see  page  417),  likewise  iu  the  possession  of  the 
Staat5-Archives,  or  which  come  from  the  same  source  as  that 
from  whicli  the  artist  of  the  older  Book  of  Arms  derived  his  own. 
He  pandered  in  this  book  to  the  fashion  much  favoured  in  his 
time,  and  even  later,  of  carrying  the  histories  of  families  back  into 
remote  antiquity,  and  supplying  the  place  of  what  was  lacking  in 
historical  truth  by  perfectly  absurd  imaginary  tales,  often  childishly 
naif. 

Griiuenberg  relates  that  in  the  land  of  Terra  Amiratorum  a 
Count  Sattau  von  Al^anianas  was  established,  against  whom  a 
knight  of  "discreet"  family,  Abraham  von  Demonaria,  rebelled, 
but  got  the  worst  of  it.  Abraham  was  consequently  obliged  to 
wander  away  and  settle  down  elsewhere.  On  the  12th  June  850 
after  the  Flood  he  established  himself  in  a  country  which  a  Jew  had 
possessed  before  him  and  called  "  Judeisapta."  Abraham  built 
himself  a  dwelling-place,  and  called  it  Arattim,  which  place  was 
later  called  Stockerau.  Himself  he  signed  "Abraham,  a  heathen 
(or  Gentile),  Margrave  of  Judeisapta."  He  bore  as  arms  a  shield 
striped  vertically  fifteen  times  black  and  white  (one  hesitates  to 
heraldically  blazon  it  paly  of  fifteen  sable  and  argent),  and  as  a 
crest  on  the  lielmet  a  bearded  giant's  head  per  pale  sable  and 
arL^ent.  The  arms  of  his  wife  Susanna,  daughter  of  Tereman  von 
Riet,  show  a  shield  vert,  within  a  bordure  argent,  and  as  crest,  a 
ball  gules  (or  torteau)  (Fig.  i).  Abraham  conferred  arms  upon  the 
country:  Sable,  an  eagle  or.  Crest:  an  eagle,  the  body  or,  the 
wings  sable.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  It  is  not  uninteresting  to 
notice  that  the  original  arms  of  tiie  Austrian  land,  which  he  here 
gives  to  the  land  of  Judeisapta,  were  very  well  known  to  Griiuen- 
berg. 

Abraham's  son  called  the  country,  later  on,  after  the  dwelling- 
place,  Arattim,  but  in  course  of  time  the  name  of  the  country  was 
rather  frequently  changed  (Sauritz,  Sannas,  Pannans,  Tantanio, 
Mittenau,  Fannau,  Auarrata,  Filia,  Eattasama,  Corodantia,  Anara, 
Osterland,  Oesterreich).  The  armorial  bearings  were  also  altered. 
Under  the  twentieth  ruler,  named  Nonas,  Duke  of  Pannans,  the 
device  of  the  country  was  changed  for  the  first  time  ;  it  then  ap- 
pears :  Sable,  an  eagle  displayed  argent;  and  as  crest,  between  two 
wings  argent,  a  naked  youth  per  fess  argent  and  gules,  seated  on  the 
helmet  (Fig.  2.  Here  given  as  belonging  to  the  twenty-second 
ruler.)  Wliile  Fig.  i  does  not  appear  in  the  1445  register,  the  coat 
with  the  youth  as  crest  may  be  found  as  the  arms  of  Pannans,  but 
the  youth  is  standing,  and  clothed,  and  the  mantling  is  dark  red 
and  white. 

Fig.  3  shows  the  arms  under  the  twenty-seventh  Lord  Manay, 
Duke  of  Tantanio.  His  wife  was  Sinna,  Duchess  of  Bohemia, 
whose  coat  is  likewise  duly  given  in  the  1445  register,  but  in  this 
case  not  merely  a  woman's  head  but  a  woman's  boay,  clothed  in  red, 
appears  between  the  wings. 

Fig.  4  gives  the  arms  in  the  reign  of  Rolans  "  ain  Jud  Hertzog 
zuo  Eattasma."  His  wife  was  Sana,  a  princess  of  Hungary.  The 
older  Register  gives  the  same  arms  for  "  Rarasma,"  only  the  two 
crowns  are  placed  one  al)ove  another ;  the  arms  with  the  scorpion 
also  appear,  but  the  helmet  has  a  black  and  white  mantling. 

Fig.  5  shows  the  arms  of  the  country  under  the  fifty-second  ruler, 
likewise  the  hereditary  arms  of  Sapton,  a  prince  of  Bohemia, 
husband  of  the  Duchess  Rachaim  of  Rattasma.  The  1445  Register, 
as  may  be  seen  from  Fig.  1022,  exhibits  the  same  device  (Arms  of 
Rattasma).  The  second  coat  of  arms  with  the  raven  as  crest  is  also 
in  the  older  register,  but  certainly  not  so  well  drawn  as  in  Giiiuen- 
berg's  book. 

Fig.  6 — Gules,  an  eagle  quarterly  argent  and  sable — is  the  coat 
of  Duke  Ludwig  of  Austria  ;  his  wife  EUena  being  a  princess  of 
Hungary.  The  older  book  does  not  give  the  eagle  quarterly,  but 
simply  per  pale  argent  and  sable,  the  eagle  of  the  crest  being  there 
continued  in  the  yellow  and  white  helmet  mantling.  The  second 
coat  of  arms  with  the  dragon  also  appears  to  have  been  copied. 

The  princes  of  the  country  whose  existence  can  really  be  histori- 
cally substantiated  prior  to  Griinenberg's  day,  form  the  conclusion 
of  the  chronicle. 

TJnfortuuately  the  last  leaves  of  the  book  are  very  defective,  of 
many  of  them  only  a  few  small  pieces  are  preserved,  but  we  can 
recognise  which  other  alliances  Griiuenberg  had  emblazoned.  The 
last  emblazonment  but  one  seems  to  have  represented  the  Alliance 
of  the  Emperor  Friedrich  IV.  with  Eleonora  of  Portugal  (1452), 
whilst  the  final  page  of  the  volume  represents  the  Alliance  of 
Sigmund  of  Tyrol  with  Eleonora  of  Scotland  (1469),  and  (as  it 
is  probable  that  a  triple  shield  was  on  the  page)  doubtless  also  for 
his  alliance  with  Katharine  of  Saxony  (1484).  Of  the  coat  of  arms, 
there  is  certainly  only  a  small  portion  of  the  Scottish  tressure  flory 
preserved. 

The  unheraldic  conjunction  of  tinctures  in  the  imaginary  arms,  as 
black  and  green,  green  and  red,  &c.,  was  probably  purposely  selected 
by  Griiiienburg  to  characterise  the  pagan  age.     One  peculiarity  of 


German  heraldic  art  should  be  noticed.  When  the  two  shields  are 
placed  accoUe,  not  only  is  the  dexter  crest  helmet  placed  to  face 
the  sinister,  but  the  whole  shield  itself  with  its  charges  is  reversed. 
Thus  in  the  dexter  shield  in  Fig.  5  the  bend  is  not  a  bend  sinister, 
and  the  eagle  in  No.  6  is  really  quarterly  argent  and  sable,  and  not 


fi}s^^' 


Fig.  1022. 

sable  and  argent,  as  might  at  first  sight  appear.  This  peculiarity  was 
not  a  feature  of  British  armory  at  any  period,  though  something  of 
the  same  nature  occurs  in  a  few  of  the  early  Garter  plates  in  St. 
George's  Chapel,  which,  as  originally  set  up,  were  arranged  to  face 
the  High  Altar.  Consequently  those  on  the  one  side  of  the  chapel 
are  turned  to  the  sinister.  H.  S. 


PLATE   XCIIl 

THE  WORK   OF  ALBRECHT  DURER 
(First  quarter  of  the  Sixteenth  Century) 

Alhrecht  Diirer^  the  great  painter,  who  was  born  at  Nurnberg, 
May  21,  1471,  and  died  April  6,  152S.  He  was  the  son  of  a  father 
of  many  children,  the  goldsmith  Albrecht  Dlirer  the  elder,  by  his 
marriage  with  Barbara  Holper.  (The  Helpers  bore  for  arms  : 
Azure,  a  ram  argent.)  Diirer  the  elder  came  originally  from  Ajtos, 
near  Grosswardein,  in  Hungary  {Ajto  =  T}iure  (doors),  hence  Diirer). 
Diirer  is  not  only  one  of  the  greatest  paintei-s,  but  admittedly 
occupies  the  very  first  rank  as  an  heraldic  artist. 

Fig.  I.  The  well-known  "coat  of  arms  with  the  cock"  (perhaps  De 
Berglies  in  Holland)  :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  gules,  armed  and  tongued 
azure.  Crest  :  a  cock  with  outstretched  wings  or,  combed  and 
wattled  gules.  This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  Diirer's 
heraldic  designs.     It  was  executed  about  the  year  151 1. 

Fi^.  2.  A  fanciful  shield  to  represent  the  arms  of  death,  1503. 
On  tue  shield  appears  a  skull,  wliich  is  treated  naturally,  as  are 
the  helmet  wings  which  form  the  crest.  The  helmets  in  Figs,  i  and 
2  both  correspond  exactly  to  the  helmets  8  and  9  on  Plate  LI.  A 
lady  in  Niirnberg  bridal  costume  who  is  being  attacked  by  a  wild 
man  is  placed  as  a  su]>porter  to  the  shield. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Diirer^  1523  (height,  35.5  cm.)  ;  Gules,  on 
three  mountains  or  (according  to  others  vert),  an  open  golden  door 
(according  to  some,  with  a  silver  roof).  The  tilting-helmet,  with 
mantling  of  gules  and  or  and  with  a  wreath  of  the  same,  bears  as 
crest  between  two  wings  or  (some  say  argent)  a  demi-ne^ro  without 
arms,  habited  gnles,  faced  with  or,  and  wearing  a  pointed  cap  gules, 
the  brim  turned  np  or.  The  assertion  that  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.  made  a  grant  of  these  arms  to  Diirer  in  151 2  lacks 
historical  proof. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Warren  von  Eogendorf,  1520  (lieight,  62.5  cm.)  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  on  an  embattled  wall  a  star  of  six  points 
or  (Rogendorf) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  on  three  mounds  vert,  superimposed 


422 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  bend  a  lion  mounting  gules,  crowned  or  (Wildliaus.    Margaretha 
V.  Wildliaus,  died  1492,  was  the  wife  of  Kaspar  v.  Eogendorf,  died 


Fig.  1023. — From  Diirer's  Ehi-enpforte  des  Kaisers  Maximilian  I. 


1506).  The  famOy  came  originally  from  Marburg  in  Styria. 
Crest :  a  demi-lion  as  in  the  arms,  between  two  horns  per  fess 
embattled  azure  and  or,  and  issuant  therefrom  peacock's  feathers. 

H.  S. 


A.  Diirer,  1520  (25.5  cm.  high).  The  shield  shows  a  fess  between 
three  lions'  (or  leopards')  heads  crowned.  Crest :  a  demi-lion 
crowned.  Near  the  coat  of  arms,  moreover,  is  the  badge  of  some 
society  or  order,  viz.  a  flower-pot,  held  by  two  hands,  within  a 
border  of  clouds. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  Stcplmn  Bosinua^  Canon  (or  prebendary)  of  Passau. 
School  of  A.  Diirer,  1 520-1 525  (height  about  25  cm.) :  Dimidiated 
per  bend  in  chief  an  eagle  displayed,  and  in  base  on  a  fess  one  (or 
more)  roses.  Above  the  helmet  is  the  crest,  viz.  :  on  a  crown  an 
eagle  displayed,  charged  on  each  of  tlie  wings  with  a  fess  and  rose 
as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  1024  at  the  side  shows  the  "Alliance  Escutcheon"  of  the 
Niirnberg  families  of  Scheiirl  and  Tucker,  and  this  also  is  a  piece 
of  work  which  belongs  to  the  school  of  Albrecht  Diirer.  To  the 
dexter  appear  the  arms  of  Sclieurl,  viz. :  Gules,  a  panther  argent, 
and  for  the  crest  a  demi-animal  as  in  the  arms.     On  the  sinister  are 


HlCSCHEVRUNfl  SimilVCHERINilQ  SIQN3  REFVLGENT 
Qy^E  DOCTOR  6EM1N1  SCHEVRLE  EgBENTJS  M^BES 


PLATE   XCIV 


Fig.  1024. 


ALBKECHT  DURER  AND   HIS   SCHOOL 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  Hector  Pomer,  the  last  prefect  of  St.  Lawrenct's, 
in  Niirnberg.  (Died  January  7,  1541.)  By  A.  Diirer;  engraved 
by  R[osch  Hieronymus]  A[nno]  1525.  (Height,  29.5  cm.)  This 
engraving  was  used  as  a  bookplate  (ex  lihris).  The  arms  are  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4  (St.  Lawrence),  gules,  a  ^Tidiron  argent  ; 
2  and  3  (Pbmer),  per  bend  in  chief  bendy  gules  and  argent,  in  base 
sable.  Crest :  a  demi-moor  without  arms,  habited  in  gules,  the 
hood  argent,  and  wreathed  gules  and  argent.  St.  Lawrence  appears 
as  a  supporter  with  the  instrument  of  his  martyrdom,  the  gridiron. 
In  the  four  corners  various  ancestral  arms  are  introduced  ;  at  the 
top  to  the  dexter  Pomer,  and  to  the  sinister  Rummel :  Or,  two  hens 
addorsed  sable,  combed  and  wattled  gules.  At  the  base  are  the 
following  arms  :  on  the  dexter  side,  Schmidmair :  Per  bend  or  and 
gules,  three  roses  in  bend  countercharged.  On  the  sinister  side 
Ferhnaister :  Azure,  the  heads  and  necks  of  two  geese  conjoined 
and  addorsed  argent. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Johann  Stabiits  (Imperial  Historian,  Poet  and 
Mathematician).  He  was  born  in  Austria,  and  taught  mathe- 
matics in  Vienna.  He  \vas  living  in  1512  at  Niirnberg,  and 
died  1522.  By  A.  Diirer,  1521  (27.5  cm.  high) :  Or,  an  eagle  ^ules. 
The  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  of  gules  and  or,  bears  as  crest 
upon  an  arch  ducal  crown  an  eagle  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  3.  A  coat  of  arms  with  lions'  heads  (family  unknown)  by 


the  arms  of  Ttt^her^  which  are  ;  Per  fess  in  chief  bendy  of  six  sable 
and  argent,  and  in  base  or,  the  head  and  slioulders  of  a  negro. 
Crest :  a  demi-negro  habited  or,  the  habit  continuing  into  the 
helmet  mantling  of  or  and  sable,  and  in  place  of  arms  two  buffalo's 
horns  erect,  each  tierced  in  fess  or,  sable,  and  argent,  H.  S. 


PLATE  xcv 

ALBRECHT   DtJEER  AND   HIS   SCHOOL 

Fig.  I.  represents  the  arms  of  the  Niirnberg  councUlor  Michael 
Beliaim,  and  is  by  A.  Diirer,  being  executed  about  1509.  The 
Behaims  of  Schwarzbach  (who  were  a  Bavarian  famOy)  bore  :  On  a 
field  per  pale  argent  and  gules,  a  bend  sinister  wavy  sable.  Crest : 
on  a  wreath  an  eagle  or  sparrow-hawk  rising  argent,  ducally  gorged. 
Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Jolutnn  Tschertte  (Imperial  Architect  and  Bridge- 
builder  at  Vienna),  by  A.  Diirer,  1521  :  A  satyr  blowing  a  horn 
(in  Bohemian,  Cert  or  Czeit),  with  two  hounds  in  leash  :  in  the 
dexter  canton  a  waning  moon  (or  a  decrescent)  enclosing  a  human 
face.  Tlie  tilting-helm  bears  as  crest  a  demi-satyr,  with  horn  and 
leash,  between  two  buifalo's  horns. 


423 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Kress  von  Kressenstein.  (The  family  came  from 
Kressenstein,  between  Eger  and  Asch.)  (Diirer's  school)  :  Gules, 
a  sword  in  bend  or,  hilt  downwards.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.  Crest :  out  of  a  crown,  a  bearded  man's  head,  shoulders, 
and  body,  without  arms,  liabited  in  gules,  fastened  at  the  neck 
with  two  buttons  argent,  wearing  a  cap  sable,  the  brim  turned  up 
ermine.  The  man  holds  with  two  fan,i,'S  of  the  lower  jaw  a  sword 
in  fess,  point  to  the  dexter  or,  and  behind  the  leaves  of  the  crest 
coronet,  and  above  the  brim  of  the  caj)  are  placed  five  peacock's 
feathers  alternately  large  and  small,  which  the  Elress  family 
received  as  an  armorial  augmentation  from  Charles  V.  at  Augsburg, 
July  15,  1530. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  Johann  Seglcer.  (His  seat  was  at  Messen- 
bach,  near  Lambrechten,  in  Upper  Austria.)  (School  of  Dtirer)  ; 
Azure,  a  ship  or,  without  masts.  Mantling  azure  and  or.  Crest : 
issuing  from  a  crown  on  a  mast  azure,  a  sail  argent,  distended 
by  the  wind  to  the  sinister,  and  flying  from  the  mast  a  streamer 
or  pennon  argent,  charged  witli  a  saltire  gules. 

Fig.  5.  "Alliance"  coat  of  arms  of  the  Scheurl  and,  Geiidei- 
families  (Christopher  Scheurl  married  Sabine  Gender  in  1560). 
Diirer's  school,  probably  dating  between  1513  and  1535.  On  a 
quatrefoil  design  are  the  two  shields  placed  accoU^,  and  in  the 
four  outer  interstices  are  shields  for  the  arms  of  the  four  grand- 
parents, though  three  of  these  are  blank.  Scheurl :  Gules,  a  panther 
argent.  Crest  :  a  demi-panther  as  in  the  arms.  (See  Plate  XXXV. 
Fig.  5.)  Gender :  Azure,  a  triangular  facetted  stone  argent,  at  each 
corner  a  six-pointed  star  argent. 

Fig.  6.  represents  the  arms  of  the  ArchduJce  Charles  of  Austria 
(afterwards  Charles  V.).  Diirer's  school  (24  cm.  high).  The  many- 
quartered  shield  is  surrounded  by  the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece,  and  surmounted  by  the  old  Archducal  cap.  The 
shifld-quarterings  as  here  given  are  marshalled  in  a  peculiar 
manner.  On  the  honour  point  is  an  iiiescutcheon  quartered  with 
the  arms  of  Austria,  Burgundy,  Tyrol,  and  Flanders.  The  shield 
behind  is  divided  per  pale  and  again  per  pale,  in  each  case  a  point 
being  introduced  at  the  base.  Field  I.  contains  the  old  Hungarian 
coat;  II.  Bohemia;  ill.  Quartered,  Castile,  Leon,  Styria,  and 
Carinthia ;  lY.  Quartered,  Ari-agon  with  Granada_,  Sicily,  Carniola, 
and  Gorz  introduced  ;  V.  Burgau  and  Swabia  in  the  curved  point 
Ffirt ;  VI.  Upper  Alsatia  (Alsace)  and  Kyburg,  in  the  curved 
point  Cilli.  The  point  is  divided  twice,  and  shows  the  arms  of 
Upper  and  Lower  (Old)  Austria  and  the  Wend  March  territory. 

H.  S. 


PLATE  XCVI 


COATS   OF  ARMS   BY   GERMAN  ARTISTS 
{First  half  of  the  Sixteenth  Century) 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  Johann  Vergenhans  (alias  Nau^lerus),  first  Hector 
of  the  University  of  Tiibingen  (died  about  15 10),  printed  in  his 
MemwaMliurn  omnis  setatis  chroni4:a  commentarii,  15 16.  Artist 
unknown.  The  arms  show  the  chronicler  seated  at  the  rudder, 
two  negroes  working  the  ship.  As  crest  we  have  a  negro  issuing 
from  a  coronet  adorned  with  a  fillet,  and  holding  oars  in  his  hands. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Sehastia7i  (?)  von  Fegersheim,  of  an  old  Strassburg 
family.  This  example  is  by  ffaris  Baldunij  or  "  Grien,"  who  was  born 
about  1475  at  Weyersheim,  near  Strassburg,  and  died  in  1545  at 
Strassburg.  He  made  many  sketches  for  the  heraldic  decoration  of 
glass  windows.  The  shield  shows  the  arms :  Gules,  a  fess  or,  within  a 
bordure  argent.  As  crest :  the  crowned  helmet  bears  a  red  pointed 
hat,  ending  in  a  golden  knob.  Mantling  gules  and  or.  (The  golden 
fess  on  the  hat,  and  the  peacock's  tail  issuing  out  of  the  knob  on 
the  hat,  with  which  in  other  cases  the  arras  of  the  Fei^ersheims  are 
always  depicted,  are  not  shown  in  this  sketch.)  In  1627,  witli  Cas- 
par von  Fegersheim,  the  family  btcame  extinct.  They  were  of  the 
same  stock  and  bore  the  same  arms  as  the  Herren  von  Rathsam- 
hausen  and  the  Weissbrotlins,  who  are  also  extinct.  The  "Weiss- 
brotlins  bore  the  same  shield ;  the  Rathsamhausens  had  other 
tinctures,  bearing  :  Argent,  a  fess  vert,  within  a  bordure  gules. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Bmtus  von  Dunzenhcimy  Magistrate  of  Strass- 
burg. The  sketch  bears  under  the  arms  the  inscription:  "Bath 
von  Duntzenheim,  1542.  Drawn  by  Hans  Baldung,  called  Grien." 
The  shield  shows  the  arms  following,  namely :  Sable,  a  fess 
between  three  roses  argent,  seeded  or.  The  helmet  has  a  mantling 
of  sable  and  argent,  and  the  crest  is  two  ass's  ears  sable.  The 
architectural  setting  of  the  arms  which  appears  in  the  original  is 
here  omitted.  One  branch  of  this  family,  which  became  extinct 
in  the  last  years  of  the  sixteenth  century,  bore  these  arms  with 
difi^erent  tinctures,  viz.  :  Gules,  a  fess  between  three  roses  argent, 
and  in  the  crest  the  ears  were  one  argent  and  one  gules.  Tne 
mantling  was  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  Dr.  Peter  Apianns  (properly  Benneioitz),  Geo- 
grapher and  Astronomer,  and  also  an  Imperial  Count  Palatine, 
1540.  This  was  drawn  by  Michael  fMendorfer^  draughtsman  and 
painter  at   Regensburg,  who   died   1559-     The  shield   shows   the 


arms  :  Or,  within  a  circular  wreath  nebuly  argent  and  azure 
(probably  an  orle  of  clouds),  a  double-headed  eagle  sable,  with  each 
head  adorned  with  a  nimbus.  The  helmet,  which  is  crowned  and 
accompanied  with  a  mantling  sable  and  or,  has  thereupon  as  the 
crest  the  device  of  the  shield. 

Fig,  5.  Arms  of  King  Siegmund  August  (Sigismund  Augustus)  of 
Poland  (i 548-1572),  the  last  of  the  Jagiellos.  By  an  unknown 
artist.  The  illustration  is  taken  from  a  woodcut  in  a  Mainz  book 
printed  about  1550.  The  arms  are  as  follows;  Argent,  the  Royal 
eagle  of  Poland  displayed  gules,  armed  and  crowned  or,  interlaced 
round  its  body  with  the  king's  monogram.  The  curious  arrange- 
ment also  found  its  way  into  the  arms  of  the  Duchy  of  Prussia, 
in  vassalage  to  Poland,  and  may  still  be  seen  in  a  similar  form 
in  the  Royal  Arms  of  Prussia. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  0.  Brunfels,  author  of  the  Contrafayt  Kr^uterhwrh, 
which  was  issued  at  Strassburg  in  1532  (25.6  cm.  high).  This  de- 
sign was  probably  drawn  by  Hans  Weyditz  (Guiditius),  of  whom 
nothing  further  is  known  than  his  co-operation  in  the  work  of 
Bnmfels.  The  shield  shows  a  bend,  and  for  the  crest  a  pair  of 
wings  each  charged  with  the  arms. 

Fig.  7 — arms  of  Hans  WUhehn  von  Louhemhergk  (Laubenberg)  of 
Wagegg — is  from  an  engraved  portrait  from  Apianns'  Instrumenten- 
hucii,  r  533,  which  the  author  dedicated  to  Laubenberg.  The  drawing 
must  have  been  by  Hans  Brosamer,  who  was  born  at  Fulda  1506, 
and  died  at  Erfurt  1552.  The  arms  are:  Gules,  three  linden- 
leaves  in  bend  argent.  The  barred  helmet  has  as  crest  between 
two  wings,  the  one  gules  and  the  other  ardent,  a  pointed  hat  gules, 
with  a  turned-up  brim  argent,  and  on  the  top  a  golden  button. 
Tlie  mantling  is  gules  and  argent.  The  shield  is  covered  with  a 
magnificent  Renaissance  diapering.  H.  S. 


PLATE  XCVIl 

COATS   OF  ARMS   BY  GERMAN   ARTISTS 
(First  half  of  the  Sixteenth  Century) 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  the  Visconti,  Dukes  of  Milan.  These  were  drawn 
and  engraved  by  Jeronymus  (Hieronymus)  Hopfer^  a  copperplate 
engraver  at  Augsburg,  in  1 520.  The  shield  shows  the  arms  :  Argent, 
a  snake  azure,  crowned  or,  devouring  a  human  figure  gules. 

Fig.  2.  A  shield  with  a  horse  bridled  and  salient  to  the  sinister. 
This  also  was  drawn  and  engraved  by  /.  Hopfer.  Both  these  coats 
are  to  be  found  engraved  (with  twenty-two  others)  on  one  plate. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Wolfstein,  engraved  by  /.  Hopfer.  The  arms  are  ; 
Or,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  gules.  The  mantling  is  of  sable  and 
or,  and  the  crest  is  a  wolfs  head  and  neck  sable  continuing  into  the 
mantling,  and  holding  in  its  jaws  a  lamb  or. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  Goler  von  Ravensburg  (Rabensberg)  of  Frankfurt- 
on-Maine,  engraved  by  /.  Hopfer.  The  shield  shows  the  arms  to  be  : 
Argent,  a  raven  rising  sable.  The  crest  is  a  demi-swan  issuant,  the 
wings  addorsed  and  seme  of  linden-leaves.  (In  Siebmacher's  Book 
of  Arms,  on  the  other  hand,  the  raven  is  crowned,  and  the  crest  is  a 
demi-raven  issuant  sable,  crowned  and  with  a  gold  comb  on  the 
back,  this  having  peacock's  feathers.)  The  mantling  is  sable  and 
argent. 

Fig.  5  shows  an  imaginary  coat  of  arms  engraved  by  Haiis  Sehald 
Behani  in  1544.  He  was  a  painter  and  copperplate  engraver,  was 
born  in  1500  (?)  at  Ntirnberg,  and  died  at  Frankfurt-on-Maine  in 
1550.  The  coat  of  arms  bears  a  bantering  inscription  which 
signifies,  "  By  God's  Grace  Herr  von  Know  not  where  settled  in  a 
mean  village."  On  the  shield  appears  a  lion  rampant,  and  on  the 
helmet,  wings. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  Hans  SehaW  Beham,  1544,  engraved  by  himself. 
The  shield  shows  a  chevron  in  point  embowed  between  three 
inescutcheons.  Crest :  two  buffalo's  horns,  each  charged  with  a 
fess.  The  inescutcheons  represent  the  badge  of  an  artist  (see  Plate 
CXXIl.).  The  inscription  runs:  "Seboldt  Beham  von  Nvrmberg 
Maler  iecz  wonhafter  Burger  zu  Frankfurt"  (Seboldt  Beham  of 
Nlirnberg,  Painter,  now  resident  Burgher  of  Frankfurt). 

Figs.  7  and  8  are  imaginary  arms  devised  by  Hans  Sebald  Beluim^ 
1 543.  The  one  bears  the  inscription  :  "  Wer  mich  will  hon,  der 
nem  mich  on"  ("Who  will  have  me,  let  him  take  me"),  and 
shows  an  eagle  on  the  shield  ;  and  as  crest,  an  ostrich  feather 
between  two  bouquetin's  horns.  The  other  bears  the  inscription  : 
"A  coat  of  arms  for  a  seal "  ("  Ein  Wapen  zv  einem  Sigel "),  and  shows 
a  cock  on  the  shield  ;  and  for  crest,  a  cock  between  two  buffalo's 
horns.  Botli  coats  of  arms  are  exquisitely  finished  examples  of 
heraldic  engraving. 

Fig.  g.  Arms  of  Johannts  Saga7ita  (1550),  by  Havs  Burgkmair  the 
younger,  of  Augsburg,  born  iti  1 500,  died  15  59.  The  shield  is  ;  Party 
per  fess  in  chief  or,  a  demi-double  headed  eagle  displayed  sable,  with 
the  nimbus  of  the  German  Empire  ;  and  the  base,  argent,  a  bend 
gules,  between  in  chief  three  birds  vert  and  in  base  three  toothed 
sickles  azure.  Crest :  the  lieads  and  necks  of  two  demi-snakes, 
entwined  and  addorsed  and  issuing  from  a  crown.  The  mantling  is 
hung  with  bells  at  the  ends. 


424 


PLATE   CXXXV. 


FIGURES    OF    KING    ROBERT    BRUCE    AND    HIS    SECOND    QUEEN. 

From  a  MS.  in  the  Advocates'  Library  in  Edinburgh. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  lo.  Arms  of  the  Altensteigs  in  Swabia,  by  Hans  Barqkmair 
the  younger  :  Or,  a  saltii-e  gules,  over  all  an  eagle  displayed  sable, 
crowned  or.  The  mantling  is  sable  and  or,  and  the  crest,  out  of  a 
crown,  a  demi-eagle  as  in  the  arms,  charged  with  a  saltire  gules. 

Fig.  1025,  which  follows,  was  drawn  by  Rans  Bm-gkmair  the  elder, 
1473-1531,  the  father  of  the  preceding.     It  shows  Maximilian  1. 

-MAXIMILIANVS- 


seated  on  a  throne,  and  at  his  feet  an  armorial  shield,  and  thereupon 
the  Imperial  eagle  (with  one  head),  bearing  on  its  breast  a  shield  con- 
ta,iiiing  the  arms  of  Old  Hungary,  Dalmatia,  Croatia,  New  Austria, 
Old  Burgundy,  Styria,  and  Carinthia.  Over  the  throne  is  siis- 
pended  Maximilian's  badge  or  pictorial  device  ;  between  an  Imperial 
globe  and  a  pomegranate,  a  wheel,  with  many  knives  attached  to 
it,  referring  to  the  many  dangers  to  which  he  was  exposed  during 
his  life.,  (Usually  this  device  will  be  found  accompanied  by  the 
motto  :  "Per  tot  discrimina.")  The  design  is  taken  from  a  series  of 
pages  on  the  "Genealogy  of  Maximilian."  If  the  eagle  in  the  coat 
of  arms  of  the  Altensteigs  is  compared  with  that  in  Fig.  13,  it  will 
be  easily  recognised  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to  distinguish  the 
work  of  the  two  Burgkmairs. 

Fig.  II.  Arms  f)f  Leo7i/iard  Beckh  von  Bechstein  (Beckenstein)  of 
Augsburg,     1544.      Artist    unknown.      The    shield   is   quarterly: 


Fig.  1026. — The  Arms  of  the  Freiberren  von  Rindscheit. 

I  and  4,  or,  a  goat  sable,  crowned  ;  2  and  3,  gules,  a  ]:ioint  through- 
out argent,  three  roses  counterchanged.  The  dexter  helmet  has  for 
the  crest,  issuing  from  a  crown,  a  demi-goat  as  in  the  arms,  whilst 


the  crest  upon  the  sinister  helmet  is  a  pair  of  wings  issuing  from  a 
crown,  and  each  charged  with  the  arms  as  in  the  t-econd  and  third 
quarters.  The  mantlings  are  sable  and  or,  nnd  gules  ami  avent 
respectively.  " 

^  Fig.  12.  Anns  of  JFolf  ReckUnger  of  Augsburg.  Artist  unknown. 
Tlie  shield  is  quarterly,  the  arms  being  :  i  and  4,  azure,  two  points  in 
base  argent,  each  surmounted  by  a  rose,  and  another  rose  similarly 
placed  in  base,  all  counterchanged  ;  2  and  3,  per  pale  argent  and 
sable,  a  fess  dancette  counterchanged.  The  shield  is  surmounted  by 
two  helmets,  each  crowned.  The  crest  upon  ihe  dexter  is  a  pea- 
cock's tail  between  two  buffalo's  horns  azure,  each  showing  a  point 
anient,  surmounted  by  a  rose,  the  dexter  mantling  being  azure  and 


Fig.  1027.- 


-The  Arms  of  the  Freiherren  von  Pogel  of  Eeiffenstein 
and  Aarberg. 


argent.  The  crest  upon  tlie  sinister  helmet  is  a  p.iir  of  wings,  each 
charged  with  the  arms  as  in  the  2nd  and  3rd  quarters.  The  sinister 
mantling  is  sable  and  argent. 

Figs.  1026  and   1027  are  other  very  excellent  and  characteristic 
examples  of  arms  by  German  artists  at  about  this  period. 

H.  S. 


PLATE    XCVIII 

EXAMPLES  FROM  THE  ROLL  OF  ARMS  OF  THE 
GESCHLECHTERGESELLSOHAFT  "ZUR  KATZE"  IN 
CONSTANCE 

(1547) 

The  Meetings  of  the  Patricians  (the  so-called  honourable  burghers, 
probi  cives)  of  the  old,  free  city  of  Constance,  on  the  Bodensee  (Lake 
of  Constance),  in  whose  hands  was  the  government  of  the  town, 
were  held  in  the  old  "  Amlungsgasse,"  in  the  house '^' Zur  Katze  " 
{i.e.  at  the  sign  of  the  Cat).  Hence  also  the  name  of  the  Society. 
In  the  year  1424  the  Society  sold  their  house  to  the  Jew  Abraham, 
and  purchased  a  new  one  in  the  Munstergasse  (now  Katzgasse  No.  3), 
to  which  the  old  name  was  transferred. 

When  in  the  year  1548  the  town  lost  its  freedom,  the  privileges  of 
the  "Katze'^  also  vanished.  But  when  in  the  years  immediately 
following,  the  "  Katze "  brotherhood  gradually  resuscit-ated  itself 
once  more,  its  political  r61e  had  for  ever  finished.  In  course  of 
time  the  j^reater  number  of  the  families  were  ennobled,  a  part  of 
them  died  out,  the  other  part  was  merged  amongst  the  burghers,  till, 
at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  Society  had  completely 
disappeared.  In  1821  the  house  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
firm  of  Pecht,  whose  lithographic  establishment  is  now  settled  in 
the  "  Katze  "  house. 

Two  parchment  rolls  are  in  existence  (both  63  cm.  high  by  75  cm. 
broad),  on  which  153  coats  of  arms  of  the  f;nnilies  belonging  to  the 
"Katze"  in  1547  have  been  recorded,  and  both  are  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  town  of  Constance  (Rosgartenmuseum).  The  contours 
of  the  shields,  the  helmets,  and  the  mantlings  are  drawn  as  if  from 
the  same  pattern,  but  only  the  first  roll  is  completely  finished  ;  on 


425 


3h 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  second  only  a  few  coats  of  aims  are  entered.  The  historian 
Christophi^r  Schultheiss  asserts  that  in  the  year  1546  Michael  von 
Schwarzach  (Fig.   102S)  (SchwarzacU  in  Voi-arlberg)  collected   the 


Fig.  102S. 


arms  of  the  Herren,  of  the  Katze,  and  entered  them  in  a  book, 
which  collection  probably  served  as  a  model  for  ihe  rolls.  The 
first  roll  also  shows  the  device  of  the  Society  (Fig.  1029) :  Azure,  a 


Fin.  1029. 

cat  arj^ent,  armed  and  crowned  gold.     On  the  white  banner  of  the 
supporter  the  black  cross  of  Constance  appe;irs. 

Fig.  I.  Schwartzen:  Or,  a  cock's  head  erased  sable,  combed  and 


wattled  gules,  the  ears  argent.  Crest :  a  cock's  head  and  neck  as 
in  the  arms,  pierced  by  a  yoke  or,  this  being  crowned  on  both  sides, 
and  within  the  crowns  bunches  of  cock's  feathers  sable.  Mantling 
sable  and  or. 

Fig.  2.  Von  Niederwyh :  Argent,  on  a  mount  in  front  of  a  tree 
vert,  an  ass  passant  argent.  Crest :  the  same  device.  Mantling 
^-ert  and  argent. 

Fig.  3.  Von  Kriltzlingen :  Party  per  fess  gules  and  or,  in  chief  a 
star  of  six  points  or,  and  in  base  a  point  sable.  Crest :  a  bird's 
head  and  neck  argent,  habited  in  a  red  cloth  and  gorged  with  a 
belled  collar  or,  on  the  head  yellow  curly  hair  bound  round  with  a 
red  kerchief.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  4.  Speclcer:  Argent,  a  wyvern  sable,  vomiting  fire,  the  feet, 
legs,  and  unilerpurt  of  tlie  ear  gules.  Crest :  a  demi-wyvern  as  in 
the  arms,  but  without  wings.  Mantling  sable  and  argent.  (On  a 
seal  of  "Cunrat  Speker"  of  1382  the  same  device  appears.) 

Fig.  5.  Schwartzen  unter  den  Suleii :  Sable,  an  eagle  displayed  or. 
Crest :  a  wing-shaped  screen  or  fan  sable  charged  with  an  eagle  as 
in  the  arms.     Mantling  sable  and  or. 

Fig.  6.  Bettwinger :  Party  per  pale  "Kursch"and  gules.  Crest: 
a  man's  head  and  shoulders  argent,  crined  or,  habited  and  with  a 
cap  per  pale  as  the  field,  crined  or.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  7.  Hafen :  Or,  an  earthen  vessel  {grapeii)  azure.  Crest :  an 
earthen  vessel  as  in  the  arms.  Mantling  or  and  azure.  (Hug  der 
Hafen,  Stadtamnian  [Magistrate]  of  Constance,  bore  the  same  figure 
on  his  shield  in  1350.) 

Fig.  8.  Von  Rof :  Argent,  a  devil's  (?)  head  sable,  armed  and 
langued  gules,  crowned  or.  Crest :  a  devil's  head  as  in  the  arms, 
and  shoulders  habited  argent.  {Heinrich  von  Hoff  bore  the  same 
arms  on  his  seal  in  141 1. )     Possibly  the  head  may  be  that  of  a  bull. 

Fig.  9.  Von  Uoggioyl :  Gyronny  of  eight  argent  and  gules.  Crest ; 
a  bolster  or  cushion  of  the  arms,  the  two  corners  ending  in  a  ball  or 
tassel  or,  and  issuing  from  each  a  cock's  feather  sable.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent.  (Ulrich  von  Roggwile  bore  the  same  shield  upon 
his  seal  in  1372.) 

Fig.  10.  Ueberlinger :  Party  per  bend  nebuly,  in  chief  argent  and 
in  base  per  fess  gules  and  azure.  Crest :  the  bead  and  neck  of  a 
greyhound  argent,  about  the  neck  a  hood,  gules  and  azure.  Mant- 
ling ardent.  (In  Siebmacher's  old  Wappenbucli  V.  Bd.  fol.  192,  two 
shields  of  the  Ueberlingers  are  given,  the  one  party  nebuly  azure 
and  argent,  and  argent  and  gules.) 

Fig.  II.  Schmijigg  (Schantingen) ;  Argent,  si,x  mounts  vert,  in- 
fiamed  proper  and  enibrasst^.  Crest :  the  device  as  in  the  arms. 
Mantling  argent. 

Fig.  12.  Ma^gugg :  Argent,  on  three  mounds  issuing  in  base  or, 
two  "f "-shaped  twigs  gules.  Crest;  a  demi-man  habited  gules, 
crined  or,  holding  his  eyes  wide  open  with  his  hands.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  13.  Rulu:  Argent,  a  lion  rampant  azure.  Crest:  attached  to 
the  ears  and  scalp  gules,  two  stag's  atiires  argent,  each  tine  adorned 
with  bunches  of  cock's  feathers  sable.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  14.  Im  Turn:  Party  per  bend  or  and  gules,  a  bend  connter- 
changed.  Crest :  a  dog's  head  and  shoulders  argent,  habited  as  the 
arms,  the  hood  or,  the  face  surrounded  by  a  fringed  border  gules. 
Mantling  or  and  gules. 

Fig.  15.  A-ppentegger :  Argent,  the  head  of  a  stag-beetle  couped 
gules.     Crest :  the  same  device.     Mantling  argent. 

Fig.  16.  Fryg :  Party  jjer  pale  sable  and  argent,  two  scythe-blades 
counterchanged,  points   downwards.     Crest :    an  indenled    scythe-  ■ 
blade  argent,  adorned  on  tlie  back  with  three  cock's  leathers  sable. 
Mantling  sable  and  argent. 

Fig.  17.  Blaurer  (Blarer) :  Argent,  a  cock  gules.  Crest :  a  cock's 
head  and  neck  gules.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  (Konrad  Blaurer, 
Platzvogt,  of  Constance,  displayed  this  device  on  his  seal  in  1538. 
The  Blaurers  played  an  important  part  in  the  history  of  Constance.) 

Fig.  18.  Goldast:  Azure,  a  branch  with  leaves  ur.  Crest:  i^suing 
from  a  crown  azure,  a  twig  as  in  the  arms  argent.  (Compare  Plate 
LXXXVIII.  Fig.  7.) 

Fig.  19.  Havenshtirg :  Gules,  two  bends  argent,  within  a  bordure 
or,  masoned  compony  and  counter-compony.  [The  bordure  may  be 
intended  to  represent  a  chain.]  Crest :  a  bearded  man's  head  proper, 
crined  or,  habited  bendy  as  the  arms ;  on  his  head  a  cap  argent  and 
issuing  therefrom  ostricli  feathers  gules,  ur,  and  argent ;  a  chain 
terminating  in  a  ring  hangs  from  the  neck. 

Fig.  20.  Siiui :  Argent,  a  garland  vert,  adorned  with  roses  gules. 
Crest:  a  wing-shaped  screen  or  fan  argent,  charged  with  a  garland 
as  in  the  arms.     Mantling  argent. 

Fig.  21.  Hinter  Sunt  Johnns  (this  curious  name  is  literally 
"Behind  St.  Jobn'');  Gules,  a  unicorn's  head  couped  argent  and 
horned  sable.  Crest :  a  unicorn's  head  as  in  the  arms.  Mantling 
argent  and  sable. 

Fig.  1028.  Von  Schwarmch:  Argent,  on  a  pale  wavy  sable,  three 
fishes  naiant  of  the  field.  Crest :  on  a  wing-sliaped  screen  the  same 
device.  (On  seals  of  15 14  and  1563  the  same  device  occurs,  but 
instead  of  the  wing-shaped  screen,  real  wings  are  made  use  of  to 
carry  tbe  device.) 

The  arms  from  both  parchment  rolls  have  been  reproduced  on  a 
sciile  of  four-fifths  their  natural  size. 

H.  S. 


426 


PLATE   CXXXVI. 


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THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATES   XCIX.,   C,   AND   CI. 

"PRINCE  ARTHUR'S   BOOK" 

Amongst  the  manuscripts  in  the  English  College  of 
Arms,  which  is  peculiarly  rich  in  examples  of  heraldic  art 
of  the  Tudor  period,  is  a  book  which  is  always  known  as 
"Prince  Arthur's  Book."  The  tradition  is  that  it  was 
expressly  made  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  the  laws  of 
armory,  together  with  the  arms  in  use  in  England,  to 
Arthur,  Prince  of  Wales,  the  eldest  son  of  King  Henry 
A^II.  It  is  a  large  folio  volume  on  vellum,  partaking 
somewhat  of  the  character  of  an  "  ordinary,"  The  arms 
of  most  families  of  importance  in  England  and  of  many 
of  the  principal  personages  of  Europe  are  duly  emblazoned 
in  the  volume.  In  speaking  of  the  tradition  connected 
with  this  MS.,  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve  remarks  in  his  "  Decor- 
ative Heraldry":  "Prepared  for  so  distinguished  a 
purpose  under  the  direction,  perhaps  by  the  hand  of, 
Sir  Thomas  Wriothesley,  Wallingford  Pursuivant  to 
Prince  Arthur,  and  afterwards  Garter  King  of  Arms  and 
Secretary  to  Henry  VIII.,  it  is  of  exceptional  interest  as 
a  fine  and  careful  work."  Mr.  Eve  further  remarks  that 
"  the  Prince's  own  arms  impaled  with  those  of  Katharine 
of  Arragon  fittingly  appear  on  its  first  page,  and  these  fix 
the  date  of  its  production  as  1 501-2.  It  is  not,  however, 
all  of  that  period,  for  it  is  clear  from  internal  evidence 
that  it  was  added  to  from  time  to  time  during  the  first 
half  of  the  century,  but  the  style  throughout  is  to  a  large 
extent  the  same."  Whilst  the  accuracy  of  the  tradition 
concerning  the  MS.  in  no  way  affects  any  estimate  of 
its  value  from  an  artistic  point  of  view  (upon  which  basis 
it  is  properly  judged  to  be  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of 
heraldic  emblazonment  now  in  existence),  I  am  by  no 
means  certain  that  this  tradition  of  its  origin,  which  is 
generally  accepted  and  which  Mr.  Eve  repeats,  is  the 
correct  one.  The  MS.,  as  a  note  inside  the  cover  states, 
was  given  and  bequeathed  to  the  Heralds'  College  by 
Ralph  Sheldon  in  1684.  That,  of  course^  definitely  settles 
the  point  that  it  is  not  an  oflBcial  MS.,  and  it  leaves  its 
origin  a  matter  open  for  speculation  ;  for  it  must  be  very 
evident  that  it  had  been  in  private  custody  for  some  con- 
siderable period  before  it  passed  into  the  possession  of 
the  College  of  Arms.  Its  name  "  Prince  Arthur's  Book  " 
is  probably  a  modern  description  taken  from  the  fact  that 
the  painting  on  the  first  page  bears  the  name  "Prince 
Arthur."     This,  however,  needs  some  little  consideration. 

The  painting  as  it  at  present  stands  exhibits  the  Royal 
Arms  of  France  and  England  quarterly,  differenced  by  a 
plain  label  of  three  points  argent  impaled  with  the  coat 
of  Katharine  of  Arragon.  The  dexter  supporter  is  the 
guardant  lion  of  England  (here  represented  as  proper  and 
not  gold,  as  later  it  is  more  frequently  found)  with  a  similar 
label,  the  sinister  supporter  being  an  eagle  sable.  The 
name  which  is  written  above  it  is  very  evidently  no  part 
of  the  original  design,  and  is  manifestly  a  later  insertion, 
as  are  many  other  manuscript  notes  which  are  to  be  met 
with  throughout  the  volume.  For  instance  the  mottoes 
of  some  number  of  the  peers  are  added  to  their  supporters. 
These  mottoes  are  palpably  later  additions,  and  are  in  the 
same  handwriting  as  is  the  name  "  Prince  Arthur." 

If  the  painting  upon  the  first  page  be  carefully  scrutin- 
ised, it  becomes  clearly  apparent  that  the  shield  loas 
origiTudly  surmounted  by  the  Royal  crovMi  of  England. 
The  cap  and  the  arches  of  the  crown  have  been  deliber- 
ately painted  out,  so  as  to  leave  remaining  no  more  than 
the  simple  circlet  of  crosses  patee  and  fleurs-de-lis  which 
at  the  present  day  we  should  term  the  coronet  of  a 
younger  son  of  the  Sovereign.  I  know  of  no  other  in- 
stances where  this  coronet  is  heraldically  assigned  as  a 
coronet  of  rank  at  that  period  to  the  Prince  of  Wales, 


though  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  was  the  one  used  by  him. 
It  certainly  appears  in  connection  with  the  ostrich  feather 
badge.  Therefore  the  original  appearance  of  the  cap 
and  arches  of  the  crown  shows  clearly  that  the  paint- 
ing was  originally  made  as  an  emblazonment  of  the  arms 
of  King  Henry  VIII.  and  Queen  Katharine.  Throughout 
the  book  there  are  various  little  instances,  for  example 
the  defacement  of  the  cardinals'  hats  in  some  cases, 
which  lead  one  to  the  certain  conclusion  that  the  book 
has  been  "gone  over"  at  a  later  period  by  some  one 
"  with  views,"  and  corrected  in  accordance  therewith. 

There  are  two  reasons  which  may  account  for  the 
alteration  having  been  made.  It  may  have  been  a 
conscientious  protest  against  what  many  did  and  do 
consider  to  have  been  the  incestuous  marriage  of  King 
Henry,  and  that  some  one  for  that  reason  has  deliberately 
tried  to  convert  the  impaled  arms  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
Queen  Katharine  into  the  achievement  of  Prince  Arthur, 
of  the  legality  of  whose  marriage  with  Katharine  of 
Arragon  there  never  was  any  doubt.  But  there  is 
another  reason,  which  perhaps  is  the  more  likely  to  have 
been  correct.  Accusations  of  treason  were  lightly  made 
but  ruthlessly  punished  in  King  Henry's  reign,  and  the 
execution  of  Sir  Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  for  the 
treason  contained  in  the  use  of  those  arms  of  St.  Edward 
the  Confessor  the  right  to  bear  which  had  been  granted 
to  his  ancestor,  must  have  come  to  many  people  as  a 
sharp  reminder  of  the  possibilities  of  treason  which  might 
lie  hidden  in  a  coat  of  arms.  After  the  divorce  of  Queen 
Katharine  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  owner  of  the 
manuscript,  fearing  he  might  lose  his  head  by  the  owner- 
ship or  exhibition  of  the  painting,  altered  the  coat  so 
that  it  would  suit  Prince  Arthur,  for  the  same  brush 
which  painted  out  the  arches  and  the  cap  in  the  Royal 
crown  over  the  shield  also  painted  out  the  arches  and 
cap  in  the  crown  on  the  lion  supporter,  and  added  to 
that  supporter  and  to  the  quarterly  coat  of  France  and 
England  a  white  label.  Having  painted  out  the  dis- 
tinctive portions  of  the  crowns  and  painted  in  the  labels, 
the  same  hand  perhaps  has  written  in  "  Prince  Arthur,"  so 
that  there  should  be  no  doubt  on  the  point.  But  had  the 
book  been  originally  intended  for  Prince  Arthur,  and  had 
it  been  the  intention  to  put  his  name  at  the  beginning, 
we  should  not  have  found  it  scribbled  in  in  small  letters, 
but  properly  illuminated,  and  the  fact  that  the  coat  of 
arms  has  been  mtt  out  from  a  larger  sheet  and  pasted  on 
to  another  only  adds  to  the  probability  that  the  original 
inscription  bore  the  name  of  King  Henry.  Prince  Arthur, 
who  was  born  in  i486,  was  created  Prince  of  Wales  in 
1489,  so  that  he  would  never  have  been  known  as  "  Prince 
Arthur  "  except  in  his  early  infancy  ;  certainly  not  during 
the  period  after  his  marriage  to  Katharine  of  Arragon. 
We  should  have  found  his  name  as  Arthur,  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  the  description  of  the  arms  as  those  of 
"  Prince  Arthur  "  was  simply  intended  to  emphasise  the 
fact  that  they  belonged  to  him  and  not  to  the  next 
Prince  of  Wales,  who  eventually  succeeded  as  Heniy  VIII. 
If  the  foregoing  conclusions  of  mine  are  correct,  the 
volume  must  date  between  the  years  1509  and  1533- 
This  point,  however,  has  little  concern  with  the  value  of 
the  MS.  as  a  most  valuable  artistic  monument  of  Tudor 
armorial  handicraft.  As  such  it  will  be  difficult  ever  to 
rival,  though  it  should  be  added  that  an  appreciable 
proportion  of  the  emblazonment  is  by  no  means  of  equal 
value  with  the  finer  work  of  the  remainder,  upon  which  a 
judgment  of  the  MS.  is  usually  founded.  As  is  so  often 
found  to  be  the  case  in  these  early  Rolls  of  Arms,  many  of 
the  coats  of  arms  in  it  are  purely  fictitious,  and  it  should  be 
noted  that  the  MS.  is  not  an  official  "record."  But  the 
better  portion  of  the  work  is  a  superlative  example  of 
that  high  type  of  excellence  both  in  design  and  execution 
which  characterised  go  much  of  the  heraldic  art  of  the 


427 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Tudor  period.  Mr.  C.  H.  Atliill,  F.S.A.,  Richmond 
Herald,  has  been  kind  enough  to  have  certain  of  the 
arms  and  other  paintings  copied,  and  has  certified  these 
copies  for  me,  and  it  is  through  his  kindness  that  they 
are  reproduced  in  this  volume. 

On  Plate  XCIX.  are  reproduced  a  series  of  shields  selected 

as  typical  from  those  throughout  the  volume.    These  are : — 

I.  Argent,  a'lion  rampant  azure,  "  Mods'' water  Faucon- 


10.  Gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale  or,over  all 
an  escarbuncle  azure.  (''  The  brother  to  the  King."  This 
is  probably  intended  for  a  bastardised  version  of  the  Royal 
Arms,  but  it  has  not  been  possible  to  identify  the  owner.) 

11.  vSable,  a  saltire  flory  argent,  between  four  lions 
passant  guardant  or.  (Here  this  coat  is  ascribed  to 
Pykot,  but  elsewhere  [see  Plate  LXXXVI.]  it  appears  as 
the  arms  of  Ayne.) 


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Fig.  1030. 


Fig.  1031. 


Fig.  1032. 


Fig.  1033. 


berge."  The  ownership  of  these  arms  is  somewhat  of  a 
mystery.  Walter,  Lord  Fauconberg  (the  last  lord  of  his 
name)  died  in  1407.  These  are  not  the  real  arms  of 
Fauconberg,  but  the  coat  of  Bruce,  a  quartering  which 
the  Lords  Fauconberg  had  inherited,  and  which  they 
appear  to  have  frequently  substituted  for  their  own. 

2.  Or,  a  lion  rampant  double-queued  sable  (the  Lord 
de  Welles). 

3.  Vert,  a  lion  rampant  guardant  argent  (Mons'  Richard 
de  Shirburne). 

4.  Sable,  two  lions  passant  in  pale  paly  of  six  argent 
and  gules  (Sir  James  Strangwayes). 


12.  Argent,  a  fess  nebuly  sable,  between  three  lozenges 
gules,  in  the  centre  chief  point  a  lion  passant  azure 
(Robert  Thorne). 

1 3.  Or,  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed  sable  ("  The 
Emperor.") 

14.  Gules,  an  eagle  displayed  barry  of  six  or  and  vert, 
langued  azure  (Coche). 

15.  Gules,  on  a  fess  engrailed  or,  between  three  boars' 
heads  couped  argent,  a  mullet  sable  (Judde). 

16.  Azure,  five  fusils  conjoined  in  fess  argent,  in  chief 
a  label  of  as  many  points  gules,  and  on  the  centre  fusil  a 
crescent  for  difference  sable  (Dautrey). 


■c<yYMA 


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FlG.  1034. 


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Fig.  1036. 


5.  Gules,   a   lioQ   statant  argent  (le  S.   de  Shasta  de 
halghton). 

6.  Argent,   a   lion  statant   guardant    gules  (le    S.    de 
Querleton). 

7.  Gules,  a  lion  rampant  guardant  double-queued  or 
(Earl  of  Teyne). 

8.  Barry  of  ten  argent  and  azure,  a  gryphon  segreant 
or  (Sir  John  Ryseley). 

9.  Vert,  a  bicorporated  lion  sejant  guardant  within  a 
bordure  engrailed  argent  (Attewater). 


Fig.  1030.  Barry  wavy  of  six  ermine  and  gules,  on  a 
chevron  between  three  "crevices"  (crayfish)  or,  a  rose 
between  two  lilies  stalked  and  leaved  (William  Att- 
water,  Dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal  and  of  Sarum). 

Fig.  1 03 1.  (William  of  the  Spicery.) 

Fig.  1032.  (Mons''  Amand  Routhe.) 

Fig,  1033.  (Lucas.) 

Figs.  1034,  1035,  and  1036  are  reproductions  of  crests 
taken  from  a  series  depicted  in  the  volume,  these  being, 
however,  strikingly  fewer  in  number  than  the  shields. 


428 


PLATE  CXXXVII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  1034.  On  a  wreath  argent  and  gules,  a  demi-eagle 
displayed  vert,  armed  gules  (Monthermer,  Earl  of  Glou- 
cester).    The  mantling  is  vert,  lined  with  argent. 

Fig.  1 03  5 .  Out  of  a  coronet  or,  an  ostrich's  head  and  wings 
proper,  holding  in  the  beak  gules  (?)  a  carpenter's  brace 
and  bit.  The  real  crest  holds  a  horse-shoe.  The  mantling 
is  azure  lined  with  ermine  (the  King  of  Hungary). 

Fig.  1036.  On  a  wreath  argent  and  sable,  a  dexter  arm 
embowed,  habited  in  fur  and  tied  with  a  ribbon  argent,  hold- 
ing in  the  hand  proper  a  lion's  gamb  erased  sable,  armed 
gules.  The  mantling  is  gules,  lined  argent  (Dunstanville, 
Lord  and  Baron  of  Castlecombe). 

Plate  C.  represents  a  curious  decorative  development 
of  heraldry  in  Tudor  times.  In  such  designs  the  sup- 
porters, which  are  represented  singly,  are  each  depicted 
supporting  a  banner.  It  was  exceptional  at  that  period 
for  the  two  supporters  to  differ.  The  instances  chosen 
for  reproduction  are  as  follows  : — 

I.  "Azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or,"  the  arms  on  a  banner 
surmounted  by  a  crown  and  supported  by  "  a  stag  argent. 


^^c  Swc  oft 


axf'ic.K 


Fig.  1037. 

gorged  with  a  coronet  and  winged,  the  inside  of  the  wings 
azure,  seme-de-lis  or"  (the  arms  of  the  Realm  of 
France).  The  supporters  of  France  are  usually  stated  to 
be  angels,  and  it  would  be  of  no  little  interest  to  ascertain 
the  authority  for  this  variation. 

2.  A  banner  per  pale  of  blue  and  murrey  (the  livery 
colours  of  the  Duke  of  York — Edward  IV.),  charged  with  his 
badge  of  a  silver  falcon  within  an  open  fetterlock  of  gold. 
The  banner  is  supported  by  the  white  lion  of  March. 

3.  A  banner  per  pale,  the  dexter  gules,  two  keys  in 
saltire  argent,  surmounted  by  a  Eoyal  crown  or  (the  arms 
of  the  See  of  York)  ;  the  sinister  sable,  on  a  cross  engrailed 
argent,  a  lion  passant  guardant  gules,  between  four 
leopards'  faces  azure,  on  a  chief  or,  a  rose  of  the  third, 
between  two  Cornish  choughs  of  the  first,  armed  also  of 
the  third.  The  banner-staff  is  surmounted  by  a  cross, 
and  the  banner  by  a  scarlet  cardinal's  hat,  though  it  may 
be  noticed  that  the  tassels  are  fewer  in  number  than 
would  now  be  the  case.  (Refer  to  the  chapter  on 
Episcopal  Heraldry.)  The  arms  are,  of  course,  those  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey  ("the  lord  thomas  Wulcy  "),  Legate  of  the 
Lateran.  Archbishop  of  York,  and  Chancellor  of  England. 
The  fact  that  they  are  accompanied  by  a  supporter  is  of 


singular  interest,  though  it  would  be  of  much  advantage 
if  it  were  known  whether  the  supporter  belongs  to  the 
princely  rank  of  a  cardinal,  to  the  Archiepiscopal  See  of 
York,  or  was  personal  to  Cardinal  Wolsey.  The  sup- 
porter in  question  is  a  griffin  per  fess  gules  and  argent, 
armed  and  winged  or,  holding  in  the  dexter  claw  a  mace 
or  (presumably  that  of  the  Lord  Chancellor). 

4.  The  fourth  figure  upon  this  plate  is  even  yet  more 
quaint.  The  arms  upon  the  banner  are  :  Sable,  a  chevron 
engrailed  argent  between  three  plates,  each  charged  with 
a  pallet  gules.  The  arms  are  surmounted  by  the  chief  of 
the  Order  of  St.  John,  and  the  staff  carries  the  double 
ecclesiastical  cross.  The  crest  (on  a  wreath  argent  and 
azure,  a  demi-lion  rampant  double-queued  sable,  gutte- 
d'or,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  pallet  as  in  the  arms)  is 
made  to  answer  the  purpose  of  a  supporter,  although  it 
had  no  such  intrinsic  character.  It  is  nevertheless  a 
quaint  and  pleasing  example  of  artistic  design.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  the  wreath  is  not  of  the  livery  colours,  but 
that  the  banner  is  fringed  with  them — a  very  usual  practice. 


Fig.  103S. 

The  arms  and  crest  are  those  of  Sir  Thomas  Dockwra, 
the  last  English  Prior  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John. 

The  next  figure  (Fig.  1037)  is  a  banner  of  the  arms  of 
the  Duke  of  Suffolk  (Sir  Charles  Brandon,  KG.),  viz.: 
Quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.,  barry  of  ten  argent  and  gules,  a  lion 
rampant  (sometimes  represented  queue  -  fourch^)  or, 
crowned  per  pale  of  the  second  and  first  (for  Brandon) ; 
ii.  and  iii.,  quarterly  I  and  4,  azure,  a  cross  moline  or 
(for  Briiyn) ;  2  and  3,  lozengy  gules  and  ermine  (for 
Rokeley).  The  banner  is  surmounted  by  a  coronet  of 
rank,  an  unusual  circumstance  at  this  period,  and  is  sup- 
ported by  a  falcon  with  wings  displayed  and  inverted 
argent,  standing  on  a  small  bird  of  the  same.  As  will  be 
seen  from  Fig.  931,  which  represents  the  arms  of  the 
Duke  as  they  appear  on  his  seal,  this  drawing  in  "  Prince 
Arthur's  book"  differs  from  the  usually  accepted  version 
of  the  Brandon  arms,  which  makes  the  lion  queue- 
fourche,  and  which  makes  the  dexter  supporter  a  lion  or, 
crowned  per  pale  argent  and  gules,  gorged  with  a  plain 
collar  azure,  the  studs  and  chain  of  the  last. 

Fig.  1038  is  a  banner  showing  the  badge  of  the  sun  in 
splendour  of  King  Richard  II.,  supported  by  another  of 
his  badges,  the  hart  ducally  gorged  and  chained. 


429 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Plate  CI.  and  Figs.  1039  and  1040  in  the  test  are  also 
reproduced  from  "Prince  Arthur's  Book,"  and  are  from  a 
series  of  heraldic  drawings  illustrative  of  the  snccessive 
Royal  badges.  It  should  be  carefully  noted  that  these  do 
not  represent  either  arms  or  banners,  but  are  merely  draw- 
ings of  badges  arranged  (presumably  for  artistic  reasons) 
within  parallelograms,  each  badge  presumably  depicted  on 
the  livery  colours  with  which  it  was  displayed.     The  one 


penbuchlein  of  Virgil  Soils,  Niirnberg,  1555.  [Recently  republished 
by  Georg  Hirtli  in  his  Liebhaberbibliothelc  alter  Ulnstrat or cii  (IsHmich, 
1886)].  The  tinctures  are  indicated  by  letters  inserted  by  Virgil 
Solis  himself.  Kingdom  of  Germanm  :  Or,  an  eagle  displayed  sable, 
with  the  head  set  in  a  nimbus.  Crest :  an  Imperial  orb  resting  in 
the  coronet.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Kingdom  of  Hungary  :  Party 
per  pale,  the  dexter  barry  of  eight  argent  and  gules  (old  Hungarian 
coat  of  arms),  the  sinister  gules,  on  three  mounds  vert  a  patriarchal 
cross  argent  (new  Hungarian  coat  of  arms).  Crest  :  a  denii- ostrich 
with  a  horse-shoe  in  its  beak  issuing  from  the  helmet  crown  (com- 


FiG.  1039. 


Fig.  1040. 


figure  on  Plate  CI.  sbows  the  white  rose  of  York  en 
soleil,  the  fleurs-de-lis  from  the  Royal  Arms,  the  white 
lion  of  March,  and  the  suns  in  splendour,  all  these  being 
badges  used  by  King  Edward  IV.  The  blue  and  murrey 
upon  which  the  badges  are  depicted  were  his  livery 
colours. 

The  other  figure  on  the  same  Plate  shows  the  cross  of 
St.  George  and  the  Swan,  the  latter  being  a  badge  derived 
from  the  Bohun  family,  the  wife  of  Henry  IV.  being  the 
heiress  of  that  family. 

Fig.  1039  represents  on  the  dexter  side  the  well- 
known  "sunburst"  badge,  and  the  badge  of  the  ostrich 
feather. 

Pig.  1040  shows  the  cross  of  St.  George,  the  crowned 
rose  of  York  and  Lancaster,  the  red  dragon  (of  Wales), 
the  greyhound,  the  sunburst,  and  the  crowned  portcullis 
— all  these  being  badges  used  by  Henry  VIL  The  form 
of  the  dragon  should  be  carefully  noted.  As  here  de- 
picted it  may  be  taken  to  be  the  oldest  and  best  form. 
The  shape  of  the  head  and  tail  and  of  the  claws  has 
not  gained  artistically  in  later  developments. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


PLATE   CTI 

ARMORIAL   BEARINGS   BY   GERMAN   ARTISTS 

{Second,  half  of  the  Sixteenth  Ge7ittiry) 

Fig.  I.  Coat  of  arms  of  the  year  1579.  Tlie  bearer  of  the  arms 
and  the  artist  are  alike  unknown.  The  mantling  and  helmet  are 
peculiarly  graceful. 

Eigs.  2  and   3.  Imaginary  arms  by   Virgil  Solis.      Virgil  Solis, 
painter  and  copperplate  engraver,  was  born  at  Niirnberg  1514,  and 
died  there  on  August  i,  1562.     He  was  a  very  prolific  artist,  execu- 
ting much  heraldic  work  of  noticeable  beauty. 
Figs.  4 and  5.  "Germania"  nud*'Hunger}i"  (H.'[mgary)hom  the  JVap- 


pare  the  crest  in  Fig.  1035).  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  In  both 
these  achievements  the  escutcheon  is  surrounded  by  the  collar  of 
the  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  ^^  Erasmvs  Rauch<icJmahel"  (1562),  by  Virgil  Solis. 
The  arms  are  :  Gules,  issuing  from  a  crown  or,  a  demi-wild  man 
proper,  the  face  showing  the  beak  {schnabel)  of  a  bird  in  place  of 
the  nose  and  month,  crowned  also  or,  and  carrying  a  club  over  his 
dexter  shoulder.  The  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  of  gules  and 
or,  bears  the  same  figure  as  the  crest.  As  supporters  :  dexter,  a  wild 
man  ;  and  sinister,  a  wild  woman  proper. 

Fig.  7.  Arms  of  Bernhard  IVunnsei-  von  Schafftohheim,  drawn  by 
Tobias  Stimmer.  (Taken  from  the  second  part  of  the  book  Liber 
practicar.  observationurn  H.  Kartmanni  ab  Eppingen^  printed  by 
Tliom.  Gwarin,  Basel,  1570.)  Tobias  Stimmer,  painter  and  de- 
signer, was  born  at  Schaffhausen  1534,  and  dietl  at  Strasburg  in 
the  last  years  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  shield  is  party  per 
fess  sable  and  or,  in  chief  two  crescents  argent.  The  helmet, 
which  has  a  mantling  of  sable  and  or,  bears  for  crest,  out  of  a 
coronet  or,  a  maiden's  body,  crowned  with  a  like  coronet,  habited 
with  the  device  as  in  the  arms,  and  in  place  of  her  arms  two 
buffalo's  horns  erect  or.  The  original  coat  of  arms  (granted  to 
Bernhard  Wormser  of  Strasburg  by  the  Emperor  Friedrich  IV., 
Rome,  April  8,  1452)  shows  the  maiden  dressed  in  black  only.  The 
Schaddtolsheim.  line  became  extinct  in  1643. 

Fig.  8.  Arms  of  Duke  Ulrich  II.  of  Mecklenburg,  1552,  drawn  by 
Lu^<is  Granach  the  younger  (properly  "Muller,"  born  at  Witten- 
berg 1 515,  died  there  1586),  a  pupil  of  his  celebrated  father, 
Lucas  Granach  the  elder.  The  shield  is  quartered,  and  charged 
with  an  inesciitcheon.  The  inescutcheon  shows  tlie  arms  of  the 
Gountship  of  Sclucerin^  and  is  here  party  per  fess  or  and  gules  (pro- 
perly, gules  and  or).  The  arms  are  ;  Quarterly,  i.  or,  a  bull's  head 
sable,  crowned  or,  with  the  skin  of  the  neck  erased,  and  in  the  nose 
a  nose-ring  argent  (for  tlie  Dulcedom  of  Mecklenburg);  2.  azure,  a 
griffin  segreant  or  (for  the  Lordship  of  Rostock) ;  3.  gules,  a  woman's 
arm  argent,  a  cloth  tied  roimd  it  of  the  same  and  floating,  the  hand 
holding  up  a  gem-ring  or,  set  with  a  diamond  (for  the  Lordship  of 
Stargard);  4.  or,  a  bull's  head  caboshed  in  bend  sable,  crowned  or 
(for  the  Principality  of  Wend,  Lordship  of  Werle).  The  shield  is 
surmounted  by  three  crowned  helmets  ;  the  centre  one  shows  the 
crest  of  the  Duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  viz.  a  fan  of  peacock's  feathers 
behind  five  pointed  pales  respectively  sable,  gules,  or,  azure,  and 
argent,  and  within  the  pales  a  bull's  head  sable  fesswise.  Mantling 
sable  and  or.  (Compare  Plate  XXII.  Fig.  19.)  The  helmet  on  the 
dexter  side  bears  the  Schwerin  crest — two  buffalo's  horns  party  per 
fess  or  and  gules.  JIantling  gules  and  or.  The  helmet  on  the 
sinister  side  carries  the  Rostock  crest,  namely :  two  wings  respectively 
or  and  azure.     Mantling  azure  and  or.  H.  S. 


430 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE  cm 

SPECIMENS   OF   ARMORIAL  PAINTINGS   IN   THE 

SIXTEENTH   CENTURY 
{Taken  from  an  old  Collection  in  tJie  Adelsarchives  at  Vientui) 

The  "Adelsarchiv"  in  the  office  of  the  Royal  and  Imperial 
Minister  for  the  Interior  contain  two  volumes  of  a  collection,  in 
which  projected  armorial  designs  from  old  Government  documents 
no  longer  in  existence  have  been  cut  out  and  pasted.  The  first 
volume,  entitled  Wappenhuch  /.,  39  cm.  wide  by  41  cm.  hiyh,  and 
containing  335  pages,  consists  of  paintings  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  coats  of  arms  are  those  submitted  for  approval,  and  the  remarks 
annexed  to  the  proposed  arms  emanate  from  the  most  widely 
different  sources.  They  appertained  in  most  cases  to  bourgeois 
people,  who  received  only  a  simple  JVappenhrief  ohne  Nohiliiation 
{i.e.  grant  of  arms  without  nobility),  and  as  :such  were  Wappen- 
biirger.  Consequently  we  find  that  the  projected  crowns  on  the 
helmets,  animals'  heads,  &c.,  were  mercilessly  vetoed  by  the 
censor. 

Fig.  I.  Hendelmayr  {^age  175):  Party  per  pale  gules  and  or,  a 
grey-bearded  demi-man  issuing  from  the  base,  and  crowned  with 
red  roses,  habited  and  the  collar  and  cuffs  counterchanged  of  the 
field,  resting  the  sinister  hand  on  his  hip  and  holding  in  the  dexter  a 
pair  of  stay's  attires  proper.  Tlie  helmet  has  a  mantling  or  and 
gules  on  the  dexter  side,  counterchanged  on  the  sinister.  The  crest 
is  a  demi-man  as  in  the  arms,  issuing  from  a  wreath  gules  and  or, 
"  Hannss  Hendelmayr  Burg  von  Krainburg  ussen  landt."  ''  Allowed 
iSth  Jan.  Ao.  61  "  ("Hans  Hendelniayr,  burger  of  Krainburg"). 

Fig.  2.  Geroldt  (page  44)  :  Or,  standing  on  a  rock  in  base  argent,  a 
white-bearded  wild  man  proper  habited  round  the  waist  by  a  band 
also  or,  the  ends  flowing  therefrom  or  and  sable,  the  head  adorned 
with  three  cock's  feathers,  the  outer  ones  sable,  the  interior  one  or, 
holding  in  bend  sinister,  points  downwards,  a  three-pronged  iron 
fork  or  trident,  the  shaft  also  or.  The  helmet  in  this  case  is 
crowned,  and  has  a  mantling  of  sable  and  or.  Crest :  a  demi-man 
holding  ;i  trident  in  bend  all  as  in  the  arms.  "  Balthaser  Gerolt, 
des  Raths  vnd  Pawmaist  mimchen  pith  vndthenigst  vmt  diss  Wapp 
\Tid  Klainat  rait  dem  Leh."  (Lehen)  "ist  bewilliget  mit  der  Cron 
vnd  lechenarticl  zuo  Prag  den  3  januarii  Anno  58.".  ("Balthasar 
Geroldl,  Councillor  and  master  builder  at  Miinicli,  begs  humbly 
for  this  coat  of  arms  and  crest,  with  the  investiture."  "Is 
allowed,  with  the  crown  and  articles  of  investiture,  at  Prague  the 
3rd  January  1558.") 

Fig.  3.  Degier  (page  89) :  Party  per  fess  sable  and  or,  in  chief  a 
demi-lion  issuant  of  the  second,  holding  in  his  dexter  paw  an  iron, 
Dietrich  (pick-lock)  and  in  base,  over  tiiree  mounds  sable,  issuant 
from  the  base  a  falcon  volant  proper.  Mantling  sable  and  or. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  or  and  sable,  a  demi-lion  as  in  the  arms,  "  1st 
bewilliget  sampt  der  Cron  vnd  lechenartikel  zuo  Prag  den  letzten 
Dece'bris  '58."  "  Is  allowed,  together  with  the  crown  and  the  appur- 
tenances, at  Prague  the  last  of  December  '58."  "Sol  ain  Cron 
gestelt  werd."  "Dietrich  Dewier  sambt  dem  Lehenartiel"  ("A 
crown  shall  be  added.  Dietrich  [pick-lock]  Degier,  together  with 
the  appurtenances"  [or  investiture  ?].) 

This  man,  who  reproduced  his  baptismal  name  of  Dietrich  in  a 
"canting"  form  in  his  arms,  also  had  the  helmet  crown  "allowed" 
to  him,  although  he,  judging  from  the  coat  of  arms  drawn  up,  had 
not  thought  of  it. 

Fig.  4.  Leuhlin  (page  172):  Per  fess  sable  and  or,  over  all,  and 
standing  upon  three  mounds  in  base  vert,  a  lion  rampant  counter- 
changed,  holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  linden  slip  of  three  leaves 
vert.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  or  and  sable,  a 
demi-Hon  rampant  or,  holding  a  slip  of  linden-leaves  as  in  the  arms. 
"Jacob  leublin  Gerichtschreiber  zu  Memmingen  pittet  vndthenigist 
Im  vnd  seinen  prueder  Georg  dises  "Wapp  Gmain  zuverleih," — 
"14**^  Dec.  Ao.  67."  ("James  Leublin,  Clerk  of  the  Court  of 
Memmingen,  begs  humbly  that  this  coat  of  arms  may  be  granted 
to  him  and  his  brother  George  in  common.     14th  Dec.  1567.") 

Fig.  5.  Kliuen  (page  296)  :  Party  per  pale  gules  and  argent,  a 
double  rose  cuunterchangcd,  seeded  or.  Mantling  and  wreath  gules 
and  argent.  Crest:  a  pair  of  wings  displayed,  the  dexter  per  bend 
and  the  sinister  per  bend  sinister  gules  and  argent,  each  cltarged 
with  a  rose  as  in  the  arms.  "  Georg  Khuen  ain  Landtman  in  Tyrol " 
— "ist  bewilligt  den  8  Januarii  Ao.  46  Zu  Wien"  ("George 
Khuon,  a  countryman  in  Tyrol" — "is  allowed  this  the  8th  January 
1546  at  Vienna"). 

Fig.  6.  MittbUrger  (page  176)  :  Gules,  on  a  base  vert,  a  town-gate 
open  and  provided  with  a  portcullis,  flanked  by  two  round  towers 
battlemented  argent,  and  on  each  a  cupola  purpure.  On  the  battle- 
ments above  the  gateway  a  stork's  nest,  and  therein  a  stork  and 
two  young  ones  proper,  the  stork  holding  in  its  beak  gules  a  snake, 
also  purpure.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  Crest :  the  stork  and 
nest  as  in  the  arms.  "Hannss  Mittbiirger,  Bitrger  zu  Morspurg, 
bitt  Allervnderthenigst  vmb  diss  Wapen  vnd  Klainot.— One  lehen. " 
*'  Bewilligt  II.  July  '65"  ("  Hans  Mittbiirger,  Biirger  of  Morspurg, 


begs  most  humbly  for  this  coat  of  arms  and  crest — without  appur- 
tenances.''— "Allowed  July  11,  '65''). 

The  stork  on  the  town  door  is  in  a  measure  "  Mittbiirger ''  (co- 
burgher)  of  the  town. 

Fig.  1041.  Trantwein  (page  321)  :  Azure,  a  bunch  of  grapes  or. 
Mantling  azure  and  or.     Crest :  out  of  a  crown  or,  a  woman's  body 


Fig.  1041. — Trautwein. 

without  arms  proper,  vested  azure,  the  dress  cut  very  low,  and 
adorned  with  a  gold  border,  crined  also  or,  and  about  the  head  a 
riband  also  azure.  (Height,  13  cm.)  "Haiurichen  Trautweins  von 
houen  Schofen^  zu  Hagenaw  vnderthenigst  bitt  ist  Inre  obbemelt 
sein  alt  wappen  mit  der  Cron  zu  verbes.^ern  sambt  ainen  Adelsbrieff 
zu  vertigen  " — "  bewilligt  die  bosst-rung  der  chron  sambt  der  Nobili- 
tation,  doch  uusserhalb  des  Thurnirhelms"  ("Heinrich  Trautwein 
of  hohen  Schofen  at  Hagenau  begs  humbly  to  augment  his  old  arms 
with  the  crown  and  a  letter  of  nobility." — "Allowed  the  augmenta- 
tion of  the  crown,  and  the  grant  of  tl)e  nobility  in  addition  to  the 
tilting-helmet.")  H.  S, 


PLATE  CIV^ 

EXAMPLES  FROM  JOST   AMMAN'S 
UND   STAMMBUCH" 


'WAPPEN- 


(1579  and  1589) 

Jost  (Jobst,  Jodoc,  Justus)  Amman  (Amann,  Anian),  who  was 
born  at  Ziirich  1539,  and  died  at  Niirnberg  in  March  1591,  in 
which  town  he  had  been  occupied  since  1560,  was  one  of  tlie  niost 
prolific  artists  of  the  second  half  of  the  sixteenth  century.  He 
was  a  mastt-r  in  the  designing  of  helmet  mantlings.  Tlie  IVapen- 
vnd  Stammbuch  darinnen  der  Keys.  Jfaiests.  Chur  vnd  Fiirsten 
Graffen  Freyherni  deren  vom  Adel,  cfcc,  (Book  of  Ai-ms  and 
Genealogy,  in  it  His  Imperial  Majesty  [Electors  and  Princes] 
Counts  [Barons]  those  of  noble  rank,  &c.)  was  published  by  Sig- 
mund  Feyrabend,  Fmnkfurt  a.  M.,  1579  and  1589.  F.  Wornecke 
republished  the  work  in  phototype  in  1877,  and  Georg  Hirth  the 
same  in  1881  in  his  Liebhaber- Bibliothek  alter  Illustratoren.  In  Figs. 
I,  4,  6,  and  7  tiie  supjjoriers,  which  Amman  so  lavishly  added  to 
most  of  ihe  arms,  have  been  ignored. 

Fig.  I.  ^'^  Die  Gi'eiiff'en" :  Azure,  a  griffin  segreant  or,  testing  its 
dexter  claw  on  an  inescutcheon  gules.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  azure 
and  or,  a  demi-griffin  or.     Mantling  aziire  and  or. 

Fig.  2.  '^Die  /Jailer  von  Sallerstein''  (NiirnhergiAniily) :  Quarterly, 
I  :tna  4,  party  per  point  issuing  from  the  dexter  side  of  the  escut- 
cheon gules  and  sable,  a  chevron  fesswise  issuing  from  the  dexter 
side  argent;  2  and  3,perfessgulesandargfnt,  in  chief  a  point  reversed 
of  the  last,  and  in  base  a  lion  passant  sable.  The  escutcheon  is  sur- 
mounted by  two  helmets,  the  mantling  of  the  dexter  being  gules 
and  argent,  and  the  sinister  gules  and  or.  The  dexter  crest  is : 
issuing  from  a  coronet  a  demi-negress  proper,  habited  in  gules,  the 


431 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


hair  bound  with  a  plait  also  gules  and  with  a  band  argent,  all  between 
two  buflfalo's  hums  gults,  and  issuing  from  each  li  peacock's  feather. 
The  sinister  crest  is:  on  a  wreath  gules  and  or,  a  stag's  attire  on 
tlie  dexter  side,  and  on  the  sinister  siue  a  wing  as  the  field  of  the 
arms  {i.e.  of  the  second  and  third  quartering.-). 

Fig.  3.  " Die  Sitter"  (Rieter,  Niiinberg  family):  Quarterly,  i  and  4, 
per  fess  Siible  and  or,  a  crowned  melusine  {i.e.  a  mermaid  with  two 
tails)  proper,  habited  gules  ;  2  and  3,  party  per  pale  or  and  gules,  a 
fleur-de-lis  counterchaiigecl,  over  all  on  an  ineseutcheon  arL;ent,  a 
calPs  head  caboshed  azure.  The  escutcheon  is  surmounted  by  two 
helmets,  the  dexter  mantling  being  argent  and  gules,  the  sinister 
being  gules  and  or.  The  dexter  crest  is  :  on  a  conjnet  a  crowned 
melusine  as  in  the  arras  ;  and  the  sinister  crest  is  two  wings  dis- 
played, each  charged  with  the  ai-ras  {i.e.  tlie  second  quartering) 
continued  directly  into  the  red  and  ^old  mantling.  (See  Plate 
LXVIII.  Fig.  7.) 

Fig.  4.  "  D.  G-renip"  (Gremp  of  Freudenstein) :  Gules,  from  three 
mounds  issuing  in  base  vert  a  swan  rising  or,  holding  in  its  beak 
a  geni-ring  or,  set  i\'ith  a  stone  azure.  Crest:  on  a  coronet  a  swan 
rising  and  issuant  as  in  the  arras. 

Fig.  4.  "  Die  Ridtseln  "  (Riedesel  of  Eisenbach)  :  Or,  an  ass's  head 
sable,  holding  in  its  mouth  three  thistle-leaves  vert.  Crest  :  a  pair 
of  wings  expanded  sable,  continuing  into  the  mantlinu;  sable  and 
or,  each  wing  charged  with  an  escntclieon  of  the  arms,  of 

Fig.  6.  '■'Monesse"  :  Bendy  of  six  gules  and  or,  a  dexter  quarter 
azure  charged  with  a  pigeon  rising  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
gules  and  or,  a  pigeon  as  in  the  arms  between  two  buffalo's  horns, 
tlie  dexter  gules,  the  sinister  or. 

Fig.  7.  "  Die  im  Hoff"  (Imhof)  :  Gule.^,  a  sea-lion  passant  or,  armed 
and  langued  azure,  the  t-ail  erected  in  arch.  Mantling  gules  and 
or.     Crest :  a  sea-lion  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  8.  "Die  Stainheymer"  (Steinlieimer  «»f  Frankfurt-on-tlie- 
Main)  :  Party  per  fess  or  and  argent,  in  chief  a  demi-eagle  displayed 
.<^ble,  and  in  base  three  mounds  issuing  in  base  charged  with  a  bar 
wa^T",  and  from  the  summits  of  each  mound  a  clover-leaf  issuing  vert. 
Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  sable  and  or,  between 
two  buffalo's  lioms  per  fess,  the  dexter  or  and  sable  and  the  sinister 
sable  and  or,  and  issuing  from  the  orifice  of  each  a  clover-leaf  vert, 
three  mounds  vert,  charged  with  a  bar  wa^7,  and  issuing  from  the 
centre  mount  a  clover-leaf  or  trefoil,  also  vert. 

In  the  JVappe?i-u7id  Stammhuch  appears  also  the  Imperial  coat  of 
arms,  with  the  inscription  over  it,  "  Romische  Keyserliche  Maiestet " 
(Fig.  :o42).    It  shows,  within  two  branches  of  laurel,  the  double  eagle 


Fig.  1042. 

with  the  nimbus,  surmounted  by  the  Imperial  crown,  and  bearing  a 
crowned  "  breast-shield "  {i.e.  on  its  breast  an  escutcheon)  charged 
with  the  ineseutcheon  of  Austria.  The  breast-shield  shows  the  arms 
of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Castile,  and  Leon,  as  also  Old  Burgundy, 
Tyrol,  and  Flanders.  H.  S. 


PLATE  CV 

EXAMPLES  FROM    JOST    AMMAN'S 
UXD   STAMMBUCH" 


'WAPPEN- 


(1579  a«f/  1589  ;  vjith  other  Armorial  Designs  by  the 
sarne  Master) 

Fig.  I.  "  Die  Stallberger  "  (Stallburger,  a  Frankfurt  family) :  Azure, 
three  escallops  argent.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  two 
wings  displayed,  each  charged  with  the  arms. 

Fig.  2.  "  jDj^  MartorJP^  (Martorf,  a  Frankfurt  family) :  Party  per  fess 
argent  and  azure,  in  chief  a  Hon  passant  guardant  gules,  in  base  a 


bend  wavy  of  tlie  first.  Crest:  out  of  a  coronet  between  two  wings 
argent,  each  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lis  gules,  a  demi-Iion  affrunte 
gules.     Mantling  gules  and  argent. 

Fig.  3.  "'Die  Xeinchassen"  (Neuenhaus,  a  Frankfurt  family): 
Argent,  a  chevron  gules,  terminating  in  ;i  cross  patte  between  three 
lozenges  sable.  (In  the  German  blazon  these  are  described  as  three 
black  dice,  placed  on  the  jioints.)  Mantling  argent  and  gnles. 
Crest :  two  wings  displayed,  each  charged  with  the  arras. 

Fig.  4.  "■Die  von  Hessenhurn"  (Hessberg,  a  Franconian  family): 
Party  per  pale  argent  and  gules,  on  the  dexter  side  three  roses  in  pale 
gules,  seeded  or,  and  on  the  sinister  as  many  bars  argent.  Crest : 
a  bearded  demi-man  proper  withouc  arms,  habited  gules,  the  habit 
continuing  into  the  mantling,with  two  reed-mace  (bulrushes)  issuing 
from  his  head.  (This  crest  is  also  occasionally  met  with  having 
black  ass's  ears.) 

Fig.  1043  is  also  taken  from  the   Wappen-  und  Sfammhicch,  and 


Fig.  1043. — Bohemia. 

shows  within  a  cartouche,  stirmounteil  by  a  beautifully  designed 
crown,  the  arms  of  Bohemia,  viz. :  Gules,  a  lion  rampant  doxible- 
queued  argent,  armed  and  crowned  or.  This  concludes  the  specimens 
taken  from  this  book. 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  the  Dr.  jur.  (Doctor  of  Laws)  NiJcolmis  Eeiissner, 
Rector  and  Professor  of  the  University  of  Lauingen.  (From  P. 
0\'idii  Metamorphosis,  hg.  v.  {i.e.  published  by)  Gerardium 
Lorichium,  Frankfurt-on-Main,  1581  :  Party  per  pale,  the  dexter 
side  argent,  on  three  mounds  in  base  vert  a  lion  rampant  gules 
(according  to  Siebmacher's  Book  of  Arms,  the  lion  holds  a  star  in 
the  dexter  paw) ;  the  sinister  sable  two  liends  or.  Mantling  :  on  the 
dexter  side  gules  and  argent ;  on  the  sinister,  sable  and  or.  Crest : 
issuant  from  a  coronet  a  demi-lion  gules,  holding  in  its  dexter  paw 
a  six-i>ointed  star  (or?).  Two  swans  gorged  with  coronets  serve  as 
supporters. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  the  Bishop  of  Augahurg^  Johann  Egenolph  von 
ir7(ori«(7en(i573-i575), designed  in  the  year  1573.    Arms:  quarterly, 

1  and  4,  party  per  pale  gules  and  argent  (Bishopric  of  Augsbiu-g) ; 

2  and  3,  sable,  an  annulet  argent  (Knoringen).  The  escutcheon 
is  surmounted  by  three  helmets.  The  centre  one  bears  on  a 
cushion  the  episcopal  mitre  with  the  head  of  a  crosier  issuing 
from  it;  the  dexter  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  of  gules 
and  argent,  is  surmounted  by  a  coronet  out  of  which  issues  a 
lozenge-shaped  escutcheon  party  per  pale  of  the  Augsburg  colours 
(7.t'.  gules  and  argent),  adorned  along  its  edges  with  peacock's 
feathers.  The  sinister  helmet,  which  has  a  mantling  sable  and 
argent,  bears  the  crest  of  the  Knoringens,  viz. :  on  a  cushion  an 
annulet  argent,  surmounted  by  a  coronet  or,  from  which  issues  a 
plume  of  ostrich  feathers  sable.  The  crown  and  the  ostrich  feathei-s 
were  an  augmentation  by  the  Roman  king  Rupert  of  the  Palatinate, 
dated  "Heidelberg  off  den  sampsstag  vor  unsers  Herren  lichnamstag" 
(on  the  Saturday  before  our  Lord's  Corpus  Christi  Day,  29th  May 
1404).  In  the  four  corners  of  the  engi-aving  the  arms  of  the 
bishop's  grandparents  are  introduced,  viz.  in  the  dexter  upper 
corner  Knoringen  as  already  blazoned  ;  in  the  dexter  lower  corner 
Scliwendi :  Azure,  a  fess  or,  between  in  cliief  and  base  three 
lozenges  conjoined  argent ;  in  the  sinister  upper  corner  Westerstetten : 
Per  fess,  the  chief  per  pale  argent  and  gules,  the  base  azure  ;  and  in 
the  sinister  lower  Freiber<;  von  Eisenberg  :  Per  fess  argent  and  azure, 
in  base  three  bezants.  The  connection  is  explained  by  the  following 
table: 


Ulrich  von  Knoringen  = 
Susanna  von  Schwendi. 

L'lrich  von  Knoringen 


Johann  Egenolph  von  Knoringen. 


Wolf  von  Westerstetten  = 
Catharina  von  Freiberg. 

Anna  von  TVesterstetten . 

H.  S. 


432 


PLATE   CXXXVIII. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE  CVI 

EXAMPLES  FEOM   THE   "  ARCHITECTVEA "   OF 
WENDEL  DIETTERLIN 

{End  of  the  Sixteenth  Century) 

Wendel  Dietterlin  (or  Dietterlein),  born  at  Strassburg  in  1550, 
was  an  architect,  but  was  at  tlie  same  time  a  painter,  gold- 
smith, and  engraver,  and  enjoyed  a  great  repute  on  account  of  his 
brilliant  imagination  and  the  versatility  of  his  accomplishments. 
He  died  in  his  native  town  in  1599.  The  heraldic  decorations 
(25  cm.  high  by  18  broad)  drawn  by  him  in  his  book  Architectvra  vnd 
Ansstheilung  der  V  Seulen  show  the  early  and  quaint  style  of  his 
work,  which  is  specially  remarkable  for  the  unduly  exaggerated 
freedom  of  tlie  supporters  which  he  embodied  in  his  designs.  If  the 
artist  occasionally  allowed  himself  to  be  led  away  by  his  too  luxuriant 
imagination  into  grotesque  designs,  at  any  rate,  despite  all  his  fail- 
ings, they  are  evidence  of  the  great  and  original  genius  the  posses- 
sion of  which  cannot  be  denied  to  him.  Considered  from  a  purely 
heraldic  standpoint  his  compositions  are,  however,  both  interesting 
and  instructive.  The  connection  between  arms  and  architecture  is 
nearly  always  happUy  introduced,  everything  has  life,  movement, 
and  action,  though  occasionally  perhaps  too  much  exuberance  ;  but 
none  of  the  examples  of  his  work  result  in  being  either  weak  or 
wearisome.  One  cannot  help  regretting  that  in  Fig.  i  the  shield 
has  been  merged  into  a  mere  architectural  device,  auli  that  the  pose 
of  the  two  lions  in  Fig.  3  is  quite  too  theatrical  for  armorial  use ; 
but  Fig.  2,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  very  successful  piece  of  work,  and 
the  arrangement  of  the  three  helmets  in  Fig.  4  is  very  cleverly 
carried  out,  in  a  manner  worthy  of  imitation.  Karl  Klimsoh,  in 
his  Collection  of  Designs,  Die  Omamentik  (Ornamentation),  book  vi. 
(publishers,  Klimsoh  &  Co.,  Frankfurt-on-Main),  gives  a  heraldic 


Wappmhich  I.  Here  and  there,  however,  dates  of  patents  are 
noted,  such,  for  instance,  as  will  be  found  on  the  arms  of  Herjeomber 
(Fig-  4). 

Fig.  I.  Heldt  (folio  61) :  Azure,  a  demi  wild  man,  couped  and 
crined  or,  the  face  proper,  his  sinister  hand  resting  on  his  hip,  and 
the  dexter  brandishing  a  club  proper.  The  helmet,  which  is  barred 
and  has  a  mantling  of  azure  and  or,  bears  as  crest  a  demi-man  as  in 
the  arms,  but  the  figure  is  continued  into  the  mantling.  The  Helds 
were  an  old  burgher  family  (mentioned  as  early  as  1322)  of 
Strassbui-g.  Magistrate  Abraham  Held,  who  was  born  1524, 
was  magistrate  at  Strassburg  after  1569,  and  died  25th  September 
1594,  received  on  the  25th  January  1581  the  rank  of  nobility  from 
the  Emperor,  with  an  armorial  augmentation. 

Fig.  2.  Faher  (folio  50) :  Argent,  on  three  mounds  issuing  in  base 
vert,  a  negro  proper,  a  cloth  gules  bound  round  his  head,  flowing 
therefrom  and  entwining  itself  round  his  body,  holding  in  his  dexter 
hand  a  hammer-shaped  branch  of  wood  or,  and  in  his  left  a  clover- 
leaf  slipped  vert,  his  dexter  foot  entwined  by  a  serpent  proper. 
The  tilting-helmet  has  a  curious  mantling  and  wreath.  The 
former  is  sable,  lined  with  or  on  the  dexter  side,  and  gules  lined 
with  argent  on  the  sinister.  The  wreath  accords  with  the  tinc- 
tures of  the  mantling,  and  is  of  six  coils,  respectively  sable,  or, 
sable  argent,  gules  and  argent.  The  crest  is  a  demi-negro  as  in 
the  arms. 

Fig.  3.  Schaff{i6[io  141):  Sable,  an  increscent  and  a  decrescent  in- 
terlaced argent.  The  tilting-helmet  has  a  mantling  of  sable  lined 
argent.  Crest :  a  demi-wolf  sable  continuing  into  the  mantling, 
on  his  shoulders  a  cowl,  also  sable,  and  carrying  in  the  hood 
thereof  three  geese  argent,  beaked  gules,  the  heads  looking  back- 
wards. 

Fig.  4.  Herkoniber  (folio  72) :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  sable,  on  a  mount 
vert,  a  mastiff  passant  argent,  collared  gules  ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a 
chess-rook  sable.  (See  Plate  X.  Fig.  71.)  Tlie  helmet,  which  is 
affronte,  with  grills  and  a  mantling  sable  and  argent,  bears  as  crest, 
on  a  wreath  argent  and  sable,  between  two  buffalo's  horns  per  fess 
sable  and  argent,  a  chess-rook  as  in  the  arms,  in  front  of  and  sup- 
ported by  a  demi-mastiff  affront^  argent,  collared  gules,  rimmed  and 
studded  or.  Near  the  coat  of  arms  is  the  date,  "  Eegensberg,  25th 
June  1641." 

Fig.  5.  Eeitmohr  (folio  150):  Or,  a  stag  salient  gules,  on  its 
back  a  negro  a  cheval  proper,  crowned  and  girdled  or,  grasping 
the  attires  of  the  stag.  (Reitmohr — 7-ei(  =  ride  ;  and  mo^r=moor.) 
The  helmet  and  crest,  as  in  the  two  next  coats  of  arms,  were 
not  shown.  The  Eeitmohrs  (originally  Eeitmaier)  were  ennobled 
in  1588. 

Fig.  6.  Eotta  (folio  142) :  Or,  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed 
sable,  the  head  in  a  nimbus  argent,  and  superimposed  thereupon  in 
the  second  and  third  quarters  of  the  escutcheon  dimidiating  the 
above  coat  the  coat  following,  viz. :  Azure,  a  wheel  of  six  spokes 
argent.  The  crest,  which  is  not  reproduced  here  because  of  the 
decidedly  sketchy  treatment  of  the  mantling  in  the  original,  is  a 
demi-lion  argent  with  three  heads  gules,  each  crowned  or. 

Fig.  7.  Brunet-  (folio  2) :  Or,  a  bear  rampant  sable,  holding  in  its 
fore-paws  a  battle-axe  proper,  with  a  long  handle  sable. 

Fig.  8.  Knohlacher  (folio  140)  :  Per  fess  or  and  sable,  two  leeks  in 
saltire  proper,  roots  downwards,  surmounted  by  a  leek  in  pale  root 
upwards,  all  proper,  and  over  all  an  inescutcheon  argent,  charged 
with  a  cross  patee  gules.  The  tilting-helmet  is  crowned,  and  the 
mantling  is,  on  the  dexter  side  sable  and  or,  and  on  the  sinister 
gules  and  argent.  The  crest  is,  between  t\vo  wings  displayed,  the 
dexter  per  fess  gules  and  argent,  and  the  sinister  per  fess  or  and 
sable,  three  leeks  disposed  as  in  the  arm^,  and  charged  with  a  cross 
patee  gules.     ((TarKc= Knoblauch.)  H.  S. 


Fig.  1044. — Armorial  design  by  K.  Klimsoh. 


composition  (Fig.  1044)  drawn  exactly  in  Dietterlin's  manner,  only 
the  artist  might  quite  easily  have  avoided  the  unnatural  position  of 
the  lion's  feet  standing  on  the  floating  ends  of  the  mantling. 

H.  S. 


PLATE   CVII 

SPECIMENS   OF  AEMOEIAL   PAINTINGS  OF  THE 
SIXTEENTH  AND  SEVENTEENTH  CENTUEIES 

(Taken  from  an  old  Collection  in  a  Volume  in  the  Adelsarchives 
in  Vienna) 

The  arms  here  given  are  taken  from  an  old  book  {Wappenhuch 
II.)  in  the  possession  of  the  Adelsarchiv  (Nobility  Archives)  in 
Vienna.  These  armorial  paintings  are  pasted  in  the  book  (16  cm. 
wide  by  20  high),  and  belong  chiefly  to  the  seventeenth  century,  but 
they  show  no  critical  remarks,  as  is  the  case  with  the  arms  in 


PLATE   CVIII 

HEEALDIC  WOOD-GAEVINGS   IN  THE   POSSESSION  OF 
THE  AUSTEIAN  IMPERIAL  FAMILY 

Contained  in  the  second  group  of  the  Art  Historical  Collection  of 
the  Austrian  Imperial  Family  are  thirty-four  wood  models  in  the 
style  of  the  German  Renaissance,  amongst  them  twenty-six  with 
lozenge-shaped  fields  for  the  arms  —  Bohemia,  Burgau,  Burgundy, 
Castile  Cilly,  Dalmatia,  Alsace,  Gorz,  Granada,  Hocli-  uud  Deutsch- 
meister  des  Deutschen  Ritterordens  (Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic 
Order),  Carinthia,  Camiola,  Kyburg,  Moravia,  Austria  above  and 
below  the  Enns),  Pfyrt,  Portenau,  Swabia,  Servia,  Sicily,  Slavonia, 
Styria,  Tyrol,  Hungary,  Windische  Mark  (Wend  Territory)— 63  em. 
high  and  53  cm.  broad.  Unfortunately  it  is  not  definitely 
known  for  what  purpose  or  place  they  were  originally  destmed, 
but  it  has  been  conjectured  that  these  models  were  intended  for 
printing  or  stamping  tapestry.  In  the  inventory  of  the  collection 
at  Schloss  Ambras,  near  Innsbruck,  the  first  intimation  of  their 
existence  occurs  in  1730.      The  models,  according  to  Dr.  A.  Ilg, 


433 


3i 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


who  published  them  in  187S  by  order  of  the  Lord  High  Chamber- 
lain, were  made  by  the  engi-aver  Andreas  Spangler,  who  worked 
in  the  first  quarter  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  person  who 
commissioned  him  was  certainly  the  Archduke  Maximilian  III., 
Governor  of  Tyrol  and  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic  Order,  because 
the  arms  of  the  Grand  Master  are  to  be  found  amongst  the  models. 
The  models,  therefore,  originated  sometime  between  the  years  1602 
and  1618.  The  figures  on  the  plate  show  the  following  coats  of 
arms,  the  blazonings  of  wliich  we  here  append  : — 

Fig.  I.  Duktdoin  ofSwahia:  Or,  tliree  lions  passant  in  pale  sable. 

Fig.  2.  Kmydom  of  Bohemia :  Gules,  a  lion  rampant  double- 
queued  argent,  crowned,  armed,  and  langued  or. 

Fig.  3.  Coiiniij  of  Tijrol,  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  Princijjality : 
Argent,  an  eagle  displayed  gules,  armed  and  crowned  or,  with  trefoil 
"  buckles  "  on  the  wings  or. 

Fig.  4.  Old  Servia :  Gules,  a  boar's  head  sable,  armed  argent,  with 


SPECIMENS   OF  LETTERING 

The  first  and  second  lines  show  an  alphabet  of  capitals  in  the 
style  of  the  fourteenth  century,  while  the  third  line  furnishes  Arabic 
cyphers  showing  how  they  had  developed  in  the  course  of  the  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  centuries.  -  H.  S. 


PLATE  cix 

EXAMPLES   OF  MANTLINGS   OF  THE   SIXTEENTH 
AND  SEVENTEENTH   CENTURIES 

Figs,  i-ioand  1046  and  1047  are  from  the  Land  of  the  goldsmith, 
designer,  and  copperplate  engraver,  TJieoflw  de  Bry,  who  was  born  at 


Fig.  1045. — Arms  of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic. Order. 


an  arrow  of  the  last  in  its  mouth.  Thus  in  the  great  State  coat  of 
arms. of  Austria,  1806  and  1836.  According  to  other  representa- 
tions the  hoar's  liead  appears  on  an  argent  field,  the  arrow  with 
the  shaft  being  gules. 

Fig.  1045.  Arms  of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic  Order  :  Argent, 
a  cross  sable  charged  with  a  cross  fieuretty  or,  in  the  centre  a  small 
inescutcheon  or,  charged  with  an  eagle  displayed  sable.  It  would 
be  more  correct  to  substitute  a  cross  potent  or  (see  Plate  X. 
F'g-  3i)>  the  crutches  charged  with  demi-fleurs-de-lis.  Tlie  Grand 
Masters  received  the  cross  potent  (Jerusalem  cross)  from  King  John 
of  Jerusalem  ( 1 2 19),  the  lilies  from  King  Louis  IX.  of  France,  and  the 
Emperor  Frederic  II.  granted  the  escutcheon  with  the  eagle,  the 
old  arms  of  the  German  realm.  The  drawing  of  the  lion  in  the 
Swabian  coat  of  arms,  as  well  as  the  heraldic  rendering  of  the 
Servian  animal,  must  be  regarded  as  particularly  representative 
examples;  the  boar's  liead,  in  particular,  being  one  of  the  finest 
heraldic  representations  known. 


Li^ge  1528.  As  an  adherent  of  Luthert  teachings,  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  that  town  in  1570,  and  settled  at  Frantfurt-on-the-Main, 
where  he  carried  on  a  book  and  fine-art  repository,  dying  in 
1598. 

Figs.  3  and  6,  likewise  Fig.  1047,  are  taken  from  the  book  Em- 
llenuita  Nobilitatw,  Stam-  vnd  irapenhiichlein  (Frankfurt,  1592).  The 
last-mentioned  figure  (Fig.  1047)  shows  a  lozenge  snch  as  has  always 
been  used  for  ladies'  arms  in  British  and  Western-European  her- 
aldry, and  which  are  nowadays  frequently  employed  in  Germany. 

Figs.  I,  2,  4,  7-10  are  from  the  book  Embleviata  Secuhria  (Frank- 
furt, 1596). 

Figs.  11-15  are  to  be  found  in  the  copperplate  engraving  from 
the  book  "  Nieu  IVapen  Boexken  van  M.  le  Blon,  1649.  J.  C.  Vischer 
excudit." 

Michel  le  Blon  (Blond)  was  likewise  a  goldsmith  and  copper- 
plate-engraver, and  also  a  plenipotentiary  of  Queen  Christine  of 
Sweden  in  England.     He  was  born  at  Frankfurt-on-the-Main  in 


434 


PLATE   CXXXIX. 


CONTEMPORARY   SEALS. 
By  German  Seal  Engravers. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


1590  (15S7  ?),  and  died  at  Amsterdam  in  1656.     (He  bore  for  arms  : 
Azure,  a  saltire  argent.     Crest :  a  phcenii.) 

The  designs  for  arms  by  Theodor  de  Bry  -n-ere  copied  from  the 
two  above-meni  ioned  works  in  the  possession  of  the  Puljlic  Library 


Fig.  1046. 


Fig.  1047. 


Fig.  1048.— Model  in  the  Late  Gothic  style  of  K.  Klimsoh. 

at  Stutigart,  the  patterns  of  Le  Blond  from  single  sheets  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  collection  of  engravings  of  the  k.  k.  Austrian  Museum 
for  Art  and  Industry  in  Vienna.  H.  S. 


PLATE   CX 

EXAMPLES   OF   HERALDIC  DESIGNS   OF  THE   SEVEN- 
TEENTH  AND   EIGHTEENTH   CENTURIES 

-  Fig.  I.  Arms  of  the  ifaTqwis  J.  L.  de  Beringhen  (Comte  de 
Chateaunenf),  Governor  of  the  Citadel  of  Marseilles  :  Argent,  three 
pallets  gules,  a  chief  azure  charged  with  two  roses  argent.  The 
shield  is  surmounted  by  the  coronet  of  a  marquess  and  a  barred 


helmet,  and  thereupon  a  simUar  coronet.  This  helmet  shows,  pre- 
sumably as  a  crest,  a  pair  of  wings  each  charged  with  the  arms. 
Round  the  shield  are  the  collars  of  the  Orders  of  St.  Michael  and 
La  Saint  Esprit.     Supporters  :  two  griffins. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Jean  Bapt.  Colbert  (Marquis  de  Seignelay),  Louis 
XIV.'s  celebrated  Minister  of  Finance  (born  i6i9,died  1683)  •  Or  a 
serpent  azure.  The  coronet,  helmet,  and  the  collar  of  the  ordei-s 
are  the  same  as  in  the  lastmentioned  arms.  The  crest,  which  in 
this  case  issues  from  the  coronet,  is  a  demi-unicorn.  The  supporters 
are  two  unicorns.  The  casket  resting  on  the  compartment  is  a 
reference  to  the  office  of  the  owner  of  the  arms.  Both  coats  of  arms 
are  the  work  of  the  French  engraver  Sebastien  le  Clerc,  who  was 
born  at  Metz  in  1637  and  died  in  Paris  1714. 

Fig.  1 049  shows  the  arms  of  Duhe  diaries  Leopold  of  Lorraine  (died 


Fig.  1049. — Arms  of  Dnke  Charles  of  Lorraine. 

1690),  and  was  designed  by  the  same  artist.  The  shield,  which  is 
surrounded  by  the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  contains 
the  arms  of  Lorraine,  Hungary,  Naples,  Jerusalem,  Arragon,  Anjou, 
Guelders,  Jiilich,  and  Bar,  and  bears  tlie  ducal  crown  of  Lorraine, 
which  may  be  recognised  by  the  Lorraine  cross  (compare  Plate  VII. 
F'g-  25).  Two  sUver  eagles,  likewise  adorned  with  the  gold  cross 
of  Lorraine,  act  as  supporters. 
A  charming  drawing  is  that  given  in  Fig.  1050,  which  gives  the 


FiG.i   050. — Arms  of  Cardinal  Richelieu. 


arms  of  Cardinal  ArmaTid  Jean  Daplessis^  Due  de  Richelieu  (liorn 
1585,  died  1642),  engraved  by  the  French  painter  Claude  Mellan 
(born  at  Abbe\'ille  in  1621,  died  16S8  in  Paris),  who  was  noted  for 
the  careful  way  in  which  he  avoided  the  use  of  any  crossed  lines  in 
his  engravings.  The  arms  upon  the  shield  are:  Argent,  tluree 
chevx-onels  gules. 

The  next  engraving  (Fig.  105 1)  represents  a  German  piece  of 
work  of  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  arms 
of  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  as  iised  from  1500  to  1648.  On  the 
inescutcheon  in  tlie  centre  are  the  arms  of  the  Landgraviate  of 
Hesse,  here  :  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  double-queued,  harry  of  seven 
argent  and  gules,  crowned  or.  Tlie  shield  itself  is  quarterly,  and 
shows  in  the  first  quarter  the  arms  of  the  Countship  of  Katzeueln- 
bogen  :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  guardaut,  double-queued  gules,  cro^vned 
azure;  the  second  quarter  shows  the  arms  of  the  Countship  of 
Ziegenhain :  Per  fess  sable  and  or,  in  chief  a  star  of  six  points 
argent ;  the  third  quarter  contains  the  arms  of  the  Countship  of 
Nidda  :  Per  fess  sable  and  or^  in  chief  two  stars  of  eight  points  in 
fess  argent.  The  fourth  quarter  has  the  arms  of  the  Countship 
of  Dietz  :  Or,  two  leopards  passant  double-queued  in  pale  gules. 
The  centre  helmet  bears  the  crest  of  Hesse,  viz. :  Out  of  a  crown 
two  bufi"alo'3  horns  argent,  adorned  with  slips  of  leaves.  The 
dexter  helmet,  likewise  crowned,  bears  the  crest  of  Katzenelnbogen  : 
A  pair  of  wings  sable,  each  cliarged  with  a  bezant  of  the  arms.    The 


435 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


helmet  on  the  sinister  side,  which  is  not  cro'u-ned,  displays  the 
Ziegenhain  crest :  A  demi-he-goat  sable,  armed  and  nnguled  argent, 
between  two  wings,  each  of  the  arms.  The  tinctures  of  the  mantlings 
correspond  to  those  of  the  respective  fields  of  the  quarterings. 

Fig.  3  on  Plate  CX.  shows  an  English  piece  of  work,  the  arms  of 


Fig.  4,  Plate  CX.,  shows  the  arms  of  King  Louis  XV.  of  France 
(1730)  :  Azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or.  The  shield,  which  is  sur 
mounted  by  the  Royal  crown  of  fleurs-de-lis,  is  surrounded  by  the 
collars  of  the  Orders  of  St.  Michael  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  This 
design  was  prepared  for  a  gold  frame  for  the  portrait  of  the  King  by 
Juste  Aurele  Meisonnier  of  Piermont  (died  1750),  and  was  engraved 
by  Huquier. 

Fig.  5.  Avm%  oi  Freilierren  von  fFirfmrtim  (Barons  von  Widmann), 


Fig.  1051. — Arms  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse. 

Sir  Harry  Pope  Blount  of  Tittenhanger,  Eart.,  engraved  by  G. 
Fcrtite,  1735,  The  arms  are  quarterly.  \. Blount:  Barry nebuly  of 
six  or  and  sable.  2.  Sutton :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  double-queued  vert, 
charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  mullet  argent.  3.  Wiclwrd  :  A^ure, 
a  chevron  argent,  between  three  martlets  or.  4.  Wase :  Barry  of 
six  argent  and  gules,  in  the  fess  point  the  escutcheon  of  Ulster  as 
a  baronet.  The  helmet,  which  is  affronte  and  with  an  open  visor, 
has  for  crest,  on  a  ducal  coronet  or,  a  wolf  statant  sable  between 
two  horns  also  or. 

The  two  following  coats  of  arms,  Figs.  1052  and  1053,  are  in  the 
style  of  a  still  later  perio<l ;  they  afford  an  illustration  of  the  de- 
cadence of  heraldic  art  in  England,  from  which  unfortunately  it  is 
only  now  slowly  recovering.  They  are  by  no  means,  however,  the 
worst  examples  which  mi.^ht  be  found. 

Fig.  1052.  Sackvile  (Duke  of  Dorset),  as  here  depicted  :  Quarterly 
gules  and  argent,  a  bend  vair.  (The  arms  of  Sactvile  are  really  : 
Quarterly  or  and  gules,  a  bend  vair.)  The  crest  as  shown  is  :  On  a 
ducal  coronet,  a  star  of  ei^ht  points  argent.  (The  crest  should  be  : 
Out  of  a  coronet  composed  of  fieurs-de-lis  or,  an  estoile  of  eight  rays 
argent.)    Supporters  :  two  leopards  argent. 

Fig.  II.  iP'atsoji-TVentworth  (Marquess  of  Rockingham):  i  and 
4,  argent,  on  a  chevron  engrailed  aznre  between  three  martlets  sable, 
as  many  crescents  or  (for  Watson) ;  2  and  3,  sable,  a  chevron  between 
three  leopards'  faces  or  (for  Wentworth).  Crest :  a  griffin  passant 
argent,  armed  and  ducally  gorged  or.  Supporters :  dexter,  a 
griffin  argent,  armed  and  ducally  gorged  or  ;  sinister,  a  lion  or.  The 
griffin,  however,  is  not  the  crest  of  the  Watson  family  but  that  of 
Wentwortli  ;  the  supporters  are  similarly  taken  from  the  arms  of 
the  Wentworths.  The  Watsons  (Earls  of  Rockingham)  originally 
used  for  supporters:  Two  griffins  argent,  ducally  gorged  or,  and  for 
crest  a  griffin's  head  erased  argent,  ducally  gorged  or.  The  Went- 
worths (Earls  of  Strafford),  had  used  for  supporters  :  Dexter,  a 
griffin  argent,  sinister  a  lion  or ;  and  when  the  Watson  family 
assumed  the  additional  surname  of  Wentworth  they  appear  to  have 
adopted  the  Wentworth  crest,  and  to  have  modified  the  supporters. 


Fig.  1052. — Arms  of  Sackville,  Duke  of  Dorset. 

originally  from  the  Palatinate-Neuberg.  The  arms  are:  Quarterly,  i 
and  4,  or,  a  fteur-de-lis  azure ;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  decrescent  or  adorned 
with  a  human  face  turned  to  the  centre  of  the  escutcheon.     The 


Fig.  1053. — Arms  of  Watson- Wentworth,  Marquess  of  RockiDgham. 

arms  upon  the  inescutcheon  are  ;  Per  bend  sinister  gules  and  azure, 
an  arm  in  armour  brandishing  a  sword  and  issuing  from  the 
sinister  side  within  a  bordure  compony  or  and  sable.  These  arms, 
without  the  inescutcheon,  are  as  borne  by  the  Widmann-Rezzonicos 
(from  Villach  in  Corinthia). 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  /.  Heinrich  Hess  (a  member  of  a  Ziirich  family, 
their  name  before  1602  being  Schmidth)  :  Per  fess  sable  and  argent, 
a  fleur-de-lis  counterclianged  (Kx  Libris,  from  the  Collection  of  Herrn 
K.  E.  Graf  zu  Leiningen-Westerburg).  H.  S. 


436 


PLATE   CXL 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER  XLIV 

ECCLESIASTICAL   HERALDRY 

ECCLESIASTICAL  heraldry  has  nothing  like  the 
importance  in  British  armory  that  it  possesses  else- 
where. It  may  be  said  to  consist  in  this  country 
exclusively  of  the  official  arms  assigned  to  and  recorded  for 
the  archiepiscopal  and  episcopal  sees,  and  the  mitres  and 
crosiers  which  are  added  to  the  shields,  and  a  certain  num- 
ber of  ecclesiastical  symbols  which  occur  as  charges.  In 
Pre-Reformation  days  there  were,  of  course,  the  many 
religious  houses  which  used  armorial  emblems,  but  with 
the  suppression  of  the  monasteries  these  vanished.  The 
cardinal's  hat  was  recognised  in  former  days,  and  would  still 
be  officially  certified  in  England  as  admittedly  correctly 
displayed  above  the  arms  of  a  Roman  cardinal.  But 
the  curious  and  intricate  development  of  other  varieties 
of  the  ecclesiastical  hat  which  will  be  found  in  use  in 
all  other  European  countries  is  not  known  to  British 
armory.  Nor  has  the  English  College  of  Arms  recog- 
nised the  impersonal  arms  of  the  Catholic  communities. 
Those  arms,  with  and  without  the  ecclesiastical  hats,  play 
a  conspicuous  part  in  Continental  heraldry. 

It  is  difficult  to  assign  a  proper  value  or  a  definite 
status  to  the  arms  of  the  abbeys  and  other  religious 
houses  in  this  country  in  Pre-Eeformation  times.  The 
principal,  in  fact  the  only  important  sources  of  informa- 
tion concerning  them  are  the  impressions  of  seals  which 
have  come  down  to  us.  Many  of  these  seals  show  the 
effigies  of  saints  or  patrons,  some  show  the  impersonal 
arms  of  the  religious  order  to  whose  rule  the  community 
conformed,  some  the  personal  arms  of  the  official  of  the 
moment,  others  the  personal  arms  of  the  founder.  In 
other  cases  arms  .presumably  those  of  the  particular 
foundation  or  community  occur,  but  in  such  cases  the 
variations  in  design  are  so  marked,  and  so  often  we  find 
that  two,  three,  or  more  devices  are  used  indifferently 
and  indiscriminately,  that  one  is  forced  to  arrive  at  the 
conclusion  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  devices  in  use, 
though  armorial  in  character,  had  no  greater  status  than 
a  temporary  existence  as  seal  designs.  They  distinctly 
lack  the  unchanging  continuity  one  associates  with 
armorial  bearings.  But  whatever  their  status  may  once 
have  been,  they  have  now  completely  passed  out  of  being 
and  may  well  be  allowed  to  rest  in  the  uncertainty  which 
exists  concerning  them.  The  interest  attaching  to  them 
can  never  be  more  than  academic  in  character  and  limited 
in  extent.  The  larger  abbeys,  the  abbots  of  which  were 
anciently  summoned  to  Parliament  as  Lords  of  Parliament, 
appear  to  have  adhered  rather  more  consistently  to  a 
fixed  device  in  each  case,  though  the  variations  of  de- 
sign are  very  noticeable  even  in  these  instances.  A 
list  of  them  will  be  found  in  the  Genealogical  Magazine 
(vol.  ii.  p.  3).     _ 

The  suppression  of  the  monasteries  in  this  country  was 
so  thorough  and  so  ruthless,  that  the  contemporary 
instances  of  abbatical  arms  remaining  to  us  from  which 
deduction  as  to  armorial  rules  and  precedents  can  be 
made  are  singularly  few  in  number,  but  it  would  appear 
that  the  abbot  impaled  the  arms  of  his  abbey  on  the 
dexter  side  of  his  personal  arms,  and  placed  his  mitre 
above  the  shield. 

The  mitre  of  an  abbot  differed  from  that  of  a  bishop, 
inasmuch  as  it  had  no  labels — or  infulm — depending  from 
witiiin  it.  The  abbot  used  a  crosier,  which  doubtless 
was  correctly  added. to  his  armorial  bearings,  but  it  is 
found  in  pale  behind  the  shield,  in  bend,  and  also  two 
in  saltire,  and  it  is  difficult  to  assert  which  was  the  most 
correct  form. 


The  crosier  of  an  abbot  was  also  represented  with  the 
crook  at  its  head  curved  inwards,  the  terminal  point  of 
the  crook  being  entirely  contained  within  the  hook.  The 
point  of  a  bishop's,  on  the  other  hand,  was  turned  out- 
wards at  the  bottom  of  the  crook.  The  difference  is  said 
to  typify  the  distinction  between  the  confined  jurisdiction 
of  the  abbot — which  was  limited  to  the  abbey  and  the 
community  under  his  charge — and  the  more  open,  and 
wider,  jurisdiction  of  the  bishop.  Although  this  dis- 
tinction has  been  much  disputed  as  regards  its  recognition 
for  the  actual  crosiers  employed,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  it  is. very  generally  adhered  to  in  heraldic  represen- 
tations, though  one  hesitates  to  assert  it  as  an  absolute 
rule.  The  official  arms  for  the  archiepiscopal  and  epis- 
copal sees  are  of  some  interest.  With  the  single  excep- 
tion of  York,  the  archiepiscopal  coats  of  arms  all  have,  in 
some  form  or  another,  the  pallium  which  forms  part  of  an 
archbishop's  vestments  or  insignia  of  rank,  but  it  is  now 
very  generally  recognised  and  conceded  that  the  pallium 
is  not  merely  a  charge  in  the  official  coat  for  any  specified 
jurisdiction,  but  is  itself  the  sign  of  the  rank  of  an  arch- 
bishop of  the  same  character  and  status  as  is, the  mitre, 
the  pallium  being  displayed  upon  a  shield  as  a  matter  of 
convenience  for  artistic  representation.  This  view  of 
the  case  has  been  much  strengthened  by  the  fact  that 
in  ancient  instances  of  the  archiepiscopal  arms  of  York 
the  pallium  is  found,  and  not  the  more  modern  coat  of 
the  crown  and  keys  ;  but  whether  the  pallium  is  to  be 
still  so  considered,  or  whether  under  English  armorial  law 
it  must  now  be  merely  ranked  as  a  charge  in  an  ordinary 
coat  of  arms,  in  general  practice  it  is  accepted  as  the 
lattery  but  it  nevertheless  remains  a  point  of  very  con- 
siderable interest  (which  has  not  yet  been  elucidated) 
why  the  pallium  should  have  been  discarded  for  York, 
and  another  coat  of  arms  substituted. 

The  various  coats  used  by  the  archbishops  of  England 
and  Ireland  are  as  follows : — 

CanUrhury. — Azure,  an  episcopal  staff  in  pale  or,  and 
ensigned  with  a  cross  pate^  argent  surmounted  of  a  pall 
of  the  last,  charged  with  four  crosses  formee  fitchee  sable, 
edged  and  fringed  or. 

ybri-.— Gules,  two  keys  in  saltire  argent,  in  chief  a 
Royal  crown  or. 

Armagh. — Azure,  an  episcopal  staff  argent,  ensigned 
with  a  cross  patee  or,  surmounted  by  a  pallium  of  the 
second,  edged  and  fringed  or,  charged  with  four  crosses 
formee  fitchee  sable. 

Dublin. — The  arms  of  this  archbishopric  are  the  same 
as  those  of  Armagh,  only  with  five  crosses  charged  on  the 
pallium  instead  of  four. 

The  arms  of  the  episcopal  sees  have  no  attribute  at  all 
similar  to  the  charge  of  the  pallium  in  the  coat  of  an 
archbishop,  and  are  merely  so  many  different  coats  of 
arms.  The  shield  of  every  bishop  and  archbishop  is  sur- 
mounted by  his  mitre,  and  it  is  now  customary  to  admit 
the  use  of  the  mitre  to  all  persons  holding  the  title  of 
bishop  who  are  recognised  as  bishops  by  the  English 
law. 

This,  of  course,  includes  Colonial  and  Suffragan  bishops, 
retired  bishops,  and  bishops  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
Scotland  and  in  Ireland.  It  is  a  moot  point  whether  the 
bishops  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Ireland  and  in  Scot- 
land are  entitled  to  make  use  of  the  official  arms  for- 
merly assigned  to  their  sees  at  a  period  when  those 
Churches  were  State-established ;  but,  looking  at  the 
matter  from  a  strictly  official  point  of  view,  it  would 
not  appear  that  they  are  any  longer  entitled  to  make 
use  of  them. 

The  mitres  of  an  archbishop  and  of  a  bishop — in  spite 
of  many  statements  to  the  contrary — are  exactly  identical, 
and  the  mistaken  idea  which  has  of  late  years  (the  practice 
is  really  quite  a  modern  one)  encircled  the  rim  of  an  arch- 


437 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


bishop's  mitre  with  the  circlet  of  a  coronet  is  absolutely 
incorrect. 

There  are  several  forms  of  mitre  which,  when  looked 
upon  as  an  ecclesiastical  ornament,  can  be  said  to  exist ; 
but  from  the  heraldic  point  of  view  only  one  mitre  is 
recognised,  and  that  is  of  gold,  the  labels  being  of  the 
same  colour.  The  jewelled  variety  is  incorrect  in  armorial 
representations,  though  the  science  of  armory  does  not 
appear  to  have  enforced  any  particular  shape  of  mitre. 

The  "  several  forms  "  of  the  mitre — to  which  allusion 
has  just  been  made — refer  to  the  use  in  actual  practice 
which  prevailed  in  Pre-Reformation  England,  and  still 
holds  amongst  Roman  Catholic  bishops  at  the  present  day. 
These  are  three  in  number,  i.e.  the  "precious"  (pretiosa), 
the  gold  {aurifcrata),  and  the  simple  (simplex).  The  two 
former  are  both  employed  at  a  Pontifical  Mass  (being 
alternately  assumed  at  different  parts  of  the  service) ;  the 
second  only  is  worn  at  such  rites  as  Confirmation,  &c. ; 
while  the  third  (which  is  purely  of  white  linen)  is  confined 
to  Services  for  the  Dead,  and  on  Good  Friday.  As  its 
name  implies,  the  first  of  these  is  of  cloth  of  gold, 
ornamented  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  with  jewels,  while 
the  second — though  likewise  of  cloth  of  gold — is  without 
any  design  or  ornament.  The  short  Gothic  mitre  of 
Norman  days  has  now  given  place  to  the  modern  Roman 
one,  an  alteration  which,  with  its  great  height  and  arched 
sides,  can  hardly  perhaps  be  considered  an  artistic  im- 
provement. Some  individual  Roman  Catholic  bishops  at 
the  present  day,  however  (in  England  at  any  rate),  wear 
mitres  more  allied  to  the  Norman  and  Gothic  shape. 

The  past  fifteen  or  so  years  have  seen  a  revival — 
though  in  a  purely  eclectic  and  unofficial  manner — of  the 
vxaring  of  the  mitre  by  Church  of  England  bishops. 
Where  this  has  been  (and  is  being)  done,  the  older  form 
of  mitre  has  been  adhered  to,  though  from  the  informal 
and  unofficial  nature  of  the  revival  no  rules  as  to  its  use 
have  been  followed,  but  only  individual  choice. 

At  the  recent  Coronation,  mitres  were  not  worn ;  which 
they  undoubtedly  would  have  been  had  this  revival  now 
alluded  to  been  made  authoritatively. 

All  bishops  and  archbishops  are  entitled  to  place  two 
crosiers  in  saltire  behind  their  shields.  Archbishops  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  have  continuously  placed  in 
pale  behind  their  shields  what  is  known  as  the  arch- 
bishop's cross.  In  actual  practice,  the  cross  carried  before 
an  archbishop  is  an  ordinary  one  with  one  arm,  but  the 
heraldic  archiepiscopal  cross  is  always  represented  as 
a  double  cross,  i.e.  having  two  transverse  pieces  one  above 
the  other.  In  the  Established  Church  of  England  the 
archiepiscopal  cross — as  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church — 
is  the  plain  two-armed  variety,  and  though  the  cross  is 
never  officially  recognised  as  an  armorial  attribute  and  is 
not  very  frequently  met  with  in  heraldic  representations, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  if  this  cross  is  used  to  typify 
archiepiscopal  rank,  it  should  be  heraldically  represented 
with  the  double  arms.  The  actual  cross  borne  before 
archbishops  is  termed  the  provincial  cross,  and  it  may  be 
of  interest  to  here  state  that  the  Bishops  of  Rochester  are 
the  official  cross-bearers  to  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury. 

To  the  foregoing  rules  there  is  one  notable  exception, 
i.e.  the  Bishop  of  Durham.  The  Bishopric  of  Durham 
until  the  earlier  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  was  a 
Palatinate,  and  in  earlier  times  the  Bishops  of  Durham, 
who  had  their  own  parliament  and  Barons  of  the  Palatinate, 
exercised  a  jurisdiction  and  regality,  limited  in  extent 
certainly,  but  little  short  in  fact  or  effect  of  the  power  of 
the  Crown.  If  ever  any  ecclesiastic  can  be  correctly  said 
to  have  enjoyed  temporal  power,  the  Bishops  of  Durham 
can  be  so  described.  The  Prince-Bishops  of  the  Continent 
had  no  such  attributes  of  regality  vested  in  themselves  as 
were  enjoyed  by  the  Bishops  of  Durham.  These  were  in 
truth   kings   within   their   bishoprics,   and    even    to   the 


present  day — though  modern  geographies  and  modern 
social  legislation  have  divided  the  bishopric  into  other 
divisions — one  still  hears  the  term  employed  of  "within" 
or  "without"  the  bishopric. 

The  result  of  this  temporal  power  enjoyed  by  the 
Bishops  of  Durham  is  seen  in  their  heraldic  achievement. 
In  place  of  the  two  crosiers  in  saltire  behind  the  shield, 
as  used  by  the  other  bishops,  the  Bishops  of  Durham 
place  a  sword  and  a  crosier  in  saltire  behind  their  shield 
to  signify  both  their  temporal  and  spiritual  jurisdiction. 

The  mitre  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham  is  heraldically 
represented  with  the  rim  encircled  by  a  ducal  coronet, 
and  it  has  thereby  become  usual  to  speak  of  the  coronetted 
mitre  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham  ;  but  it  should  be  clearly 
borne  in  mind  that  the  coronet  formed  no  part  of  the 
actual  mitre,  and  probably  no  mitre  has  ever  existed  in 
which  the  rim  has  been  encircled  by  a  coronet.  But  the 
Bishops  of  Durham,  by  virtue  of  their  temporal  status, 
used  a  coronet,  and  by  virtue  of  their  ecclesiastical  status 
used  a  mitre,  and  the  representation  of  both  of  these  at 
one  and  the  same  time  has  resulted  in  the  coronet  being 
placed  to  encircle  the  rim  of  the  mitre.  The  result  has 
been  that,  heraldically,  they  are  now  always  represented 
as  one  and  the  same  article. 

It  is,  of  course,  from  this  coronetted  mitre  of  Durham 
that  the  wholly  inaccurate  idea  of  the  existence  of  coronet 
on  the  mitre  of  an  archbishop  has  originated.  Apparently 
the  humility  of  these  Princes  of  the  Church  has  not  been 
sufficient  to  prevent  their  appropriating  the  peculiar 
privileges  of  their  ecclesiastical  brother  of  lesser  rank. 

A  crest  is  never  used  with  a  mitre  or  ecclesiastical  hat. 
Many  writers  deny  the  right  of  any  ecclesiastic  to  a  crest. 
Some  deny  the  right  also  to  use  a  motto,  but  this  restric- 
tion has  no  general  acceptance. 

Therefore  ecclesiastical  heraldry  in  Britain  is  summed 
up  in  (i)  its  recognition  of  the  cardinal's  hat,  (2)  the 
official  coats  of  arms  for  ecclesiastical  purposes,  (3)  the 
ensigns  of  ecclesiastical  rank  above  alluded  to,  viz.  mitre, 
cross,  and  crosier. 

Ecclesiastical  heraldry — notably  in  connection  with  the 
Roman  Church — in  other  countries  has,  on  the  contrary,  a 
very  important  place  in  armorial  matters.  In  addition  to 
the  emblems  officially  recognised  for  English  heraldry, 
the  ecclesiastical  hat  is  in  constant  use. 

The  use  of  the  ecclesiastical  hat  is  very  general  outside 
Great  Britain,  and  affords  one  of  the  few  instances  where 
the  rules  governing  heraldic  usages  are  identical  through- 
out the  Continent. 

This  curious  unanimity  is  the  more  remarkable  because 
it  was  not  until  the  seventeenth  century  that  the  rather 
intricate  rules  concerning  the  colours  of  the  hats  used 
for  different  ranks  and  the  number  of  tassels  came  into 
vogue. 

Other  than  the  occasional  recognition  of  the  cardinal's 
hat  in  former  days,  the  only  British  official  instance  of  the 
use  of  the  ecclesiastical  hat  is  met  with  in  the  case  of  the 
very  recent  matriculation  of  arms  in  Lyon  Register  to 
Right  Rev.  j3Eneas  Chisholm,  the  present  Roman  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Aberdeen.  The  arms  as  tnatriculated  to  him 
are  reproduced  in  facsimile  on  Plate  CXIL,  but  I  frankly 
admit  I  am  unaware  why  the  ecclesiastical  hat  assigned 
to  the  bishop  has  ten  tassels  on  either  side.  The  Con- 
tinental usage  would  assign  him  but  six,  and  English 
armory  has  no  rules  of  its  own  which  can  be  quoted  in 
opposition  thereto.  Save  as  an  acceptance  of  Roman 
regulations  (Roman  Holy  Orders,  it  should  not  be  for- 
gotten, are  recognised  by  the  English  Common  Law  to  the 
extent  that  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  is  not  re-ordained  if 
he  becomes  an  Anglican  clergyman),  the  heraldic  ecclesi- 
astical hat  of  a  bishop  has  no  existence  with  us,  and  the 
Roman  regulations  would  give  him  but  six  tassels.  The 
arms    as   upon   the   Plate   are :    "  Gules,   a    boar's   head 


438 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


couped,  within  a  bordure  engrailed  argent,  charged  with 
three  mitres." 

The  use  of  the  ecclesiastical  hat,  though  not  officially 
thei-etofore  sanctioned,  has  however  had  a  certain  amount 


Fig.  1054. — Bookplate  of  the  Rev.  George  Angas,  Priest  in  Holy  Orders 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church :  Argent,  a  lion  passant  guardant 
gules,  on  a  chief  of  the  last,  two  mullets  of  the  field. 

of  unofficial  use,  and  Fig.  1054,  which  is  a  reproduction  of 
a  bookplate,  affords  an  example.  A.  C.  F-D. 


The  regulations  which  govern  the  use  of  the  ecclesi- 
astical hat,  &c.,  outside  Great  Britain,  will  be  apparent 
from  the  examples  illustrated  on  Plates  CXI.  and  CXIII. 

The  details  of  the  arms  therein  represented  are  as 
follows : — 

PLATE   CXI 

Tig.  I.  Arms  of  His  Holiness  the  late  Ptrpe  Leo  XIII.  (Joachim 
■Pecci),  born  March  2,  18 10,  at  Carpineto,  in  the  diocese  of  Anagni ; 
elected  on  February  2otb,  crowned  March  3,  1878,  dieil  July  20, 
1903  :  Over  the  shield  is  suspended  the  tiara,  and  behind  tlie  shield, 
in  saltire,  are  the  gold  and  silver  keys,  to  bind  and  to  unloose. 
(These  two  keys  are  frequently  att<iched  by  a  gold  cord.) 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  the  GarAiiud  Cavimerlengo  of  the  Roman  Church 
during  the  "  Sedisvacanz  "  (vacancy  of  seat).  (From  the  death  of 
one  Pope  until  his  successsoi-  ascends  the  throne,  the  Holy  "  Cono- 
pceum '' (canopy)  and  the  crossed  keys' appear  behind  the  arms  of 
the  cardinal  in  question.  ■ 


and  it  is  there  remarked :  "  Nun  ist  czewissen  das  man  eiuem  bapst 
so  ner  (iberland  reiten  will  ein  sdlichen  Hut  vorfiirt  vn  fiirt  in  ein 
starker  gewappeter  man  auff  einem  weissen  ross  verdeckt  mit  einem 
rotten  Auch  gesprengt  mit  gold,  vnd  der  ist  rot  vnd  gel  .  .  ."  (Now 
the  man  is  certainly  a  pope,  so  he  will  ride  over  the  country  with 
such  a  hat  carried  before  him  ;  a  strong  man  in  armour  carries  it, 
riding  on  a  white  horse  covered  with  a  red  cloth  spriiikled  with 
gold,  and  the  canopy  is  red  and  yellow  .  .  ."). 

Fig.  3.  Cardinals  use  a  red  hat  with  fifteen  tassels  on  each  side. 
It  is  seldom  actually  worn,  but  has  considerable  processional  and 
ceremonial  use.     The  red  hat  was  granted  to  cardinals  in  1245  ^V 


Fig.  1055. 

In    Ulrich    Eeichenthal's    Conciliuvi  voii    Cmutanz    (Augsburg, 
1483)  may  be  found  an  illustration  of  the  Papal  canopy  (Fig.  1055), 


Fig.  1056. — From  a  drawing  by  Antony  of  Worms,  c.  1530  (Peter 
Quentell's  printing  office,  Cologne).  Arms  of  Cardinal  Bernhard 
von  Cless,  Bishop  of  Trient,  15 14-1539  :  Quarterly,  I  and  4, 
argent,  an  eagle  displayed  sable  (for  his  Bishopric) ;  "2  and  3.  per 
pale  argent  and  gules,  two  lions  rampant  counterchanged  (for 
Cless). 


Pope  Innocent  lY.  All  cardinals  place  it  above  their  arms.  ■  If  the 
cardinal  is  at  the  same  time  an  archbishop,  he  places  a  double-armed 
cross  behind  his  sl.iield  ;  if  a  bishop,  a  single  cross. 

Fig.  4.  Pah~utrclis  use  a  green  hat  with  fifteen  green  fiocci  (tassels) 
on  each  side,  the  cords  and  fiocci  interwoven  with  gold.  (Edict  of 
the  Holy  Congr.  Ceremo.  of  November  3,  1826.)  This  is  placed 
above  the  shield,  and  behind  appears  a  double-armed  cross.  Fig.  4 
shows  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  Luigi  Piavi. 
The  chief  contains  tbe  coat  of  arms  of  the  Franciscan  Order,  the 
present  Patriarch  belonging  to  that  order.  The  Patriarch  of 
Jerusalem,  moreover,  as  Grand  Master  of  the  Order  of  the  Holy 
Grave  of  Jerusalem,  places  his  shield  on  a  red  cross  of  Jerusalem. 
(See  Plate  X.  Fig.  32.) 

Fig.  5.  Patriarch  and  Archbislwp  of  Lisbon.  The  Patriarchs  of 
Lisbon  bear  a  special  heraldic  distinction  (granted  by  Pope  Clement 
XII.,  1 730-1740).  This  consists  of  the  Papal  tiara  placed  over  their 
shields.  Behind  the  shield  a  palm-branch  and  a  branch  of  laurel 
are  crossed  in  saltire.  On  the  shield  illustrated  appear  the  arms  of 
Cardinal  Giuseppe  Sebastiano  Neto,  Patriarch  of  Lisbon  since  March 
24,  I S84  The  Patriarch's  motto  is :  "Soli  Deo  omnis  honor  et 
gloria." 

Fig.  6.  ArchMshyps :  Green  hat  with  ten  green  fiocci  on  each 
side.  Behind  the  shield  a  two-armed  cross  in  pale  and  a  pastoral 
staff"  in  bend  sinister.  A  bishop's  mitre  (mitra)  is  placed  on  the 
shield  at  the  right.  '1  he  shield  illustiated  shows  the  arms  of  the 
Archbishopric  of  Cologne. 

Fig.  7.  Prince-Archbi'hops.  The  prince-archbishops  and  prince- 
bishops  who  are  still  in  existence  in  Austria  have  no  ecclesiastical 
rank  higher  than  other  archbishops  or  bishops  respectively.  The 
rank  of  prince  is  a  purely  temporal  rank,  which  receives  expression 
in  the  arms  by  means  of  the  prince's  hat  and  the  mantle.  The  shield 
illustrated  shows  the  official  arms  of  the  Archbishopric  of  Vienna. 

Fig.  8.  Armenian  Archbishops  use  a  green  hat  with  ten  green 
fiocci  on  each  side.  They  also  use  the  double  cross  and  the  Latin 
and  Greek  pastoral  staves  behind  the  shield,  the  mitre  in  the  centre, 
resting  on  the  top  of  the  shield.  Bishops  bear  the  plain  cross  in 
place  of  the  double  one.  On  the  shield  appear  the  arms  of  the 
titular  Archbishop  of  Salamina,  Aisenius  A'idymion,  Abbot-General 
of  the  Aimenian  Mechitharists.  The  arms,  which  are  tierced  in 
pairle,  showinchief  thearmsof  theil/ec/iiYTwn'sis;  Or,  a  cross  botojmy 
azure,  the  ends  charged  with  four  Armenian  letters,  and  in  the 
cantons  four  emblems,  namely  :  the  bell  of  obedience,  the  flame  of 
purity,  the  staff  of  poverty,  and  the  gospel,  referring  to  the  apostolic 
office  of  the  mission  amongst  the  Armenian  nation. 

Fig.  9.  Greek  Archbishops  (of  the  Union)  use  a  green  hat  with  len 
fiocci  on  each  side,  also  the  double  cross  and  a  bishop's  crosier  in 
bend  sinister.  Eesting  upon  the  dexter  side  of  the  escutcheon  is 
placed  the  Greek  mitre.  .BisAops  bear  a  plain  cross.  On  the  shield 
illvLstrated  are  the  official  arms  of  the  Archbishopric  oiLemberg,  nz. 
the  device  of  St.  George  slaying  the  dragon.  The  present  arch- 
bishop and  metropolitan.  Dr.  Sylvester  Sembratowicz,  is  a  cardinal, 
and  as  such  bears  the  red  cardinal's  hat.     The  use  of  a  prince's  hat 


439 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


and  mantle,  -wliicli  may  occasionally  be  noticed,  dates  from  tlie  time 
when  Poland  was  still  a  ruling  kingdom,  but  this  is  not  now  autho- 
rised, inasmuch  as  the  Archbisliop  of  Lemberg  no  longer  possesses 
the  title  of  prince. 

Fig.  10.  Bisho2)s  (oi  the  Roman  Church)  wear  a  green  hat  with 
sis  green  fiocci  on  either  side.  They  use  a  simj^le  cross  in  i^ale  and 
a  crosier  in  bend  sinister  behind  tlie  shield,  the  mitre  resting  on 
the  dexter  upper  edge  of  the  shield.  On  the  sliield  here  given 
appear  the  arms  of  the  Bishopric  of  Mayence.  (A  prince-bishop 
bears  the  prince's  hat  and  mantle,  as  in  Fig.  7.) 

Fig.  II.  Archahbots  use  a  green  hat  with  six  green  fiocci  on  either 
side,  a  mitre,  and  crosier.  Archabbots  possess  episcopal  rank.  On 
the  shield  appears  the  arms  of  the  Arcliabbacy  of  Monte  Cassino, 
in  the  province  of  Caserta,  which  are  identical  with  the  arms  of 
the  Benedictine  Order. 

Fig.  12.  Amongst  the  Prelates  (of  the  Papal  Chamber)  are  the 
Vice-Camerlengo,  the  Auditor,  the  Lord  Chancellor  of  the  Roman 
Exchequer,  and  the  Lord  High  Steward  of  His  Holiness.  These 
dignitaries  wear  a  violet  hat  with  ten  red  fiocci  on  either  side,  which 
they  are  entitled  to  place  above  their  arms.  The  Lord  Chamber- 
lain also  bears  the  same  hat,  and  possesses,  like  the  Lord  High 
Steward,  the  right  of  placing  the  arms  of  the  Pope  in  the  (honour 
point)  upon  his  own  as  soon  as  he  becomes  a  cardinal.  The  shield 
here  illustrated  shows  the  arms  of  the  Lord  Chamberlain,  Mons. 
Francesco  della  Volpe :  Azure,  a  fox  or,  and  in  chief  a  count's 
coronet  of  the  last. 

Fig.  13.  Apostolic  Protonotaries  are  entitled  to  a  violet  hat  with 
six  red  fiocci.  His  Excellency  Count  Pettenegg  informed  Herr 
Strohl  that  the  apostolic  protonotaries  are  likewise  authorised  to 
bear  the  Papal  arms  on  their  shields.  Fig.  13  shows  the  arms  of 
the  Papal  House-Prelate,  and  mitred  Provost  of  the  Votive  Church  at 
Vienna,  Dr.  Gottfried  Marschall.  (The  arms  show  the  Imperial  eagle 
conjoined  with  the  arms  of  the  Austrian  Imperial  family,  the  three 
crowns  being  symbolical  of  the  three  archdukes,  sons  of  the  Archduke 
Carl  Ludwig,  whose  education  was  conducted  by  Dr.  Marschall.) 
Provost  Marschall  also  bears,  as  a  mitred  provost,  the  mitre  and 
crosier. 

The  arms  of  His  Excellency  Count  Dr.  E.  Gaston  PotticJch  von 
Pettenerjg^  Grand  Capitulary  and  Commander,  also  until  1S97 
Adviser  to  the  Council,  and  Director  of  the  Central  Chancery  of 
the  High  Teutonic  Order  (President  of  the  k.  k.  "  Adler"  Heraldic 
Society  in  Vienna),  shows  the  shield  of  the  Teutonic  Order  (Fitr. 
1057)  :    Argent,   a    cross  sable   charged   with   a   shield   per   pale, 


Fig.  1057. 

containing  on  the  dexter  side  the  Papal  arms,  and  on  the  sinister, 
those  of  the  count.  Upoti  the  shield  rests  the  old  count's  crown, 
over  the  whole  is  suspended  the  hat  of  the  Apostolic  Protonotary. 

Fig.  14.  Bouse  Prelates,  Privy  Chamherkiins,  and  Privy  Chaplains 
of  His  Holiness  have  a  violet  hat  with  six  violet  fiocci.  The  shield 
.shows  the  arms  of  Mons.  Luiyi  Francesco  Fed'Ostiam\  House-Prelate 
since  1873. 

Fig.  15.  So  jrary  Chamberlains  and  Honorary  Chaplains  of  His 
Holiness  are  entitled  to  a  violet  hat  with  three  violet  fiocci.  The 
shield  contains  the  arms  of  Mons.  Luigi  Coccettti~Va7izi,  Honorary 
Chamberlain  since  1882.  The  Lauretanian  Canons  bear  the  same 
hat. 

Fig.  16.  Generals  of  Orders  use  a  black  hat  with  six  black  tassels. 
On  tiie  shield  here  illustrated  appear  the  arms  of  the  Cistercian 
Order,  viz. :  Azure,  seme-de-lis  or  (France),  charged  with  an  in- 
escutcheon  bendy  of  six  or  and  azure,  a  bordure  gules  (Old  Bur- 
gundy). The  General  of  the  Order  of  the  Premonstrants  uses  a 
hat  and  cords  of  white,  corresponding  to  the  haliit  of  the  Order. 
(This  is  an  order  of  regular  canons,  also  called  white  canons,  founded 
by  St.  Norbert  in  1 120,  and  having  their  principal  abbey  at  Pre- 
montre,  near  Laon.) 

Fig.  17.  Provincial  Superiors  of  Orders  use  a  black  hat  with  three 
black  fiocci.  The  shield  given  here  shows  the  arms  of  the  Carmelite 
Order.     The  Protonotare  titulares  bear  the  same  hat. 


Fig.  18.  Mitred  Abbots  and  Provosts  use  a  black  hat  with  three 
black  fiocci.  Behind  the  shield,  the  crosier  lies  diagonally  in  bend 
sinister,  and  above,  and  on  the  dexter  side  of  the  shield,  is  the  mitre. 
On  the  sliield  figured  upon  the  plate  appear  the  arms  of  the 
Benedictine  monastery  at  Melk  in  Lower  Austria,  viz. :  Azure,  two 
keys  in  saltire  or,  issuing  from  the  same  bow.  The  keys,  the 
attribute  of  St.  Peter,  the  first  patron  of  the  monastery's  church, 
are  to  be  met  with  for  the  first  time  in  the  seal  of  the  Abbot 
Ottokar  von  Streitwiesen  (1324-1329).  Tlie  arms  used  in  olden 
times  represented  silver  keys  on  a  sable  ground,  and  only  in  the 
eighteenth  century  did  the  present  tinctures  become  permanent. 

Fig.  19,  Local  Superiors  (Prior,  Guardian,  and  Rector)  use  a 
black  hat  with  two  black  tassels.  The  shield  shows  the  arms  of 
tlie  Order  of  the  Hospitallers  (Brothers  of  Mercy),  In  Austria, 
besides  the  bishops  and  abbots,  the  canons  of  St.  Stephen  in  Vienna 
are  specially  entitled  to  bear  arms.  They  receive  a  grant  of  shield, 
crowned  tilting-helmef,  and  crest,  according  to  their  own  design,  if 
they  are  not  previously  noble. 

Fig.  105S  shows  the  foim  of  arms  for  an  Abbess.      Behind  the 


Fig.  105S. 


Fig.  1059. 


shield  appears  the  crosier,  upright,  with  a  floating  ** velum" 
(veil).  The  shield  contains  the  arms  of  the  Benedictine  convent 
of  Nonnberg  at  Salzburg.  About  the  middle  of  the  present  century 
the  bearing  of  three  lilies  on  the  upper  field  came  into  use,  but 
these  are  now  no  longer  employed.  As  an  "abbatia  regalis,"  for 
Nonnberg,  the  crosier  is  held  by  a  crowned  angel  standing  behind 
the  shield. 

Fig.  20  shows  the  arms  of  the  Bishopric  of  Durham.  These, 
and  the  peculiar  mitre  of  Durham,  have  been  already  referred  to. 
Fig.  21.  Arms  of  the  Bishopric  of  Hereford.  In  both  these  cases 
the  mitres  are  wrongly  depicted.  They  should  be  of  plain  gold, 
though  the  designs  are  admissible. 

Fig.  1059,  annexed,  shows  the  arms  of  the  Greek  Oriental  Archbishops 
(not  of  the  Union).  The  shield  is  surmounted  by  the  Greek  mitre, 
and  behind  it  are  crossed  in  saltire  the  Gi  eek  crosier  and  the  double 
cross.  The  Bishops  bear  a  plain  cross.  On  the  shield  here  shown 
appear  the  arms  of  the  Archbishopric  of  Czernoioitz,  viz.  the  device  of 
St.  John  of  Succowa  (a  town  on  the  south  boundary  of  Bukowiua,  the 
former  seat  of  the  Moldavian  princes),  patron  saint  of  Bukowina, 
standing  on  a  sabre. 

For  many  of  these  notes  Herr  Strohl  was  indebted  to  the  kindness 
of  His  Reverence  Herrn.  J.  E.  Kirchberger,  "  Propsteikaplan "  at 
the  Votive  Church,  and  Librarian  of  the  k.  k.  "Adler"  Heraldic 
Society  in  Vienna.  H.  S. 


PLATE   CXIII 

The  examples  on  Plate  CXIII.  are  as  follows : — 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  Pope  Alexander  VII.  (1655-1667),  from  an  en- 
graving by  Joseph  Testana,  Italian  school,  eighteenth  century. 
The  quartered  shield  shows  :  i  and  4,  the  arms  of  the  family  of 
Rovere,  viz.  :  Azure,  a  tree  (evergi-een  oak)  eradicated  or.  (This 
tree  in  Italian  is  termed  roveir^  of  which  the  English  is  "  male-oak'')  ; 
2  and  3,  the  arms  of  the  Chigi  family  :  gules,  six  mounds  couped  in 
pyramid  argent,  surmounted  by  a  star  of  eight  points  or.  Fabio 
Cliiyi,  a  Sienese  (Pope  Alexander  VII.,  elected  April  7,  1655),  bore 
in  his  arms  those  of  the  family  of  La  Ruvere  (properly  of  the  Counts 
Vinovo  of  Turin),  in  consequence  of  a  grant  of  Julian  della  Rovere, 
Pope  Julius  II.  (1503-15 1 3),  who  gave  the  Rovere  arms  to  Agostino 
Chigi,  whose  family  has  since  continued  to  bear  them.  The 
heraldic  rendering  of  the  evergreen  oak  in  the  arms  of  Rovere 
affords  an  example  of  one  of  the  most  typical  forms  of  Italian 
heraldry  in  the  fifteenth  century.  See  also  Fig.  1060,  which  is  a 
representation  of  the  coat  of  arms  on  a  monument  over  the  grave  of 
the  Cardinal  Bishop  of  Palestrina,  Hieronymus  Basso  della  Rovere, 
a  nephew  of  Francis  della  Rovere  (Pope  Sixtus  IV.),  who  died  Sep- 


440 


PLATE   CXLI. 


-EXAMPLES    OF    HERALDIC    MEMORLA.LS. 


Printed  at  StDttgart 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


tember  i,  1 507.  Tlie  monument  is  in  the  Church  of  the  St.  Maria  del 
Popolo  in  Home.  He  united  the  names  and  the  arms  of  both 
families,  the  arms  of  Basso  being:  Per  saltire  argent  and  azure. 


I-'IG.  1060. — Arms  of  Basso  della  Kovere. 


Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Bishop  Cliristoplier  of  Brixeii,  of  the  family  of 
Schroffenstein.  From  Dr.  Joh.  Eck's  "  Commentary  on  Aristotle," 
Augsburg,  1 5  20.  Drawn  by  Sans  Bmghnair  the  elder.  The  shield 
is  :  Quarterly,  i.  the  arms  of  the  Bishopric  of 
Brixen.j  viz.  :  gules,  a  Paschal  lamb  regardant 
argent ;  4,  the  arms  of  the  CJiapter  of  tlie  Brixeii  - 
Cathedral :  argent,  an  eagle  displayed  gules,  armed 
and  crowned  or  (Tyrol),  surmounted  by  a  crosier 
fesswise  or ;  2  and  3,  the  arms  of  the  Schroffensteins 
of  Tyrol,  viz. :  argent,  a  demi-"bouquetin"  ram- 
pant sable,  distUling  blood.  (Hans  von  Schroffen- 
stein received  the  castle  above  Landeck  in  the  Inn 
Valley,  and  derived  his  arms  from  those  of  the 
Bishop  of  Chur  zu  Lehen.  The  arms  of  Chur 
were  :  Argent,  a  bouquetin  sable.) 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  the  Prince-Bishop  George  III. 
of  Bamberg,  of  the  family  of  Schenken  von  Limbnrg 
(1505-1522).  Taken  from  Arisiotelis  Stagyritce,  by 
Dr.  Joh.  Eck,  Augsburg,  1520.  Drawn  by  Hans 
Biirgkmair  the  elder.  The  shield  is  quartered,  and 
shows  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  the  arms  of 
the  Prince-Bishopric  of  Bamberg :  or,  a  lion  rampant 
sable,  debruised  by  a  riband  argent ;  2  and  3,  the 
arms  of  the  Limhurgs,  viz. ;  2.  per  fess  dancette 
gules  and  argent  (Franconia) ;  3.  azure,  five  clubs 
argent  (for  Limburg). 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  Cardinal  Albrecht  von  Branden- 
burg (Archbishop  of  Magdeburg  and  Bishop  of 
Halberstadt  1513,  Archbishop  of  Mayence  1514), 
with  the  date  1 525.  From  a  woodcut  on  parchment. 
This  is  an  exquisite  production,  but  unfortunately 
by  an  unknown  artist,  of  Diirer's  schooL  The 
Brandenburg  shield  is  cliarged  on  the  fess  point 
with  the  shields  of  the  Bishoprics  of  Magdeburg 
(per  fess  gules  and  argent),  Mayence  (gules,  a 
wheel  argent),  and  Halberstadt  (per  pale  argent 
and  gules). 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  Hypjiolyt  Aldobrandini  of  Flor- 
ence, Cardinal,  1585;  Pope  Clement  VIII.,  1605, 
engraved  by  Agostino  Carracci,  born  at  Bologna 
1558,  died  at  Parma  1601.  The  coat  of  arms  is  : 
Azure,  a  bend  embattled  and  counter-embattled  between  six  six 
pointed  stars  in  bend,  three  and  three  or. 


Fig.  6.  Arms  of  the  Redeemer  of  the  World :  This  is  a  curious 
heraldic  fancy  rather  frequently  represented  abroad.  The  steel 
engraving  here  reproduced  is  to  be  found  in  a  French  "Horarium" 
of  1 522.  The  drawing,  however,  was  certainly  done  by  a  German 
hand.  The  mantling  is  one  of  the  best  designs  of  its  class  to  be 
met  with. 

The  mitre  is  to  be  met  with  as  a  charge  and  as  a  crest, 
for  instance,  in  the  case  of  Barclay  and  Barclay- Allardyoe 
["I.  a  naked  man  from  the  middle,  holding  in  his  dexter 
hand  a  scimitar  proper  (for  Allardyce) ;  2.  a  bishop's 
mitre  or  (for  Barclay).  Mottoes:  'In  defence  of  the 
distressed,'  'In  cruoe  spero'"];  and  Berkeley  ["A 
mitre  gules,  labelled  and  garnished  or,  charged  with  a 
chevron  between  ten  crosses  patee,  six  and  four  argent. 
Motto  :  '  Dieu  avec  nous '  "]  ;  and  also  in  the  case  of  Sir 
Edmund  Hardinge,  Bart.,  whose  crests  are  curious  ["  i.  of 
honourable  augmentation,  a  hand  fesswise  couped  above 
the  wrist  habited  in  naval  uniform,  holding  a  sword  erect, 
surmounting  a  Dutch  and  a  French  flag  in  saltire,  on  the 
former  inscribed  "  Atalanta,"  on  the  latter  "Piedmontaise," 
the  blade  of  the  sword  passing  through  a  wreath  of  laurel 
near  the  point  and  a  little  below  through  another  of 
cypress,  with  the  motto,  '  Postera  laude  recens ; '  2.  a 
mitre  gules,  charged  with  a  chevron  argent,  fimbriated 
or,  thereon  three  escallops  sable."] 

The  cross  can  hardly  be  termed  exclusively  ecclesi- 
astical, but  a  curious  figure  of  this  nature  is  to  be  met 
with  in  the  arms  recently  granted  to  the  Borough  of 
Southwark  (Pig.  1062).  It  was  undoubtedly  taken  from 
the  device  used  in  Southwark  before  its  incorporation, 
though  as  there  were  many  bodies  who  adopted  it  in  that 
neighbourhood,  it  is  difficult  to  assign  it  to  a  specific 
origin. 

Pastoral  staves  and  passion-nails  are  elsewhere  referred 
to,  and  the  figures  of  saints  and  ecclesiastics  are  mentioned 
in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Human  Figare." 

The  emblems  of  the  saints,  which  appear  to  have 
received  a  certain  amount  of  official  recognition — both 
ecclesiastical  and   heraldic — supply   the  origin  of  many 


Fig.  1061. — Arms  of  Pope  Paul  III.  (Alex.  Farnese),  from  a  design  by 
Antonio  de  Sangallo  (14S2-1546) :  Or,  six  flenrs-de-lis  azure. 


other  charges  not  in  themselves  heraldic.     An  instance  of 
this  kind  will  be  found  in  the  sword  of  St.  Paul,  which 
441  3  K 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


figures  on  the  shield  of  London.  The  cross  of  St.  Cuth- 
bert,  which  has  been  adopted  in  the  unauthorised  coat 
for  the  See  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  the  keys  of  St. 


Henry  III,  Edward  I.,  and  Edward  II.  The  quartering 
for  France  was  introduced  by  Edward  III.,  as  explained  on 
page  200,  and  the  Koyal  shield,  as  shown   in  Fig.  295, 


B'IG.  1062, — Arms  of  Southwark  :  Quarterly  argent  and  azure,  a  cross  quarterly  gules  and  of  the  first ;  between 
a  rose  of  the  third,  barbed  and  seeded  proper,  in  the  first  quarter  a  lily  also  of  the  first,  slipped  proper  ; 
in  the  second  quarter  an  annulet  ensigned  with  a  cross  patee  and  interlaced  with  a  saltire  conjoined  in 
base  all  or,  in  the  third  quarter ;  and  a  stag's  head  caboshed  also  of  the  third  in  the  fourth  quarter. 


Peter,  which  figure  in  many  ecclesiastical  coats,  are  other 
examples.  The  lilies  of  the  Virgin  are,  of  course,  con- 
stantly to  be  met  with  in  the  form  of  fleurs-de-lis  and 
natural  flowers ;  and  the  list  might  be  extended  inde- 
finitely. H.  S.  AND  A.  0.  F-D. 


CHAPTER  XLV 

ARMS  OF  DOMINION  AND  SOVEREIGNTY  : 
PLATES  CXIV.  AND  CXV. 

ROYAL  arms  in  many  respects  differ  from  ordinary 
armorial  bearings,  and  it  should  be  carefully  borne 
in  mind  that  they  stand,  not  for  any  particular  area 
of  land,  but  for  the  intangible  sovereignty  vested  in  the 
rulers  thereof.  They  are  not  necessarily,  nor  are  they 
in  fact,  hereditary.  They  pass  by  conquest.  A  dynastic 
change  which  introduces  new  sovereignties  introduces  new 
quarterings,  as  when  the  Hanoverian  dynasty  came  to  the 
throne  of  this  country  the  quartering  of  Hanover  was  in- 
troduced, but  purely  personal  arms  in  British  heraldry  are 
never  introduced.  The  personal  arms  of  Tudor  and  Stewart 
were  never  added  to  the  Royal  Arms  of  this  country. 

The  origin  of  the  English  Eoyal  Arms  was  dealt  with 
on  page  121.  "Gules,  three  lions  passant  guardant  in 
pale  or,"  as  the  arras  of  England,  were  used  by  Kings  John, 


was  in  use  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  III.,  Eichard  II. 
(who,  however,  impaled  his  arms  with  those  of  St.  Edward 
the  Confessor),  and  Henry  IV.  The  last-mentioned  king 
about  141 1  reduced  the  number  of  fleurs-de-lis  to  three, 
and  the  shield  remained  without  further  change  till  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  Queen  Mary  did  not 
alter  the  arms  of  this  country,  but  during  the  time  of  her 
marriage  with  Philip  of  Spain  they  were  always  borne 
impaled  with  the  arms  of  Spain.  Queen  Elizabeth  bore 
the  same  shield  as  her  predecessors.  But  when  James  I. 
came  to  the  throne  the  arms  were  :  "  Quarterly,  I  and  4, 
quarterly,  i.  and  iiii.  France,  ii.  and  iii.  England  ;  2.  Scot- 
land (or,  a  lion  rampant  within  a  double  tressure  flory  and 
counterflory  gules) ;  3.  Ireland  (azure,  a  harp  or,  stringed 
argent)."  The  shield  was  so  borne  by  James  I.,  Charles  I., 
Charles  II.,  and  James  II. 

When  William  III.  and  Mary  came  to  the  throne  an 
inescutcheon  of  the  arms  of  Nassau  ("  Azure,  billetty  and 
a  lion  rampant  or ")  was  superimposed  upon  the  Eoyal 
Anns  as  previously  borne,  for  William  III.,  and  he 
impaled  the  same  coat  without  the  inescutcheon  for  his 
wife.  At  her  death  the  impalement  was  dropped.  After 
the  union  with  Scotland  in  1707  the  arms  of  England 
("  Gules,  three  lions,"  &c.)  were  impaled  with  those  of 
Scotland  (the  tressure  not  being  continued  down  the 
palar  line),  and  the  impaled  coat  of  England  and  Scotland 
was  placed  in  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  France  in  the 
second,  Ireland  in  the  third. 


442 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


At  the  accession  of  George  I.  the  arms  of  Hanover  were 
introduced  in  the  fourth  quarter.  These  were  :  "  Tieroed 
in  pairle  reversed,  I.  Brunswick,  gules,  two  lions  passant 
guardant  in  pale  or ;  2.  Luneberg,  or,  seme  of  hearts 
gules,  a  lion  rampant  azure  ;  3.  (in  point),  Westphalia, 
gales,  a  horse  courant  argent,  and  on  an  inescutcheon 
(over  the  fourth  quarter)  gules,  the  crown  of  Charlemagne 
(as  Arch  Treasurer  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire). 

At  the  union  with  Ireland  in  180 1  the  opportunity  was 
taken  to  revise  the  Eoyal  Arms,  and  those  of  France  were 
then  discontinued.  The  escutcheon  decided  upon  at 
that  date  was  :  "  Quarterly,  I  and  4,  England ;  2.  Scot- 
land;  3.  Ireland  with  Hanover  upon  an  inescutcheon." 
This  inescutcheon  was  surmounted  by  the  Electoral  cap, 
for  which  a  crown  was  substituted  later  when  Hanover 
became  a  kingdom. 

At  the  death  of  William  IV.,  by  the  operation  of  the 
Salic  Law,  the  crowns  of  England  and  Hanover  were 
separated,  and  the  inescutcheon  of  Hanover  disappeared 
from  the  Royal  Arms  of  this  country,  and  by  Royal 
Warrant  issued  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Queen 
Victoria  the  Royal  Arms  and  badges  were  declared  to  be 
as  they  are  shown  on  Plate  CXIV.  The  necessary  altera- 
tion of  the  cyphers  are  the  only  alterations  made  by  his 
present  Majesty. 

The  supporters  date  from  the  accession  of  James  I. 
Before  that  date  there  had  been  much  variety.  Some  of 
the  Eoyal  badges  have  been  already  alluded  to  in  the 
chapter  on  that  subject. 

The  differences  used  by  various  junior  members  of  the 
Royal  Family  will  be  found  in  the  chapter  on  Marks  of 
Cadency. 

The  arms  of  some  other  countries,  and  also  some 
territorial  arms,  are  illustrated  on  Plate  CXV.,  and  are  as 
follows : — 

Fig.  I.  Arms  o£  the  German  Empire.  The  German  Imperial 
eagle  sable,  armed  gules,  bearing  upon  its  breast  the  escutcheon  of 
Pntssia^  namely  :  argent,  an  ea^le  displayed  sable,  &c.,  which  is 
again  charged  with  the  shield  of  HoheuzoUern,  namely  :  quarterly 
argent  and  sable.  The  escutcheon  of  Prussia  is  surrounded  by  the 
collar  of  the  "  High  Order  of  the  Black  Eagle."  Above  the  head  of 
the  German  eagle  is  placed  the  German  Imperial  crown  (compare 
Plate  LTI.  Fig.  2).  The  final  ofiicial  confirmation  of  this  escut- 
cheon was  given  .lugust  3, 1871.    (See  Strohl's,  Deutsche  TJ^appeiirolUj 

1897). 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  tlie  Kingdom  of  Greece.  The  escutcheon  has  the 
following  arms,  viz.  :  Azure,  a  cross  couped  argent  (for  the  Kingdom 
of  Greece),  charged  with  the  inescutcheon  of  the  reigning  dynasty. 
(Prince  George  of  Holstein-Glucksburg,  second  son  of  the  successor 
to  the  Danish  throne,  ascended  the  Hellenic  thi'one  Ifarch  30,  1863, 
as  Georgios  I.)  This  inescutcheon  is  quarterly,  namely  :  or,  three 
lions  passant  azure,  crowned,  and  between  nine  hearts  gules 
(Denmark)  ;  2.  or,  two  lions  passant  azure  (Schleswig) ;  3.  gules, 
the  so-called  "  nettle-leaf "  (Holstein) ;  4.  gules,  a  horse's  head 
couped  or  (Lauenburg).  Superimposed  upon  the  inescutcheon  is 
another  inescutcheon  party  per  pale  :  dexter,  or,  two  bars  gules  (for 
Oldenburg) ;  sinister,  azure,  a  cross  or  (for  Delmenhorst).  The 
shield  of  Greece,  which  is  surmounted  by  the  Royal  crown  of  that 
country,  is  surrounded  by  the  white-edged  blue  ribbon  of  the 
Erldstyrordens  (Order  of  the  Eedeemer).  Supporters  :  on  either 
side  a  figure  of  Hercules,  standing  on  a  compartment  and  holding 
a  club  in  the  exterior  hand.  Under  Otto  of  Bavaria,  1832  to 
1862,  the  supporters  were  on  either  side  a  lion  crowned  or.  The 
whole  is  beneath  a  pavilion  azure,  lined  ermine,  which,  bordered 
with  silver  tracery,  bears  a  dome,  seme  of  small  crosses  couped 
argent,  and  surmounted  by  the  Royal  crown. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  L^ixemburg.  Aj-gent,  five 
bars  azure,  a  lion  rampant  double-queued  gules,  crowned  or, 
charged  upon  the  breast  of  the  lion  with  an  escutcheon  of  the 
arms  of  Xassau.  (The  ruling  dynasty  since  December  8,  1S90, 
being  of  the  House  of  Nassau,  viz.  :  azure,  billette  and  a  lion 
rampant  or,  armed  and  crowned  gules.)  A  literal  translation  of  the 
German  blazon  would  make  the  field  harry  of  eleven  argent  and 
azure.  The  shield  is  surmounted  by  the  Grand-Ducal  crown  and 
surrounded  by  the  green  and  orange-striped  ribbon  of  the  Order  of 
the  Oak-crown,  The  supporters  are  two  lions  or,  each  crowned 
with  the  Grand-Duca.1  crown  and  standing  on  a  gold  compartment. 
The  whole  of  the  foregoing  is  within  a  crimson  pavilion  lined  with 
ermine,  the  canopy  surmounted  with  the  Grand-Ducal  crown. 


Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Kirigdom  of  Ireland:  Azure,  a  harp  or, 
stringed  argent.  The  crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  tower 
triple-towered  or,  and  from  the  gateway  a  stag  springing  argent, 
attired  and  unguled  or. 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  the  Sivedish  District  of  Gestriklandj  belonging  to 
Gefieborg-Lan  :  Argent,  seme  of  hurts,  a  reindeer  proper.  The 
shield  is  surmounted  by  a  Swedish  Ducal  crown,  without  the  cap. 

Fig.  6.  Aims  of  the  Duchy  of  Sahhurg :  Party  per  pale,  dexter,  or, 
a  lion  rampant  sable;  sinister,  gules,  a  fess  argent.  The  shield  is 
surmounted  by  an  old  Ducal  cap  of  the  form  now  claimed  as  a 
Prince's  cap.  The  old  archbishopric  (since  January  i,  1850,  form- 
ing an  independent  crown  land)  has  borne  since  the  time  of  Arch- 
bishop Aberchard  II.  (1200-1246)  the  Hohenstauff  and  Austrian 
armorial  bearings  combined  in  its  shield. 

Fig.  7.  Arms  of  the  Hungarian  Komitates  Pozsony  (Pressburg) : 
Azure,  a  demi-wheel  or,  issuing  from  behind  three  mounds  in  base 
vert,  and  thereupon  a  demi-stag  salient  proper.  The  shield  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  coronet.  The  device  is  taken  from  the  arms  of  the 
Palffys  (properly  Bakocz),  to  whom  the  castle  of  Pressburg  was 
presented  by  the  Emperor  Rudolph  II.  in  1 599,  and  who  enjoyed 
the  dignity  of  Principal  Count  Palatine,  by  hereditary  right.  The 
Palffys  bear  the  stai;  or. 

Fig.  8.  Arms  of  the  Spanish  province  of  Jaen  (Andalusia) : 
Quarterly  or  and  gules,  within  a  border  compony  of  the  arms  of 
Leon  (argent,  a  lion  rampant  purpure,  crowned  or),  and  of  Castile 
(gules,  a  castle  or,  the  port  azure).  The  escutcheon  is  surmounted 
by  an  arched  crown,  containing  the  cap. 

Fig.  9.  Arms  of  the  Svyiss  Canton  of  Uri :  Or,  a  bull's  head 
caboshed  sable,  langued  and  ringed  through  the  nostrils  gules.  The 
device  is  met  with  for  the  first  time — but  in  this  case  ^vith  the 
head  turned  to  the  sinister — on  a  seal  of  the  year  1249.  The  out- 
stretched tongue  occurs  for  the  first  time  on  a  seal  of  the  year  1489. 
The  old  banners  of  Uri  show  the  same  device. 

Fig.  10.  Arms  used  by  the  English  county  of  Hampshire:  Per 
fess  argent  and  gules,  three  roses  counterchauged,  seeded  or.  These 
are  in  reality  the  arms  of  the  town  of  Southampton. 

Fig.  II.  Arms  oi  the  Russian  GoveriiTnent  of  Tijlis  (TTanscaMcaLSUs) : 
Or,  on  a  cross  sable,  between  four  lions'  heatls  erased  gules,  eyed 
and  langued  of  the  second,  a  Russian  cross  (botonny  and  with 
double  arms)  grasped  by  two  naked  arras,  couped  argent,  the  cross 
charged  in  base  with  a  crescent  reversed  of  the  last.  (This  device 
is  to  typify  the  victory  of  the  Greek  Church  over  the  crescent.) 
Upon  the  shield  rests  the  crown  of  the  Tsar,  the  labels  (i.e.  the 
ribbons  issuing  from  the  crown)  azure.  On  either  side  of  the 
escutcheon  is  an  oak  branch  or,  conjoined  in  saltire,  below  the 
escutcheon  and  intertwined  with  the  blue  ribbon  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Andrew. 

Fig.  12.  ATmsoitheRitssianterritory  of  Uralsk  (GeneTaXGoYemoT- 
ship  of  Kirkisensteppe  in  Central  Asia) :  Yert,  three  mountains  argent, 
rising  out  of  water  in  base  azure.  From  the  centre  mountain  issues 
a  Hetmann's  staft'  (Bulawa)  or,  and  from  each  of  the  exterior  moun- 
tains issue  "  horse-tail  lances."  The  water  in  base  is  charged  with  a 
fish  of  the  second.  The  shield  is  surrounded  by  an  ancient  Tsar's 
crown,  and  is,  like  Fig.  11,  adorned  with  gold  oak-foliage,  in  this 
case  the  branches  being  intertwined  with  the  dark-red  ribbon  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Alexander  Newsky.  Both  of  these  Russian  coats  of 
arms  were  sanctioned  on  July  5,  1878. 

Fig.  13.  Arms  of  the  Empire  of  Japan.  The  Imperial  coat  of 
arms  is  composed  of  a  heraldically  conventionalised  chrysanthemum. 
The  petals,  which  are  sixteen  in  number,  are  of  gold,  edged  with 
silver,  and  connected  with  each  other  at  the  outer  edge  by  "  barbs  " 
of  a  similar  design. 

Fig.  14.  Arms  of  the  Empire  of  Corea  (Ko-rai  or  Ted-sen)  :  A 
blue  and  a  red  snake,  intertwined  and  confined  within  a  circle.  The 
red  snake  typifies  the  male,  and  the  blue  the  female  idea  or  principle, 
in  other  words.  Heaven  and  Earth. 

Fig.  15.  Arms  of  the  Kingdom  of  Siam.  These  partake  somewhat 
of  a  European  character,  but  are  hardly  capable  of  a  European  blazon 
throughout.  The  gold-edged  shield  is  tierced  in  pairle,  the  partition 
lines  being  of  gold.  The  upper  field  is  of  yelloio  and  on  a  gold  pedes- 
tal three  white  elephants  in  a  group,  adorned  with  gold.  In  base, 
on  the  dexter  side,  gules,  an  elephant  passant  argent,  the  trappings 
or  ;  on  the  sinister  side,  pink^  two  daggers  (Kris)  in  saltire.  At  the 
sides  of  the  shield  are  two  Royal  umbrellas,  -nath  seven  red-lined 
canopies  (?  of  seven  degrees)  supported  by  two  Siamese  dragons. 
At  the  base  of  the  umbrellas  appear  the  golden  Royal  shoes. 
Round  the  shield  is  entwined  the  collar  of  the  "  Holy  Order,"  or 
the  "  Order  of  the  New  Gem,"  and  of  the  Family  Order  of  "  Chtilah 
Chaum  Klow,"  the  ornament  of  which  hangs  down  over  the  gold- 
edged  blue  compartment.  Over  the  shield  is  suspended  the  Royal 
crown,  the  point  of  which  is  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  rays,  and 
from  both  sides  of  which  a  pink  ribbon  flutters.  The  white  mantle, 
richly  embroidered  with  gold,  is  tied  to  two  sceptres  which  are 
in  saltire  behind  the  shield  and  round  which  the  motto-ribbon  is 
entwined  at  the  base. 

Fig.  16.  Arms  of  the  former  South  African  Republic  (Transvaal). 
The  arms,  which  were  enclosed  in  a  golden  cartouche,  were  ;  Party  per 
fess  in  chief  per  pale,  the  dexter  side  gules,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  lion 


443 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


couchant  to  the  sinister  or  ;  the  sinister  side,  azure,  on  a  mount  a 
Boer  habited  all  proper,  wearing  a  bandolier  and  carrying  in  his 
sinister  hand  a  riile  ;  the  base  vert,  on  a  mount  proper,  a  transport 
waggon  or ;  over  all  on  an  inescutcheon  argent  an  anchor  cabled  proper. 
On  the  cartouche,  behind  which  the  "  vieurkleur '"  (green,  red,  white, 
and  blue)  flags  of  the  country  are  crossed  in  a  trophy,  is  perched  an 
eagle  with  outstretched  wings  proper.  The  white  motto-ribbon, 
which  is  twisted  round  two  spades,  bears  in  gold  letters  the  inscrip- 
tion :  "Eendract  Maakt  Magt."  From  the  heraldic  point  of  view 
it  cannot  be  regretted  that  such  a  coat  of  arms  no  longer  exists. 

Fig.  17.  Arms  of  the  State  of  Maine  (United  States  of  North 
America).  The  "Pine-tree  State"  bears  on  its  shield  a  wapiti-deer 
resting  before  a  pine-tree, all  in  natural  colours  upon  a  landscape  back- 
ground. Supporters  :  dexter,  a  reaper  with  a  scythe  ;  and  sinister,  a 
seaman  with  a  sextant,  both  habited  proper.  Above,  from  behind 
the  shield,  arises  a  crimson  luotto-ribbon  with  the  device  "Dirigo" 
in  letters  of  gold,  over  which  is  suspended  a  five-rayed  golden  star 
within  a  circle  of  rays.  At  the  base  of  the  shield,  on  the  natural 
compartment  on  which  the  supporters  stand,  lies  a  blue  ribbon 
inscribed  with  the  name  of  the  State  in  gold  letters.  The  name 
was  given  to  the  country  in  1635  in  honour  of  the  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria,  Consort  of  Charles  I.,  and  daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
Duchess  of  Maine.     Since  1820  Maine  has  been  a  separate  State. 

Fig.  18.  Arms  of  the  United  Rep uUic  of  Brazil  (Estados  Unidos 
de  Brazil).  The  arms  of  the  State,  con^'erted  into  a  Republic  in 
the  year  18S9,  shows  a  star  surrounded  by  golden  rays.  The  five 
points  of  the  sta,r  are  fimbriated  tliroughout  with  gules  and  or,  and 
each  ray  of  the  star  is  party  of  vert  and  or,  i.e.  of  the  national 
colours.  The  star  is  charged  with  a  circular  disc  of  azure,  the  disc 
being  surrounded  by  a  gilt-edged  blue  border,  containing  twenty 
silver  stars  for  the  twenty  pro^-inces.  Within  this  border,  likewise 
on  a  blue  ground,  appeai-s  the  constellation  of  the  "  Southern  Cross." 
Under  the  star  are  placed  a  branch  of  the  coffee-plant  and  one  of 
the  tobacco-plant,  arranged  in  orle,  and  over  these,  but  behind  the 
star,  a  sw-ord  in  p;de  proper,  pommel  and  hilt  or,  the  hilt  surmounted 
by  a  blue  ribbon,  which  bears  in  gold  letters  the  name  of  the  con- 
federated State  and  the  date  of  its  establishment. 

Other  territorial  or  sovereign  arms  occur  in  the  present  volume, 
viz.  :  The  Earldom  of  Chester,  Fig.  514 ;  the  County  of  Shropshire, 
Fig.  309 ;  the  Province  of  Brandenburg,  Fig.  404  ;  the  Republic  of 
Porto  Eico,  Fig.  5S9;  and  the  Duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Fig.  S36. 

H.  S.  AKD  A,  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER   XLVI 

EXAMPLES    OF    THE    ARMS    OF   TOWNS: 
PLATES  CXVl,  CXVIL,  AND  CXYIH. 

PLATES  CXYL  and  CXVIL  represent  the  arms  of 
some  number  o£  the  most  important  towns  in 
these  countries.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  arms 
of  a  town  belong  to  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  burgesses 
of  the  town  for  the  time  being.  The  official  blazons  are 
as  follows.  : — 

London  (city  of):  Argent,  a  cross  gules,  in  the  first  quarter  a  sword 
in  pale  point  upwards  of  the  last.  Crest :  a  dragon's  sinister  wing 
argent,  charged  with  a  cross  gules.  Supporters :  on  either  side  a 
dragon  with  %vings  elevated  and  endorsed  argent,  and  charged  on 
the  wing  with  a  cross  gules.     Motto :  "  Domine  dirige  nos." 

Birmingham  (Warwickshire):  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  bend 
of  five  lozenges  or ;  2  and  3,  per  pale  indented  of  the  last  and  gules, 
over  all  a  fess  ermine,  thereon  a  mural  crown  of  the  second ;  and 
for  the  crest,  on  a  -wreath  of  the  colours,  a  mural  crown,  issuant 
therefrom  a  dexter  arm  embowed,  the  hand  holding  a  hammer  all 
proper,  together  \vith  the  motto,  "  Forward.*'  Supporters :  on  the 
dexter  side  a  man  habited  as  a  smith  (representing  industry) 
holding  in  the  dexter  hand  a  hammer  resting  on  an  anvil  all 
proper  ;  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  female  figure  (representing  Art) 
proper,  vested  argent,  wreathed  round  the  temples  with  laurel 
vert,  tied  by  a  riband  gules,  holding  in  the  dexter  hand  resting  on 
the  shield  a  book  bound  also  gules,  and  in  the  sinister  a  painter's 
palette  or,  with  two  brushes  proper. 

Manchester  (Lancashire):  Gules,  three  bendlets  enhanced  or,  a 
chief  argent,  thereon  on  waves  of  the  sea  a  ship  under  sail  proper ; 
and  for  the  crest,  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  terrestrial  globe, 
seme  of  bees  volant  all  proper.  Supporters  :  on  the  dexter  side 
an  heraldic  antelope  argent,  attired,  collared,  and  chain  reflexed 
over  the  back  or;  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  lion  guardant  or, 
muraUy  crowned  gules,  each  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  rose 
of  the  last.     Motto  :  "  Concilio  et  labore." 

Lirerpool  (Lancashire)  :  Argent,  a  cormorant,  in  the  beak  a 
branch  of  seaweed  called  laver  all  proper  ;  and  for  the  crest,  on  a 
wreath  of  the  colours,  a  cormorant,  the  wings  elevated,  in  the  beak 
a  branch  of  laver  proper.     Supporters :  the  dexter,  Neptune,  with 


his  sea-green  mantle  flowing,  the  waist  wreathed  with  laver,  on 
his  head  an  Eastern  crown  gold,  in  the  right  hand  his  trident 
sable,  the  left  supporting  a  banner  of  the  arms  of  Liverpool ;  on 
the  sinister  a  Triton,  wreathed  as  the  dexter  and  blowing  his 
shell,  the  right  hand  supporting  a  banner,  thereon  a  ship  under 
sail  in  prospective  all  proper,  the  banner  staves  or.  Motto: 
"  Deus  nobis  hiec  otia  fecit." 

Keit:casllc-upon-Ty7ie  (Northumberland)  :  Gules,  three  towers 
triple- towered  argent.  Crest :  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  tower 
argent,  therefrom  issuant  a  demi-lion  rampant  guardant  or,  hold- 
ing a  fiagstafi"  sable,  therefrom  flowing  a  split  banner  of  St.  George. 
Supporters :  on  either  side  a  sea-horse  argent,  crined  and  finned 
or.     Motto  :  *'  Fortiter  defendit  triumphans." 

Edinhiuxjh :  Argent,  a  castle  triple-towered  and  embattled  sable, 
masoned  of  the  first  and  topped  with  three  fans  gules,  windows 
and  portcullis  shut  of  the  last,  situate  on  a  rock  proper.  On  the 
wreath  is  set  for  crest,  an  anchor  wreathed  about  with  a  cable  all 
proper.  Motto :  "  Nisi  Dominus  frustra."  Supported  on  the 
dexter  by  a  woman,  richly  attired,  with  her  hair  hanging  down 
over  her  shoulders ;  and  on  the  sinister  by  a  doe  proper. 

Gluinjov: :  Argent,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert  an  oak-tree  proper, 
the  stem  at  the  base  thereof  surmounted  by  a  salmon  on  its  back 
also  proper,  with  a  signet-ring  in  its  mouth  or,  on  the  top  of  the 
tree  a  redbreast,  and  in  the  sinister  fess  point  an  ancient  hand- 
bell, both  also  proper.  Crest  :  the  half-length  figure  of  St. 
Kentigern  afironte,  vested  and  mitred,  his  right  hand  raised  in 
the  act  of  benediction,  and  having  in  his  left  hand  a  crosier  all 
proper.  Supporters :  two  salmon  proper,  each  holding  in  its 
mouth  a  signet-ring  or,  and  in  an  escroU  entwined  with  the  com- 
partment this  motto,  "Let  Glasgow  flourish." 

Leeds  (Yorkshire)  :  Azure,  a  fleece  or,  on  a  chief  sable  three 
mullets  argent.  Crest :  an  owl  argent ;  and  supporters,  on  either 
side  an  owl  argent,  ducally  crowned  or. 

Sheffield  (Yorkshire) :  Per  fess  azure  and  vert,  in  chief  eight 
arrows  in  saltire  banded  argent,  and  in  base  three  garbs  or. 
Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  rampant  argent, 
collared  gemel  azure,  thereon  eight  arrows  as  in  the  arms. 
Supporters :  on  the  dexter  side  a  figure  habited  as  Thor,  resting 
his  exterior  hand  on  a  hammer  all  proper  ;  and  on  the  sinister 
side  a  figure  habited  as  Vulcan  standing  in  front  of  an  anvil,  and 
in  the  dexter  hand  a  pair  of  pincers  all  also  proper.  Motto : 
"Deo  adjuvante  labor  proficit." 

Bristol  (Gloucestershire) :  Gules,  on  the  sinister  side  a  castle 
with  two  towers  domed  all  argent,  on  each  dome  a  banner  charged 
with  the  cross  of  St.  George,  the  castle  on  a  mount  vert,  the 
dexter  base  water  proper,  thereon  a  ship  of  three  masts  or,  sailing 
from  a  port  in  the  dexter  tower,  her  fore  and  main  masts  being 
visible  sable,  the  rigging  of  the  last,  and  on  each  a  roxmd-top  of 
the  fifth,  on  the  fore-mast  a  sail  set,  and  on  the  main-mast  a  sail 
furled  of  the  second.  Crest:  upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  two 
arms  embowed  and  interlaced  in  saltire  issuing  from  clouds,  the 
dexter  hand  holding  a  snake  all  proper,  and  the  sinister  holding  a 
pair  of  scales  or.  Supporters  :  on  either  side,  on  a  mount  vert,  a 
unicorn  sejant  or,  armed,  maned,  and  unguled  sable.  Motto : 
"  Virtute  et  industria." 

Other  town  arms  will  be  found  throughout  the  present  volume, 
as  follows  :  Warrington  (Fig.  51),  Inverness  (Fig.  239),  Marylebone 
(Fig.  240),  Dover  (Fig.  241),  Abergavenny  (Fig.  348),  Biberach 
(Fig.  37S),  Schweidnitz  (Fig.  3S6),  Oldham  (Fig.  450),  Bermond- 
sey  (Fig.  522),  Eccles  (Fig.  528),  Wolverhampton  (Fig.  533ff), 
Baling  (Fig.  545),  Leigh  (Fig.  556),  Pudsey  (Fig.  557),  Todmorden 
(^ig-  573);  Cambei-well  (Fig.  '575),  Oban  (Fig.  5S0),  Alloa  (Fig.  5S1), 
Wandsworth  (Fig.  582),  Blackpool  (Fig.  5S4),  Kensington  (Fig. 
593),  IsHngton  (Fig.  602),  Hammersmith  (Fig.  607),  Swindon  (Fig. 
60S),  Hove  (Fig.  610),  Dukinfield  (Fig.  782).  DubUn  (Fig.  787), 
Arbroath  (Fig.  807),  Niirnberg  (Fig.  Si 7),  Calcutta  (Fig.  8 18),  Cape 
Town  (Fig.  820),  Tangermiinde  (Fig.  838),  Southwark  (Fig.  1062). 

The  arms  on  Plate  CSVIIL  are  as  follows : — 

Fig.  I.  Amsterdam  (old  form,  Amstelledamme  =  Dam  on  the 
Amstell),  the  capital,  but  not  (Eoyal)  residential,  town  of  the  King- 
dom of  Holland  :  Gules,  on  a  pale  sable,  three  saltires  couped. 
(Since  1508  the  shield  has  been  surmounted  by  the  Roman-German 
Imperial  crown,  in  accordance  with  the  patent  granted  by  the 
Roman  king  Maximilian  I.,  February  11,  1489.)  Supporters:  two 
lions  guardant  or. 

Fig.  2.  Oxford  (England) :  Argent,  an  ox  gules,  passing  over  a 
ford  of  water  in  base  barry  wavy  azure  and  argent.  Crest :  on  a 
TNTeath  of  the  colours,  a  demi-lion  rampant  guardant  azure,  crowned 
with  an  Imperial  crown,  holding  between  the  paws  a  rose  gules, 
charged  with  another  argent.  Supporters :  on  the  dexter  side  an 
elephant  ermine,  eared,  collared,  and  lined  argent,  and  on  the  sinister 
side  a  beaver  vert,  its  tail  azure  and  argent,  ducally  gorged  and  lined 
or.     Motto :  "  Fortis  est  Veritas." 

Fig.  3.  Brussels  (province  of  Brabant),  capital  and  (Royal) 
residential  town  of  Belgium  :  Gules,  St.  Michael  or,  overthrou-ing 
the  devil  sable.  Upon  the  escutcheon  is  placed  a  coronet  of  pearls 
and  behind  the  shield,  which  is  supported  by  two  Hons  or,  standing 


444 


PLATE   CXLII. 


-.— y^*«v^ 


EXAMPLES    OF   ARMORIAL   WOOD    CARVINGS. 


Printed  »t  Stnrtgart 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


on  a  natural  compartment  vert,  two  lances  in  saltire  or,  on  each  a 
flag  fringed  of  the  last,  the  dexter  charged  with  the  arms  of  Brabant 
(sable,  a  lion  rampant  or),  and  the  sinister  with  the  same  arms  of 
Brussels. 

Fig.  4.  Schafflianscn  (principal  town  of  the  canton  of  Schaffhausen, 
Switzerland)  :  Or,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert,  a  city  gateway  issuing 
from  the  sinister  side  of  the  escutcheon  argent,  and  therefrom  a  ram 
springing  sable,  horned  and  crowned  or.  In  the  first  seal  of  the  town 
(c.  1275)  tlie  ram  is  not  springing,  but  standing,  and  is  without  the 
crown.  After  the  Austrian  rule  wa.s  shaken  off,  the  ram  is  found 
depicted  springing,  so  appearing  on  an  "XJrIehde"  (solemn  oath 
not  to  take  vengeance)  of  the  year  141 5,  but  it  is  not  unlikely  the 
change  is  one  resulting  merely  from  artistic  licence.  The  crowning 
of  the  animal  followed  in  1512,  in  which  year  Pope  Julius  II. 
presented  banners  to  the  Confederates  for  services  rendered,  and 
attested  Tarious  augmentations  upon  them  to  the  animals  on  the 
shields.     The  arms  of  the  canton  show  the  ram  only. 

Fig.  5.  Le  Eavre  ("chef-lieu  d'arrondissement "  in  the  French 
department  of  Nieder-Seine) :  Gules,  a  salamander  argent,  crowned 
and  in  golden  flames,  a  chief  of  France  (i.e.  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis 
or).  The  chief,  with  the  lioyal  lilies,  is  to  be  found  in  the  arms  of 
most  of  the  French  towns  ;  but  the  salamander  was  the  badge  of 
Francis  I.,  who  founded  the  town  in  1517. 

Fig.  6.  Murlo  (province  of  Siena,  Tuscany) :  Gules,  on  a  mount 
in  base  vert  a  castle  argent,  and  on  either  side  thereof  a  mouse 
climbing  proper.  The  castle  bears  a  reference  to  the  former  feudal 
possession  of  the  Bishops  of  Siena  ;  the  mice  probably  have  some 
connection  with  the  name  of  the  place.  Old  books  of  arms  show 
the  two  mice,  but  in  later  times  these,  without  any  authority,  have 
been  superseded  by  two  fierce  lions  which  appear  to  have  taken 
their  place. 

Fig.  7.  Sorimio  (province  of  Florence) :  Or,  a  mountain  ash-tree 
(sorhis)  proper,  fructed  gules,  issuing  from  a  mount  in  base  vert, 
supported  by  two  lions,  the  dexter  vert  and  the  sinister  gules  (the 
charges  of  the  families  of  Ordelaffi  and  Ubertini) ;  over  all,  on  a 
chief  argent,  a  fleur-de-lis  gules  (from  the  arms  of  ]?lorence). 


Fig.  1063. — Crest  of  the  Town  of  Leipzig. 

Fig.  8.  Leipzig  (kingdom  of  Saxony) :  Party  per  pale,  the  dexter 
side  or,  a  lion  rampant  sable  (the  arms  of  Margrave  von  Meissen) ; 
the  sinister  side  or,  two  pallets  azure  (the  family  arms  of  Wettiner^ 
assumed  by  the  district  of  Landsberg).  Crest ;  a  conical  hat  striped 
in  broad  vertical  bands  of  or  and  azure,  and  adorned  in  front  with 
a  plume  of  three  ostrich  feathers,  the  centre  one  azure,  the  exterior 
ones  or,  inserted  behind  the  tui'ned-up  brim.  Fig.  1063  gives  the 
side  view  of  this  crest.     Mantling  azure  and  or. 

Fig.  9.  Hannover  (the  capital  and  former  Royal  residence  of  the 
kingdom  of  Hanover,  now  the  capital  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Hannover)  :  Gules,  upon  a  battlemented  wall  surmounted  by  two 
towers  argent,  a  lion  passant  or,  armed  and  langued  azure.  In  the 
open  portway  of  the  wall  below  the  raised  portcullis  an  inescutcheon 
or,  charged  with  a  clover-leaf  vert,  the  point  of  the  leaf  turned 
towards  the  base,  seeded  and  veined  also  or.  The  crest  is:  upon  a 
wreath  gules  and  or,  between  two  buffalo's  horns,  the  dexter  per  fess 
gules  and  or,  the  sinister  counterchanged,  a  clover-leaf  as  in  the  arms; 
Mantling  gules  and  or.  (Two  gold  lions  are  used  as  supporters.) 
In  the  oldest  seals  of  the  town  (1266)  the  wall  is  found,  together 
with  the  Brunswick  lion,  but  without  the  clover-leaf,  which  is  met 
with  for  the  first  time  in  the  seal  of  1 534.  But  on  coins  the  clover- 
leaf  maybe  found  as  early  as  the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century- 
Fig.  10.  Caslav  (Czaslau),  a  town  in  East  Bohemia :  Gules,  a 
battlemented  town-wall  argent,  the  port  ouvert.  Behind  the  wall 
rise  three  battleniented  towers,  and  issuing  from  each  of  the 
exterior  towers  a  watchman,  habited  in  azure,  with  black  hat  and 
feathers,  blowing  a  horn  or.  In  the  centre  chief  point  is  an  inescut- 
cheon of  the  arms  of  the  Kingdom  of  Bohemia.  Upon  the  shield 
rests  a  mural  coronet,  which  will  be  found  on  a  seal  of  the  town 
as  early  as  1532.  The  arms  were  granted  to  the  town  by  King 
Wladislaw  II.,  May  22,  1472. 


Fig.  1 1.  Maros  Vasarhely,  a  Eoyal  free  town  in  the  Hungarian 
Komitate  (Countship)  Maros-Torda  (Transylvania) :  Azure,  an  arm 
in  armour  embowed  fesswise  and  couped  at  the  shoulder,  brandishing 
a  sword  on  which  are  impaled  the  heart  gules  and  the  head  erased 
sable  of  a  bear.  This  peculiar  device  is  taken  from  the  old  escut- 
cheon of  the  Szekler-Nation,  which  above  the  bear's  heart  also 
shows  a  golden  crown.    The  shield  is  surmounted  by  a  golden  crown. 

Fig.  12.  Bombay,  capital  of  the  Presidency  of  Bombay:  Azure, 
three  ships  luider  sail  lateen-rigged  proper,  a  chief  or,  thereon 
a  lion  passant  guardant  gules,  between  two  pallets  sable,  each 
charged  with  an  ostrich  feather  erect  argent ;  and  for  a  crest, 
upon  a  wreath  of  the  colours,  a  lion  passant  giiardant  gules, 
crowned  with  an  Eastern  crown  gold,  supporting  with  the  dexter 
forepaw  an  escutcheon  or,  charged  with  a  sprig  of  the  cotton-tree 
slipped  and  fructed  proper.  Supporters :  on  the  dexter  side  a  lion 
or,  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  leopard  proper,  each  gorged  with  an 
Eastern  crown,  and  pendent  therefrom  an  escutcheon  azure,  charged 
with  a  mullet  argent.     Motto:  "XJrbs  prima  in  India." 


Fig.  1064. — Arms  of  Ereslau. 
(From  a  drawing  by  Jost  Amman. ) 

Fig.  1064  shows  the  arms  of  Breslau,  the  capital  of  the  Prussian 
province  of  Silesia:  Quarterly,  i.  Bohemia;  2.  Silesia;  3.  or,  a 
W  sable  (Wratislavia) ;  4.  Gules,  issuing  from  a  reversed  coronet, 
the  bust  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist  (supposed  to  have  been  origi- 
nally the  bust  of  St.  Dorothea)  ;  and  over  all  the  symbol  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  -iiz.  the  head  proper  in  a  charger  argent.  Crest :  be- 
tween two  flags  harry  of  gules  and  argent,  and  issuing  from  a 
coronet,  the  bust  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.    (Granted  in  1 530.) 


Fig.  1065. — Arms  of  Augsburg. 
(From  a  drawing  by  Jost  Amman,  1566.) 

An  interesting  and  much-discussed  heraldic  figure  is  borne  by 
the  town  of  Augsburg  (the  ancient  Augusta  Vinddicorum)  on  its 
shield  :  Party  per  pale  gules  and  silver  (arms  of  the  Bishopric  of 
Augsburg),  on  the  capital  of  a  pillar  or,  a  pine-cone  (or  a  cembra 
nut)  vert,  also  termed  by  some  a  bunch  of  grapes  (Fig.  1065).  The 
so-called  "  Stadtpyr  "  of  Augsburg  appears  as  early  as  the  beginning 
of  the  fourteenth  century  on  the  seals  of  the  town,  and  probably 
owed  its  origin  to  some  excavated  decorative  figure  from  a  Roman 
grave.  The  pine-cones,  with  their  many  seed-pods,  were  to  the 
Romans  a  symbol  of  the  inexhaustible  abundance  in  the  life  of 
nature,  and  were  frec[uently  employed,  in  their  grave-monuments 
especially. 

These  arms  of  Cologne  ["  Argent,  on  a  chief  gules,  three  crowiis 
or"!  wiU  be  found  on  Plate  CXXIV.  (refer  to  page  231). 

A.  C.  F-U.  AND  H.  S. 


445 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER   XLVII 

COATS  OF   ARMS   OF   SOCIETIES   AND   COR- 
PORATIONS:   PLATES  CXIX.  TO  CXXV. 

INTERESTING  as  the  arms  of  such  bodies  always  are, 
and  curious  and  strange  as  is  the  heraldry  to  be  de- 
duced therefrom,  the  arms  comprised  in  this  cate- 
gory largely  lack  value  to  the  heraldic  student  from  the 
fact  that  so  large  a  proportion  are  mere  arms  of  adventure. 
The  result  is  that  their  weird  perversions  of  heraldic  law. 
and  their  strange  menagerie  of  charges,  are  but  too  often 
the  perpetuation  of  the  ignorance  of  their  original  in- 
ventors. As  to  this  chapter  particularly,  I  would  repeat 
that  I  cannot  guarantee  that  any  particular  coat  of  arms 
which  follows  possesses  the  requisite  authority.  Those 
where  the  date  of  grant  is  appended  are  of  course 
authoritative,  as  are  some  others. 

The  arms  on  Plate  CXIX.  are  as  follows : — 

Cai-penter^  Company,  London  (granted  6  Edward  VI.) :  Argent, 
a  chevron  engrailed  between  three  pairs  of  compasses  extended 
sable. 

Masons'  Conipan i/fhondon  (granted  12  Edward  IV.):  Sable,  on 
a  chevron  engrailed  between  three  quadrilateral  castles  argent, 
a  pair  of  compasses  extended  of  the  field.  Crest :  a  castle  as  in 
the  arms. 

Marhlers,  Gateshead :  Gules,  a  chevron  between  two  chipping 
axes  in  chief  argent,  and  a  mallet  in  base  or.  Crest  :  an  arm 
embowed,  vested  azure,  cuffed  argent,  holding  in  the  hand  proper 
an  engraving  chisel  or. 

Freemasons,  Grateshead :  Sable,  on  a  chevron  argent,  between 
three  towers  or,  a  pair  of  compasses  extended  azui'e.  Crest :  a 
tower  with  a  cupola  or. 

The  arms  on  Plate  CXXI.  are  as  follows  : — 

Drajyers^  Companv,  London.  Arms:  Azure,  three  clouds  proper, 
radiated  in  base  or,  each  surmounted  with  a  triple  crown  or,  caps 
gules.  Crest  :  a  mount  vert,  thereon  a  ram  couchant  or,  attired 
sable.  Supporters  :  two  lions  argent,  pellette.  Motto  :  "  Unto 
God  only  be  honour  and  glory." 

Goldsmiths'  Company,  London.  Arms :  Quarterly  gules  and  azure, 
in  the  first  and  fourth  a  leopard's  head  or ;  in  the  second  and  third 
a  covered  cup,  and  in  chief  two  round  buckles,  the  tongues  fess- 
\vise,  points  to  the  dexter,  all  of  the  third.  Crest :  a  demi-lady, 
her  arms  extended  proper,  issuing  out  of  clouds  of  the  last,  vested 
gules,  garnished  or,  cuffed  argent,  round  her  neck  a  ruff  of  the 
last ;  in  her  dexter  hand  a  pair  of  scales  of  the  third,  in  her  sinister 
hand  a  touchstone  sable.  Supporters :  two  unicorns  or,  armed, 
crined,  and  hoofed  argent.  Motto:  "Justitia  virtutum  regina." 
Another  motto  occasionally  used  by  the  Company  was :  "  To  God 
only  be  aU  glory."  [Note. — The  crest  is  vested  in  the  dress  of  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth.] 

hi4itute  of  CliaHered  Acrnuntants.  Arms  :  Argent,  on  a  mount 
in  base,  in  front  of  a  rudder  in  bend  sinister,  a  female  figure 
proper,  representing  "  Economy,"  habited  gules,  mantled  azure, 
about  the  temples  a  ^vreath  of  ohve,  in  the  dexter  hand  a  rod,  and 
in  the  sinister  a  pair  of  compasses  also  proper ;  a  chief  of  the 
second,  thereon  a  balance  suspended  also  or.  Motto  :  "  Recte 
numerare." 

The  Bank  of  Scotland  (granted  1701):  Azure,  a  sal  tire  argent 
between  four  bezants. 

77(€  Mercers'  Company  (confirmed  by  St.  George,  Hichmond 
Herald,  1634).  Arms:  Gules,  a  demi-virgin  couped  below  the 
shoulders,  issuing  from  clouds  aU  proper,  vested  or,  crowned  with 
an  Eastern  crown  of  the  last,  her  hair  dishevelled,  and  wi'eathed 
round  the  temples  with  roses  of  the  second,  all  within  an  orle  of 
clouds  proper.     Motto :  "  Honor  Deo." 

The  arms  on  Plate  CXXIII.  are  as  follows : — 

llie  Trinity  House.  Arms :  Azure,  a  cross'gules,  between  four  ships 
of  three  masts,  each  under  full  sail  all  proper,  on  each  sail,  pennant, 
and  ensign  a  cross  gules,  and  each  quarter  representing  a  sea-piece. 
Crest  :  a  denii-lion  rampant  guardant  and  regally  crowned  or, 
holding  in  the  dexter  paw  a  sword  erect  argent,  hilted  and 
pommelled  of  the  first.     Motto:  "Trinitas  in  unitate." 

The  Statimiers'  Conpany.  Arms :  Azure,  on  a  che\Ton  or,  between 
three  Bibles  lying  fesswise  gules,  garnished,  leaved,  and  clasped 
of  the  second  (clasps  downwards),  an  eagle  rising  proper,  enclosed 
by  two  roses  gules,  seeded  or,  barbed  vert,  from  the  top  of  the 
chief  a  demi-circle  of  gloiy  edged  with  clouds  proper,  therein  a 
dove  displayed  argent,  over  the  head  a  circle  of  the  last.  Motto  : 
"  Verbum  domini  nianet  in  reternum." 

Tlie  Central  London  Raihray  (granted  February  25,  1S98).  Arms  : 
Argent,  on  a  cross  gules,  voided  of  the  field,  betuveen  two  wings  in 


chief  sable  and  as  many  daggers  erect  in  base  of  the  second,  in 
the  fess  point  a  morion  ^ringed  of  the  third,  on  a  chief  also  of  the 
second,  a  pale  of  the  first,  thereon  eight  arrows  saltirewise,  banded 
also  of  the  third,  between,  on  the  dexter  side  three  bendlets 
enhanced,  and  on  the  sinister  a  fleur-de-lis  or.  Crest :  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  front  of  a  locomotive  engine  proper,  between  two 
wintjs  or.     Motto  :  "  Forward." 

The  Fishmonger^  Company.  Arms  :  Azure,  three  dolphins  naiant 
in  pale  argent,  finned  and  ducally  crowned  or,  between  two  pairs 
of  lucies  in  saltire  (the  sinister  surmounting  the  dexter)  proper, 
over  the  nose  of  each  lucy  a  ducal  crown  of  the  third,  on  a  chief 
gules  three  pairs  of  keys  endorsed  in  saltire  or.  Crest  :  two  cubit 
arms  erect,  the  dexter  vested  or,  the  sinister  azure,  both  cufled 
argent,  holding  in  the  hands  proper  a  regal  crown  of  the  last. 
Supporters  :  dexter,  a  merman  proper,  on  his  head  a  helmet,  the 
body  only  covered  in  armour,  in  his  dexter  hand  a  sabre,  all  of  the 
first ;  sinister,  a  mermaid  proper,  crined  or,  in  her  sinister  hand  a 
mirror  of  the  last.     Motto  :  "  All  worship  be  to  God  only." 

The  North  Born^eo  Company.  Arms :  Azure,  in  base  on  waves  of 
the  sea  a  native  boat  of  North  Borneo  with  sails,  manned  and  oars 
in  action  proper,  a  chief  or,  thereon  a  lion  passant  guardant  gules. 
Crest :  two  arms  embowed,  that  on  the  dexter  side  being  the  arm 
of  a  native  of  North  Borneo  proper ;  that  on  the  sinister  being  an 
arm  vested  azure,  cuffed  argent,  the  hand  grasping  a  staff  proper, 
thereon  hoisted  a  flag  flowing  to  the  sinister  or,  charged  with  a 
Uon  guardant  gules. 

The  Carpenters'  Company.  Arms  :  Argent,  a  chevron  engraUed 
between  three  pairs  of  compasses  expanded  at  the  points  sable. 

Cutlers'  Company  of  Sheffield.  Arms  :  Argent,  on  a  fess  indented 
vert,  between  three  pairs  of  swords  in  saltire  proper,  pommels  and 
hilts,  sable,  eight  arrows  interlaced  saltirewise,  banded  of  the  field, 
between  two  garbs  or.  Crest :  in  front  of  an  elephant's  head 
couped  or,  two  swords  in  saltire  as  in  the  arms. 

The  grant  depicted  on  Plate  CXX.  is  the  coat  of 
Tallow  Chandler^  Company.  Arms  :  Per  fess  azure  and  argent,  a 
pale  counterchanged,  three  doves  of  the  last,  each  holding  in  the 
beak  an  oBve  branch  or.  Crests  (both  the  following  are  used,  but 
really  No.  2  was  substituted  for  No.  i):  i.  a  demi-angel  issuing 
from  clouds  proper,  vested  azure,  wings  expanded  or,  crined  of  the 
last,  on  his  head  a  cap,  thereon  a  cross  patee  of  the  third,  holding 
a  dish  argent,  glorified  or,  thereon  the  head  of  St.  John  Baptist 
proper;  2.  a  dish  argent,  glorified  proper,  thereon  the  head  of  St. 
John  Baptist  proper.  Supporters  :  two  angels  proper,  vested 
gold,  crined  and  ducally  crowned  or,  the  coronet  surmounted  with 
an  estoUe  of  the  last,  each  standing  on  a  mount  vert.  Mottoes  : 
"  Ecce  Agnus  Dei,  qui  toUit  peccata  mundi  " ;  "  Qufe  arguuntur,  a 
lumine  manifestantur."     (See  Plate  CXXXII.  Fig.  2.) 

Plates  CXXIV.  and  CXXV.  show  some  interesting  variations  of 
the  arms  adopted  by  different  masonic  lodges  and  kindred  bodies, 
which,  however,  all  sufficiently  explain  themselves. 

The  arms  illustrated  on  Plate  CXXII.  are  as  follows : — 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  the  SJwemakers'  G^iild  at  Winterthur  (Canton 
Ziirich),  15S3  :  Gules,  above  a  pointed  shoe  sable,  a  draw-knile 
argent,  the  handle  or. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  the  Baker^  Guild  at  Liege  :  Azure,  between  two 
rolls  a  saw-blade  in  pale  point  downwards  or.  (The  Bakers'  Guild 
in  Brussels  also  bore  a  saw  in  their  arms,  presumably  as  a  sign  of 
their  right  to  cut  anything,  even  wood.  It  is  to  be  lioped  that  it  was 
not  indicative  of  the  difficulty  in  dealing  with  the  bread  they  baked.) 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  the  Funiers'  Guild  at  Bale  :  Gules,  a  bend  com- 
posed of  three  rows  of  Kiirsch. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Fishermen's  Guild  in  the  Jurisdiction  of 
Benfeld  (Alsace-Lorraine),  seventeenth  century  :  Azure,  an  oar  in 
pale  or,  surmounted  by  two  fish  in  saltire  heads  downwards  argent. 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  the  Printers'  Guild:  Or,  the  double-headed 
engle  of  the  Eoman-German  Realm  sable,  the  heads  each  within  a 
nimbus,  armed  gules,  holding  in  its  dexter  claw  a  leaf-holder,  and 
in  its  sinister  a  composing-stick.  The  helmet,  which  is  crowned, 
and  has  a  mantling  of  gules  and  argent,  has  for  crest  a  demi-griffin 
ari;ent,  armed  gules,  holding  in  its  claws  two  printing-balls,  one 
above  the  other,  the  heads  conjoined.  This  coat  of  arms  was  not 
granted  by  the  Emperor  Friedrich  III.,  as  has  been  hitherto  uni- 
versally stated,  but  in  the  course  of  the  sixteenth,  seventeenth, 
and  eighteenth  centuries  grndually  developed  itself  into  its 
present  form.  (For  fuller  details  refer  to  Strohl's  JVappen  der 
Buchgewerhe,  Vienna,  1891.) 

Fig.  6.  Seal  of  the  Guild  of  Coppersmiths  of  Vienna.  This  shows 
a  copper  kettle  held  by  two  griffins  standing  on  a  mount.  The 
legend  is  :  "  Der  Bvrgerlichen  Kvpfersclimit.  Sigill  in  der  Key 
res.  stat.  Wjen."     1650. 

Fig.  7.  The  seal  of  the  G^dld  of  Blacksmiths  of  Vienna.  This 
shows,  below  the  Imperial  double  eagle,  a  richly  foliated  and  orna- 
mented cartouche,  bearing  as  a  charge  a  horse  leaping  over  a  horse- 
shoe. The  legend  is;  "Sigill  deren.  Burgh.  Hvef-Schmiden.  in. 
Wienn."  (On  a  document  from  the  Burgher  Master  Blacksmiths  of 
Vienna  to  the  Master  of  Pulkau,  19th  October  175 1.) 

Fig.  S.  Arms  of  the  Cheesemongers'  Guild  at  Ghent :    Gules,  above 


446 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDEY 


a  cheese-knife  proper,  tlie  handle  or,  a  pair  of  scales  of  the  last,  the 
weighing  slabs  argent,  and  in  chief  two  circular  cheeses  proper. 

Fig.  9.  Arms  of  the  Gardeners'  GuiUl  at  Strassburg,  seventeenth 
centnrj :  Argent,  a  bend  gules  (arms  of  Strassbiu'g)  between  two 
roses  of  the  last,  seeded  or,  barbed,  leaved,  and  slipped  vert. 

Fig.  10.  Arms  of  the  Painters  :  Gules,  three  inescutcheons  argent. 
The  helmet,  which  is  crowned,  and  has  a  mantling  of  males  and 
argent,  bears  as  crest  a  demi-maiden  proper,  riclily  habited  per  pale 
guLes  and  argent,  between  two  fallow-deer's  palmated  attires  proper. 
The  three  shields  as  charges  were  the  "canting"  sign  of  the  old- 
shieldworkers,  by  whom  the  pageant  and  battle-shields  were 
made.  In  Germany  the  field  was  originally  gules,  in  France  and 
in  the  Netherlands  azure,  the  escutcheons  being  argent  and  occasion- 
ally or.  The  crest  consisted  of  dragon's  wiugs,  stag's  antlers,  fallow- 
deer's  horns,  and  the  figure  was  always  a  feminine  one,  though  very 
often  it  is  a  negress  which  is  placed  between  the  horns.  The  crest 
was  supposed  to  be  an  imitation  of  the  so-called  Lustericeibchen 
(figures  of  women,  to  hold  lamps  or  lustres  ?),  which  were  also  made 
by  the  shieldworkers.  (Details  of  this  coat  of  arras  may  be  found 
in  F,  W-arnecke's  Monographie  iiber  das  Kunstlericappen,  Berlin, 
1S87.     See  also  Plate  XXVI.  Fig.  5.) 

Crafts  and  professions  which  recent  times  have  produced  have  of 
course  no  guild  coats  of  arms,  but  the  decorator  occasionally  at- 
tempts to  symbolise  heraldically  these  modern  handicrafts,  and  two 
specimens  of  such  symbolical  designs  are  here  added.  They  have 
not,  of  course,  any  authority. 

Fig.  II.  Device  of  the  German  Gymnasts  :  Or,  four  figures  of  the 
letter  "F"  addorsed  in  cross  sable.  This  device  was  proposed  at 
the  Swabian  Gymnastic  Festival  at  Heilbron  on  2nd  and  3rd 
August  1S46,  by  the  copperplate  engraver  Johann  Heinrich 
Felsing  (born  17S0,  died  29th  Jlarch  1875),  of  Darmstadt,  and  was 
universally  adopted  as  the  device.  The  four  F's  are  taken  from  a 
rhyme  of  the  sixteenth  century  :  "  Frisch,  frei  Frohlich  und  frumb, 
ist  der  Studenten  Eeichtum."  ''Fresh,  free.  Joyous,  and  good,  is 
the  realm  of  the  Students." 

Fig.  12.  Device  of  the  Gernmn  School  Union  in  Austria  :  Per  fess 
sable  and  or,  a  fess  gules,  in  chief  a  demi-sun  in  splendour  issuant 
from  the  fess,  and  issuant  from  the  base  and  surmounting  the  fess 
an  oak-branch  vert  with  two  acorns  or.  This  device  was  designed 
by  Herr  Strohl  in  1S88.  The  sun  on  the  black  field  is  intended  to 
denote  intellectual  enlightenment  resulting  from  the  schools,  her 
illuminating  rays  being  poured  out  over  the  fruitful  oak-branch, 
typifiiing  the  growing  German  race. 

Fig.  1 3.  Device  of  the  A  itstrian  Leo-Society  :  Sable,  a  lion  rampant 
or,  armed  gules,  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  an  escutcheon  of  the 
arms  of  the  Austrian  Eoyal  Family  (gules,  a  fess  argent),  and  hold- 
ing in  its  forepaws  the  triple  papal  silver  cross.  These  armorial 
bearings  of  this  Catholic  Literary  Society  were  also  designed  by 
Herr  Strohl  in  1S92. 

Fig.  14.  Device  of  the  Literary  Union  of  Stuttgart :  Party  per  fess 
or  and  azure,  in  chief  a  demi-mare  issuant  sable  (half  of  the  arms  of 
Stuttgart),  and  in  base  a  closed  book  gules. 

Fig.  15.  Seal  of  the  Royal  Institut-e  of  British  Architects  (1834)  in 
London.  The  mural  crown,  above  the  circle,  as  also  the  motto 
ribbon,  with  the  inscription  "vsvi  civivm  decori  vrbivm,"  which 
occurs  below  the  circle,  have  been  omitted  on  account  uf  lack  of 
space.  The  device  shows  a  pillar,  supported  by  two  English  lions 
impeiially  crowned,  the  shaft  of  the  pillar  seme  of  the  badges  of 
England  (rose),  Scotland  (thistle),  and  Ireland  (trefoil).  The 
capital  supports  the  globe  and  a  rtidder. 

Fig.  16.  Seal  c.f  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  Londoti.  This  seal 
shows  the  shield  of  St.  George,  charged  in  the  centre  with  the  Royal 
crown  itf  Enghmd.  Over  the  shield,  as  crest,  is  shown  a  four- 
armed  burning  lamp.  Motto:  "non  extingvetvil"  Legend: 
"  Sigillum  .  Sucietatis  .  Antiq^uariorum  .  Londinensis."  It  should  be 
remarked  that  these  arms  du  not  in  any  way  belong  to  the  Society. 
They  were  granted  as  a  quartering  of  augmentation  in  1649  by 
King  Charles  to  Sir  Edward  Nicholas,  secretary  to  King  Charles  II., 
and  the  Society  might  well  display  a  better  example  to  students  of 
armory.  The  crest,  of  course,  is  a  mere  matter  of  invention.  No 
ci-iticism  can  be  too  strong  for  the  dishonest  action  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  which  purports  to  be  the  chief  antiquarian  authority 
in  this  country.  The  arms  used  by  the  assistant  secretary  and 
many  of  the  fellows  are  equally  lacking  authority. 

Fig.  17.  Arms  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  (1573)  :  Gules,  on  a 
cross  ermine,  between  four  lions  passant  guardant  or,  a  book  gules. 
The  Ktmqilienbuch  (Council  Book)  of  Constance  (1483)  shows  other 
armorial  bearings  for  the  University,  namely  :  Fiunce  and  England 
quarterly  (the  then  Royal  Arms  of  England),  charged  in  the  centre 
with  a  book  gules.  The  arms  of  the  University  of  Birmingham 
(Fig.  293)  and  of  the  University  of  Madras  (Fig.  308)  will  also  be 
found  herein. 

Fig.  18.  Arms  of  Mo^i  College  (according  to  the  patent  of  King 
Henry  VI.,  January  i,  1449)  :  Sable,  three  (natural)  lilies  argent,  a 
chitf  party  per  pale  azure  and  gules,  charged  on  the  dexter  side  with 
a  flem-de-lis  and  on  the  sinister  with  a  lion  passant  guardant  or. 

Fig.  19.  Arms  of  the  Students'  Association  {^'' Tentonia.")  at  Jena. 
The  arms  of  the  Students'  Associations  at  the  German  Universities 
are  all  devised  upon  one  pattern,  which,  however,  cannot  lay  claim 


to  any  special  heraldic  value.    (See  "  Ai-ms  of  the  German  Students^ 
Association,"  by  Nic.  Miiller,  1S7S-79,  Frankfort-on-the-Maine.) 

The  arms  of  the  Univereity  Extension  College  at  Reading  (Fig. 
606)  and  of  Clifton  College  (Fig.  550)  are  other  examples,  and  I 
am  permitted  to  reproduce  the  bookplate  of  Cheltenliara  College 
(Fig.  1066). 


Fig  1066. — The  Bookplate  of  Cheltenham  College :  Per  bend  giiles 
and  sable,  on  a  bend  or,  between  in  chief  two  swords  in  saltire 
proper,  pommels  and  hUts  of  the  third,  and  in  base  a  fasces 
palewise  of  the  last,  a  mullet  of  the  first  between  two  fleurs- 
de-lis  of  the  second.     (From  the  original  block.) 

In  conclusion  we  give  two  copies  from  Strbhl's  Die  Wa'pyen  der 
Bii^h^ewerhe  (Vienna,  1S91),  representing  the  arms  of  the  Photo- 
chemigraphists  (Fig.  1067)  and  those  of  the  Bookbinders  (Fig.  1068). 


Fig.  1067. — Arms  of  the  Guild  of  Photochemigraphists. 

The  shield  in  the  arms  of  the  Photochemigraphists,  invented  by 
Franz  Stuck,  of  Munich,  in  1884,  is :  Party  per  fess,  in  chief  sable  a 
demi-sun  in  splendour  issuant,  the  base  per  pale,  on  the  dexter  side, 
gules,  an  acid  flask,  and  on  the  sinister  argent,  a  printing-roller 


447 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


sable.  The  helmet  has  for  crest,  on  a  wreath  or  and  sahle,  mantling 
being  the  same,  three  sunflowers  proper.  Motto  :  "  In  luce  mundus.'' 
The  arms  of  the  bookbinders  are :  Gules,  a  bookbinding  press  or, 
and  above  it  a  bound  book  of  the  last.     The  helmet  bears  as  crest 


Fig.  1068. — Arms  of  the  Guild  of  Bookbinders. 

an  arm  brandishing  a  hammer  or  mallet  sable,  the  handle  or.  The 
aim  is  habited  in  a  sleeve  gules,  cuffed  or,  and  continuing  into  the 
mantling  of  gules  and  or.  H.  S.  and  A.  C.  F-D. 


PLATE   CXXVI 

EXAMPLES  OF  HUNGARIAN  AND, POLISH  ARMS 

While  Hungarian  heraldry  rests  more  or  less  on  a  German 
foundation,  and  only  makes  itself  noticeable  by  its  occasional 
extravagances,  and,  since  the  Turkish  war,  by  a  special  predilection 
for  devices  having  some  reference  to  that  struggle,  ancient  Polish 
lieraldry  would  seem  to  be  of  an  independent  origin,  possessing  very 
little  in  common  with  German  and  West  European  heraldic  art. 
The  crest  and  the  mantling  and  even  the  tinctures  of  the  charges 
play  a  very  small  part,  and  the  number  of  heraldic  charges  is  com- 
paratively limited.  Modern  Polish  heraldry  has  enriched  itself 
with  many  devices  from  the  neighbouring  heraldic  art  of  Germany, 
but  has,  by  so  doing,  as  will  be  readily  understood,  lost  rather  than 
gained  both  in  national  character  and  in  the  peculiarities  of  its 
armory. 

Hungarian  Coats  of  Arms 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  Martin  Pethnehazy,  granted  by  King  Sigismund 
iit  Constance,  July  25,  1417  :  Gules,  a  ctemi-lion  argent,  issuing  out 
of  a  coronet  or,  enriched  with  gems  gules  and  azure,  holding  in  its 
paws  and  shooting  from  a  bow  or,  stringed  argent,  an  arrow  also 
gold,  the  pheon  argent.  The  crowned  tilting-helmet,  with  its 
mantling  of  gules  and  or,  bears  as  crest  the  demi-lion  as  in  the 
arras.  Later,  the  Pethneliazys  received  a  grant  of  a  new  coat  of 
arms  from  King  Mathias  Corvinus  at  Of'en,  January  9,  1462,  viz.: 
Azure,  a  unicorn  argent,  armed  or  (from  Turul,  1888). 

Figs.  2  and  3.  Arras  of  Nikolaus  Gara  11, ,  Royal  Counsellor  of 
King  Charles  VI.  of  France,  who  "  besserte  "  (augmented)  for  him 
the  old  arms  of  Gara  by  a  patent  dated  March  16,  141 5.  The  con- 
firmation of  this  augmentation  by  King  Sigismund  followed  in  the 
succeeding  year.  The  old  coat  (Fig.  2)  was  :  Azure,  a  snake 
crowned  or,  holding  an  Imperial  orb  in  its  moutli.  The  crowned 
silver  tilting-helmet  has  a  mantling  of  ostrich  feathers  azure,  and 
as  crest  a  plume  of  ostrich  feathers  azure,  disposed  in  the  shape 
of  a  wing,  and  charged  with  tlie  device  of  the  shield.  The 
augmented  coat  of  arms  (Fig.  3)  is  the  same  shield  and  the  same 
helraet,  but  the  mantling  and  crest  are  composed  of  golden  sun-rays. 
Above  the  rays  appear  two  flag-cloths  (perhaps  ailettes  ;  compare 
Plate  CXXXVIl.  Fig.  2),  each  charged  with  the  Gara  arms. 


Fig.  4.  Arms  of  Andreas  Chapi,  granted  to  him  and  his  relatives 
by  King  Sigismund  at  Constance,  March  19,  1418:  Azure,  a  lion 
rampant  or,  the  dexter  forepaw  grasping  and  endeavouring  to 
withdraw  an  arrow  argent,  pierced  through  both  its  eyes,  which  are 
emluued.  Crest:  a  lion  statant  or,  removing  an  arrow  as  in  the 
arms.  The  silver  tilting-helmet  has  a  mantling  of  azure  and  or. 
The  shield  is  surrounded  Ijy  the  emblem  of  the  Order  of  the  Dragon, 
a  golden  dragon,  charged  mth  a  cross  gules  (compare  Plate  LXXX. 
Fig.  4).     (From  Turul,  1885.) 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  Niholaus  Sovari  Soos,  granted  by  King  Sigismund 
at  Constance,  March  6,  1418,  to  him,  his  son,  and  to  other  relations  : 
Azure,  issuing  from  a  coronet  or,  the  bust  of  a  woman  proper, 
crined  also  or,  and  issuing  from  her  head  two  ram's  horns  of  the 
List.  The  silver  tilting-helmet  has  a  mantling  of  azure  and  gules. 
Crest :  out  of  a  coronet  a  woman's  bust  as  in  the  arras.  The  Chapie 
and  tlie  Soos  are  of  one  family.     (From  Turul,  1885.) 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  Count  Johann  Hunyadi  (until  1452  "Gubernator* 
of  the  Hungarian  Realm,  Father  of  King  Mathias  Corvinus,  who 
died  1456).  These  arras  were  granted  at  Pressburg,  February  i, 
1453,  %  J^i°g  Ladislaus  V.  Posthuraus  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent, 
a  linn  rampant  gules,  the  eye  or,  holding  in  its  paw  a  coronet  of 
the  last  (this  device  was  not  borne  afterwards  by  the  family) ;  2 
and  3,  the  old  family  arms  of  the  Hunyadi  (Corvinus),  azure,  a 
raven  rising  proper,  the  eye  or,  and  holding  in  its  beak  a  gem- 
ring  or,  set  wiih  a  diamond.  'Tlie  partition  lines  of  the  shield  in 
this  painting  are  indicated  in  gold.  The  crowned,  golden  tilting- 
helmet  has  a  mantling  of  silver  lined  witli  gold.  Crest :  a  pair  of 
wings  addorsed  or.  Figs.  2  and  3,  as  also  Fig.  6,  are  taken  from 
A.  Nyary's  book,  Heraldika  Vegcrfonola,  Budapest,  1886. 

Instances  of  arms  containing  reference  to  battles  with  the  Turks 
are  shown  in  Figs.  1069  and  1070. 

Fig.  1069.  iirmorial  shield  of  Michael  Moliorai  Vid,  a  travelling 
companion  of  liing  Sigismund,  who  distinguished  him  at  Strass- 


Mohorai  Yid  ( 


burg  (1418)  by  the  gift  of  a  patent  of  arms:  Gules,  between  two 
Turkish  sabres  addorsed  argent,  the  bust  of  a  Turk  habited  in 
azure,  and  with  a  white  turban.      The  same  bust  of  a  Turk,  but 


Fig.  1070. — Devay  (153S). 

habited  in  gules,  is  also  the  crest,  tlie  habit  continuing  into  the 
mantling  of  gules  and  argent.  The  Vidflys  were  inhabitants  of  the 
Comitate  Nograd  and  Hont. 

Fig.  1070.  Arms  of  Peter  Devay  de  Deva  (granted  by  King  Johann 


448 


PLATE   CXLIII. 


'  y      .- •:'      '^  i>    U'^"^^ — Tf- — >  ^~     '  ■" 


EX.-\MPLES    OF   ARMORIAL    WOOD    CAR\'INGS. 


Printed  at  S-tatljtart 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Zapolya  at  Schassburg,  July  1 3, 1 538 :  Gules,  a  Turk  runniuEr,  habited 
in  azure,  the  trousers  or,  and  with  high  boot6  proper,  holding  in  his 
dexter  liand  a  sword,  and  with  the  sinister  endeavouiing  10  draw  a 
broken  spear  out  of  his  breast,  and  pierced  in  the  upper  part  of  his 
body  by  an  arrow  embedded  to  its  head.  (Reproauced  frmii  the 
Jahrbuch  Adler,  1892.) 

Amputated  bleeding  Turks'  heads,  Turkish  sabies,  sword-bran- 
dishing arms  in  armour,  sword-brandishing  lions,  and  grilfins,  pan- 
dours,  hussars,  &c.,  chiefly  constitute  ihe  heraldic  charges  uf  the 
Magyars,  and  lend  to  the  armory  of  that  nation  a  warlike  and 
Tartar  wildness,  and  often  something  of  an  even  comical  character. 

Polish  Coats  op  Arms 

The  old  Polish  armorial  devices  are  mostly  the  flag-devices — 
"Stannizan" — of  the  families  of  old  dynasties,  originating  ex- 
clusively in  the  Runic  characters  of  the  Scandinavians,  the  neigh- 
bours of  the  Poles,  in  their  old  home  Drevinenland  (Holst^in). 
To    such    signs,  taken  from    tlie   runes,   belong,  for  instance,  the 


OGONOZYK. 


^ 


Tig.  1071. 


devices  of  (Herb)  of   the    Ogonj'  fiiiiiily  (Ojioncyzk  ;   Fig.  1071)  ; 
of  Odrowaz   (Fig.    1072;    see    Plate   LXXXVII. 'Fig.    5);   and   of 

Fig.  1072. 

Natchez  (Fig.  1073),  from  which,  later  on,  a  bow  of  material  was 
developed.      Frequently   occurring  devices  are,  moreover  :   Pohog 


RfliQa^Zr. 


t     S 


Fig.  ]o73. 

(Fig.  1074)  and  Dabroica  (Fij;.  1075),  both  composed  of  horse-shoes 
surmounted  by  small  crosses,  as  is  also  a  bend  wavy  couped,  sur- 


POBOG 


DflBROCaj]. 


Fig.  1074. 


Fig.  1075. 


mounted  by  a  cross  (Szreniawa;  Fig.  1076).  The  crescent  and  star 
are  the  arms  of  Leliva  (Fig.  1077),  and  "the  two  and  a  half  armed 
cross"  the  arms  of  Pilawa  (Fig.  1078). 

'i'he.-e  separate  coals  of  arms  were  not  borne  by  one  family  only, 
but  in  each  c;ise  by  a  whole  group  o:  families,  who,  however,  with- 
out doubt  would  all  originate  in  the  same  dynasty.  Thus,  for  in- 
stance, Counts  Czapski,  Goluchowski,  Wodzicke  bear,  amongst  others 


the  arms  of  Leliva  (Fig.  1077).     The  arms  of  Nat<^ez  (Fig.  1073)  are 
used  by  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  families,  &c. 


SZRQniHOlH 


LQIiTa3^. 


piiifimH. 


Fig.  1076. 


Fig.  1077. 


Fig.  107S. 


Plate  CXXVI.  shows  emblazonments  of  the  arms  of  two  old  Polish 
noble  families  in  the  style  of  the  second  half  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
the  figures  of  which  show,  and  may  perhaps  explain,  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Polish  armorial  charges. 

Fig.  7.  Armsoi  Ooimt  ivn Mig£zyn-MigA:zy 7is}ci,hQ\o'nging  to  ihe  avias 
of  Suchekownaty :  Gules,  a  hunting-horn  sable,  viroled  and  stringed 
or,  the  string  surmounted  by  a  cross  of  the  same.  The  crowned 
buckled  helmet,  with  it-s  mantling  of  sable  and  gules,  bears  as  crest 
a  plume  of  three  ostrich  feathers  sable,  or,  and  gules  (Athanasius 
von  Miaczynski  Wojewode  von  Wolhynien,  who  died  1723,  was 
ennobled  December  2,  1 688,  by  the  Emperor  Leopold  I.,  on  account 
of  his  services  at  the  relief  of  Vienna).  The  figure  originated  in  the 
"  Stannitze"  of  the  JNJadrostki  (Fig.  1079)  composed  of  the  rune  tvr 
(Fig.  1080),  the  symbol  of  sovereignty  and  of  the  rune  madr  (Fig. 
1081),  identical  with  the  idea  of  "man." 

When  the  pagan  families  were  converted  to  Christianity  most  of 
the  "Stannitzen"  were  altered  by  the  insertion  of  crossed  lines 
(Fiij.  1082)  in  order  to  express  also  the  new  belief  in  the  Cross.  Tliis 
device,  after  the  death  of  the  original  ancestor,  only  continued  to  be 
borne  by  his  eldest  son  ;  the  younger  sons  were  obliged  to  put  aside 

0    t    M^ 


Fig.  1079. 


Fig.  ioSo. 


Fig.  ioSi, 


the  sign  of  the  Wojewoden  dignity — the  rune  tyr — and  bore  the 
"Stannitzen,"  as  shown  in  Fig^  1083. 

When,  in  the  begiuniui^'  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Central  and 
West  European  heraldry  penetrated  to  Poland,  that  nation  endea- 
voured to  replace  the  signs  of  the  "Stannitzen,"  then  already  be- 
come incomprehensible,  by  objects  corresponding  in  shape  as  much 
as  possible,  and  in  this  manner  arose,  out  of  Fig.  1083,  the  reversed 
horse-shoe  surrounding  a  cross  (Arms:  Zastrzembiec),  the  waxing 
half-moon  containing  a  cross  (Arms :  Szeliga),  and,  amongst  many 
others,  also  the  huuting-horn  surmounted  by  the  cross  (Arms: 
Suchekownaty),  the  arm.s  of  Count  Miaczynski. 

Fig.  8.  Arms  of  Count  von  Mycielen-Mycielski,  belonging  to  the 
arms  of  Dol^a  :  Azure,  a  horse-shoe  argent,  surmounted  by  a  small 
cross  or,  surmounting  an  arrow  point  downwards,  flighted  or.  The 
crowned  helmet,  with  a  nianiling  azure  and  argent,  bears  as  crest  a 
wing  ari^ent,  pierced  by  an  arrow  in  fess,  flighted  or.  (The  family, 
one  of  the  most  highly  esteemed  of  Great  Poland,  owning  large 
estates  in  Posen,  received  the  rank  of  count,  in  both  its  branches,  in 
1816  and  1842  respectively.) 

$  4>  $  0 


Fig.  1082. 


Fig.  10S3. 


Fig.  10S4. 


Fig.  10S5 


The  "  Stannitze  "  of  seniority  (Fig.  1082)  was  always  borne  by  the 
eldest  son  ;  the  other  members  of  the  senior  line  either  used  the 
sign  of  the  senior  reversed  (Fig.  1084),  or,  in  addition,  altered  the 
place  of  the  cross  (Fig.  1085).  The  armorial  device  of  Dol^ga  was 
gradually  developed  out  of  Fig.  10S5  (in  the  way  explained  in 
Fig.  1083),  as  it  is  shown  on  Fig.  8.  (See  Professor  Dr.  F. 
Pickosin'ski,  liyrerstwo  polskie  leidcmv  'srednich,  Krakau,  1897.) 

H.  S. 

[The  same  idea  seems  largely  to  underlie  much  of  the  native 
heraldry  of  Hindustan,  e.g.  in  the  device  of  the  Chakra  claimed  and 
used  by  all  chieftains  tracing  descent  from  the  Chauhan  clan  of 
Eajputs.— A.  C.  F-D.] 


449 


3l 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE   CXXVII 

SPECIJIKNS  OF  FRENCH  HERALDRY  OF  THE 
FIFTEENTH  CENTURY 

{Reproduced  by  Noel  Bouton  of  Pans) 

To  France  has  always  been  conceded  considerable  importance  in 
matters  of  armory.  French,  and  particularly  Burgnndian  heralds 
and  Pursuivants  had  tlie  reputation  of  being  especially  proficient  in 
the  Science  of  Armory.  They  transplanted  French  armorial  usages 
and  many  of  their  technical  words  into  German  soil  without,  how- 
ever, tliereby  stemming  the  national  development  of  German  Her- 
aldic Art.  In  English  terms  of  blazon  the  influence  of  France  is 
apparent,  though  it  is  not  unlikely  that  to  the  general  usage  of  the 
Norman-French  language^  the  "  French  "  terms  should  be  more  cor- 
rectly attributed.  Plates  CXXVII.,  CXXVIII.,  and  CXXIX.  give 
specimens  of  French  heraldic  emblazonment  from  the  fifteenth 
century  until  the  time  when  armory  and  heraldry  together  became 
decadent. 

Fig.  I.  Equestrian  figure  of  one  of  the  family  of  Monimoi-eTicy- 
Laval,  a  younger  branch  of  the  House  of  Montmorency,  one  ot  the 
oldest  noble  families  in  France.  The  arms  upon  the  shield  are  :  Or, 
on  a  cross  gules,  between  four  eagles  azure,  five  escallops  argent. 
On  the  horse  clothing  the  device  of  the  sliield  is  repeated.  The 
helmet  and  the  horse's  headpiece  are  adorned  with  ostrich  feathers 
gules.  The  shells  are  the  mark  of  cadency  borne  by  the  Laval 
branch  of  the  family. 

Fig.  2.  Armorial  shield  of  the  Connetable  (Constable)  A7-tus  de 
Bretag7ii.  The  shield  shows  the  arms  of  Bretagne,  an  ermine  field 
upon  which  is  placed  a  red  label  of  three  points,  each  point  charged 
with  three  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale. 

Fig.  3.  Armorial  shield  of  Lieutenant-General  le  Conite  de  Uonnois, 
Bastard  d^Orleans :  The  arms  of  Orleans  (see  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  2), 
over  which  a  bend  sini^ter  is  placed. 

Fig.  4.  Ai*murial  shield  of  Potors  de  ISaintrailles,  Marechul\  de 
France :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  a  cross  couped  gules  ;  2  and  3, 
gules,  a  lion  rampant  argent.  Figs,  i  to  4  are  from  a  celebrated 
MS.  in  the  National  Library  in  Paris,  the  Roll  of  Arms  by  "  Her- 
oldes  Berry,"  which  contains  a  genealogy  of  the  Kings  of  France 
from  the  time  of  St.  Louis  until  Charles  VII.  (born  1403,  died  1461). 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  Loys  du  Breuil:  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent,  two 
bars  gules  between  nine  lozenges  azure  ;  2.  azure,  a  bend  or^  be- 
tween six  escallops  argent ;  3.  or,  ten  lozenges,  five  and  five,  con- 
joined in  fess  azure.  Mantling  azure  and  argent.  "Wreatli  gules 
and  azure.  Crest :  a  demi-maiden  with  floating  hair,  vested  azure, 
her  sinister  hand  resting  on  her  breast.  The  inscription  on  the 
ribbon  runs  :  *'  Loys  du  breulh  bar5  dorlhac  crie  corcelles." 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  Blanche  de  Latour,  Abhesse  de  Cutset:  Quarterly,  i 
and  4,  or,  an  ecclesiastical  banner  gules;  2  and  3,  azure,  a  tower 
argent,  between  four  fleurs-de-lis  or  (the  arms  of  Latour).  The 
shield  is  placed  in  front  of  a  crosier.  The  ribbon  bears  the  inscrip- 
tion :  "Blanche  de  latour  abenesse  de  cusset."' 

Fig.  7.  Arms  of  Jehan  de  Langhat :  Or,  three  pallets  "  contre  vair," 
"  Sturz  pfahl  feh."  The  tilting-helmet,  with  its  mantling  azure  and 
argent,  and  the  wreath  of  gules  and  argent,  bears  as  crest,  between 
two  wings  argent,  the  head  of  a  dolphin  azure,  the  gills  gules.  On  the 
ribbon  is  the  inscription  :  "  Jeha  de  laghat,  cri  langhat." 

Fig.  8.  Arms  of  the  Prior  of  Ris  (Brother  Jehan  de  la  Liere) : 
Argent,  a  lion  rampant  azure.  The  shield  is  placed  upon  an  abbot's 
stalf.  The  ribbon  bears  the  inscription  :  "  Fre  ich  de  la  liere  peur 
de  ris,"  Figs.  5  to  8  are  taken  from  the  Armorial  d'Auvergne  et 
Farestj  the  author  of  which,  Guillaume  Revel,  was  one  of  the 
heralds  of  King  Charles  VII.  of  France.  H.  S. 


PLATE    CXXVIII 

EXAMPLES  OF  FRENCH  HERALDRY  OF  THE 
SIXTEENTH  CENTURY 

{Copied  by  Noel  Boidon  of  Paris) 

Fig.  I,  Arms  of  the  Dauphin  of  France,  afterwards  King  Henry 
II-  (1547)-  The  shield  is  quarterly,  i  and  4,  quarterly!,  and  iiii., 
azure,  thi-ee  fleurs-de-lis  or  ;  ii.  and  iii.,  or,  a  dolphin  embowed 
azure,  langued,  and  the  gills  azure  (for  the  title  of  Dauphin  ;  see 
Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  i) ;  2  and  3,  quarterly  i.  and  iiii.,  azure,  three 
fleurs-de-lis  or  (France)  ;  ii.  and  iii.,  ermine  (Bretagne).  The  shield, 
which  is  surmounted  by  a  coronet,  is  encircled  liy  the  collar  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael,  founded  by  King  Louis  XI.  in  1469.  The 
coat  of  arms  is  taken  from  a  MS.  in  the  possession  oi  the  Bibliotheque 
de  I'Arsenal  in  Paris  {Traite  d" Armoiries,  by  Johann  le  Feron  of 
Compiegne,  avocat  du  Parlament,  1520), 


Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Princesse  Marguerite  (PAngouJeme,  Reine  de  Navajre 
(Duchesse  de  Berri  et  d'Alen^on),  sister  of  King  Francis  I.  (1492- 
1549).  The  shield  isdimidiated,  and  shows  on  the  dexter  side  the  arms 
of  the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  and  on  the  sinister  side  those  of  France, 
The  escutcheon  of  Navarre  is  divided  palewise  into  thiee,  the  two  last 
fields  charged  with  an  inescutcheon  showing  :  Or,  two  lions  passant 
gules  (Lordships  of  Biggore),  the  first  field  party  per  fess  and  the 
chief  party  per  pale,  and  contains  in  chief  on  the  dexter  side,  gules 
a  cross  saltire  and  double  orle  of  chains  linked  together  or  (for 
Navarre),  the  tradition  being  that  it  was  assumed  by  Sancho  in 
memory  of  a  successful  attack  in  12 12  on  the  camp  of  the  Moorish 
army  under  Miramomelin,  which  was  defended  by  a  barricade  of 
chains  ;  on  the  sinister  side  or,  three  pallets  gules  (Conite  de  Foix) ; 
in  base  or,  two  cows  gules,  belled  azure  (Comte  de  Beam).  The 
second  field  is  per  fess  and  shows  in  chief,  quarterly,  France  (azure, 
three  lieurs-de-lis  or)  and  gules  (House  of  Albeit)  in  base  ihe  arms  of 
France  surmounted  by  a  bend  compony  argent  and  gules  (Comte 
d'Evreux;  see  Plate  LXXVII,  Fig,  5,  and  Plate  LXYII.  Fig,  12). 
The  third  field  is  party  per  saltire  in  chief  and  base  paly  of  six  or 
and  gules,  Aragon  ;  in  the  dexter  flank  Castile,  and  m  the  sinister 
Leon.  This  coat  of  arms  appears  in  the  MS.  entitled  "  L'Epistre  de 
Sainct  Augustin  a  Dame  Probe,"  by  Guillaume  Renouf.     ' 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  the  liegente  Louise  de  Savoie,  Duchesse  d'Angouleme, 
mother  of  Francois  I.  The  shield,  supported  by  two  kneeling  angels, 
shows  two  coats  of  arms  dimidiated,  namely  :  on  the  dexter  side  the 
arms  of  France  (azure,  three  fleui"s-de-lis  or),  and  on  the  sinister  the 
arms  of  Savoy  (gules,  a  cross  argent).  The  MS.  from  which  the  arms 
are  taken  bears  the  title  :  "  Livre  des  douze  perils  d'enfer,"  and  is 
to  be  found  in  the  National  Library,  Paris. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Abbe'  de  Bonnevaxux  et  Saint  Pierre  de  Vienne 
(Louis  de  Grolee).  The  shield  quarterly  of  six  (three  and  three), 
viz.  ;  I  and  6,  gyronny  of  eight  argent  and  sable  ;  2  and  4,  barry  of 
six  gules  and  argent,  the  silver  stripes  charged  with  six  little  morions, 
three,  two,  and  one.  (It  can  be  seen  quite  plainly  that  this  arrange- 
ment was  originally  that  of  a  three-cornered  Gothic  shield  in  which 
the  arms  were  probably  barry  of  gules  and  vair,  from  which,  owing 
to  a  misapprehension,  the  arms  have  been  misinterpreted) ;  3  and  5 
(the  following  is  a  literal  translation  of  the  German  blazon) :  "  twice 
divided  above,  split  gold  and  red  ;  in  front  a  red  carriage  frame  and 
wheels  "  (see  Plate  X.  Fig.  59  and  see  Fig.  8 1) ;  "  in  the  centre,  checked 
gold  and  black,  in  three  rows  ;  below  gold."  The  tilting-helmet,  with 
its  mantling  sable  and  or  on  the  dexter  side,  wnd  gules  and  argent 
on  the  sinister,  bears  as  crest  a  demi-lion  or,  issuing  from  a  wreath 
gules,  sable,  and  or.  Supporters  :  two  lions  or,  the  tails  cowarded. 
Motto  :  "  Espoir  de-My  wlx  "  (Espoir  de  mieux).  This  coat  of  arms 
is  taken  from  a  MS,  "  Les  Commentaires  de  Cesar,"  translated 
into  French  by  Robert  Gaguin  (beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century), 
in  the  possession  of  the  Arsenal  Library  in  Paris. 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  Jaqnes  II.  d'Amhoise  43  (Abbe  de  Cluny,  brother 
of  the  Cardmal  and  Minister  d'Amboise).  Arms  :  Barry  of  six  or 
and  gules,  and  behind  the  escutcheon  a  crosier  in  pale  or.  A  pilgrim's 
staff"  is  introduced  in  the  background,  the  staff  being  entwined  with 
a  motto-ribbon.  The  background  is  charged  with  golden  pilgrim's 
shells.  The  coat  of  arms,  carved  and  painted,  is  placed  as  an  orna- 
ment on  a  battlement  over  the  entrance-gate  of  the  Hotel  de  Cluny, 
rue  de  Somraerard,  Paris.  Jaques  d'Amboise  built,  between  the 
years  1510-1585,  the  palace  which  now  contains  the  collection  of  the 
Musee  de  Cluny.  H.  S. 


PLATE  CXXIX 

EXAMPLES  OF  FRENCH  HERALDRY  IN  THE  SEVEN- 
TEENTH, EIGHTEENTH,  AND  THE  FIRST  YEARS 
OF  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURIES 

(Copied  by  Noel  Bouton,  Pa)-is) 

Fig.  I.  Achievement  representing  the  alliance  of  King  Henry  IV. 
of  France  and  Mai-ie  de  Medici  in  tlie  chapel  of  the  Chateau  de 
.  Fontainebleau,  of  the  time  of  Louis  XIII.  (1610-1643).  Side  by 
side  with  the  shield  of  France  appears  the  coat  of  Queen  Marie,  who 
was  a  daughter  of  Francis  I.  of  Tuscany  and  Johanna  of  Austria. 
The  well-known  arras  of  the  Jledicis,  in  connection  with  tlie  fess- 
shield  of  Austria,  indicates  the  parentage  of  the  Queen.  The  silver 
fess  here  appears  enclosed  within  broad  gold  stripes,  which  are  not 
really  any  part  of  the  actual  arms.  The  arms  in  each  case  depicted 
on  an  oval  cartouche  are  placed  accoUee  upon  a  larger  oval  of  silver 
which  is  surmounted  by  the  Fiench  regal  ci  own,  and  surrounded  by 
the  collar  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Marie  de  la  Tremoilk  (Tremouille),  from  a  manu- 
script decorated  with  heraldic  emblems  of  about  the  time  of  Louis 
XIII.  (1601-1643),  'low  in  the  Bibliotheque  de  I'Arsenal  in  Paris. 
The  arms,  which  are  depicted  on  a  crowned  lozenge,  are  quartered  with 
a  point  in  base  and  charged  with  an  inescutcheon  which  is  party 
per  pale  ;  on  the  dexter  side,  or,  a  chevron  gules,  between  three 
eagles  azure  (Tremoille)  ;  on  the  sinister  side,  azure,  seme-de-lis  or,  a 


450 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


tower  argent  (De  la  Tour-Turenne).  The  lozenge  itself  is  qxiarterly: 
I.  of  the  arms  of  Naples  (argent,  an  eagle  displayed  aznre),  and  of 
Aragon  (paly  or  and  gules),  dimidiated  per  bend  ;  2.  France  (azure, 
three  fleurs-de-lis  or) ;  3.  Bourbon-Conde  (azure,  a  baton  conped 
gules,  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  or;  see  Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  7);  in 
the  4th  Montmorency  Laval  {s<dQ  Plate  CXXVII.  Fig.  i);  in  point 
Xaintrailles  (gules,  a  cross  couped  ariicnt).  On  the  mantle  of 
est-ate,  which  is  lined  and  edged  with  ermine,  the  devices  of  the 
shield  are  repeated.  Louis  I.  ile  la  Tremoille,  by  his  marriage  with 
Marguerite  d'Amboise,  came  into  the  conntship  (duchy  1563)  of 
Thouars  and  the  Principality  of  Talmond.  The  gi'andson  of  his 
son  Louis  IL,  Francis,  Prince  de  Talmond,  married  in  1521  Anne 
de  Laval,  daughter  of  Count  Gui  de  Laval,  and  Charlotte  of  Aragon, 
Princess  de  Tarent,  from  which  marriage  the  family  of  La  Trenioille 
traced  their  claim  to  the  throne  of  Naples. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Maitre  Francois  Elie  de  Voyer  de  Paulmy  d'Argenson, 
at  first  Bishop  of  Dol,  then  Archbishop  and  Prince  of  Embrun, 
Count  of  Guillestre  and  of  Beaufort.  He  was  a  brother  of  the  well- 
known  ilarc  Rene,  Marquis  d'Argenson,  Lieu  ten  ant- General  of 
the  Parisian  Police,  who  is  best  known  as  having  introduced  the 
use  of  "  Lettres  de  Cachet."  This  example  is  from  a  manuscript 
"  Genealogie  des  Marquis  d'Argenson,"  by  Du  Pratt,  1698,  now  in  the 
Bibliotheque  de  I'Arsenal  in  Paris.  The  crowned  shield  is  quarterly, 
and  superimposed  thereupon  is  an  inescutcheon,  surmounted  by  a 
regal  crown.  The  arms  are  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  two  lions 
passant  guardant  in  pale  and  crowned  or  (Voyer);  2  and  3,  argent, 
a  fess  sable  (D'Argenson).  The  inescutcheon  is  gules,  on  a  mount 
in  base  vert,  the  lion  of  St.  Mark  passant  or,  holding  in  his  dexter 
paw  a  sword.  The  Lion  of  St.  JIark  was  really  the  crest  of  the 
family.  Rene,  the  father  of  the  two  brothers,  had  been  the  French 
Ambassador  in  Venice.  Behind  the  shield  appears  the  double  cross 
of  his  arcliiepiscopal  rank,  which  is  also  expressed  in  the  green 
hat  with  ten"fiocci"  or  tassels  on  either  side.  The  mantle,  lined 
with  ermine,  shows  on  the  outside  the  heraldic  device  of  the 
shield. 


PLATE  cxxx 

EXAMPLES  OF  HERALDIC  SCULPTURE  AND  CARVING 
IN  ITALY 

Italian  lieraldiy,  fostered  chiefly  by  tlie  aristocratic  governing 
bodies  of  the  larger  towns  (Venice,  Genoa,  Florence,  &c.),  and  by 
the  splendour-loving  popes  and  cardinals  of  Rome,  reached  a  very 
high  point  of  development,  especially  in  the  field  of  sculpture  and 
carving.  The  shields  were  generally  somewhat  long  in  shape,  this 
doubtless  resulting  from  the  frequent  horizontal  partition  of  the 
shield.  This  development  rendered  possible  the  much-loved  in- 
sertion of  a  -chief  with  the  Guelphor  Ghibelline  party-badges.  The 
square  Tartsclu,  a  shield  with  a  spear-rest  at  the  side  (Figs.  3,  4,  7, 
8,  and  9  upon  the  Plate),  may  be  noticed  in  use  at  a  verj^  early 
date,  as  early  indeed  as  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
whereas,  in  Germany,  this  particular  form  of  shield  did  not  make 
its  appearance  until  a  much  later  period.  The  art  of  heraldic  de- 
coration in  tlie  sixteenth  century  brought  into  use  in  Italy,  as  was 
also  the  case  in  Germany,  many  different-shaped  shields  most  un- 
suitable for  the  purpose  of  armorial  display  and  often  most  un- 
heraldic.  These  forms  of  the  escutcheon  were  deeply  slit,  and  with 
the  edges  curled,  developing  into  figures  which  were  really  more 
of  the  nature  of  decorated  cartouches  than  shields.  A  few  of 
these  from  Sebastian  Serlio's  Architettura,  1551,  are  here  produced 
(Fig.  1086,  a  to/.) 

The  animals  found  in  Italian  heraldry  are  more  naturally  and 
less  conventionally  treated.  But  for  that  reason  they  were  less 
accommodating  and  elastic  when  applied  to  heraldic  design  than 
those  of  German  armory.  Eagles  are  always  shown  with  inverted 
wings,  the  crowns  of  animals  are  detached,  as  are  usually  the 
"  triple  mounds,"  the  separate  heads  of  which  are  found  cylindri- 
cally  shaped.  They  are  not  usually  represented  as  conjoined,  but 
are  drawn  side  by  side. 


Fig.  1086.— Shields  from  Serlio's  Arehitettura. 


Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Nicolay  family,  domiciled  in  the  Isle  de 
France  and  Vivaris  (May  15,  1645,  Marquis  de  Goussainville,  1817 
Marquis  de  Nicolay).  This  example  is  taken  from  a  heraldic  book 
of  the  Chambre  de  Comptes,  1768,  a  manuscript  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Bibliotheque  de  I'Arsenal,  Paris.  The  arms  are  : 
Azure,  a  greyhound  conrant  proper,  collared  gules,  ringeil  and 
rimmed  or.  Supporters  :  two  greyhounds  regardant  proper,  collared, 
as  in  the  arras.  A  marquis's  coronet  rests  upon  the  cartouche,  and 
upon  it  again  a  helmet  surmounted  by  a  like  coronet  and  with  a 
mantling  of  or,  argent,  and  azure.  The  crest  of  the  Nicolays,  a 
negro's  head,  is  omitted  in  this  representation,  us  is  also  the  motto, 
"  Laissez-Dire." 

Fig.  5.  Design  of  regimental  flag,  with  the  arms  of  France  and 
the  arms  of  the  Count  de  Noyon :  Argent,  a  fess  gules.  This  flag 
dates  from  the  period  of  Louis  XVI.  (1789),  and  is  now  preserved 
in  the  Museum  Caruavalet  in  Paris. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  0^  Jean  Domenique  {Ba.von  Larry),  Inspector-General 
of  the  Military  Medicinal  Staff  (horn  in  1766  at  Beaudeau,  near 
Bagneres  de  Bigorre,  died  1842  at  Lyons).  He  was  one  of  the 
greatest  surgeons  of  his  time,  and  served  as  such  in  the  army  of 
Napoleon  I.,  who  created  him  a  baron  January  31,  1810.  The 
shield  e.':hibits  the  following  devices :  Quarterly,  i.  or,  on  a 
mount  in  base  vert  a  dromedary  passant  azure,  towards  a  palm-tree 
vert  (in  reference  to  the  Egyptian  Campaign  of  1798);  2.  gules, 
a  sword  in  bend  sinister  point  downwards  argent ;  3.  azure,  three 
che\Tonels  or  ;  4.  per  fess  in  chief  argent,  a  bend  sinister  wavy 
(?  a  river)  gules,  charged  with  a  skate  in  fess  counterchanged, 
and  the  base  or,  a  pyramid  sable.  The  shield  is  superimposed  upon 
the  cross  of  the  TiCgion  of  Honour,  the  red  ribbon  of  which  with  the 
Jewel  of  the  Order  is  visible  at  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield.  A 
baron's  coronet  is  placed  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  shield.  (This 
illustration  and  the  accompanying  details  are  from  documents  in  the 
Lazaret  des  Val-de-Grace  in  Paris,  and  from  information  supplied  by 
the  family.)  H.  S. 


Helmets  play  a  far  less  important  r6le  than  is  the  case  in  German 
heraldry,  and  consequently  are  but  seldom  met  with.  In  the  few 
cases  where,  however,  they  do  occur,  they  are  most  ]»leasing  in 
appearance,  with  their  light,  elegantly  draped  mautlings  hanging  as 
if  of  material,  and  usually  terminating  in  tassels.  The  foliation 
of  the  mantlings  and  sometimes  even  the  coils  of  the  wreath  are 
derived  from  the  conventionalised  "acanthus"  foliage,  without, 
apparently,  losing  their  textile  effect.     (See  Figs.  3,  4,  7,  8,  and  9.) 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  the  town  of  Florence  :  Argent,  a  fleur-de-lis  gules. 
The  representation  here  given  is  taken  from  a  carving  at  the  Palazzo 
Ferroni  in  Florence  (circa  1400),  and  this  is  probably  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  ornate  representations  of  a  fieur-iie-lis  to  be  met  with. 
English  heraldry  differentiates  between  the  conventional  form  of 
the  fleur-de-lis  and  the  form  here  given,  which  shows  smaller  foliage 
and  flowers  introduced  in  the  upper  interstices,  by  terming  this  form 
a  "  fleur-de-lis  flowered,"  and  occasionnlly  ai"  fleur-de-lis  florenced  "  ; 
but  some  artists,  especially  Mr.  Eve,  have  followed  the  Continental 
usage,  ignoring  any  technical  distinction.  The  Florentine  fleur- 
de-lis  is  used  as  their  arms  by  many  other  towns  in  Tuscany,  e.g.  by 
Castelfiorentino  and  Dovadola,  in  both  of  which  cases  the  arms  are 
identical  with  those  of  Florence ;  by  Foviano  (gules,  a  fleur-de-lis 
or),  Laterina  (azure,  a  fleur-de-lis  or),  Marciano  (vert,  a  fleur-de-lis 
or).  Plan  de  Sco  (gules,  a  fleur-de-lis  argent).  Laterina  and  the 
two  last-named  towns  do  not  appear  to  use  the  form  illustrated, 
adopting  the  conventional  form  only. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  the  Guelph  Parly.  This  example  also  is  taken 
from  one  at  the  Palazzo  Ferroni  :  An  eagle  displayed  with  wings 
inverted  and  holding  a  fleur-de-lis  in  its  beak  standing  on  a  dragon 
overthrown.  The  party  name  "Guelphs"  was  borne  by  the  Italian 
National  Party,  the  adherents  of  the  Papacy,  and  the  enemies  of  the 
Imperial  Party  (the  Ghibellines).  In  later  times  the  name  was  borne 
by  the  party  of  the  people,  whilst  the  party  of  the  nobles  was  then 
termed  Ghibelline.  The  seal  of  the  Guelphs  is  shown  in  Fig.  1087, 
the  legend  being,  "  1^  Sigillum  Partis  Gvelfe.  Civitatis,  Florentie." 


451 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Matteo  Ftirillo  (Conte  de  Muro),  from  his  monu- 
ment ill  the  Monastery  S.  M.  la  Nuova  in  Naples  (end  of  fifteenth 
century)  :  Argent,  a  chevron,  and  in  chief  three  mullets  gules. 
Crest :  a  dragon's  head  and  neck,  with  wings  addorsed. 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  TroUo  Bmicompagni,  in  the  old  Palace  of  the 
Bargello  in  Florence  :  Party  •per  pale,  on  the  dexter  side  a  lion 
rampant,  and  on  the  sinister  three  bends.  Upon  the  shield  rest 
two  lielmets,  the  dexter  one  bearing  as  crest  on  a  wreath  a  lion 
sejant,  and  the  sinister  helmet  on  a  wreatli  a  unicorn  sejant. 


Fig.  1087. — Seal  of  the  Guelph  Party. 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  the  Altoviti  of  Benedetto  de  Rove?.zaiio  (from  the 
Piazzetta  dei  SS.  Apostolo  in  Florence),  fifteenth  century  :  Sable, 
a  wolf  rampant  argent,  armed  gules. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  the  Doge  of  Venice  (Agostino  BMrberino),  1485- 
1501,  in  the  Doge's  Palace  in  Venice:  Argent,  on  a  bend  azure, 
between  six  black  "mask-beards"  (5w?-&a),  three  leopards  passant 
or.     Upon  the  shield  rests  a  Doge's  cap  with  the  crowned  circlet. 


Fig.  10S8.— Davanzati. 

Fig.  7,  Arms  of  Buffardo  Oicinello,  1451  and  1452,  Podesta 
(Governor)  of  Florence.  The  Cicinelli,  a  Neapolitan  family,  bore  : 
Gules,  a  swan  argent,  a  bordure  engrailed  or.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
a  dragon's  head  and  neck  adorned  with  a  comb  of  featheis. 

Fig.  8.  Arms  of  Ludovico  de  Caccialupo,  145 1,  Podesta  of  Florence, 
by  birth  a  Bolognese.  The  Caccialupi  came  originally  from  Fano, 
in  the  district  of  Pesaro,  but  migrated  to  Bologna  as  early  as  1288. 


They  bore :  Azure,  a  wolf  rampant  argent,  eyed  and  collared 
gules,  a  chief  of  the  party-badge,  viz.  :  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or, 
surmounted  by  a  label  of  four  points  gules.  Crest :  on  a  wreath 
a  dragon's  neck,  terminating  in  a  liuman  head  and  face,  bearded 
and  bridled. 

Fig.  9.  Heraldic  sculpture  in  Istrian  stone  in  the  Palace  at  Cesena 
(about  1500).  'I'he  arms  show,  on  a  mound  in  base,  three  nude 
women  atfronte  in  fess  all  enclosed  within  a  coronet  about  their 
waists.  The  crowned  helmet  bears  as  crest  a  pha'nix  issuing  from 
flames  of  fire,  gorged  with  two  coronets.  I  am  indebted  for  the 
negative  of  this  to  Messrs.  George  Bell  &  Sons  in  London,  publishers 
of  Mr.  G.  "W.  Eve's  "Decorative  Heraldry." 

Fig.  1088,  Arms  of  the  Vavanmti,  in  the  palace  of  this  family  at 
Florence  {vid  Porta  Rossa),  end  of  sixteenth  century.  The  back  and 
upper  part  of  the  cartouche  are  here  omitted,  as  also  the  crown. 
The  Davanzati  bore  :  Azure,  a  lion  or. 


Fig.  1089. — Stone  Mosaic  (St.  Croce,  Florence). 

A  beautiful  piece  of  work  in  marble,  of  the  Renaissance  period, 
although  not  sculpture,  is  shown  in  Fig.  1089.  It  is  a  stone  mosaic  in 
the  church  of  St.  Croce,  Florence  (1.30  metres  high).  The  shield 
is  party  per  pale,  dexter  i  lion  rampant,  sinister  "  vair-undy." 

H.  S. 


PLATE   CXXXI 

EXAMPLES  OF  ITALIAN  HERALDRY  OF  THK  FIF- 
TEENTH CENTURY,  WITH  A  PORTUGUESE  COAT 
OF   ARMS   OF   THE  SIXTEENTH   CENTURY 

Fig.  I.  Arms  ot  the  Gapodilista  in  Padua,  from  a  family  MS.  of 
the  Traiiselgardi-Forzate-Ciipodilistii  of  the  year  1435,  in  the 
town  library  at  Padua.  (See  Jahrbiich  "  Adkr,"  1881).  The  arms 
shown  are  :  Oi*,  a  lion  ranij)ant  azure,  crowned  and  armed  gules, 
collared  and  ringed  or,  and  hanging  from  the  collar  over  the  back  a 
white  fur  cloak,  fimbriated  vert,  the  fimbriations  bczatite,  on  a  chief 
also  or,  a  double-headed  Imperial  eagle  displayed  sable.     Crest : 


452 


PLATE   CXLIV. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  logo. — Arms  of  a  Bishop.     (Engraved  by  0.  Gatti,  1619.) 


Fig.  logr. — Arms  of  the  Duchy  of  Mantua. 
453 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


out  of  a  coronet  or  a  denii-lioii  azure,  crowned  and  armed  gules, 
witli  a  white  comb  or  fan  on  its  back  adorned  with  peacock's 
feathers  or.  The  mantling,  whlcli  is  lined  witli  white  fur,  is  azure, 
diapered  with  a  design  in  white  stitching  and  seme  of  spurs  or. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  Philippino  de  Alta  villa  df  Alba,  fn-m  an  ang- 
raentation  granted  by  King  Maximilian  I.  at  Antwerp,  December 
20,  1494.  (Imperial  Registration  Book  (G.G.)  of  King  Maximilian 
I.,  in  the  k.u.k.  Hans-,  Hof-  und  Slants  archiv  Vieunii.)  The 
sketch  shows  the  arms  ;  Per  fess  azure  and  argent,  in  chief  a  demi- 
eagle  displaj^ed  or,  and  in  base  on  a  rock  proper,  embrasse  (iletached) 
a  fortress  gules,  port  ouvert,  and  at  eiiher  end  of  the  fortress  a  tower, 
each  tower  bearing  a  so-called  "  Walsch"  battlement.  Crest:  on  a 
wreath  or,  aigenr,  vert,  gules,  and  azure,  an  eagle  displayed  or. 
The  mantling  is  of  blue  and  red  on  the  outside,  and  is  lined  on  the 
inside  with  yellow,  white,  and  grey.  Thi^^  curious  mantling,  if  not 
her.ihlically  excellent,  is  nevertheless  interesting  and  somewhat 
unique. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Andreas  de  Awa  de  Pino,  burgess  of  Casale,  and 
secretary  to  the  Marchesa  Maria  de  Montfenat,  according  to  a 
patent  granted  by  Maximilian  I.  at  Worms,  May  20,  1495  {Rdchs- 
registrarhuch  =  lyi\'^^Y\dX  Book  of  Registration).  Tlie  escuicheon  is  : 
Quarterly  gules  and  argent,  on  a  mount  in  base  vert  a  laurel  tree 
eradicated,  supported  on  the  dexter  side  by  a  lion  rampant  gules, 
and  on  the  sinister  by  a  lion  rampant  argent.  This  is  a  very 
favourite  device  in  Italian  heraldry.     (See  Plate  IjII.  Fig.  7.) 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Torricelli,  who  belonged  to  the  ancient 
nobility  of  Upper  Italy.  The  arms,  as  here  given,  contain  an 
augmentation  (granted  by  Maximilian  I.  at  Amsterdam,  December 


Fig.   1092. — Reverse  of  the  Golden  Seal  of  King  Charles  Til. 
of  Spain,  1707. 

20,  1494,  to  the  brothers  "de  Tiirricelli"),  and  are:  Party  per  pale 
vert  and  argent,  on  three  mounds  issuant  in  base  or,  a  round  tower 
gules,  battlemented,  the  gateway  and  loopholes  sable,  surrounded 
by  a  gallery  with  "Walsch"  batilements,  and  issuing  from  the 
tower  a  cock  sable,  combed  and  wattled  gules,  between  in  chief  two 
stars  of  six  points  counlerchangt'd.  (In  place  of  the  newly-granted 
cock,  there  formerly  appeared  in  tlie  old  coat,  on  the  line  of  im- 
palement, a  third  star  counterchanged.)  In  the  seventeentli  century 
the  arms  were  again  altered,  and  a  tiag  gules,  with  two  points,  bearing 
a  double  eagle  displayed  sable,  made  to  issue  from  the  dexter 
upper  loophole.  The  family  became  extinct  in  1839  with  Nobile 
Torricella  de  Balbiani.  (This  copy  is  likewise  taken  from  the 
Reichsreyistraturbuch  G.G.) 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  the  CJiigi  of  Siena,  on  a  "Tartsche"  in  the 
National  Bavarian  Museum  at  Munich.  This  example  belongs  to 
the  second  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  shield  is  :  Party  per 
bend  argent  and  gules,  in  chief  six  mounds  conjoined  in  pyramid  i, 
2,  and  3,  and  in  base  a  like  device  both  counterchanged  of  the  field, 
each  pyramid  surmounted  by  a  star  of  eight  points  or.  The  mant- 
ling is  argent,  lined  azure,  and  the  wreath  is  azure.  In  this  in- 
stance the  peculiar  drawing  of  the  wreath  may  possibly  be  intended 
to  represent  clouds  or  perhaps  water.  The  crest  is  a  swan's  head 
and  neck  argent,  beaked  or.     (See  Plate  L.  Fig.  i.) 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  a  Portuguese  prince,  perhaps  the  Infant  Ferdi- 
nando  (born  1507,  died  1534),  from  a  richly  illustrated  Genealogy 
of  tlie  House  of  Portugal  in  the  British  Museum,  which  came  into 
their  possession  in  1840.  The  coat,  judging  from  the  manner  in 
which  the  helmet  and  shield  are  attached,  is  most  probably  the  work 
of  a  Flemish  artist.  The  arms  of  Portugal,  which  are  :  Argent,  five 
inescutcheons  in  cross  azure,  each  charged  with  five  plates  in  saltire, 
the  wliole  within  a  bordure  gules,  charged  with  seven  t-asth'S  or  (for 
Castile),  and  over  all  a  label  of  three  points  argent,  the  exterior 


points  (which  are  depicted  of  a  greater  width)  being  each  charged 
wiih  the  arms  of  Spain  (Castile  and  Leon  quartei  ed).  The  helmet  is 
barred  and  of  gold  and  lined  with  blue.  The  mantling  is  or,  lined 
gules,  and  the  crest,  out  of  a  coronet  or,  a  dragon's  head  and  neck, 
the  wiu'^s  aiidorsed  gules.  (From  Shaw's  '*  Dresses  and  Decorations 
of  the  Middle  Ages.") 

The  two  following  figures  belong  to  the  seventeenth  century  : — 

Fig.  1090  shows  the  arms  of  a  bishop,  the  charge  upon  the  sliield 
being  a  lion  rampant.  The  engraving  is  by  Oliviero  Gatti,  a  pnpil 
of  Agostino  Carracei  and  Valesio.  He  worked  at  Bologna  between 
1 602-1 648. 

Fig.  1091.  Arms  of  the  Duchy  of  Mantua.  The  large  shield  shows 
the  official  arjns  of  the  Marquisate,  granted  to  the  House  of  Gonzaga 
by  the  Emperor  Sigismund  in  1432  :  Argent,  a  cross  patee  through- 
out gules,  between  four  eagles  disp'ayed  sable  (arms  of  tlie  later 
Duchy  of  Guastalla).  These  arms  are  surmounted  by  an  in- 
escutcheon  quarterly  of  nine,  which  contains  successively  the  arras 
of  the  Grecian  Empire,  of  the  House  of  Gonzaga^  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Jerusalem,  of  tlie  Kingdom  of  Aragon,  of  the  Duchy  of  Montferrat, 
Gonzaga  once  more,  the  Duchy  of  Bar,  and  the  town  of  Constanti- 
nople. (The  Oriental  arms  came  in  with  the  Mf>ntferrat  succession.) 
Behind  the  cartouche  upon  which  the  arms  are  depicted  a  golden 
mount  arises,  on  which  the  word  "Fides"  may  be  read.  Under 
the  escutcheon  appears  the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece,  and  the  cartouche  is  surmounted  by  a  coronet. 

In  conclusion,  one  more  interesting  coat  of  arms  (Fig.  1092)  may  be 
noted.  This  appears  on  the  Golden  Seal  of  King  Charles  III.  of 
Spain  (Emperor  Charles  VI.),  which  hangs  from  the  Royal  Warrant, 
dated  at  Barcelona,  August  12,  1707,  authorising  his  brother,  the 
Emperor  Joseph  I.,  to  arrange  the  contract  of  marriage  in  his  name 
with  the  Princess  Elizabeth  Christina  of  Brunswick- Luneberg.  The 
seal  shows  strangely  enough  the  arms  of  Sardinia:  Argent,  a  cross 
gules,  between  four  negroes'  heads  crowned  with  Eastern  crowns, 
the  faces  disposed  towards  the  centre  of  the  shield.  H.  S. 


PLATE  CXXXII 

EXAMPLES  OF  ENGLISH  HERALDRY 
(Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries) 

Early  examples  of  British  heraldry  have  been  already  alluded 
to  in  various  chapters  whicli  I  think  comprise  some  instances  of  a 
rather  more  typical  character,  but  the  following  are  the  selection 
made  by  Herr  Strohl,  who  remarks: — "  Englisli  heraldry  of  the 
fifteenth  century  is  in  the  main  pretty  much  identical  with  the 
German  in  the  sixteenth  century.  However,  there  come  more  and 
more  to  the  front  those  stiff,  inflexible  forms  which  are  still  only 
too  piously  adhered  to  by  some  present-day  artists,  official  and 
unofficial." 

Fig.  1.  Arms  of  John  Beaufort,  Duke  of  Somerset,  grandson  of 
John  of  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  from  his  Garter  plate  in  St. 
George's  Chapel  at  Windsor,  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century  :  The 
then  Royal  Arms  of  England  (i.e.  quarterly,  i  and  4 ;  France,  2  and 
3,  England),  within  a  bordure  compony  argent  and  azure.  The 
mantling,  which  has  a  scalloped  edge,  is  of  gules  and  or.  The 
crest  is:  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  lion  of  England 
statant  guardant  and  crowned  or,  gorged  with  a  collar  compony 
as  in  the  arms.  Supporters  :  dexter,  an  eagle,  crowned  and  with 
wings  inverted  or  ;  sinister,  an  antelope  argent,  armed  and  crined 
or  and  bezante.  As  badge,  on  either  side  of  the  coat  of  arms  is 
the  badge  of  an  ostrich  feather  argent,  the  quill  compony  argent 
and  azure.  This  is  taken  from  Planche's  "  Pursuivant  of  Arms," 
London,  1873,  ^^"^^  ■"  ^^^^^  book  the  background  of  the  livery 
colours,  as  in  the  Garter  plate,  is  fully  reproduced. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  the  Tallow  Chandlers'  Company  of  the  City  of 
London,  taken  from  the  patent  of  September  24,  1456.  The  sanie 
was  drawn  up  by  John  Smert,  Garter  King  of  Arms,  whose 
signature  is  appended  to  the  arms.  Party  per  fess  azure  and 
argent,  a  pale  counterchanged,  three  doves  rising  of  the  last, 
beaked  and  legged  gules,  and  each  holding  in  its  beak  an  olive 
branch  or.  The  helmet,  which  l)elongs  to  the  transition  stage 
between  the  grilled  and  the  tilting,  has  a  mantling  of  gules  lined 
with  ermine.  Crest :  a  demi-augel  issuing  from  clouds  proper, 
vested  azure,  the  wings  expanded  or,  crined  of  the  last,  holding  in 
the  hands  a  dish  or,  therein  the  bleeding  head  of  John  the  Baptist. 
On  January  29,  1602,  William  Camden,  Clarencieux  King  of  Arms 
(1597-1623),  granted  an  augmentation  to  the  arms  by  the  addition 
of  supporters,  viz. :  on  a  mount  vert,  two  angels  proper,  vested  or, 
crined  and  ducally  crowned  or,  the  coronet  surmounted  by  an 
estoile  of  the  last.  At  the  same  time  the  crest  was  altered,  and  was, 
as  then  granted  :  a  dish  argent,  glorified  by  rays  or,  thereon  the 
head  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  proper.  Motto  :  "  Qnce  arguuntur  a 
lumine  manifestantur "  (Catalogue  of  the  Heraldic  Exhibition  in 


454 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Erlinburgli,  1S91.)  The  later  grant  was  undoubtedly  intended  to 
supersede  the  former  crest,  but  the  Tallow  Chandlers'  Company 
appear  to  still  make  use  of  both  (see  page  446  and  Plate  OXX.). 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  Sir  John  Sa>i,  in  Broxburn  Church,  Hertfordshire, 
1473 :  Per  pale  azure  and  gules,  three  chevrons  or,  voided,  counter- 
changed  of  the  field.  (An  alternative  iind  perhaps  a  better  blazon 
is :  per  pule  azure  and  gules,  three  chevrons  or,  each  charged  with  a 
chevron  couped  of  the  field,  counterchanged.    Crest :  on  a  wreath 


a  mural  coronet,  a  plume  of  five  ostrich  feathers  alternately  argent 
and  gules. 

Fig.  6.  Arms  of  George  Avelin  (alias .Eye^m),  of  Long  Ditton, Surrey, 
from  a  patent  of  August  1572  by  Robert  Cooke,  Clarencieux  : 
Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  griflin  passant  or,  on  a  chief  of  the  la«t 
three  mullets  sable  (Evelin) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  two  bars  between 
nine  martlets  vert,  three,  three,  and  three  (Ailard).  Crest:  a  demi- 
hind  ermine,  vulned  iu  the  shoulder  gules. 


A«h5i 


Fig.  1093. 


Fig.  1094. 


C  OrprjioiyXulfi 


Fic    1095 


of  thorns,  a  buck's  head  couped  or.  The  mantling  is  curious,  being 
of  gules  lined  witherminois.  (From  Waller,  "  Monumental  Brasses 
from  the  Thirteenth  to  the  Sixteenth  Century,"  London,  1864.) 

Fig.  4.  Armorial  shield  of  John  JFylkynton  (Wilkinson,  alias 
Harlyn),  of  London,  according  to  a  patent  dated  August  3,  15 19,  and 
granted  by  Sir  Thomas  Wryotesley,  Garter  King  of  Arms  (1506- 
1534),  and  Thomas  Benolt,  Clarencieux  (1516-1534)  :  Gules,  a  fess 
vair,  in  chief  a  unicorn  courant,  between  two  mullets  or,  a  bordure 
engrailed  of  the  last. 

Fig.  5.  Arms  of  Roidand  Phillipson  (alias  Thertmll),  of  Callyarth 
(Colegarth,  county  Westmoreland),  from  a  patent  dated  May  18, 
15S1,  by  Eobert  Cooke,  Clarencieux  (1567-1592)  :  Gules,  a  chevron 
between  three  boars'  heads  couped  ermine,  armed  or.     Crest :  out  of 


Fig.  7.  Arms  of  Thoimts  Fteetieood,  of  London,  according  to  a 
patent  dated  ist  June  1545,  by  Thomas  Hawley,  Clarencieux 
(1536-1537):  Azure,  a  chevron  engrailed  lozengy  or  and  gules 
between  three  plates,  each  charged  with  a  martlet  sable.  Mant- 
ling gules  and  argent.  Crest:  a  demi-squirrel  proper,  collared 
and  cliained  or,  holding  in  its  paws  a  hazel  branch  vert,  cracking 
the  nut  or.  - 

Fig.  8.  Arms  of  William,  Fleetwood,  Recorder  of  London,  taken 
from  his  book  on  the  City  of  London  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  pale 
nebuly  azure  and  or,  six  martlets,  two,  two,  and  two  counterchanged  j 
2  and  3,  barry  wavy  of  six  ermine  and  sable.  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.     Crest :  a  wolf  statant  regardant  argent. 

Fig.  9.  Arms  of  Richard  Bromnlow  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Es'quire 


455 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 

according  to  a  patent  dated  October  12,  1602,  granted  by  Sir  William      flory  gules.     (Compare  the  arms  given  by  Gelre,  Plate  LXXVI. 

Segar,  Norroy  King  of  Arms  (1593-1603);  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  or,      Fig.  3.) 

an  inescutcheon  within  eight  martlets  in  orle  sable  (Brownlow);  2  and  Figs.  1094.  Arms  of  Dunbar,  Earl  of  March :  Gules,  a  lion  rampant 


Fig.  1096. 


3,  azure,  a  cross  pate  fleurette  or  (Panelly).  Mantling  sable  and  or. 
Crest :  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  a  greyhound  passant 
or,  collared,  also  gules. 

'I'he  Ibllowing  two  drawings  of  arms  are  from  a  Scottish  MS. 
Book  of  Arms,  which  was  compiled  by  Sir  David  Lindsay  of 
the  Mount,  Lyon  King  of  Arms  (1529-1555),  between  1538  and 
1542. 

Fig.  1093.  Arms  of  Randolph,  Earl  of  Moray:  ArgL-nt,  three 
cushions    lozengewise    within  a    duuble     tressure    flory    counter- 


argent,  within  a  bordure  of  the  last,  within  a  bordure  of  ten  roses 
of  the  last.     (Gelre  has  the  same  device  in  his  Wappenbiich.) 

H.  S. 
A  delightfully  composed  engraving  (Fig.  1095)  by  H.  Gravelvt, 
engraved  by  G.  Griiinion,  may  serve  to  indicate  tlie  transition  to 
modern  English  heraldry.  But  to  Herr  Strohl's  selection  I  will 
add  an  illustration  of  the  arms  of  the  Earl  of  Lauderdale,  as  to 
wliich  (Fig.  1096)  I  am  afraid  I  must  add  the  remark  that  from 
the  artistic  puint  of  view  it  is  typically  British. 


CHAPTER     XLVIII 


THE   ARMORIAL  MANUSCRIPTS   OF   SCOTLAND 


Bv  Sir  JAMES    BALFOUR    PAUL 

Lyon  King  of  Arnm 


THE  arriiorial  manuscripts  of  Scotland  are  of  some 
value,  and  cannot  be  overlooked.  In  November 
1898  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  F.S.A.  (Scot.),  Lyon 
King  of  Arms,  delivered  the  Rliind  Lectures  on  Archa3- 
ology  for  that  year,  dealing  with  "  Heraldry  in  Relation 
to  Scottish  History  and  Art."  These  lectures  have  since 
been  republished  under  that  title  (Edinburgh :  David 
Douglas.  1900).  The  sixth  lecture  was  chiefly  devoted 
to  "Armorial  Manuscripts."  I  could  not  hope  to  rival 
the  intimate  knowledge  of  Lyon  upon  the  subject,  and 
I  therefore  asked,  and  received,  his  permission  to  publish 
without  alteration  such  parts  of  his  lecture  as  dealt  with 
the  subject. 

"Coming  to  the  consideration  of  the  armorial  manuscripts 
of  Scotland,  we  must  at  once  confess  that  we  have  not  any 
which  can  boast  of  the  antiquity  of  several  English  lloUs 
of  Arms.  The  M.sS.  known  as  CTlover's  Roll,  from  the 
name  of  the  herald  who  copied  it  in  1586,  dates  from 
about  1240,  and  contains  two  hundred  and  eighteen  coats 


of  the  English  knights  of  the  period,  and  there  are  several 
fourteenth-century  rolls  which  have  been  published.  We 
have  nothing,  however,  in  Scotland  earlier  than  Sir  David 
Lindsay's  MSS.  This  is  not  only  the  earliest,  but  also 
the  most  important  of  all  the  Scottish  Rolls  of  Arms, 
being,  as  it  is,  the  work  of  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
holders  of  the  office  of  Lyon.  That  is  to  say,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  the  work  was  executed  under  his  supervi- 
sion, a  supervision  which  was  occasionally  slack,  as  there 
are  mistakes  in  the  representation  of  some  of  the  shields ; 
but  of  course  it  is  not  likely  that  Lindsay  executed  the 
work  with  his  own  hand.  From  an  inscription  over  the 
arms  of  Sir  David,  at  the  end  of  the  book,  we  learn  that 
its  date  was  i  542,  and  thouirh  this  inscription  is  evidently 
a  later  addition,  and  was  probably  pat  there  by  Sir  James 
Balfour  in  1630,  the  internal  evidence  corroborates  the 
assertion.  But  although  we  depend  for  the  date  upon 
later  authority,  the  authorship  of  the  book  was  indicated 
clearly  enough  at  the  time  it  was  compiled,  as  the  words 


456 


PLATE   CXLV. 


EXAMPLES    OF    HERALDIC    CRAFTSjMANSHIP. 


Printed   at  titnUgart 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


"  Lyndesay  of  the  movnth  the  auctor  of  yis  present  buke  " 
were  originally  written  above  his  own  arms  on  folio  6o. 
These  have  been  subsequently  painted  over  with  the  name 
and  arms  of  Lyndesay  of  Crooebaskat,  so  that  the  former 
inscription  is  not  found  in  the  reproductions  of  the  manu- 
scripts which  have  been  published. 

The  collections  of  arms  thus  made  by  Lindsay  formed 
in  all  probability  the  ofilcial  Register  of  Arms,  and  re- 
mained in  the  custody  of  the  successive  Lvons  (as  we  find 
the  arms  of  five  holders  of  the  otRce  added  at  the  end)  till 
the  time  of  Sir  James  Balfour,  who  had  it  formally  recog- 
nised by  the  Privy  Council,  as  appears  from  a  docquet 
that  "  this  booke  and  register  of  Armes  done  by  Sir 
David  Lindsay  of  the  Month,  Lyone  King  of  Armes  regn, 
Ja  :  5-  contenes  io6  leaves,  which  register  was  appro  vine 
be  the  Lordes  of  his  Majesties  most  honourable  Privie 
Counsale  at  Haleriiidehous  9  December  1630,  James 
Balfour,  Lyon:  Thomas  Drysdale,  Islay  Herald,  register." 
When  Balfour  was  deprived  of  office  about  1654  by 
Cromwell,  he  appears  to  have  carried  this  and  other 
MSS.  with  him  to  Denmiln,  where  they  remained  till  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates,  on  14th  December  1698,  secured 
his  MSS.  for  ;^I50,  although  the  heraldic  MSS.  (pro- 
bably for  reasons)  are  not  mentioned  in  the  catalogue. 
The  workmanship  of  this  manuscript  deserves  a  few 
words  of  notice.  In  artistic  excellence  it  cannot  compare 
with  some  of  the  English  armorials,  or  even  with  some 
of  the  Scottish  manuscripts  of  late  date  ;  the  drawing  is 
carefully  finished,  though  rather  lacking  in  spirit,  and  the 
colours  employed  are  good,  but  often  somewhat  thick  and 
heavy,  in  this  respect  markedly  in  contrast  with  some  of 
the  succeeding  armorials  of  the  century.  The  book  begins, 
after  the  fashion  of  all  such  works  of  the  period,  with  a 
whole  series  of  mythical  arms,  such  as  those  of  John, 
Prince  of  the  Great  Inde  ;  the  three  Kings  of  Cologne  ; 
David,  King  of  Irsael ;  Joshua  and  Judeus  Maccabeus, 
Charlemagne,  Arthur  and  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  Julius 
CKsar,  Alexander  the  Great,  and  Hector,  Prince  of  Troy. 
These  are  followed  by  the  kings  of  Europe ;  and  then  the 
Scottish  series  opens,  oddly  enough,  with  John  Baliol, 
the  crown  above  whose  shield  is  represented  as  broken  in 
two.  Then  we  have  the  arms  of  Queen  Margaret,  followed 
by  those  of  the  Stewart  Queens  of  Scotland,  down  to 
Mary  of  Guise,  all  on  lozenge-shaped  shields,  with  crowns 
above  (Plate  CXXXIIL).  After  them  come  the  nobility  of 
Scotland,  and  then  a  large  array  of  commoners.  There 
are  generally  four  shields  on  a  page,  with  peaked  base,  and 
hollowed  and  bulged  sides.  Those  of  the  dukes  and  earls 
are  surmounted  by  jewelled  circlets.  Additions  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time  by  the  insertion  of  arms,  some- 
times in  the  middle  of  the  page  between  the  four  shields, 
and  sometimes  on  the  verso  of  the  folio.  It  is  desirable 
that  these  additions  should  be  clearly  distinguished  from 
the  original  coats,  as,  though  a  large  proportion  were  pro- 
bably added  not  long  after  the  execution  of  the  manu- 
scripts, yet  several  are  of  even  later  date  than  those  added 
in  blank  leaves  at  the  end,  one  group  of  which  dates 
c.  1580-84,  and  another  1587-gi. 

The  display  of  the  arms  of  the  queens,  with  corre- 
sponding tablets  containing  inscriptions,  is  the  most 
vigorous  work  in  the  MS.,  and  is  excellent.  The  writing, 
both  in  these  tablets  and  in  others,  which,  after  five 
separate  pages  and  in  the  inscriptions  above  the  different 
shields,  is  good  throughout,  there  being  at  least  three 
different  hands  in  the  original  part  of  the  work,  the 
first  writer  being  quite  a  skilled  caligraphist. 

Prom  the  undoubted  fact  that  Sir  David  Lindsay  was 
responsible  for  this  armorial,  and  from  the  imprimatiir 
of  the  Privy  Council  having  been  obtained  for  it  by  Sir 
James  Balfour,  it  may  be  looked  upon  as  practically  an 
oflicial  record.  Of  course  this  does  not  make  it  infallible, 
but  wonderfully  few  errors  have  crept  into  it.      Some- 

457 


times  he  adopts  a  system  of  blazoning  which  does  not 
commend  itself  to  the  modei-n  herald,  accustomed  as  he 
is  to  precision  in  all  heraldic  details.  Lindsay,  for  in- 
stance, makes  all  coats  which  bear  pallets  of  bars  paly  or 
barry  of  six,  probably  because  it  is  easier  to  divide  a 
shield  into  six  rather  than  into  seven  parts. 

We  have  to  pass  over  a  good  many  years  before  we 
meet  with  the  next  Scottish  armorial.  It  is  one  whieli 
seems  to  have  been  executed  for  some  member  of  the 
House  of  Hamilton,  probably  James,  Lord  Hamilton, 
second  Earl  of  Arran  and  Duke  of  Chatelherault,  as  from 
internal  evidence  we  may  presume  that  its  date  is  be- 
tween the  period  of  the  death  of  Queen  Mary's  first 
husband,  the  Dauphin  of  France,  and  that  of  her  marriage 
to  Darnley,  1561  and  1564.  The  MS.  is  now  in  the 
Heralds'  College,  London,  and  on  the  title-page  is  the 
autograph  of  S.  Morganus  Colman,  and  on  folio  90,  S. 
Math,  {sic)  Colman.  Morgan  Colman  was  a  writer  who 
published,  in  1608,  "The  Genealogies  of  King  James  and 
his  Wife,  Queen  Anne,  from  the  Conquest."  He  is  said 
to  have  been  steward  to  the  Lord  Keeper  Egerton,  and 
we  know  that  he  petitioned  unsuccessfully  for  the  office 
of  herald.  How  the  armorial  came  into  his  possession  we 
do  not -know,  nor  have  we  any  information  as  to  who 
actually  compiled  or  executed  it.  It  is  unlikely  that  it  is 
done  by  any  of  the  officials  of  the  Lyon  Court.  It  is  more 
probably  English  work  ;  the  execution  is  particularly  free 
and  vigorous,  a  slight  pencil  outline  with  washes  of  colour 
being  employed.  There  are  quaint  rhymes  given  relative 
to  the  Royal  alliances,  similar  to  those  which  occur  in  the 
Forman  MS.,  to  be  mentioned  immediately.  The  note- 
worthy feature  in  the  armorial  is  the  almost  equal  footing 
on  which  the  House  of  Hamilton  is  placed  with  the  Royal 
House.  The  MS.  commences  with  the  Royal  Arms,  fully 
emblazoned  with  all  the  exterior  ornaments  of  the  shield, 
including  supporters,  each  holding  a  flag.  This  is  followed 
by  a  series  of  crowned  lozenges,  on  which  are  displayed 
the  arms  denoting  Royal  alliances.  Similarly,  on  page  18, 
the  Hamilton  arms  are  emblazoned,  with  supporters  also 
holding  spears  with  flags,  and  followed  by  a  like  series  of 
crowned  lozenges  showing  the  Hamilton  alliances  (Plate 
CXXXIV.).  The  arms  of  the  nobility  and  a  few  High- 
land coats  follow.  They  have  all  the  exterior  orna- 
ments of  the  shield,  but  there  are  some  curious  variations 
from  the  other  sixteenth-century  MSS.  in  the  mottoes, 
crests,  and  supporters.  Thus,  Lord  Oliphant's  sup- 
porters (elephants)  are  represented  as  camels,  the 
dogs  of  Lord  Somerville  as  field-mice ;  and  in  the 
case  of  the  Lord  of  the  Isles,  his  supporters  are  given 
as  two  hairy  savages  without  heads,  which  are  lying 
with  closed  eyes  on  the  ground  at  the  feet  of  their 
former  possessors ;  the  crest,  also,  is  given  as  a  centaur, 
instead  of  a  raven  and  rock.  A  free  copy  of  this 
MS.,  probably  executed  in  England  at  the  end  of  the 
sixteenth  centuiy  (James  VI.  being-  described  as  "  Carolus 
Jacobus  that  now  liveth  beinge  Kinge  of  Skotes  ")  was 
shown  at  the  Edinburgh  Heraldic  Exhibition.  It  is  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Scott  Plummer,  at  Sunderland  Hall. 
There  is  also  another  copy  of  the  MS.  in  the  Lyon  Office, 
which  belonged  to  my  predecessor.  Dr.  Burnett. 

There  is  an  armorial  in  the  Advocates'  Library  of  very 
much  the  same  date  as  the  one  of  which  I  have  been 
speaking.  It  is  believed  to  have  been  executed  under  the 
supervision  of  Sir  Robert  Forman  of  Luthrie,  who  was 
Lyon  from  1555  to  1567.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
first  twenty  leaves  commencing  on  the  verso  of  folio  2, 
with  the  full  achievement  of  the  Royal  Arms,  and  these 
are  again  repeated  on  folio  22,  followed  by  "the  armes  of 
alliance  betwix  the  Dolphin  of  France  and  Marie  Queue 
of  Scotland."  This  seems  the  original  portion  of  the 
work,  and  was  probably  executed  at  the  time  of  Mary's 
marriage   with   Francis,   and    may   very   likely   be    the 

3M 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


original  referred  to  by  Sir  James  Balfour  in  his  MS. 
roll  of  arms  in  the  Advocates'  Library  (34  .  4  .  16).  entitled 
"  Scottish  Cotts  of  Armes  .  .  .  ve  cotts  of  267  knights, 
landed  gentlemen  of  ye  kingdome  of  Scotland  as  they 
were  presented  to  our  Soveraue  Lady  Marie  by  the  Grace 
of  God  Quene  of  Scotland  and  donager  of  france,  by  Sir 
.  .  .  Forman,  Lyone  Kinge  of  Armes  in  Anno  1532,"  for, 
though  the  arms  do  not  altogether  agree,  Sir  James  was 
not  very  accurate ;  as,  for  example,  when  he  gives  the 
above  date  as  1532,  ten  years  before  Mary's  birth.  This 
part  of  the  MS.  contains  the  arms  of  earls,  lords,  and 
commoners,  differing  from  the  Lindsay  MS.  in  giving  the 
full  achievement  of  the  noblemen,  namely,  helmet,  wreath, 
crest,  mantling,  motto,  and  supporters,  and  also  in  limiting 
them  to  the  then  existing  peers,  so  that  it  is  an  armorial 
for  its  own  date  only.  The  shields  of  the  commoners  are 
represented  couche,  somewhat  oblong  in  shape,  with  peaked 
base,  and  surmounted  by  helmet,  wreath,  and  mantling, 
but  no  crests. 

The  part  of  the  MS.  which  is  later  in  date,  though 
occurring  first  in  the  volume,  begins,  as  I  mentioned,  with 
the  Royal  achievement,  followed  by  a  series  of  effigies  of 
kings  and  queens,  with  the  arms  of  the  former  displayed 
on  their  snrcoats,  and  the  paternal  arms  of  the  latter  on 
their  skirts.  They  stand  on  grass,  below  which  are  orna- 
mental tablets  containing  quaint  rhymes  or  legends  de- 
scribing who  they  are  (Plate  CXXXV.).  The  series  differs 
from  that  of  the  Lindsay  crowned  lozenges  in  containing 
the  alliance  of  the  Bruce  kings.  The  drawing,  though 
somewhat  rude  and  sketchy,  is  efl'ective,  the  expression 
on  the  faces  of  the  kings  and  queens  being  cleverly  got, 
though  the  artist's  idea  of  beauty  of  feature  has  not  been 
high.  The  colouring  is  put  on  in  washes,  and  is  generally 
good,  the  use  of  a  different  tint  to  produce  a  shaded  pat- 
tern on  the  mantlings  and  elsewhere  giving  a  lightness 
wanting  in  Lindsay.  There  are  certain  peculiarities  in 
the  treatment  of  the  charges ;  thus  the  chief  always 
occupies  half  the  field.  In  the  Menteith  coat  the  chevron 
is  drawn  like  the  couples  of  a  house ;  in  the  Rothes  coat 
the  bend  is  depicted  like  a  sleeve  ;  the  elephants  of  Lord 
Oliphant  resemble  rhinoceroses,  &c.  The  names  are  in 
Roman  capitals,  and  are  coarsely  done. 

There  is  a  MS.  very  similar  to  this  in  the  British 
Museum  (Harleian  MS.,  No.  115),  its  emblazonment 
being  evidently  by  the  same  hand.  It  contains  ( i )  effigies 
of  the  kings  and  queens  as  in  Forman  ;  (2)  the  Hamilton 
arms  on  shields  derived  from  the  Hamilton  MS. ;  (3)  the 
earls  and  barons  as  in  Forman,  but  without  the  commoners' 
arms.  In  subject,  design,  and  treatment,  even  to  minute 
particulars,  the  emblazonments  of  this  MS.  corresponding 
to  those  in  the  one  which  we  assign  to  Forman  are 
practically  identical,  so  that  its  independent  value  is  not 
great.  In  the  written  part,  however,  this  close  resemblance 
ceases,  the  inscriptions  under  the  effigies  being  quite 
different,  the  family  names  being  added  in  the  case  of 
earls  and  lords,  and  the  spelling  and  form  of  expression 
in  the  mottoes,  &c.,  being  altered  to  the  English  form, 
thus  showing  that  the  writing,  at  all  events,  was  probably 
done  in  the  South. 

The  next  armorial  to  which  I  would  direct  your  attention 
is,  perhaps,  after  Sir  David  Lindsay's,  the  most  important 
MS.  of  the  kind.  Most  unfortunately  it  is  generally 
known  by  a  name  which  ought  never  to  have  been  con- 
ferred on  it.  Alexander  Nisbet,  in  an  evil  hour,  called 
it  Workman's  MS.  from  the  fact  that  it  was  once  the 
property  of  James  Workman,  who  was  Marchmont  Herald 
and  Herald  Painter  in  i  597,  and  who  wrote  his  name  on 
it.  But  this  was  written  more  than  thirty  years  after  the 
execution  of  the  book,  and  not  only  so,  but  Workman 
himself  was  the  author  of  an  armorial  which  should  bear 
his  name,  and  which  has  critical  notes  in  it  by  Sir  James 
Balfour.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  was  probably  prepared 


as  a  book  of  everyday  reference  for  the  Lyon  Office  by 
Sir  Robert  Forman,  and  should  therefore  he  styled  the 
Forman  Lyon  Office  MS.  It  has  on  the  verso  of  one  of 
the  leaves  the  date  1 566  in  large  red  figures,  and  there  is 
every  reason  to  accept  this  as  the  date  of  its  execution. 
It  is  founded  on  the  Forman  (Advocates'  Library)  MS., 
supplemented  from  Lindsay,  containing  the  effigies  of  the 
kings  aud  queens  as  in  the  former,  and  the  mythical  coats 
and  the  arms  of  European  sovereigns  as  in  the  latter, 
with  additions.  It  is  a  small,  thick,  quarto  volume,  the 
original  size  of  the  leaves  having  been  6h  x  5^,  but  they 
have,  at  a  comparatively  recent  period,  been  carefully 
inlaid,  and  the  whole  volume  substantially  bound.  It 
contains  several  obsolete  peers'  coats  taken  from  Lindsay, 
the  Hamilton  alliances  taken  from  the  Hamilton  MS., 
and  many  coats  unrecorded  in  it  at  the  period  of  its  in- 
ception were  added  from  time  to  time,  so  that  it  forms  a 
general  register  of  arms — though  with  many  omissions — 
down  to  the  institution  of  the  Lj'on  Register  in  1672,  or 
even  later.  In  quoting  this  MS.  as  an  authority  for 
arms  it  is  important,  therefore,  that  the  original  coats 
should  be  distinguished  from  those  added  to  or  altered  in 
it.  As  regards  execution,  the  original  coats  are  apparently 
by  the  same  hand  and  in  much  the  same  style  as  those  in 
the  Advocates'  Library  Forman,  so  that  the  remarks  on 
the  latter  apply  equally  to  this,  the  main  difference  being 
that  everything  is  on  a  smaller  scale,  the  Advocates' 
Library  MS.  being  a  folio  while  this  is  a  quarto.  The 
writing  in  this  is,  however,  in  a  distinct  current  hand  of 
the  period  and  not  in  Roman  capitals ;  but  in  many  cases 
the  names  have  been  altered,  written  over,  and  in  various 
ways  obliterated,  so  as,  in  some  cases,  to  be  quite  un- 
decipherable. Many  emblazonments  have  been  painted 
out,  and  other  coats  substituted  on  the  top  of  them,  and 
not  only  have  additions  been  made  on  the  versos,  but  at 
least  half-a-dozen  leaves  have  been  inserted  in  different 
places.  It  can  hardly  be  called  a  tidy  or  very  artistic 
MS.,  but  the  number  of  coats  actually  given  is  very  great, 
no  less  than  741  coats  of  the  minor  barons  and  gentlemen 
being  portrayed  in  addition  to  those  of  the  royalties  and 
peers.  MS.  blazons  of  the  latter  are  given  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  volume,  and  of  the  former  at  the  end,  but 
this  is  probably  an  addition  of  a  later  date. 

There  is  a  MS.  in  the  Lyon  Office  which  is  entitled  on 
the  back  "  Kings'  and  Nobilities'  Arms,  vol.  i.,"  and  which 
is  thought  to  have  been  executed  under  the  supervision  of 
Sir  David  Lindsay  of  Rathillet  soon  after  he  entered  in 
office  in  1568  ;  but  there  are  really  few  or  no  indications 
which  help  us  to  fix  its  precise  date,  but  from  a  comparison 
of  it  with  the  Forman  (Lyon  Office)  MS.,  there  seems 
little  doubt  that  it  is  of  later  date  than  that  volume,  which 
was  executed  in  1566,  and,  as  Forman  died  in  1568,  it  is 
unlikely  that  he  had  compiled  another  armorial  so  similar, 
yet  dissimilar.  Again,  two  other  MSS.  derived  from  it, 
the  Le  Breton  MS.  and  the  Dnnvegan  MS.,  afterwards 
referred  to,  were  undoubtedly  made  during  Lindsay  of 
Rathillet's  term  of  office,  and  were  copied  from  this  MS. 
and  not  from  any  of  Forman's,  so  that  there  is  a  strong 
probability  that  its  period  is  contemporaneous  with  that 
of  Lindsay.  It  is  largely  founded  on  the  Forman  (Lyon 
Office)  MS.,  but  with  important  additions  to  the  com- 
moners' arms.  Many  of  these  additions  appear  in  the 
latter  MS.,  but  whether  they  were  copied  into  it  from 
this  one,  or  vice  tersd.  it  is  difficult  to  say  ;  perhaps  some 
the  one  way  and  some  the  other.  The  mythical  arms, 
those  of  European  sovereigns,  and  the  effigies  of  the 
kings  and  queens  are  omitted ;  but  in  their  place  we  have 
a  series  of  crowned  lozenges  containing  the  arms  of  the 
queens  similar  to  those  in  Lindsay  the  first.  The  execution 
of  the  work  is  extremely  rude,  but  at  the  same  time  effects 
are  most  cleverly  got,  with  apparently  the  most  inadequate 
means ;  thus,  with  a  few  seemingly  careless  dashes  of  the 


458 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


pen  and  a  little  touch  of  colour  a  most  sph'ited  lion  ram- 
pant is  produced.  The  colours  used  are  very  inferior,  as 
in  many  cases  the  yellows  have  almost — indeed  altogether 
— disappeared,  and  the  blue  has  changed  to  a  purple  or 
lake  tint ;  the  writing,  however,  is  very  bold  and  distinct. 
This  is  the  earliest  of  a  group  of  three  armorials  successively 
derived  from  one  another. 

The  second  of  this  group  is  a  MS.  which  belongs  to  the 
Heralds'  College  in  London,  and  is  usually  known  as  the 
le  Breton  Armorial.  It  is  handsomely  bound  in  dark 
red  morocco,  with  the  arms  and  name  of  "Hector  le 
Breton,  Sieur  de  la  Doinaterie,  Eoy  d'Armes  de  France," 
stamped  on  it.  It  was  presented  to  the  Heralds'  College 
by  George  Holman  of  "Warkworth,  at  the  instance  of 
Gregory  Kiug,  Kouge  Dragon,  on  the  6th  of  July  1686. 
Throughout  the  volume  there  are  occasional  notes  in 
French,  no  doubt  by  its  original  owner,  and  many  sub- 
sequently added  in  English.  From  internal  evidence  it 
appears  to  have  been  executed  between  1581  and  1584. 
The  arms  of  the  peers  and  commoners  (though  the  former 
have  been  brought  up  to  date)  have  evidently  been  taken 
directly  from  the  Eathillet  MS.,  the  arms  do  so  to  a 
great  extent.  Instead  of  the  crowned  lozenges,  however, 
of  that  armorial,  there  have  been  substituted  the  series 
of  eiBgies  of  the  kings  and  queens  from  the  Forman 
(Lyon  Office)  MS.  The  workmanship  is  in  the  quaint 
and  vigorous  style  of  the  Eathillet  armorial,  but  there 
are  many  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Forman  MS., 
though  it  is  not  likely  by  the  same  hand.  It  has,  besides, 
two  youthful  portraits  of  King  James  VI.  as  a  boy  of 
about  fourteen,  one  on  horseback,  the  other  seated  on  a 
throne.  It  has  also  a  crowned  thistle  with  initials  I.  R. 
Both  the  drawing  and  the  colouring  are  ruder  than 
the  Forman  MS.  but  better  than  the  Eathillet  MS., 
though  not  quite  so  spirited  as  either.  Most  of  the 
writing  is  in  the  uniform  current  hand  of  the  period,  but 
the  names  to  the  commoners'  arms  are  in  a  peculiar  small 
Gothic  printing  letter,  and  have  evidently  not  been 
written  by  one  who  was  acquainted  with  Scottish  names 
of  families  or  places,  as  they  appear  in  the  most 
extraordinary  disguises.  Thus  the  name  Cairns  of 
Orchardtown  is  metamorphosed  into  Lairme  of  Othar- 
town,  and  there  are  many  similar  mistakes.  Some  of 
the  inscriptions  are  from  Lindsay,  possibly  through  the 
EathUlet  or  Forman  MS.  One  of  these  has  been  con- 
siderably mangled  in  altering  it  to  suit  to  King  James 
instead  of  Queen  Mary.  In  it  he  is  styled  a  king  "  pru- 
dent, of  young  yeres  wys  as  salamone,  and  to  wse  young 
Joseas." 

The  latest  of  the  group  of  the  three  armorials  above 
mentioned  is  one  in  the  possession  of  MacLeod  of  Dun- 
vegan ;  its  date  may  be  set  down  as  between  1582  and 
1584.  Besides  the  peers'  arms,  it  contains  241  com- 
moners' coats.  The  pages  at  the  end  of  the  volume 
are  used  as  a  Liber  Ainicoram  containing  autographs  of 
several  envoys  of  rank  to  the  court  of  James  VI.  One 
entry  by  Du  Bartas  the  poet  and  French  Ambassador 
to  Scotland,  who  died  in  1590,  is  inscribed  to  '■William 
Shaw,  Master  of  the  King's  Work,"  who  was  in  all  likeli- 
hood the  possessor  of  the  book.  He  was  a  man  of  varied 
accomplishments,  and  is  chiefly  remembered  as  the 
restorer  of  Dunfermline  Abbey,  in  which  edifice  there 
was  a  monument  erected  to  his  memory  by  Queen  Anne, 
the  wife  of  James  VI.,  with  a  highly  eulogistic  inscrip- 
tion. The  armorial  is,  from  an  artistic  point  of  view, 
one  of  the  finest  we  have  ;  the  drawing  and  finishing 
are  extremely  minute,  involving  an  amount  of  labour, 
however,  scarcely  commensurate  with  the  result.  The 
animal  supporters  are  rather  plethoric  in  habit,  and  have 
not  the  vivacity  and  character  of  those  in  the  earlier 
and  older  armorials.  The  tinctures  are  in  opaque  colours, 
and  the  metals  are  laid  on  in  gold  and  silver,  remarkable 


for  theu'  perfect  condition.  Ko  names  or  mottoes  were 
appended  to  the  coats  at  the  time  of  their  execution ; 
those  which  now  appear  must  have  been  added  long  after 
by  an  unskilled  hand,  as  they  are  often  wrong,  and  many 
coats  are  still  unnamed. 

But  the  most  artistic  of  all  our  Scottish  armorials  is 
one  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Hamilton  of  Ogilvie,  called 
the  Seton  MS.  from  its  having  its  binding — which  is 
apparently  the  original  calf — stamped  with  the  arms  of 
George,  5th  Lord  Seton.  WhUe  the  arms  on  the  cover 
are  his,  it  is  most  likely  that  the  MS.  was  commissioned 
by  his  son  Eobert,  the  6th  Lord,  as  on  the  title-page 
there  is  a  small  panel  inscribed  "  E.  L.  Seton,  1591,"  and 
in  a  design  above,  within  an  interlaced  circle,  is  a 
monogram  composed  of  the  initials  E.  L.  S.  and  M.  M., 
the  latter  being  those  of  his  wife  Margaret  Montgomery, 
daughter  of  Hugh,  3rd  Earl  of  Eglinton.  At  the  top 
of  this  page  the  name  of  "  James  Espleine  (Marchmont 
alias),  Eoxburgh  Herald,"  is  written,  and  the  MS.  is  often 
alluded  to  by  Nisbet  in  his  "Heraldry  "  as  EspleLne's  MS. 
There  is  a  fine  series  of  effigies  of  sixteen  kings  and 
fourteen  queens,  from  Fergus  I.  to  James  VI.,  with  their 
arms,  the  faces  being  finished  with  great  delicacy.  A 
curious  drawing  occurs  entitled  "  The  Habit  of  a  Herald," 
representing  a  habit  which  no  herald  ever  wore  ;  but 
this  is  probably  a  later  addition.  This  is  followed  by  the 
arms  of  53  of  the  nobility,  4  Highland  chiefs,  280  lesser 
barons,  34  foreign  and  royal  coats,  and  18  miscellaneous 
arms.  The  whole  execution  of  the  work  is  exceedingly 
good,  the  animal  supporters  being  drawn  with  character 
and  energy ;  the  drawing  is  refined,  and  the  colouring 
rich  and  harmonious.  The  writing  is  of  a  later  date  from 
the  rest  of  the  work,  and  some  coats  are  still  unnamed. 

There  is  in  the  splendid  library  at  Haigh  Hall  a  MS., 
acquired  by  purchase  by  the  late  Earl  of  Crawford, 
which  contains  an  interesting  collection  of  Scottish  arms. 
Mr.  Stoddart  calls  this  MS.  "  Lindsay  II.,"  because  it  is 
believed  to  have  been  executed  for  Sir  David  Lindsay 
of  the  Mount,  Lyon  from  1591  to  162 1,  the  nephew 
of  the  great  Sir  David.  The  arms  of  the  nobility  and 
the  gentry  of  Scotland  are  given  as  at  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  with  a  few  additions  of  later  date. 
The  volume  is  bound  in  vellum,  stamped  in  black  on  the 
front  board  with  a  foreign  coat  of  arms.  On  page  I 
there  is  an  autograph  resembling  "Fraunz  Kunz,"  and 
on  page  4  is  the  inscription  "Ex  Libris  Dr.  Macniven." 
It  contains  1 5 1  leaves,  but  1 5  of  them  are  blank.  The 
peers'  arms  still  occupy  a  full  page,  and  the  supporters 
stand  on  a  compartment  of  green  grass  (Fig.  799).  The 
dukes,  marquises,  and  earls  have  all  coronets,  but  the 
barons  have  simply  wreaths  resting  on  their  helmets. 
A  distinguishing  feature  of  this  MS.  is  that  on  the 
verso  of  the  leaf  preceding  that  bearing  the  arms  of 
the  head  of  a  noble  house,  there  is  generally  emblazoned 
a  small  shield  without  exterior  ornaments,  bearing  the 
paternal  coat  of  arms,  and  below  is  given  a  list  of  the 
principal  cadets  of  the  family.  While  the  execution 
of  the  MS.  displayed  bold,  vigorous  work,  and  is  superior 
in  draughtsmanship  to  most  of  the  earlier  MSS.,  it  has 
neither  the  artistic  feeling  and  refinement  in  drawing, 
nor  the  sense  for  harmonious  colour  which  we  find  in 
the  Seton  MS.  The  writing  is  beautifully  done,  and 
the  ornamental  flourishes  and  embellishments  show  great 
freedom  and  command  of  the  pen.  The  names  are, 
on  the  whole,  distinctly  written,  the  formation  of  the 
letters  being  very  modem  in  style,  except  in  the  lists 
of  cadets,  where  an  older  form  is  employed. 

These  are  the  more  important  illuminated  MSS.  which 
deal  with  Scottish  arms.  They  do  not  exhaust  the  list, 
but  I  must  not  weary  you  by  an  enumeration  which  has 
been  already  too  long.  It  serves  to  show,  however,  that 
the  interest  taken  in  the  subject  of  heraldry  in  Scotland 


459 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


was  very  great,  and  that  the  skill  of  the  artists  who 
executed  these  works  was  in  itself  of  quite  a  respectable 
standard,  and  in  some  cases  very  good  indeed.  They 
do  not  as  a  whole,  I  must  admit,  reach  that  brilliancy 
of  colour  and  precisiou  of  line  which  we  find  in  some  of 
the  English  armorials  and  MSS.,  but  they  have  a  certain 
character  of  their  own  and  a  vigour  of  expression  which 
redeems  them  at  once  from  the  commonplace,  and  stamps 
them  as  a  very  critical  product  of  the  country.  What 
is  more  peculiar  about  them  is  the  extraordinary  variety 
of  renderings  which  the  different  MSS.  give  of  the  same 
coat,  and  which  often  betoken  great  carelessness,  if  not 
ignorance,  on  the  part  of  the  workmen.  Even  Sir  David 
Lindsay's  MS.  itself  is  not  free  from  those  mistakes  which 
we  can  hardly  conceive  occurring  had  we  personally 
exercised  a  careful  supervision  over  the  work,  but  these 
mistakes  detract  very  slightly  from  the  interest  which 
every  student  of  Scottish  heraldry  must  feel  in  perusing 
those  contemporary  records  of  bygone  times. 

Besides  these  illuminated  armorials  of  which  I  have 
been  treating  there  is  in  existence  a  considerable  number 
of  MSS.  dealing  with  Scottish  arms  which  do  not  exhibit 
them  in  colour.  Some  of  these  have  the  different  coats 
"  tricked  " — that  is,  simply  drawn  in  outline  in  pen  and 
ink — while  many  more  merely  give  a  list  of  names  with 
the  verbal  blazon  of  the  arms  pertaining  to  each  appended. 
None  of  these,  however,  are  so  old  as  the  earliest  of  the 
illuminated  MSS.,  and  I  need  not  detain  you  by  giving 
you  a  list  of  them.  The  two  most  important  are,  perhaps, 
one  by  Sir  James  Balfour,  which  contains  a  description 
of  considerably  over  a  thousand  coats,  and  one  by  James 
Pont,  brother  of  Timothy  Pont,  the  topographer  and 
son  of  the  minister  of  St.  Cuthbert's,  Edinburgh,  of 
which  frequent  mention  is  made  by  Nisbet  in  his  "  Treatise 
on  Heraldry." 

I  should  like,  before  leaving  the  subject  of  armorial 
records,  to  say  a  word  as  to  a  very  important  branch  of 
the  subject,  that  is,  how  arms  are  originally  constituted, 
and  the  evidence  of  their  being  authorised.  Of  course, 
in  the  first  instance,  there  were  no  such  things  as  grants 
of  arms.  Families  gradually  got  into  the  practice  of 
bearing  as  cognisances  and  for  all  practical  purposes,  as 
we  have  seen,  those  emblems  or  devices  which  their 
ancestors  had  been  in  the  habit  of  using.  But  when 
such  devices  came  to  be  considered  as  peculiarly  military 
and  knightly  possessions,  and  not  likely  to  be  assumed, 
the  king  (as  the  fountain  of  all  honour)  took  the  bestowal 
of  armorial  bearings  into  his  own  hands — though  oc- 
casionally a  knight  granted  arms  to  his  esquire.  No 
formal  documentary  grants  were,  however,  at  first  made, 
though  the  bearings  of  the  different  knights  were  care- 
fully noted  down  by  the  heralds  of  the  period.  In 
England  the  earliest  of  these  rolls  in  which  the  arms 
were  quoted  was,  as  I  have  previously  mentioned,  one 
of  a  date  between  1240  and  1245,  of  which  a  copy  made 
by  Glover,  Somerset  Herald,  is  still  in  existence,  with 
the  arms  blazoned  but  not  drawn.  There  is  also  a  copy 
of  another  thirteenth  -  century  roll,  and  there  is  the 
great  Caerlaverock  Roll  of  1300,  containing  a  list  of  the 
arms  of  all  the  knights  who  accompanied  Edward  I.  to 
the  siege  of  that  castle  ;  it  has  been  printed  several  times. 
In  addition  to  these  there  are  six  or  seven  other  English 
rolls  of  the  foui-teenth  century.  It  is  difficult  to  say 
exactly  when  the  Heralds'  College,  which  was  incorporated 
by  Richard  III.,  first  began  to  issue  grants  of  arms. 
Dallaway,  in  his  "  Heraldic  Enquiries,"  certainly  mentions 
a  grant  long  before  the  incorporation  of  the  College. 
It  is  alleged  to  be  by  James  Heddingley,  Guyen  King 
of  Arms,  to  Peter  Dodge,  Gentleman,  and  to  be  dated 
the  8th  day  of  April  in  the  34th  year  of  "  Edward  le 
premier ; "  but  although  this  is  in  a  collection  made  by 
Glover,  it  is  unlikely  to  be  genuine.     Documents  written 


in  the  reign  of  a  sovereign  who  has  had  no  predecessor  of 
the  same  name  do  not  usually  describe  him  as  "the  first." 
Not  only  so,  but  it  is  stated  by  Austen  that  Guyen  King 
of  Arms  was  not  created  till  the  time  of  Henry  VI. 

The  earliest  authentic  grant  which  I  have  been  able  to 
meet  with  is  that  one  of  the  Company  of  the  Tallow 
Chandlers  of  the  City  of  London.  It  is  written  in  the 
official  French  of  the  period,  dated  on  the  24th  day  of 
September,  in  the  year  of  grace  1456,  and  is  signed  by 
John  Smart,  Garter  King  of  Arms,  and  is  sealed  with  his 
seal  bearing  his  own  coat  of  arms,  not  an  official  coat. 
He  signs  like  a  bishop,  "J.  Garter."  The  execution  of 
the  grant  is  most  artistic.  The  initial  letter  represents 
Garter  himself  clad  in  his  "coat  of  arms"  and  with 
his  official  crown  on  his  head.  The  company's  arms  are 
placed  in  the  margin  surmounted  by  a  helmet,  which, 
though  vigorous  enough  in  its  own  way,  hardly  pos- 
sesses that  effectiveness  of  design  which  the  large  cylin- 
drical tilting-helmet  has.  The  crest  is  an  angel  in  a 
blue  coat  with  a  gold  collar  and  a  white  neck-cloth, 
holding  John  the  Baptist's  head  on  a  charger.  Note 
the  very  elegant  disposition  of  the  lambrequin,  which  is 
gules,  doubled  ermine,  after  the  fashion  of  the  peers,  and 
not  the  livery  colours.  Besides  the  mantling,  opportunity 
has  been  taken  to  introduce,  both  in  the  margin  and  along 
the  top  of  the  patent,  a  very  dainty  floral  pattern,  some- 
what in  the  style  of  the  ancient  missals.  This,  besides 
being  the  oldest,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  patents  of 
arms  known  to  exist.  As  time  went  on  they  rapidly  de- 
teriorated in  artistic  excellence,  though,  of  course,  the  in- 
dividual documents  varied  in  that  respect.  There  is,  for 
instance,  a  grant  to  the  Carpenters'  Company  of  London, 
of  date  1467,  or  only  eleven  years  after  that  to  the  Tallow 
Chandlers ;  but  it  is  a  miserably  inferior  production  to 
the  former.  This,  however,  must  have  been  the  mere 
chance  of  a  second  or  third  rate  draftsman  having  been 
employed,  because  we  have  quite  good  work  in  the  charter 
(not  a  patent  of  arms)  by  Richard  III.  in  1483  to  the 
Wax  Chandlers.  The  patent  to  the  Barber  Surgeons  of 
London  in  1569  has  certainly  an  endeavour  after  artistic 
excellence,  but  it  wants  the  spontaneity  and  grace  of  the 
older  patents.  They  were  granted  the  crest  of  an  opinacus, 
a  monster  but  rarely  encountered  even  in  heraldry. 

I  have  as  yet  only  alluded  to  English  patents,  because, 
unfortunately,  we  have  no  Scottish  examples  of  such  early 
date.  One  of  the  earliest  of  the  latter  with  which  I  am 
acquainted  is  of  date  1567,  and  is  by  Sir  Robert  Forman, 
of  Luthrie,  Lyon,  in  favour  of  Lord  Maxwell  of  Herries. 
The  wording  is  rather  quaint:  "Till  all  and  sundrie 
quhome  it  effeirs  (unto)  quhais  knawlege  thir  presentis 
sal  cum  greting  in  God  evirlesting,  we,  Schir  Robert 
Forman  of  Luthrie,  Knicht  Lyoun  King  of  Armes  with 
our  brethir  Herauldis  of  the  Honerable  Johnne  Lord 
Maxwell  of  Hereiss  to  assign  and  gif  unto  him  sick  armes 
in  mettaill  coulore  as  maist  deulie  suld  appertene  to  him 
and  his  posteritie  as  become  us  of  our  office  to  do : 
Quehairfore  We  having  respect  to  thais  thyngis  that 
appertenit  hes  assignit  and  assignis  to  him  quarterlie  the 
first  and  thrid  (sic)  silver  ane  saulter  sable  with  ane 
lambeall  of  thre  feitt  gulis,  secund  ane  ferde  selver  thre 
hurtcheounis  sable  with  the  beraris  of  the  shield  helme 
tyramerall  and  detoun  as  heir  under  is  depainted,  quhilk 
he  and  his  posteritie  may  lefullie  beir  without  reproofe. 
Quhilk  we  testifie  be  thir  presents  subscrivit  be  Marohe- 
mont  Hairanld  oure  clerk  of  office  quhairunto  oure  seile  of 
office  is  appensit.  At  Edinburgh,  the  secund  day  of  Aprile 
the  zeir  of  God  ane  thowsand  fyve  hundreth  thre  score 
sevin  zeiris." 

I  need  not  allude  to  any  other  old  Scottish  patents,  as 
none  that  I  know  present  any  points  of  artistic  excellence. 
I  can  hardly  say  that  things  much  improved  during  the 
eighteenth  or  even  during  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth 


460 


PLATE   CXLVI. 


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Hi 

THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


centnry.  Latterly  the  actual  writing  of  the  patents  was 
much  better,  and  they  were  really  beautiful  specimens  of 
caligraphy,  but  the  painting  of  the  arms  left  much  to  be 
desired.  It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that  this  has 
been  remedied,  and  as  I  remarked  before,  I  think  I  may 
safely  say  that  as  regards  draftsmanship  the  Lyon  Office 
leads  the  way  in  heraldic  records. 

I  have  left  myself  but  small  space  to  speak  of  armorially 
decorated  charts  or  trees,  as  they  are  often  called.  Many 
of  these  are  remarkable  for  their  design  and  delicacy  of 
execution. 

The  most  beautiful  family  tree  in  Scotland  is  that  in 
the  possession  of  Sir  Allen  Seton  Steuart  (Plate  CLI.). 
It  is  not  large,  being  only  i/i  by  14^  inches;  it  is 
executed  on  parchment,  the  background  being  black,  and 
the  leafage  of  a  delicate  green.  Over  seventy  shields, 
generally  barren  and  femme,  or  in  other  words  impaled, 
appeared  illuminated  in  golden  tinctures,  argent  being 
represented  by  the  white  parchment.  The  flowers — 
carnations,  lilies,  roses,  &c. — introduced  at  foot,  and  the 


figures  of  an  ape  and  various  words  that  appear  above, 
are  executed  with  great  minuteness  and  beauty  of 
colouring,  while  the  portraits  of  Robert  Lord  Seton 
(afterwards  1st  Earl  of  Winton)  and  his  father  George 
and  their  respective  wives  have  the  finish  of  fine 
miniatures.  You  will  find  a  detailed  account  of  it  and 
a  photograph  of  the  tree  itself  in  the  illustrated  edition 
of  the  Catalogue  of  the  Edinburgh  Heraldic  Exhibition. 
Its  date  is  1583.  Another  very  interesting  tree,  not 
only  on  account  of  its  subject,  but  also  on  account  of  its 
author,  is  that  of  the  Campbells  of  Glenurquhy,  with  por- 
traits of  the  various  members  of  the  House,  executed  in 
1635  by  George  Jameson,  the  celebrated  Scottish  portrait- 
painter.  There  is  also  a  magnificent  Douglas  pedigree  of 
larger  size.done  by  James  Ewing,  Eothesay  Herald, in  1661, 
in  the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Home  at  Bothwell  Castle, 
and  there  is  another  somewhat  similar  one  at  Douglas 
Castle.  The  former  is  fully  described  in  the  Heraldic 
Exhibition  Catalogue  to  which  I  previously  referred. 

J.  B.  P. 


CHAPTER    XLIX 

MODERN   ENGLISH   HERALDIC   ART 


IT  is  one  of  the  curious  anomalies  of  heraldic  art 
that,  at  a  period  when  all  that  is  noisiest  in  the  great 
world  of  art  in  general  is  shouting  for  realism,  the 
greatest  authorities  in  armory  are  equally  vehement  in  the 
advocacy  of  the  distorted  but  possibly  more  artistic  and 
undoubtedly  more  pleasing  conventionalism  of  early  heraldic 
examples — or,  at  least,  whilst  we  are  to  be  realistic  in  the 
shape  of  our  shields,  our  helmets,  and  our  wreaths,  we 
are  advised  to  go  to  the  farthest  limits  of  conventionalism 
in  our  lions,  eagles,  and  other  charges.  Some  of  us  are 
getting  there  slowly  and  by  degrees,  but  I  for  mj  part 
decline  to  see  the  beauty  in  an  eagle  merely  because  it 
is  copied  from  an  ancient  example,  and  when  it  is  difficult 
to  distinguish  the  bird  from  a  double-headed  duck.  The 
world  of  heraldic  art  sadly  needs  the  exercise  of  a  little 
discrimination  in  the  teachings  of  its  prophets  and 
patriarchs.  I  have  referred  to  this  point  elsewhere 
herein  at  some  length.  The  armorial  art  of  the  Planta- 
genet  and  Tudor  periods  has  been  exemplified  in  relation 
to  the  Garter  plates,  "  Prince  Arthur's  Book,"  &c. 

The  most  noticeable  manifestation  of  heraldry  and 
heraldic  art  which  the  Stuart  Period  produced  is  un- 
doubtedly "A  Display  of  Heraldry,"  by  John  Guillim,  a 
large  folio  volume  of  several  hundred  pages.  It  is  an 
intimate  and  detailed  account  of  practically  everything 
within  the  scope  of  the  word  "  heraldry,"  and  though 
much  that  Guillim  wrote  we  now  admit  to  be  mythical, 
his  work,  nevertheless,  will  remain  for  all  time  one  of  the 
standard  works  upon  the  subject.  The  best  illustrations 
in  the  book  are  the  woodcuts,  but  these  reach  no  very 
high  level  of  excellence.  The  copperplate  engravings  are 
not  of  great  merit,  but  they  are  highly  characteristic  of 
the  period. 

It  is  customary  to  observe  that  at  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century  heraldic  art  in  this  country 
was  steaddy  on  the  downward  grade.  It  has  been 
remarked  elsewhere  in  these  pages  that  it  would  seem 
to  be  questionable  how  far  any  one  is  justified  in  com- 
paring or  "ranking"  in  the  same  fixed  scale  of  merit 
the  manifestations  of  art  in  any  particular  period  with 
those  of  another,  or  in  judging  different  periods  with  the 
aid  of  the  particular  yard-tape  and  foot-rule  affected  as 


the  standards  in  our  own  particular  period.  We  are 
always  inclined  to  do  so,  forgetting  that  the  taste  of  one 
man  varies  from  that  of  another,  and  that  the  general 
taste  of  one  period  is  never  in  accord  with  that  of  a 
different  period.  We  can  rest  comfortably  and  calmly, 
assured  that  our  little  tin  immortals  of  the  artistic  world, 
by  whose  opinions  we  swear  at  the  moment,  will  be  cer- 
tainly succeeded  by  others  (equally  immortal,  but  equally 
of  the  little  and  the  tin  variety)  who  will  preach  the  things 
we  now  are  advised  to  condemn.  Art  is  long,  but  no 
particular  artistic  canon  is  eternal.  Far  more  important  to 
armory  than  the  present  revival  in  heraldic  art  is  the 
greater  revival  in  armorial  truth.  The  art  is  a  fashion 
which  will  change,  the  truth  must  in  the  end  prevail. 
However,  whether  the  art  be  adjudged  good  or  bad,  there 
is  no  doubt  that  the  bold  and  free  draughtsmanship  of  the 
Plantagenet  and  Tudor  days  had  began  to  lose  some  of 
these  characteristics  before  we  first  borrowed  our  Sovereign 
from  Scotland.  Through  the  Stuart  and  early  Georgian 
periods  the  heraldic  art  of  this  country  slowly  but  steadily 
developed  in  its  floral  and  other  accessories  a  wealth  of 
detaU  and  minntife,  the  highest  development  being  con- 
sidered a  shield  crowded  with  unnecessary  quarterings, 
the  whole  painted  in  the  latest  period  with  the  care  and 
intricate  and  minute  detail  properly  belonging  to  the  pro- 
vince of  the  miniature-painter.  This  subject  has  been 
treated  under  the  chapter  upon  Lambrequins,  which  really 
chiefiy  mark  the  artistic  nature  of  heraldic  painting  and 
design.  But  the  same  feeling  is  noticeable  in  the  design 
itself  of  so  many  of  the  coats  of  arms  granted.  This 
development  of  the  miniature  culminated  in  the  reign  of 
Sir  Isaac  Heard,  Garter  King  of  Arms,  and  the  curious 
"landscape"  augmentations  of  Lord  Exmouth,  Lord 
Nelson,  and  Brisbane  (Fig.  553)  are  examples  of  the  ex- 
treme point  reached  by  official  heraldry.  These  coats  are 
simply  typical  of  the  art  of  the  period.  There  is  a  class 
of  mind  which  is  always  "agin  the  Government,"  and 
which  (like  the  missionary  who  disagreed  with  everybody 
— even  with  the  natives  who  ate  him)  must  always  be 
carping  at  anything  oflicial.  The  "  landscape  "  augmen- 
tations to  which  allusion  has  been  made  are  a  ready 
opportunity  to  the  pen  of  the  objector,  who  forgets  that 


461 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  whole  of  European  heraldry  has  passed  through  a 
similar  period,  and  that  coats  of  this  character  are  being 
officially  granted  at  the  present  time  both  in  Itussia  and 
Germany. 

The  coats  themselves  have  since  in  recent  grants  some- 
what improved,  and  with  Scottish  and  Irish  grants  at  the 
present  day  no  fault  can  be  found,  either  in  their  com- 
position or  emblazonment.  But  English  coats — the  result 
of  so  much  differencing  on  stock  models  (there  must  be 
fifty  or  more  coats  for  the  name  of  Wilson,  all  modelled 
upon  the  original :  Sable,  a  wolf  salient,  and  in  chief 
three  estoiles  or) — when  considered  en  masse  are  over- 
crowded with  detail  and  with  the  same  stereotyped 
details  used  over  and  over  again  for  the  purposes  of 
differentiation.  The  emblazonment,  like  so  much  official 
work,  though  excellent  in  execution,  is  stereotyped  in 
design — all  of  it  executed  in  the  careful  style  of  the 
"  miniaturist  "  type  of  herald-painting. 

Far  be  it  from  me  to  decry  the  work  of  the  "  minia- 
turist" type  of  herald-painter,  although  under  the  cloak 
of  that  school  there  has  been  an  enormous  amount  of 
"  stationer's  -  shop "  work  turned  out,  good,  bad,  and 
indifferent — chiefly  the  last  named.  For  work  of  the 
"miniaturist"  character,  the  illuminated  pedigree  of  the 
Royal  Family,  formally  "recorded"  under  the  statutes  of 
the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  now  remaining  in  the  custody 
of  the  College  of  Arms,  is  probably  the  finest  piece  of 
work  which  has  ever  been  executed.  The  name  of  the 
artist  responsible  for  it  does  not,  however,  appear  to  be 
known.  The  pedigree  is  in  the  form  of  a  bound  volume, 
the  value  of  which  is  enormously  enhanced  by  the  large 
number  of  Royal  autographs  which  it  contains. 

But  the  greater  freedom  from  stereotyped  models  which 
outside  artists  enjoyed,  lead  one  to  unofficial  work  for 
evidence  of  the  progress  of  heraldic  art.  But  most  out- 
side work  was  equally  formal  and  stereotyped  in  its 
character. 

Figs.  1052  and  1053,  which  represent  the  arms  of  the 
Duke  of  Dorset  and  the  Marquess  of  Rockingham,  and 
which  are  included  in  the  European  series  arranged  by  Herr 
Strohl,  are  taken  from  a  series  of  engravings  of  the  arms 
of  peers  which,  with  their  pedigrees,  were  published  in 
the  Universal  Magazine,  1 790-1 800  or  thereabouts.  Soon 
after  this  date  Berry  published  his  well-known  Encyelo- 
pmdia  Heraldiea,  the  most  important  heraldic  work  which 
had  been  issued  since  Gwillim's  "Display  of  Heraldry." 
This  book  was  and  still  remains  one  of  the  most  charming 
and  valuable  heraldic  books,  and  has  always  been  one  of 
my  favourites.  It  was  in  three  volumes,  the  first  a  volume 
of  heraldic  terms,  containing  an  immensity  of  information, 
far  more  accurate  than  much  which  has  since  been  issued  ; 
the  second  a  list  of  armorial  bearings ;  and  the  third  a 
volume  of  illustrations,  all  from  engraved  plates.  Of  the 
style  in  which  they  are  executed  the  engravings  are  very 
excellent  examples ;  but  they  are  no  more  than  good 
engravings  of  the  "miniaturist"  type  of  thought. 

No  other  heraldic  work  of  such  a  monumental  character 
was  issued  in  this  country  until  towards  the  close  of  the 
century  which  has  just  ended.  Heraldic  intei'est  and 
armorial  art  were  kept  alive  by  the  coach-painter,  the 
seal  engraver,  and  the  Peerage  books.  Seals  of  any  size 
had  long  since  gone  out  of  general  use — heraldry  flourished 
for  such  purposes  in  the  cheaper  and  more  devious  paths 
of  embossed  heraldic  stationery,  one  of  the  fashionable 
cults  being  the  collection  of  these  embossed  designs — 
all,  monograms  included,  generally  known  as  "crests" — 
which  were  pasted  in  albums  or  upon  ladies'  fans.  With 
every  desire  for  kindly  impartiality,  one  cannot  find  any- 
thing good  to  say  for  the  "cuts"  of  arms  from  the  Peerage 
books  published  before  the  last  few  years. 

The  coach-painter  we  are  accustomed  to  turn  up  our 
noses  at.     His  heraldry,  from  the  point  of  view  of  science 


and  an  understanding  adherence  to  rules,  was  frequently 
contemptible,  but  there  is  no  denying  the  fact  that  in  the 
finer  examples  of  his  work  upon  State  carriages,  &c.,  the 
execution  reached,  in  the  "miniaturist"  type,  a  very  high, 
and  very  unusual  pitch  of  excellence.  Fig.  793  is  a  fair 
though  by  no  means  a  superfine  example  of  the  work  of 
a  coachbuilder's  herald-painter.  Mr.  Manley,  who  must 
now  be  of  advanced  age,  is  probably  the  greatest  herald- 
painter  of  that  class.  Sir  Bernard  Burke,  Ulster  King 
of  Arms,  thought  highly  of  his  work,  and  for  a  long 
period  many  of  the  patents  issued  under  the  hand  and 
seal  of  Ulster  were  painted  by  Mr.  Manley. 

Many  heraldic  books,  of  more  or  less  limited  scope,  of 
course,  contained  illustrations  of  arms,  amongst  which  re- 
ference should  be  made  to  Burke's  "  Extinct  Peerage  "  and 
Burke's  "  Heraldic  Illustrations."  The  illustrations  for 
these  works  were  copperplate  engravings,  which,  however, 
differed  little  if  anything  in  design  or  quality  from  the 
crowd  of  inartistic  bookplates  which  were  being  poured 
out  broadcast  from  the  shops  of  heraldic  stationers.  In  the 
seventies  and  eighties  Mr.  J.  B.  Payen-Payne  was  engaged 
in  the  production  of  various  works,  the  chief  of  which 
were  his  Jersey  Armorial  and  his  Roll  of  High  Sheriffs. 
As  heraldic  and  genealogical  works  it  must  be  admitted 
they  merited  and  obtained  universal  condemnation,  but 
there  can  equally  be  no  doubt  that  the  execution  of  the 
heraldic  plates  (for  which  the  Messrs.  Baker,  father  and 
son,  were  responsible)  was  of  a  high  standard  for  work 
of  that  character. 

But  other  forces  and  other  ideas  were  being  brought 
into  play.  The  first  to  break  away  from  the  miniaturist 
type  of  heraldic  design  was  Pugin,  whose  heraldic 
decoration  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  is  beyond  all 
praise.  To  Pugin  must  the  honour  belong  of  being  the 
first  in  the  praiseworthy  list  of  heraldic  artists  to  whom 
we  owe  the  happier  position  to  which  heraldic  art  has 
been  raised  in  this  country.  But  Pugin  was  not  a  herald- 
painter  by  profession,  and  his  heraldic  work  was — if  one 
may  so  describe  it — a  by-product  of  his  ordinary  pro- 
fessional practice  as  an  architect. 

Another  architect  by  profession  is  Mr.  Charles  Alban 
Buckler,  Surrey  Herald  Extraordinary.  Studiously  re- 
mote from  the  "  propagation "  of  heraldic  ideas  (and 
the  objectionable  tone  of  personal  controversy  amongst 
themselves  into  which  so  many  now  writing  upon  heraldic 
subjects  have  fallen),  the  work  of  Mr.  Buckler  is  but 
little  known  as  of  his  creation,  and  his  name  will  be 
unfamiliar  to  many  even  of  those  interested  in  heraldry. 
But  when  it  is  stated  that  he  alone  is  responsible  for  the 
armorial  decoration  in  the  modern  additions  and  restora- 
tion of  Arundel  Castle,  and  for  the  heraldic  decoration 
upon  and  in  Mowbray  House,  on  the  London  estate  of 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  his  claim  to  be  ranked  as  one  of 
the  foremost  heraldic  artists  of  his  day  will  be  readily 
conceded.  A  few,  but  a  very  few,  bookplates  have  been 
executed  from  his  designs  for  different  personal  friends 
of  his.  Fig.  1097  is  a  reproduction  of  one  of  these.  Mr. 
Buckler  was  also  responsible  for  the  heraldic  part  of  the 
decoration  of  the  hall,  staircase,  gallery,  and  dining-room 
of  Allerton  Park,  the  seat  of  Lord  Mowbray  and  Stourton. 
These  contain  several  hundred  carved  and  painted  shields, 
and  modern  though  this  decoration  is,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  surpass  its  beauty  of  design.  The  execution  is  equally 
good. 

The  premier  position,  however,  is  generally  conceded  to 
Perfe  Anselm,  who,  in  the  quiet  seclusion  of  his  monastic 
home,  executed  a  large  number  of  the  drawings  for 
Foster's  "Peerage,"  a  work  which,  after  a  brief  career, 
became  defunct.  This  was  the  first  book  ever  issued  in 
recent  times,  the  illustrations  of  which  were  a  reversion 
to  the  mediasval  type  of  heraldic  art.  Whilst  ungrudgingly 
conceding  the  high  position  merited  by  the  illustrations 


462 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


in  that  work,  the  credit  must  entirely  belong  to  the 
artists  employed  by  Mr.  Foster,  and  though  this  credit 
would  nowadays  appear  to  be  somewhat  usurped  by  him, 
many  of  the  illustrations  in  later  books  which  have  been 
issued  under  the  name  of  Mr.  Foster  fall  very  far  short 
of  the  high  standard  set  by  Pere  Anselm  and  Mr.  Forbes 
Nixon,  who  were  responsible  for  practically  the  whole 
of  the  illustrations  for  the  Peerage.  Pere  Anselm  is  best 
known  to  the  public  by  his  illustrations  for  that  book. 

To  hark  back  a  little,  reference  should  be  made  to  a 
book  little  known  to  the  public,  but  which  had  a  very 
marked  influence  on  the  heraldic  art  of  the  period.  The 
book  referred  to,  Knight  and  Ruraley's  "  Heraldic  Illustra- 
tions," appears  to  be  undated,  bat  it  is  inscribed  to 
Edmund  Lodge,  Esquire,  Norroy  King  of  Arms,  which  in 
a  measure  supplies  the  omission.    As  stated  in  the  preface. 


Fig.  1097. — Bookplate  of  Arthur  Herbert.  Esq.,  of  Coldbrook,  Aber- 
gavenny. Arms  :  Per  pale  azure  and  gules,  three  lions  rampant 
argent;  a  crescent  for  difference.  Mantling  azure  and  argent. 
Crest  ;  A  Saracen  woman's  bead  affronle,  couped  at  the  shoulders, 
with  long  hair  sable,  from  the  ears  double  rings  pendent  or,  veil 
azure,  doubled  argent,  encircled  with  a  wreath  of  the  same  ;  with 
the  motto,  "Asgre  an  Diogell  el  Pherchen." 

the  book  was  "  not  intended  as  a  work  of  general  reference, 
but  merely  for  the  use  of  artists."  It  contained  specimen 
engravings  of  crests,  shields,  and  supporters,  and  a  care- 
ful study  of  the  plates  in  the  book  will  show  what  an 
extremely  large  proportion  of  the  finest  work  of  the 
herald-painter  and  engraver  must  have  been  executed 
with  the  aid  of  these  specimen  plates.  They  are  all 
executed,  however,  in  the  "miniaturist"  type  and  in  the 
most  naturalistic  form,  and  though  they  will  no  longer 
appeal  to  the  devotees  of  the  latest  ideas  in  heraldic  art, 
they  certainly,  of  their  kind  and  for  their  excellence  of 
execution,  have  never  been  surpassed.  Some  number  of 
examples  from  Knight  and  Rumley  have  been  included 
in  these  pages.  (See  Plates  VIII.  and  XLII.  and 
Figs.  48,  49,  and  50.)  The  book  was  published  by  Mr. 
T.  C.  Jack,  the  founder  of  the  firm  responsible  for  the 
publication  of  this  volume.  When  Fairbairn's  "Book  of 
Crests"  was  revised  under  my  editorship,  the  specimen 
crests  from  the  plates  in  Knight  and  Rumley  were 
transferred  to  that  volume,  these  illastrations  being  a 
prominent  feature  of  the  new  edition. 

At  the  conclusion  of  my  work  upon  the  revised  edition 
of  Fairbairn's  "Book  of  Crests"  I  commenced  the  com- 
pilation of  '•  Armorial  Families."  It  would  be  childish  to 
pretend  that  I  am  not  aware  of  the  position  and  reputa- 
tion that  book  has  attained  to,  when  one  considers  the 
amount  of  space  in  the  public  prints  which  my  disappointed 
rivals  think  it  worth  while  to  occupy  with  futile  denuncia- 
tions. Few  people,  I  think,  will  deny  that  "Armorial 
Families  "  has  done  more  than  any  other  book  to  promote 


the  revived  interest  in  the  science  of  heraldry  which  the 
last  ten  or  twelve  years  have  witnessed.  Whilst  the  re- 
sponsibility for  the  book  has  always  remained  my  own, 
I  am  ready  enough  and  very  desirous  to  acknowledge  the 
large  share  of  credit  due  to  the  artists  who  have  worked 
with  me,  and  to  Messrs.  T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack,  who  have 
found  the  necessary  capital  and  lent  their  ready  co- 
operation to  bring  out  its  successive  editions.  From  that 
work  Herr  Strohl  selected  many  examples  to  illustrate  his 
"  Heraldischer  Atlas." 

No  other  heraldic  work  of  a  similar  size  or  importance 
has  since  issued  from  the  Press,  though  Mr.  Eve's 
"  Decorative  Heraldry "  should  be  brought  into  notice. 
The  pity  of  that  book  was  that  there  was  so  little  of  Mr. 
Eve's  own  work  in  the  illustrations  to  his  volume.  It 
was  an  extremely  clever  though  necessarily  somewhat 
brief  and  limited  history  of  heraldic  art  illustrated  by 
carefully  chosen  examples.  The  "Treatise  on  Heraldry" 
by  Woodward  and  Burnett  was,  of  course,  a  valuable  and 
important  work,  but  the  artistic  aspect  of  the  matter  was 
very  largely  ignored. 

Two,  and  the  most  important,  of  the  manifestations  of 
modern  heraldic  art  will  be  found  in  the  present  Lyon 
Register  and  in  the  many  heraldic  bookplates  which  have 
been  executed  in  recent  years.  To  these  one  must  now 
turn  one's  attention. 


THE   LYON   REGISTER 

Dr.  George  Burnett,  the  late  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  was 
admitted  in  his  own  lifetime  to  be  one  of  the  foremost  and 
most  learned  heralds  of  his  period,  and  since  his  death 
this  judgment  has  in  no  way  diminished,  but,  like  many 
other  distinguished  heralds,  his  artistic  judgment  was 
defective,  and  the  emblazonments  in  the  Lyon  Register  in 
Scotland  (and,  of  course,  the  contemporary  paintings 
upon  the  patents  issued  from  Lyon  Office)  were  of  the 
same  (or  of  a  worse)  stereotyped  form  still  adhered  to 
in  the  Heralds'  College,  whilst  upon  the  score  of  exe- 
cution the  less  said  the  better.  Ill  execution  of  em- 
blazonments is  not  a  charge  which  can  be  laid  at  the 
doors  of  the  College  of  Arms.  At  the  death  of  Dr. 
Burnett  in  1890,  Mr.  James  Balfonr  Paul  (now  Sir  James) 
was  appointed  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  and  to  his  strength 
of  mind  in  breaking  away  from  the  artistic  "ruts" 
and  the  ill  execution  of  former  days,  and  in  initiat- 
ing the  emblazonment  of  arms  in  a  nearer  approach  to 
ancient  Gothic  examples,  armory  and  heraldic  art  owe 
much.  His  example  has  been  one  of  the  greatest,  if  not 
the  greatest,  influence  at  work  for  the  betterment  of 
heraldic  art.  He,  unlike  many  reformers,  happily  has 
lived  to  see  a  large  measure  of  the  results  of  his  efforts, 
and  he  himself  has  had  a  larger  share  of  responsibility 
than  as  a  non-executant  he  would  be  likely  to  be  credited 
with.  Whilst  training  his  own  artist  (Mr.  Graham 
Johnston,  to  whose  work  further  reference  will  presently 
be  made),  much  of  the  handicraft  upon  the  patents  was 
entrusted  to  Mr.  Forbes  Nixon,  to  whom  due  credit  should 
be  allotted,  but  the  whole  of  the  work  is  now  in  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Graham  Johnston.  Reproductions  of  arms  from 
the  Lyon  Register  since  the  present  Lyon  King  of  Arms 
initiated  the  new  departure,  will  be  found  in  Plates 
LVIII.  and  LX,,  and  in  the  arms  of  the  Marquess  of 
Ailsa  (Fig.  206),  Swinton  of  that  Ilk  (Plate  LXIIL), 
Arbroath  (Fig.  807).  Inverness  (Fig.  239),  Oban  (Fig. 
580),  Alloa  (Fig.  581),  Bishop  Chisholm  (Plate  CXII.), 
Wallace  (Fig.  804),  and  Sir  Robert  Sutherland  Duff- 
Dunbar  (Fig.  812),  which  have  all  been  reproduced  by 
photography  or  other  means  from  the  Lyon  Register. 

A.  C.  F-D. 


463 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


CHAPTER     L 

LIVING    HERALDIC   ARTISTS    AND    BOOKPLATE    DESIGNERS 

IN    GREAT   BRITAIN 


Mr.  G.  W.  eve,  R.E. 


FOREMOST  amongst  those  whose  names  are  at  pre- 
sent before  the  public,  and  a  head  and  shoulders 
above  most  of  his  competitors,  is  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve, 
R.E.,  who  certainly  was  the  first  to  raise  armorial  emblazon- 
ment from  the  trade  of  the  herald-painter  to  the  standard 
of  a  high  art.  Mr,  George  W.  Eve,  born  in  the  year 
1S55,  is  the  son  of  another  heraldic  artist,  of  some  re- 
putation amongst  the  miniaturist  school,  which  in  his  day 


i.  t^^iDilDMSHlBffironil  • 

I^Ef^^^P 

^I^SI 

,m,  rr-'.^^' 

^M^l^^l 

;i  A.  m-m^ 

1  «ai*7^»                N,      .      , 

M^^ 

^^^ 

^@^^^«k1 

s^Bi     i^^kS^Pk^   E£!^^B!1B9KB   /1S!^B1 

y^  /IHSI^SR^  ^HK^^-B^aV^HuA^^NfilER^VsSful 

^^^^^^^^^1 

l^^s^^^j^^^^^^g^li 

Fig.  1098.— Windsor  Castle  Bookplate.     (By  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  B.E.) 

was  the  only  accepted  form  in  use.  Mr.  Eve  commenced 
his  professional  career  as  one  of  the  official  herald- 
painters  at  the  College  of  Arms,  and  though  working  for 
several  of  the  officers  of  that  corporation,  was,  whilst  at 
the  Heralds'  College,  principally  associated  with  the  work 
of  the  present  Richmond  Herald.  The  opportunities  his 
position  there  afforded  him  did  not  satisfy  his  ambitions, 
and  relinquishing  his  engagement  under  official  auspices 
he  commenced  executing  the  marvellous  etched  bookplates 
which  have   been   the   chief    means   of  establishing  his 


present  high  reputation.     The  selection  of  Mr.  Eve   to 
design  and  execute  the  series  of  bookplates  for  Windsor 


Fig.  1099.— Wiudsor  Castle  Bookplate.     (By  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  K.E.) 


Fig.  1 100. —Windsor  Castle.BookpIate.     (By  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  E.E.) 

Castle  (Figs.  109S,  1099,  and  iioo),  to  design  the  King's 
Garter  banner  to  hang  in  St.  George's  Chapel  at  Windsor, 
and    to    design  and  execute  the  invitation    card  to  the 


464 


PLATE   CXLVII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


ceremony  of  the  Coronation  of  King  Edward  VII.  are 
ample  testimony,  were  such  needed,  to  the  reputation  his 
work  has  obtained. 

Concerning  the  reproduction  of  his  work,  Mr.  Eve 
expresses  himself  strongly  as  to  the  undesirability  of 
reproducing  any  artistic  work  in  a  different  medium  or  by 
a  different  process  than  that  for  which  it  was  originally 
designed  and  intended.  This  must  be  admitted  to  the 
fullest  degree,  and  to  obviate  this  objection  Plate  CLIII. 
has  been  prepared,  and  shows  examples  of  his  work 
printed  from  the  original  plates.  By  such  examples,  and 
such  only,  should  the  executive  quality  of  Mr.  Eve's 
work  be  properly  judged.  But  however  much,  from  the 
executive  point  of  view,  artistic  examples  may  lose  in 
the  course  of  reproduction,  there  must  always  remain 
the  beauty  of  draughtsmanship  and  design,  the  greatest 
charm  of  all  in  the  many  excellences  of  his  work. 

Doubtless  the  high  level  which  the  work  of  Mr.  Eve 
has  reached  is  due  to  his  profound  knowledge  of  the 
science  of  heraldry,  of  which  his  recently  published  work, 
"  Decorative  Heraldry,"  will  remain  a  proof.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painter- 
Etchers  in  the  year  1894  and  Fellow  in  1903.  Typical 
-examples  of  Mr.  Eve's  work  will  be  found  herein  by 
reference  to  Figs.  74,  lOO,  224,  251,  276,  277,  278,  293, 
388,  406,  446,  453,  532,  823,  and  1 105.  The  genius  of 
Mr.  Eve  is  very  versatile,  and  has  found  expression  in 
designs  for  stained  glass,  seals,  and  embroidery :  he  has 
also  turned  his  attention  to  modelling  in  jesso  and 
enamelling. 

Me.   CHARLES   W.   SHERBOEN,   RE. 

After  the  work  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  the  bookplates  of 
Mr.  Charles  Sherborn  are  most  in  demand.  If  bookplates 
only  were  to  be  considered,  it  must  be  admitted  that  there 
are  some  who  rank  his  productions  as  highly  as  those  of 
Mr.  Eve.  AVhilst  Mr.  Eve's  plates  are  always  etched, 
those  of  Mr.  Sherborn  are  engraved.  Commencing  as  an 
engraver,  Mr.  Sherborn,  who  is  a  much  older  man  than 
Mr.  Eve,  had  made  his  reputation  in  that  handicraft  many 
years  ago,  and  his  work  has  certainly  increased  in  ex- 
cellence. Its  charm  lies  in  the  beauty  of  its  execution,  and 
in  this  character  Mr.  Sherborn  has  no  rival.  In  origi- 
nality and  beauty  of  design,  and  in  knowledge  of  the 
laws  of  armory,  he  falls  short  of  Mr.  Eve's  accomplish- 
ments, but  in  execution  a  comparison  is  between  engraving 
as  opposed  to  etching,  and  personal  taste  and  predilection 
must  come  into  play  in  any  attempt  to  form  a  judgment. 
Where  reputation  depends  upon  excellence  of  handicraft, 
the  remarks  made  when  referring  to  the  reproduction  of 
Mr.  Eve's  plates  again  apply.  Plate  CLIII.,  however, 
shows  an  example  of  the  work  of  Mr.  Sherborn  from  an 
original  plate.  His  fine  work  in  the  engraving  of  portraits 
(particularly  after  paintings  by  the  late  Mr.  Wells,  R.A.) 
is  well  known,  but  is  perhaps  rather  outside  the  scope  of 
the  present  volume. 

Process  reproductions  of  other  plates  by  him  will  be 
found  in  Figs.  21,  313,  383,  413,  810. 

Mr.  FORBES  NIKON 

Mr.  Forbes  Nixon  is  one  of  the  most  prolific  heraldic 
artists  of  the  present  day,  and  though  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  work  of  this  character  over  a  long  period  of 
years,  in  no  degree  has  his  hand  lost  its  cunning.  Though 
he  had  well  and  deservedly  established  his  reputation  at 
a  much  earlier  period,  his  great  opportunity  came  with 
the  publication  of  Foster's  "  Peerage,"  he  being  respon- 
sible for  a  large  number  of  the  illustrations  in  that  book. 
Figs.  131,  187,  415,  and  816  are  examples  of  his  work,  as 
are  the  Uons  in  Fig.  272,  specially  drawn  by  him  as 
typical   of,   and   for  the  purpose   of   showing,   his   own 


peculiar  style.  He  did  many  of  the  illustrations  for  the 
first  edition  of  "Armorial  Families,"  and  of  these  Figs. 
53  and  54  are  good  instances  of  the  work  he  executed 
under  the  limitations  I  imposed  upon  him.  In  the  de- 
signing of  book-covers,  a  speciality  of  his,  he  has  produced 
most  excellent  work,  and  enjoys  a  widespread  reputation. 
The  cover  of  this  book,  which  he  designed,  is,  in  his  own 
estimation,  one  of  the  finest  he  has  ever  produced. 

Mr.   GRAHAM  JOHNSTON 

Mr.  Graham  Johnston,  who  was  born  in  i86g,  is  now 
by  appointment  Herald-Painter  to  the  Lyon  Office,  where 
he  has  been  exclusively  engaged  for  some  years  past. 
Though  he  has  not  executed  very  many  bookplates,  he 
has  made  his  mark  in  the  world  of  heraldic  art  by  his 
characteristic  emblazonments  upon  Scottish  patents  and 
in  the  official  Register  of  Lyon  Office.  To  a  certain 
extent  Mr.  Graham  Johnston's  reputation  is  due  to  the 
careful  training  and  advice  of  Lyon  King  of  Arms ;  in 
fact,  one  might  almost  consider  his  abilities  'the  direct 
product  of  the  teaching  of  Sir  James  Balfour  Paul.  The 
credit  must,  however,  necessarily  remain  with  Mr.  .John- 
ston himself,  for  no  teaching  could  produce  an  artist  if 
the  artistic  abilities  of  execution  were  lacking,  or  if  artistic 
ideas  could  not  be  assimilated.  Examples  of  his  work 
will  be  found  in  Figs.  58,  134,  136,  142,  150,  239,  334, 
361,  411,  435,  469,  503,  508,  518,  580,  581,  and  811. 
He  stands  pre-eminently  at  the  head  of  those  artists  who 
have  adopted  the  bold  outline  type  of  work  which  carries 
one's  mind  back  to  the  days  of  Tudor  heraldry,  and  who 
seek  to  gain  their  effect  by  boldness  and  strength  of 
design  and  execution.  Like  Mr.  Eve,  there  are  few  handi- 
crafts for  which  he  has  not  produced  heraldic  designs. 

Me.   G.   SCEUBY 

Though  comparatively  few  bookplates  have  been 
designed  or  executed  by  Mr.  Soruby,  he  is  rapidly  be- 
coming recognised  as  one  of  the  most  prominent  heraldic 
artists  of  the  present  day.  Regularly  employed  at  the 
College  of  Arms  as  one  of  the  official  herald-painters,  he 
has  profited  by  the  knowledge  and  assistance  of  those 
with  whom  he  has  been  brought  into  contact.  His  work, 
executed  for  official  purposes  in  the  official  style,  which 
still  clings  to  the  "  miniaturist "  type,  is  of  marked  ex- 
cellence, but  no  doubt  his  artistic  capabilities  can  better 
be  evidenced  by  some  of  the  illustrations  he  has  designed 
for  "Armorial  Families,"  or  by  the  heraldic  paintings  he 
has  been  responsible  for  when  not  controlled  within  the 
stereotyped  official  regulations.  Many  of  the  illustrations 
herein  are  from  his  drawings,  but  perhaps  special  atten- 
tion may  be  directed  to  Figs.  165,  169,  240,  273,  274, 
275,  409,  and  686.  As  an  executive  artist  he  will  rank 
high. 

"C.    HELAED" 

"C.  Helard"  (the  name  is  a  pseudonym)  is  one  of 
many  ladies  who  have  dabbled  with  heraldic  painting  or 
armorial  design,  but  amongst  the  large  number  who  have 
attempted  none  have  reached  the  reputation  which  Miss 
Helard  has  made  as  a  designer  of  bookplates.  Her  openly 
expressed  admiration  for  the  work  of  Mr.  Eve  undoubtedly 
influenced  her  style  at  the  time  she  commenced  heraldic 
designing,  but  as  she  has  pursued  her  course  and  gained 
more  confidence  in  her  own  powers  her  ideas  have  widened, 
and  her  work  is  gradually  acquiring  a  strength  and 
originality  considerably  in  advance  of  her  early  attempts. 
Plate  XII.,  which  shows  the  arms  of  Harley,  is  from  a 
design  by  Miss  Helard,  as  is  also  Plate  XLVIIL,  and  as 
examples  of  her  work  reference  may  be  directed  to 
Figs.  281,  282,  283,  299,  330,  384,  392,  397,  428,  494, 
and  521.    Fig.  384  is  a  remarkably  fine  piece  of  designing. 


465 


3n 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  iioi.— Designed  by  Mr.  J.  Vinycomb,  M.R.I.A. 


Fig.  II02. — Designed  by  Mr.  J.  Vinycomb,  M.R.I. A. 


;^  rf^^orc5el»o(6ter,l,!| 


Fig.  1103. — Designed  by  Mr.  J.  Vinycomb.  M.R.I. A. 


Fig.  1 104. — The  Royal  Arms,  from  a  design 
by  Mr.  J.  Vinycomb,  M.R.I.A. 


466 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


But  Miss  Helard  has  many  interests  in  life,  and  her 
output  of  work  is  not  very  large.  The  bookplates  of 
Miss  Helard,  like  those  of  Mr.  Eve  and  Mr.  Sherboru, 
suffer  sadly  in  reproduction,  but  that  on  Plate  CLIII. 
is  from  the  original  plate. 


?^  ^M^  ELI  BKiSgfk):::/^ . 

»BRyCMAN.NERMAN; 


Fig.  1 105. — Reproduced  from  an  etched  plate  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E. 


Me.    W.   p.   BAREBTT 

Mr.  W.  P.  Barrett  is  a  bookplate  designer  whose  work 
has  in  the  last  few  years  obtained  considerable  reputation. 


■■^^i— ~- — — : I  -    — — - 

"1  TEOmSS  aV«LYD  SCOTT,  fiLUS  !  W^i  ] 
I  VIII  BSROD  ECKOHRD  de  UlKhVhSn 


Fig, 


1106. — Bookplate  executed  by  J,  &  E.  Bumpus.  Ltd., 
from  a  design  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Barrett. 


Me.  JOHN  VINYCOMB,  M.B.IA. 

Mr.  John  Vinycomb,  M.E.I.A.,  the  author  of  the 
chapter  herein  upon  the  art  of  heraldic  illumination,  is 
well  known  as  a  skilful  heraldic  artist.  Originally  from 
the  north  of  England,  where  he  served  his  apprenticeship 
as  an  engraver,  he  has  long  been  a  resident  in  Belfast, 
where  he  held  the  position  of  chief  of  the  artistic  staff  of 
the  great  printing  firm  of  Marcus  Ward  &  Co.,  Limited. 
On  the  failure  of  that  firm,  Mr.  Vinycomb  continued  to 
carry  on  the  artistic  work  which  had  been  so  ably  pursued 
under  his  management  by  the  old  firm,  devoting  himself 
chiefly  to  heraldic  painting  and  designing  in  conjunction 
with  the  beautiful  art  of  illuminating. 

Mr.  Vinycomb  has  devoted  his  attention  with  no  little 
success  to  most  branches  of  decorative  and  pictorial  art. 
He  is  also  an  original  investigator  and  facile  writer  on 
archfeology,  heraldry,  and  kindred  subjects,  being  the 
author  of  several  published  works  and  articles  bearing  on 
the  artistic  side  of  these  subjects.  His  work  "  On  the 
Processes  for  the  Production  of  Ex  Libris,"  which  origi- 
nally appeared  in  the  pages  of  the  Ux  Libris  Journal,  was 
subsequently  republished  in  a  volume  with  numerous 
examples,  forms  an  admirable  exposition  of  the  various 
means  by  which  book  illustrations  and  pictures  are  pro- 
duced. Mr.  Vinycomb  is  a  vice-president  of  the  Ex  Libris 
Society  and  a  frequent  exhibitor.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland.  Mr.  Vinycomb's 
bookplates,  executed  in  wash  and  reproduced  by  the 
half-tone  process,  -stand  in  a  category  by  themselves  and 
are  very  effective.  They  are  of  considerable  artistic  merit, 
as  may  be  seen  from  Pigs.  Iioi,  1 102,  and  1103,  whilst 
Pig.  1 104  is  a  very  excellent  treatment  of  theRoyal  Arms. 


Fig.  1107. — Bookplate  execoted  by  J.  &  E.  Bumpus,  Ltd., 
from  a  design  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Barrett. 


467 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Working  unJer  the  auspices  of  Messrs.  J.  &  E.  Bumpus, 
Limited,  he  has  designed  a  large  number  of  bookplates 
for  prominent  people  of  the  moment.  The  bookplates 
are  all  executed  upon  copper,  the  engraving  being  of  a 
high  order.  The  designs,  which  are  very  varied  in 
character,  appear  singularly  suitable  to  the  process 
employed,  and  the  bulk  of  his  plates  are  of  no  little 
excellence.  Messrs.  Bumpus  recently  issued,  in  an 
Edition-de-Luxe,  a  series  of  fifty-five  reproductions  of 
Mr.  Barrett's  designs  from  the  original  plates.  The 
quality  of  Mr.  Barrett's  work  can  perhaps  be  judged 
from  Figs.  1106  and  1 107,  though  of  course  the  beauty 
and  delicacy  of  the  engraving  is  in  a  large  degree  lost  in 
the  process  of  reproduction.  A.  C.  F-D. 


PLATE  CXXXVI 

EQUESTRIAN   SEALS  OF  THE  THIRTEENTH   TO 
FIFTEENTH   CENTURIES 

(From  a  Collection  of  Seals  in  the  k.  and  k.  Haus-,  Hof-  unci 
Staais-Archiv  in  Vienna) 

Fig.  I.  Reverse  side  of  the  seal  of  King  Przemist  Ottoker  II.  of 
Bohemia,  1273.  (Diameter,  11.8  cm.)  The  legend  runs  :  "  >J<  S 
Otakari .  Dei  .  Giacia  .  Docis  .  Aiistrie  .  Stirie .  Domini .  Carniole  . 
7  Marcliie  .  Portos .  Naonis."  On  the  shield  appear  the  arms  of 
Austria  (gules,  a  fess  argent),  on  the  flag  tie  arms  of  Boliemia 
(gules,  a  lion  rampant  doubled-queued  argent,  crowned).  On  the 
horse-cloth  are  several  shields ;  at  the  neck  an  escutcheon  of  the 
arms  of  Carnioki  (per  pale,  dexter  or,  three  lions  passant  in  pale 
sable ;  sinister,  the  fess  of  Austria)  ;  lower  down  an  escutcheon  of 
Moravia  (azure,  an  eagle  chequy  gules  and  argent)  ;  above  on  the 
haunclies  Stijria  (vert,  a  panther  argent,  vomiting  flames  of  fire); 
and  below  an  escutcheon  of  Carinthia  (argent,  an  eagle  displayed 
azure,  charged  on  the  breast  with  a  crescent  cheqiiy  gules  and  argent), 
or  perhaps  the  ancient  arms  of  Eger  (gules,  an  eagle  displayed 
sable).  The  pot-shaped  helmet  of  the  rider  carries  the  crest  of 
Bohemia,  two  eagle's  wings  sable. 

Fig.  2.  Seal  of  Guido,  Count  of  Flanders,  1277.  (Diameter, 
9.5  cm.)  The  legend  runs :  "  ►!<  S  Goidonis  :  Comitis  :  Flandrie  :  et 
Marchionis ;  Namvcen  (Namur)."  The  shield  and  the  horse-cloth 
in  places  show  the  arms  of  Flanders :  Or,  a  lion  rampant  sable. 

Fig.    3.    Seal     of   Friedrich,    Count   Pahdine   of  Saxony,    1291. 


austrie  :  stirie  :  et  :  karinthie  :  dominus  :  carmiole  ;  marchie  :  ac  ; 
portus  :  naonis :  (Portenau)  comes  :  in  :  habspurg :  ferretis:et :  kiburg  ; 
marcia  :  burgonis  :  ac  :  lantgravius  :  alsacie."  The  shield  and  the 
flag  show  the  fess  of  Austria.  Above,  on  the  dexter  side,  appears 
the  shield  of  Carinthia,  and  on  the  sinister  of  Styria.     Then  follows, 


Pilgrim  von  Pucbheim  (1377). 


(Diameter,  8.5  cm.)  The  legend  runs :  "  Fridericiis  Dei  Gracia 
Comes  Saxonie  Palatinus."  The  shield,  banner,  and  horse-cloth  aU 
display  the  arms  of  the  Palatinate  of  iiaxony  (aziu-e,  an  eagle  dis- 
played or).  The  helmet  has  two  bufl'alo's  horns  as  crest.  The 
original  of  this  seal,  the  authenticity  of  which  is  not  free  from 
doubt,  is  in  possession  of  the  Staats  Archiv. 

Fig.  4.  Seal  of  John,  King  of  Bohemia  (1311-1346).  (Diamet«r, 
9.5  cm.)  The  legend  runs  :  "  Johannes  .  Dei  .  Gratia .  Rex  .  Boemic. 
Ac  .  Locembwrgensis  .  Comes."  On  the  shield,  on  the  shoulder-pieces 
(ailettes),  and  on  the  horse-cloth  appear  the  arms  of  Bohemia  quartered 
with  those  of  Luxembourg  (barry  of  ten  argent  and  azure,  a  lion 
ramp.int  gules).     The  crest  is  that  of  Bohemia. 

Fig.  5.  Seal  ui  Duke  Rudolph  IV.,  the  founder  of  Austria  (1363). 
(Diameter,  i3.3cm.:)">J<rudolphus  :  quartus  :  dei:gracia:archydux. 


Fig.  1 109. — Henry  de  Percy  (1301). 

on  the  dexter  side,  an  escutcheon  of  the  arms  of  the  Countship 
of  Ffirt  (Fiirth)  (giiles,  two  fishes  haurient  and  addorsed  heads 
upwards);  on  the  sinister  the "  Cottntship  of  Hahshurg  (or,  a  lion 
rampant  gules).  Under  the  horse  appear  the  shields  of  the  Lord- 
ship of  Portenau  (Pordenone)  in  the  Austrian  shield  of  union  (an 
open  gold  door  on  three  green  mounds) ;  of  Carnioki  and  the  Wend 
Territory  (or,  a  black  Wend  hat  lined  gules,  and  strings  of  the  last). 
The  crowned  helmet  bears  the  Austrian  crest,  \\z.  the  peacock's  tail. 
The  horse's  head  is  adorned  with  the  eagle-crest.  When  in  the  year 
1363  Tyrol  fell  to  Austria,  Rudolph  IT.  had  the  eagle  of  Tyrol  sub- 
stituted for  the  Atistrian  fess  on  the  flag.  Before  this  seal,  Duke 
Rudolph  used  another  seal,  which  brought  him  troubles.  He 
attributed  to  himself  dignities  and  titles  which  did  not  belong  to 
him,  and  as  a  consequence  was. called  to  account  by  his  father-in-law, 
the  Emperor  Charles  IV.  In  the  legend  he  had  styled  himself 
"  Phalzerzherzog  von  Oesterreich,  Steyrmark,  Kiirnten,  Schwaben 
und  im  Elsass."  After  long  hesitation  he  was  at  last  obhged  to 
give  in,  and  discontinue  the  use  of  the  seal  (1361).  Fig.  7  shows 
the  obverse  side  of  this  seal.  The  legend  runs  :  "  <^  Rvdolphos  : 
Qvartos  :  Dei  :  Gracia  :  Palatines  :  Archidox  :  Avstrie  :  Stirie  : 
Karinthie  :  Suevie  ;  Et  :  Alsacie  :  Dominos  :  Carmiole  :  Marchye  : 
Ac  :  Portos  :  Naonis  :  Natus  :  Anno  ;  Domini  ;  NX  :  ccc  ;  xxsix." 
On  the  shield  of  the  rider  appears  the  fess  of  Austria,  on  the  flag, 
Styria  ;  whilst  the  horse-cloth  shows  the  shields  of  Carinthia, 
Hahshurg  (here  the  lion  is  crowned  for  the  first  time),  and  Pfirt. 
As  crest,  the  duke  bears  the  Austrian  peacock's  tail  issuing  from 
the  crown  upon  his  helmet. 

Fig.  6.  Seal  of  Frederick,  Duke  of  Aiistria  (1438).  (Diameter, 
13.4  cm.)  "  S  Friderici .  Dei  .  Gracia  .  Docis  .  Austrie  .  Stirie  . 
Carinthie  .  Et  .  Carniole  .  Dominus  .  Marchie  .  Sclavonice  .  Ac  . 
Portos  .  Naonis  .  Comes  .  In  .  Habsburg  .  Tirolis  .  Ferretis  .  Et  . 
Kiborg  .  Marchio  .  Borgowie  .  Ac  .  Lantgraiaos  .  Alsacie."  On 
the  " Tartsche "-shaped  shield  is  the  Austrian  fess,  and  on  the  flag 
are  the  arms  of  Styria ;  on  the  horse-cloth  are  the  five  eagles  of  the 
so-called  East  Austria7i  coat  of  arms.  The  crowned  tilting-helmet 
bears  the  peacock's  tail ;  and  on  the  horse's  head,  issuing  out  of  a 
coronet,  is  a  demi-eagle. 

Fig.  1 108.  Seal  of  Pilgrim  von  Pjuhheim,  Erb-Truehsessen  von  Oes- 
terreich (Hereditary  Lord  High  Steward  of  Austria),  1377.  The 
insciiption  round  it  is  as  follows  ;  "  >J<  S  Pilgrimi  .  Depccchhaim  . 
Dapiferi  .  Avstrie."  The  Lord  High  Steward  bears  in  his  raised 
right  hand  a  dish  containing  a  fish.  The  horse-cloth  is  ornamented 
with  the  shield  of  Puchheim  (argent,  a  fess  gules).  The  office  of 
Hereditary  Lord  High  Steward  came  into  the  family  in  the  year 
1276. 

Another  interesting  equestrian  seal  is  shown  in  Fig.  1 109.  It  is 
the  seal  of  Henry  dc  Percy  (Baron  Percy)  in  the  year  1301.  Shield, 
saddle,  and  horse-cloth  are  adorned  with  the  blue  lion  on  a  gold  field, 
the  arms  borne  by  the  Percy  family  as  the  ancient  arms  of  the 
Dukes  of  Brabant,  from  whom  the  Barons  Percy  were  descended 
in  the  male  line.  The  helmet  and  horse's  head  are  both  adorned 
with  a  fan-crest.     The  legend  runs  :  "  SigiUvm  .  He  . . .  De  Perci." 

H.  S. 


468 


PLATE  CXLVIII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE  CXXXVII 

EQUESTRIAN  SEALS  OF  THE  FIFTEENTH  CENTURY 

(From  t/ic  Collection  of  Seals  in  the  k.  and  k.  Haiis-,  Hof~,  und 
Staats-Archiv  at  Vienna) 

Fig.  I.  Seal  of  Antony,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  Brabant,  ajid  Limiurg 
(1407).  (Diameter,  10  cm.)  The  legend  runs:  "  ss.  Antonii  dei  . 
gracia  .  lotliar  .  brabancie   et    lumburgens  .  ducis  .  sacri    imperii  . 


Fig.  2.  Seal  of  Reinliold  IV.  (died  1423),  Bulce  of  Geldern  and 
J-iilicfi  (ii\o7).  (Diameter,  9.7  cm.)  The  legend  runs  :  "►J<Sigillum 
Re  (in)  alJe  Dei .  Gracia  .  Dvcis .  Ghellensis."  Tije  arms  of  Geldern 
(azure,  a  lion  rampant,  double-queued  and  crowned)  appear  both  on 
the  shield  antl  on  the  flag,  and  also  on  the  shoulder-pieces  (ailettes), 
and  the  horse-cloth.  As  crest  on  both  the  helmet  and  on  the  horse's 
head  is  a  semi-circular  screen  adorned  with  the  device  of  the  shield, 
and  with  peacock's  feathers  on  the  edges. 

Fig.  3.  Seal  of  Duke  Albert  V.  (when  Emperor  II.)  of  Austria  and 
Margrave  of  Mo)'aDra(died  1 439).  (Diameter,  9. 5  cm.)  The  legend  runs : 
"  Sigillum  Alberti  .  dei  .  gracia  .  docis  .  Austrie  .  et  .  marchiois  . 
moranie."  The  flag  and  the  shield  placed  in  the  field  of  the  seal 
show  the^rms  of  Austria,  but  the  shield  of  the  rider  bears  the  arms 


marchionis."  The  shield  of  the  rider  is  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  the 
arms  of  France,  azure,  three  fleurs-de-lis  or  ;  2.  Brabant,  sable,  a  li<m 
rampant  or  ;  3.  Lirnbarg,  argent,  a  lion  ram2:)ant  double-queued 
gules  (crowned).  The  horse-cloth  displays  the  same  devices.  The 
helmet  bears  the  French  crest,  of  the  fleur-de-lis. 


of  Moravia.      The   helmet  is  surmounted  by   the   (old)   crest  of 
Moravia,  the  eagle's  wings,  gjronny  (here  of  three)  or  and  sable. 

Fig.  4.  Seal  of  King  Stephan  Trrtko  II.  of  Bosnia,  1443.  (Diameter, 
1 1  cm.)  The  inscription,  so  far  as  it  is  legible,  runs  :  "  S.  Mains 
Stephi   Turtconis  Dei   Gra  .  Rascie  .  Bossne    Maritiraarum.  .  .  ." 


469 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  only  device  upon  the  shield  is  a  coronet  throughout  fesswise 
of  fleurs-de-lis.  On  the  flag  and  on  the  horse-cloth  appear,  as 
armorial  bearings,  a  bend  on  a  field  semii  of  "  Gleven "  (i.e.  lily- 
shaped  lance-points,  equivalent  to  our  "  crouels  "),  The  same  figure 
appears  in  tlie  design  of  the  background  of  the  shield.  These  two 
coat^  of  arms  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  arms  of  the 
Schiirffenbergs  and  the  Eohitsch.  The  former  claim  to  be  de- 
scemled  from  the  kings  of  Bosnia ;  but  probably  this  is  not  the  case. 
The  Schiirffenbergs  bore  originally  :  Argent,  a  crown  sable  ;  and 
later  on  :  Azure,  a  crown  or  (Plate  LXXVII.  I'ig.  4).  The  Rohitsch 
family  bore  :  Azure,  seme  of  "  gleven "  or,  a  bend  argent,  which 
they  later  on  (misunderstanding  a  diapering  of  the  same) 
charged  with  annulets  gules.  The  crest  of  the  rider,  if  one  takes 
other  representations  into  account,  would  seem  to  have  been  a  long- 
shafted  tassel  of  peacock's  feathers,  in  which  case  this  would  prove 
anotlier  connecting  link  with  the  Schiirffenljerg  arms. 

Fig.  5.  Reverse  side  of  the  ducal  seal  of  Frederick  of  Austria 
(Frederick  III.),  1479.  (Diameter,  12.3  cm.)  The  legend  here  is 
the  continuation  of  the  title  on  the  obverse  side,  and  reads : 
"Domini  Marchie  Sclavonice  .  Et  .  Portos  Naonis  .  Comitis  in 
Habsburg  .  Tirolis  .  Pherretis  .  Et  .  In  .  Kybvrg  .  Marchionis  . 
Bvrgovie .  Et .  Landtgravi .  Alsacie."  The  figure  wears  the  Austrian 
ducal  hat.  (See  Plate  XV.  Fig.  17.)  On  the  shields  appear  the 
following  coats  of  arms  :  Landgraviate  of  Upper  Alsace  :  Gules, 
a  bend  between  six  coronets  or;  Countship  of  Kyburg  :  Gules, 
a  bend  between  two  lions  or  ;  Countship  of  Tyrol :  Argent,  an 
eagle  displayed  gules,  crowned  and  armed  and  charged  upon  the 
wings  with  the  trefoil  bars  or;  Portenau,  Habsburg,  Pfirt,  lilargra- 
viate  of  Burgau  :  Bendy  of  six  argent  and  gules,  a  pale  or  ;  and 
Upper  Aiistria  :  Party  per  pale,  on  the  dexter  side  an  eagle  displayed 
or ;  sinister,  paly  of  four  argent  and  gules.  Oil  the  dexter  side  of 
the  seal,  in  front  of  the  liorse,  is  the  monoi,'ram  and  tlie  well-known 
letter  device  A  E  I  0  V  (see  Plate  LXXXVII.  Fig.  i),  with  the 
date  1479. 

Fi^■.  6.  Seal  of  Duke  Albert  der  Beherzte  (the  Brave)  von  Sachsen  (of 
Saxony),  died  1 500,  founder  of  the  Albertine  line,  the  present  Royal 
Family  of  Saxony.  (Diameter,  10.5  cm.)  The  inscription  runs  : 
"  S.  Alberti  dei  gra  ducis  saxonie  laigrany  thuringie  march,  misne 
orietalis  et  landsperg  comitis  in  orlamund."  On  the  shield  of  the 
rider  are  the  arms  of  the  Duchy  of  Saxony  :  Barry  of  ten  sable  and 
or,  a  crown  of  rue  in  bend  vert.  The  flag  and  two  other  shields 
each  display  a  lion  rampant  as  the  arms,  wlrich  are  probably  the 
armorial  bearings  respectively  of  the  Landgraviate  of  Tliuringia 
(azure,  a  lion  rampant  harry  of  eight  argent  and  gules,  crowned  or) ; 
of  the  Margraviate  of  Meissen  (or,  a  lion  rampaut  sable)  ;  and  of  the 
Countship  of  Orlamund^  (or,  seme  of  hearts  gules,  a  lion  rampant 
sable).  At  the  horse's  feet  are  the  arms  of  the  Margraviate,  pro- 
perly of  the  Lordship  of  Laruhberg  (or,  two  pallets  azure)  ;  the 
arms  of  the  IVettin  family,  and  of  the  County  Palatine  of  Saxony 
(azure,  an  eagle  displayed  or).  On  his  crowned  tUting-helmet  the 
rider  bears  the  crest  of  Thuringia,  viz.  ;  Two  buffalo's  horns  argent, 
adorned  with  green  (or  more  correctly,  golden)  leaves,  slipped. 

H.  S. 


PLATE    CXXXVIII 

SPECIIIENS  OF  ARMORIAL  AND   OTHER  SEALS 

Fig.  I.  Seal  of  Ferdinand  I.,  as  King  of  Hungary,  1 526-1 564. 
(Diameter,  14  cm.)  01:>verse  :  "The  king  is  represented  in  his  coro- 
nation-robes, seated  on  a  throne,  holding  his  sceptre  in  his  right 
hand,  and  the  Imperial  globe  in  his  left.  Above  him,  supported 
by  griffins,  is  the  crowned  escutcheon  of  the  Roman  Kingdom,  the 
Imperial  eagle  with  one  head  (Ferdinand  was  elected  King  of  the 
Romans  at  Cologne  in  1531,  and  crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle).  At 
his  feet  is  a  shield  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  Austria  ;  2  and  3,  Burgundy. 
At  the  side  of  the  throne,  each  supported  l)y  an  angel  or  cherub, 
follow  the  shields  of  :  i.  New  and  Old  Hungary  ;  2.  Castille,  Leon, 
Aragon,  Sicily,  and  Granada;  3.  Btjhemia,  4;  Dalmatia.  The  in- 
scription is  as  follows  :  "  Ferdinaudvs.  D.  E.  Ule.  Rom.  Rex.  Semp. 
Avgvst.  Ac.  German.  Hong.  Boem,  Dalm.  Groat.  Bosn.  Lodomerie. 
Boliiarie.   Sclavon.   Rame.    Servieo. 

The  reverse  side  (Fig.  nil)  contains  as  the  central  figure  a  magni- 
ficently designed  example  of  the  Imperial  eagle  with  one  head,  as  an 
attribute  of  the  King  of  the  Romans,  the  breast  charged  with  ihe 
escutcheon  of  Hungary.  In  the  circle  surrounding  it  appear  the 
shields  of  most  of  the  countries  mentioned  in  the  inscription  follow- 
ing from  right  to  left :  Croatia,  Bosnia,  Galicia,  Moravia,  Lausitz, 
Habsburg,  Alsace,  Tyrol,  Wurtemberg-Teck,  Silesia,  Slavonia, 
Lodormeria.  The  inscription  on  the  reverse  side,  a  continuation  of 
the  obverse,  runs :  "  Rex.  Infans  Hispan.  Arched.  Avst.  Dvx. 
Bvr,'vn.  Marchio.  Mora.  Etc.  Dvx.  Slesie.  Wurtemh.  Ec.  Comes.- 
Hassp.  Fland.  Tirol.  Ec." 

An  equally  beautifully  engraved  administrative  seal  is  shown  in 
Fig.  1 1 12.  It  is  the  seal  which  the  Emperor  Leopold  I.  caused  to  be 
engraved  for  himself,  as  Elector  of  Bohemia,  on  the  election  of  his 
son,  the  Archduke  Joseph,  as  King  of  the  Romans,  which  took  place 


on  January  24,  1690.  (Diameter,  11  cm.)  The  much-foliated  and 
ornate  cartouche  with  the  Bohemian  lion  is  surrounded  by  the 
collar  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  and  is  surmounted  by  the  electoi-'s  hat, 
and  placed  upon  and  above  that  is  a  Royal  crown.  The  seal  inscrip- 
tion runs  :  "  Leopoldvs  I.D.G.  Hongaria.  et.  Bohemite  Rex.  H;eredi- 
tarivs.  Archdivx.  Avslrije.  Zc."  Inside  the  circlet  of  the  Royal 
crown  the  date  "mdcxc"  is  introduced.  The  original  seal  in  silver 
is  preserved  in  the  "K.  and  K.  Haus-,  Hof-  und  Staats  archiv,Viemia." 
Fig.  2.  This  is  the  seal  of  Albert  Baron  (Freiherr)  von  IFinkel, 
Bishop  of  Passau  (1363-1380),  about  the  date  1378.  (Height,  8  cm.) 
Under  a  canopy  of  Gothic  architecture,  the  seated  figure  of  the  bishop 
is  introduced.  The  background  of  the  seal  on  both  sides  of  the  archi- 
tectural design  is  occupied  by  the  figure  of  a  wolf,  taken  from  the 
arms  of  the  bishopric  (argent,  a  wolf  gules).  At  ihe  bishop's  feet 
appear  the  arms  of  the  Freiherren  Winkel  von  Winkelberg  of  Lower 
Austria  ("argent  an  unicorn  rampant  sable  ").  The  inscription  runs : 
Albertvs.  Dei.  Gracia.  Pataviensis  Eccl.  Epis." 

Fig.  3  represents  the  seal  of  Lancelot  Blackbourne,  Bishop  of  Exeter, 
1716-1724.  (Height,  9.5  cm.)  The  shield  shows  the  aims  of  the 
See  (gules,  a  sword  in  pale  proper,  the  hilt  or,  and  two  keys  in  saltire 
of  the  last)  impaling  the  personal  arms  of  the  bisho}:)  (namely,  argent, 
a  less  nebuly  between  three  mullets  sable).  The  inscription  runs  : 
"  Sigillviii  Lancelotti  Blackbvrne  Episcopi  Exon  ad  1716."  Lance- 
lot Blackburn,  from  1724  Archbishop  of  York,  "the  gay  old  Arch- 
bishop" as  Walpole  called  him,  was  baptized  at  Oxford  October  20, 
1676,  and  in  his  younger  days  was  chaplain  on  a  freebootei-'s  ship, 
of  which  his  rough  manners  were  reminiscent.  He  died  March  23, 
1743- 

Fig.  4.  Seal  of  the  notorious  Laaar  Brankovies  of  Servia  repro- 
duced from  a  document  dated  August  12,  1457.  (Diameter,  7  cm.) 
Lazar  was  the  youngest  son  of  the  Prince  of  Servia,  Georg  Brank- 
ovies, and  died  January  20,  1458.  The  coat  of  arms  on  the  seal  is 
interesting,  in  so  far  as  the  entire  crest  is  repeated  on  the 
shield  (argent,  between  two  buff'alo's  horns  azure,  a  lion  rampant, 
crowned  or). 

Fig.  5.  Seal  of  the  Arclibislwp  of  Salzburg,  Leonhhard  v.  Keutschach 
(1495-15 19),  on  a  document  dated  May  10,  1498.  (Diameter,  4.5  cm.) 
Inside  a  rich  Gothic  architectural  canopy  appears  the  bust  of  the 
bishop,  the  figure  being  repeated  below  in  a  kneeling  posture ;  on 
the  dexter  side  are  the  arms  of  the  archbishopric  (party  per  pale,  the 
dexter  side  or,  a  lion  rampant  sable ;  the  sinister  side  gules,  a  fess 
argent).  On  the  sinister  side  of  the  seal  is  the  shield  of  Keutschach, 
a  Carinthian  family  (sable,  a  turnip  argent,  leaved  vert).  The 
legend  runs :  "  S.  leonh.  dei.  gra.  sancte.  saltzburg.  ecclie.  archiepi. 
apiici.  sedis.  legati." 

Fig.  6.  Seal  of  the  Archbislwp  of  Salzburg,  Maximilian  Gandolf, 
Count  von  Khuenburg  (166S  to  1687),  engraved  in  1668.  (Diameter, 
4  cm.)  The  arms,  which  are  placed  upon  a  cartouche,  show  in  chief 
the  arms  of  the  archbishopric  ;  below,  the  quartered  arms  of  the 
Khuenburgs,  who  belonged  to  the  old  Carinthian  nobility,  viz.  :  i 
and  4,  party  per  pale  gules  and  argent,  a  roundel  counterchanged 

(family  arms)  ;  2  and  3,  party  per  fess  sable  and  argent,  a  

counterchanged  (Steyerberg).  The  Steyerberg  arms  were  be- 
queathed in  1468  by  the  last  of  the  family  to  the  Khuenburgs,  who 
were  related  to  them  by  marriage.  In  1669  the  Khuenburgs  were 
raised  to  the  rank  of  Count.  Behind  the  shield  appear  an  archi- 
episcopal  ci'oss,  a  crosier,  and  a  sword,  the  former  in  pale  and  the 
latter  in  saltire,  the  last  bearing  a  reference  to  the  temporal  juris- 
diction of  the  sovereign  archbishopric.  (A  similar  use  of  the  sword 
is  found  in  the  case  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham.)  Over  the  whole  is 
suspended  the  archbishop's  hat  with  six  fiocci  (tassels)  on  each  side 
(see  Plate  LI. ).  The  seal  inscription  runs:  "►J<Maximil:  Gaud. 
D.G.  Archiep.  &  Prps.  Salisb.  S.  Sed.  Ap.  Leg."  At  the  sides  of 
the  cartouche  appears  the  date  1668. 

Fig.  7.  Great  seal  of  the  Swiss  Canton  of  Berne.  (Diameter,  8.5  cm.) 
This  charming  Rococo  cartouche  shows  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 
canton  (and  at  the  same  time  of  the  town)  of  Berne  :  Gules,  on  a 
bend  or,  a  bear  passant  sable.  The  seal  inscription  runs  :  "  Sig. 
Mains  Reip.  Bernensis."  The  name  of  the  seal-cutter  "Moiikofer 
F.C'  is  introduced  under  the  cartouche.  The  bear  of  Berne  is  to 
be  found,  for  the  first  time,  on  the  seal  of  the  year  1224.  The  bear 
was  orignally  borne  sable,  on  a  field  argent,  but  aft«r  the  battle  of 
Schlosshalden,  1289,  in  which  the  banner  of  the  Bernese  was  dyed 
with  blood,  the  bear  was  placed  in  a  bend  argent,  upon  a  field  of 
gules.  Shortly  afterwards  the  present  tincture  (or)  was  adopted  for 
the  bend. 

A  very  attractive  disposition  of  arms  and  motto  scroll  and 
mantling  is  shown  in  the  seal  of  the  Bohemian  town  of  Schlan) 
(Bohemian,  Slana).  (Fig.  11 13,  diameter,  5.2  cm.)  This  town, 
which  is  very  ancient,  bears  for  arms  the  Bohemian  lion,  and  as  a 
crest  a  pair  of  closed  wings,  one  of  which  is  gules,  and  the  other 
argent.  The  mantling  is  gules  and  argent.  The  inscription  runs  : 
"  Secretvm  civitatis  Slanensis."  Interesting  from  its  device  is  the 
old  seal  of  the  Styriau  town  of  Levben  (Fig.  1 1 14),  principal  seat  of 
the  trade  in  Styrian  iron.  This  seal  is  found  on  documents  of  1298, 
1328,  &c.  (Diameter,  6  cm.)  The  legend  is :  "  ^  Sigillvm  Civitatis. 
In.  Levben."  It  shows  the  ostrich  (on  a  red  field)  with  a  horseshoe 
in  its  beak,  holding  up  a  second  in  its  right  foot.     (Compare  Plate 


470 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  nil.  •'  Reverse  "  side  of  the  seal  of  Ferdinand  I. 


Fig.  1 1 12.  Seal  of  Leopold  I.  as  King  and  Elector  of  Bohemia. 

471 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


LXXV.  Fig.  3).  Konrad  von  jMegenberg  says  of  tlie  ostrich  :  "  Er  izt 
eiseii  uiid  verdiiut  daz,  wan  or  ist  gar  liaizer  nS,tui'."  "Er  hazzet 
diu  pfiird  von  natur  und  laidigt  si  wo  tr  mag."  The  horseshoe 
symbolises  both  these  qualities  in  the  bird,  and  brought  it  into 


Fig.  1 1 13.  Seal  of  "  Scblan,"  in  Bohemia, 

relation  with  iron-working,  and  all  that  has  anything  to  do  with 
iron. 

Fig.  1 1 15  shows  the  old  seal  of  Karl  Ferdinand's   Univo-dty  of 


Fig.  II 14.  Seal  of  Leuben,  in  Styria. 


Prague^  founded  in  1348  by  Oiarles  IV.,  and  completed  and  en^ 
larged  by  Ferdinand  III.  (Diameter,  6  cm.)  The  legend  is 
"►j*  Sigillvm  Vniversitatis  .  Scolarivm  .  Stvdii  .  Pragensis." 


In 


Fig.  1 1 15.  Seal  uf  Prague  University. 


the  centre  of  the  seal,  between  the  old  and  the  new  escutcheons 
of  Bohemia,  appears  a  figure  of  Charles  IV.  kneeling  in  front 
of    St.    Wenceslaufl,    to   whom   he   offers  the   foundation   charter. 


King  Wenzel's  shield  and  flag  show  the  eagle,  tlie  old  arms  of 
Bohemia. 

In  conclusion  are  inserted  two  interesting  examples  of  rose  seals, 
as  they  are  called,  such  as  were  usual  in  East  Alpine  countries  in 
the  time  of  Ulrich  von  Lichtenstein,  the  Minnesinger  from  about 
1227  to  the  turn  of  the  century.  Tliey  are  considered  to  be  a 
symbolic  mark  of  Lady'd  service.  The  petals  of  the  rose  were 
charged  with  the  armorial  shield,  or  sometimes  with  the  charge 
therefrom  only  (see  Jubilaums,  Jahrhuch  des  "  Adlei-y"  1895).  "  In- 
nerosterr  Rosensiegel  v.  Alfred  Ritter  Antony  von  Siegenfeld." 

Fig.  II 16  shows  tlie  rose  seal  of  JJlrich  V071  Lichtenstein,  which  is 
taken  from  a  document  of  the  year  1241,  in  the  k.u.k,  Haus,-  Hof- 
und  Staats  archiv,  Vienna,     (Diameter,  5.4  cm.) 


Fig.  II 16.  Rose  Seal  of  Ulrich  von  Lichtenstein. 


.  The  rose  petals  bear  the  shield  of  the  Lichtensteins  of  Murau  in 
Styria  (argent,  tw^o  bendlets  sable),  and  carry  also  the  inscription  : 
"  4*  S.  "VHrici  De.  Lichtenstein." 

Fig.  II 17  is  the  rose  seal  of  Heinrich  von  Kranichherg,  taken  from 


Fig.  1 117.  Rose  Seal  of  Heinrich  v.  Kranichberg. 


a  document,  dated  February  23,  1280,  in  the  Archives  of  the 
Monastery  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Lower  Austria.  (Diameter,  3.7  cm.) 
The  leaves  bear  the  armorial  device  of  the  Kranichbergs  (gules,  a 
crane  argent.  The  crane  is  sometimes  found  crowned).  The  in- 
scription runs  :  "(^  S  .  Dni  .  Hanrici  .  De  .  Chra  .  .  .  Oh." 

H.  S. 


PLATE  CXXXIX 

SEAL  ENGRAVING  BY  MODERN  GERMAN  ARTISTS 

Examples  of  the  Work  of  Gustav  Schuppan,  Engraver  by 
Appointment  to  His  Highness  the  Duke  of  Anhalt,  Berlin 

Fig.  I.  Seal  of  Sir  Albert  William  TVoods,  Garter  King  of  Arms 
(born  1 816,  Garter  i86g) :  Argent,  a  cross  of  St.  George  gules,  on  a 
chief  azure,  a  ducal  coronet  within  a  garter,  between  a  lion  of 
England  passant  gnardant  and  a  fleur-de-lis  all  or,  and  impaling  his 
family  arms  of  Woods,  namely :  or,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  lion  statant 
guardant  in  front  of  an  oak-tree  proper,  fructed  of  the  first,  a  chief 
azure,  thereon  on  a  pale  argent,  between  two  circlets  of  the  crown 
of  a  King  of  Arms  also  of  the  first,  a  cross  of  St.  George  gules,  the 
escutcheon  surrounded  bv  the  ribbon  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George.  (Sir  Albert  Woods  is  now  K.C.B.  and  G.C.V.O., 
and  the  circlet  of  the  Bath  might  be  substituted,  but  no  alteration 
has  been  made  in  the  seal.)  Above  the  escutcheon  is  placed  the 
crown  of  his  office. 


472 


PLATE   CXLIX. 


Printed  at  Stnltgart. 

EXAMPLES    OF    GERMAN    "ALLIANCE"   ACHIEVEMENTS. 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  2.  Seal  of  the  Ri^ht  Hon.  Sir  Hercules  George  Robert  RoMrison, 
Baron  Rosmeadj  and  a  Baronet :  Vert,  a  chevron  engrailed  between 
three  stags  at  gaze  oi-,  and  on  an  inescutclieon  the  Badge  of  Ulster, 
Over  his  coronet  as  a  baron,  which  rests  on  the  shield,  appears  the 
crest,  namely  :  out  of  a  crown  vallery  or,  on  a  mount  vert,  a  stag  as 
in  the  arms.  As  supporters  :  on  the  dexter  side  an  ostrich  and  on 
the  sinister  a  kangaroo  both  regardant  proper.  Motto:  "Legi 
Eegi  fidus." 

Fig.  3.  Seal  of  Henry,  Baron  Aldenham:  Argent,  three  battle- 
axes  erect  within  a  bordure  nebuly  sable.  The  baron's  coronet  rest- 
ing on  the  sliield  is  surmounted  b}'  a  peer's  helmet  with  a  mantling 
sable  and  argent,  which  bears  as  crest ;  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
in  front  of  a  rock  a  dexter  arm  in  armour  embowed,  the  hand  in  a 
gaiintlet  proper,  brandishing  a  battle-axe  in  bend  sinister  sable. 
Supporters :  on  either  side  a  man  habited  in  a  buff  leather  jerkin, 
gloves,  and  boots,  armed  with  a  three-barred  helmet,  long  gorget 
and  sword  all  proper,  and  holding  in  his  exterior  hand  over  his 
shoulder  a  battle-axe  sable.     Motto:  "Tenax  propositi." 

Fig.  4.  Seal  of  Freih^rr  Curt  Seuiter  vo7i  Loet^en,  Royal  Chamber- 
lain to  Her  Imperial  Highness  the  Duchess  Vera  of  Wurttemberg, 
"Rechtsritter"  of  the  Order  of  Malta,  The  shield,  which  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  coronet,  is  quarterly,  and  shows :  i  and  4,  the  silver 
cross  of  the  Order  of  Malta  on  a  field  gules ;  2  and  3,  his  family 
arms  :  or,  a  horse's  muzzle  sable  (blazoned  by  other  authorities  as  a 
fish-basket). 

Fig.  5,  Seal  of  the  Prussian  Lieutenant- General  Karl  FriedHch 
Ferdinand-Julius  von  BumJce  (ennobled,  Berlin,  January  18,  1896)  : 
Or,  issuing  from  a  tower  gules,  an  arm  in  armour  brandishing  a 
sword  proper,  on  a  chief  purpure  a  sceptre  and  sword  in  saltire 
interlaced  with  an  oak-garland  vert.  (See  explanation  of  this  chief 
in  the  chapter  upon  Augmentations.)  The  crowned  helmet,  with 
its  mantling  gules  and  or,  bears  as  crest  a  plume  of  three  ostrich 
feathers,  the  centre  one  gules,  the  exterior  ones  or. 

Fig,  6.  Seal  of  Herrn  Heinrich  Warneche  of  Batum,  Southern 
Russia :  Azure,  on  a  bend  argent,  three  roses  gules,  ilantling 
azure  and  argent,  crest  on  a  wreath,  a  demi-stag  gules.  Legend : 
"sigill  henrici  warnecke,  1893." 

Fig.  7.  Seal  of  Herr  von  Schoenehech :  Azure,  a  fess  wavy  between 
three  roses  argent.  The  crowned  helmet  has  a  mantling  azure  and 
argent,  and  bears  as  crest  a  rose  as  in  the  arms,  between  two  wings, 
the  dexter  argent,  the  sinister  azure. 

Fig.  S.  Seal  of  Frei/ierr  Armin  von  FoelJcersaktn  (proprietor  of  an 
estate  at  "Warwen,  near  Wiudau,  in  Courland)  :  Argent,  a  broken 
carriage-wheel  gules.  The  crowned  helmet  has  a  mantling  gules 
and  argent,  and  the  crest  is  a  demi-wild  man  holding  an  uprooted 
fir-tree  over  his  dexter  shoulder.  Legend :  "  Sig.  Arminii  lib.  bar, 
de  Foelkersam." 

Examples  of  Seaxs  by  Karl  Voigt,  Court  Engraver  in  Berlin 

Fig.  9,  Seal  of  Graf  Erbach:  Per  fess  gules  and  argent,  tliree 
mullets  of  six  points  counter  changed.  Mantling  gules  and  argent. 
Crest :  two  buffalo's  horns  per  fess,  the  dexter  argent  and  gules,  the 
sinister  counterchanged.     Legend  :  "  *^  Sigill  Ai-chivi  Erbaceiisis." 

Fig.  10.  Seal  of  Freikeir  Armin  von  der  Osten  gen.  SacJcen^  a  captain 
in  the  Prussian  Army  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  pale  argent  and 
gules,  on  the  dexter  side  a  bend  wavy  azure,  on  the  sinister  a  key 
erect  argent ;  2  and  3,  azure,  three  roses  or.  The  crowned  helmet 
beai-s  as  crest,  between  two  wings  displayed,  the  dexter  argent,  the 
sinister  gules,  a  pillar  of  the  last,  and  issuant  therefrom  three 
peacock's  feathers,  the  feathers  charged  with  a  rose  or,  and  super- 
imposed upon  the  pillar  two  keys  in  saltire  argent. 

Fig.  II.  Seal  of  Herr  von  Levetzow:  Argent,  a  turnstile  gules. 
The  crowned  helmet  has  a  mantling  gules  and  argent,  and  bears  as 
crest,  in  front  of  a  double  plume  of  peacock's  feathers,  a  demi- 
turnstile  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  12.  Seal  of  Prince  Radolin-RadolunsTci  (of  the  House  of 
Leszezy'c) :  Gules,  a  thatched  roof  or,  supported  by  four  pillars  argent. 
(Polish  device,  Brog).  The  crowned  helmet,  with  its  mantling 
gules  and  or,  bears  as  crest  a  peacock's  tail  charged  with  the  device 
of  the  arms  in  bend.  Two  Prussian  eagles  serve  as  supporters. 
Above  appears  a  motto  scroll  with  the  inscription:  "A  Lechis . 
Leszezyc";  underneath,  "Ccelestiim  in  Ira.  Tneor."  The  whole  is 
beneath  an  ermine-lined  purple  mantle,  which  falls  from  a  Prince's 
crown. 

Fig.  13.  Seal  of  Heinridi  von  Steplun,  State  Secretary  to  the 
German  Imperial  Post-Ofl&ce  (ennobled  March  9,  1885).  The  shield 
is  per  fess,  and  the  base  per  pale.  In  chief  sable,  issuing  from 
cluuda  argent,  two  clasped  hands  proper,  in  the  dexter  base  argent, 
a  terrestrial  globe  azure ;  in  the  sinister  base  gules,  a  post-horn  or,  with 
cords  and  tassels  sable,  argent,  and  gules ;  over  all,  on  an  inescutcheon 
azure,  an  anchor  or.  The  crowned  helmet  has  a  mantling  of  azu]-e 
and  or,  and  bears  as  crest  an  arm  embowed  proper,  hurling  a 
bundle  of  lightning-flashes.     Motto :  "  Fest." 

Fig.  14  is  the  seal  of  the  well-known  heraldic  authority,  Pro- 
fessor Emil  Doepler.  The  shield  is  divided  by  a  curved  point 
reversed,  and  shows  in  chief  gules,  three  inescutcheons  argent  (the 
so-called  "artist's"  coat  of   arms);  on   the  dexter  side,  argent,  a 


dice  sable,  with  five  spots  argent ;  on  the  sinister,  sable,  a  dice 
argent,  with  six  spots  sable,  and  below  three  mounds  issuing  in  base 
conjoined  to  the  point  reversed  and  counterchanged  of  the  field. 
Supporter  :  a  lion,  its  head  within  a  tilting-helmet  with  a  mantling 
sable  and  argent,  upon  which  is  the  crest,  two  arras  embowed, 
habited  respectively  in  argent  and  sable,  the  hands  throwing  a  dice 
ardent  with  six  spots  sable. 

Fig.  15.  Seal  of  Admiralitatsrates  Hugo  Domeier  (a  member  of 
Patrician  family  at  Embeck,  Hanover) :  Per  pale  or  and  gules,  a 
chamois  springing  up  against  the  side  of  a  rock  issuing  from  the 
dexter  side  of  the  escutcheon.  The  helmet  has  a  mantling  gules 
and  or,  and  bears  as  crest,  between  two  scythes  erect,  the  blades 
meeting  in  saltire,  a  chamois  as  in  the  arms.  Motto:  "Allzeit 
Trew,  Allzeit  mit  Hut." 


Examples  of  Seals  by  Johann  Schwerdtner,  Engraver 

Fig.  16.  Seal  of  Freiherr  Ferdinand  de  Fin,  Landkomtur  der 
Pallei  Oesterreich  des  Hohen  Deutschen  Ritterordens.  The  shield 
is :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  the  arms  of  the  Teutonic  Order,  argent,  a 
cross  sable ;  2  and  3,  the  arms  of  De  Fin,  viz. :  quarterly,  i.  and  iiii., 
sable,  a  lion  rampant  or,  holding  in  its  mouth  a  clover  leaf  vert ; 
ii.  and  iii.,  gules,  a  fess  between  three  fleurs-de-lis  argent  (for 
Mirandola) ;  in  base,  on  a  curved  point  dividing  the  third  and  fourth 
quarters  of  the  second  and  third  ^and  quarters,  azure,  an  anchor 
argent,  the  beam  or,  over  the  second  and  third  grand  quarters  on  an 
inescutcheon  or,  a  double-headed  Imperial  eagle  sable.  The  shield 
bears  tliree  crowned  and  barred  helmets.  The  centre  helmet, 
which  has  a  mantling  sable  and  argent,  has  for  crest  two  wings 
displayed  argent,  each  charged  with  the  cross  sable  of  the  Teutonic 
Order.  The  dexter  helmet  has  as  crest  the  Imperial  eagle  as  in 
the  escutcheon,  and  a  mantling  sable  and  or.  The  sinister  helmet 
has  a  mantling  gules  and  argent,  and  as  crest  a  peacock's  tail.  The 
"  profess-ritter "  of  the  Teutonic  Order  charge  the  shield  of  the 
Order  with  that  of  their  own  arms,  but  Knights  Commanders 
quarter  the  arms  of  the  Order  with  their  family  arms,  and  also 
place  the  helmet  with  the  wings  upon  their  shield. 

Fig.  17.  Seal  of  tiie  Emperor  Franz  Joseph  Suclun- Fond- 
Guratm-iums  in  the  Polit.  District  of  Oberhollabrunn,  in  Lower 
Austria.  Placed  together  within  a  quatrefoil  are  four  shields  : 
I.  Marlcet  of  Oherliollabrun :  Per  less,  in  chief  azure  a  "wolfs  claw" 
(forest  sign)  in  bend  between  two  mullets  of  six  points  or,  in  base  in 
water,  a  rock  on  the  dexter  side,  with  a  water-pipe  or,  towards  which 
a  swan  proper  is  swimming.  II.  Toion  of  Retz:  Azure,  a  lion 
rampant,  crowned  or.     This  should  be  more  correctly  "  guardant." 

III.  Market  of  Hangsdorf.  A  translation  of  the  German  blazon 
would  be  as  follows  :  "  On  a  light  blue  ground,  standing  on  three 
brown  mountains,  a  battlemented  tower  with  an  open,  rounded 
door,  and  pointed  roof,  adorned  with  a  blue  ilag  ;  on  the  side, 
a  tied-up  vine  with  green   leaves  and   blue   bunches   of  grapes." 

IV.  Market  Ravelsbach :  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  holding  in  its  dexter 
forepaw  a  key  all  or. 

Seals  by  Wilhelm  Lenthe,  Court  Engraver  of  Schwerin 

Fig.  18.  Seal  of  Freiherr  von  Hammerstein :  Party  per  pale,  on  the 
dexter  side  argent,  three  ecclesiastical  banners  gules,  fringed  and 
ornamented  or  (relating  to  the  Hereditary  Office  as  Treves  Electoral 
Standard-bearer  appertaining  to  the  Burgrave  von  Hammerstein) ;  on 
the  sinister  side,  gules,  three  hammers  bendwise,  two  and  one  argent, 
the  handles  or.  The  helmet  on  the  dexter  side  is  surmounted  by  a 
cap  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  with  an  arch  or,  and  issuing  therefrom 
three  ecclesiastical  banners  gules,  mounted  on  gold  standards,  each 
terminating  in  a  cross  ;  the  sinister  helmet  is  surmounted  by  a 
hat  sable,  turned  up  argent,  and  thereupon  two  wings  addorsed 
sable,  charged  with  a  hammer  bendwise  as  in  the  arms.  Mantling 
gules  and  argent.  Between  the  helmets  the  coronet  of  a  Count  rests 
on  the  shield,  in  accordance  with  a  Royal  Warrant  of  March  5,  1816, 
after  the  descent  from  the  Burgraves  von  Hammerstein  (of  Ander- 
mach  on  the  Rhine)  had  been  officially  proved.  Supporters :  two 
lions  or.     Motto  :  "  Spectemur  agendo." 

Fig,  19.  Seal  of  Freiherr  von  Maltzahn :  Party  per  pale,  on  the 
dexter  side  two  hares'  heads  couped  in  pale  argent ;  on  the  sinister 
side,  or,  a  vine  issuing  from  the  partition  line,  having  two  leaves, 
and  a  bunch  of  purple  grapes  proper.  Mantling  azure  and  or. 
Crest :  on  a  wreath  azure  and  or,  behind  a  palisade  or,  a  fan  of 
peacock's  feathers. 

Seal  by  Karl  Oehring,  Skal  Engraver  by  Appointment 
in  Munich 

Fig.  20.  Seal  of  the  Town  of  Munich.  Under  an  open  town  door, 
flanked  by  two  roofed  and  battlemented  towers,  appeals  a  monk,  the 
"  canting  "  device  of  Munich  (Munchen),  the  arms  being  argent,  a 
monk  sable,  holding  in  his  sinister  hand  a  book  gules,  and  from 
behind  the  battlements  of  the  wall  the  Bavarian  lion  issuant. 

H.  S. 


473 


3o 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE  CXL 

MEMORIAL   SLABS  WITH   HERALDIC  DECORATION 

{Fifteenth  Century) 

Fig.  I.  Memorial  slab  to  Martin  Renter  von  KleUng  (dial  1416), 
originally  in  St.  Andrews  Church,  but  removed  in  1862  to  the  south 
exterior  of  the  Chapel  of  St,  Margaret,  in  St.  Peter's,  Salzburg. 
The  stone,  which  is  cut  from  red  Salzburg  marble,  and  which  is  about 
2  metres  30  cm.  high,  bears  on  the  bevelled  outer  edge  the  following 
inscription:  "Anno  .  diii  .  millesimo  .  Quadringentesimo  .  xvi  . 
obiit  .  Martinus  .  diet .  Rawter  .  Salezburgensis  .  fundato  .  huius  . 
Capelle  .  Qui  .  diem  .  suu  .  clausit .  extremu  .  die  .  Quinto  .  Jlens  . 
J:inuary  ,  Anni .  eiusdem  . "  The  inner  edge  of  the  stone  received 
more  than  a  hundred  years  later  the  following  additional  inscrip- 
tion :  "  Hie  ligt  begraben  der  edl  vnd  fest  Hanns,  Reitter  der  lest 
des  namens  der  gestorbii  ist  am  sambstag  iiach  sand  Alextag  1528  iar 
dem  gott  gnadig  well  sun."  The  Reuters  of  Khbing,an  old  Salzburg 
theological  family,  bore  :  Sable,  a  sinister  arm  embowed,  the  first 
clenched,  habited  in  an  under  sleeve  azure,  within  an  outer  sleeve 
(compare  our  maunch)  argent,  and  as  crest  the  same  arm,  but  erect 
and  holding  up  a  tree  eradicated,  the  branches  lopped.  The  sleeve 
here  is  continued  into  the  mantling.     The  arms  of  the  grandj^arents 


Fig.  iiiS. — Memorial  Slab  to  Anna  Roll,  147 1. 

in  the  four  corners  of  the  stone,  unfortunately,  cannot  be  identified, 
with  the  exception  of  the  arms  of  Nussdorfer  (sable,  a  unicorn 
rampant  argent,  armed  or). 

Fig.  3.  Memorial  slab  to  Ge&rg  Aiijl  zu  Lind  (died  1487),  also 
brought  to  the  St.  Margaret's  Chapel  of  St.  Peter's.  The  stone,  also 
of  red  Salzburg  marble,  and  about  2  metres  high,  bears  the  follow- 
ing inscription  :  "Hie  ist  begrabn  Gorg  Aigl  zu  lind  der  gestorbn 
ist  am  Suntag  nach  Scolastice  Anno  dni  mcccc  lsxs  vii  deni  gott 
genad."  The  Ai{il  zu  Lind,  originally  a  Bavarian  famil}',  bore: 
Gtales,  two  axes  in  saltire  argent,  the  handles  or,  a  device  which  is 
repeated  on  the  wings  of  the  crest,  which  are  gules.  The  mantling 
is  gules  and  or.  At  the  base  of  the  principal  shield  are  two  shields, 
of  which  only  the  dexter  one  can  be  identified.  It  belongs  to  the 
old  Salzburg  burgher  family  of  the  Elsenheims  (at  a  later  date 
ennobled).  Their  arms  were:  Party  per  pale  or  and  sable,  two 
buffalo's  horns  transfixed  by  an  arrow  fesswise,  all  counterchanged. 
Georg  Aigl  married  Murgaretha  Elsenheim. 

Fig.  3.  Tumhadcckel  oi  Kaiser  Friedriclis  III.  (IV.).  This  repre- 
sents the  effigy  from  the  tomb  of  the  Emperor  Frederick,  which  was 
executed  by  Niclas  Lerch,  and  is  in  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral,  Vienna. 
(The  reproduction  is  from  a  copy  by  Franz  Jobst  and  Joseph  Mocker, 
made  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Friedrich  Schmidt.)  The 
magnificent  sculpture,  done  in  red  Salzburg  marble,  was  executed 
during  the  lifetioie  of  the  Emperor,  for  which  reason  the  year  of  his 
death  (1493)  was  not  inserted  in  its  entirety,  and  it  was  never  after- 
wards completed.  The  monument  was  only  finished  in  15 13.  The 
inscription  runs  :  "  Fridericus  .  Tercius  .  Romanor' .  Imperator  .  Sp . 


Avgvst'  .  Avstrie  .  Stirie  .  Karinthie  .  Et  .  Carniole  .  Dox  .  Dns  . 
Marchie  .  Sclavonice  Ac  .  Portvs  .  Naonis  .  Comes  J.  Habspurg  . 
Tirol  .  Pherret  .  Et  .  I  .  Kibvrg  .  Marchio  .  Bvrgovie  .  Et .  Lant- 
gravi  .  Alsacie  .  Obii .  Ano  .  Dni.  mcccc  .  .  .  ."  At  the  sides  of  the 
Emperor,  who  is  represented  in  his  coronation  robes,  are  introduced 
on  the  dexter  side  the  cross  of  St.  George,  the  monogram  of  the 
Emperor,  the  arms  of  the  Roman-German  Empire,  and  the  fess-shield 
of  Austria,  with  the  crest.  On  the  sinister  side  are  the  arms  of  the 
Duchy  of  Milan  (quarterly  or  and  argent,  in  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters  a  black  eagle — Imperial  vicariate  ;  2  and  3,  a  snake  azure, 
devouring  a  human  figure  gules — Visconti),  Ancient  Austria  (azure, 
five  eagles  displayed  or),  with  the  archducal  hat,  and  the  crest  (a 
crowned  eagle  displayed  or,  with  wings  sable,  seme  of  linden-leaves 
also  or),  as  also  Styria,  likewise  with  its  crest.  At  the  Emperor*s 
feet  the  shield  of  the  Habsburgs  is  laid.  A  ribbon  with  the  well- 
known  letter-device  A  E  I  0  V  encircles  the  top  of  the  sceptre. 

The  admirable  sculptures  shown  in  Figs.  11 18,  11 19,  and  11 20  in 
the  text  date  from  the  same  period.  The  two  first  are  of  red  marble, 
and  are  now  the  one  on  the  north  and  the  other  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Cathedral  in  the  Wiener- Neustadt  (Vienna — New  Town),  but 
before  1871  they  were  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Michael,  which  formerly 
stood  near  the  Cathedral.     (See  Zeitschrift  "  Adlei;^'  1873.) 

Fig.  1 1 18.  Gravestone  of  Anna  Roll,  wife  of  Johann  Roll,  Burgo- 
master of  the  Neu-Stadt  from  1467-1471.  (Height,  1.93  metres.) 
The  inscription  reads  :  "  1471  "  die  .  ascesiosis  .  dni  .  obiit .  hoesta  . 
diia  .  ana  .  vxor  .  Joins  .  roll .  de  .  argetina."     Hans  Roll  (according 


Fig.  1 1 19  — Memorial  Slab  to  Margaretha  Kelbel. 

to  a  cojiy  in  the  Adelsarchiv  at  Vienna)  received  from  the  Emperor 
Fredericlv  III.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  Sunday  Misericorda  i486,  a 
patent  of  nobility,  with  the  following  arms  :  Party  per  fess,  in  chief 
or,  two  mullets  of  six  points  gules  ;  in  base  sable,  a  crescent  or.  As 
crest,  wings  charged  with  tlie  arms.  The  mantling  is  sable  and  or. 
In  the  patent  a  helmet-crown  is  also  granted,  with  which  the  arms 
previously  borne,  as  shown  on  the  gravestone,  appear  to  have  been 
augmented.  The  same  arms  were  granted  by  the  Emperor  Rudolph 
II.,  August  20,  1586,  to  the  Court  official  Maximilian  Kemptner. 
The  Rolls  would  appear  from  this  circumstance  to  have  died  out  by 
that  time.  The  Kemi^tners  became  extinct  in  1663.  The  Rolls,  itmay 
be  concluded  from  the  inscription,  originally  came  from  Strassburg. 

Fig.  II  ig.  Gravestone  of  Margaretlia  Kelbel,  wife  of  Jakob  Kelbel, 
Burgomaster  of  the  Neu-Stadt,  1483-14S9,  it  being  at  that  time  the 
residence  of  Frederick  III.,  just  at  tlie  time  of  the  downfall  of 
Hungary,  under  Matliias  Corvinus.  The  slab  is  227  metres  high, 
and  bears  the  inscription  :  "Anno  diii  1474  an  sand  .  Alban  .  tag  . 
starb  .  Margareth  .  Jacoben  .  Kelbel  .  Hausfrau  ....  (remainder 
illegible).  The  shield  shows  half  a  calf  as  "canting"  arms  (calf  = 
Kalb,  and  the  diminutive  in  Anstriaii  German  is  Kalbel,  pronounced 
Kelbel).     Tlie  tinctures  are  iinfortuuutely  unknown. 

Fig.  II 20  shows  a  memorial  slab  to  Johann  Baumgartiier  (died 
August  22,  1493)  at  Kufotein,  in  Tyrol.  (From  a  photograph  l)y  A. 
Karg  of  Kufstein.)  The  stone,  made  of  blackish  marble,  and  237 
metres  high,  bears  the  following  inscription  :  "  Hie  ligt  begraben 
der  edel  vnd  vest  Hanns  Bawmgartner  zu  Kuefstain  ist  gestorben 
an  sand  Bartholomais  abent  do  man  zelet  nach  der  geburd  Christi 


474 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


MDCCC.  in  dem  lsxxxiii.  iar  dem  gott  genedig  sey  amen."  The 
Baunigardens  bore  :  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  or,  issuing  from  behind 
lattice-work  or  (in  English  heraldry  this  would  l^e  termed  a  weir). 


Fig.  1 1 20. — Memorial  Slab  to  Johamn  Baum^rtner. 


up  with  red).  The  shield  on  the  left  shows  the  arms  of  his  wife, 
Luneta  v.  Gunvppenherg  (died  1517),  whom  Achaz  Wisbeck  married 
in  1 466  :  Gules,  a  bend  argent,  charged  with  three  "  sea-leaves  "  vert. 
(It  is  now  painted  with  a  red  bend  and  gold  sea-leaves.)  Above,  to 
the  dexter,  is  the  shield  of  Helene  von  Rechherg,  Luneta's  mother  : 
Or,  two  lions  rampant  and  addorsed  gules,  with  tails  intertwined. 
(Now  red  on  a  white  ground.)  Above,  to  the  sinister,  appears  the 
shield  of  the  Bavarian  Freibergs  :  Per  fess  argent  and  azure,  in  base 
three  mullets  of  six  points  (2,  i).  Below,  on  tiie  dexter  side,  is  the 
shield  of  the  IVeissbnadi  family  :  Per  pale,  the  dexter  side  sable, 
three  points  to  the  dexter  argent,  the  sinister  side  sable.  The  shield 
in  the  centre  on  the  left  belongs  to  the  Notthaffs  :  Or,  a  fess  azure 
(here,  however,  on  red).  The  shields  (azure,  a  chief  argent  and  per 
pale,  the  dexter  sable,  the  sinister  sable,  two  points  to  the  sinister 
argent,  with  a  smaller  point  or)  issuing  between  them  it  is  im- 
possible to  identify.  The  latter  may  perhaps  be  a  badly  repainted 
Weissbriach  coat.  (For  the  copies  of  these  memorial  sliields  we 
are  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Herrn  Museumderektors  kais.  Rat. 
Dr.  Fetter,  of  Salzburg.) 

Fig.  2.  Memorial  shield  of  Sebald  Zang^  Benefactor  of  Munich, 
died  1575.  The  shield  is  at  present  in  the  Munich  National 
Museum,  and  was  reproduced  in  M.  Gerlach's  Totenschildtr  VTid 
&rabsf^ine.  The  inscription  runs  :  "Anno  domini  .  1575  Jar  .  den  . 
3  Juni  .  verschid  .  der  Erber  .  Sebald  .  Lanng  .  Piieger  .  allhic  . 
dem  .  Gott .  genadt."  The  shield  is  :  Party  per  fess,  in  chief 
argent,  a  demi-man  issuant  habited  in  azure,  holding  in  his  dexter 
hand  an  arrow  of  the  last,  and  in  his  sinister  a  branch  vert,  both 
curved  in  orle,  in  base  barry  of  four  azure  and  argent.  The  helmet 
has  a  mantling  azure  and  argent,  and  bears  as  crest  a  demi-man  as 
in  the  nrms. 

Similar  in  shape  is  the  following.  Fig.  1121  here  in  the  test : — 
Fig.  1 121.  Memorial  shield  of  Ludwig  von  Prenzenau,  1405 
(diameter,  88  cm.),  now  in  the  possession  of  F.  Warnecke,  re- 
produced in  the  Herold.,  1881,  No.  10.  The  inscription  runs  :  "  Als 
ma  hat  gezalt  m.  cccc.  un  .  v.  jar  .  an  .  sastag  .  nach  .  martini .  hat . 
de  edl .  gestreg  .  her  Ivdwig  .  pientzeave  zv  .  Wildenholtze  gestift 
disc  .  mess  .  dem  got  genad."  The  coat  of  arms,  painted  on  a  red 
background  and  encircled  by  a  gold  cord,  shows  the  arms  :  Argent, 
on  a  bend  sable,  three  bezants.  The  barred  helmet  is  of  gold,  with 
a  mantling  argent  lined  with  sable,  and  bears  as  crest  a  man's  bust 
with  a  pointed  beard,  the  habit  continuing  into  the  mantling.  On 
the  head  is  a  pointed  conical  hat  surmounted  by  a  coronet  or,  from 
which  issues  a  plume  of  five  ostrich  feathers  sable.  The  hat  has  a 
turned-up  brim  sable,  charged  with  three  bezants  as  on  the  bend. 


Crest :  a  bearded  man,  habited  azure  turned  back  with  or,  and  with 
a  cap  of  the  last,  holding  over  his  shoulder  with  both  hands  a  battle- 
axe.     Mantling  azure  and  or.  H.  S. 


CHAPTER  LI 

PLATE   CXLI.  :   FUNERAL   HATOHMENTS   KST) 
MEMORIAL  SLABS 

IT  was  formerly  customary  upon  the  Continent,  in  re- 
membrance of  deceased  persons,  to  hang  up  their 
arms — carved  in  wood  or  painted  on  circular  shields 
— in  the  churches.  These  armories  formed  at  the  same 
time  interesting  and  gorgeously  coloured  ornaments  to 
the  church  walls  (see  Figs,  i  and  2).  The  institution  of 
masses,  and  the  like,  were  kept  in  the  minds  of  posterity 
through  these  heraldic  devices  of  the  founders  (see  Fig.  4), 
a  custom  which,  unfortunately,  has  entirely  fallen  into 
disuse.  The  more  elaborate  English  system  will  be  pre- 
sently referred  to. 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  Achaz  Wisbeckj  ErbhrnvmerTneister^  des  Erzstifte, 
Salzburg,  died  1481.  (Diameter,  130  cm.)  The  circular  shield 
now  preserved  in  the  Town  Museum  Carolino-Augusteum  of 
Salzburg,  was  formerly  in  the  chapel-of-easc  at  Oberalm,  near 
Hallein,  over  the  monument  of  the  Wisbecks.  Unfortunately 
an  unscientific  hand  repainted  the  arms  (?in  1858)  so  that  the 
tinctures  now  appearing  are  for  the  most  part  incorrect.  This 
circumstance  renders  it  very  much  more  difficult  to  identify 
the  separate  coats.  The  inscription  runs  :  "  Hie  .  ligt .  der  .  edl  . 
tmd  .  vest .  achatz  .  Wispick .  erib  .  Kamermaister  .  des  .  ertzpistub  . 
zu  .  saltzpurg  .  der  gestorben  .  ist .  am  .  samstag  .  vor  .  allerheillin- 
gentag  .  ono  .  dnii  i  .  4  .  81  .  i.  Below  on  the  right  appear  the  arms 
of  the  TFishecf^  (Wiesbech,  the  ancestral  castle  of  the  same  name,  is 
in  the  Wiesthal,  near  Hallein)  :  Argent,  a  bend  and  chief  gules. 
(Now  painted  over  in  black  and  white.)  The  barred-helmet,  with 
white  and  red  mantling,  bears  as  crest  a  man's  bust,  habited  in  an 
ermine  hood,  on  the  head  a  high  conical  cap  argent  (probably  turned 


Fig.  1 121. — Memorial  Shield  of  Lndwig  von  Prenzenau,  1405. 


The  design  of  the  ribbon-like  mantling  is  carried  out  in  a  most  free 
and  graceful  and  a  very  effective  manner. 

Fig.  3.  Engi-aved  memorial  slab  from  the  Marienkirche  (Church 
of  the  Virgin  Mary)  at  Ltibeck,  dating  from  the  second  half  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  This  excessively  ornate  piece  of  work  shows, 
besides  the  figures  of  Tydemann  Bercic,  Burgomaster  of  Liiijeck 
(died  1521),  and  his  wife  Elizabeth  Moires  (died  1530),  the  arms  of 
their  families,  over  the  heads  of  the  two  efBgies.  The  Berck  or  Berk 
family,  originating  from  Berk  (otherwise  Rheinberg)  in  Westph.nlia 


475 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


bore  :  Or,  a  cinquefoil  vert,  in  chief  a  crescent  azure.  On  the  slab 
the  crest  also  appears,  this  being  the  cinquefoil  and  crescent  as  in 
the  arms,  between  two  wings  sable.  Mantling  azure  and  or  and  vert 
and  or.  The  wife  must  have  belonged  to  the  Miillers  of  Frankfort- 
on-Main.  Arms  :  Party  per  pale,  the  dexter  gules,  a  fleur-de-lis 
argent ;  the  sinister  or,  a  mill-wheel  gules,  the  two  coats  dimidiated 
and  the  charges  conjoined. 

Of  the  same  period  is  Fig.  5,  memorial  slab  to  Kaspar  von  lliuin 
of  Neunbeuern  (died  8th  May  1510),  at  Klifstein,  in  Tyrol.  (From 
a  photograph  by  A.  HarL;  at  Klifstein.)  The  stone,  of  red  Salzburg 
marble,  226  metres  high,  bears  the  following  inscription  :  "Anno 
domi  1 5 10  iar  an  deui  heilign  auffart  abent  starb  der  Edl  vnd  vest 
Caspar  vom  turn  zw  newnpeirn  erbschegck,  des  schift  Saltzburg, 
deni  got  geadig  vnd  parmhertzig  sey."  In  the  centre  appear  the 
arms  of  JTiurny  an  old  Salzburg  family  :  Gules,  a  chevron  argent, 


Fig.  1 122. — Gravestone  of  Kaspar  von  Thurn,  1510. 

charged  with  two  lozenges  sable.  As  crest :  a  mastiff's  head  and  neck 
argent.  Mantling  gules  and  argent.  The  Emperor  Charles  IV. 
granted  a  mastiff's  head  argent,  crowned  gules,  on  a  field  uf  sable,  as 
arms  to  Jakob  Thurn  in.  1347,  but  the  Thurns  appear  only  to  have 
adopted  it  as  the  crest,  and  to  have  retained  their  old  device  for  the 
shield.  Above,  on  the  dexter  side,  is  the  shield  of  his  paternal 
grandmother,  Barhnra  von  Waldech  (argent,  a  saltire  depressed 
gules,  and  issuant  therefrom  an  eagle  displayed  of  the  last).  On  the 
sinister  side  are  the  arms  of  his  paternal  great-grandmother,  whose 
maiden  name  was  von  Trftnenhofen  (gules,  a  pale  argent).  Below, 
on  the  dexter  side,  is  the  coat  of  his  m;\ternal  grandfather,  Bartliolo- 
mdus  von  Gujidaun  (tierced  in  fess  gules,  argent  and  sable).  On 
the  sinister  side  is  the  shield  of  his  maternal  grandmother,  who  was 
a  voii  Welspefff  (quarterly  argent  and  sable).  These  arms  were  also 
borne  with  the  tinctures  reversed  (see  Jahrbuch  des  '■'■  Adl&)-"  1874). 
In  conclusion  will  be  found  an  interesting  memorial  slab  (Fig.  1 123) 
from  the  first  half  of  tlie  fourteenth  century.  It  is  to  the  memory 
of  Konrad  von  Hel  (Hael),  and  since  1856  has  been  placed  in  the 
new  churchyard  wall  of  St.  John's,  in  tlie  village  of  Tyrol.  (From 
a  photograph  by  Peter  Moosl:)ruger,  Meraw.)  The  inscription  on 
the  sandstone  slab  runs:  "Anno  Domini  .  Millesimo  CCCXL  Obiit . 
Strenu  (Us  .  Miles  .  Chunra)  Del .  Hel  .  In  .  Die  .  Fabiani  .  M." 

The  Eels  or  Haels  bore  :  Argent,  two  eagle's  claws  in  saltire, 
couped  gules.  Cre^t :  a  "  buffelgrind  "  {i.e.  the  scalp  or  skin  of  the 
head  with  the  ears  and  horns  of  a  buffalo)  argent,  the  horns  each 
charged  with  a  fess  gules. 


HATCHMENTS 

A  somewhat  analogous  custom  prevailed  in  England, 
which  at  one  time  was  of  very  considerable  importance. 
This  was  the  setting  up  of  a  hatchment  after  a  death.  No 
instances  of  hatchments  of  a  very  early  date,  as  far  as  I 
am  aware,  are  to  be  met  with,  and  it  is  probably  a  correct 
conclusion  that  the  custom,  originating  rather  earlier, 
came  into  vogue  in  England  during  the  seventeenth 
century  and  reached  its  height  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth.     It  doubtless  originated  in  the  carrying  of 


>•-■  ~«g^--^^-«a5a^.-J' 


Fig.  ii23.-^Gravestone  uf  Konrad  vou  Hael,  134S. 

ceremonial  shields  and  helmets  (afterwards  left  in  the 
church)  at  funerals  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  in  the 
earlier  practice  of  setting  up  in  the  church  the  actual 
shield  of  a  deceased  person.  The  cessation  of  the  cere- 
monial funeral,  no  doubt,  led  to  the  cult  of  the  hatch- 
ment. Hatchments  cannot  be  said  even  yet  to  have  come 
entirely  to  an  end,  but  instances  of  their  use  are  nowa- 
days extremely  rare,  and  since  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century  the  practice  has  been  steadily  declin- 
ing, and  at  the  present  time  it  is  seldom  indeed  that 
one  sees  a  hatchment  in  use.  The  word  "  hatchment " 
is,  of  course,  a  corruption  of  the  term  "  achievement," 
this  being  the  heraldic  term  implying  an  emblazonment 
of  the  full  armorial  bearings  of  any  person. 

The  manner  of  use  was  as  follows.  Immediately  upon 
the  death  of  a  person  of  any  social  position  a  hatchment 
of  his  arms  was  set  up  over  the  entrance  to  his  house, 
which  remained  there  for  twelve  months,  during  the 
period  of  mourning.  It  was  then  taken  down  from  the 
house  and  removed  to  the  church,  where  it  was  set  up  in 
perpetuity.  There  are  few  churches  of  any  age  in  this 
country  which  do  not  boast  one  or  more  of  these  hatch- 
ments, and  some  are  rich  in  their  possession.     Those  now 


476 


PLATE   CL. 


AN    EXAMPLE    OF   AN    ILLUMINATED    GENEALOGICAL  TREE. 


Printed  at  ytnttgnrt 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


remaining — for  example,  in  St.  Chad's  Church  in  Shrews- 
bury— must  number,  I  imagine,  over  a  hundred.  There 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  any  obligation  upon  a 
clergyman  either  to  permit  their  erection,  or  to  allow 
them  to  remain  for  any  specified  period.  In  some 
churches  they  have  been  discarded  and  relegated  to  the 
vestry,  to  the  coal-house,  or  to  the  rubbish-heap,  whilst 
in  others  they  have  been  carefully  preserved. 

The  hatchment  was  a  diamond-shaped  frame,  painted 
black,  and  enclosing  a  painting  in  oils  upon  wood,  or  more 
frequently  canvas,  of  the  full  armorial  bearings  of  the  de- 


PLATE    CXLII 

WOOD-CAEVING-S     OF    ARMS 

(Second  half  of  the  Fifteenth  Century) 

In  the  Royal  Exchequer  (building)  of  the  princely  family  of 
Thuru  and  Taxis,  the  so-called  "Kelamt"  (Kellerarat)  at  Meran, 
the  former  residence  of  the  Counts  of  Tyrol,  there  are  four,  unfor- 
tunately somewhat  defective,  armorial  designs  carved  in  wood  and 
painted,  of  the  time  of  Duke  Sigismund  of  Austria  and  Tyrol 
(1439-90).     (The  copies  of  these  arms  here  reproduced  were  made 


Fig.  1 124.  Fragment  of  the  Bnrtro- 
master's  Chair  in  the  Marienkirche 
at  Liibecl^. 


ceased  person.  The  frame  was  usually  about  five  feet  six 
in  height,  and  the  rules  for  the  display  of  arms  upon 
hatchments  afford  an  interesting  set  of  regulations  which 
may  be  applied  to  other  heraldic  emblazonments.  The 
chief  point,  however,  concerning  a  hatchment,  and  also 
the  one  in  which  it  differs  from  an  ordinary  armorial  em- 
blazonment, lay  in  the  colour  of  the  groundwork  upon 
which  the  armorial  bearings  were  painted.  For  an  un- 
married person  the  whole  of  the  groundwork  was  black, 
but  for  a  husband  or  wife  half  was  black  and  half  white, 
the  groundwork  behind  the  arms  of  the  deceased  person 
being  black,  and  of  the  surviving  partner  in  matrimony 
white.  The  background  for  a  widow  or  widower  was 
entirely  black.  H.  S.  AND  A.  C.  F-D. 


from  photographs  from  the  studio  of  the  Bavarian  Court  Photog- 
rapher, Peter  Moosbrugger,  in  Jleran). 

Fig.  I.  The  New-Austrian  Arms :  The  f ess-shield  with  the  peacock's 
tail  as  crest. 

Fig.  2.  The  Old-Austrian  Arms  (now  borne  as  the  arms  of  Lower 
Austria) :  Azure,  five  eagles  displayed  or.  As  crest  an  eagle's  body 
crowned  or,  within  wings  sable,  seme  of  linden-leaves  or. 

Fig.  3.  Arms  of  the  Kingdom  of  Scotland:  Or,  a  lion  rampant 
gules,  within  a  double  tressure  flbry  and  coxmterfiory  of  the  last. 
As  crest  a  lion  sejant  affronte  gules,  crowned  or.  (Duke  Sigismund's 
wife,  1469-1480,  was  Eleanora,  daughter  of  King  James  I.  of 
Scotland;  hence  the  insertion,  in  the  series,  of  this  Scottish  coat  of 
arms.) 

Fig.  4.  Arms  of  the  Countship  of  Tyrol :  Argent,  an  eagle  gules, 
armed  or,  charged  on  the  wing  with  triple  clover-leaf  clasps  or.  As 
crest  two  wings  sable,  round  which  is  twined  a  ribbon  or,  with 
linden-leaves  of  the  same  hanging  therefrom. 


477 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Fig.  5  shows  the  decoration  on  the  lid  of  a  small  chest,  in  the 
possession  of  the  Royal  Kunstgewerbe  Museum  in  Berlin.  (Re- 
produced from  "  Wood-Carvings  of  the  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth 
Centuries  in  the  Kunstgewerbe  Museum  of  Berlin,"  published  by 
J.  Lessing,  iS8i.)  The  ca^^'ing  represents  the  conjoined  arms  of 
the  Bavarian-Palatinate  and  Hesse. 

The  Palatinate  of  Bavaria  is  represented  by  quarterings  for  the 
following,  viz. : — County  Palatine  on  the  Rhine  (sable,  a  Hon  rampant 
or,  crowned  gules) ;  Duchy  of  Bavaria  (bendy  paly  argent  and  azure) ; 
and  the  County  of  Veldenz  (argent,  a  lion  rampant  azure,  crowned 
or).  The  barred  helmet  bears  for  crest  a  lion  sejant  gules,  crowned 
or,  between  two  buffalo's  hoi'ns  bendy  paly  argent  and  azure.  Mant- 
linjijs  sable  and  gules  (more  correctly  sable  and  or). 

The  shield  of  Hesse  is  also  quarterly.  In  the  first  quarter  appear 
tlie  arms  of  the  Countsliip  of  Katzetielnhof/en  (or,  a  lion  rampant 
gides,  crowned  azure);  2.  the  Countship  of  Ziegenhain  (per  fess  sable 
and  or,  in  chief  a  six-pointed  star  argent) ;  3.  tlie  Countship  of 
Nidda  (per  fess  sable  and  or,  in  chief  two  stars  argent,  here  six- 
pointed,  otherwise  eight-pointed) ;  and  4.  the  Countship  of  Dietz 
(gules,  two  leopards  passant  guardant  in  pale  or),  over  all  on  an 
inescutcheon  the  arms  of  Hesse :  Azure,  a  lion  rampant  barry  of 
ten  argent  and  gules,  crowned  or.  As  crest,  the  crowned,  barred 
helmet  bears  two  buffalo's  horns  argent,  adorned  with  linden-twigs 
or  (sometimes  vert).  Mantliug  gules  and  argent.  Supporters: 
two  lions  or,  corresponding  to  the  Bavarian  and  Hessian  arms. 
Elizabeth  (died  1522),  daughter  of  the  Elector  Pliilip  the  Honour- 
able (Philip  der  Aufrichtige)  of  the  Palatinate,  was  married  on  July 
10,  1498,  to  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  Wilhelm  III.  (died  1500),  and 
the  chest  was  probably  one  of  the  wedding  presents. 

Fig.  1 124  shows  a  portion  of  the  Burgomaster's  chair  in  the 
Marienkirche  at  Lilbeck.  This  unfortunately  niucli -mutilated  but 
magnificent  piece  of  German  wood-carving  shows  the  arms  of  the 
Hanse-to\vn  as  an  Imperial  free  city  (or,  the  double  eagle  displayed 
sable).  Later  on,  the  breast  of  the  eagle  was  charged  with  the  old 
flag-device  of  the  town,  an  inescutcheon  per  fess  argent  and  gules. 
(End  of  the  fifteenth  century.)     In  the  "  great"  state  coat  of  arms  at 


Fig.  1125.- 


-Mould  for  a  kind  of  gingerbread  cake,  belonging  to 
the  Pirkheimer  family  in  Nurnberg. 


the  present  day,  the  crowned  barred  helmet,  with  the  mantling  of 

fules  and  argent,  and  as  crest  the  demi-eagle  sable,  as  they  are  here 
epicted,  still  appear. 

Fig.  1 125  is  a  model  taken  from  a  gingerbread  mould  carved  in 
wood,  belonging  to  the  Pirkheimer  family  in  Nurnberg,  and  offers 
a  striking  example  of  heraldic  craftsmanship.  TVillihald  Pirlcheimei; 
the  celebrated  wealthy  Nurnberg  councillor,  tlie  friend  of  Diirer 
and  of  other  prominent  men  of  his  day,  the  last  of  his  race  (born 
1470,  died  1530),  was  married  to  Crescentia  Rieter  (died  1504),  and 
the  arms  of  these  two  Nurnberg  patrician  families  were  united  on 
the  gingerbread  as  below.  The  arms  were — Pirkheimer :  Per  fess  or 
and  gules,  a  birch-tree  eradicated  vert,  the  trunk  argent  (the  tree 
was  often  emblazoned  all  in  gold).  Crest:  a  bearded  man,  habited 
gules,  wreathed  about  the  head  or  and  gules,  and  issuing  from  the 
wreath  three  birch-leaves  vert  (sometimes  argent).  Mantling  gules 
and  or.  Rieter:  Party  per  fess  sable  and  or,  a  melasine  {i.e.  a  mer- 
maid with  two  tails)  vested  gules  and  crowned.  The  same  figure 
also  serves  as  crest.  Mantling  sable  and  or  (see  Plate  CIV.  Fig.  3). 
On  the  gingerbread  mould  above,  the  shield  of  the  PirJcheiwers  is 
united  to  the  crest  of  the  Rieters,  the  latter,  however,  placed  between 
two  buffalo's  horns,  probably  divided  or  and  gules,  adorned  with 
birch-leaves,  because  a  conjunction  of  the  above-described  crests  of 
the  two  families  on  one  helmet  was  not  very  possible.  The  buffalo's 
horns  were  either  adopted  by  themselves  for  this  purpose,  or  were 


perhaps  a  second  ancient  crest  of  the  Pirkheimers,  otherwise  dis- 
continued. Plate  CXLIV.  represents  the  arms  (argent,  a  chevron 
sable,  between  three  boars'  heads  erased  gules)  of  William  Elphin- 
stone.  Bishop  of  Aberdeen  (1484-1 5 14),  as  existing  on  an  oak  carving 
in  the  possession  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  H.  S. 


PLATE   CXLIIl 

WOOD-CARVINGS    OF    ARMS 
(Secciid  half  of  Sixteenth  Century) 

These  two  coats,  the  descriptions  of  which  follow,  are  to  be  seen  in 
the  Chapter  Hall  of  Miinster,  and  are  of  a  typical  Rhineland  style. 
The  helmet  does  not  rest  upon  the  shield.  The  cord  hanging  from 
it  is  not  in  this  case,  as  is  usual  in  Rhineland  arms,  connected  with 
the  shield,  but  with  the  scroll  bearing  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the 
arms.  The  crests,  especially  in  Fig.  i,  have  been  executed  by  the 
artist  somewhat  too  small  in  size  in  proportion  to  the  helmets. 

Fig.  I.  D.  Gottfrid  'Araes-Elt  (Raesfeld  or  Rasfeld).  An  old, 
noble  family  of  Westphalia.  Arms  :  Or,  a  fess  azure.  Crest :  two 
wings,  each  charged  with  the  arms.     jMantling  azure  and  or. 

Fig.  2.  D.  FrederiCy  D3  Keppel.  An  old,  noble  family  of  Miinster, 
in  Westphalia.  Arms :  Or,  a  bend  of  lozenges  conjoined  and  couped 
gules.  Crest:  a  ball  (or  screen)  charged  with  the  device  upon  the 
shield,  and  issuing  therefrom,  in  the  form  of  a  trefoil,  three  fans  of 
peacock's  feathers,  each  confined  in  a  holder.    Mantling  gules  and  or. 

As  a  further  example  of  the  Rhineland  manner  of  connecting  the 
shield  and  helmet,   Fig.    1126,  the    arms  of  Duke  Johann  I.  (the 


KiG.  1 1 26. — Cleve-Mark. 

Beautiful)  of  Cleves  {d.  1481)  may  serve.  It  is  taken  from  a  rubbing 
of  a  bronze  plate  on  his  monument.  (See  "Decorative  Heraldry," 
by  G.  W.  Eve,  1897.)  The  arms  are  :  Party  per  pale,  dexter,  gules, 
an  inescutcheon  argent,  surmounted  by  an  escarbuncle  or  (for  Duchy 
of  Cleves),  and  on  the  sinister  side  (for  Countshij)  of  March,  or  Mark), 
or,  a  fess  chequy  gules  and  argent.  The  crest  of  the  Duchy  of  Cleves 
is  a  bull's  head  ^ules,  crowned  or,  armed  argent,  the  skin  of  the 
head  being  here  drawn  down,  in  regular  heraldic  fashion,  to  form 
the  mantling,  the  crest  itself  containing  the  helmet.  Through  the 
marriage  of  Count  Adolf  II.  von  der  Mark  {d,  1347)  with  Mar- 
gareta,  heiress  of  the  Countship  of  Cleves,  the  two  coats  of  arms 
were  united  under  their  son,  Adolf  III.,  136S.  The  father  of 
Johann  I.,  Adolf  IV.,  received  the  ducal  title  in  1417. 

Fig.  3  is  a  carved  wooden  chest,  now  in  the  Teutonic  National 
Museum  (Germanisehes  Nationalmuseum)  at  Niirnberg,  and  is  re- 
produced from  a  photograph  by  Christoph  Miiller.  The  coats  of 
arms  belong  to  the  following  families:  i.  Ham.e  (von  Haen  zu 
Sonnenschein  in  Dortmund) :  Azure,  a  cock  argent,  crowned  or 
(Hahn).  Crest :  a  cock  as  in  the  arms,  between  two  wings  dis- 
played azure.  2.  Svarte  (Schwarte  1.) :  Argent,  two  chevronels 
sable,  between  three  negroes'  heads  proper,  banded  with  silver  fillets. 


478 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Crest :  a  negro's  (or  Moor's)  head  and  shoulders  proper,  habited 
sable.  3.  Priime :  Argent,  a  tree  or.  It  is  here  shown  to  be  eradicated, 
but  elsewhere  it  appears  issuing  frtm  a  mount  in  base  vert.  Crest 
(as  given  here) :  an  eagle's  head  and  neck  argent  (elsewhere  with 
outspiead  wings).  4.  Svarte  (iSchwarte  II.):  Gules,  on  a  bend 
sinister  argent,  three  negroes'  heads.  Crest :  a  negro's  head  and 
slioulders,  vested  sable.  5.  Lemftaw  (Lerago,  Lemgau) :  Gules,  the 
head  of  a  he-goat  argent,  armed  or.  'The  same  figure  here  serves  as 
crest  (Ijut  elsewhere  the  crest  of  this  faniil}'  is  found  as  two  horns,  the 
one  charged  with  a  double  horizontal  baud  of  red  and  gold,  and  the 
other  similarly  gold  and  red).  6.  Schcdinije  (Scheidingen) :  Argent, 
a  bend  sinister  chequy  sable  and  or.  Crest :  two  wings  displayed, 
charged  with  the  device  of  the  shield.  7.  Bersvort  (von  der  Bers- 
wordt)  :  Gules,  a  boar  rampant  argent.  Crest:  a  demi-boar  rampiint 
argent,  between  two  wings  gules.  8.  Vnna :  Party  per  pale,  the 
dexter  side  or,  an  eagle  displayed  sable,  dimidiated,  and  issuing 
from  the  partition  line ;  the  sinister  side  argent,  an  oak  branch 
bendwise,  with  three  leaves  proper.  As  crest,  a  bearded  man's  head 
and  shoulders,  habited  sable.  The  iiiantlinos  of  the  barred  helmets 
are  entirely  carried  out  in  elegant  foliated  ornamentation  in  the 
Aldegrevers  style.  Haen  and  Sdieidimjenare  are  families  of  knightly 
descent;  Lemgau,  a  family  belonging  to  the  patricians  of  Hatum, 
whilst  all  the  other  families  belong  to  the  old  'I'own-nobility  of 
Dortmund.     (From  Notes  by  M.  von  Spiessen  of  Miinster.) 

H.  S. 


PLATE   CXLV 

"  HERALDIC   CRAFTSMANSH  IP  " 

There  is  hardly  a  branch  of  art,  there  is  scarcely  a  handicraft,  in 
which  heraldry  has  not  played  its  part.  In  wood  and  stone,  in 
metal  and  iron,  on  glass  and  porcelain,  the  time-honoured  armorial 


Fig.  I  shows  the  side  of  the  lid  of  the  shrine  of  gilded  silver  con- 
taining the  corpse  of  St.  Simeon,  in  the  Church  of  San  Simeune  at 
Zara,  in  Dalmalia.  It  was  made  by  the  Milanese  Master  Francesco 
d'Antonio,  to  the  order  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Ludwig  the 
Great  of  Hungary,  and  completed  in  the  year  1380.  In  the  pedi- 
ment appear  the  Hungarian  arms  of  that  period  :  Party  per  pale,  on 
the  dexter  side  Hungary  (ancient),  and  on  the  sinister  France 
(Anjou).  The  crowned  helmet  bears  as  crest,  between  two  ostrich 
feathers,  an  ostrich's  head  and  neck,  holding  in  its.  beak  a  horse- 
shoe. The  mantling,  which  is  seme  of  fleurs-de-lis  on  the  outside, 
is  lined  with  vair. 

Fig.  2  is  the  keystone  in  the  nave  of  the  cathedral  at  Stuttgart, 
and  bears  the  arms  of  Wiirttemberg,  supported  by  four  angels,  and 
dates  from  about  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  three  stags' 
attires  fesswise  in  pale  sable  are  upon  a  Held  of  black  on  a  gold 
ground.  The  helmet  bears  as  crest  a  hunting-horn  (gules,  stringed 
or).  (For  further  details  concerning  these  arms  reference  should  be 
made  tu  the  Dnidsclie  IVappetiroUe,  page  76.) 

Fig.  3  is  a  coat  of  arms  in  wrought  iron,  painted  and  partially 
gilt  (79  cm.  high),  from  a  gate  at  Salzburg.  The  date  of  it  is  about 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century.  It  is  now  in  the  Eoyal 
Art  Museum  ill  Berlin.  The  arms  are  those  of  the  Cardinal  and 
Archhisliiyp  of  Sahhimj,  Marcus  Sitticits,  Graf  von  Holienems  (Hohen- 
embs),  born  1 574,  died  1619.  He  belonged  to  the  well-known  noble 
family  from  the  Vorarlberg,  which  gave  to  the  Church  some  of  her 
high  dignitaries.  The  shiel.l  is  divided  per  fess,  and  shows  the  arms 
of  the  Archbishopric  of  Sakbttnj,  viz. :  Per  pale  or  and  gules,  on  the 
dexter  side  a  lion  r.impant  sable,  and  on  the  sinister  side  a  fess 
argent.  (See  Plate  CXV.  Fig.  6.)  In  base  are  the  arms  of 
Hohenems  :  Azure,  a  "  bounuetin  "  or,  armed  sable.  (See  Plate  V. 
Fig.  9.)  Behind  the  cartouche  are  placed  a  crosier  and  a  sword  in 
saltire,  the  latter  as  a  sign  of  the  temporal  sovereignty  attaching  to 
the  princely  rank  of  the  Archbishop  of  Salzburg. 

Fig.  4.  Ornanuntfor  the  cover  of  a  600/;,  with  the  iirmorial  shield  of  the 
town  of  Niirnberg,now  in  the  German  National  Museum  at  Nvirnberg. 

The  door-knocker  in  bronze  on  the  vestry  door  of  St.  Peter's 


I'IG.  1 127. — Door-knocker  with  the  arms  of  Mecklenburg  (St.  Peter's  Church,  Liibeck). 


decoration  is  represented,  instances  being  met  with  in  all  direc- 
tions. 

Plate  CXLV.  shows  a  few  examples  of  the  heraldic  decoration  met 
with  in  different  crafts,  and  adapted  to  different  purposes  and 
opportunities. 


Church  at  Liibeck  is  composed  of  the  armorial  device  of  Mecklen- 
burg, the  crowned  bull's  head  (Fig.  1 127).  It  is  a  good  example  of 
how,  by  quite  simple  means,  and  even  in  a  somewhat  crude  treat- 
ment of  the  materials,  through  utilising  a  heraldic  suggestion,  a 
really  effective  and  artistic  result  can  be  achieved.  H.  S. 


479 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE  CXLVI 

EXAMPLES  OF  HERALDIC  EMBROIDERY 
{Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries) 

Fig.  I.  Arms  of  the  Sivedish  Realm  and  Sioedi^h  Arm^  of  Pretention 
of  the  time  of  King  Eric  XIV.  (i 560-1568),  in  the  Royal  Armoury 
at  Stockliolm.  The  shield  is  divided  by  a  cross  or,  the  resulting 
cantons  being  occupied  by  the  arms  as  follows  :  i.  Azure,  three 
crowns  or  (Kingdom  0/  Sv--!edeii)  ;  2.  azure,  three  bends  sinister  wavy 
argent,  over  all,  a  lion  rampant  crowned  or  (King  of  the  Goths)  ;  3. 
gules,  a  lion  ramj^ant  and  crowned  or,  holding  witii  all  four  paws 
a  battle-axe  argent,  with  a  curved  handle,  called  an  "  Olaf  spear  " 
(Kingdom  of  Norway);  4.  or,  seme  of  hearts  gules,  three  lions 
passant  guardant  in  pale  azure,  crowned  or  (Kingdom  of  Denmark). 
On  the  oval  inescutcheon  appear  the  family  arms  of  the  JFasas  (who 
occupied  the  Swedish  throne  from  1523-1654),  tierced  in  bend 
azure,  argent,  and  gules,  over  this  a  sheaf  of  corn  (or  faschine)  or. 


^r^fTOSpR^^v. 


Fig.  1128.— EggenbergtXVII.  Jahrh.) 

Fig.  2.  The  achievement  of  Georg  Borzita  von  Martiniz^  1598, 
in  the  Cathedral  Treasury  of  St.  Veit's,  Prague  (height,  So  cm.). 
'Georgivs .  Borzit;^ .  De .  Martiniz  .  In .  Smetzna .  S[acrae]  C[jesarea] 
M[ajestatis]  Consiliarivs  Et .  Svpremvs  .  Remi  .  Bohemire  .  Can- 
cellar  [i]vs."  Gules,  two  long-stalked,  eradicated  "sea-leaves" 
argent,  curved  inwards.  The  crowned  barred  helmet,  with  its 
mantling  gules  and  argent,  bears  as  crest :  two  wings  displayed 
gules,  each  charged  with  a  sea-leaf  as  in  the  arms.  The  Martiniz, 
with  the  Kaunitz  and  others,  belong  to  the  old  Bohemian  nobility. 
(The  name  is  mentioned  in  documents  as  early  as  1261.J  They 
were  in  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century  overlords  of 
Smetzna,  in  the  Prague  district.  Borzita  von  Martiniz  (died  1479) 
filled  the  dignity  of  Loid  High  Steward  to  the  wife  of  King  Georg 
Podiebrad  of  Bohemia,  and  in  honour  of  him  his  posterity  have  all 
borne  the  name  of  Borzita. 

Fig.  3.  The  memorial  arras  of  Ghristoph.  Popel,  Freiherr  von 
Lolkowitz,  1609,  in  the  Catliedral  Treasury  of  St.  Veit's,  Prague 
(75  cm.  high).     "  Christopho[rus]  Popeli[us]  Baro .  A .  Lobko[vitz] 


D[onii]n[vJs  In  Patek .  Et .  Diwitz  .  S[acr^e]  C[sesarea]  M[a|estatis] 
Rvdrolphi]  II  Consi[larivs]  Intim[osJ  Svp[re]m[vs]  P[r?eifect[vsj 
Ciiri[^]  R[egi0e]  Boh[emiEe.]"  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  per  fess  gnles 
and  argent  (Lobkowitz) ;  2  and  3,  argent,  an  eagle  displayed  in  bend 
sabte  (Zerotin).  The  crowned  helmet,  with  its  mantling  gules  and 
argent,  bears  as  crest  a  quiver  gules,  and  issuing  therefrom  an 
ostrich  feather  argent. 

Figs.  2  and  3  are  taken  from  a  publication  of  the  Kunstgewer- 
blichen  Museum  at  Prague,  1891. 

Figs.  4,  5,  and  6 — the  figures  of  the  eagle,  lion,  and  griffin 
arranged  for  cross-stitch— are  copied  from  the  patterns  in  the  Sticlc- 
und  Spitzenmusterbuche  (Embroidery  and  Lace  Pattern-Book),  by 
Hans  Siebraacher,  1601.  Siebmacher,  the  famous  author  of  a  well- 
known  Book  of  Arms,  lived  in  Nilrnberg,  and  died  in  161 1. 

On  page  19  (Fig.  15)  likewise  appears  an  interesting  piece  of 
heraldic  embroidery,  to  which  attention  may  here  be  directed. 

As  a  final  example  of  embroidery,  a  magnificent  piece  of  raised 
work  (Fig.  1128)  is  added. 

This  is  taken  from  the  silk  mule -trappings  of  Prince  Joliann 
Christian  von  Eggenherg^  which  were  used  when,  in  October  1673, 
the  Emperor  Leopold  1.  celebrated  his  wedding  with  his  second  wife, 
Claudia  Felicitas  of  Tyrol,  at  the  Schloss  Eggenberg,  near  Graz. 
(See  Jahrhuch  ^'- Adler,"  1881.)  The  shield  is:  Quarterly,  i.  party 
per  pale  gules  and  azure,  an  eagle  displayed  argent,  crowned  or 
(Adelsberg)  ■  2.  argent,  five  roses  in  saltire  gules  (Krumau) ;  3.  gules, 
a  wheel  argent  (Radkersburg)  4.  azure,  an  anchor  or  (Pettau),  over  all, 
on  an  inescutcheon  argent,  a  crown  or,  supported  by  three  crowned 
ravens  in  triangle,  their  heads  to  the  centre.  Over  the  arms,  which 
are  enclosed  in  an  ornate  cartouche,  is  a  prince's  hat.  The  whole 
is  surrounded  by  a  broad  rectilinear  ornamental  border,  which  is  not 
shown  here.  The  Eggenbergs,  a  Graz  burgher  family,  were  singled 
out  for  distinction  several  times  by  the  princes  of  the  country,  and 
in  1598  were  raised  to  the  rank  of  Baron.  As  early  as  1467 
Balthasar  received  a  grant  of  Hungarian  nobility  with  the  arms,  as 
described  above,  from  King  Mathias  Corvinus.  His  great-grandson, 
Hans  Ulrich,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  Prince  in  1623,  and  in  1628 
was  created  Duke  of  Krumau.  The  armorial  device  of  the  first  field, 
but  uncrowned,  forms  the  arms  of  Adelsberg,  in  Carinthia,  \\hich 
t  hen  was  likewise  in  the  possession  of  the  Eggenbergs.  Radkersburg, 
in  Styria,  also  belonged  to  this  family,  but  nowadays  the  town  uses 
gules,  a  wheel  or.  The  arms  of  the  Pettanery  the  anchor  (really  the 
arms  of  the  Jlarshals  von  Treun),  were  not  quite  correctly  used,  as 
regards  shape  and  tincture,  by  the  Eggenbergs.  (See  Plate  LXXVII. 
Fig.  3.)  H.  S. 


PLATE  CXLVII 

SPECIMENS  OF  SWISS  ARMORIAL  "WINDOWS 

The  essentially  Swiss  custom  of  presenting  windows,  which, 
commencing  in  the  fifteenth  century,  continued  in  vogue  until 
the  seventeenth,  was  the  principal  reason  why  the  art  of  glass 
painting  (or  staining)  attained  such  a  high  point  of  technical 
perfection  in  Switzerland,  which  at  that  time  was  unequalled 
elsewhere.  The  cantons  kept  -painted  glass  in  store,  presenting 
windows  to  each  other  whenever  any  new  building,  restoration,  or 
other  occasion  offered  an  opportunity  for  such  a  gift.  In  this  manner 
arose  a  mutual  giving  and  receiving,  and  the  town-hall,  guild-halls, 
shooting-galleries,  monasteries,  and  churches,  and  even  many  of  the 
inns,  which  at  that  time  were  regarded  as  public  buildings,  rejoiced 
in  the  adornment  of  glass  panes  depicting  the  armorial  bearings 
of  the  tliirteen  confederated  cantons.  The  custom  of  presenting 
painted  glass,  first  practised  by  the  cantons,  spread  more  and  more. 
One  town  presented  another  with  glass  windows,  and  in  its  turn 
received  other  windows  in  repayment.  Guilds,  societies,  the  rich 
burghers,  and  even  the  peasants  took  part  in  this  favourite  custom, 
and  decorated  the  town-halls,  monasteries,  places  of  pilgrimage,  and 
the  houses  of  the  burgess  and  the  farmer.  This  custom  afforded  a 
productive  soil  for  the  growth  of  art.  Many  artists  occupied  them- 
selves with  glass-painting,  and  there  were,  for  instance,  in  Zilrich, 
about  tlie  year  1516,  ten  glass-painters,  and  in  1568,  indeed,  twenty- 
one.  In  Schaffhausen,  in  1610,  twelve  glass-painters  were  domiciled. 
Amongst  these  were  many  celebrated  masters  of  the  art,  such  as  Karl 
von  ^geri,  Christoph  and  Josias  Miirer,  Nikolaus  Bluntschli,  and 
many  others. 

Plate  CXLVII.  gives  illustrations  of  two  of  these  glass  windows, 
which  have  been  reproduced  from  the  work  Meisterwerhe  Schiveizer- 
ischer,  Glasmalerie,  published  by  the  Historical  Antiquarian  Society 
of  Winterthur  (Ch.  Claesen  &  Co.,  Berlin). 

The  first;  window  shows  the  arms  of  the  von  LiitiisJwfen^  a  noble 
family  resident  in  the  cantons  of  Zurich  and  Lucerne.  The  arms 
are  :  Gules,  a  flying-fish  erect,  head  upwards.  The  helmet  bears  as 
crest  a  demi-negress  habited  sable,  banded  about  the  head  with 
fillets  gules  and  argent,  and  in  place  of  arms  the  paws  of  a  lion 
also  sable.  The  crest  is  continued  into  the  mantling  of  sable  and 
argent. 


480 


PLATE   CLI. 


AN    ILLUMINATED    PEDIGREE    OF   THE    FAMILY   OF   SETON. 

Now  IX  THE  POSSESSION  OF  SiR  Alan  H.  Seton  Steuart,  East. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


The  second  glass  window  shows  the  arms  of  Peter  Bitter  von 
Engekierg — Peter,  King  of  Engelsbers  (the  castle  and  village  of 
En^lisberg  is  in  the  district  of  Seftingen,  near  Bern),  "  Comthur  " 
of  the  Order  of  Malta.  The  glass,  32.5  cm.  high,  is  in  the  Mnseum 
at  Bern.  The  shield  is  :  Party  per  fess  or  and  gnles,  in  chief  a 
denii-lion  issuing  azure.  The  helmet  is  of  gold,  with  a  mantling 
gules  and  or.  Crest :  a  high  conical  tournament  hat  surmounted  by 
a  bezant  (or  golden  ball),  with  a  turned-up  brim  ermine,  and  on 
either  side  of  the  hat  is  a  sword  erect  proper.    Above,  on  the  dexter 


at  Erbach  1525,  and  died  at  Morsee  1571.  On  the  motto  scroll 
appears  the  date  1549,  and  the  initials  of  the  artist,  B.M.U.  (13.8  cm. 
high).  H.  S. 


Fig.  1129. — Medallion  from  the  Chancel  Windows 
at  Hindelbank  (1521). 


Fig.  1130.  Arms  of  the  town  cf  Speier,  in  the  Palatinate  {1549). 


side  is  suspended  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Cider  of  Malt;i,  viz.  : 
gules  a  cross  argent.  The  date  of  the  making  of  the  window,  1510, 
is  introduced  in  the  upper  part  of  the  background.  Below,  on  a 
ribbon,  appears  the  inscription :  "  Fr .  (f  rater)  Peter ;  to  .  engelsperg  . 
komedur.diss.huss.  1 .  5.  10." 

From  the  same  publication  has  been  reproduced  a  medallion  with 
the  arms  of  von  Mrlach,  from  the  chancel  windows  at  Hindelbank, 
1521  (Fig.  1129).  The  mediUion  (37  cm.  in  diameter),  belonging  to 
the  German  Early  Renaissance  period,  shows  in  the  centre,  on  a  blue 
ground,  and  surrounded  by  green  leaves,  the  armorial  shield  :  Gules, 
on  a  pale  argent,  a  chevron  saMe.  In  the  border,  which  is  decorated 
with  tiny  medallions  and  foliated  ornament,  can  be  seen  above  the 
shield  the  name  and  the  date,  which  are  inserted  on  a  ribbon. 

H.  S. 


PLATE    CXLVIII 

TWO   DESIGNS   FOR  ARMORIAL   PAINTINGS 
ON   PORCELAIN 

Fi".  I.  Arms  of  Atithony  von  Adlersfeld  uml  Siegenfeld  (Reichs- 
ritter)  ;  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  a  lion  rampant  or,  holding  in  its 
paws  a  banner  of  the  same ;  2  and  3,  party  per  fess,  in  chief  argent, 
an  eagle  displayed  sable,  and  in  base  azure,  a  tower  argent,  the  port 
closeX  Crest :  issuing  from  a  coronet,  and  between  two  buffalo's 
horns  gules,  a  demi-lion  holding  a  banner  as  in  the  arms. 

Fig.  2.  Arms  of  the  Pscherer :  Party  per  pale  azure  and  or,  a 
facetted  star  of  six  points  counterchanged.  Mantling  azure  and  or ; 
crest :  a  maiden  crowned  with  roses,  and  with  long  flowing  fair  hair 
proper,  habited  per  pale  or  and  azure,  purfled  counterchanged, 
holding  in  hi-r  dexter  hand  a  star  of  six  points  azure,  and  in  her 
sinister  hand  three  roses  gules,  slipped  and  barbed  vert,  seeded  or. 
In  the  designing  of  both  coats  of  arms,  which  are  the  work  of  Herr 
Strohl,  the  first  object  in  view  was  to  endea\-our  to  get  a  richly  ex- 
panded mantling,  so  as  to  suitably  fill  the  elliptical  space  at  dis- 
posal These  arms  are  introduced  here  mainly  as  models  of  the 
artistic  disposition  of  mantlings.  ■_ 

A  very  pleasing  design  of  a  mantling  is  shown  in  Fig.  1130,  which 
is  a  drawing  of  the  arras  of  the  town  of  Speier  (argent,  a  representa- 
tion of  the  old  Cathedral  of  Speier  gules).  This  design  is  by  the 
painter  and  designer  Rudolf  Manuel,  called  Deufseh,  who  was  born 


PLATE    CXLIX 

"ALLIANCE   ACHIEVEMENTS" 

Whilst  these  examples  should  more  properly,  when 
treating  of  armory  from  the  British  point  of  view,  be 
considered  as  included  within  the  rules  for  marshalling 
one  coat  of  arms  with  another,  the  matter  obtains  in 
German  heraldry  rather  different  consideration  from  the 
fact  that  our  method  and  meaning  of  impalement  is  prac- 
tically unknown  in  that  country.  At  the  same  time  the 
customary  German  method  of  employing  two  or  more 
separate  shields  contained  within  one  achievement  is  not, 
with  the  exception  of  the  impalements  of  arms  in  the 
cases  of  Knights  of  any  Order,  a  method  of  marshalling 
which  finds  favour  with  us.  There  are  one  or  two  other 
exceptional  cases  in  which  with  us  a  second  shield  is 
necessitated,  but  speaking  generally  these  "  Verbing- 
dungs-Wappen  "  or  "  Alliance  Shields  "  have  no  place  in 
British  armory,  and  for  British  rtdes  and  examples  refer- 
ence should  be  made  to  the  chapter  on  Marshalling. 
From  the  remarks  of  Herr  Strohl,  it  is  not  easy  to  deter- 
mine to  what  extent  these  "  Alliance  Shields "  are 
governed  by  accepted  laws  of  arms  or,  on  the  other  hand, 
to  what  extent  they  are  merely  separate  arms  placed 
in  conjunction  from  some  reason,  outside  of  armorial 
necessity,  such  method  of  conjunction  being  dictated  and 
controlled  simply  by  reasons  of  artistic  design.  Fig.  4, 
for  example,  depicts  the  arms  of  two  partners,  and  whilst 
there  is  no  rule  or  law  in  this  country  to  prevent  two 
partners  from  placing  their  shields  close  together,  and 
from  interlacing  the  mantlings,  such  a  "conjunction" 
with  us  remains  purely  a  piece  of  design  from  which  no 
precedent  or  rule  can  be  deduced.  And  as  far  as  this 
particular  instance  is  considered  the  real  fact  is  probably 
that  the  status  of  the  matter  in  Germany  is  the  same  as- 


481 


3p 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


it  would  be  with  iis,  and  that  the  example  before  us  is 
on  a  par  with  the  peculiarly  startling  practice  of  the 
Great  Western  Railway  Company,  who  similarly  on  their 
coaches  ally  the  arms  of  the  cities  of  London  and  Bristol. 
The  ribbons  of  steel  laid  down  by  the  company  between 
these  two  cities  may  be  bonds  akin  to  fetters  matrimonial, 
but  the  laws  of  heraldry  give  no  sanction  to  and  take 
no  cognisance  of  such  a  conjunction.  That  the  Great 
Western  Eailway  Company  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
arms  of  London  or  of  Bristol,  and,  were  that  possible, 
rather  less  with  the  robe  of  estate  upon  which  the  shields 
are  carried  is,  by  the  way,  one  of  the  little  peculiarities  of 
so  much  of  the  "  impersonal  "  armory  of  the  present  day. 
Another  example  which  comes  to  mind,  which  is  equally 
objectionable,  is  the  "achievement"  appropriated  by  the 
London  County  Council,  which  has  appropriated  to  its 
use  the  arms  of  the  cities  of  London  and  Westminster, 
which  are  the  symbols  of  the  very  jurisdiction  it  has  tried 
and  failed  to  usurp. 

To  revert,  however,  to  the  German  examples.  Figs,  i,  2, 
3,  and  5  take  the  place  of  our  impaled  shields,  resulting 
from  marriage,  the  rule  being  in  Germany  that  marriage 
is  denoted  by  the  conjunction  of  the  two  separate  shields 
under  the  helmet  and  crest  of  the  man. 

Figs.  6  and  7  show  the  conjunction  of  ecclesiastical 
arms  of  office  with  personal  arms.  The  component  parts 
of  Fig.  7  can  be  seen  separately  in  Figs.  1 131  and  1 132. 
The  arms  illustrated  on  this  plate  are  as  follows  : — 

Fig.  I.  Con]omed  a.vmsoi  Lojfelhoh-Stroiner.  (Reduced  cop3^  from 
a  bookplate  with  the  superscription  "  1493,  Wolff  I^offelliolz,"  re- 
produced in  Warnecke's  HerakUschen  Kunsthliitterny  B.  III.)  Arms 
of  the  husband  :  Gules,  a  lamb  passant  argent.  Mantling  gules 
and  argent.  Crest :  on  a  chapeau  gules,  turned  up  ermine,  in  front 
of  wings  gules,  seme  of  linden-leaves  or,  a  lamb  as  in  the  arms 
(Loffelholz).  Arms  of  the  wife  :  Gules,  three  fleurs-de-lis  conjoined 
to  the  corners  of  a  triangle  argent  (Stromer).  The  shield  and  its 
figures,  together  with  the  helmet  of  the  man,  are  turned  towards  the 
shield  of  the  wile. 

Fig.  2.  Conjoined  arms  of  Bcliaimj  by  an  unknown  artist  of  the 
sixteenth  century  (12  cm.  high).  Arms:  Party  per  pale  argent  and 
gules,  a  bend  wavy  sinister  sable.  Crest :  an  eagle  with  wings  out- 
stretched argent,  ducally  gorged  sable.     Mantling  gules  and  argent 


Fig.  1131.— Seal  of  John  IV.,  Abbot  of  Pernegg  (1593). 


(see  Plate  XCV.  Fig.  i).  The  arms  of  the  husband  are  turned 
towards  those  of  the  wife  (here  left  blank),  and  both  shields  are 
held  by  a  naked,  kneeling  man,  wearing  the  Behaini  helmet,  which 
supports  the  crest  over  his  head. 

Fig.  3.  Conjoined  arms  of  Rohrbach-Hohlumsen.  (Perhaps  by 
Barthol.  Zeitblom.)  Arms  of  the  husband  :  Azure,  two  arms  issuing 
from  the  sides  of  the  shield,  vested  or,  holding  in  the  hands  proper 
a  chain-link  conjoined  in  pale  to  another  depending  from  it.  Crest : 
issuing  from  a  coronet  two  arms  enibowed,  vested,  and  holding  two 
links  of  chain  as  in  the  arms  (Bernhard  von  Eohrbach,  1482).    Arms 


of  the  wile  :  Sable,  three  roses  argent,  seeded  gules  (Eilchen  von 
Holzhausen,  1501).  Supporters:  a  man  and  a  woman  in  fifteenth- 
century  costume.  (I  question  if  these  supporters  are  intended  to 
be  heraldic.) 

Fig.  4.  Conjoined  arms  of  Grimm-Wiirsing.  (Printer's  signet  by 
Hans  Burgkmair,  Augsburg,  15 19.)  Arms  of  the  Dr.  of  Med. 
Sigismund  Grimm :  Or,  a  wild  man  brandishing  a  club  proper. 
Crest :  a  wild  man  as  in  the  arms.  Arms  of  Markus  JFicrdiig  or 
Wirsimg :  Party  per  pale  or  and  sable,  in  base  three  mounds,  and 
above  a  tree  eradicated,  the  branches  ending  in  three  clover-leaves 
all  counterchanged.  Mantling  sable  and  or.  Crest :  a  wing  on 
which  the  device  of  the  shield  is  repeated.  (According  to  a  patent, 
received  from  Georg  Wirsung,  May  16,  1474.)     The  two  coats  are 


Fig.  1132. — Arms  of  Schollingen. 

turned  towards  one  another,  and  the  mantlings  intertwined.  The 
partnership  of  the  two  firms  was  dissolved  in  the  year  1 523  ;  Dr. 
Grimm,  who  tried  to  continue  printing  by  himself,  came  to  grief  in 
the  following  year  (see  Fig.  1135). 

Fig.  5.  Alliance  arms  of  Harrach-Falkenhain.  Arms  of  the  hus- 
band :  Gules,  a  bezant,  and  issuing  therefrom  three  ostrich  feathers 
argent.  [Frans  Anton,  Graf  roii  Harrach,  died  176S.)  Arms  of  the 
wife  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  three  bezants  in  bend ;  2.  gules,  a 
lion  rampant  double-queued  argent;  3.  divided  per  fess  argent  and 
sable,  a  sea  unicorn  counterchanged ;  and  on  an  inescutcheon  argent, 
a  hunting-horn  gules  (Antonie,  Countess  von  Falkenhain).  Both 
shields  are  turned  towards  each  other,  and  are  together  surmounted 
by  an  old  Count's  crown.  The  alliance  arms  are  here  surrounded 
by  a  Liebesseil  (cordeliere),  which  is  introduced  here  to  show  that 
the  achievement  is  that  of  a  widow  as  borne  after  the  death  of  Graf 
von  Harrach. 

Fig.  6.  Conjoined  arms  of  the  Abbot  Michael  of  Geras.  (From 
Strohl's  Die  JFappen  der  Aebte  der  Priimonstratenserstifte  Geras  und 
Pernegg,  1895.)  Arms  of  the  Abbey  of  Geras,  in  Lower  Austria  : 
Chequy  vert  and  gules.  This  peculiar  device  was  granted  to  the 
Canons  by  King  Ferdinand  I.,  Vienna,  June  22,  1542.  Arms  of  the 
Abbot  Michael  Wallner  (1713-1729)  ;  Gules,  on  a  bend  vert,  between 
two  crosses  patee,  three  mullets  of  six  points. 

Fig.  7.  Conjoined  arms  of  the  Abbott  Franz  of  Pernegg.  (From 
the  book  mentioned  above.)  Arms  of  the  Abbey  of  Pernegg  (dis- 
solved in  1783).  The  literal  translation  of  the  German  blazon  is  : 
"  On  a  light-blue  field,  a  palm-tree,  with  a  bear  drawing  itself  up 
it."  (This  would  seem  to  indicate  arms  of  the  landscape  type.) 
Arms  of  the  Abbot  Frans  von  SchiiUingen  (1677-1707)  ;  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  argent,  a  leopard  double-queued  proper,  collared  gules, 
ringed  or  ;  2  and  3,  sable,  a  grifSn  segreant  gules,  on  an  inescutcheon 
sable,  a  heart  gules,  inflamed  proper.  The  arms  of  the  Abbey,  which 
appear  for  the  first  time  on  a  seal  (Fig.  1131)  of  the  Abbot  Johann 
IV.,  1593,  show  originally  a  field  party  per  pale,  and  instead  of  the 
palm  a  leafy  tree.  Fig.  1132  gives  a  representation  of  the  family 
arms  of  SchoUingens.  The  family  were  originally  called  "  Schol- 
linger,"  but  received  in  1650,  with  a  Patent  of  Nobility  and  a 
confirmation  of  their  arms,  the  right  to  call  themselves  "Schdl- 
lingen."  Figs.  6  and  7  both  show  a  crosier  in  bend  behind  the 
arms,  and  it  should  be  noted  that  in  both  instances  the  crook  is 
turned  inwards,  thereby  typifying  the  confined  jurisdiction  of  the 
Abbot  in  distinction  to  the  more  open  jurisdiction  of  a  Bishop. 


482 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


PLATE   CL 

AN  EXAMPLE  OF  A  GENEALOGICAL  TREE 
The  Pedigree  of  Steohl 

This  family,  which  became  extinct  on  the  death  of  the  Bavarian 
Lieutenant-General  Alois,  Freiherr  von  Strohl,  in  the  year  1836, 
were  supposed  to  have  originally  owned  estates  in  Silesia  and  in 
Lausitz,  and  to  have  borne  the  name  of  Strela,  or  Strel. 

In  spite  of  considerable  research,  Herr  von  Strohl  has  not  been 
able  to  prove  any  connection  Ijetween  the  Strelas  and  Strels  occur- 
ring in  Silesia  and  Lausitz,  and  the  Bavarian  family  of  Strohl ; 
neither  do  the  arms  of  these  families  show  the  least  similarity. 

In  the  interdict  laid  upon  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg,  Ludwig 
the  Bavarian,  May  14,  1350,  a  Johann  von  Streel  is  mentioned 
amongst  the  adherents  of  the  Margrave.  The  migration  of  one  or 
several  of  the  Strels  to  Bavaria  may  perhaps  have  taken  place  at 
this  time,  if  in  reality  any  connection  between  the  two  families 
exists. 

At  the  foot  of  the  family  tree  appears,  as  the  first  authentically 
proved  bearer  of  the  noble  name  of  Strohl,  Jaroslaus,  married  to 
Katharina  von  Kunits,  daughter  of  Christoph  von  Kunitz  and 
Margaretha  von  Clam.  The  Kiinits,  originally  Kuttner,  from 
Breisgau,  bore  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  azure,  a  lion  rampant  double- 
queued  and  crowned  or ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  bend  sinister  sable,  on  an 
inescutcheon  party  per  fess  or  and  sable,  two  mullets  of  six  points 
couuterchanged.  (The  later  Freiherren  Kunitz  von  Weissenburg 
bear  a  more  elaborate  coat  of  arms.  The  son  of  Jaroslaus  was 
named  Chi-istoph,  and  was  baptized  August  20,  1 624,  at  St.  Jacob's 
(St.  James's),  Straubing.  The  grandparents  were  godparents  to  the 
child.)  He  was  married  July  9,  1649,  at  Amberg,  to  Barbara, 
daughter  of  Johann  Georg  von  Staudach  zu  Freudenthurii  and  of 
Maria  Franciska  Juliana  von  Lamptrizheim.  She  was  baptized  at 
Amberg  July  6,  1623. 

The  Staudach,  a  Styrian  family  (at  a  later  date  Barons),  bore  for 
arms  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  gules,  an  escallop  argent ;  2  and  3,  a  lion 
rampant  to  the  sinister  gules,  holding  a  trefoil  vert  in  its  sinister 
forepaw. 

From  this  marriage  resulted  a  son,  Johann  Michael,  who  was 
baptized  in  St.  John's  Church,  at  Auerbach,  July  20, 165 1.  He  bore 
the  nickname  of  "von  Rockenbruck"  (Eosenbruck  ?)  He  married 
November  13,  1674,  at  Auerbach,  Veronika  von  Gninau,  daughter  of 
Wenzel  von  Grunau  and  Katharina  JFagen  von  Wagensberg.  She 
was  baptized  April  4,  1648,  at  Waldmiinchen. 

The  Grunaus,  a  Silesian  family,  bore  :  Gules,  two  eagle's  claws 
couped  in  saltire,  the  talons  upwards. 

The  pair  had  as  far  as  can  be  proved  only  one  son,  Johann  Georg, 
who  was  baptized  at  Auerbach  September  34,  1690,  and  on  February 
10,  1723,  became  Kurfiirstlicher  Hofkammerrat  and  Mautkommissar 
2U  Miinchen  (Electoral  Councillor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  Com- 
missioner of  Customs  for  Munich).  He  married  October  11,  1716, 
in  the  Castle  Chapel  at  Stainach,  near  Straubing,  Maria  Barbara 
Hermanna  von  Edelburg  zu  Altenweyer,  daughter  of  Johann  Georg 
von  Edelburg  and  Maria  Eva  Susanna  Sabina,  Mendlin  von  Stein- 
fels.  She  was  baptized  March  21,  1696,  at  Neukirchen  hi.  Blut,  and 
died  at  Kotzting  May  4,  1730. 

The  arms  of  Edelburg  zu  Altenu-eyer  are  :  Azure,  an  arm  in  armour 
embowed  fesswise,  couped  at  the  shoulder,  brandishing  a  sword  all 
proper. 

There  were  four  children  by  this  marriage,  namely  : — 

1.  Maximilian  Georg  Thomas  Adam,  baptized  at  Munich  May 
10,  1723. 

2.  Franz  Anton,  born  April  7,  1725. 

3.  Maria  Josepha,  born  August  5,  1727,  and 

4.  Maria  Barbara,  born  December  g,  1728. 

Maximilian -was  married  on  November  ig,  1748,  in  the  Grafen- 
rieth  Castle  Chapel,  to  Agnes  Felicitas,  daughter  of  Franz  Zaver  von 
Werner  auf  Grafenrieth,  and  of  his  wife  Maria  Barbara  Rebecca  voit 
von  Voithenberg.  She  was  born  December  17, 1725,  at  Grafenrieth, 
in  the  Parish  (Pfarrei)  at  Waldmiinchen. 

The  Werner  von  Grafenrieth  bore :  Sable,  a  griffin  segreant, 
crowned  or,  holding  in  the  dexter  claw  a  baton,  in  the  sinister  a 
sword. 

Maximilian,  Kammerer  und  Kaiserlicher  Landvogt  der  Mark- 
grafschaft,  Burgau,  I74g;  Kurftirstlich  bayrischer  Regierungsrat, 
I756-I77g,  Eegierungskanzler  und  Lehenprobst  zu  Straubing, 
received  March  3,  ijbg,  jmtent  as  a  Baron,  from  the  Elector  Max 
Joseph  III.  He  had  previously  received  knightly  rank  for  himself 
and  his  relatives  from  the  Court  of  the  Count  Palatine,  Graf  Zeil, 
at  Zeil,  November  6,  1758,  and  on  November  24,  1758,  he  was 
officially  declared  to  have  established  his  nobility  by  patent 
produced. 

On  February  i,  1772,  he  received  the  title  of  Privy  Councillor, 
and  on  August  22, 1 775,  he  really  became  an  acting  Privy  Councillor. 
Agnes  Felicitas  was  made  Dame  of  the  Order  of  the  Star  and  Gross 
Order  in  1782.    There  were  nine  children  by  this  marriage  : — 


1.  Johann  Nepomuk  Franz  Xaver,  born  September  24,  1749,  at 
Straubing.  He  was  Canon  of  the  Cathedral  and  actual  Ecclesiastical 
Councillor,  later  Dean  of  the  Cathedral  and  Vicar  (or  Governor) 
of  Freising ;  as  also,  on  July  14,  1792,  actual  Imperial  Privy 
Councillor. 

2.  Maria  Johanna  Nepom.  Barbara  Ludw.  Elisabeth,  born 
November  19,  1750,  died  June  22,  1752,  at  Straubing  ;  buried  at  St. 
Peter's. 

3.  Maria  Maximiliana  Josepha  Felicitas  Johanna  Nepom.,  born 
December  27,  1751,  died  October  22,  1770;  buried  at  St.  James's, 
Straubing. 

4.  Maria  Barbara  Josepha  Felicitas  Johanna  Nepom.,  born  March 
3,  1754,  at  Straubing. 

5.  Franz  Xaver,  |  year  old,  died  March  25,  1756,  at  Straubing  ; 
buried  at  St.  Peter's. 

6.  Franz  Xaver  Joseph  Johann  Nepom.  Maximilian,  born  Sep- 
tember iS,  1756,  died  August  29,  1757,  at  Straubing. 

7.  Maria  Franziska  Xav.  Johanna  Nep.  Josepha  Felicitas  Max, 
born  June  18,  1758,  at  Straubing. 

8.  Aloys  Johann  Nep.  Franz  Xaver  Joseph  Max,  born  June  10, 
1760,  at  Straubing,  died  July  9,  1836,  at  Munich,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Southern  Old  Friedhof  (Cemetery).  From  September  i,  1777, 
to  May  5,  1790,  he  was  an  oHicer  in  the  service  of  France,  but  then 
transferred  his  services  to  the  Bavarian  Army,  in  which  he  soon 
held  an  important  position.  He  died  as  Lieutenant-General  und 
Kommandant  der  Hauft-  unci  Residenzsiadt  Miinclien  k.k.  Kammerer. 
He  had  received  the  Military  Badge  of  Honour,  and  was  Knight  of 
the  Military  Order  of  Max  and  Joseph,  of  the  French  Legion  of 
Honour,  of  the  Order  of  Merit  of  the  Bavarian  Crown,  and  of  the 
Cross  of  Honour  of  the  Order  of  St.  Louis. 

(See  E.  Wimmer's  SammelbUttter  zur  Geschichte  der  Stadt  Straubing, 
No.  124,  18S4.) 

9.  Joseph  Maximilian  Franz  Xaver  Johann  Nep.,  born  May  2, 
1763,  at  Straubing. 

The  arms  of  the  Strohls  are :  Quarterly,  azure,  a  bend  wavy 
between  two  mullets  of  six  points  argent ;  2  and  3,  or,  a  lion 
rampant  double-queued  gules.  The  dexter  helmet  bears  as  crest  a 
pair  of  wings  addorsed,  charged  with  the  arms  as  in  the  first 
quarter,  and  the  sinister  helmet  has  as  crest  a  demi-lion  as  in  the 
second  quarter.  The  mantlings  are,  dexter,  azure  and  argent ; 
sinister,  gules  and  or.  (On  a  seal  of  Maximilian's  appears  as 
supporters  two  lions  regardant  double -queued  and  crowned.) 
Below  in  the  background  is  a  view  of  the  Bavarian  town  of 
Straubing  on  the  Danube,  in  the  time  of  Jaroslaus  von  Strohl. 
(Bruin  und  Hogenberg's  StUdtebach,  about  1580.) 

The  surname  of  Strohl  did  not  die  out  in  Bavaria  when  the 
baronial  family  became  extinct,  for  there  still  exist  in  that  country 
a  few  burgher  families  of  the  name.  For  instance,  Herr  Strohl 
belongs  to  a  family  originally  domiciled  at  Erichstatt,  which,  how- 
ever, in  spite  of  the  birth  of  many  children  in  the  previous  genera- 
tion, will  die  out  with  himself. 


CHAPTER    LII 

"SEIZE-QTJAETIEES":  PLATE  CLI 

Proof  or  Ancestbt 

IF  any  heraldic  term  has  been  misunderstood  in  this 
country,  "  Seize-Quartiers  "  is  that  term.  One  hears 
"  Seize-Quartiers  "  claimed  right  and  left,  whereas  in 
British  armory  it  is  only  on  the  very  rarest  occasions  that 
proof  of  it  can  be  made.  In  England  there  is  not,  and 
never  has  been,  for  any  purpose  a  "  test  "  of  blood.  By 
the  statutes  of  various  Orders  of  Knighthood,  esquires  of 
knights  of  those  orders  are  required  to  show  that  their 
grandparents  were  of  gentle  birth  and  entitled  to  bear 
arms,  and  a  popular  belief  exists  that  Knights  of  Justice 
of  the  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in 
England  need  to  establish  some  test  of  birth.  The  word- 
ing of  the  statute,  however,  is  very  loose  and  vague,  and 
in  fact,  judging  from  the  names  and  arms  of  some 
of  the  knights,  must  be  pretty  generally  ignored.  But 
Peer,  K.G.,  or  C.B.,  alike  need  pass  no  test  of  birth. 
The  present  state  of  affairs  in  this  country  is  the  natural 
outcome  of  the  custom  of  society,  which  always  recognises 
the  wife  as  of  the  husband's  status,  whatever  may  have 
been  her  antecedents,  unless  the  discrepancy  is  too  glaring 
to  be  overlooked.  In  England  few  indeed  care  or 
question  whether  this  person  or  that  person  has  even  a 
coat  of  arms  ;  and  in  the  decision  of  Society  upon  a  given 


483 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


question  as  to  whether  this  person  or  the  other  has 
"  married  beneath  himself,"  the  judgment  results  solely 
from  the  circle  in  which  the  wife  and  her  people  move. 
By  many  this  curious  result  is  claimed  as  an  example  of, 
and  as  a  telling  instance  to  demonstrate,  the  broad-minded 
superiority  of  the  English  race,  as  evidenced  by  the 
equality  which  this  country  concedes  between  titled  and 
untitled  classes,  between  official  and  unofficial  personages, 
between  the  land-owning  and  the  mercantile  communities. 
But  such  a  conclusion  is  most  superficial.  We  draw  no 
distinction,  and  rightly  so,  between  titled  and  untitled 
amongst  the  few  remaining  families  who  have  held  and 
owned  their  lands  for  many  generations ;  but  outside  this 
class  the  confusion  is  great,  and  to  a  close  observer  it  is 
plainly  enough  apparent  that  great  distinctions  are  drawn. 
But  they  are  often  mistaken  ones.  That  the  rigid  and 
definite  dividing-line  between  patrician  and  plebeian, 
which  still  exists  so  much  more  markedly  upon  the  Con- 
tinent, can  only  be  traced  most  sketchily  in  this  country 
is  due  to  two  causes — (l)  the  fact  that  in  earlier  days, 
when  Society  was  slowly  evolving  itself,  many  younger 
sons  of  gentle  families  embarked  upon  commercial  careers, 
natural  family  afEection,  because  of  such  action,  prevent- 
ing a  rigid  exclusion  from  the  ranks  of  Society  of  every 
one  tainted  by  commerce;  (2)  the  absence  in  this  country 
of  any  equivalent  of  the  patent  distinguishing  marks 
"de,"  "van,"  or  "von,"  which  exist  amongst  our  neigh- 
bours in  Europe. 

The  result  has  been  that  in  England  there  is  no 
possible  way  (short  of  specific  genealogical  investigation) 
in  which  it  can  be  ascertained  whether  any  given  person 
is  of  gentle  birth,  and  the  corollary  of  this  last-mentioned 


fact  is  that  any  real  test  is  ignored.  There  are  few 
families  in  this  country,  outside  the  Eoman  Catholic 
aristocracy  (whose  marriages  are  not  quite  so  haphazard 
as  are  those  of  other  people),  who  can  show  that  all  their 
sixteen  great-great-grandparents  were  in  their  own  right 
entitled  to  bear  arms.  That  is  the  true  definition  of  the 
"  Proof  of  Seize-Quartiers." 

In  other  words,  to  prove  Seize-Quartiers  you  must  show 
this  right  to  have  existed  for 


Grand- 

Gt.-grand- 

Gt.-fft.-grand- 

parents. 

parents. 

parents. 

I. 

Youi- 

Father's 

Father's 

Father's 

Father. 

2. 

Yoar 

Father's 

Father's 

Father's 

Mother. 

^. 

Your 

Father's 

Father's 

Mother's 

Father. 

4- 

Yoar 

Father's 

Father's 

Mother's 

Mother. 

•^■ 

Your 

Father's 

Mother's 

Father's 

Father. 

6. 

Y^our 

Father's 

Mother's 

Father's 

Mother. 

7. 

Y'"our 

Father's 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Father. 

S. 

Your 

Father's 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Mother. 

0. 

Your 

Mother's 

Father's 

Father's 

Father. 

10. 

Y^our 

Mother's 

Father's 

Father's 

Mother. 

II. 

Your 

Mother's 

Father's 

Mother's 

Father. 

12. 

Your 

Mother's 

,  Father's 

Mother's 

Mother. 

n- 

Your 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Father's 

Father. 

M- 

Your 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Father's 

Mother. 

li;. 

Your 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Father. 

16. 

Your 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Mother's 

Mother. 

It  should  be  distinctly  understood  that  there  is  no  con- 
nection whatever  between  the  list  of  quarterings  which 
may  have  been  inherited,  which  it  is  permissible  to  dis- 
play, and  "  Seize-Quartiers,"  which  should  never  be 
marshalled  together  or  displayed  as  quarterings.  In 
order  to  give  a  better  idea  of  "  Seize-Quartiers,"  and  to 
show  tlie  comparison  between  a  genealogical  tree  of  a 
family  and  a  proof  of  "  Seize-Quartiers," .  Herr  Strohl 
selected  the  same  family  of  von  Strohl,  which  appeared  on 


<  s 

P  u 


g  PS 


mH 


JoH.  Michael 
VON  Strohl = 


Veronica 

VON 

Grunau. 


ra<) 


O 


JOHANN  GeORO  von  STROHL. 


3  H 

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a  o 

o  J 


n  <) 


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Heinrich 
VON  Edel- 

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Maria  Eva 

Susanna 

Sabina  von 

Mendel  zii 

Steinfels. 


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S^  i  " 
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JoHAKN  Thomas 

Heinrich  von 

Werner  zu 

Grafenreith  = 


3  , 

6»  S 

a  Q 

a  a 

o  z 

B  > 


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m  ffl 

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a    < 

^ 


Barbara  von 
Geilsdorff 

auf 
Guttenfiirst. 


Maria  Barbara  Hermanna 
von  Edelbdrg  zu  Altenweyer. 

Maximilian  Georg  Thomas  Adam  Freiherr  von  Strohl  = 


Franz  Xaver  von  Werner 
zu  Grafenreith  = 


JOHANN 

Christoph 

WiLHELM 
VoITH  VON 

Voithenbehg  = 


Agnes  Felicitas 

von  Everhahd 

auf 

Mittellnirg. 


Maria  Barb.\ra  Rebecca 
voith  von  voithenberg. 


Agnes  Felicitas  von  Werner  zu  Grafenreith. 


Aloys  Johann  Nepomuk  Freiherr  von  Strohl. 
484 


PLATE  CLII. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


the  previous  plate,  for  repetition  in  a  proof  of  "  Seize- 
Quartiers."  The  space  at  his  disposal  only  permitted 
an  emblazonment  indicative  of  "Seize-Qiiartiers,"  which, 
however,  is  amply  sufficient,  and  all  that  is  required 
by  the  statutes  of  the  Teutonic  Order  and  the  Order 
of  Malta.  Above,  however,  we  give  the  particulars, 
which  comprise  a  proof  of  "  Trente  Deux  Quartiers," 
which,  owing  to  the  appointment  in  1782  of  Agnes, 
Baroness  von  Strohl,  as  "  Stemkreuzordensdame  "  (Dame 
of  the  Order  of  the  Star  and  Cross),  are  preserved  and 
recorded  in  the  archives  of  that  order.  (Fasc.  41, 
No.  410.) 

Few  people  indeed  in  this  country  can  prove  the  more 
coveted  distinction  of  "  Trente  Deux  Quartiers,"  the  only 
case  that  has  ever  come  under  my  notice  being  that  of 
the  late  Albert  Joseph,  Baron  Mowbray,  Segrave,  and 
Stourton,  for  whom  an  emblazonment  of  his  thirty-two 
quarters  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Stephen 
Tucker,  Esq.,  Somerset  Herald. 

After  many  trials  (in  order  to  add  an  existing  English 
example),  which  have  only  too  surely  confirmed  one's 
opinion  as  to  the  rarity  of  "  Seize-Quartiers"  in  this 
country,  it  has  been  found  possible  in  the  case  of  the 
Duke  of  Leinster,  and  details  of  the  "  proof  "  follow : — 


1.  Dxike's  Coronet  (Ribbon  of  St.  Patrick):  Argent,  a  saltire 
gules  (Fitz  GeralJ). 

2.  Lozenge :  Argent,  a  chief  azure,  over  all  a  lion  rampant  gules, 
ducally  crowned  or  (St.  George). 

3.  Earl's  Coronet  (Ribbon  of  Hanoverian  Guelpliic  Order) :  Quar- 
tei-ly  ermine  and  gules,  in  the  centre  a  crescent  on  a  crescent  for 
cadency  (Stanhope). 

4.  Lozenge :  Argent,  a  chevron  gules,  a  double  tressure  flory  and 
counter-flory  of  tlie  last  (Fleming). 

5.  Duke^s  Coronet  (Garter)  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  barry  of  eight  or 
and  gules,  over  all  a  cross  iiory  sable  ;  2  and  3,  azure,  three  laurel 
leaves  or  (Leveson-Gower). 

6.  Lozenge  (surmounted  by  Earl's  coronet) :  Gules,  three  mullets 
or,  on  a  bordure  of  the  second  a  tressure  flory-counteiMory  of  the  first 
(Sutherland). 

7.  Earl's  Coronet  (Garter) :  Quarterly  of  six,  i.  gules,  on  a  bend 
between  six  cross  crosslets  fitchee  argent,  an  inescutcheon  or,  charged 
with  a  demi-lion  rampant,  pierced  through  the  mouth  ivith  an 
arrow,  within  a  double  tressure  tlory  cotmterfiory  of  the  first ; 
2.  gules,  three  lions  passant  guardunt  in  pale  or,  in  chief  a  label  of 
three  points  argent  ;  3.  chequy  or  and  azure  ;  4.  Gules,  a  lion  ram- 
pant argent  ;  5.  gules,  three  escallops  argent ;  6.  harry  of  six  argent 
and  azure,  three  chaplets  gules,  in  the  centre  of  the  quarters  a 
mullet  for  difference  (Howard). 

8.  Lozenge :  Sable,  three  bucks'  heads  caboshed  argent  (Cavendish). 

9.  Baron's  Coronet :  Per  chevron  engraUed  gules  and  argent,  three 
talbots'  heads  erased  counterchanged  (Duncombe). 

10.  Lozenge :  Azure,  a  buck's  head  caboshed  argent  (Legge). 

11.  EarVs  Coronet  (Ribbon  of  Thistle)  :  Or,  a  less  chequy  argent 


(1) 


o   > 


(2)  (3) 


►a    C^  O 

ca  "  t, 

N    li    O 
S   ""  " 

3.  g-S 


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Gerald),  4th  Duke  of  Lein- 
ster, born  30th  March  18 19, 
married  30th  October  1847, 
died  loth  February  1887  = 


Lady  Carolixe  Sutherlasd- 
Leveson-Gower.  born  isth 
April  1837,  died   13th   May 


Gerald  (Fitz  Gerald),  5th  Duke  of  Leinster,  born  i6th  August 
1851,  married  17th  January  1884,  died  1st  December  1893  = 


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William  Ernest  (Ddncombe), 
1st  Earl  of  Feversham  (created 
1 858),  born  28th  .January 
1829,  married  7  th  August 
1851  = 


Mabel  Violet  Graham. 


Lady  Hermione  Wilhelmina  Duncombe,  born  30th  March 
1864,  died  19th  March  1895. 


The  Most  Noble  Maurice  (Fitz  Gerald),  Duke  of  Leinster,  Marquess  and  Earl  of  Kildare,  co.  Kildare,  Earl  and  Baron  of  Offaly, 
all  in  the  Peerage  of  Ireland  ;  Viscount  Leinster  of  Taplow,  co.  Bucks,  in  the  Peer.ige  of  Great  Britain  ;  and  Baron  Kildare  of 
Kildare  in  the  Peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  Premier  Duke,  Marquess,  and  Earl  of  Ireland  ;  bom  ist  March  1887. 


The  following  are  the  heraldic  particulars  of  the 
shields  which  would  occur  were  this  proof  of  "  Seize- 
Quartiers  "  similarly  emblazoned.  The  arms  are  num- 
bered across  from  left  to  right  in  rows  of  16,  8,  4,  2, 
and  I. 


and  azure,  surmounted  of  a  bend  engrailed  gules,  within  a  tressure 
flory  counterflory  of  the  last  (Stewart). 

1 2.  Lozenge :  Sable,  on  a  cross  engrailed  between  four  eagles  dis- 
played argent,  five  lions  passant  guardant  of  the  field  (Paget). 

1 3.  Baronet's  Badge  :  Or,  on  a  chief  .sable,  three  escallops  of  the  field 
(Graham). 


485 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


14.  Lozenge:  Arms  as  on  No.  11  (Stewart). 

15.  Shield:  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  sable,  a  bend  cbequy  or  and  gules 
between  six  billets  of  the  second  ;  2.  azure,  a  stag's  head  caboshed 
or  ;  3.  gules,  three  legs  armed  proper,  conjoined  in  the  fess  point 
and  flexed  in  triangle,  garnished  and  spurred  or  (Callander). 

16.  Lozenge:  Quarterly,  i.  or,  a  lion  rampant  gules;  2.  or,  a 
dexter  arm  issuant  from  the  sinister  fess  point  out  of  a  cloud  proper, 
the  hand  holding  a  cross  crosslet  fitchee  erect  azure ;  3.  argent,  a 
ship  with  sails  furled  sable  ;  4.  per  fess  azure  and  vert,  a  dolphin 
naiant  in  fess  proper  (Macdonell). 

17.  As  I,  but  no  ribbon  of  K.P. 

1 8.  Lozenge:  Arms  as  3. 

19.  Duke's  Coronet  (Garter)  :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  as  in  5  ;  2.  as  in  5  ; 
3.  as  in  No.  6. 

20.  Lozenge  :  As  No.  7. 

21.  Baron'' s  Coronet:  As  No.  9. 

22.  Lozenge:  As  No.  14. 

23.  As  No.  13,  but  with  ribbon  of  a  G.C.B. 


ffl^^HH^^ 


Fig.  1 133. — Gravestone  of  Aloys  Freiherr  von  Strohl. 

24.  Loz^ige:  As  No.  15. 

25.  As  17. 
Lozenge:  As  No.  19. 
As  21,  but  Earl's  coronet. 
Lozenge:  As  No.  13,  but  no  Baronet's  badge. 
As  17. 

30.  Lozenge :  As  No.  9. 

^i.Arms:  Argent, a  saltire  gules.  Crest:  a  monkey  statant 
proper,  environed  about  the  middle  vrith  a  plain  collar,  and  chained 
or.  Supporters  :  two  monkeys  (as  the  crest).  Mantling  gules  and 
argent.     Coronet  of  a  duke.     Motto :  "  Crom  a  boo." 


26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


In  many  "  Proofs  of  Ancestry,"  of  old  and  ^recent  date,  there  will 
be  found,  as  connecting  links  between  the  separate  shields,  branches 
ornamented  with  leaves,  symbolising  the  genealogical  tree. 

These  would  seem  more  rightly  to  belong  to  a  genealogical  tree, 
and  not  to  a  "  Proof  of  Ancestry,"  because  the  growtli  of  the  former  is 
in  directly  the  opposite  direction  to  that  of  a  "  Proof  of  Ancestry" 
in  which  the  youngest  member  of  the  family  stands  at  the  foot  of  the 
entire  "  Proof." 

The  arms  of  the  four  grandparents  are  very  frequently  to  be  met 
with  on  the  gravestones  of  nobles  subsidiary  to  the  arms  of  the  de- 
ceased ;  on  the  top  dexter  side  tlie  arms  of  the  father,  that  is,  the 
same  as  those  of  the  person  to  whom  the  gravestone  is  a  memorial; 
on  the  bottom  dexier  the  arms  of  the  grandmother  on  the  father's 
side  ;  on  the  top  sinister  side  the  arms  of  the  mother,  and  under- 
neath those  of  the  grandmother  on  the  mother's  side.     In  order  to 


Fig.  1134. — Arms  of  Johanrs  von  Heringen  (1487). 

avoid  a  repetition  of  the  central  coat  of  arms,  occasionally,  instead 
of  the  fathei-'s  arms,  the  arms  of  the  great-grandmother  on  the 
father's  side  are  inserted. 

According  to  this  scheme,  a  gravestone  of  Aloys,  Freiherr  von 
Strohl  (compare  "  Proof "  on  the  plate)  would  be  grouped  as 
follows  :  in  the  centre,  Strohl;  at  the  top  right-hand  Gntnaw ;  on 
the  left  Werner;  on  the  bottom  right-hand  Edelbiirg;  and  on  the 
left  Voith,  the  charges  of  the  arms  on  the  dexter  side  being  always 
in  Germany  turned  towards  those  in  the  centre  (Fig.  1133). 

Not  only  on  gravestones,  but  also  in  other  representations  of  arms, 
the  adorning  of  the  outer  framework  with  ancestral  arms  is  very 
popular.  As  an  example  of  this  method  of  decoration,  reference 
should  be  made  to  Fig.  1134.  H.  S.  and  A.  C.  F-D. 


CHAPTER   LIII 


HERALDIC     ILLUMINATION 

By   JOHN   VINYCOMB,    M.R.I.A. 


THE  art  of  illuminating,  when  allied  with  heraldry, 
forms  at  once  the  most  brilliant  and  effective  of 
all  the  decorative  arts,  and  its  practice  the  most 
fascinating  and  delightful.  The  wide  range  of  styles  or 
periods  of  art,  as  well  as  of  subjects,  gives  the  fullest  scope 


and  play  of  fancy  in  the  treatment  of  the  work  both  as  to 
design  and  colouring. 

It  must  however  be  kept  in  mind,  while  it  is  admitted 
that  heraldry  may  be  truly  and  fitly  introduced  with  all 
its  brilliant  tinctures  in  conjunction  with  illuminating. 


486 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


regard  must  be  paid  to  the  congruity  of  style  or  period  of 
both,  so  that  no  apparent  anachronism  may  be  made  in  the 
work.  In  this  the  knowledge  and  good  taste  of  the  artist 
will  frequently  be  put  to  a  severe  test,  so  to  reconcile  the 
heraldic  treatment  of  the  shield  and  its  accessories  with 
the  style  of  decoration  and  printing  used  in  illuminated 
MSS.  of  a  given  period  in  the  past,  or  with  the  semi- 
natural  ornament  of  the  present  day. 

The  artistic  treatment  of  heraldic  subjects  has  for  many 
years  past  been  a  somewhat  neglected  subject,  a  crude 
formality  being  the  prevailing  idea  of  its  capabilities.  A 
revival  in  this  respect  has  taken  place,  and  in  the  works 
of  many  of  our  leading  designers  heraldry  is  assuming  its 
rightful  place  in  the  decorative  arts  of  the  present  day. 

First  Principle  of  Heraldic  Art 
The  leading  principles  adopted  by  the  old  heralds  of 
the  fourteenth  century  may  be  briefly  noted.  That  the 
devices  and  charges  upon  the  shields  and  banners  of  the 
warriors  might  be  recognisable  at  a  distance,  they  must 
be  clearly  defined,  which  would  not  be  the  case  if  painted 
naturally  as  a  picture.  To  attain  this  end  the  first  prin- 
ciple was  the  contrasting  of  tinctures,  light  upon  dark 
and  dark  upon  light ;  the  metals  (or  and  argenf)  par- 
taking of  light,  and  the  furs,  as  opposed  to  the  heraldic 
colours  proper,  pertaining  to  darkness — that  is,  metal  may 
not  be  upon  metal,  nor  colour  upon  colour,  but  only  colour 
upon  metal,  and  vice  versd,  and  the  furs  by  contrast  with 
either  or  both  colours  and  metals. 

Second  Principle 

A  severe  conventionalism  and  somewhat  exaggerated 
forms  of  animals  and  things  served  best  the  purpose 
intended ;  each  object  being  of  its  special  tincture  was 
outlined  for  greater  clearness  and  precision,  shading  being 
but  slightly  made  use  of. 

Another  rule  has  grown  into  use  from  early  times  in 
heraldic  emblazonment.  The  shield,  helmet,  mantling, 
crest,  supporters,  and  all  adjuncts  of  an  achievement  of 
arms  must  be  painted  with  the  light  coming  from  the 
dexter  side,  with  the  shadows  on  the  sinister. 

Good  Drawing  Essential 

Good  heraldry  does  not,  as  some  people  imagine, 
imply  bad  drawing,  quite  the  contrary ;  a  certain  amount 
of  conventionalism  is  necessary,  and  the  better  and  more 
characteristic  the  drawing,  the  more  efiective  will  be  the 
result. 

Proper  or  Natural  Colour 

The  above  remarks  apply  especially  to  those  parts  of  an 
achievement  tinctured  of  the  heraldic  colours.  Those 
animate  and  inanimate  charges  which  appear  in  heraldry 
termed  proper- — that  is,  in  their  proper  or  natural  colour — 
the  artist  will  naturally  so  conventionalise  their  forms  as 
to  adapt  them  to  heraldic  conditions,  tincturing  them  in 
their  own  true  and  proper  colours  in  such  a  way  as  they 
may  show  clearly  and  distinctly,  and  in  harmony  with  the 
rest  of  the  work. 

It  may  here  be  stated  that  while  the  various  forms  of 
shields  and  helmets,  the  quaint  and  often  fantastic  forms 
of  the  mantling,  and  other  accessories  afford  the  artist 
exercise  for  his  originality  and  taste,  it  is  advisable  in 
most  cases  to  maintain  a  modest  reticence  rather  than 
display  an  exuberant  fancy.  A  simple  dignity  of  treat- 
ment, combined  with  true  heraldic  feeling,  will  be  found 
generally  preferable. 

PKACTICAL  NOTES   ON  EMBLAZONING   AND 
ILLUMINATING 

It  is  presumed  the  student  understands  the  rules  and 
principles  of  heraldry,  and  has  acquired  the  habit  of  care- 


ful and  accurate  drawing,  as  well  as  some  practice  in  the 
use  of  the  brush,  &c.  Heraldry  and  illuminating  are  so 
intimately  related  in  practice,  the  same  materials  and 
methods  of  work  are  applicable  to  both  branches  of  art. 
The  following  practical  notes,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  of 
assistance  in  putting  the  student  in  a  fair  way  of 
working. 

APPLIANCES  AND  MATERIALS 

At  first  the  student  need  only  provide  those  most 
needful  at  the  start,  and  which  can  be  added  to  as 
required,  from  the  artist-colonrman,  or  a  complete  outfit 
for  heraldic  illuminating  may  at  once  be  procured.  The 
following  list  includes  only  the  most  necessary.  A  few 
hints  on  the  colours  to  be  used  and  their  qualities  will  be 
of  service. 

Materials 

Vellum,  Paper,  &c. — Vellum,  Bristol  board,  card-board, 
or  paper,  as  may  be  preferred.  Bristol  board  is  perhaps 
the  most  suitable  and  pleasant  to  work  upon  by  the 
beginner.  Vellum  is  only  required  for  important  works 
of  permanent  value,  and  would  be  needless  expense  to 
practise  upon. 

Implements  reqxiired. — Pencils,  compasses  with  pen  and 
pencil  legs,  draw-pen,  tracing  point,  agate  burnisher,  small 
parallel  rulers,  several  small  sable  brushes,  tracing  paper, 
and  a  limited  stock  of  moist  water-colours  in  tubes,  are 
about  all  that  are  required  by  the  beginner. 

The  Tinctures  :  Colours  to  be  Used 

Gules  =  i?«ci. — The  best  colour  to  use  is  vermilion. 
It  is  a  bright  red  opaque  body,  and  for  the  local  colour 
may  be  used  pure  and  without  any  admixture.  It  may 
be  shaded  with  carmine  or  crimson  lake,  and  also  for  the 
markings.  For  the  high  lights  mix  a  little  Chinese 
white  with  the  vermilion ;  the  reflect  lights  may  be 
pure  orange  or  strong  yellow. 

Az\xv%  =  Blue. — Use  French  Uue.  This  brilliant  colour 
is  only  semi-opaque,  and  too  deep  in  tone  to  be  used  pure. 
A  little  Chinese  white  is  therefore  to  be  mixed  with  it, 
so  as  to  reduce  it  to  the  proper  strength.  For  the  high 
lights  a  little  more  of  the  Chinese  white  is  to  be  added 
to  the  local  colour,  while  for  the  shadows  and  markings 
more  of  the  pure  colour  is  to  be  added. 

Yert  =  Green. — Soaker's  green,  modified  with  Chinese 
white,  answers  very  well.  Green  oxide  of  chromium,  a 
low-toned  velvety  green  of  opaque  body,  may  sometimes 
be  advantageously  used  instead  of  the  brighter  greens. 
Brighten  and  shade  as  above  by  lighter  and  darker  hues. 
Emerald  green,  extremely  vivid  in  colour,  though  very 
useful  for  small  charges,  is  not  suitable  for  larger  surfaces 
of  the  shield  and  ordinaries,  being  overpoweringly  bright 
and  staring. 

Qa}o\e  =  Black. — Lamp  black  is  the  most  useful  colour 
for  this,  being  very  opaque.  It  is  best  to  mix  a  little 
Chinese  white  to  reduce  the  intense  blackness,  using  the 
pure  colour  for  the  shadows  and  markings.  It  is  well  to 
add  to  the  black  a  very  little  yellow  with  the  Chinese 
white  for  the  high  lights,  to  obviate  the  chalky  effect  it 
is  otherwise  apt  to  have.  Reflected  lights  to  be  yellow 
or  orange.  Lamp  black  is  used  in  outlining  (for  which  see 
later). 

Purpure  =  Purple. — A  tincture  seldom  used  in  heraldry, 
for  which  purple  Iccke  answers  very  well  when  modified 
with  Chinese  white,  and  perhaps  a  little  French  blue  if 
found  too  red ;  shaded  and  brightened  as  the  preceding. 

Tenne,  Tavmy,  or  Briisk. — A  tincture  early  used  in 
British  heraldry.  For  this  orangy  hue,  orange  chrome  may 
be  used. 

Sanguine  or  Murray  is  a  dark  brown.  This  and  tenne 
are  more  frequently  used  for  liveries. 


487 


THE   ART    OF    HERALDRY 


Eo:tra  Colours.  —  A  few  supplementary  colours  for 
general  use,  at  the  discretion  of  the  artist,  will  be  neces- 
sary, as  chrome  yellow,  cadmium,  yelloiu  ochre,  lumt  timbre, 
sepia,  Prussian  blue,  indigo,  olive  green,  &c.,  in  addition  to 
those  mentioned  under  tinctures. 

No  Begidation  Standard  of  Strength  of  Tinctures. — It 
may  be  remarked  that  there  is  no  regulation  standard  as 
to  strength  of  colour  for  heraldic  tinctures.  Each  artist 
may  have  his  own  ideas  in  that  respect,  but  the  following 
rules  are  generally  understood  and  acted  upon  :  First,  that 
the  tinctures  should  as  nearly  as  possible  be  all  of 
relatively  equal  depth  or  intensity  of  hue,  so  that  one 
should  not  appear  to  be  more  forcible  than  another; 
second,  that  high  pictorial  relief  should  never  be  at- 
tempted. In  banners  especially  everything  should 
appear  even  with  the  surface,  and  not  as  if  projecting 
from  it.  Upon  shields,  however,  the  appearance  of 
a  low  relief  is  permissible,  and  the  colours  painted 
firmly,  producing  a  solid,  even  tint,  without  streaks  or 
mottling. 

Eovj  to  Lay  On  the  Tinctures. — This  is  generally  a  great 
difiiculty  with  beginners,  from  their  previous  practice  in 
water-colours,  where  the  tints  are  put  on  in  washes. 
Some  little  practice  will  therefore  be  necessary  to  sur- 
mount this  technical  difficulty ;  the  chief  thing  to  keep 
in  mind  in  painting  with  body  colour,  as  all  the  tinctures 
are,  is  not  to  lay  on  the  colour  either  too  thick  or  too 
thin,  but  in  a  happy  medium  of  consistency  which  will 
be  understood  by  a  little  practice,  painting  evenly  over 
the  surface  with  a  not  too  full  brush,  avoiding  getting  it 
thicker  at  one  place  than  another,  beginning  at  one  part, 
and  continuing  gradually  over  the  entire  surface.  A 
second  coat  will  sometimes  be  found  necessary  to  obtain 
an  even  tone  of  colour. 

Mode  of  Woeking 

The  Drawing  Beady  for  Tracing. — As  so  much  depends 
upon  the  correct  drawing  and  disposition  of  the  parts 

for  the  effective  display  of 
a  heraldic  design,  it  is  ad- 
visable always  to  make  a 
first  sketch  in  outline  upon 
thin  writing-paper,  which 
may  be  traced  down  to  the 
material  to  be  worked 
upon.  In  copying  an  ex- 
isting drawing  it  is  then 
necessary  to  make  a  tracing 
of  it  in  outline  in  pencil. 

To  Reduce  or  Enlarge  a 
Design. — Should  a  draw- 
ing or  design  require  to  be 
reduced  from  a  larger  to 
a  smaller  size,  or  vice  versd, 
the  method  of  reducing  or 
enlarging  by  squares  will 
be  found  most  helpful, 
that  is,  dividing  the  space 
occupied  by  the  design  in 
either  case  into  the  same 
number  of  squares  by 
light  pencil  lines,  then 
with  the  pencil  follow  the 
outline  through  the  cor- 
responding spaces  in  the 
altered  size. 

Tracing  Doxon:  Transfer  Paper. — It  is  the  most  con- 
venient way  of  tracing  down  the  design  to  use  what  may 
be  called  the  transfer  paper,  which  is  prepared  as  follows  : 
Upon  one  side  of  a  piece  of  tissue  paper  (6  or  8  inches 


Fig. 


ii34«. — Method  of  reducing  or 
enlarging  by  squares. 


square  is  sufficient  for  most  purposes)  rub  very  sparingly 
with  black-lead,  using  a  small  pad  of  cotton-wool  to  get 
an  evenly  dark  surface,  dusting  oflE  the  superfluous  black 
lead  before  using.  This  paper,  if  preserved,  will  always 
be  handy  to  use  when  required  for  similar  purposes. 

Tracing  Down. — Place  the  sketch  or  tracing  in  its  proper 
position  on  the  paper,  and  holding  it  in  its  place  with  one 
hand  or  with  drawing-pins  or  small  weights,  slip  the 
transfer  paper  under  it  with  the  blackened  side  down,  then 
with  a  tracing-point  or  a  sharp,  hard  pencil  carefully  go 
over  the  outlines  of  the  sketch,  looking  occasionally  to 
see  that  the  traced  lines  are  not  too  heavy  or  too  faint, 
and  to  make  sure  that  no  part  has  been  omitted.  We 
have  now  a  clear  and  precise  outline  ready  for  painting. 
The  outline  having  been  traced  down,  perfect  any  parts 
with  the  pencil  that  may  be  defective.  If  the  sides  of 
the  shield  are  proper  curves,  and  can  be  made  with  the 
compasses,  see  that  the  centre  points  are  accurately 
marked  and  the  cnrve.s  drawn  with  the  pencil  com- 
passes, and  the  straight  lines  or  divisions  of  the  shield 
drawn  with  the  parallel  rulers,  making  sure  always  that 
your  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  are  true  before  using 
the  colours.  When  or  and  argent  in  metals  are  used 
they  should  be  painted  first. 

Brushes:  Oidlining  Brush. — It  is  necessary  to  have 
several  in  use  for  fiat  tints,  but  for  outlining  it  is  neces- 
sary to  prepare  a  special  small  sable  brush  by  cutting  a 
lot  of  the  outside  hairs  away  ;  run  a  sharp  penknife  round 
the  roots  of  the  hair  close  to  the  quill  so  that  only  about 
one-third  of  the  hair  remains,  then  with  small  scissors 
snip  off  the  extreme  fine  point,  so  that  you  will  have  an 
extremely  pliant  implement  capable  of  making  continuous 
lines  of  an  equal  thickness  for  the  outlining.  The  pen 
compasses  and  the  draw-pen  are  useful  mechanical  aids 
in  outlining  all  regular  curves  and  for  straight  lines. 

Lamp  Blach  with  Ch(m  for  Outlining. — A  little  gum 
added  to  the  lamp  black  is  useful  in  outlining,  as  it  keeps 
the  colour  from  running,  and  produces  a  glossy  and  more 
decisive  outline  than  the  dull  black  used  alone.  The  fine 
outlining  brush  is  the  best  and  most  useful  implement  for 
outlining  all  parts  after  the  tinctures  are  painted  in,  and 
with  a  little  practice  will  be  found  most  reliable  for  pro- 
ducing a  free  and  even  line.  The  writing-pen  is  not 
suitable  for  this  purpose,  as  the  ink  from  the  pen  is  apt 
to  spread  upon  the  absorbent  colour. 

Lndelible  Inhfor  Outlining. — Some  artists  prefer  to  out- 
line all  parts  with  the  pen  before  beginning  the  painting. 
When  this  is  done  it  is  well  to  use  indelible  inJc  (to 
be  had  from  the  artist's  colourman)  so  that  the  colour 
may  not  wash  up  in  painting.  If  a  clear  pencil  outline 
is  at  first  made  the  pen  outline  may  be  dispensed  with. 

Text-ioriting :  Lnks,  Pens. — In  doing  text  characters  for 
inscriptions,  &c.,  when  of  large  size,  the  draw-pen  may 
be  used  for  the  vertical  strokes ;  for  smaller  characters 
it  is  best  to  use  a  writing-pen  with  the  point  cut  ofiF, 
according  to  the  width  of  stroke  desired,  the  fine  lines 
of  the  letters  to  be  added  after  with  an  ordinary  pen. 
Engrossing  characters  are  best  executed  with  a  flexible 
crow-quill  barrel  steel  pen.  The  indelible  ink  may  be 
used  for  writing,  Arnold's  Japan  writing  ink,  or  similar 
black  permanent  ink.  When  coloured  lettering  is  done, 
the  paint,  of  proper  consistency,  is  to  be  put  into  the  pen 
with  the  brush. 

Flat  Painting  necessary :  Order  of  Painting  the 
Tinctures  and  Shading. — It  is  important  that  each  of 
the  tinctures,  particularly  when  the  spaces  are  large, 
should  be  very  flatly  painted,  of  a  fair  regulation 
strength ;  then  paint  in  the  shadows,  after  which  the 
drawing  should  be  outlined  and  the  lights  added.  For 
simple  work  not  more  than  three  shades  of  any  one 
colour  need  be  used  (unless  a  high  degree  of  finish  is 
required).     First,  the  local  colour ;  second,  shadings  and 


488 


PLATE   CLIII. 


EXAMPLES    OF    BOOKPLATES. 
Bv  Mr  G.  W.  Eve,  R.E.,  Mr  C.  W.  Sherbokn,  R.E.,  and  Miss  Helard. 


THE    ART    OF    HERALDRY 


markings ;  and  third,  the  high  lights  and  reflected  lights, 
and  finally,  after  the  outline  a  general  finish  up. 

Finuhing  :  Light  and  Shade,  &c. :  A  Simple  Example. — 
In  finishing  up  the  shield  shapes  and  honourable 
ordinaries,  as  well  as  the  common  charges  borne  thereon, 
a  certain  appearance  of  relief  must  to  some  extent  be 
given  of  one  thing  being  placed  upon  another,  as  azure,  a 
hend  or.  After  the  tinctures  are  put  in  the  be7id  must  be 
outlined  with  a  dark  line,  thicker  on  the  sinister  side.  A 
line  of  white  or  pale  gold  colour  within  the  outline  on  the 
lighted  side  should  be  drawn  with  the  draw-pen  and 
parallel  ruler,  and  a  similar  line  of  orange  on  the  shadow 
side,  the  shield  itself  being  finished  in  same  way,  while 
upon  the  tincture  of  the  field  itself  should  be  drawn  a 
deeper  shadow  line  of  its  own  blue  colour.  This  principle 
should  be  carried  out  in  all  parts,  no  matter  how  com- 
plicated, so  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  slight  relief  from 
the  groundwork. 

Or  and,  Argent:  Fainting. — ^When  the  metals  or  and 
argent  are  used  instead  of  yellow  and  white,  which 
represent  the  two  metals,  it  is  always  best  to  paint  these 
in  first  of  all,  so  as  to  be  able  to  burnish  them  without 
injuring  the  adjoining  colours. 

Shell  Gold:  Aluminium. — Shell  gold  and  aluminium 
(for  argent)  are  the  most  convenient  forms  in  which  the 
metals  can  be  employed  for  small  works,  while  for  larger 
works  gold-leaf  must  be  employed.  Shell  silver  should 
not  be  used,  as  it  soon  tarnishes.  Aluminium  has  quite 
the  same  appearance,  and  does  not  tarnish.  The  gold 
and  aluminium  as  supplied  in  mussel-shells  is  very  easy 
of  application.  With  a  clean  sable  brush  dipped  in  water 
mix  up  the  gold  in  the  shell  to  a  proper  consistency  for 
painting,  and  apply  very  evenly,  taking  care  that  no 
lumps  are  formed,  as  these  would  blister  off  when  the 
burnisher  is  applied.  If  not  sufiiciently  well  covered  go 
over  it  again  to  equalise.  When  this  is  quite  dry,  it  is 
next  to  be  burnished  to  have  either  a  dull  or  a  bright 
surface. 


A  Didl  or  Mat  Surface. — A  dull  or  "  mat "  surface,  as 
it  is  termed,  is  first  produced  by  laying  a  piece  of  smooth 
writing-paper  over  the  gold,  and  with  the  agate  rub  the 
paper  briskly  until  the  desired  effect  is  produced. 

A  Bright  Metallic  Surface. — Should  a  bright  burnished 
gold  surface  be  desired,  gently  rub  the  finger  lightly  over 
the  dull  gold  surface  and  burnish  again  without  using 
the  paper  between  the  gold  and  the  agate  burnisher. 
(The  slight  moisture  of  the  finger  makes  the  burnisher 
glide  freely  over  the  gold  without  scraping  or  scratch- 
ing-) 

Gold  Colour  =0?\ — When  gold  itself  is  not  used, 
yellow,  its  colour  symbol,  is  employed  instead.  Cad- 
iniiim,  a  deep  -  toned  yellow,  slightly  reduced  with 
Chinese  white,  or  chrome  yellow,  modified  with  a  little 
yellow  ochre  or  similar  low-toned  colour,  answers  very 
well  for  this,  with  shades  of  pure  yellow  ochre,  deepened 
where  needful  with  burnt  umber. 

'White  =  Argent. — For  this  the  white  ground  is  left 
plain,  the  field  or  charges  to  be  shaded  with  warm  grey, 
and  having  yellow  reflected  lights. 


In  Conclusion 

With  the  foregoing  hints  the  student  will  be  in 
possession  of  the  chief  points  to  be  observed  and  acted 
upoD,  and  should  he  pursue  the  study  with  patience  and 
the  exercise  of  a  true  heraldic  spirit,  besides  the  con- 
sequent pleasure  which  the  exercise  affords,  each 
successive  work  thus  executed  wUl  be  an  upward  step 
towards  a  higher  degree  of  excellence. 

As  an  employment  to  the  artist  or  as  a  recreation  and 
accomplishment  for  persons  of  taste  and  leisure,  heraldic 
illumination  possesses  attractions  beyond  most  other 
studies.  The  result  is  tangible  and  enduring,  and  when 
well  executed  will  always  be  highly  prized. 

J.  V. 


Fig.  1 135. 


489 


3  Q 


SYNOPTICAL    INDEX 


Aeatemests,  46 
Abbess,  Arms  of  an,  440 
Abbev,  210 
Abbeys,  Akms  of,  437 
Abbot,  Aems  of,  437,  440 
Absence  of  Crests  in  Battle, 
257 

ACOEN,  204 

Adjutant  Birds,  323 

Admiralty  Union  Jack,  401 

Alabaster  Effigies,  28 

Albert  Medal,  385,  392 

Aleeion,  172 

Alliance  Achievements,  4S1 

- —  Arms  of,  379 

Alpaca,  156 

Alphabet,  208 

Aluminium,  45 

Amaranth,  47 

Anachronisms  in  Helmets,  253 

Anchor,  20S 

Angels,  112,  325 

Annulet,  107,  208,  345 

Ant,  1S9 

Antelope,  149 

Antique  Crowns  and  Coro- 
nets, 231,  286 

Anvil,  20S 

Ape,  154 

Apple,  203 

Arch,  20S 

Abbots,  440 

Teeasueee  of  Holy  Koman 

Empire,  391 

Archbishop,  391,  437,  439 

Arched,  57 

Argent,  45 

Ark,  227 

Armorial   MSS.   in  Scotland, 

456 

Paintings  :  Sixteenth- 
Century, 431  ;  Seventeenth- 
Century,  433 

Paintings,  English,  416 

Windows,  480 

Aemoey,  Artistic  Develop- 
ment OF,  403 

Control  by  Sovereign,  10 

Definition  of,  i  ;  Origin 

of,  I 

Description  of,  34 

Eastern,  i 

Ecclesiastical,  437 

Evolution  of,  7 

Greek  and  Latin,  3 

Influence  of  Feudal  Sys- 
tem ON,  9 

Japanese,  5 

Jewish,  i,  3 

Purpose  of,  12 

Science  op,  35 

Symbolism  of,  3 

Armoured  Figures,  114,  314 

Arms,  Connection  of,  with 
the  Nobility,  10 

Changes  in,  353 

OF  Dominion  and  Sove- 
reignty', 442 

Early     English     Rolls, 

405 

Examples  of  Origin,  106 

Granting  of,  394 

and  Hands,  118 

OF  Husband  and  Wife,  364 

sec  Herald  of  Arms,  King 

of  Arms,  Pursuivant  of 
Arms  ;  see  also  Heraldry, 
Heraldic,  and  Armorial 

■ Kings,  Heralds,  Pur- 
suivants, AND  Officers  of, 
12 

Marshalling  op,  361-380 

Official  Coats  of  Kings 

OP  Arms,  20 


Arms  of  Societies  and  Cor- 
porations, 446 

of  Towns,  444 

Royal,  442 

Status  of  a  Coat  of,  9 

Wearing  and  Use  op,  32 

without  Ordinaries,  44 

Arrow,  210 

Heads,  211 

Arthur,  Prince,  427 

Artistic  Development  of 
Heraldry,  403 

Ideas  concerning  Mant- 

LINGS,  294 

Artists,  Living  British,  464 
Ash,  191 
Ashen  Grey,  46 
ATTIRES,  Stags',  14S 
Augmentation,  53,  93,  263,  2S4, 

2S5,  378, 394-398 
Austrian  Crowns,  269,  270 
Azure,  44 

Badges,  154,  329,  354 
AS  Crests,  330 

PROM   Prince    Arthur's 

Book,  429 

of  Kings  of  Arms,  22 

ON  Mantlings,  292 

Balance,  233 
Banner  Devices,  329 
Banners,  233,  337 
Barnacles,  215 
Baronets,  Insignia  op,  392 
Barrels,  238 
Barrulet,  75 
Barruly,  75 
Barry,  75 

Bendy,  76 

Bars,  74 

Bar  Sinister,  355 

Gemel,  75 

Basilisk,  321 

Bastardy,  105.  355 

Bat,  155 

Bath,  Order  of,  382,  392 

Batons  of  Kings  op  Arms,  21 

Baton  Sinister,  357 

Battering-eam,  211 

Battle  Axe,  211 

Battlements,  2S4 

Bayeux  Tapestry,  6,  7 

Beacon,  212 

Bean  Pods,  204 

Bear,  13S 

Beaver,  154 

Bee,  1S8 

Beefeaters'  Uniform,  331 

Beetle,  1S9 

Beffroi,  57 

Bells,  215 

of  Hawk,  173 

Bend,  64,  342,  356 

Sinister,  70,  355 

Bendlets,  70,  357 
Bendwise,  69 
Bendy,  70 
Bengal  Tiger,  134 
Bezant,  105 
Bezanty,  54 

Biblical  Ohaeactees,  hi 

Billet,  108 

Billetty,  54,  108 

Birds,  164 

Bishop,  391,  437,  440 

Grant  of  Arms  to,  37 

Blazon,  48,  49 
Blazon,  Rules  of,  58 
Bleu-Celeste,  47 
Blocks,  215 
Blood-Red,  46 
Blue. Bottle,  199 
Bluemantle,  223 
Blut  Fahne,  44 


BoAE,  140 

Bohemian  Crown,  270 

Boiler  Flue,  237 

Bomb,  211 

Bones,  120 

Bookplates,  464-46S 

Books,  217,  233 

Boots,  120 

Bordure,  95,  97,  342, 350,356,  362 

COMPONY,  359 

Wavy,  357 

BouGETS,  233 

Bow,  211 

Bowls.  216 

Branches,  192 

Brasses,  Heraldic,  29,  33,  34 

Bridge,  208 

Bridle-Bits,  215 

Briefadel,  ii 

Broad  Aeeow,  211 

Beock,  154 

Beown,  46 

Brunatee,  47 

Buck,  147 

Buckets,  233 

Buckle,  216 

Buffalo,  145 

Bulgaeian  Crown,  273 

Bulls,  145 

Bulrushes,  207 

Bushes,  192 

Butterflies,  1S9 

Byzantine  Eagle,  166 

Cadency  in  Crests,  261 

Marks  of,  340,  352,  355 

Scottish  System,  350 

Calf,  147 
Caltrap,  211 
Camel,  155 
Camelopard,  162 
Camerlengo,  439 
Cannon,  211 
Canting  Mottoes,  328 
Canton,  92,  359,  376 
Cap  of  Dignity,  287 

OF  Maintenance,  287 

Caps  of  Coronets,  276 
Cardinal,  438 
Cardinal's  Hat,  439 
Carnation,  47 

Carvings,  Heraldic,  433,  477 
Casks,  23S 
Castle,  20S 
Oat,  136 

IN  A  Dairy  Window,  187 

Catapult,  214 

Cauldron,  216 

Cedar  Tree,  190 

Celestial  Crown,  232 

Cendree,  47 

Centaur,  163 

Chain,  211 

Chamberlain,  Lord  High,  392 

Chameleon,  1S7 

Changes  in  Crests,  260 

Channel  Islands  Supporters, 

3" 
Chapeau,  2S7 
Chaplet,  108,  216 
Charges,  Heraldic,  60 
Charlemagne,  Ceown  of,  271, 

391 
Chart,  217 
Cherries,  204 
Cherubs,  112 
Chess  Rooks,  217 
Cheval-trap,  211 
Chevron,  76 
Chevronels,  79 
Chevronnx,  79 
Chief,  89 
Children,  118 
Chimera,  163 


Chough,  181 
Christ,  Figure  of,  109 
Cinquefoil,  195 
Classification  of  Ordinaries 

AND  SUE-OEDINAEIES,  62 

Cleegy,  36,  252 
Clothing,  223 

Heealdic,  34 

Clouds,  228 
Cloves,  204 
Cock,  179 

Cockatrice,  162,  321 
Cocoa-nut,  190 
Coffee  Plant,  190,  194 
Cognisance,  329 
Coheirs,  362 
Coins,  222 

Devices  on,  S 

Collars  of  SS.,  20 

College  of  Arms,  Personnel 

OF,  22 
Colleges.  Aems  of,  447 
Colour  on  Coloue,  53 
Coloues,  44 
Columbine,  47 
Column,  213 
Combs,  234 
Comet,  22S 
Compaetment,  324 
Component  Parts  op  a  Coat 

of  Arms,  35 
Coney,  153 
Conjoined  Arms,  4S2 
Conspicuous    Service    Cross, 

3S5.  392 
Constable,  13,  392 
Continental  Mantlings,  292 
Corn,  204 
Cornflower,  199 
Cornish  Chough,  181 
Coronet  of  Prince  of  Wales, 

274 
Coronets,  35,  216,  231,  274-287, 

279 

Royal,  274 

Corporations,  Arms  of,  446 

Costume,  26,  27,  28 

Costumes     of     Officers     of 

Aems,  19 
Cotton  Plant,  191,  193 
Counter-Potent,  52 
Counter- Vaie,  51 
Counties  and  Helmets,  253 
Cow,  145 
Crab,  185 

Craftsmanship,  Heraldic,  479 
Crane,  179 
Crayfish,  186 
Crescent,  217,  345 
Crest,  The,  35,    183,    254-264, 

330 

Coronets,  279 

Fans,  255 

Royal,  28 i 

Crests,  Absence  op,  35 
—     Descent  op,  260 
FROM    Prince    Aethur's 

Book,  428 

ON  Liveries,  334 

Right  to  Use,  258 

Ori-de-Guerre,  32S 

crocodile,  156 

Crosier.  21S,  321,  437,  43S 

Cross,  S3,  345 

Crow,  iSo 

Crowns,  231,  264-273 

OF  Kings  op  Arms,  20 

Crusades,  Influence   in   Ar- 
mory, 7 
Crusilly,  54 
Cups,  217 
Cushion,  218 
Cypher,  Royal,  26S 
Cypress,  191 


490 


SYNOPTICAL    INDEX 


DiNCETTr,  55 

Deee,  147.    See  Stags 

Degeneration    of    Types    of 

Shield,  41 
Deity,  Tee,  109 
Demi-Lioxs,  133 
Deputy  Earl-Marshal,  392 
Descent  of  Badges.  331 
Developmest  of  Crests,  255 

OF  Mantlisg,  290 

— r  OF  Union  Jack,  399 

Devices,  Ncjiismatic,  8 

Devil,  163 

Devolution  of  Crests,  260 

Diapering,  54 

Difference   Marks,   English, 

345 

Marks  of,  340-351 

Differentiation    in    Crests, 

259 

DiMIDIATION,  97,  361 

Distaff,  219 

Distinction,  Marks  of,  346,  355 

Distinguished  SEE\^CE  Order, 

3S5.  392 
Dogs,  144 
Dolphin,  184,  321 
Dominion,  Arms  op,  442 
Dove,  176,  321 
Dovetailed,  55 
Dragon,  160,  320 

Ship,  226 

Drops,  225 

Ducal  Coronet,  2S1 

Duck,  17S 

DURER,  Work  of  Albrecht,  422 

Duties  of  a  King  of  Arms  and 

Herald,  16,  17 

Eagle,  164,  303,  304,  321 

Development  of,  165 

Positions  of,  169 

Eabl  Marshal,  13,  392 
Earth  Colour,  46 
Eastern  Crown,  231,  286 
Ecclesiastical  Banners,  339 

Buildings,  210 

Hat,  438 

Heraldry,  437 

Eel,  1S5 

Effigies,  Heraldic,  26 
Egypt,  Crown  of  Khedive,  273 
Eighteenth-Century   Heral- 
dic Designs,  435 
Eisenhut-Feh,  51 

ElSENHUTLEIN,  52 

Elephant,  152 
Embattled,  55 

Emblazoning,  Colours  for,  48 
Emblazonment,  Heraldic,  4S6 
Emblematical  Figures,  112 
Embroidery,  Heraldic,  480 
Enfield,  164 
England,  Crowns  of,  265 

Kings  of,  391 

Right  to  Supporters  in, 

306 
English  Armorial  Paintings, 

416 

Difference  Marks,  345 

HeraldicAet,  Modern, 461 

Heraldic  Examples,  454 

Engrailed,  55 
Ensigns,  337 
Episcopal  Arms,  367 
Equestrian  Heraldic  Figures, 

32 

Seals,  468 

Ermine,  49,  154 

Mantlings,  291 

Spots,  49,  234 

EuLES  FOE,  50 

Ermines,  49 
Eeminites,  49 
Erminois,  49 
Escallops,  234 
escarbuncle,  2i9 
Escutcheon  of  Pretence,  95, 

362,  369 

ESQUXEE,  94 

Estate,  Eobes  of,  297 

Estoile,  219,  22S 

Evidence  of  Pedigree,  Arms 

AS.  355 
Evolution  of  Helmet,  239 


Examples    of    English    Her- 
aldry, 454 
of  Helmets,  239-254 

Face,  Lion's,  134.   &e  Leopard. 

Falcon,  173 

Fan,  220 

Fans  for  Display  of  Chests, 

255 
Fasces,  220 

Feathered  Mantlings,  293 
Feathers,  1S2 
Fees  of  a  Herald,  17 
Fer-de-Moline,  223 
Fern-Brake,  192 
Fess,  72 

Fetterlock,  220 
Feudal  System,  and  Influence 

on  Armory,  9 
Field,  The,  43 
Fields  Party,  53 
Figures,  Emblematical,  112 
Fifteenth-Century  Books,  417 
Finland,  Crown  of,  272 
Fie-Tree,  190 
Fire,  221 
Firebrand,  215 
Fish,  1S3 
Pitched,  86 
Flags,  337 
Flames,  220 
Flaming  Sword,  221 
Flaunch,  104 
Fleam,  221 
Fleas,  189 
Fleece,  224 
Flesh  Colour,  46 
Fleue-de-Lis,  200,  345 
Flies,  1S9 

Flory-Counter-Floet,  55 
Flowers,  189 
Flying  Fish,  185 
Foils,  194 

Foreign  Officers  of  Arms,  25 
Fountain,  105,  225 
Fox,  138 
Fraise,  196,  199 
France,  Cadency  in,  341 

Crowns  of,  273 

French  Eagle,  170 

Heraldry,  450 

Heralds,  23 

Official  Insignia,  391 

Use  of  Ermine,  49 

Feet,  103 
Fretty,  103 
Fruit,  189,  203 
FuE  Cap,  2S9 
I'tlRISON,  221 
Furs,  Heraldic,  49 
Fusil,  ioi 

Gabion,  209 

Gadflies,  189 

Galley,  226 

Galtrap,  211 

Game,  Lion's,  133 

Garb,  204 

Gaelics,  204 

Gaements,  223 

Garter,  Order  of,  381,  392 

Plates,  Early.  414 

Plate  Mantlings,  291 

Gas-Beacket,  Heraldic,  324 
Gblee's  "  Wapenboeck,"  410 
Gem-Rings,  107 
Genealogical  Teee,  483 
Gentleman,      Meaning     and 

Origin  of  Word,  9,  10 
Geoegian  Mantlings,  295 
German  Aetists,  Arms  by,  418, 

424.  430 

Chown,  271 

Eagle,  166 

Marshalling,  379 

Officers  of  Arms,  19 

Official  Insignia,  391 

Germany,  Cadency  in,  341 

Origin  of  Arms  in,  it 

Giraffe,  162 

Gloves,  120 

Gnu,  321 

Goat,  152,  320 

Gold,  45 

Golden  Fleece,  Emblem  of,  25 


GoLPES,  105 

Goutte,  54 

Grand  Quarterings,  372 

Granite,  Block  of,  216 

Grant  of  Badges,  333 

Grants  of  Crests,  259 

Grapes,  203 

Grass,  207 

Grasshopper,  188 

Great  Britain,  Crowns  of,  265 

Gbeek  Armory,  3 

GEENADE.  2U 

Greyhound,  144 
Griffin,  158,  318 

Male,  136,  159 

Geos  Vair,  57 

Ghosvenor,  Origin  of  Name, 

206 
Grunenbbrg's  "  Oesteereich- 

ischer  Cheonik,"  421 

"  Wappenbuch."  419 

Gryphon,  see  Geiffin 
Gules.  44 
gunstone,  105 

GUTTi,  226 

GuzE,  105 
Gykon,  93 

Hammer,  237 

Hands,  iiS 

Haee,  152 

Habpy,  163 

Haet,  147 

Hat,  Ecclesiastical,  43S 

OF  Officers  of  Arms,  23 

Hatching,  48 

Hatchments,  475.  476 

Hawk,  173 

Hawthorn,  190 

Heads,  Human,  iiS 

Heart,  221 

Shields,  95 

Heathcock,  182 

Hedgehog,  154 

Heidelberg  Song-Book,  408 

Heidelburgher  Book,  407 

Heiress,  362 

Heirs,  362 

Helmet,  35,  213,  239,  254 

Helmets,  Existing  Rules  as 
to  Use  of,  248 

Helmschau,  13,  248,  258 

Herald,  12,  393 

Definition  of  Word,  12 

Duties  of,  13,  17 

Heraldic  Artists,  Living 
British,  464 

Books,  Fifteenth  -  Cen- 
tury. 417 

COLOUES,  44 

Craftsmanship,  479 

Designs,        Seventeenth 

AND  Eighteenth  Centuries, 

435 

Embeoideey,  480 

Flags  and  Banners,  337 

Heirship,  362 

Illumination,  486 

Metals,  44 

Sculpture,  451 

Wood  Carvings,  433,  477 

Heraldry,  see  Armory 

Ecclesiastical,  437 

Heralds,  Ancient  Fees  of,  17 

Costumes  of,  19 

Foreign,  25 

Heroldsstucken,  '60 

Heron,  179,  323 

Herring,  185 

Hides,  224 

Highlanders,  315 

Hillocks,  207 

Hints.  Practical,  on  Heealdic 

Illumination,  4S6 
HisToEY  of  Union  Jack,  399 
Horns,  152.  261 
Horse,  47,  141,  320 

Shoes,  142 

Hounds.  144 
Hour-Glass,  238 
Human  Figures,  109 

as  Supporters,  313 

Hungarian  Armory,  448 

Crown,  270 

Hunt  Liveries,  46 


Hurt,  105 

Husband  and  Wife,  Aems  of, 

364 
Hydra,  162 

Ibex,  149 

Illegitimacy,  Marks  of,  355 
Illumination,  Heraldic,  4S6 
Impalement,  232,  362,  364,  367, 

437,  482 
Imperial  Eagle,  168,  170 

Service  Order,  3S5,  392 

State  Crown,  267 

Inanimate  Objects,  208-239 

Supporters,  304,  305 

Indented, 55 

Indian  Empire,  Order  of,  384, 

392 

KoRTH  American,  Totems,  i 

Inescctcheons,  60,  94 

Ingots,  222 

Initial  Mottoes,  328 

Insects.  iSS 

Insignia  of  Knighthood,  3S1, 

392 

of  Office,  390 

Invected,  55 
Iron  Grey,  46 
Italian  Crowns,  272 

Heraldry,  451 

Party  Badges,  354 

Ivy,  192 

Jack,  185 

Union,  399-401 

Japanese  Armory,  5 
Jessant-de-Lis,  201 
Jessed  and  Belled,  173 
Jewels,  Use  of,  in  Blazoning, 

48 
Jewish  Aemoey,  3 
JOHOEE,  Crown  of  Sultan,  273 
JosT  Amman's  Work,  431 
Jousts,  257 
jungfeaunadlee,  163 

JUEISDICTION    OF    OFFICEES    OF 

Arms,  13 

Kaisar  - 1  -  Hind    Medal,    385, 

392 
Kangaroo,  155 
Katze  Register,  425 
Keys,  222 
Kingfisher,  1S2 
Kings  of  Arms,  12,  14,  15,   16, 

393 

Batons,  21 

Ceown,  20,  287 

Duties  of.  16,  17 

Knighthood,     Aemoeial     In- 
signia OF,  3S1,  392 
Kronenfahrung,  276 

KUESCH,  52 

Label,  ioS,  340 
Labels,  Royal,  45 

White.  45 

Ladders,  213 

Ladies'  Heraldic  Clothing,  34 
Lady,  Armorial  Bearings  of. 
387 

Unmarried,  Arms  of,  366- 

Lamb,  150 
Lambrequin,  290 
Landscape  Fields,  53 
Lantern,  237 
Lapwing,  182 
Lark,  181 
Latin  Armory,  3 
Latten,  29 
Laurel  Tree,  191 
League  of  Mercy,  392 
Leaves,  194 
Leg  Irons,  237 
Legs,  119 
Lemon  Teee,  191 
Leopard,  121.  135 
Leopard's  Face,  135 

Jessant-de-Lis,  201 

Letters,  208 
Lighthouse,  237 
Lily,  199 

LiNDWUEM,  160 

Lines  of  Partition,  55 
Tincture,  48 


491 


SYNOPTICAL    INDEX 


Lion. 121,  315  ' 

Chkosological  Examples, 

devel0p5iest  of.  122 

Vakieties  of,  127 

Lioxs,  Winged.  31S 
LivEKT  Badges.  334 

Buttons,  262 

COLOUES,  291 

Liveries.  46 

Living  British  Heraldic  Ar- 
tists. 464 
Lizard,  1S7,  i88 
Lobster,  1S5 
Locomotive,  237 
LoMEAKDT,  Crown  of,  272 
Lord  Chief-Justice,  392 
Lord  Justice-Clerk,  392 
Lotus,  199 
Lozenge.  36,  loi,  372 
Lympago,  131 
Ltmphad,  226 
Lynx,  13S 
Lton  Register,  463 

Magpie.  1S2 

Maintenance.  Cap  of,  in  Peer's 

Coronet  and  Royal  Crown', 

28S 
Male  Griffin,  see  Griffin 
Man  Lion,  131 
Mantling,  290,  4S1 
Abtistic  Development  of, 

294 

Examples  of  Sixteenth 

AND       Seventeenth       Cen- 
turies, 434 

Maple  Tree,  190 

Mare,  143 

llAKKS  OF  Bastardy,  355 

OF  Cadency,  340-352 

Marshal,  392 

Marshalling  op  Arms,  361-3S0 

Marten,  154 

Martlet,  177,  345 

Mascle,  ioi 

Masonry  as  a  Field,  54 

Mastiff,  145 

Maunch,  222 

Measuring     of    a    Coat     of 

Aems,  9 
Melusine,  162 
Memorial  Slabs,  474 
Memorials,  Heraldic,  475 
Men,  Naked,  113 
Menu-'^'aie,  51 
Merit,  Order  op,  392 
Mermaid,  162 
Merman,  162 
Mill-Bind,  223 
Miniver,  51 
Mirror.  223 
Mitre,  437 

of  Durham,  438 

Modern  Crests,  259 

English   Heraldic   Art, 

461 

Seals,  472 

Mole,  156 

Mon.  Japanese,  5 

Money.  222 

MONILE,  243 

Monkey,  154 

Monsters,  156,  164 

Moon,  230 

Moorcock,  1S2 

Moors  Heads.  iiS 

Mottoes,  327 

Mountain  Ash,  191 

Mullet,  217,  22S,  345 

Mural  Crown,  231,  279,  2S4 

Muerey,  46 

Mythological  Figures,  112 


Nags'  Heads,  141 

Nails.  224 

Names  and  Illegitimacy,  358 

Naval  Crown,  231,  279.  2S6 

Napoleon,  Eagle  of,  170 

Narcissus  Flowers,  197 

Nebuly.  55 

Newt.  1S7 

Nude  Figures,  312 

Numismatics  and  Heraldry,  S 


Oak  Tree,  1S9 

Obelisk,  224 

Officers  of  Arms,  12 

German,  19 

Present,  22 

Scottish. iS 

Official  Arms,  367 

Heraldic  Insignia,  390 

Heraldry,  Objections  to, 

250 

Types  of  Shield,  39- 

Ogress,  105 

Opimaci,  321 

Orange,  46,  105,  191,  203 

Orb,  232 

Orders,  Generals  of  and  Pro- 
vincial Superiors  of,  440 

Ordinaries,  62 

Origin  and  Meaning  of,  63 

Ordnance,  Master  -  General 
OF,  392 

Origin  of  Crests,  255 

OF  Crowns,  264 

of  Lambrequin,  290 

OF  Ordinaries,  63 

Orle.  97 

Osprey.  173 

Ostrich,  175 

Feather  Badges,  334 

Otter,  154 

Owl,  iSi 

Ox,  147 

Paxrle,  82 

Pale,  71 

Palisado  Coronet,  231,  287 

Pall,  82,  437 

Pallets,  72 

Pallium,  437 

Palm  Tree,  190 

Palmer's  Staff,  218 

Paly,  72 

Panther,  136 

Papal  Officials,  440 

Papelonne,  52 

Parliamentary    Robe    of    a 

Peer,  276 
Parrot,  iSi 
Partition  Lines,  55 

Methods  of,  57 

Party  Badges,  354 

Fields,  53 

Paschal  Lamb,  150 
Passion  Nails,  224 

Symbols,  224 

Pastoral  Staff,  218 
Patriarchs,  439 
Pavilions,  297 
Peacock.  179 

Feathers,  183 

Pean,  49 
Pear.  203 
Pedigree,  483 

Arms  as  Evidence  of,  355 

Peer,  Insignia  of.  391 

Peeress,  Arms  of,  365 

Peers'  Robes,  275 

Peewhit,  1S2 

Pegasus,  143,  320 

Pelican,  174 

Pellet,  105 

Pelts,  224 

Pen,  224 

Persia,  Crown  op  Shah,  273 

Pheasant,  1S2 

Pheon,  210 

Phcenix.  163.  173 

Pick,  232 

Pigeon.  177 

Pike,  185 

Pile,  So 

Pineapple,  204 

Pitcher,  216 

Planets,  Use  of,  in  Blazoning, 

49 
Plough,  232 
Plover,  182 

Plumes  of  Feathers,  183 
PlumetS.  52 
Plummets,  224 
Points  of  a  Shield,  60 
Poland,  Crown  of,  272 
Polish  Heraldry,  44S 
Pomegranate,  203 
PoMEis,  105 


Pope,  Arms  op,  391,  439 
Popinjay,  181 
Poplar  Tree,  192 
Porcelain,  Designs  for,  481 
Porcupine,  155 
Portcullis.  211 
Portuguese  Arms,  454 
Position  Rules  for  Helmets, 

250 
Positions  of  Eagle,  169 

OF  THE  Lion,  126 

OF  Stags,  147 

Pot  OF  Lilies,  216 
Potent,  52 

POTENTE,  55 

Prelates  of  the  Papal  Cham- 
ber, 440 

Prerogative  of  Armory,  i  i 

Primrose,  196.199 

Prince  Arthur's  Book,  427 

Prism.  224 

Proboscides,  152 

Proclamations  by  Scottish 
Heralds.  21 

Professors,  Cambridge  Re- 
gius, 393 

"Proper,"  47 

Prussian  Crown,  271  ■ 

Purpose  of  Armory,  12 

PURPURE.  46 

Pursuivants,  393 
Pursuivant,  Duties  of,  18 
Pyramid,  224 

Quadrangular  Castle,  209 
Quarter,  91 

quarterings,  43,  345,  370 
Quarterly,  58,  92 
Quaetiees,  Seize,  4S3 
Quatrefoil,  195,  345 
Queen    Alexandra's    Ceown, 
269 

Victoria's  Crown,  269 

Quince,  204 

Rabbit,  153 

Radiometer,  226 

Raguly.  55 

Rainbow,  22S 

Ram,  150,  320 

Rank,  Coronets  of,  274,  2S3 

Helmets,  248 

Rat.  156 
Raven,  180 
Eayonn^,  55 
Rebus,  329 
Reed-Pipes,  224 
Eeeds,  207 
Reptiles,  186 
Revels,  Master  of,  393 
Rhinoceros,  155 
Riddle  Mottoes.  328 
Rising,  169 
Robes  of  Estate,  297 

OF  Peers,  275 

Roebuck,  148 

Roll  of  Arms,  Early  English, 

405 
Roman  Eagle,  164 
Rook,  180 
Rose,  197,  345 

Seals,  472 

Roumanian  Crown,  273 

RouNDLE,  105 

Royal  Arms,  121,  325,  442 

Badges,  334 

Crest.  281 

Crown,  231,  281 

Cypher,  26S 

Illegitimacy,  357 

Labels,  45,  346-349 

Licences,  358 

Licences    and  Quartee- 

iNGs.  377 

QUARTERINGS,  37I,  37S,  379 

Red  Cross,  392 

Rules  as  to  Helmets,  248 

for  Mantlings,  293 

FOR  SEVERAL  Helmets,  251 

Russian  Crowns,  271 
rustre,  ioi 


Sable,  44 
Sagittarius,  163 

492    . 


St.  Andrew,  399 

St.  Christopher  Am  Arlberg 

Register,  412 
St.  George,  399 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Order 

op.  90,  3S5.  392 
St.  Mark,  Lion  of,  130 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George, 

Order  op,  3S4,  392 
St.   Patrick,    Order   of,   382, 

392 
Saints.  Figures  of,  109 
Salamander,  163 
Salmon,  184,  321 
Saltire,  87 
Sand-Glass,  238 
Sanguine,  46 

San  Merino,  Crown  of,  272 
Saracen's  Head,  118 
Satyr,  163 
Satyral,  163 
Savages,  113,  313 

Heads,  118 

Scaling-ladders,  213 
Scalp,  Bull's.  147 

Stag's,  148 

Sceptre,  232 

SCHEiBLER  Book,  416 

schilter,  37 

Schools,  Arms  of,  447 

Scissors,  238 

Scottish  Armorial  MSS.,  456 

Cadency  Scheme,  350 

Chieftainship,  310 

Crests,  259 

Officers  of  Arms,  iS 

Peers,  392 

Supporters,  307 

Tressure,  98 

Sculpture,  Heraldic,  in  Italy, 

451 

Scythe,  232 

SEA-DoG,  145,  320 

Horse,  143 

Lion,  131 

Stag,  149 

'Wolf,  163 

Seal,  154 

Seals,  353,  468 

Seax,  215 

Sees,  Arms  of,  437 

Seize  Quartiers,  483 

Sem^  54 

SemS-de-Lis,  54 

Seneschal,  Hereditary  Lord 
Great,  392 

Serpent,  186,  321 

Seventeenth  -  Century  Her- 
aldic Designs.  435 

Paintings,  433 

Shake-Fork,  82 

Shamrock,  195 

Shape  of  Shields,  37 

Shark,  184 

Sheep,  150 

Sheldrake,  179 

Shells,  234 

Shield-Makers,  37 

Shield  :  Shapes  of,  37 ;  De- 
velopment op,  37 

Shields,  36 

Construction  op,  27 

Points  of,  60 

Types  of,  38 

Ships,  226 

Shoveller,  179 

Shuttle,  219 

Siamese  Crown,  273 

Siberia,  Crown  of,  272 

Sickle,  233 

Silkworms,  189 

Silver,  45 

Single  Colour  Shields,  43 

Supporters,  300,  301 

Sinister  Canton,  93 

Sixteenth  -  Century  Paint- 
ings, 431 

Skull,  120 

Slips,  192 

Slogan,  327 

Snails,  188 

Snake,  186 

Societies,  Arms  op,  446 

Sovereign's  Control  of  Ar- 
mory, 10 


SYNOPTICAL    INDEX 


soveeeigstt,  aems  op,  442 

Spade,  232 

Speak,  214 

Speae-Head,  214 

Sphixx,  2,  162 

Spider,  1S9 

Spbigs,  193 

Spejsgbo'k,  155,  320 

Spue,  214 

Spur-Eowel,  229 

Squirrel,  153 

SS.,  Collaks  of,  20 

Staff,  Palmer's  asd  Pas- 
toral, 21S 

Stags,  147 

Positions  of,  147 

Staised  Glass  Windows,  4S0 

Stains,  46 

Stannizan,  44S 

Star  of  India,  Ordeh  op,  3S3, 
392 

Stabs,  220,  22S 

Status  of  a  Coat  of  Aems  9 

Steameh,  227 

Stieeups.  214 

Stoat,  154 

Stocks  of  Teees,  192 

Stones,  214 

Stork,  179 

Steatvbereies,  204 

Stuart  Mantlings,  295 

Sturzpfahlfeh,  51 

Sub-Ordinaeies,  62 

Sub-Quaeteeings,  372 

Sugae-Case,  190 

Sun.  230 

Sunflower,  199 

Supeeimposition,  362 

suppoetees,  300-323 

from    Peince    Aethue's 

Book.  429 

Inanimate,  304,  305 

OP  Southampton,  326 

Eight  to,  306 

Single,  300,  301 


SuECOAT,  105 
Swallow,  17S 
Swan,  178 

Swedish  Ceown.  273 
SwoED,  214,  215 
SiLPHiuM  Plast,  199 
Symbolism  of  Armory.  2 
OF  Ordinaries,  63,  64 

Tabards,  19,  29 

Talbot,  144 

Tarn,  225 

Taxation  of  Arms,  36 

Telescope,  230 

Temple,  210 

Tenne,  46 

Teems  relating  to  Eagle,  169 

TO  Lions.  126 

Tekeitorial  Arms,  371,  444 
Thistle,  198 

AS  Suppoetee,  199 

Order  of,  3S1,  392 

Thundeebolt,  22S 
Tiger, 318 
TiGEES,  136 
Tilting- Speae,  214 
TiscTUEE  Lines,  48 
Tinctuees,  Continental,  46, 47 

Heraldic,  44 

Tjadee-Bird,  1S2 

Toad,  1S7 

Tobacco  Plant,  193 

Tombstones,  Heraldic,  4S6 

Tools,  232 

Torch, 215 

Toese,  216,  29S,  299 

Torteau,  105 

Tortoise,  155 

Totems    of    Noeth  American 

Indians,  i 
Tournament,  Eglinton,  ii 
Figures,  32 

EOLLS,  33 

Touenaments,  257 

TOWEE,  208 


TowEE,  Battlements  of.  2S4 
Towns,  Arms  of,  444 

AND  Helmets,  253 

Supporters  of,  34 

TBANSYLV ASIAN  CROWN,  27I 

Tsees,  1S9 

Trefoil,  194 

Trente-Deux  Quaetiers,  485 

Teessuee,  9S,  398 

Tricks  op  Arms,  4S 

Triple-Tower,  209 

Trophies,  Heraldic,  41 

Trumpet,  215 

Trumpeters,  23 

Trunks  of  Trees,  192 

of  Elephant,  see  Probos- 

CIDES 

Tulip,  199 

Tuns,  238 

Turnip,  197 

TtrscASY,  Crown  of,  272 

Undy,  56 

Unicorn,  156 

Union  Jack,  33S,  399-401 

UEADEL,  II 

Uecheon,  154 
Use  of  Armory,  i  2 

OF  Diaper,  55 

Usher,  Heritable,  393 


Vaie,  49 

Ancient  Forms,  50 

in  Pale,  51 

OuDfi,  51 

Vaiey,  53 

Vallary  Crown,  231,  2S7 

Vase,  217 

Venice,  Cap  of  Doge,  272 

"  Verbingddngs  Wappen,"  4S7 

Veet,  44 

ViCTOEIA  CEOSS,  385,  392 

ViCTOEiAN  Chain,  385 
Oeder,  385,  392 


Vise,  192 
Viols,  23S 
ViEGiN  Mary,  109 
Visitations,  ii,  359 
Volunteer  Oppicees'  Decoea- 

TiON, 392 
Vultuee,  173 

Wales,  Badge  of,  330 

Walnut  Teee,  191 

"  Wappen  -  und  -  St^uimbuch," 

431 
Watee  as  a  Field,  54 

BOUGETS,  233 

Wavy,  55 

Weisgaetnee  Book,  407 

Weir  Wolf,  163 

Wells,  225 

Whale,  184 

Wheat,  204 

Wheels,  239 

Whelk  Shells,  237 

Whirlpool,  107,  226 

White,  45 

Wife,  Aems  of,  366 

Willow,  191 

Windows,  Armorial,  480 

Wings,  170 

AViVERN,  see  Wyvern 

Wolf,  136 

Weir,  163 

wolkenfeh,  5i 
Woman's  Breast,  120 

Head,  i  1 8 

Wood  Caevings,  433,  477 
Wreath,  the,  29S,  29.9 
Wyveen,  161,  3ii 

Yacht,  227 

Yellow,  Use  of  for  Gold,  45 

Zebra,  155 

Zeichen,  ii 

ZuE  Katze  Eegistee,  425 

Zueich  Eoll,  409 


493 


INDEX    OF    PROPER   NAMES 


Aaewangen,  405  (Fig.  98 1 ) 
Abank,  192 
Abel  in  Bavaria,  ill 
Abercorn,  Duke  of,  39S 
Abercromby,  Ales.   (PI.   XXXIX.), 
1S8 

Sir  Ralph,  397 

Aberdeen.  99 

Earls  of.  100  (PI.  LViil.),  315 

Tailors'  Incorporation,  23S 

University,  199 

Abergavenny,  Baron,  372  (Fig.  933) 

Marquis  of,  145  (Fig.  34S),  192 

Abernethy,     70,     342,     411     (Pl- 

LXXVI.) 

Alexander,  303 

Abney,  133 

Aboyne,  Earl  of,  100 

Abraham  of  Judeisapta,  422  (PI. 

sen.) 
Accrington,  193 
Acton, "Edward  de,  343 
Adam  in  Bavaria,  1 1 1 

of  Maiyburgh,  213 

Adamoli  of  Lombardy,  1 1 1 
Adams,  1S9 

Adlercron,  78  (Fig.  134),  16S 
Adlersfeld    and    Siegenfeld,    4S1 

(PI.  CXLVTII.) 

Advocates,  Faculty  of,  233 
Agnew,  Sir  Andrew  N.,  319 
Agulum,     Robert     de,     406    (PI. 

LXXI.) 

Aigl-zu-Lind,  G.,  474  (PI-  CXL.) 

Aikenhead,  199 

Aikman,  T.  S.  G.  H.  R.,  193  (Fig. 

481 
Ailesbury,  Marquess  of,  314 
Ailsa,  Marquess  of,  100  (Fig.  206), 

24S,  463 
Aitchison,  Robert  Swan,  168  (Fig. 

410) 
Aitken  of  Saltcoats  and  Darroch, 

479  (Fig.  445) 
Alard,  Thomas,  34    . 
Albany,  Duke  of,  299,  349 
Albemarle,  Earl  of,  406  (PI.  LXXI.) 
Alberici,  52 
Albert,   Baron   von   Winkel,    470 

(PI.  CXXXVIII.) 

der     Beherzte,     470      (PI. 

CXSXVII.) 

V.     of     Austria,    469     (PI. 

CXXXVII.) 

Albert!,  Marquises,  305 
Albrey.  Arnaud  d',  306 
Aldeburgh.  Sir  William  de,  31 
Aldenham,  Lord,  473  (PI.  CXXXIX.) 
Alderberry,  204 
Aldersey,  Hugh,  296  (Fig.  7S9) 
Alderson  of  Homerton,  riS 
Aldobrandini,  Hippolyt,  441   (PI. 

cxin.) 
Alen^on,  Comte  d',  301 

Dukes  of,  344  (PI.  LXVii.) 

Alexander  II.  of  Scotland,  406  (PI. 

LXXII.) 

VII.,  Pope,  440  (PI.  cxiii.) 

Alexandra,  Queen,  269  (Fig.  727). 
'  Alford,  218,  39S 
Alington.64  (Fig.  S3),  roS 
AUcroft  of  Stokesay,  203 
Allen,  R.  R.,  144  (PL  ^xxi.) 

Rev.   G.  Cantrell,    105    (PI. 

XXXIU.) 

Alloa,  226  (Fig.  5S1),  463 

Almond,  193 

Alston,  Charles  Henry,  22S  (Fig. 

5S5) 
Altensteig,  425  (PI.  xcvii.) 
Altovi  of  Benedetto  de  Rovezzano, 

452  (PI.  cxxx.) 
Amadeus  VI.,  300 


Amelia,  Princess,  350 

Amboise,  Jaques  II.  d',  450  (PI. 

CXXVIII.) 

Ambrose,  90  (PI.  XXX.),  loS,  128 
Amherst,  214  (Fig.  539) 

of  Hackney,  323 

Amman,  Jost,  431 

Ampthill,  262 

Amsterdam,  444  (PI.  cxviu.) 

Ancaster,  263 

Anderton,  212 

Andreas,  King,  270  (Fig.  731) 

de   Aura  de   Pino,  454   (PI. 

cxxxi.) 
Anglesey,  Marquess  of,  319 
Angouleme,  Counts  d',  344 
Angus,  Earl  of,  326 

Rev.  George,  439  (Fig.  1054) 

Anhalt,  Duke  of,  261 

Prince  of,  413  (Fig.  looi) 

Anjou,  Count  of,  254  (Fig.  41) 

Dukes  of,  344  (PL  lxvii.) 

Geoffrey  of,  121  (Fig.  46) 

Rene,  Duke  of,  292 

Annandale,  410  (PI.  Lxxvi.) 
Anne,  Queen,  99 
Annenberg,  416  (PI.  Lxxxiv.) 
Annesley,  Earl  of,  377 
Anrep-Elmpt,  234 
Anstruther-Duncan,  Si  (Fig.  147), 

37S 

Wester,  185 

Antelope,  heraldic,  149  (Fig.  360) 
Antiquaries,  Society  of,  447  (PI. 

CXXII, ) 

Antony,    Duke   of   Lorraine,   469 

(PI.  cxxxvir.) 
Antrobus,  309 

Apianus,  Dr.  Peter,  424  (PI.  xcvi.) 
Apothecaries'  Company,  112 
Apperley.  John,  204 
Appentegger.  426  (PI.  xcvill.) 
Appenzell,  38  (PI.  vii.) 
Appleby,  320 
Applegartb,  Robert,  203 
Arbon  in  Thurgau,  409  (PI.  lxxv.) 
Arbroath,  arms  of,  314  (Fig.  S07), 

463 
Arbuthnot,  Sir  Robert,  Bart.,  321 
Arbuthnott,  Viscount,  321 
Arbutt,  186 
Archer-Houblon,  192 
Arches,  William,  209 
Architects,  Royal  Inst,  of  British, 

447  (PL  CXXII.) 
Ardiiaun,  Lord.  306 
Argenson,  D\  451  (PL  cxxix.) 
Argyll,  Dukes  of,  44,  94  (Fig.  54), 

316,381,  393 

and   the   Isles,   Bishop    of, 

321  (Fig.  S16) 

Arina,  House  of,  6 
Arkwright,  A.  W.,  191  (Fig.  477) 
Arlberg,  412  (Fig.  998) 
Armagh.  Archbishop  of,  82,  437 
Armenian   Archbishops,   439    (PL 

CXI.) 

Armin   von   der    Osten,   473   (PL 

CXXXIX. ) 
Arms,  College  of,  176  (PL  II.) 
Arquinvilliers,  52 
Arscot,  116 
Arthur,  Prince,  427 
Artois,  Counts  d',  344 
Artus     de     Bretagne,     450     (PL 

ex  XVII.) 
Arundel,  29,  103  (Fig.  221),  1 78 

Earl  of,  255  (Fig.  690),  274 

(Figs.  754  and  93S) 

Edmund  de,  306 

Sir  Thomas,  304 

Asgile,  163 

Ashikaya,  Minamoto,  6 


Ashley-Cooper(E.  of  Shaftesbury), 

146 
Ashua,  47 
Ash  well,  15 

Ashworth,  S5  (Fig.  159),  13S 
Astley,  35 

Astrachan,  272  (Fig.  737) 
Athill,  Cbarles  H.,  20  (Fig.  17), 

78,  107,  20S 
Atholl,  Dukes  of,  44  (Fig.  55),  226 

Earl  of,  300,  326 

Atkin-Roberts,  S3  (Fig.  154),  252 
Attewater,    127    (PI.    xcix.),   428 

(Fig.  1030) 
At  water,  1S6 
Aubert,  43 

Aubigny,  Dukedom  of,  39S 
Auffens'tein,  417  (PL  Lxxxvil.) 
Augsburg,  445  (Fig.  1065) 

Bishop  of,  423  (PI.  cv.) 

Augusta,  Princess,  349 

Austria -Hungary,    269    (PI.  Lii.), 

270.  305,  477 
Austrian  Dukes,  411  (Fig.  994) 

Leo  Society,  447  {PI.  cxxii.) 

Lords,    417    (PI.    Lxxxvii., 

Figs.  1006-7) 
Avanderdeel,  410  (PI.  LXXVI.) 
Avelin,  George,  455  (PL  CXXXII.) 
Avoir,  Pierre,  305 
Aymon  of  Savoy,  300 
Avne,  428  (PL  xcix.) 
^—     William      de,      417      (PL 

LXXXA'I.) 
Ayr,  112 

Babington,  108,  341 

Back,  186 

Backhouse,  1S6  (PI.  xxxvii.) 

Bagnall,  149 

Bagnall-Wild.R.  B., 296 (Fig.  791) 

Bagot,  Lord,  320 

Baikie,  Alfred,  220  (Fig.  561) 

Bailey,  Ronald,  178  (Fig.  438) 

Baillie  of  Walstoun,  230 

Baines,  120  (Fig.  263) 

Baird  of  Ury,  56 

Baker,  W.,  10 

Baker's    Guild    (LiSge),    446  (PL 

exxii.) 
Baldwin,  W.  J.  A.,  153  (Fig.  373), 

193,  204 
Balfour  of  Dawyck,  200  (Fig.  503) 
Balfours,  Scottish,  154 
Baliol,  John,  457 
Ballingall,  76  (Fig.  126) 
Balm,  Barons  von,  405  (Fig.  980) 
Balme.  193 
Bamberg,  George  III.  of,  441  (PI. 

CXIII.) 

Bandinelli,  family,  43 

Bandon,  Earls  of,  235 

Banff,  109 

Bank  of  Scotland,  446  (PL  exxi.) 

Banks,   H.   Delamark,    209  (Fig. 

527) 
Bannerman ,  W.  Bruce,  of  Croydon, 

114  (PI.  xviii.),  141 

of  Elsick,  233 

Bantry,  Earl  of,  41 

Banville  de  Trutemne,  51 

Bar,  Countess  of,  300 

Barber  Surgeons,  460 

Barberino  di  Valdesa,   134   (Fig. 

307) 
Barbers'  Livery  Company,  164 
Barbotte,  43 
Barclay,  Charles  H.,  343  (PL  xx.) 

of  Towie.  311  (Fig.  S02) 

of  Urie.  311 

Barclay- Allardyce,  441 
Bardolph,  196 
Bardwell,  328 


Baring,  13S 
Barisoni,  52 
Barlow,  Sir  R.  W.,  232 
Barnard,  46,  138,  32S 
Barnes,  138 

Robert.  loi  (Fig.  20S) 

Barnewell.  Sir  Reginald,  1S3 
Barret,  162 
Barrett,  W.  R.,  467 
Earrington,  45,  108,  341 
Barrow-in-Furness,  152,  227 
Barstow,  142  (PI.  xvill.) 
Bartan  (Bertane),  18S 
Bartlett,      loi,      1S2,      230     (PL 

XXXVIII.) 

Barton,  Everard  Wm.,   148  (Fig. 

357) 
Barttelot,  B.  B.,  120  (Fig.  259), 

178.  223 
Basle,  321  (PL  Lxi.) 
Bassano,  189 

Basser,  Philip,  406  (PL  LXXI.) 
Bassingbourne,  John  de,  407  (PI. 

LXXII. ) 
"Bastard,"  214,  305 
d'Orleans,   450    (Pis.  LXVII. 

and  exxvii.) 
Bate,  69  (Fig.  icx)),  nS 
Bath,  54 

Bathurst,  120  (PL  LXll.) 
Baucey  of  Poitou,  Hugh  de,  406 

(PI.  LXXII.) 

Baumgartner,  Johann,  474  (Fig. 

1 120) 
Bavaria,  crown  of,  271  (PL  Lll.) 
^—  Duke  of,  405  (Fig.  9S2) 
Bavarian  Herald,  26  (PL  II.) 
Palatinate  and   Hesse,    478 

(PL  CXLII.) 

Pursuivant,  426  (PI.  II.) 

Bawde,  163 

Bayeus,  Bishop  Odo  of,  6 

Baynes,  Sir  C,  307 

Beaconsfield,  Viscountess,  203 

Bearsley,  13S 

Beatson,  188 

Beauchamp,    John    de,   407    (PL 

LXXII.) 

Beaufort,  Duke  of,  136,  211 

John,  Duke  of  Somerset,  415 

(PL  CXXXIL),  454 
Beaulincourt,  Antoine  de,  25 
Beaumont,  54,  59  (Fig,  69),  64  (Fig. 

86),  131 

Bishop,  29 

John  de,  59  (Fig.  78) 

Lord,  288,  292 

Viscount,  195  (Fig.  4S9) 

Bechburg,  Barons  von,  405  (Fig. 

9S0) 
Bechstein,  Leonhard  Beckh  von, 

425  (PL  XCVII.) 
Beckynton,  Thomas,  329 
Bedford,  32S 
Duke  of,  16,  262  (Figs.  S94- 

S95) 

Earl  of,  29 

Beef-eaters,  330 
Behaim,  482  (PI.  CXLIX.) 

■■ Michael,  423  (PL  xcv.) 

Beham,    Hans    Sibald,    424    (PL 

XCVII.) 

Beichlingen,  Count  von,  301  (PL 

LV.) 

Belfast,  arms  of,  143,  253 

Bell,  14S 

Bellasis  of  Marton,  259 

Bellegarse,  Comtes  de,  215 

Belshes,  J.  Hepburn,  326 

Benn.  William  H.,  156  (Fig.  381) 

Bennet,  Earl  of  Tankerville,  133 

Beuoit,  218 

Benson,  68  (Fig.  97). 


494 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Benson  of  Lutwyche,  204 

Eentinck,  2S3 

Benwell,  145 

Benyon, 232 

Benzoni,  52 

Berendon,  19S 

Berso,  Hern  von,  420  (PI.  XCI.) 

Beridge,  S;  (Fig.  i5S) 

Beringhen, Marquis  de.435  (^^*  ^^-1 

Beriogton,  44 

Berkeley  (Barclay),  343  (Fig.  S60) 

Berkeley,  Sir  Maurice  de,  341 

Berkshire,  Earl  of,  332 

Bermingham,  377 

Bermondsey,  20S  (Fig.  522) 

Bernar<Jini,"FrateUi,  301  (PI.  LV.) 

Berne,     Canton     of,     470     (PI. 

cxxsvm.) 
Bernegk,  von,  420  (Fig.  1017) 
Berner  von  Bernneky,  421   (Fig. 

1020) 
Berners,  44,  92   (Fig.    1S3),    154, 

292.  299,  331 
Bernger   von   Horheim,   407    (PI. 

LXXIII.) 
Bernhard  von  Cless,  Cardinal,  439 

(Fig.  1056) 
Berri,  Due  de,  301,  306,  344 
Berrv,  arms  of,  193 

"Robert,  loS  (Fig.  237),  216 

Bersich,  1S5 

Bersvort,  479  (PI.  CXLiu.) 

Bertie,  211 

Eertrand  de  Bricquebec,  301 

Besant.  190 

Bessborough,  Earls  of,  234 

Bethell  (Lord  Westbnry),  287 

Betler    von    Herderen,    409    (PI. 

LXXIT.) 

Bettwinger,  426  (PI.  SCTTII.) 
Betty,  194 

Bevan,  F.  A.,  296  (Fig.  792) 
Bewes,  4S,  127  (Fig.  292),  141 
Bewley,  Sir  E.  T.,  iSi  (PI.  XXV.), 

197 
B'goyns,  Count  de,  406  (PI.  LXXI.) 
Bibelspurg,  von,  379  (Fig.  940) 
Biberacb,  154  (Fig.  378) 
Bicchieri,  ofVerona,  217 
Bienburg,  409  (PI.  Lxxiv.) 
Bigland,  205 
Bigod,  83  (Fig.  151) 
Billers,  iSS 

BiUiat,  179  (PI.  XXTU.),  207,  224 
Binney   of  Pampisford,    186   (PI. 

xxsnii.) 
Birches,  193 
Birkin,  191 
Birmingham,  311,  444  (PL  cxvi.) 

University,  127  (Fig.  293),  162 

Birt,  1 85 

Biscoe,  143 

Bishop,  arms  of  a,  453  (Fig.  1090) 

Black  Eagle,  26  (PL  u.) 

Prince,    16,     26,    122    (Fig. 

264),  182  (Fig.  455),  288,  331, 

334  (PL  LVII.  and  Fig.  882) 
Black.  William  George,  221  (Fig. 

562) 
Blackboume,    Lancelot,   470   (PL 

CKXXVin.) 
Blackbume,  215 
Blackett-Ord,  185 
Blackpool,  228  (Fig.  584),  284 
Blacksmiths'  Gnild  (Vienna),  446 

(PL  CXXII.) 
Blackwall,  144  (Fig.  345) 
Blake,  Sir  Henry,  104  (Fig.  222) 
Blanche    de    Latonr,      450     (PL 

cxxvn.) 
Blattenberg,  410  (PL  LXXT.) 
Blaurer,  426  (PL  XCVIU.) 
Bligger    von    Stainach,   407    (PL 

Lxxni.) 
Blon.  Michel  le,  434  (PL  CIS.) 
Blonnt  of  Maple-Durham.  120 

of  Soddington,  44 

Sir  Harry  Pope,  436  (PL  ex.) 

Blyth,  145  (Fig.  350) 

Bocquet  (Bouquet)  family,  43 

Body,  219 

Boehm,  Sir  Edgar,  199 

Bohemia,  132  (Fig.  304),  411  (Fig. 

995).  43^  (^ig-  1043).   434    (PI- 
OVlll.) 


Bohemia,King  of,4i9  (Pl.LXXXIx.) 
Bohemian  Crown,  270  (PL  LII.) 
Bohn,  290 

Bohun,  Earl  of  Hereford,  122  (Fig. 
265) 

Humphrey  de,  301 

Boileau,  Sir  F.  G.  M.,  283 

Boissiau,  132 

Bolding,  66  (Fig.  89),  loi,  216 

Boleslas  III.,  301 

Boiler,  199 

Bollord  (BoUonre)  189 

Bolton,  H.  H.,  238  (Fig.  613) 

Bombay,  arms  of ,  134  (PL  cxvui.), 

319,  445 
Bonar,  Thomas,  152  (PI.  XXXIX.) 
Boncompagni,    Troilo,     452     (PL 

cxxx.) 
Bonefeld,  204 
Bonnevaux,    Abbe    de,    450    (PL 

CXXVIII. ) 

Bonython,  Sir  J.  L.,  200 
Bookbinders,  Gnild  of,  44S  (Fig. 

1068) 
Boothby,  92 
Borzita    von    ilartiniz,    480    (PL 

CXLVI.) 

Borough  of  Chetwynd  Park,  192 

of  Woodstock,  192 

Boscavren    (Viscount    Falmouth), 

197 
Boston,  231,  326 
Botenlauben,   Otte  von,   407  (PL 

LXXTUI.) 

Bothwell,  Earl  of,  iS 
Botreanx,  187,  305 
Bouchage,  52 
Bourbon,  C.  L.  de,  302  (Fig.  797) 

Duke  of,  33  (PL  VI.),  360 

Conti,  360 

Bourchier,  261,  292,    299;    knot, 

337  (Fi?.  834),  410 (PL  Lxxvi.) 

(E.  of  Essex),  234  (Fig.  599) 

Bowden,  193 

Bower,  E.  T.  C,  120  (Fig.  260) 

Bowes,  211 

Bowman.  89  (PL  XXXI.),  211 

Bovce,   Eobert  Henrv,  219  (Fig. 

558).  2S4 
Boyle  family,  44 

of  Kelburnie,  ill 

Boys,  15 

Brabant,  Duke  of.  32 

Bradbury,  A.  Beaty,  134,  177 

Brad  way  of  Potsclif,  203 

Brady,  389 

Brain,  71  (PL  xxxii.) 

Brandenburg,  166  (Fig.  404) 

Albrechtvon,  441  (PL  oxiii.) 

Herald,  25  (PL  i.) 

Brandenburg-Anspach,  261 
Brandon.  Duke    of   Suffolk,  372 

(Fig.  931),  429  (Fig.  1037) 
Braye,  Lord.  130,  31S.  331 
Brazil,     Republic     of     444     (PL 

cxv.) 
Bredon,  Robert  E.,  224  (Fig.  570) 
Bregenz,  409  (PL  Lxxiv. ) 
Brentle,     Sir     Eobert,    417     (PL 

LXXXV.) 

Breslau,  445  (Fig.  1064) 
Bresum,  —  de,  406  (PL  Lxxi.) 
Bridger,  1 85 
Bridlington  Priory,  208 
Brine,  90  (PI.  xxxi.),  169 
Brisbane,  218  (Fig.  553),  286,  311, 

396 
Bristol,  city  of,  312  (PL  cxvii.) 

See  of,  231 

British  North  Borneo  Company, 

3" 
Brittany,  Duke  of,  33  (PL  VI.) 
John  of,  43  (Fig.  52),  59  (Fig. 

76) 
Brixen,  Bishop  Christopher  of,  441 

(PL  cxiii.) 
Broad  arrow,  the,  330 
Brocklebank,  154 
Brodribb   of  Victoria,    178   (Fig. 

442),  197 
Broke,  Captain,  396 

Sir  PbiUp  B.  V.,  286  (Fig. 

778) 

Brooke.  154 

Sir  Thomas,  214  (Fig.  543) 


Brotherton,  Thomas  de,  335,  346 

(Fig.  S78),  379 
Brotin,  52 

Broiin-Morison,  iiS  {PI.  xviii.) 
Brown,  6S,  76  (PI.  xsvi.),  226 

James  Millar,  200  (Fig.  502) 

Browne,  194 

Brownlow,  General  Sir  Charles  H., 

3S3(Fig.  951) 
Brownlow,     Richard,     445      (PI. 

CX5XII.) 

Brown-Westbead,  210 
Bruce,  32S 

King  Robert  (PL  cxxsv.) 

kings,  458 

Bruce-Bannerman,  Wm.,  233  (PI. 

XVIII.) 

Bruges,  William,  14,  19  (Fig.  16) 
Bruis,  Robert  de.  52 
Brunton,  John  de,  407  [PI.  lxxu.) 
Bruner,  433  (PI.  cvii.) 
Brunfels,  0.,  424  {PI.  xcvi.) 
Brunswick,  Duke  of,  261,  301 
Brussels,  in  (PI.  cxviii.),  444 
'Bry,  Theodor  de,  434  (PI.  cix.), 

(Figs.  1046-7) 
Brzostowski,  Counts,  214 
Buchan,  199.  255  (Fig.  693) 
Buchanan,  arms  of,  96  (Pl.xxxill.) 
Buckingham,  Duke  of,  264,  2S1, 

331,  379 
Buckworth,  35 

Buckworth-Hearne-Soame,  259 
Buddicom,  212 
Bulgaria,  273  (Fig.  749) 
Bume,  1S7 
Bumke,   F.   F.   J.    von,    473    (PI. 

CXXXIX.) 

Bunbury,  135 

Buonarotti,  301 

Burckhart  Zumel,  62  (Fig.  S06) 

Burgh,  Lord,  279 

Burghclere,  Lord,  321 

Burghersh  Tomb,  27 

Burgundy,  301 

Charles.  Duke  of,  414 

Burke,  S3  (Fig.  152) 

Burlton,  75  (Fig.  122),  142,  160 

Burnard,   arms   of,   68   (Fig.  94), 

249,  296 
Burne-Jones,  70,  356 
Burnett,  Dr.  George,  463 
Burslem,  217 
Burton,  46,  20S,  324 
Burv,  194 
'-  W.  P.  A.    F.    Phineas,    234 

(Fig.  603) 
Busseel,  von,  410  (PI.  LXXVI.) 
Butcher,  Samuel,  152  (Fig.  369) 
Butchers'  Livery  Company,    147, 

163 

Bute,  Jlarquess  of,  264 
Butter,  217 

Buttikons,  von,  405  (Fig.  981) 
Buttinen,  Rud.  von,  421  (PL  xci.) 
Byass,  R.  Nicholl,  171  (Fig.  422) 
Byron,  70,  359 

Caccialupo,    Ludovico    de,   452 

(PL  cxxx.) 
Cadman,  Rev. "W.  S.,  199  (Fig.  500) 
Caithness,  Earl  of,  379 
Calabria,  Duke  of,  166  (Fig.  402) 
Calcutta,  323  (Fig.  81S) 
Caldwell,  Robert  T.,  2S6  (Fig.  780) 
Callander,  4S6  (PL  CLI.) 
Calthorpe,  Lord,  314 
Camberwell,  225  (Fig.  575) 
Cambi  (Figliambuchi),  52 
Cambridge,  Duke  of,  275,  349 

University,  447  (PL  cxxn.) 

Camden,  Marquess  of,  264 
Camerino,  Dukes  of,  52 
Cameron  of  Fassiefern,  162 
Cammell  of   Sheffield,    155   (Fig. 

380) 
Cammerlengo,  Cardinal,  439  (PL 

CXI.) 

Camoys,  34 

Campbell,  44  (Fig.  54),  226 

Sir  Archibald,  Bart.,  93  (Fig. 

1S7),  226 

of  Aberuchill,  133,  144 

of  Blackerton,  303 

of  Craignish,  303 


Campbell  of  Glenurquhy,  461 

of  Inverneil,  303  (PL  xxviii.) 

Lord,  365 

Margaret,  361 

Camperdown,  Lord,  395 

Canada,  311 

Canisee,   Grafen    von,   420    {Fig. 

1016) 
Canivet,  Nicolas,  of  Dieppe,  100 
Canterbury,  181 

Archbishop  of,  82,  385.  437 

Cantilupe.  201 

Cantrell-Hubbersty,  i56(PLxLiv.) 
Cape  Colony,  155  (PL  Lxi.),  311, 

320 

Town,  324  {Fig.  S20) 

Capodilista,  452  (PL  cxxxi.) 

Cardinals,  439  (PL  cxi.) 

Carew,  Lord,  149 

Carlos,  Colonel,  1S9,  394,  395 

Carlyon,  209  (PL  XXXIV.) 

Carmichael,  74  (Fig.  116) 

Carminow,  64 

Carnarvon,  Edward  of,  255  (Fig. 

692) 
Carpenters'    Company,   446    (Pis. 

cxix.  and  cxxiii.),  460 
Carr,  Francis  Culling,  3S9 
Carruthers,  79  (Fig.  139),  113 
Carter,   arms  of,    154,   239   (Fig. 

614) 
Cartland,  John  Howard,  169  {Fig. 

412) 
Carysfort,  Earl  of,  176 
Cassan,  283 

Castile  and  Leon,  406  {Fig.  986) 
Castlestuart,  Earl  of,  321 
Catanei,  52 
Catharine  of  Arragon,  ^;^6  (Fig. 

827) 
Cauifield,  398 
Cave,  328 

Cavendish,  148,  32S,  485  (PL  CLI.) 
Cawne,  Sir  Thomas,  28 
Cawston,  86  (Fig.  162),  174 
Ceba,  52 

Cem  Thum,  410  (PL  Lxxv.) 
Central  London  Railway,  446  (PL 

CXXIII.) 

Cesena,  452  (PL  CXXX.) 

Chabot,  1 86 

Chadwick,  95  (Figs.  191,  192),  98, 

199 
ChaEy,  193 
Chakra,  the,  449 
Challoner,  163 
Chalmers,  133 
Chamberlayne,    T.    J.,    144    (Fig. 

331).  192 
Chambers,  153,  190,  204 
Chamier,  2S3,  311 
Champnav,  Richard,  16 
Chance,  Sir  J.  T.,  88  (Fig.  169), 

2CX3 

Chapel  Royal,  Dean  of  the,  392 
Chapi,  Andreas,  448  (PL  CXSVI.) 
Chaplin,  Thomas,  186  (Fig.  462) 
Chappell,  208,  210 
Charlemagne,  271  (Fig.  733) 
Charles  the  Bold,  32  (PL  v.),  381 

L,  339,  442 

IL,  2S8  (Fig.  783),  442 

III.    of     Spain,    454     (Fig. 

1092) 

v.,  305 

VL  of  France,  35 

of   Austria,  Archduke,   424 

(PI,  XCV.) 

IL    of    Navarre,    410    (PI. 

LXXVI.) 

of  Denmark,  Princess,  349 

Charlotte,  Princess,  350 
Charlton,  93 

of  Apley,  360 

Chartered  Accountants,  233  (PL 

cxxi.),  446 
Chatelherault,  Duchy  of,  39S 
Chatham,  279 
Chauhan  Rajputs,  449 
Chaworth  -  Musters,    J.    P.,    252 

(Fig.  6S2) 
Cheape,  George  Gierke,  205  (Fig. 

512) 
Cheesemongers'    Guild    (Ghent), 

446  (PI.  cxxn.) 


495 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Cheltenham    College,    447    (Fig. 

1066) 
Chemille,  52 
Cheney,  147 

Cherleton,  Lord,  134,  291,  299 
Cheshire,  320 
Chester,  361 
Earldom  of,  205   (Fig.  514), 

407  (PL  Lxzn.) 
Chettle.  1S9 
Chichester-Constable,  193 

Earl  of,  15 

Lord,  394 

See  of,  109 

Chigi  of  Siena,  454  (PI.  cxxxi.) 

Childebert,  1S7 

Chisenhale  -  Marsh,    W.    S.,     160 

(Fig.  3SS) 
Chisholm,  The,  310 
■ Right  Rev.  Bishop,  43S  (PI. 

cxii.),  463 
Chisholin-Batten,   J.    F.   C,    310 

(Fig.  801} 
CholmondeleT,  205 
Marchioness    of,    297    (Fig. 

793) 
Chorley  of  Chorley,  199 
Christian,  Princess,  349 
Christie,   William    L.,    139   (Fig. 

321},  209 
Chri>topher,  Captain  A.  C.  S.,  154 

.{Fig.  377)^217 
IT.   of  Denmark,    261    (Fig. 

700) 
Cicinello,      Buffardo,      452      (PI. 

cxxx.) 
Cilfowyr.  372 
Cilly,      Counts     von,     410     (PI. 

LXXVI.) 

Cinque  Ports,  362 

Cinti  (Cini).  47 

Cistercian  Order,  440  (PI.  CXI.) 

Clare,  Si,  417  (PI.  Lxxsvi.) 

Earls  of.  15 

Margaret  de,  361 

Clarence,  Duke  of,  15 

Dukes  of  (Figs.  S92-3),  349 

Clarendon,   1S2  (PI.  Lxvii.),  335, 

360 
Clark-Kennedy,   Col.    Alexander, 

396 
Clausen,  68  (Fig.  96) 
Clayhills  of  Invergowrie,  46,  144 
Cleland,  William  Henry,  152  (PI. 

XXXVI.) 

Clerk    of    Pennycuick,    116    (PI. 

XXXIV.) 

Gierke,  Bart.,  93 

of  Hitcham,  397 

Sir  John,  of  Weston,  397 

Cleves,  Johann   I.   of,  47S   (Fig. 

1126) 

Clifford,  Frederick,  190  (Fig.  474) 
Clifton    College,   217   (Fig.   550), 

447  (Fig.  606) 
Clingen,  410  (PI.  Lxxv.) 
Clippingdale,  143 
Clisson,  Oliver  de,  301 
Cloete.  William  B.,  170  (Fig.  419) 
Clogher,  See  of,  iii 
Clover,  George  R.,  155  (PI.  XLIII.) 
Clux,  Sir  Hertong  von.  291 
Coats,  James   Munro,    102    (Fig. 

214) 
Cobbe,  1 85 
Cobham,  344 

Lord,  291,  397 

Coche,  428  (PI.  xcix.) 

Cochrane,  2,  162  (Pl.Lxvni.),  296, 

338 
Cock,  78  (Fig.  129),  152 
Cockburn,  Admiral  Sir  Alexander, 

3S2  (PI.  LXVIII.) 
Cockburn-Campbell.  Sir  A.  T.,  396 

(Fig.  966) 
Cogan,  194 

Cogenhoe,  Sir  Nicholas  de,  28 
Going,  132 

Cokayne,  179,  262,  345 
Coke  of  Trussley,  153 
Colbert,  Jean  Bapt.,  435  (PI.  ex.) 
Colbv,  Rev.  S.  R.,  214  (Fig.  544) 
Colei  1S7 

Coles.  Ernest  Harrv.  213 
Colfox,  Wm.,  13S  (Fig.  319) 


College  of  Arms,  25  (PI.  Ii.) 
Collingwood,  Lord,  396 
Colman,  57  (Fig.  106),  71 
Cologne,  231  (PL  CXXiv.).  445 

Archbishop  of,  439  (PL  CXI.) 

Colston  of  Esses,  1S6 

Colville  of  Culross,  155 

Comber,  138  (Fig.  317) 

Compton,  212 

Comvn  (Cummins),  206  (PL  XXVi.) 

Concanon,  152 

Concetti- Vanzi,  Mons.  L.,  440  (PL 

CXI.) 

Conder,    arms   of,    64,  226  (Fig. 

579) 
Conisburgh,  Earl  of   Cambridge. 

132  (Fig.  303) 
Connaught,  Duke  of,  349 

Prince  Arthur  of.  275 

Conran,   Captain   G-.  M.,  14S  (PL 

XX.) 

Consort,  Prince,  350,  370 
Conyers,  223,  298,  342 
Conyston,  Thomas,  329 
Cook,  Henry,  217  (Fig.  549) 
Cooper,  146,  193 
Cope,  William,  197 
Coppen,  arms  of,  78  (PI.  XXI.) 
Coppersmiths'  Guild  (Vienna),  446 

(PL  cxxii.) 
Corbet,  152.  iSo  (Fig.  44S),  328 

Roberd,  406  (PL  Lxxr.) 

William,  407  (PL  LXXII.) 

Corea,  443  (PL  cxv.) 
Corfield,  193 

F.  C,  222  (Fig.  563) 

Cork  and  Orrery,  Earl  of,  44 
Corke,  134 
Cornwall,  Earl  of,  361 

Moses,  82  (Fig.  150),  iSi 

(Piers  de  Gaveston),  Earl  of, 

170  (Fig.  41S) 
Cornwallis-West,  72  (Fig.  114) 
Corona,  41 

Corv,  196  (PL  XXXVII.) 
Cotter,  1 87,  iSS 

Coulson,  H.  J.  W.,  175  (Fig.  432) 
Courcelles,  Marguerite  de,  301 
Courtenay,  45,   107-S  (Fig.  228), 

341 
Cowbridge,  147 
Cowell,  arms  of,  147 
Cowper,  47,  304,  320 

Henry  Swainson,  237    (Fig. 

609) 

Essex,  T.  C,  2S4  (Fig.  777) 

Cos,    William    Henry,    97    (Fig. 

200) 
Crackanthorpe,  192 
Cranston,  32S 
Cranstoun.  38,  179 
Cran  worth.  Lord,  320 
Craster,  T.Williams,  iSo(Fig.447) 
Crawar,      Peter    de,      417      (PL 

LX  XXVII.) 

Crawford,  154 

Crawford  and  Balcarres,   70   (PI. 

LSXVI.) 

Reginald.  300 

Crawhall,  George.  180  (Fig.  449) 
Crawshay,  C.  F.,  144  (Fig.  346) 

232 
Creke,  John  de.  28 
Crespignv,  Sir  C.  C.  de,  2S9  (Fie. 

7S6) 
Crespine,  162 
Creyke,  181 
Crisp,  162  (Fig.  395) 
Molineaux-Montgomerie,  1S3 

(Fig.  6S4),  252 
Croft,  arms  of,  5S,  92  (PL  xi.) 
Cromwell.  Earl  of,  303 

Oliver  and  Richard,  370 

Crookes,  85  (Fig.  157).  224 

Sir  Wiiliara,  328 

Cross,  Alexander,  205  (Fig,  513) 
Crouchback,  E.  of  Lancaster,  356 
Crowns  of  England,  264^ 
Crozier,  J.  G..  165  (Fig.  397) 
Crusades,  7 

Cruse,  Leys  M.,  301  (PL  Lv.) 
Cuddon  of  Shaddingfield,  37S 
Cuffe  (Lord  Desart),  56 
Cullen  (PI.  XLViii.) 
Cumberland,  Dukes  of,  275,  349 


Cumbrae,    College   of    the   Holy 

Spirit  at,  iii 
Cumin  of  Euchan,  303 
Cumming- Gordon,    67,    95    (PL 

XIII.),  306 
Cummins,  207  (PL  XXVI.) 
Cunlitfe,  153 
Cunniughame,  S2(Fig.  150a,  150&), 

Currie,  87,  88  (Fig.  165) 
CurzoD,  1S2,  328 

Lord,  of  Kedleston.  385 

Catlers'  Company  of  Sheffield,  446 

(PLcxxm.) 
Cyprus,  King  of,  411  (PL  LXXVI.) 
Czapski,  Count,  449 
Czaslau,  445  (PL  cxviii.) 
CZERNOWITZ,  Archbishop  of,  440 

(Fig.  1059) 

D'Abernoun,  Sir  John,  27,  28,  30 
Dabrichecourt,  Sir  S.,  292 
Dabrowa,  449  (Fig.  1075) 
Dachenbausen,  A.  von,  302  (Fig. 

796) 
Dachsperg,  414  (PL  LXXX.) 
Dacre,  Sir  Edmond,  343 

Lords,  235 

Dakyns,  2S6,  328 

Dalbret  family,  43 

D'Albrets,  306 

Dalbv,  Sir  Wm.  Bartlett,  1S6  (Fig. 

463) 
Dalgleish,  Sir  Wm.  0.,  316  (PL  LX.) 
Dalrymple,  J.  D.  G.,  103  (PLxxix.) 
Daly,  145  (PL  sxvii.) 
Dalziel,  313 

Dalzell  of  Binns,  113,305 
Dammar.t,  197 
Danby  (French),  214 
Daniels  (Rhenish),  in 
Dannecourt,  163 
Darbishire,  81  (Fig.  146),  86 
D'Arcy,  195,  196  (Fig.  493)-  342 
Darcy  de  Knayth,  Baroness,  318, 

372 
Darell,    Sir    Edmond,     41 7    (PL 

LXXXVI.) 

Dartmouth,  in,  148,  318 
Darwin,  194 

Dashwood,  Sir  G.  J.  E.,  159,  319 
Daubeney,  43,   loi  (Fig.  210,  PL 

XXXVI.),  192 
Dauglish,  H.  W.,  190  (PL  xxxvi.) 
Dauphin    (Henri    II.),    450    (PL 

CXXVIII.) 

of  France  (Fig.  39),  184  (PL 

cxxvni.),  344  (PL  Lvii.) 
Dauphiny,  300 
Dautrey.  42S  (PL  XCIX.) 
Davanzati,  452  (Fig.  10S8) 
Davenport,  76,  86  (Fig.  127) 
David  II.,  99,  301 
Davidson,  2S3 
Davies,  79  (Fig.  141) 

of  Marsh,  riS 

Sir  Thomas,  28S 

Colonel  John,  259 

De  Beaumont,  195  (Figs,  iri-i  12} 
DeBellomont,  195  (Jigs.  iii-n2), 

196  (Fig.  490). 
De  Berghes,  422  (PI.  XCIII.) 
De  Bruges,  103  (Fig.  219) 
De  Burgh  (Earl  of  Kent),  103  (Fig. 

220) 
De  Burton,  64 
De  Carteret,  153,  311 
De  Clare,  79  (Fig.  13S) 
De  Clinton  (E.  Huntingdon),  230 

(Fig.  5S8) 
De  Courcy,  52 
De  Hastings,  145 
De  Hoghton,  147.  307 
De  La  Barge  de  Ville,  43 
De  La  Ferte,  70  (Fig.  102),  190 
De  la  Poer,  90  (Fig.  173) 
De  la  Rue,  216 
De  la  Vache,  147 
De  la  Warr,  54  (Fig.  68) 
De  Lacy,  46 
De  risle,  27 
De  Mornay,  130 
De  Moulin-Browne,  135 
De  Plessis,  Earl  of  Warwick,  107 

(Fig.  233) 


De  Quincy,  Earl  of  Winchester, 

103  (Figs.  217,  21S),  loS 
De  Ramsev,  Lord,  320 
De  Salis,  J.  F.  C.  F.,  2S3,  311 
De  Saumerez,  311 
De  Trafford,  arms  of,   116  (Fig. 

255),  160  (PL  XXXIX.) 
De  Ufford,  83  (Fig.  153) 
De  Valence,  76  (Fig.  123),  loS 
De  Vere,  27,  52,  229  (Figs.  586- 

5S7) 

Earis  of  Oxford,  71  (Fig.  182) 

Deane,  155 

Death,  422  (PL  sciii.) 

Debenham,  68  (Fig.  95) 

Degier,  431  (PL  cm.) 

Denbigh,  Earl  of,  304 

Denham,  326 

Derbv,  Earl  of,  50  (Figs.  600-64), 

288,  371  (Fig.  929),  381 
Desart,  Lord,  56 
Despencer,  Edward,  29 
Devay  de  Deva,  44S  (Fig.  1070) 
Devereux  (Ferrers),  282 
Viscounts  Hereford,  107  (Fig. 

229) 
Devonport,  279 
Devonshire,   Earl  of,   342    (Figs. 

S55  and  939) 
Dewar,  226  (PL  XL  v.) 

of  Vogrie,  89  (PL  xxx.) 

Thos.  R.,  199  (Fig.  499) 

Dewsbury,  181 
Dick  of  Wicklow,  214 
Dick-Cunningham,  310 
Dick-Lauder,  Sir  T.  N.,  318  (Fig. 

Sio) 
Dickinson,  Rev,  F.  B.,  126  (Fig. 

281) 
Dickson-Poynder,  Sir  J.,  82 
Diedo,  Ludovico,  301  (PL  lv.) 
Dietterlin,  Windel,  433  (PL  CVI.) 
Diggs,  Dame  Judith,  3S8 
Dighton  (Lincolnshire).  149 
Dillon,  Viscount,  314  (PL  xxxvi.) 
Dobree,  194,  311 

Dockwra,  Sir  Thomas,  429  (PL  c.) 
Dodds,  1S6 

Dodge,  120,  145,  394,  460 
Doepler,  Emil,  473  (PL  cxxxix.) 
Dolega,  449 

Domeier,  Hugo,  473  (PL  cxxxix.) 
Domenichetti,  130 
Domenique,  Jean.  451  (PL  cxxix.) 
Donnersperg,  228 
Don  Pedro  II.,  410  (PL  Lxxvi.) 
Donington,  Lord,  131  (Fig.  300) 
Donnois,     Comte     de,     450    (PL 

cxxvii. ) 
Donoughniore,  Lord,  321 
Donzel,  52 
Dore,  189 
Doree,  188 
Dormer,  133 
Dorset,  Duke  of,  462  (Fis:.  1052) 

Earl  of,  348  (Fig.  8g6) 

Douglas,  83   (Fig.   155),    164,  222, 

231  (Fig.  592).  461 

of  Carr,  Bt.,  314 

of  Dalkeith,  343 

Earl  of.  2S8,  301,  326,  336 

Douglass,   John    W.    E.    J.,    231 

(Fig.  594) 
Doulton,  217 
Dover,  in  (Fig.  241) 
Downes,  C.  V.  S.,  182  (Fig.  453) 
Dragon,  161  (Fig.  392) 
Drake,  Sir  Francis,  395 
Drapers'  Companv,  446  (PL  cxxi.) 
Dreyer,  J.  L.  E.,  '195  (Fig.  48S) 
Drummond,  214  (PL  XLV.) 

of  Hawthornden,  128 

of  Megginch,  44  (Fig.  53),  311 

Dublin,  2S9  (Fig.  787) 

Archbishops  of,  82,  437 

Ducal  Cap,  277  (Fig.  759) 
Duckworth,   Sir  Dyce,   179  (Fig. 

444) 
Dudley,  Earl  of,  314 
Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar.  250  (Fig. 

S12),  318,  324 
Dufferin  and  Ava,  318  (Fig.  Sii), 

33S.  3S6 
Duffield,  204 
Dugdale,  Adam,  84 


496 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Dugdale,   Sir  William,    19    (rig. 

15).  40 
Duguid-M'Combie,  136  (PI.  xxs.) 
Duignan,  Wm.  H.,  1S6  (I'i?.  465) 
Dukinfield,  S6,  2S7  (Fig.  7S2) 
Da  Lis,  200 

Dumas,  57  (Fig.  137),  79,  134 
Dumbarton,  152 
Dunbar,  231  (PI.  xx.xiv.) 

Brander  of  Pitgavenny,  192 

Dunbar,  Earl  of  Marcb,  456 

(Fig.  1094) 
Dunbar,  Eev.  J.  A.,  2S7  (PI. 

xxsiv.) 
Sir  Archibald,  Bt.,  2S3  (PI. 

xxsiv.) 

Sir  Patrick,  341 

Duncombe,  142.  4S5  (PI.  CLI.) 
Dundas  of  Arniston,  53 

Laird  of,  326 

Dundee,  199,  271  (PI.  LXI.) 
Dunn,  Sir  William,  114 
Dunscombe,  53,  142  (PJ.  xxvi.) 
Dunse,  353 

Dimsmure,  James,  207  (Fig.  516) 
Dunstable,  Sir  Eichard,  336 
Dunstanville,    Lord     of    Castel- 

combe,  429  (Fig.  1036) 
Dnnzenheim,  Beatus  von,  424  (PI. 

XCTI.) 

Du  Plessis  Angers,  52 
Durand,  Sir  Mortimer,  319 
D'Urban,  W.  S.  M.,  213  (Fig.  53S), 

397 
Diirer,  Albrecht,  422  (PI.  XCIII.) 
Durham,  Bishop  of,  253,  391,  43S, 

440  (PI.  CXI.) 

Sir  Alexander,  iS 

Durning-Lawrence,  Sir  E.,  220 
Dusgate,  Eichard  D.,  1S2  (Fig.  454) 
Dykes,  1S5 
Dymoke  of  Scriveisby,  1S3 

Ealisg,  215  (Fig.  545) 
East  India  Company,  311 
Ebblewhite,  72  (Fig.  108) 
Eccles,  210  (Fig.  52S),  237 
Eddington  of  Balbartan,  118 
Edelburg  zu  Altenweyer,  483  (PI. 

CL.) 
Edinburgh,  444  (PI.  OXVII.) 

Duke  of,  349 

Earldom  of,  362 

College  of  Surgeons,  llS 

Edmund  of  Langiey,  28 

Edward  L,  442 

the  Confessor,  7,  9  (Fig.  201), 

176 

IL,  346  (Fig.  S72),  442 

IIL,  128  (Fig.  295),  200,  346 

IV.,   15.  336  (Fig-  826),  430 

(PI.  CI.) 

VL,  442 

vn..  443  (K-  "•) 

Edwards,  H.  Powell,  161,  214  (PI. 

XXIII.) 
Eggenberg,  480  (Fig.  1128) 
Eglinton  Tournament,  12 

Earls  of.  99,  20S,  321 

Egypt,  273  (Fig.  75°) 
Eleanor  of  Castile,  371 
Electoral  Hats,  277  (Figs.  760,  761) 
Elgin,  III 

and  Kincardine,  Earl  of,  314 

Elgood,  Edgar  J.,  223  (Fig.  569) 
Elizabeth,  Princess,  350 

Queen,  442 

Ellis.  313 

Eichard    Adam,    184    (Fig. 

461),  185 

of  Glasfryn,  162 

Elmhurst,  1S9 

Elphinston,  Bishop  (PI.  CXLIV.) 
Elphinstone,  Lord,  314 
Eltham.  John  of,  28  (Fig.  873) 
Ely,  231 

Marquess  (PI.  LXII.) 

Emerson,  Peter    Henry,   64    {PI. 

XXXII.) 

Ems,  Von,  38 

End.  132 

Endilhart  von  Adelburg,  408  (PI. 

LXXIII.) 

Engelsberg,  Peter,  Eitter  von,  481 

(PI.  CXLVII.) 


Enniskillen,  Eari  of,  320 

Enys,  1 88 

Erbach,  Graf,  473  (PI.  cxxxix.) 

Erlach,  Von,  481  (Fig.  1129) 

Erpach.  Counts  of.  220 

Erps,  Comte  d',  305 

Erskine  of  Shieliield,  351 

Sir  Thomas.  39S 

Ertzingen,  38  (PI.  vii.) 

Erroll,  Earls  of,  304  (Fig.  799),  392 

Eschenbach,    Wolfram    von,   40S 

(Fig.  9S8,  PI.  LXXIII.) 
Eshelby,  H.  D.,  197  (Fig.  497) 
Espin,  194 
Essex,  Earl  of,  75  (Fig.  119),  280, 

292,  299 
Estokes,    William    de,    407    (PI. 

LXXII.) 
Estwere,  Estarey,  Estare,  &c.,  191 
Etampes,    Counts    d',    360    (PI. 

Lxvn.) 
Eton    College,    197    (PI.  cxxii.), 

199.  447 
Ettrick  of  High  Barnes,  29b  (Fig. 

790) 
Eubing  of  Bavariii,  loi 
Evans.  154  (PI.  x.xv.) 

Evans,  161  (PI.  XXV.) 

Patrick  Fleming,  207 

Sloane,  3 

Eve,  G.  W.,  464  (PI.  CLIII.) 
Every-Halstead,  284 
Evreux,  Counts  d',  360  (PI.  LXVII.) 
Exeter,  Duke  of,  397  (Figs.  875-7) 

Marquess  of,  2SS 

Exmouth,  Viscount,  396 
Eye,  231,  2S1 
Eyre,  crest  of,  120 

Fred.  Jas.,  195  (Fig.  487) 

Simon.  155 

Eyton,  126  (PI.  XXXIV.) 

Faeee,  433  (PI.  CVII.) 

Fairlie,   James   Ogilvy,  234  (Fig. 

601) 
Falconer,  John,  174  (Fig.  429),  1S6 
Falmouth,  Viscount,  197,  31S 
Fane-de-Salis,  191 
Fanhope,  Lord,  288 
Fanmakers'  Company,  220 
Farish,  E.  G.,  58,  104  (PI.  XXXII.) 
Farmer,  Sir  William,  56,  164  (Fig. 

396) 
Farquhar,  Sir  Arthur,    286  (Fig. 

779) 
Farquharson,   George,    190    (Fig. 

472) 

Jarren,  George,  216  (Fig.  546) 
Farrer,  50 

Fauconberg,  Lords,  26,    299,  42S 
{PI.  SCIS.) 

and  Conyers,  Baroness,  365 

(Fig.  920),  372 

Fauntleroy,  118 
Fawside,  Allan,  18 
Fed'Ostiani,Mons.L.F.,  440  (PI. 

CXI.) 
Fegersheim,  Sebastian    von,  424 

(PI.  SCYI.) 
Felbrigge,  Sir  Simon  de,  27,  291 
Fellows,  F.  B.,  66,   148,  226  (Fig. 

577) 
Fenton,  56  (Fig.  74) 
Fentoun,  Jane,  341 
Ferdinand  I.,  25 

of  Hungary,  470  (PI. 

cxsxviii.),  (Fig.  nil) 

in.,  371 

Ferdinando,  Infant  of  Portugal, 

454  (PI.  cxsxi.) 
Ferguson,  iSS  (PI.  xsxiii.),  199, 

216 
Fermoy,  Lord,  173,  328 
Ferre,  Guy,  361 
Ferrers,  Lord,  50,  52,  282,  299 
Ferrers  of  Baddesley  Clinton,  103 

(Fig.  215) 
Ferrillo,  Matteo,  451  (PI.  csxx.) 
Feversham,  Earl  of,  318 
Ffarington,  162 
Ffinden,  86  (Fig.  163),  145 
Fielding,  304 
Fife,  Duke  of,  114  (Fig.  251),  248, 

314 
Duchess  of,  349 

49 


Fin,     Ferdinand     de,    473     (PI. 

CXXXIX.) 

Finch,  Henry,  182 

Finland,  272  (Fig.  742) 

Finlay,  Major  John,  185  (Fig.  459} 

Firth,  211 

Fisher,  1S2  (PI.  xxxvll.) 

Eowe,  E.  E.,  150  (PI.  XXXVII.) 

Fishman,  Gile,  407  {PI.  lxxii.) 
Fisherman's  Guild  (Benfeld),  446 

(PI.  CXXII.) 

Fishmongers'  Company,  446  (PI. 

CXXIII.) 

Fitz  Ercald,  153 

Fitzgerald,  154,  327,  361,  4S5  (PI. 

CLI.) 

Fitzhardinge,  Lord,  46 

Fitz  Herbert,  69,  90  (Fig.  looa), 

343 
Fitzhugh,  Godfrey,  105  (Fig.  225) 
Fitz  Marmanduc,  Joh.  le,  407  (PI. 

LXXII.) 

Fitz    Nicholas,    Ealph,   407   (PI. 

LXXII.) 

Fitz  Simon,  46 

Fitzwalter.  59 

Fitzwjlliam,  Earl,  314 

Fitz  Wise,  139  (PI.  Lxxi.),  406 

Fizeaux,  43 

Flanders,  361 

Count  of,  254,  301,  406  (PI. 

LXXI.) 

Flandres,  Isabelle  de,  300 
Flavel,  Sidney,  221  (PI.  xxin.) 
Fleetwood,     Thomas,     455     (PI. 

cxxxii. ) 
Fleming,  152  (Fig.  36S),  485  (PL 

CLI.) 

Fletcher,  3,  184,  235  (Fig.  604) 
Florence,  201,  451  (PI.  cxxx.) 
Florent  of  Hainault.  301 
Florio,  199 
Flower,  William,  40 
Foelkersahm,  Armin  von,  493  (PI. 

CXXXI.X.) 

Foljambe,  164 

Forbes  of  Pitsligo,  283 

Forbes- Leith,  139  (PI.  xxxvn.) 

Ford,  James,  67 

Forrest  of  Australia,  189 

Fortescue,  328 

Foster,  W.  H.,  211,  235  (Fig.  605) 

Foulds,  E.  J.,  194  (Fig.  483) 

Foundling  Hospital,  118 

Fouquet,  153 

Fox,  31,  66  (Fig.  87) 

of  Grovehill,  138  (Fig.  318) 

Samson,  237  (Fig.  612) 

France,  273,  429  (PI.  C.) 
France-Hayhurst,  189  (Fig.  471) 
Franckhen,  A''on   GUch.,  416  (PI. 

LX.XXIV.) 

Francolin,  Johann  von,  25  (PI.  I.) 
Franconi,  52 

Franconia,  Duchy  of,  301  (Pl.LV. ) 
Frankenstein,  Von,  42!  (PI.  XCL) 
Franz  Joseph,  Emperor,  26,  319 
(PI.  LXI.) 

iSuchen  -  Fond  -  Cura- 

toriums,  473  (PI.  CXXXIX.) 

Eraser,  A.  E.,  196  (Fig.  494),  199, 

232,  3S6 
Eraser-Mackintosh,  118  (Fig.  257) 
Erasers,  Southern,  343 
Fraiienlob,  Meister  Heinrich,  408 

(PI.  LXXIII.) 
Frederica,  Princess,  275 
Frederick  IL,  406  (PI.  LXXII.) 

III.,  32S,  470  (PI.  CX.XXVII.) 

Crown  of,  270  (Fig.  72S) 

Duke   of    Austria,    468    (PI. 

cxxxvi. ) 
Freemasons,  Gateshead,  446  (PI. 

cxix.) 
Freiberg,  341  (Figs.  853,  854) 
Fresnay,  52 

Freston,  Thos.  W.,  135  (PI.  XVII.) 
Friedrich,  Count  of  Saxony,  468 

(PI.  CXXXVI.) 

III.,  Kaiser,  474  (PI.  CXL.) 

Froburg,   Counts  von,   405    (Fig. 

980) 
Frost,  Edmund,  175  (Fig.  433) 
Frouberg,  Herr  von,  144  (Fig.  332) 
Fryg,  426  (PI.  XCVLU.) 

7 


Fuchs  von  Fuchsberg,  421  (Fig. 

1021) 
Fulton,  343 

Furnivall,  Baroness,  370 
Furriers'   Guild   (Bale),    446    (PI. 

CXXII.) 

Fussell.  102 

Fyndarne,    Sir  Thomas,  417  (PI. 
LXXXV. ) 

Fysh,  Sir  Philip  Oakley,  185 

Galeeaith,  226  (PI.  XLV.) 
Galloway,  Earl  of.  343 

See  of.  III 

Galpin,  83 

Bev.  A.  J.,  183  (Fig.  456) 

Gamble,  90  (Fig.  176) 

Gamboa,  194 

Gandv,  155 

Gara'    II.,      Nikolaus,     44S    (PI. 

cxxvi.) 
Garbett,  328 
Gardeners'     Guild     (Strassburg), 

447  (PI.  CXXII.) 
Gardner,  Lord,  132 
Garnett-Orme,  96  (Fig.  198) 
Garter  King,  25  (PI.  ]l.) 
Garvey,  1 86 
Garwynlon,  204 
Gasceline,  108 
Gaston     de    Moncada,    410    (PL 

LXXVI. ) 

Gatehouse,  183 
Gatesden,  Sir  John  de,  34 
Gawayne,  Sir,  417  (PI.  LXXXVI.) 
Gebhard  IL,  301  (PI.  LV.) 
Geldern,  Dukes  von,  25 

Herald  von,  25  (PI.  I.) 

Gell,  69  (PI.  sxxvm.) 

Gellie  of  Blackford,  227 

Gelre,  410  (PI.  L,  Fig.  i),  411      ^. 

Genewyle,  Earl,  417  (PI.  lxxxvi.) 

Gentleman,   Eobert   George,    16S 

(Fig.  409) 
Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  27,  37,  50 
George,     Frederick     Brand,     172 

(Fig.  113),  174 

I.,  443 

HI.,  349 

Gerardini,  L.  M.,  32  (PI.  V.) 
Geras,  Abbot  Michael  of,  482  (PI. 

CXLIX.) 

German   Crown   Prince,    271   (PL 

LIL) 

Empire,  443  (PI.  cxv.) 

Empress,  271  (PI.  LIL),  349 

Imperial    Crown,     271     (PL 

LII.) 

Imperial  Herald,  25  (Fig.  29 

and  PI.  I.) 

School     Union,     447     (PL 

cxxn.) 

Germania  and  Hungern,  430  (PI. 

CII.) 

Geroldseck    am    Wasichen,    409 

(Fig.  990) 
Geroldt,  431  (PI.  CIU.) 
Gestrikland    (Sweden),    443     (PL 

cxv.) 
Gey,  Walter  de,  407  (PI.  Lxxil.) 
Geyss,  164 
Ghibellines,  354 
Gibbons,  E.  A.,  199  (PI.  XIV.) 
Gibson,  Thomas  George,  180  (Fig. 

446) 

William,  175  (Fig.  434) 

Gibsone    of    Pentland,   222   (Fig. 

565).  3" 
Gilford,  Sir  John,  28 
Gillman,  95  (Fig.  195),  120,  215 
Gilmour,  Sir  John,  194  (Fig.  4S6), 

224 
Gilstrap,     J.     MacHae,    211     (PL 

X.X.\II. ) 
Giolfini,  52 

Giresme,  Nicole  de,  306 
Gladstone,  19,  98  (PI.  xxxii.),  iiS 
Glasford,  260 
Glasgow,    III    (PL   cxvii.),   185, 

321,  444 
Glaziers'  Company,  313 
Gloucester,  Duke  of,  16,  332,  335, 

336.  350 
Earl  of,  170  (Figs.  416,  417, 

866) 

3  R 


INDEX    OF    PROPER   NAMES 


Gobion,  iS6 

Goldast.  41S   (Fig.   SS),   426  (PI. 

xcvm. ) 
GoldeD  Fleece,  25  (Fig.  28  and 

Pi.  I.) 
Goldie,  155 
Goldie-Scot,  67 
Goldsmiths'    Company,    446   (PI. 

cxxi.) 
Goldthorpe,    William,    169    (Fig. 

414) 
Goluchowski,  Count,  449 
Gomm,  Sir  Wm.  Maynard,  3S9 
Gooch,  144,  239 
Goodchief,  103 
Gooden,  James,  310 
Gooden-Cbisholm,  141  (PI.  ltil), 

31I'  314 
Goodfellow,    General,    112    (Fig. 

243),  152,  209 
Goodwin,  130 
Gordon,  306,  353 
Gordon-Cumming,  Sir  Wm.,  370 
Gorges,  107 
Gornay,  43 

Gossett,  107  (Fig.  235) 
Gough,  Lord,  161,  263.  321,  396 
Gould,  87,  SS  (Fig.  167) 
Gouvis,  52 
GrEeme,  120 
Grafton,  Duke  of,  357 
Graham    ( Baronet's    badge),   485 

(PI.  CLI.) 

Jas.  Noble,  96  (Fig.  199),  174 

of  Morphie,  344 

Graham-Wigan,  90 (Fig.  178),  loi, 

220,  252 
Grailly,  John  de,  163 
Grant,    Francis  James,   232   (PI. 

XLV.) 

Grassower,  410  (PL  Lxxv.) 
Grauff  von  Dalffin,  1S4  (Fig.  457) 
Graves.  Lord,  173 
Great  Central  Railway.  237  (Fig. 

611)  (PI.  CXXIII.) 

Torrington.  201 

Western  Eailway  Company, 

482 
Greece,  313,  443  (PI.  CXV.) 
Greek  Archbishops.  439  (PI.  CXI.) 
Greene.  Richard.  14S  (Fig.  354) 
Greenwood.  88  (Fig.  171) 
Greer,  T..  168  (Fig.  406} 
Greg.  190 

Gremp.  432  (PL  CIV.) 
Giene,  Henry,  15 
Gresham,  iSS,  336 
Gresley,  51  (E'ig.  65),  24S 
Greve.  Henry,  19 
Grey,  John  de,  344 
Sir  John,  2SS,  292,  293,  415 

(Fig.  1004) 
Grey  and  Hastings,  369 
Greyffen,  Die.  431  (PL  CIV.) 
Greystock,     Lord     of,     411     (PL 

LXXVI.) 

Griffin.  Sir  Lepel  (Fig.  963) 
Grifcon,  Richard,  330 
Griggs,  135 
Grimke-Drayton,  190 
Grimm-Wiirsing.  482  (PL  CXLlx.) 
Grinlinton.  Sir  John  J.,  224  (Fig. 

571) 
Grocers'  Livery  Com  pany ,  204,  3 1 1 
Grosvenor,  10,  13,  43,  64,  144,205, 

37S 

Grove  of  Shenston  Park,  192 
Grove-Whife.  76  (PL  xxil.) 
Gruener  of  Passau,  412  (Fig.  looo) 
Grunau.  483  (PL  CL.) 
Griinenberg,  Barons  von,  405  (Fig. 

9S0) 

• Conrad.  13,  419  (Fig.  1015) 

Gruthuyse,  103  (Fig.  219) 
Guelph'    Party.     354,     451      (PI. 

cxxx),  452  (Fig.  10S7) 
Guetteville    de    Gu^nonville,    52, 

21 1 
Guido,   Count    of  Flanders,    46S 

(PL  cxxxvi.) 
Guinness,  Lord  Ardilaun,  306 
Guise,  loi,  306 
Gull,  182,  221,  398 
Gulston,  A.  S.,  176  (Fig.  435) 
GUttingen,  410  (PL  Lxxv.) 


Gwatkin,  iSS 

Gwilt,  164 

Gymnasts,     German,      447      (PL 

cxxii.) 
Gvnes   (Guisnes),   Count   of,   406 

"(PL  LXXI.) 
HABSPUEG,  409   (PL   LSXIV.),  418 

(Figs.  loio-ii) 
Haccombe,  Stephen  de.  27 
Hael,  Konrad  von,  476  (Fig.  1:23) 
Hafen,  426  (PL  xcvili.) 
Hagelshaimer,  Sigmund,  302  (Fig. 

794) 
Haig,  352  (Fig.  900,  PI.  lxv.) 
Haigh,  A.  S.,  352  (Fig.  901) 
Hailes,  Lord,  iS 
Haimenhoven,  409  {PI.  LXXIV.) 
Hainault,  Counts  of,  334 
Haldane.  66  (Fig.  90).  87 
Hale?,  EH  George,  211  (Fig.  530), 

232 
Halford,  306,  398 
Halifax,  109 

Viscount,  319  (PL  LXii.) 

Hallen,  A.  E.  H.  C,  171  (Fig.  424) 
Haller,  Die,  431  (fl-  civ.) 
Hamilton,  196,  457  (PI.  cxxxiv.) 

Duke  of,  2SS 

Lady  (Nelson's),  589 

of    Sunningdale,    2S2    (Fig. 

774) 
Hamilton-Grace,  396 
Hammersmith,  237  (Fig.  607) 
Hammerstein,     Von,     473      (PL 

cxxx  IX.) 
Hampshire,  443  (PL  cxv.) 

Earl  of,  15 

Hanbury,  282  (Fig.  773) 
Handcock     (Lord    Castlemaine), 

179 
Hane,  47S  (PL  CXLIII.) 
Hannen,    Hon.  Jus.   Chitty,    133 

(PL  XLI.) 

Hannover,  445  (PL  cxviri.) 
Harben,  214  (PL  xxix.) 

Sir  Henry,  87  (PL  xxix.) 

Harchies,  Gerard  d',  306 

Harcourt,  179 

Hardegt,     Count     of,     412     (PL 

LXXVIII.) 

Hardinge,  Sir  Edmund,  441 

Harewell,  417  (PL  Lxxxv.) 

Harington  (Haverington),  104 

Harley.  6S  (PL  xii.),  284 

Harman,  150 

Harold,  6 

Harrach  -  Falkenhain,    482     (PL 

CXLIX.) 

Harrington,  331 

Harris,  Alfred,  207  (Fig.  519) 

Walter  Henry,  154  (Fig.  376) 

Harrison,  arms  of,  i^;^,  259 
Hart,  Sir  Robert.  161,179,  195,321 
Harter,  G.  L.  F.,  192  (Fig.  479) 
Harthill   of    Willenhall,    14S  (PL 

XXXI.) 

Hartley,  178 

Hartmann  von  Owe,  32  (PL  v.) 
Hartwig  Raate,  407  (PL  Lxxiil.) 
Harvey,    Gen.    Robert,  396   (Fig. 

964)' 
Haseley  of  Suffolk,  204 
Hassendoff,    Heren  von,  420  (PL 

xci.) 
Hastings,  128,  298,  340,  341,  361 

Henry  de.  406  (PL  LXXi.) 

Lord,  223  (Fig.  566) 

Sir  Hugh,  28 

Sir  Robert,  417  (PL  LXXXV.) 

Hatton,  Villiers,  14S 
Haubourdin,  Seigneur  de,  360  (PL 

Lsvir.) 
Havre.  Le,  445  (PL  CXVIU.) 
Hawke,  Lord,  324 
Hawkesbury,  Lord,  264 
Hawkey,  arms  of,  199 
Hay,  304.  328 
Sir  Hector  Maclean,  95  (Fig. 

194).  370 
Hayne.  155 
Hazlerigg.  194 
Heard,  Sir  Isaac,  40,  112 
Heard,  Samuel  Thomas,  234  (Fig. 

600) 


Heaven,  Joseph  Robert,  141  (Fig. 

322) 
Heidegk,  410  (PL  LXxv.) 
Heimshoven,  410  (PL  lxxv.) 
Heinrich  von  Krannichberg,   472 

(Fig.  1117) 
Helard,  C,  465  (PI.  CLlll.) 
Heldt,  433  (PL  cvii.) 
Helfenstain   in   Swabia,  409  (PL 

LXXIV.) 

Hellemmes.  52 
Hellenes,  Kings  of  the,  370 
Hendelmayr.  431  (PL  cm.) 
Henderson,  S2  (Fig.  149) 
Heneage,  337  (Fig.  835) 
Hennenberg,  410  (Fig.  992) 
Henryn.,336(Fig.  825),  360  (PL 

XCIX.) 

—  III.,  442 

IV.,  34S  (Fig.  890) 

IV.  (Fig.  755).  335  (Fig.  S90), 

442 

IV.  of  France,  450  ( PL  cxxix. ) 

v.,  S35  (PI-  L^vii.)  (Fig.  888) 

VIL,  336(Fig.S29) 

VIIL,  335,  336  (Fig.  827), 427 

of  Batten  berg.  Princess,  349 

Hepburn,  194,  299,  3^;^ 
Heralds,  25-26  (Pis.  i.  and  il) 
Herbeit,  264,  359 

Arthur,   of  Coldbrook,   462 

(Fig.  1097) 

Hereford,  398 

Earls  of,  15,  255  (Fig.  691), 

301 
Heringen,  Johanns  von,  486  (Fig. 

1 1 34) 
Herkomber,  433  (PL  cvii.) 
Hermon  of  Preston,  259 
Herondi,  Jon  de,  407  (PL  Lxxil.) 
Herschel,   Sir  William,  230  (Fig. 

59O 
Herscbell,  Lord,  324 
Herston,  Francis,  417  (PL  LXXXV.) 
Hertneyd  von  Potendorff,  412  (PL 

LXXVII.) 

Hervey,  M.  W.,  74,  126  (PL  XLV.) 
Hese,    Nicholas    de  la,    406   (PL 

LXXI.) 

Hesilrige,  194 

Hess,  J.  Heinrich,  436  (PL  CX.) 
Hesse,    Landgrave    of,   405  (Fig. 
983).  435  (Fig.  1051) 

Grand  Duchess  of,  349 

von  Rinach,4oS  (PL  lxiil) 

Hessenburg,  Von,  432  (PL  cv.) 
Hevwortb,  155 
Hickman,  88  (Fig.  170) 
Hi^hmore,  1S2 
Hill,  196 

of  CO.  Wexford,  50 

John,  of  Saltburn,  207  (Fig. 

521) 
Hilteboltvon  Schwangau,  407  (PL 

Lxxni.) 
Hilton,  307 
Hinckley,  72 
Hindlip,  Lord,  145 
Hinter   Sant    Johans,     426    (PI. 

SCVIII.) 

Hobart,  228 

Hobson,  173  (PL  xlix.) 

Hochenberg,  410  (PL  LXXV.) 

Hochepied-Larpent,  252  (Fig.  683) 

Hodsoll.  225  (Fig.  574) 

Hof,  Von,  426  (PL  xcvm.) 

Hohenberg,   Hans   von,    413  (PL 

LXXX.) 

Hohenembs.  Counts  von,  38  (PL 

VJI.) 

Hohenems,    Graf    von.    479   (PI. 

CXLV.) 

Hohenteufen,  Freiherren  von,  410 

(PL  LXXV.) 

Holienzollern,  32S 
Holbrow.  67  (Fig.  91) 
Holderness,  Earls  of.  318 
Holdich-Hungerford,  233 
Helper,  422 
Holland,  361 

Earl  of  Kent,  301 

SirThomas.  417  (PL  Lxxxvi.) 

Hollis,  Earl  of  Clare,  81 
HoUist.  E.  0..  204  (Fig.  510) 
Holstein,  411  (Fig.  997) 


Holstein,  Count  of,  405  (Fig.  7S5) 
Holnstein,     Count    of,    360    (PL 

LXVIL) 

Holthouse,  Roger,  51 

Holy  Roman-German  Empire,  417 

(PI    LXXXVII.) 

Holzhausen,  312  (Fig.  803a) 
Homberg.  41S  (Fig.  1009) 
Hood  of  Avelon,  Lord,  163 
Hope,  James  Fitzalan.  107  (Kig. 

231),  222,  228,  250 
Horncastle.  64  (Fig.  S4).  2S4 
Hornyold,  64  (Fig.  82),  192 
Horseley,  William,  16 
Hose,  223  (PL  L.xxxv.) 
Hospitallero,  Order   of    the,   440 

(PL  CXI.) 
Hoste,  Sir  William,  397 
Houldsworth  of  Gonaldston,  192 
House,  Thomas,  417  (PL  lxxxv.) 
Houthem,  Barons  van,  51 
Hove,  237  (Fig.  610) 
Howard,  44,  260.  336.  4S5  (PL  CLI.) 

Joseph  Jackson .  104  ( Fig.  224) 

Sir  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey, 

427 
Howatson,  Charles,  iSi  (Fig.  451) 
Howth,  Earl  of,  31S 
Huddersfield,  152 
Hughes,  Captain  M.  J.,  126  (Fig. 

2S0) 
Hull,  231 
Humbert  IL,  3C0 
Humphry,  S3  (Kig.  156) 

Duke  of  Gloucester,  16 

Hiin.  409  (PL  LXxv.) 
Hungarian  Crown,  270  (PL  Lii.) 

Herald,  26  (PL  II.) 

Hungary,  King  of,  429  (Fig.  1035) 
Hungerford  and  Heytesbury,  Lord, 

2S1,  291 

Earl    of    Huntingdon,    107 

(Fig.  230) 

Hunrhusen.  410  (PL  Lxxv.) 
Hunter.  Andrew  Alexander,  215 

(PL  XXIII.) 

of  Hunterston,  144  (Fig.  Soo) 

of  Plas  Coch,  144  (Fig.  334) 

Hunter- Weston,  30S  (Fig.  800a) 
Huntingdon  and  Chester.  Earl  of, 

82  (Fig.  14S) 
Hunyadi,  Count  Johann,  44S  (PL 

cxxvi.) 
Hurst,  230 
Hussey,  Thomas,  120  (Fig.  261), 

223,  291 
Huth,  Edward,  204  (Fig.  511) 

F.  H.,  223.  303  (Fig.  79S) 

Hutchinson.  59 

Hutchison,  J.  W.,  210  (Fig.  529) 

Hutton,  39.   107   (Fig.  234),  208, 

217,  219  (PL  XVII.) 
Hyde,  loi  (PL  xxvl) 

I'Anson,  S3  (PL  xxvii.) 
Iceland,  1S5 
Iffenthal,  405  (Fig.  981) 
Ilchester,  229 

Lord,  13S 

Im  Hoff,  Die,  432  (PL  civ.) 

Im  Turn,  426  (PI.  xcviil.) 

Ince,  69  (Fig.  99) 

Ingleby,  220 

Ingleram  de  Ghisnes,  52 

Innes,  193 

Innsbruck,  412 

Inveraray,  54,  1S4 

Inverarity ,  John  Duncan ,  1 92 

(Fig.  47S).  197,  211 
Inverness,  109  (Fig.  239),  155,  312, 

463 
Ireland,  336  (PL  cxv.),  443 

Duke  of,  397  (Fig.  967) 

Iron    Crown    of    Lombardv,   272 

(Fig.  744) 
Irvine,  78  (Fig.  135),  193 
Irwin,  193  (Fig.  135) 
Isham.  82 

Isles.  Lord  of  the,  457 
Islip,  329 

Islington.  234  (Fig.  602) 
Italian   Crown  Prince,   272  (Fig. 

743) 
Italy.  272  (PL  LII.) 
Iveagh,  Lord,  324 


498 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Jackson  of  Doncaster.  179 
Jaeo.  Province  of,  443  (PI.  csv.) 
Jamaica.  311 
James  I.,  442 

n.,  335  (Fig- S24).  442 

VI.,  259 

Rev.  N.  H..  21S  (PI.  xsn.) 

Janssen  of  Wimbledon.  207 
Japan.  443  (PI.  cxv.) 
Jardine,  David  J..  214  (Fig.  541) 
Jeanne  de  Flandre.  52 
Jedburgh,  114,  141 
Jefferson.  3S9 

JehandeLanghat,45o(Pl.  cxx^il.) 
Jejeebhoy,  Sir  Jam  set  jee.  179 
Jena    Students'   Association ,   447 

(PI.  CXXII.) 
Jenkinson.  143 
Jennings,  224 
Jerningham.  174 
Jerusalem,  Patriarch  of,  439  (PI. 

CXI.) 

Jeune,    Sir    Francis    Henrv,    148 

(Fig.  3sS) 
Jezierski,  Counts  of,  233 
Joanna  of  Ponthieu,  371 
Joass  of  CoUinwort,  23S 
Joch,  Fry.  von,  420  (PI.  xc) 
Johling,  Hanns,  413  (PI.  LXXix.) 
John,  Eing,  442  (Fig.  S67} 
of  Bohemia,   46S   (PI. 

C5XXVI. ) 

of    Gaunt,    335   (Fig.   S97), 

356 

Johnson,  T.  F.,  151,  160  (PI.  xsv.) 

of  Kennal  Manor,  260 

Graham,  465 

Johnstone,  21S  (Fig.  554),  222 
Johore,  273  (Fig.  753) 
Joicev-Cecil,  Lord,  J.  P.,  289  (Fig. 

7S4) 
Joiners' Company,  313 
Jones,  Sir  Lawrence,  130 

Sir   Wm.   Qnayle,    iSo    (PI. 

XXV.) 

Jorger,  in 

Joscelin,  174  (Fig.  431),  216 
Joslin,  "Walter.  216  (Fig.  547) 
Joynson,  Tertius,   169  (B'ig.  413), 

170 
Jndde,  42S  (PI.  xcix.) 

KASiX.  273  (Fig.  736) 

Kaspar  von  Thurn,  476  (Fig.  1122) 

Katharine,  Queen,  427 

"Katze,"   the,   425    (PL    xcviii., 

Fig.  1029) 
Kay,  50 

Keane,  Lord.  396 
Keates,  136  (Fig.  312) 
Keegan,  Ed.  Wells,  129  (Fig.  296) 
Keith,  Earl  of  Kintore,  398 
Kekitmore,  20S 
Kelbel,     Margaretha,     474    (Fig. 

1119) 
Kelly,  A,  D.  D.,  164  (PI.  xxix.) 

Edward    Festus,    209   (Fig. 

524) 

Kelso,  Archibald.  207  (Fig.  518) 

Kemeys-Tynte,  15S 

Kemsiey.    John    Cole,    155   (Fig, 

379),  321 
Kendiffe,  1S9 

Kenetz,  N.  de,  406  (PI.  LXXii.) 
Kenney,  J.  C.  F.,  2S3 
Kensington,  231  (Fig.  593),  2S7 
Kent,  Duke  of,  349 

Earl  of,  76  (Fig.  125) 

(De  Burgh),  103  (Fig. 

220) 

Fair  Maid  of,  335 

Keppel,  De,  47S  (PI.  cxliii  ) 

Kerrison,  Sir  Edward,  396 

Kersey,  196 

Kettle  of  Wolverhampton,  iSS 

Kevilioc,  205 

Keynes,  Sir  Robert  de,  27 

Kh'nen.  431  fPl.  cm.) 

Kien,  Barons  von,  405  (Fig.  9S0) 

Kienberg,  405  (Fig.  9S1) 

Kiew,  272  (Fig.  741) 

Kilchain,  410  (PI.  lsxt.) 

Killach,  194 

Kilmarnock,  312  (Fig.  S03) 

Kilpin,  E.  Fuller,  230  (Fig.  590) 


Kilvington,  50 

King,  Sir  H.  S.,  64  (PI.  xiv.),  195 
King  of  Arms,  a,  225  {PI.  i.) 
Kinloss,  Baroness,  367 
Kinnaird,  Lord,  314 
Kinnoull,  Earl  of,  398 
Kintore,  Lord,  112 
Kirk,  56  (Fig.  196),  96 
Kirkcaldy,  no 
Kirkwood,  220 

Kitchener,  Viscount,  155,  263,  397 
Klimsoh,  K..  433  (Figs.  1044,  1048) 
Klingpsor.  Major,  K.  A.  von,  26 
Knevet,  Elizabeth,  31 
Knightley,  Sir  Richard,  29 
Knoblaclier,  433  (PI.  evil.) 
Knoringen.  432  (PI.  cv.) 
Knowles,  Lees,  152  (Fig.  364) 
Knox,  Eail  of  Kanfurly,  98 
Krain,  Duchy  of,  410  (PI.  Lxxvi.), 

4" 
Kress  von  Kressenstein,  424  (PI. 

xcv.) 
Kropfner,  Die,  416  (PI.  Lxxxiv.) 
Kriitzlingen,  von,  426  (Pl.xcviil.) 
Kunitz.  4S3  (PI.  CL.) 
Kyd,  90  (Fig.  iSo) 
Kynnersley,  190 
Kyrke,  loi 


Lapoke,   Alfred.   132   (Fig.  302), 

218 
Laiterberg,  214 
Lake,  Dr.  Edward,  395 
Laking,  Sir  Francis,  Bart.,  50,  39S 
Lambert,  Frederick  A.    H.,    163, 

197  (Fig.  495) 
Lambeth,  199 

Lament,  James,  98  (Fig.  205),  232 
Lamplngh,  80  (Fig.  144),  260 
Lancashire  County  Council,  335 
Lancaster,  201 
Earls  of.  28.  25S  (Fig.  696), 

341  {Figs.  S6S-871) 

Henrv  of,  301  (PI.  lsxix.) 

W.  J.',  71  (Fig.  103) 

Lane,  47  (Fig.  57),  93.  12S,   141, 

231 

Mistress  Jane,  395 

Lanesborough,  Lord.  321 
Lang.  Sibald,  475  (PI.  CSLI.) 
Langdale,  H.  J.  G.,  220  (Fig.  559) 
Langenstain,  Von,  421  (PI.  XCI.) 
Langer,  114 

Langbans,  75  (Fig.  121) 
Langman,  J.  L.,  2n  (Fig.  532) 
Langton,  161 
Lanigan-O'Keefe,   114  {Fig.  252), 

179,  187 
Lanschadin,  290 
Lanvon.  Louis  Mortimer,  93  {Fig. 

1 88) 
Lascelles,  85  (Fig.  157),  152 
Latimer,  Lord,  291,  344 
Lathom,  260 
Laobenberg,  Hans  Wilhelm  von, 

424  (PI.  XCVI.) 
Lauderdale,    Earl  of,    456    (Fig. 

1096) 
Laurie  of  Maswelltown.  217 

.  of  the  Tron  Kirk,  18 

Law,  179 
La  Warr,  328 
Lawlor-Huddleston,  i04(Fig.  223), 

252 
Lawn,  Hans.  412  (PI.  LXXVili.) 
Lawson- Johnston ,    George    Law- 
son,  87.  171  fPl.  XXVIII.) 
Lax,  Mrs.  Sarah.  389 
Layland,  Barratt,  139  (Fig.  320), 

205 
Lazar,      Brankovies,      470      (Pf. 

CXXXVIII.) 

Le  Breton,  Hector,  459 

Le  Moyne,  260 

Le  Strange,  158  (Fig.  3S2),  319 

Leake,  Stephen  Martin,  16 

Leconfield,  Lord,  318 

Lee,  73  (Fig.  115),  172 

G.  Ambrose,  23 

of  Seend,  153  (Fig.  374) 

Leech,  Stephen.  197  (Fig.  496) 
Leeds,  151  (PI.  csvii.),  181,  444 
Duke  of,  318 


Leemlng,  85  (PI.  xxii.) 
Lees,  Joseph,  219  (Fig.  555) 
Legg.  So  (Fig.  143),  120 
Legge,  14S,  4S5  (PI.  CLI.) 
Legh  of  Lyme,  30,  40  (Fig.  47) 
Leicester,  195 

Earl  of,  72,  406  (PI.  LXXi.) 

Leigh,  212,  219  (Fig.  556),  284 

Gerard,  17 

Leighton,  Lord,  56 
Leinster,  Duke  of,  154,  4S5 
Leipzig,    445    (PI.    cxviii.,    Fig. 

1063) 
Leith,  54,  109 
Leliva,  449  (Fig.  1077) 
Leman,  Sir  John,  191 
Lemgaw,  479  (PI,  cxLlll.) 
Lempriere,  311 
Leo  XIIL,  439  (PI.  CXI.) 
Leopold  1.  of  Bohemia,  470  (Fig. 

1112) 

of  Saxe-Coburg,  350 

Lerwick,  226 

Leslie,  112  (Fig.  244),  32S,  344 
Lestrange,  343 
Lethbridge,  Sir  Roper,  199 

Sir  Wroth  A.,  208  {Fig.  523) 

Leublio,  431  (PI.  cui.) 

Lever,  67 

Leveson  -  Gower,    194,     4S5    (PI. 

CLI.) 

Levben.  470  (Fig.  1114) 
Levetzow,  Von,  473  (PI.  CXXXIX.) 
Lewis,  Sir  George,  Bart.,  221 
Leyburne,    Roger    de,    406     (PL 

LXXI.) 

Liberty,  Arthur  Lazenby,  126  (Fig. 

278),  209,  32S 
Lielsperg,  Fry.  von,  420  (PI.  XC.) 
Lilford,  Lord,  134 
Liliey,  of  Harrow,  199 

of  Stoke  Prior,  199 

Lincoln,  Earls  of,  255  (Fig.  689), 

341  (Figs.  S45-6),  343 

See  of,  1 10 

Lind,  214  (PI.  XXXIX.) 
Lindau,  39  (PI.  vii.) 
Lindsay,  70 

Rev.  T.  (Fig.  207) 

Sir  David,  303,  456 

Lingard-Monk,  224 
Lingen, 197 

Burton,  46 

Linlithgow,  in 

Lions,  heraldic  (Pis. XL. and  XLii.) 

Lippe,  Prince  of,  261 

Lipton,  Sir  Thomas,  Bart.,  193 

Lisbon,  Patriarch  of,  439  (PI.  CXI.) 

Lisle,  Baroness,  370 

Lismore,  Lord,  1S9 

Liverpool.  3n,  444  (Pi.  cxvt.) 

Lord, 264 

Livingstone,  199 

Viscount  Teviot,  203 

Lloyd,  50,  53,  213  (PI.  XXX.) 

of  Dolobran  (Fig.  4S0) 

of  Plymog,  iiS 

of  Stockton,    130,  372  {Fig. 

934),  397 

H.  Crampton,  142  (Fig.  325) 

Wilson,  152  (Fig.  367),  192 

Owen,  D.  C,  200  (Fig.  504) 

Loch,  Lord.  225 

Lockhart,  220 

liOder-Symonds,  184 

Loen,  132 

Loetzen,    Curt    Scutter  von,   473 

(PI.  CXXXIX.) 

Loffelholz  -  Stromer,     482     (PI. 

CXLIX.) 

Loffredo,  52 
Loheac,  52 

Lotkowitz,  Von,  480  (PI.  CXLVI.) 
London,    City   of,    253,    320    (Pl. 
ex VI.),  444 

Duke  of,  362 

Londonderry,  114,  398 

Long,  59 

Longspee,   William   de,   407   (PI. 

LXXII.) 

Longstaff  of  Ridgelands,  119  (PI. 

XIV.) 

Longueville,  Count  de,  292 
Lopis,  Sir  Massey,  53 
Lopus,  Dr.,  192 


Lord  Chamberlain,  Papal,  440  (PI. 

CXI.) 
Lorraine,  Duke,  Charles  of,  435 

(Fig.  1049) 
Loschau,  of  Augsburg,  3S0  (Fig. 

944) 
Lothringen,   Dukes  of,    416   (PI. 

LXXXIV.) 

Louis  XV.,  436  (PI.  ex.) 
Louise,  Princess,  349 

de  Savoie.  450  (PI.  cxx\aii.) 

Lovell,  Viscount,  292,  299,  381 
Lovett,  137 
Low  (Lowe),  203 

Sir  James,  137  (Fig.  314) 

Lownde?.  92  (PI.  xxxv.),  104,  211 

Lownes,  162 

Lowther,  107 

Loys  du  Breuil,  450  (Fl.  cxxvii.) 

Liibeck  Burgomaster's  chair,  478 

(Fig.  1 124) 
Lubienski,  Count,  :i4  (Fig.  806) 
Lucas,  428  (Fig.  1033) 
Admiral  Charles  Davis,  3S5 

(Fig.  956) 

Joseph,  185  (PI.  xsiii.) 

Ludlow,  53,  336 

Ludwig  II.  of  Bavaria,  26 

Duke    of  Austria,   422    (PL 

xcii.) 
von     Prenzenau,    475    {Fig. 

1121) 
Lumb,  James,  216  (Fig.  548) 
Lunisden,  James  David,  185  (Fig. 

45S) 
Lundin,  John,  352 
Lurgan,  Lord,  288 
Liittishofen,yon,48o(Pl.  CXLVii.) 
Luttrell,  255,  307 
Luxemburg,  Grnnd  Duchv  of,  443 

(PI.  cxv.) 
Lynch,  138 
Lygh,  Roger,  16 
Lyons,  3 
Lyveden,  Lord,  321 

Macaea,   Charles  W.,    189    (Fig. 

470),  190 
McCammond,  W.  E.  C,  143  (Fig. 

329),  284 
McCarthy,  188 
McDermott,  H.  T.,  140  (Pl.xxii.), 

194 
Macdonald,  226  (PI.  XLV.) 
William       Kid,       169       (PL 

XSXVIII.) 

William  Rae,  218  (PI.  xvii.), 

295 
Macdonell  (Lozenge),  486  (PI. CLI.) 
McDowille,  Dugal,  iS 
Macfarlanes  of  that  Ilk,  326 
Macfie    of     Dreghom,    214     (PL 

XXXVIII.),  226 
Macgregor,  116 

M'Kerrell,  R.  Mure,  116  {Fig.  253) 
Mackesy,  214 
Maclachlan,  311 
McLarty,  210 

MacLaurin  of  Dreghorn,  218 
Macleod,  147 
Maclulich,  112 
MacMahon.  175 
MacMicking,  Robert,  200 
MacMorran,  Alexander,  150  (Fig. 

363) 
MacMurrogh-Murphy.    190    (Fig. 

473) 
Maconochie.  A.  W.,  185  (Fig.  460) 
Maconocbie-Wellwood,    315    (PI. 

LIX.) 

Macpherson,  Cluny,  136  (Fig.  3n), 

3"'  315 

Sir  Arthur,  226  (Fig.  578) 

Macrae- Gilstrap,  211  (PI.  xxxu.) 

MacSweeney,  38 

Maddocks,  John,   113  (Fig.  246). 

214 

Madras.  L^niversity  of,   134  (Fig. 

308).  199 
Madrostki,  449  {Figs.  1079-81) 
Magdaline  of  France  and  Mary  of 

Loraine.  PI.  cxxxiil. 
Magdeburg,  Burgrave  of.  412  (PL 

LXXVIII.) 

Magnall,  214 


499 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Magugg,  426  {PI.  xcviii.) 

Mahony,  2S3 

Maigret  (Megret),  43 

Mailly,  Gilles  de,  343 

Maine,  State  of.  444  (PI.  cxv.) 

Maintenance,  Cap  of,  288 

Maitland,  A.  C.  R.,  126  (Fig.  279), 

127 
Maitland,  of  Dundrennan,  210 

Major  James,  351 

Mainwaring-EIieiker-Onslow,  252 

(Fig.  686),  252 
Majors  of  Suffolk,  213 
Malcolm,  224 
Malet,    Sir    Edward,     G.C.B.,    2 

(Fig.  0,248 
Mallerby  of  Devon,  193 
Maltravers,  103 

Maltzahn,  Von,  473  (PI.  csxxix.) 
Man,   410   (PI.   Lxxvi.),  417   (PI- 

LXXXV.) 

Manchester,  70  (PI.  cxvr.),  444 
Maness  von  Manegg.  403  (Fig.  978, 

PI.  XX.),  409  (PI.  LXXIV.) 
Manfredi,  354 
Manners,  99,  397 
Mansergh.  James,  161  (Fig.  394), 

225 

Richard  S.,  2S1  (Fig.  772) 

Mantua,  Duchy  of,  454  (Fig.  1091) 
Maories,  7 

Mar,  Earl  of,  18,  319  (Fig.  S14) 
and  Kellie,  Earl  of,  159,  319 

(Fig.  813),  324,  370,  398 
Marblers,     Gateshead,     446    (PI. 

ex  IX. ) 
March,  Earl  of,  iS 
Marche.  Earls  of,  15 
March  Pursuivant  (PI.  III.) 
Margaret,  of  Bavaria,  361 

of  France,  361 

Queen,  of  Scotland,  457 

Margens,  51 

Marguerite  d'Angouleme,  450  (PI. 

CXXVIII.) 

Marindin,  150  (Fig.  361) 

Mark,  Count  von  der,  405  (Fig. 

9S4) 

Sir  John,  130 

Markham,  130  (Fig.  29S),  133 
Marlborough,  Duke  of,  i6i,  304, 

321,  370 
Maros  Vasarhely,  445  (PI.  CXVIII.) 
Marples,  92  (Fig.  1S5),  160 
Marschall,  Dr.  Gottfried,  440  (PI. 

CXI. ) 
Marsh,  R.  Lawrence,  33,  34 
Marshal.  John,  Earl  of  Warwick, 

392  (Fig.  961) 
Marshall,  50,  64  (Fig.  85) 

Dr.  G.  W..  142  (Fig.  326) 

Julian,  114  (Fig.  249) 

Martin,  328 

Martorff,  Die,  432  (PI.  CV.) 
Marwood,  W.  F.,  150  (Fig.  362) 
Mary,  Princess.  350 

-"  Queen,  203  (Fig.  S27),  442 

of  Scots,  457 

of  Gueldres,  301 

of  Guise,  457  (PI.  cxxxiii.) 

Maryborough,  201 

Mar'ylebone,  109  (Fig.  240),  199 

Mason,  127.  162 

Mason's  Company,  446  (Fl.  cxix.) 

Massy,  Mrs.,  389 

Mathison.  Sir  K..  2S7  (PI.  xxxill.) 

Matilda,  Queen,  6 

Miitsch,     Grafau    von,    412     (PI. 

LXXVI  1 1.) 

Matthew,  Dame  Mary,  388 
Maud,  Empress,  6 

. Princess,  349 

Maule,  161 

Mawdsley,  James  Piatt,  232  (Fig. 

596) 
Maximilian  I.,  33.  270  (Fig.  73°). 

423,  425  (^""igs.  1023,  1025) 
Maxtone-Graham,  90  (Fig.    177), 

lOI 

of  Herries,  Lord,  460 

Maxwell,  90  (Fig.  174),  154 
Mayence,  Bishop  of,  440  (PI.  CXi.) 
M&ynard,  E.  A.  J-,  nS  (Fig.  256), 

234 
Mrs.,  389 


Meade-King,  252  (PI.  XXV.) 

Meatb,  Earl  of,  321 

Meckenen,    Israel   von,   418   (PI. 

Lxxxviii.,  Fig,  1013) 
Mecklenburg,  411  (Fig.   996)1479 

(Fig.  1 127) 

Dukes  of,  38  {PI.  VII.) 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  261 

Medici,  Marie  de,  450  (PI.  cxxix.) 

Medicis,  398 

Meeking,  193 

Meinill,  Lord,  355,  359 

Meissau,  0ttvon,4i2  {Pl.LXXVll.) 

Melbourne  University,  112 

Meldrum,  326 

Melk,  Monastery  of,  440 (PI.  CXI.) 

Melles,  71  (PI.  XV.),  190 

Melrose  Abbey,  300 

Menteitb,  Earl  of,  303,  458 

Menzies,  314 

Mercers'  Livery  Company,  1 1 8  (PI. 

cxxi.),  446 
Merchant  Adventurers'  Company, 

311 
Meredith,  53 
Mertz,  290 
Messurney,  204 
Mestich,  160 

Metcalfe,  J.  H.,  147  (Fig.  351) 
Miaczyn  -  Miaczynski,     449     (PI. 

CXXVI.) 

Miaczynski,  Count,  449 

Middlemore,  1S2,  207 

Middlesex,  215 

Mieroszewsky,  47 

Mignianelli,  51 

Mikado,  the,  6 

Mildmav,  Lt.-Col.  R.  (PI.  xxxiv.) 

Millard,' W.  K.  J.,  168  (Fig.  40S) 

Milltown,  Lord,  22S 

Milne,  Samuel  M.,  223  (Fig.  568) 

Milner,  215 

Viscount,  155,  320 

Milroy,   Rev.    A.    W.,   264    (Fig. 

702} 
Milton,  the  Poet,  165  (Fig.  398) 
Minshull,  Sir  Robert,  116 
Minutoli,  132 
Mirandola,  Dukes  of,  297 
Mitchell,  78,  79 

of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  173 

James  Wm.,  20  (Fig.  18),  23 

(Fig.  22) 
Mitchell-Carruthers,  11 1 
Mitford,  156 

Mittbiirger,  431  (PI.  GUI.) 
Modling  bei  Wien,  48 
Moharai  Vid,  448  (Fig.  1069) 
Moir  of  Otterburn,  iiS 
Molesworth,  94  (Fig.  190) 
Monbocher,  Bertrand  de,  216 
Moncrieff,  Lord,  314  (Fig.  805) 
Monesse,  432  (PI.  CIV.) 
Money-Kyrle,  154  (Fig.  935),  372 
Monneypenny,  112 
Montagu,  arms  of,  loi  {Figs.  211, 

212) 

Marquess  of,  370 

Montague,  Lord,  262,  344 

Monte  Cassino,   Archabbacy    of, 

440  (PI.  CXI.) 

Montefiore,  190 
Montendre,  Alianore,  361 
Montfichet,  Richard   de,  407  (PI. 

LXXII.) 

Montfort,  Simon  de,  72  (Figs,  iii, 
112,   PI.    LXXI.),    336,  354,   407 

(PI.  LXXII.) 

Monthermer,  Earl  of  Gloucester, 

429  (Fig.  1034) 
Montgomerie,  S.  H.,  208  (PI.  xxvii.) 
Montgomery,  Viscount,  305 
Montgomery-Cunningham,  153 
Montgrennan,  190 
Monti  of  Florence,  52 
Montmorency  -  Laval,      450     (PI. 

CXXVII.) 

Montpensier,   Dues    de,    360  (PI. 

LXVII.) 

Montrose,  197,  325 

Monypenny,  184 

Moore,  Hon.  Charles,  85  {Fig.  15S), 

Moore,  John,  15 
Sir  John,  2 


Moore,  Sir  John  W,,  281,  284  (Fig. 

158) 
Moore-Gwyn,  75  (PI.  xvii.) 
Moray,   Earls    of,    218,   410   (PI. 

LXXVI.) 

Moree,  Prince  of,  406  (PI.  LXXI.) 
Moresby,  85  (Fig.  160),  149 
Morfyn  (Murfyn),  163 
Morse,  79  (Fig.  140),  114 
Morthermer,  Ralph  de,  170  (Figs. 

416,  417) 
Mortimer,  Edmund,  305 
Earl  of  March  and  Ulster,  94 

(Fig.  189) 

Henry  de,  407  (PI.  LXXII.) 

Morton,  Earl  of,  314 

Morungen,  Heinrich  von,  40S  (PI. 

LXXIII.) 

Moss,  H.  E.,  232  (Fig.  595) 
Motion,  A.  R.,  154  (Fig.  375) 
Mountjoye,  Lord,  292 
Mount-Stephen,  Lord,  190 
Mowbray,  45,  99,  260  (Fig.  699), 
305  (Fig.  823),  379 

Duke  of  Norfolk,  335  (Fig. 

823),  415  (Fig.  1005) 

and  Stourton,  320,  330,  394, 

485 
Mun,  Marquises  of,  232 
Munich,  473  (PI.  cxxxix.) 
Munro,  Sir  Thomas,  396 
Munster,  Earl  of,  357 
Miinsterol,    the    Freiherren    von, 

254  (Fig.  688) 
Muntz,  178  (Fig.  443) 
Murlo,  445  (PI.  CXVIII.) 
Murray,  222 

of  Culbin,  343 

Murray-Stewart,  160 
Muschamp,  189 
Musselburgh,  20S 
Mutter,  95  (Fig.  193) 
Mycielen-Mycielski,  449 
Mylchreest.  T.  G.,  181  (Fig.  452) 
Mylne,  W.  J.  Home,  116  (Fig.  254) 

Nairn,  ioS 

Nanfant,  Sir  Richard,  301  (PI.  LV.) 

Napier,  87,  99,  326 

Alexander,  361 

Theodore  (PI.  xxxix.) 

Nassau,     Counts     of,     416     (PI. 

LXXXIV.) 

Natfez,  449  (Fig.  1073) 

National  Bank  of  Scotland,   no, 

199.  305 
Navarre,  212 

King  of,  342  (PI.  LXXVI.) 

Needlemakers'  Company,  315 
Nellenburg,  38  (PI.  vii.) 
Nelson,  151,  194 

Admiral,  395 

Nerford,  Alice  de,  360 
Neuwhassen,  Die,  432  (PI.  CV.) 
Nevill,  145,  261,  344  {Fig.  S63) 
Neville,  of  Essex,  Hugh  de,  407 

(PI.  LXXII.) 

of   Raby,    343   (Figs.    861- 

862,  PI.  LXVII.) 

John  (Montague),  262 

New  Galloway,  320 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  See  of,  442 

444  (PI.  cxvi.) 

Newdigate,  Francis  A.,  134  (Fig, 

306) 
Newlands,  Lord,  48,  320  (Fig.  58) 
Newman,  133  (Fig.  305),  370,  395 
Newnes,  Sir  George,  154 
Newton,  Lord,  370 
Nichol-de-Moles,  see  Baucey 
Nicolay,  451  (PI.  cxxix.) 
Nicolson,  321  (Fig.  S15) 

Sir  Arthur,  174  (Fig.  428) 

Niederwyle,  Von,  426  (PI.  xcvill.) 
Nightingale,  Sir  H.  D.,  197 
Nixon,  Forbes,  465 
Noble,  J.  H.,  203  (Fig.  507) 
Nonnberg,  Convent  of,  440  (Fig. 

105S) 
Norfolk,  Dukes  of,  316,  336,  394, 

397  (Figs.  S09,  S31,  S79-8S1) 
Normanby,  Marquess  of,  320 
Normandy,  Duke  of,  300 
North  of  Eltham,  79  (PI.  xxiv.), 

217 


North  Borneo  Company,  446  (PI 

CXXIII.) 

Northampton,  Earls  of,  343  (Fig. 

859) 
Northumberland,    Earl    of,    336, 

372  (Fig.  932) 
Norwich,  325 
Nottingham,  311 

Earl  of,  45,  260  (Fig.  699) 

Noyon,  Comte  de,  451  (PI.  cxxiX.) 
Nugent,  Sir  Edmund  Charles,  162, 

321 
Nuremberg,  163 
NUrnberg,    321    (Fig.    S17),    479 

(PI.  CXLV.) 

Nuvoloni,  52 

O'Connor  Don,  307 

O'Donovan,  The,  307 

O'Gorman,  The,  307 

O'Hara,  57 

O'Keefe,  Lanigan,  287  (Fig.  252) 

O'Loghlen,  Sir  Bryan,    114  (Fig. 

248) 
O'Reilly,  The,  307 
Oakes,  3 
Oakham,  142 

Obaerlob,  409  {PI.  LXXIV.) 
Oban,  226  (Fig.  5S0),  463 
Obraboven,  410  (PI.  Lxxv.) 
Odrowaz,  41S,  449  (Fig.  1072)  {PI. 

LXXXVII. ) 

Ogilvies  of  Innerquharity,  326 
Ogoncyzk,  449  (Fig.  1071) 
Oldcastle,  Sir  John  (Cobham),  397 
Oldfield,  239 
Oldham,  iSi  (Fig.  450) 
Oliphant,  Lord,  457,  45S 
Oltinger  of  Basle,  410  (PI.  Lxxv.) 
Oppenheimer,  S3,  20S  (PI.  xxvii.) 
Oriel,     Novreram     de,    406     (PL 

LXXI.) 

Orleans,  Dukes  of,  344  (PI.  LXVii., 

Fig.  S64) 
Ormonde,  Earls  of,  136 
Ormsby- Hamilton,  2S1 
Cry,  arms  of,  187 
Oswald,  John,  113  (Fig.  247) 
Ot  a  dem  Rand,  410  {PI.  LXXV.) 
Otharlake,  John,  15 
Otway,  306,  396 
Outram,  134,  319 
Owen  of  Pembroke,  192 
Oxford,  54,  145  (PI.  CXVIII.),  154, 

444 

Bishops  of,  392 

Earls  of,  411  (PI.  LXXVI.) 

Oxney,  John,  329 

Pabst,  arms  of,  222 

Paget  (Lozenge),  485  (PI.  CLI.) 

Painters'   Guild,  447  (Pis.  cxxii. 

and  XXVI.) 
Pallandt  family,  33 
Palmer,  arms  of,  21S 
Pannans,  Duke  of,  422  (PI.  xcil.) 
Papacoda,  arms  of,  132 
Papal  arms,  222 

canopy,  439  (Fig.  1055) 

Papillon,  arms  of,  1S9 

Paris,    arms    of,    164,     18S     (PL 

CXVIII.),  284 

Matthew,  406 

Parish,    Sir    Woodbine,    3S5   (PI. 

XXIII.),  39S 
Parkin-Moore,   Si  (Fig.  154),  16S, 

204,  252  (Fig.  145) 
Parkyns,  Bart.,  204 
Parteneck,  341  {Figs.  S4S-852) 
Parwis,  Keren  von,  420  (PI.  xc.) 
Paton,  Sir  Noel,    13S  {Fig.   316), 

170 
Patriarchs,  439  {PI.  cxi.) 
Paul  in..  Pope,  441  (Fig.  1061) 
Sir  James   Balfour,    18,    21 

(BMg.  20)  (PI.  IV.),  130  (PI.  IV.) 
Paynter,  arms  of,  loS  {Fig.  236) 

215 

Miss  Emily,  390  (Fig.  960) 

Pearkes,  153  (PI.  xxix.) 
Pearse,  Lady,  367,  388 
Peebles,  arms  of,  184 
Peiferer,  William,  406  (PI.  Lxxr.) 
Peke  of  Heldchurchgate,  144 


500 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Pelham.  arms,  394 

Pelhams,  arms  of,  216 

Pellew,  Sir  Edward,  396 

Pellifes  Chimrad.  52 

Pembroke,  Earl  of,  27,  50,  59  (Fig. 

75)-  33^-  341 

Earls  of,  15 

(De  Valence),  76  {Figs. 

123  and  124),  loS 
Pemberton,  Rev.  T.  P.,  233  (Fig. 

59S) 
Penhellicke.  arms  of,  1S9 
Penrhyn,  Lord,  140 
Penrose,  arms  of,  67  (PI.  XIII.) 
Percy,  Dake  of  Northumberland, 

lOI,   129  (PI.   XLII.) 

Henry,  301 

de,  46S  (Fig.  1109) 

Margaret.  29 

Paring,  Bart.,  204 

Pernegg,  Abbot  of,  4S2  (Fig.  1131) 

Franz  of,  4S2  (PI.  CXLIX. ) 

Pernhart    von    Pettaw,    412    (PI. 

LXXVIT.) 

Perrins,  C.  W.  D..  203  (Fig.  509) 
Ferryman,  Charles  Wilbraham,  of 

Bifrons.  75  (PI.  xix.),  203 
Persia,  Shah's  Crown,   273   (Fig, 

751) 
Perth,  arms  of,  99 

city  of.  150,  304 

county  of,  311 

Earl  of.  326 

and  Melfort.  Earl  of,  144 

Pertz,  G.  H.,  32 

Pery,  arms  of,  103 

Pescod,  Walter,  30 

Pethnehazy,     Martin,     44S      (PI. 

CXXVI.) 

Petilloch,  William,  iS 
Petre,  Lord,  ^^94 
Pfirt,  409  (Pi.^LXXIv.) 
Pharamond,  417  (PI.  Lsxxvr.) 

arms  of,  1S7  (PI.  Lxxxvi.) 

Phegelberg,  410  (PI.  Lxxv.) 
Philippa  of  Hainault,  335 
Philippine  de  Alta  Villa,  454  (PI. 

cxxxi.) 
Phillips,  crest  of,  144 
Phillipson,     Rowland,     455     (PI. 

CXSXII.) 

Photochemigraphists,    447    (Fig. 

1067) 
Pichon,  coat  of,  51 
Pickering  of  Bellefield,   105   (PI. 

XXXTI.) 

Pielacher,       Steffan,      413      (PI. 

LXXIS.) 

Pignatelli,  Princess,  217 

Pilawa,  449  (Fig.  107S) 

Pilgrim  von  Puchheim,  468  (Fig. 

1 108) 
Pilkington,  arms  of,  116 

motto,  32S 

Filter,  W.  F.,  212  (Fig.  535),  224 
Pirie,  Gordon,  203  (Fig.  508) 
Pirkheimer,      family,    478     (Fig. 

1125) 
Pirrie  of  Belfast,  142  (Fig.  328) 
Pitcher,    Col.     Duncan    G.,    227 

(Fig.  5S3) 
Pittenweem,  arms  of,  in 
Pixley,  arms  of,  72  (PI.  xviil.},  223 
Planche,  J.  R.,  Somerset  Herald, 

Plasnes,  Dame  de,  300 
Plasterers'  Company,  321 
Piatt,  arms  of,  107  (Fig.  232) 
John,  of  Llandudno,  150  (PI. 

XX.) 

Piatt- Hi ggins,  arms  of,  1S5 
Plowden  of  Plowden,  73 
Plnnkett,  Thomas  Luke,  209  (Fig. 

526) 
Pobog,  449  (Fig.  1074) 
Pocock,  Sir  George,  396 
Pogel   of  Reiffenstein,  425   (Fig. 

1027) 
Poland,  crown  of,  272  (Fig.  738) 
Pole,  family,  35 
Pollard,  Rear- Admiral,  131   (Fig. 

299) 
Pollock,  Sir  George,  397 
Poison,  John,  207  (Fig.  517) 
Polwarth,  Lord,  203,  398 


Pomer,  Hector,  423  (PI.  xciv.) 
Pomerania,  417  (PI.  lxxxvii.) 
Ponsonby.  Earls  of  Bessborough. 

234 
Pontifex,  crest  of,  228 
Pope,  arms  of  the,  391 
Porter,  H.  R.  M.,  211  (Fig.  533), 

215 
Porterfield  of  that  Ilk,  70 
Portland,  Duke  of,  31S 
Portobello,  avms  of,  212 
Porto  Rico,  230  (Fig.  589) 
Portsmouth,  Earl  of,  320 
Portugal,  arms  of,  95  (PL  CSXXI.) 

arms  of,  342 

Potier,  family,  164 

Potors   de   Saintrailles,    450   (PI. 

CXXVII.) 

Pottickh  von  Pettegg,  Count,  440 

(Fig.  1057). 
Potts,  crests  of,  135 
Poulett,  Earl.  314 
Powerscourt,  Viscount,  382  (Fig. 

950) 
Powis,  Countess  of,  372 
Pozsony  (Pressburg),  443  (PL  cxv.) 
Prague  University.  472  (Fig.  1 1 15) 
Preed  of  Shropshire,  187 
Prenzenau,  Ludwig  von,  475  (Fig. 

1121) 
Pressburg  (Pozsony),  443  (PI.  CXV.) 
Preston,  town  of,  150 
Pretor-Pinney,  119  (Fig.  258),  169 
Prevost.  306 
Price.  186  (PI.  XV.) 

Major  E.  U.,  126  (PL  xxxiv.) 

H.J.  J.,  118  (PL  XV.) 

Prideaus-Brune,  family,  45 

Primrose,  196 

Gailliez    of    Chorleywood, 

227 

Viscount.  100 

Pringle  of  Greenknowe,  235 
Printers'  Guild.  446  (PL  cxxii.) 
Proctor,  arms  of,  224 
Prume,  479  (PL  cxLiii.) 
Prussia,  motto.  328 
Prussian  Crown,  271  (PL  Lll.) 

Herald,  26  (PL  11.) 

Pryse,  arms  of,  71  (Fig.  104) 
Przeraist    Ottoker    II.,    468    (PL 

cxxxvr.} 
Pscherer.  4S1  (PL  CXLVltl.) 
Puckberg,  family,  217 
Pudsey,  arms  of,  219  (Fig.  557) 
Pujolas,  arms  of.  150 
Pullar,  Sir  Robert,  172  (Fig.  426) 
Pullici  of  Verona,  1S9 
Pyke.  arms  of,  1S5 
— " —  Thomas,  417  (PL  Lxxxv.) 
Pyke-Nott,  J.  M.,  178  (Fig.  439) 
Pykot,  43S  (PL  xcix.) 
Pyne,  arms  of,  204 
Pyrton  or  Peryton,  192 

QUAIN,  8ir  Richard,  Bt.,  199,  282 
Querletou,  De,  428  (PL  xcix.) 
Queensberry,  Marquess  of,  99 
Queensferry,  arms  of,  54,  iii 

Radford,  arms  of,  131  (Fig.  301) 
Hadolin  -  Radolunski,     473      (PL 

cxxxix.) 
Raesfeld    or     Rasfeld,    478     (PL 

CXLIII.) 

Raglan,  Lord,  136,  321 

Raikes,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  D.,  160  (Fig. 

390) 
Raimund    of    Toulouse,   407    (PL 

LXXII.) 

Ramsay  of  Kildalton,  i68(Fig.4ii) 
Ramsden,  arms  of,  152 
Ramsey,  arms  of,  150 
Ramsgate,  arms  of,  128,  279 
Ramsperg,  Von,  420  (Fig.  1018) 
Randies,  arms  of,  155 
Randolph,  Earl  of  Moray,  456  (Fig. 

1093) 
Ranfurly,  Earl  of,  98 
Raphael,  arms  of,  199 
Eashleigh,  Sir  C.  B.,  208 
Ratcliffe,  Earl  of  Sussex,  59  (Fig. 

77) 
Ratdolt,  Erhard,  419  (Fig.  1014) 


Rattasma,  422  (Fig.  1022) 

Ratton,  J.  J.  L.,  156 

Rauchschnabel,  Erasmus,  430  (PL 
CI  I.) 

Ravensburg,  426  (PL  xcviii.) 

Goler  von,  424  (PL  XCVII.) 

Rawlinson,  Bart.,  286 

Rawson,  Arthur  Pelham,  209  (Fig. 
525) 

Rawtenstall,  arms  of,  147 

Raynor,  arms  of,  161 

Reade,  Charles  Darby.  207 

Reading,  arms  of,  iiS 

University  Extension  Col- 
lege, 235  (Fig.  606),  447 

Rechberg,  409  (PL  LXXiv). 

Rechlinger.  Wolf,  425  (PI.xcvil.) 

Redeemer  of  the  World,  441  (PL 
cxni.) 

Redpath,  353 

Rehberg,  409  (PL  LXXiv.) 

Reichenthal,  Ulrich,  62  (Fig.  80a) 

Reid,  arms  of.  79  (Fig.  136),  168, 
226 

Reid-Cuddon,  378 

Reider,  arms  of,  iii 

Reiffenberg.  Baron,  25 

Reinach,  arms  of,  132 

Reinacher,  Jacob,  413  (PL  Lxxix.) 

Eeinmar  der  Alte,  408  (PL  LXXiii.) 

von  Zweter,  408  (PL  Lxxiii.) 

Reinold  IV.,  Duke  of  Geldern,  469 
(PL  cxxxvn.) 

Reitmohr,  433  (PL  cvii.) 

Renals,  Sir  Joseph.  138 

Rendel.  Lord,  137  (PI.  LXII.) 

Renfrew,  arms  of,  54 

Renty  in  Artois,  211 

Rethel,  arms  of,  301 

Reussner,  Dr.  N.,  432  (PL  CV.) 

Renter  von  Klebing,  M.,  474  (PL 

CXL.) 

Reveshale,    Johan    de,    407    (PL 

LXXII.) 

Reynell,  arms  of,  54 

Rhys     ap     Griffith,     Gwendolin, 

daughter  of,  260 
Rhineland,  Knight  of,  33  (PL  vi.) 
Richard  I.,  329,  336  (Fig.  82S) 
IL,  (Fig.  S83),  335,  429  (Fig. 

1038),  442 

III.,  (Fig.  8S9) 

del  Brugg,  15 

Earl  of  Warwick,  26 

— —  of  Cornwall,  303 

and  Poitou,    407    (PL 

LXXII.) 

Richardson,  arms  of,  53,  3S9 

J.  Maunsell,  144  (Fig.  330) 

Sir  Thomas,  14S  (Fig.  352) 

William    Ridley,     174    (Fig. 

428) 
Richelieu,  Cardinal,  435  (Fig.  1050) 
Richmond.  Earl  of,  16, 59  (Fig.  76), 

132.  406  (PL  LXXI.) 

Earls  of,  91  (Figs.  76,  181) 

and  Gordon,  Duke  of,  398 

and  Somerset,  Duke  of,  360 

(Fig.  911) 
Ricarde-Seaver,  78  (Fig.  130) 
Rideseln,  Die,  432  (PL  Civ.) 
Ridley,  147 
Rietbergs,  163 
Rietenberg,  Burgrave  von,  407  (PL 

LXXIII.) 

Rimington- Wilson,  137  (PL  xxxi.) 
Rinach,  arms  of,  132 
Rindscheit,   Freiherren   von,    425 

(Fig.  1026) 
Ripon,  Marquess  of,  232 
Ris,  Prior  of,  450  (PL  cxxvii.) 
Rischach,  409  (PL  lxxiv.) 
Rise  of  Trewardreva,  204 
Ritchie,  James,  152  (Fig.  365) 
Ritson,  284  (Fig.  430) 

Utrick  A.,  174  (Fig.  430) 

Ritter,  Die,  432  (PL  Civ.) 

Rivers,  Earl.  92 

Roberts,  Alex.  Fowler,  152  (Fig. 

366) 

Earl,  231,  286 

John,  of  Dunedin,  384  (Fig. 

954) 

Sir  Abraham,  231 

Robertson,  223 


Robertson,  of  London,  162 

of  Struan,  137,  321,  326 

Robertson-Glasgow,  190 
Robesart,  Sir  L.  (Bourchier),  292, 

299 
Robinson,  Bishop,  185 
Robsart,  Sir  Lewis,  261 
Rochdale,  town  of,  194 
Roche,  arms  of,  185 

Lord  Fermoy,  173,  328 

Rochead  of  Whitsonbill,  118 
Rochefort,  arms  of,  19S 
Rocheid,  arms  of,  234 
Rochester,  Bishops  of,  438 
Rockingham,    Marquess    of,    462 

(Fig.  1053) 
Rocque,  John,  456  (Fig.  1095) 
Rodd,  arms  of,  114,  194  (Fig.  485) 
Rodger,  Edward,  14S  (Fig.  355) 
Roet,  Catherine,  356 
Rogendorff,  Herren  von,  422  (PL 

XCIII.) 

Rogers  Harrison,  287 
Roggwyl,  Von,  426  (PL  XCVIII.) 
Rohitsch,  470 
Rohrbach-Holzhausen,     482     (PL 

CXLIX.) 

Rolans,  422  (PL  xcii.) 
Roll,  Anna,  474  (Fig.  iiiS) 
Roman  Kingdom,  403  (Fig.  975) 
"  RomischeKeyserliche  Maiestet," 

432  (Fig.  1042) 
RonqueroUes,  of  France,  52 
Roose,  Robson,  105  (Fig.  226) 
Roschach,  410  (PL  lxxv.) 
Rose.  George,  of  Eastergate,  3S8 

of  England,  331 

Eosebery,  Earl  of,  100,  199 
Rosenhart,  Rapold   von,  413  (PL 

LXXIX.) 

Rosinus,  Stephan,  423  (PL  xcrv.) 
Rosmead,     Lord.     312,    473     (PL 

cxxxix.) 
Rosnow,  409  (PL  LXXIV.) 
Ross-of-Bladensburg,     252     (Fig. 

175),  2S3  (Fig.  776),  338.  396 

Earl  of,  303 

Episcopal  See  of,  1 11 

Mrs.,  3S9 

Rev.  J.  Coulman,  394  (Fig. 

962) 

Sir  John,  397  (Fig.  962) 

Rotelen,  409  (PL  lxxiv.) 

Rothe,  G.  W.  C,  14S  (Fig.  353), 

190 
Rothes,  arms,  458 
Rothschild,  311 
Rotta,  433  (PL  cvii.) 
Rottenstain,  Von,  421  (PL  XCI.) 
Rouillon,  Oliver,  305 
Roumania,    Crown    of.    273    (PL 

LII.) 

Ronndle,  the,  105  (PL  lxvii.) 
Routhe,  Amand,  42S  (Fig.  1032) 
Rovere,    Basso    della,    440    (Fig. 

1060) 
Rowe,  arms  of,  1S8 
Royal  crest,  2S1  (PL  cxiv.) 

cypher,  268  (Fig.  726) 

Irish  Constabulary,  330 

Princes  and  Princesses,  349 

Rubische,  Dr.  Heinrich,  315  (Fig, 

808) 
Rud,  405  (Fig.  98 1) 
Rudolf  IV..  305 
Seal  of,  469  (Fig.  iiio)i 

IL    of    Wiirzburg,    418  [(PL 

LXXXVIIL) 

IV.,  Duke,  46S  (PL  cxxxvi.) 

Rube,  426  (PL  XCVIII.) 
Ruspoli,  arms  of,  192  (Fig.  331) 
Russeg,  Fry.  von,  420  (PL  xc). 
Riissegg,  Freiherren  von,  403  (Fig. 

977)  (PL  XXXI.) 
Russells,  arms  of,  262 
Russian    double    eagle,  166  (Fig. 

405) 

Emperor's    crown,    271    (PI. 

LIL) 

Empress's  crown,  271   (Fig. 

735 
Rutherford,  arms  of,  97  (Fig.  202), 

223 

Lords,  309 

Rutherglen,  arms  of,  109 


501 


INDEX   OF   PROPER   NAMES 


Euthven.  Barony  of.  320 

William,  305,  341 

Rvde,  arms  of,  54.  227 
Rye,  arms  of,  205 

town,  361 

Rvlands,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  233  (Fig.  597) 

J.  P.,  160  (Fig.  3S9) 

Rysetey,  Sir  John.  428  (PI.  xcix.) 

Sacheveeell,  357 

Sackville,   Duke    of   Dorset,   436 

(Fig.  1052) 
Saganta,  Johannes,  424  (PI.  scvii.) 
Salisbury,  Bishops  of,  392 
Eail  of,  25S  (Fig.  69S).26i, 

292 

■ See  of,  no 

Saltmarshe,  Philip,  196  (Fig.  492) 
Salvesen,  E.   T.,   213   (Fig.   537). 

-33 
Salzburg,  Archbishops  of,  470  (PI. 

CXX  XVIII.) 

Duchy  of,  443  (PI.  cxv.) 

Samson,  Polish  Family  of,  in 
Samuel,  Sir  Saul,  260 

Stuart   Montagu,    18S   (Fig. 

46S) 

Samuels,   A.    Warren,    153    (Fig. 

372) 
SamoelsoD,  arms  of.  173 
Sandeman.  John  Glas.  112 
Sandford,  Mr.,  16 
Sandford  -  Thompson,      141     (PI. 

XXIX.) 

Sandwich,  arms  of,  12S 
Sandys,  T.  M.  (Fig.  387) 
San    Marino,  crown  of,  273  (Fig. 

747) 
Sapton,  422  (Pi.  xcii.) 
Saunders,  W.  H.  R.,  152  (Fig.  370) 
Savage,  Sir  John,  336 
Savilie,  arms  of,  181 
Savelli,  Duca  di,  391 
Sawbridge,  family,  50 
Saxe-Altenbnrg,    261,    339    (Fig. 

S36 
Sase-Cobur^-Gotha,  261 

Duke  o^f,  349  (Fig.  S98),37o 

Sase-Meiningeu,  261 

Saxony,  King  of,  261 

Say,  Sir  John,  455  (PI.  cxsxil.) 

Save  de  Sele,  Lord,  376  (Fig.  937} 

Scala,  Princes  della,  213 

Scaltenighi,  family,  52 

Scarisbrick,  arms  of,  87  (Fig.  166) 

family,  30  (Fig.  30) 

Scarsdale,  Lord,  324  (Fig.  S19) 
Schaff,  433  (PI.  cvii.) 
Schaffhausen,  445  (PL  cxviii.) 
Schaler,  arms  of,  262  (Fig.  701) 
Schanfigg.  426  (PI.  xcviii.) 
Scharffenberg,  470  (PL  Lxxvn.) 
Schartlin,  Sebastian,  130  (Fig.  297) 
Schedinge,  479  (PI.  cxLUi.) 
Scheibler-Hiilhoveu,  416 
Scherffenberg,  Ewstach  von,  412 

(PI.  LXSA'II.) 

Scheurl  and  Geuder,  424  (PI.  xcv.) 

and  Tucher,  423  (Fig.  1024) 

Schlan,  town  of,  470  (Fig.  1113) 
Schoenebeck,yon,473(PI.cxxxix.) 
Schollingen,    arms   of,   4S2  (Fig. 

1 132) 
Schomberg,  crest  of,  2S6 
Schonenwerd,  Von,  403  (Fig.  976) 
Schongauer,     Martin,      418     (PI. 

LXXXVIII. ) 

Schonneck,  Von,  55  (Fig.  71) 
Schopffla,  Von,  420  (PI.  xc.) 
Schwartzen,  426  (PI.  xcviii.) 

unter  den    Sulen,  426   (PI. 

XCVIII.) 

Schwarzach.    Michael    von,    426 

(Fig.  102S) 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  261 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  261 
Schweidnitz.  town  of,    15S  (Fig. 

3S6) 
Sconce,  shield  of,  209 
Scotland,  arms  of,  kings  of,  99 

kingdom  of,  477  (PI.  CXLII.) 

Scot  of  Thirlestane,  99 

Scott,  arms  of,  90  (Fig.  179),  207 

of  Gorrenberry,  352 

Scotts  of  Thirlstane,  326 


Scott-Gatty,  120  (Fig.  262},   136, 

1S2,  192,  215 
Scrope,  10,  13,  43,  64,  205 
Scroop,  arms  of,  295  (Fig.  800) 
Scroope  of  Danby,  307  (Fig.  Soo) 
Scruby,  G.,  465 
Scudamore,  E.  S.  Lucas,  214  (Fig. 

542) 
Sea-dog  (Fig.  347),  145 
Seale,  Sir  John  H.,  2S7  (Fig.  7S1) 
Seccombe,  232 

Sir  Thomas,  199  (Fig.  955) 

Sir  Thomas  L.,  3S5  (Fig.  955) 

Sefton,  Lord,  179 

Segker,  Johann,  424  (PI.  xcv.) 

Segrave,  arms,  344,  379 

John  de,  305 

Sir  John  de,  341 

Septvans,  Sir  Robert  de,  27,  31,  33, 

34 
Servia,  Old,  434  (PI.  cvill.) 
Seton,  Captain  Robert,  326 

church  of,  300 

family  pedigree  (PI.  CU.) 

Lord,  410  (PI.  Lxxvi.),  459 

motto,  328 

of  Mounie,  114  (Fig.  250),  154 

Seymour,  arms  of,  99,  173 

family,  39S 

(St.  Maur).  170 

Sewell.  Col.  T.  D.,  iSS  (Fig.  469) 
Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  146 
Shakerley,  arms  of,  153 
Shakespeare,  William,    214  (Fig. 

540} 
Sharpe,  Mrs.,  3S9 
Shastadehalghton,  428  (Pl.scis.) 
Sha-w,  W.  O.  Nicholson,  2S1 
Shaw-Lefevre-St.-John-Mildmav. 

252  (Fig.  6S5) 
Shearer,  Lieut. -Col.  Johnston,  207 

(Fig.  515),  233 
Sheepshanks,  aruis  of,  150 
Sheffield,  311,  444  (PL  cxvii.) 
Sheldon,  Dame  Margaret,  388 
Sherard,  Lord,  320 
Sherborn,  Charles,  465  (PL  CLill). 
Shields,  &c.  (PL  viii.) 
Shiffner,  arms  of,  70.  356 
Shirburne,  Richard   de,  428  (PL 

xcix.) 
Shirley,  Earl  Ferrers,  91 
Shoemakers'  Guild  (Winterthur), 

446  (PL  cxxn.) 
Shrewsbury,  arms  of,  135 
Earl  of,  44,  370  (Fig.    927). 

392 

Earls  of,  260 

Shropshire,  arms  of,  135  (Fig.  309) 
Shurland,  Sir  Robert  de,  28 
Shuttleworth,  arms   of,   72  (Fig. 

107),  219 
Siam,  443  (PL  cxv.) 

crown  of,  273  (Fig.  752) 

Siberia,  crown  of,  272  (Fig.  739) 
Sicily,  arms  of,  379 
Sickingen,  41S  (Fig.  looS) 
Sidney,  Lord  De  Lisle  and  Dudley, 

155' 
Siegmund  August,  424  (PL  XCVI.) 
SiUifant  of  Coombe.  1S8  (Fig.  467) 
Sina,  426  (PL  xcviii.) 
Sinclair,  arms  of,  379 

Patrick,  of  Ulbister,  352 

Sirr,  arms  of,  80  (Fig.  142) 

Sissinks  of  Groningen,  163 

Skene,  arms  of,  137  (Fig.  315) 

Slade,  family,  212 

Slatt  of  Zurich,  410  (PL  Lxxv.) 

Sloggett,  W.  H.,  i6i  (Fig.  393) 

Smallshaw,  arms  of,  198 

Smart,  John,  460 

Smert.  John,  14 

Smith,  Francis  Patrick,  178  (Fig. 

441) 

Sidney,  211  (Fig.  531) 

Sir  Cecil  Clement,  74  (Fig. 

117) 
Wm.,  of  Dundee,   142  (Fig. 

327) 

Wm. Macadam.  217  (Fig.  551) 

Smith-Cunningham,  310 
Smith-Ryland,  crest  of,  144 
Smith-Shand,    A.    K.,    176    (Fig. 

437) 


Smyth,  arms  of,  398  (Fig.  96S) 
Smyth,  Sir  Augustus  Henry,  199 

(Fig.  501) 
Sneyd,  arms  of,  233 
Sodor  and  Man,  See  of,  1 10,  213 
Soldanieri,  family,  52 
Solis,  Virgil,  430  (PL  cu.) 
Somers,   Benjamin  E.,    191   (Fig. 

475),  223 
Somerset,     Duke     of,     305     (PL 

CXXXII.) 

(Henry  Fitzroy),  17 

Dukes  of,  357,  359,  360 

Earl  of  (Fig.  S91) 

Fox,  360 

Somerville,  Lord,  457 

Somery,  Roger  de,  406  (PL  lxxi.) 

Sontlieim,   Count    von,    360    (PL 

LXVII.) 

Soos,    Nikolaus  Sovari,   44S    (PL 

CXXVI.) 

Sophia,  Princess,  350 

Sorbano,  445  (PL  cxviii.) 

South  African  Republic,  443  (PL 

CXV.) 

Southampton,  197  (PL  cxv.) 

326  (PL  LXIV.) 

Southbey,  family,  303 

Southesk,  Earl  of,  168  (Fig.  407), 

228 
Southwark,  441  (Fig.  1062) 
SouthwelL  See  of,  no 

Viscount,  320 

Specht  von   Subenkain,  416   (PL 

LXXXIV.) 

Specker,  426  (PI.  xcviii.) 
Speier,  arms  of,  4S1  (Fig.  1130) 
Speke,  156  (PL  xxxix.) 

William,  306  (PL  xxxix.),  397 

Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  15,  16 
Spencer,  Adam,  of  Broughton,  10 

family,  29 

Spicery,  William  of  the,  42S  (I'ig. 

103 1 ) 
Spiegel  zum  Desenberg,  Counts, 

224 
Spokes,  Russell,  220  (Fig.  560) 
Sprot,  arms  of,  185 
Sprules,  arms  of,  78  (Fig.  131) 
Spry,  arms  of,  So  (PL  xvii.) 
Stabius,  Johann,  423  (PL  XCIV.) 
Stable,  D.  Wintringham,    87  (PL 

xxviii.),  204 
Stafford,  arms  of,  76  (Fig.  128) 
Duke    of  Buckingham,    371 

(Fig.  930) 

Earl  of,  46,  291 

Lord,    2S1,    331,    333    (Figs. 

S21-2),  336(Fig.  832) 

Sir  Humphrey,  2S1,  415  (Fig. 

1003) 
Stainer,  Sir  John.  224  (Fig.  572) 
Stainheymer,  Die.,  432  (PL  CIV.) 
St.  Albans,  Duke  of,  357 

See  of,  231 

Stalbridge,  Lord,  262 
Stallberger,  Die..  432  (PL  cv.) 
Stanhope    (Earl's    coronet),    485 

(PL  CLI.) 

Sianiland,  arms  of,  214 
Stanley  (Earls  of  Derby),  118 

Lord,  336 

Thos.,   Earl    of   Derby,    14S 

(Fig.  359) 
Stanleys,  crest  of,  260 
Stapleton,  Sir  Miles,  291 
Stapylton,  307 
Starckens  of  Oesel,  in 
Stationers'     Company,    446     (PL 

cxxni.) 
Staudach,  4S3  (PL  CL.) 
St.  Christopher,  412  (Fig.  998) 
St.  Cricq,  Comtes  de.  208 
St.  Croce  Church,  452  (Fig.  1089) 
Steel,  John  James,  221 
Stein,  The  Herren  von,  254  (Fig. 

6S7) 
Stein-Kallenfels,       418      (PL 

LXXXVIII.) 

Stephen  Tvrko  II.  of  Bosnia,  469 
(PL  cxxxvii.) 

Heinrich     von,     473     (PL 

cxxxix.) 

Stephen's  Crown.  270  (PL  Ln.) 
Stephewe,  Will.de,  407  (PL  Lxxii.) 


Sterling,  William,  305 
St.  Etienne,  Abbey  of,  361 
Stewart,  Sir  Alan  Seton.  2S3,  461 

(PL  CLI.) 

arms  of,  53 

Chas.  Balfour,  in  (Fig.  242) 

(Earl's  coronet),  4S5  (PL  CLl.) 

(Earl  of  Galloway).  343 

(Lozenge),  4S6  (PL  CLi.) 

Sir  Alexander,  4io(Pl.Lxxvi.) 

St.  George  and  the  Swan,  430  (PL 

CI.) 
Crowned  Rose,  Dragon, 

&c.,  430  (Fig.  1040) 

(Lozenge)  4S5  (PL  CLi.) 

St.  Giles,  Edinburgh,  300 

St.  Helens,  shield  of,  222 

Stirling-Maxwell,  Sir  J.  M.,  312 

St.  Ives  (Cornwall),  192 

St.  Lawrence,  Earl  of  Howtb,  377 

St.  Leonards,  Lord,  43 

St.  Louis  IX.,  406  (PL  T.yviT.) 

St.  Mark,  Lion  of.  418  (Fig.  1012) 

St.  Maur  (Seymour),  170 

Stockhorner,  414  (PL  lxxx.) 

Stoke-Lyne,  303 

Stone,  arms  of,  141  (PL  xx.) 

Robert  Sidney,  234  (PI.  xx.) 

Storey,  arms  of.  1S6  (PL  xv.) 

Herbert  L..  237  (PL  XV.) 

St.  Oswald.  Lord,  321 
Stothard,  C.  6 

Charles  Alfred,  28 

Stourton.  arms  of,  145,  105  (Fig. 

227),  225 

crest  of,  260,  290  (Fig.  7S8) 

family,  330 

St.  Paul,  Count  de,  344  (PL  LXVn.) 

Strabolgi,  family,  44 

Strachev,  Sir  Richard,  384  (Fig. 

953)   ' 
Strangman,  arms  of.  65  (PL  xiY.) 
Strangways,  L.  R.,  12S  (E'ig.  294) 

Sir  James,  42S  (PL  xcix.) 

Strassburg-Niddau,  405  (Fig.  980) 
Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal,  Lord, 

154,  190 
Stratheden,  Baroness,  365 
Stratherne,  Countess  of,  301 
Strigoil  and  Chepstow,  Earlsof,  15 
Strohl,  H.  G.,  II 
Von,4S3  (Fig.  1133)  (Pis.  CL. 

and  CLI.) 
Strolenburg,  414  (Fig.  1002) 
St.  Simeon,  479  (PL  CXLV.) 
Stuart,  Colonel  John  A.  Man,  386 

(PL  XVIII.) 
Stuart-French,  1S4 
Stuart-Menteith,  family,  304 
Stubbs.  arms  of,  216  (PL  XIV.) 

of  Danby.  192  (PL  xiv.). 

Stukele.  arms  of,  204 
St.  Urban,  404  (Figs.  9S0,  981) 
Sturm,  Caspar.  25,  (PL  i.) 
Stuttgart,    Literary    Union,    447 

(PL  CXXII.) 
St.  Vincent,  Lord,  286 
Styleman,  arms  of,  15S 
Styria,   arms   of,    136   (Fig.      10) 

(PL  XLVI.,  Fig.  4) 
Styrian  Ducal  Hat,  270  (Fig.  729) 
Suchekownaty,  449 
Suffolk,  Duke  of,  2S0,  336  (Fig. 

S30) 

Earl  of,  74  (Fig.'nS) 

'*  Sunburst  "     Badge,     430    (Fig. 

1039) 
Surrey,  Duke  of,  97  (Fig.  201 ),  397 

Earl  of,  258  (Fig.  697) 

(Duke  of  Norfolk),  394 

Sussex,  and   Warenne,    Earl 

ot  359 
Surtees,  arms  of,  97  (Fig.  203) 
Sussex,  Duke  of,  349 

Earl  of,  1 5 

Sutherland    (Lozenge),    485    (PL 

CLI.) 

Sutherland-Duff-Dunbar,  463  (Fig. 

S12) 
Suttie,  shield  of,  238 
Sutton,  arms  of,  92  (Fig.  1S6),  154 

family.  187 

Svarte,  47S  (PL  cxLiii.) 

Swabia,    Dukedom    of,    434    (PL 

CVIII.) 


502 


INDEX   OF    PROPER   NAMES 


Swansea,  Lord,  264 

Swanzr,    Rev.    T.  E.,   15S    (Fig. 

385)' 
Sweden,  Crown  of,  273  (PI.  Lii.) 

Dakes  of,  273  (Fig.  74S) 

Swedish  Realm,  4S0  (PI.  cxlvi.) 
Sweetland,  arms  of,  191 
Swindon,  arms  of,  237  (Fig.  60S) 
Swinton,  190.  309  (PI.  lxiu.),  352 

(Figs.  902-910) 

arms  of.  329 

Captain,  20 

crest  of,  140  (PI.  LXIII.) 

of  Swinton,  463  (PL  LXIII,) 

Sydenham,  arms  of,  150 
Sydney,  family,  330 
Sykes,  arms  of,  105 

Arthur  Henry,  207  (Fig.  520) 

crest  of.  147 

Symonds-Taylor.  1S4 

Syward,  Richard,  406  (PI.  LXXI.) 

Szeliea.  449 

Szreniawa,  449  (Fig.  1076) 


Tain,  arms  of  i  n 

Talbot,  416  (Pis.  Lxxxii.,  lxsxiu.. 

Fig.  Ill) 

Banner  of.  125  (Fig.  270) 

family.  37S 

Earl  of,  44 

Lord,  of  Malahide,  260 

Sir  G-ilbert,  415  (PI.  lxxxi.) 

Tallow   Chandlers'   Livery    Com- 
pany,   112   (PI.   cxx.),  446  (PI. 

csx".),  454  (PI.  cxxxii. ),  460 
Tancred.  crest  of,  191 
Tangermiinde,  arras  of,  339  (Fig. 

83S) 
Tankerville,  Earl  of,  299 
Tannenvels,  arms  of,  132 
Tanners,  arms  of,  206 
Tannhjiuser,  409  (Fig.  9S9) 
Tantanio,  Duke  of,  422  (PI.  xcn.) 
Tany,  Richard,  406  (PI.  Lxxi.) 
Tardv,  Comte  de  Montravel,  191 
Tarle'tOD.  A.  H.,  2S2   (Fig.   775), 

2S4 
Tarn,    Harrv   Holmes-,   225   (Fig. 

576) 
Tarseil.  arms  of,  204 
Taunton,  W.  G.,  249  (Fig.  6S0) 
Tauntons  of  Oxford,  206 
Taarien,  crown  of,  272  (Fig.  740) 
Taylor,  crest  of,  135 
Teck.  Duke  of,  132 
Teesdale,  arms  of,  199 
Temple,  Inner,  arms  of,  144 
Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos- 

Grenviile,  264 
Templer,  J.  G.  E.,  210  (PI.  xxxvn.) 
Tengen,  410  (PL  lxxv.) 
Tenremonde,  family,  52 
Terry,  Major-Gen.Astley  Fellowes, 

80' (PL  XXXIII.),  201 
Tetnang,  arms  of,  339  (Fig.  837) 
Tettinger.  Heinrich  von,  408  (PL 

LXXUI.) 

Teutonic  Order,  434  (Fig.  1045) 
Teviot,  Viscount.  203 
Teyne,  Earl  of,  42S  (PL  xcix.) 
Thackeray,  family.  53 

Eev.'A.  T.  J.,  113  (Fig.  245) 

Thellusson,  arms  of,  92  (Fig.  1S4) 
Thierry,  6 

Thistle  of  Scotland,  331 
Thomas-Stanford.  15S  (Fig.  383) 
Thompson ,    Sandford ,     174    (PI. 

XXTX.) 

Thorberg,  405  (Fig.  981) 
Thorndike  of  Gt.  Carleton,  189 
Thome,  Robert.  428  (PL  SClx.) 
Thornhill,  crest  of,  118 
Thornton,  Sir  Edward.  182 

Sir  Thomas,  398 

(Yorkshire).  190  (PL  xx.) 

Thurinsia.  Konrad  and  Henry  of, 

37 
Thum.  Kaspar  von,  476  (PL  cxu.) 
Thurston,  crest  of,  22S 
Tichborne  of  Tichborne,  307 
Tierberg.  409  (PL  LXXiv.) 
Tiflis,  443  (PL  CSX.) 
Tillard,  arms  of,  71  (Fig.  105) 
Tindal,  15 


Tobacco-Pipe   Makers'  Company, 

193 
Todmorden,  224  (Fig.  573) 
Tokugawa,  Minumoto,  6 
Toledo,  arms  of,  231 
ToUemache,  family,  103 
Tomkinson,  arms  of,  96  (Fig.  197) 
Tonga,  arms  of,  68  (Fig.  93) 
Torphichen,  Lord,  19S 
Torricelli,  454  (PL  CXXXI.) 
Torxington,  Lord,  324 
Totzenbach,  Dorothevon,  412  (PL 

Lxxvni.) 
Toulouse.  Counts  of,  360  (Fig.  912) 
Touraine,  Dukesof,  360  (PL  LXVII.) 
Tournebu,  Pierre  de,  301 
TrafEord,  motto,  328 
Tran,  Soudan  de  la,  291 
Transylvania,  crown  of,  271  (Fig. 

732) 
Trapand,  78  (Fig.  134) 
Trappe,  arms  of,  211 
Trasegnier.  arms  of,  132 
Trauner,  Die.,  416  (PL  LXSXIV.) 
Trautwein,  431  (PL  cm.) 
Trayner,  223 
Treacher,  arms  of,  iSS 
Trebisond,  Emperor  of,  419  (PL 

LXXXI5.) 

Tregent,  crest  of.  162 

family,  189 

Tregony,  town  of,  203 
Trelawney,  arms  of,  194 
Tremouille,  Maria  de  la,  450  (PL 

CXXIX.) 

Tresham,   Sir  Thomas,  3S6  (Fig. 

957-8) 
Trevelyan,  arms  of,  141 
Treves,  Elector  of,  380  (Fig.  946) 
Sir  Frederick,  Bart. ,  164,221, 

398 
Trimberg,    Freiherren    von,    419 

(PL  xc.) 
Trinity  House,  446  (PL  cxxm.) 
Trist,  arms  of,  173 
Trotter,  3 

William,  141  (Fig.  324) 

Troutbeck,  arms  of,  185 

Trumpington,  Sir  Roger  de,  27, 30 

Trye,  family,  64 

Tschertte,  Johann,  423  (PL  xcv.) 

Tuam,  See  of,  no 

Tudor,  House  of,  211 

Tuffen,  Freiherren  von,  403  (Fig. 

979) 
Tumritzcer,  413  (PL  Lxxx.) 
Tunstall,  234 

Sir  Richard,  299 

Tupper,  311 

Turner,  arms  of,  239 

Tuscany,  crown  of,  272  (Fig.  745) 

Tuttebury.  Earl  of.  15 

Tweedy.  1S2  (PL  xxvm.) 

A.  H.,  66  (PL  xxviii.) 

H.  Colpoys,  176  (Fig.  446) 

Tworkovsky,  417  (PL  lxxxyu.) 

Tyrell,  crest  of,  179 

Tyrol,     countship     of,    410     (PL 

Lxxvi.),  411,  477  (PL  CXLII.) 

county  of,  434  (PL  cviil.) 

Eagle  of,  166  (Fig.  403) 

Tyrrell,  crest  of,  141 
Tyrwhitt,  arms  of,  1S2 
Tyson,  arms  of,  215  (PL  xv.) 
^—  Edward  T.,  221  (PL  XV.) 

Ud:net  of  that  Ilk,  144 
Ueherlinger,  426  (PL  XCVUI.) 
Ufford,  Robert  de,  406  (PL  Lxxi.) 
Ulman,  Prince  of  Anhalt,  413  (Fig. 

lOOl) 

TJlrich   II.,  of  Mecklenburg,  430 

(PL  cii.) 
von  Lichtenstein,  472  (Fig. 

1116) 
Singenberg,    407    (PL 

LXXIII.) 

LTmfraville,  196  (Fig.  491) 

arms  of,  54  (Fig.  70) 

Unicorn  rampant,  15S  (Fig.  384) 
United  Kingdom,  Royal  arms  of, 

325 
Uolrich  von  Guotenburg,  407  (PL 

LXXIII.) 

Uralsk,  443  (PL  cxv.) 


Urberville,     Ibew     D',     406    (PL 

LXXI.) 

Urbiuo,  Duke  of,  292,  293,  372 
Uri,  Canton  of,  443  (PL  cxv.) 
Uttermarck,   R.  J.  G.,   194  (Fig. 

4S4) 
Utzingen,  Barons  von,  405  (Fig. 

980) 

Vaile,  arms  of,  68  (Fig.  92),  147 
Vair  (Vairi^re),  families,  52 
Valence,  William  de,  27,  28,  361 
Van  Eiden.  Sir  Jacob,  100 
Van  Schobel.  of  Antwerp,  in 
Varano,  family,  52 
Varenchon.  family,  52 
Varroux,  family,  51 
Vaughan,  arms  of,  irS  (PL  xv.) 
Vavasseur,  Josiah.  212  (Fig.  534) 
Veitch,  Haig  H.,  147  (PL  LXV.) 
Vendome,  Due  de,  360  (PL  LSVii.) 
Venice,  cap  of  Doge  of,  272  (Fig. 

746),  452  (PL  cxxx.) 
Verdon,  family,  103 
Verdun,  Alix  de,  301 
Vere,  arms  of.  229  (Figs.  5S6-7) 
Verelst,    H.   W.,    145   (Fig.    349), 

152 
Veret,  family,  52 
Verganhan.<!,     Johann,     424     (PL 

XCV  I.) 
Veringen,  arms  of,  38 
Vernons,  motto  of  the.  32S 
Vesci,  Viscount  de,  314 
Vesentina  family,  in 
Vicars.   Sir   Arthur,  21  (Fie.  21), 

276  (Fig.  75S) 
Vickers,  arms  of.  86  (Fig.  161) 
Victoria,  Princess,  349 

Queen,  443 

Vienna,   Archbishop  of,  439  (PL 

CXI.) 

arms  of,  166  (PL  XLVI.,  Fig.  2) 

Viennois,  Dauphin  de,  301 
Vinycomb,  John,  467 
Vipont,  252  (Fig.  216) 

arms  of,  103  (Fig.  216) 

Visconti,    Dukes    of    Milan.    187 
(Fig.  466) 

the,  424  (PL  xcvii.) 

Vivian.  Lord,  arms  of,  115 

Vnna,  479  (PL  cxLiii.) 

Vohlin,   of    Augsberg,   302   (Fig. 

795) 
Volrich    von    Munegur,   407    (PL 

LXSIII.) 

Von  Pauli  Joery,  arms  of,  in 
Waddington,  arms   of,  72   (PL 

XVI.) 

Wade,  crest  of,  155 
Wagstaff,  arms  of,  70  (Fig.  loi) 
Wahsmut  von  Kunzich,  32  (PL  v.) 
Wake  or  Ormonde,  337  (Fig.  S33) 
Wakefield  of  Dublin,  155 
Wakely,  arms  of,  14S  (Fig.  356) 
Wakeman,  arms  of,  72  (Fig.  no) 
Walburg,  409  (PI.  Lxxiv.) 
Waldburgs,    arms     of    the,    302 

(PL  LV.) 
Waldeck,  Princes  of,  220 
Waldeck-Pyrmont,  261 
Waldegrave,  Lord,  44,  183 
Wales,  PriDce  of,  45, 349  (PL  Lxvi.) 
coronet,  274  (Fig.   756, 

Pis.  LIII.,  LVI.) 
Walker,  arms  of,  72  (Fig.  109) 

crest  of,  1 86  - 

Trustees,  393 

Walkers  of  Yorksliire,  20S 
Walkinshaw,  arms  of,  1S9 
Wall,  Arthur,  186  (Fig.  464) 
Wallace,  463  (Fig.  S04) 

H.  R.,  3i4(Fig.  S04) 

WaUenrodt,  Counts,  216 

Waller,    arms    of,    66    (Fig.   88). 

194 

of  Groombridge,  191,  39S 

Sir  J.  W.,  314 

Wallop,  arms  of,  64 

Walpole  coat,  63 

Walrond,  arms  of,  147 

Walter  von  Metz,  407  (PL  Lxxni.) 

Walther  von  der  Vogelweide,  408 

(PL  LXXIU.) 


Wandsworth,  arms   of,  226  (Fig. 

582) 
Wantele,  John  de,  29 
Wantleyes,  417  (PL  Lxxxvi.) 
Wantyng,  Sir  John  de,  28 
Warde-Aldham,  230 
Warde-Aldam,  arms  of,  70 
Warehara,  arms  of,  201 
Warenne,  343  (Fig.  S56) 

Earl  of  Surrey,  360 

Warnecke,     Heinrich,     473     (PL 

C  XXXIX. ) 

Warren,  family,  44 

Sir  John  de,  359 

William  de,  344 

Warrens,  arms  of  the,  292 
Warrii;gton,  arms  of,  42,  122  (Fig. 

51),  217,249 
Warwick  and  Albemarle.  Earl  of, 

370 

Earl  of,  75  (Fig.  120) 

Earl  of,    78    (Fig.    133),   86 

(Fig.  164) 

Earls  of,  343  (Figs.  S57-8) 

Lord,  331 

"The King-maker,"  102 (Fig. 

213) 

Waterford,  city  of,  321 

Earl  of,  44 

Marquess  of,  314 

Waterless,  Westley,  28 

Waterlow,  232 

Watermen  and  Lightermen's  Com- 
pany, 321 

Watkin,  Sir  Edward,  1S9 

Watney,  arms  of,  84  (PL  xxvil.) 

crest  of,  145  (PL  xxvu.) 

Watson-Taylor,  George,  306 

Watson- Wentworth,  Marquess  of 
Rockingham.  436  (Fig.  1053) 

Watts,  James,  160  (PL  xxx.) 

Wax  Chandlers'  Company,  460 

Waye  of  Devon.  74 

Wayne,  Rev.  W.  H.,  120  (PL 
3:x.) 

Wedderburn,    arms    of,    76    (PL 

XXVI.) 

Wedderbum-Maswell,    J.   A.    C, 

251  (Fig.  681) 
Welby,  Lord,  136 
Welchman,  arms  of,  94  (Fig.  188, 

PL  XXVIII.) 
Weldon,  Sir  Anthony,  112 

William  Henry,  29  (Fig.  19) 

Welles,  family,  27 

Lord  de,  428  (PL  xcix.) 

Viscount  de,  371  (Fig.  928) 

Wellington,  Duke  of,  370,  396 
Welser,  James,  360  (PL  LXVII.) 
Wendische  Krone,  271  (Fig.  734) 
Werdenberg,  410  (Fig.  993) 
Were,  arms  of,  21S 
Werner  von  Grafenrieth,  4S3  (PL 

CL.) 

Wesnan,  417  (PL  Lxxxvi.) 
West,  arms  of,  72  (Fig.  114) 

motto  of,  32S 

Westbury,  arms  of,  132 

Lord,  2S7 

Westmeath.  Earl  of,  162 

Earl  of,  321 

Westminster,  Dean  of,  392 

:  Duke  of,  262,  37S 

Marquess  of,  39S 

Whalley,  arms  of,  184 
Wharton,  W.  H.  A.,  223 
Whewell,  arms  of,  68   (Fig.   9S), 

162 
Whitby,  237 

family,  1S7 

White,  Jas.  Grove,  76  (PL  xxii.) 
White-Thomson,    Sir    R.   T.,    197 

(Fig.  498),  238 
Whitgreave,  Robert,  232, 395  (Fig. 

594) 
Whittaker,  arms  of,  103 
Whittington-Ince,  153  (Fig.  371) 
Wichart  durr,  414  (PL  LXXX.) 
Widmann,    Freiherren    von,    436 

(PL  ex.) 
Wiergman  (Wergman),  112 
Wigan,  191  (Fig.  476),  228 
Wilczek,  family,  38  (PI.  vii.) 
Wildenfels,  421  (Fig.  1019) 
Wildenvels,  arms  of,  132 


503 


INDEX   OF   PROPEK   NAMES 


Willan?,  John  Bancroft,  170  (Fig. 

420) 
Willey,  H.  A.,  213  (Fig.  536) 
William  I.  of  Prussia,  26 

■  III.  and  Mary,  442 

IV.,  349,  443 

the  Conqueror,  6 

Williams-Drummond,  314 
WiUiams,  Eev.  C.  E.  E.,  171  (Fig. 

423) 
WiUis-Bund,  J.  W..  172  (Fig.  425) 
Wilson,  arms  of,  462 

Gordon  Chesnev,  210 

Eev.   J.  B.,   137  (PI.   xxxl., 

I'ig.  313) 

Walter,  Henry,  21S  (Fig.  552) 

Wiltes,  Earl  of.  341 
Wiltsliii-e,  Earl  of,  29 
Wiltun,  Eauf  de,  406  (PI.  LXXI.) 
Winchester.  Bishops  of,  392 

. Captain  Peter.  192 

Eai-I  of.  15.  25S  (Fig.  695) 

Earls  of,  103  (Figs.  217,  219) 

Windle,  B.  C.  A.,  (Fig.  439) 
Windsor  Castle,   bookplates,  464 

(Figs.  109S-1100) 

Dean  of,  392 

Wingfield,  170  (Fig.  421) 
Wingate,  211  (PL  xxxis.) 


Winlaw,  arms  of,  90   (Fig.    172), 
iSs 

motto,  328 

Winter    of    Bolanden,    416    (PI. 

T.XVXTV.  ) 

Wisbeck,  Achaz,  475  (PI.  CXLI.) 
Woebzicke,  Count,  449 
Wolfe,  370 

arms  of,  137 

Francis,  of  Madeley,  395 

Wolfe-Barry,  Sir  John,  160 
Wolfstein,  424  (PI.  xcvit.) 

Wolfuxt,  409  (PI.  LWTV.) 

Wolfgang  beiPbein,  316  (PI.  lxi.) 
Wolmershausen,  ^;^  (PI.  vi.) 
Wolsey,  Cardinal,  429  (PI.  c.) 
Wolselev,  Sir  Geo.  BenjamiD,  144 

(Fig.  333) 

Viscount,  136,  144 

Wolverhampton,  212  (Fig.  5330) 
Wood    (Lord    Halifax),    113    (PI. 

Lxn.) 
Woods,  Sir  Albert  William,   472 

(PL  cxxxix.) 

Sir  William,  264 

Woodstock,  332  (Fig.  SS4) 

Thomas  of,  346  (Fig.  S74) 

Woodward  of  Kent,  iSS 

of  Little  Walsingham,  194 


WooUan,  Benjamin  M.,  222  (Fig. 

564) 
Worcester,  Earl  of,  55  (Fig.  72) 
Wordsworth,  William,  215 
Worms,  Baron  de.  325 
Worsley-Taylor,  78  (Fig.  132) 
Wortford,  arms  of,  194 
Wright,  Sir  T.,  71,  82  (PI.  xv.) 

A.  F.  (PI.  xxxix.) 

Wiiothesley,  Sir  Thomas,  427 
WUlfingen,   of    Zurich,    409    (PI. 

LXXIV.) 

Wurmser,  Gernhard,  430  (PI.  cii.) 
Wurtemberg,  479  (PI.  cxlv.) 
arms  of,  3S 

Queen  of,  349 

Wyatt,  arms  of,  215 

H.  K.  P.,  141  (Fig.  323) 

W)ikynton,JohQ.455(Pi.cx5Xii.) 
Wyndham  -  Campbell  -  Pleydell  - 

Bouverie,  264 
Wynn,  Sir  Watkin  Williams,  13S 

yARBOEOUGH,  320  (Fig.  920),  330 

Countess  of,  372 

Earl  of,  145,  365,  394 

Yarmouth,  arms  of,  129 
Town,  361 

Yeates,  crest  of,  1S4 


Yeatman-Biggs,  9S  (Fig.  204) 
Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  331 
Yerburgh,  R.  E.,  loS  (Fig.  238), 

174 
Yockney,  arms  of,  194 
YoDge  of  Colbrooke,  15S 
York,  Archbishop  of,  82 
Archbishops  of.  391,  437 

Duke  of,  349  (Figs.  SS4-S86) 

(Edward     IV.),     429 

(PI.  c.) 

See  of,  231 

Yorke,  crest  of,  154 
Youghal,  Provosts  of,  361 
Young,  Sir  Charles,  161,  264 
Ysowilpe,  Abbot,  29 

Zaeeltitz,     Joseph,     360      (PI. 

LXVII.) 

Zachary,  357 

Zastrzembiec,  449 

Zillenhart,  Wolf  von,  412 

Zimem,  Fry  her  von.  420  (PI.  XCI.) 

Zorke  or  Yorke,  67 

Zouche,  Sir  William  de  la,  93 

"Zum    Loch"   House,   403   (Fig. 

974) 
Zatphen,  Counts  von.  25 
ZwingensteiD ,  412 


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