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THE
ART OF HERALDRY
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
Boston Public Library
http://www.archive.org/details/artofheraldryencOOfoxd
THE ART OF
HERALDRY
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF ARMORY
BY
ARTHUR CHARLES FOX-DAVIES
LONDON
T. C. ^ E. C. JACK
34 HENRIETTA STREET, W.C.
AND EDINBURGH
1904
J
Ci-4-<n!x*irwvv^
INTRODUCTION
T'
'00 frequently it is the custom to consider the study of
the science of Armoiy as the study of a subject which has
passed beyond the limits of practical politics. Heraldry
has been termed "The Shorthand of History," but neverthe-
less the study of that shorthand has been approached too
often as if it were but the study of a dead language. The
result has been that too much faith has been placed in
the works of older writers, whose dicta have been accepted
as both unquestionably correct at the date they wrote, and,
as a consequence, equally binding at the present day.
Since Dame Juliana Bemers wrote the "Boke of St.
Albans," into which she managed to compress an unconscion-
able amount of rubbish, books and treatises on the subject of
Ai'mory have issued from the press in a constant succession.
A few of them stand a head and shoulders above the re-
mainder. The said remainder have already sunk into oblivion.
Such a book as " Guillim" must of necessity rank in the fore-
fi'ont of any armorial bibliography ; but any one seeking to
judge the xlrmory of the present day by the standards and ethics adopted by that writer, would find
himself making mistake after mistake, and led hopelessly astray. There can be very little doubt that
the "Display of Heraldry" is an accurate representation of the laws of Armory which governed
the use of Arms at the date the book was written ; and it correctly puts forward the opinions which
were then accepted concerning the past history of the science.
There are two points, however, which must be borne in mind.
The first is that the critical desire for accuracy which fortunately seems to have been the keynote
of research duiing the nineteenth century, has produced students of Armory whose investigations into
facts have swept away the fables, the myths, and the falsehood which had collected around the ancient
science, and which in their preposterous assertions had earned for Armory a ridicule, a contempt, and
a disbelief which the science itself, and moreover the active practice of the science, had never at any
time warranted or deserved. The desire to gratify the vanity of illustrious patrons rendered the
mythical traditions attached to Armory more difficult to explode than in the cases of those other
sciences in which no one has a personal interest in upholding the wrong ; but a study of the scientific
works of bygone days, and the comparison, for example, of a sixteenth or seventeenth century medical
book with a similar work of the present day, will show that all scientific knowledge during past
centuries was a curious conglomeration of unquestionable fact, interwoven with and partly obscured by
a vast amount of false information, which now can either be dismissed as utter rubbish or controverted
and disproved on the score of being plausible untruth. Consequently, Armory, no less than medicine,
theology, or jurisprudence, should not be lightly esteemed because our predecessors knew less about
the subject than is known at the present day, or because they believed implicitly dogma and tradition
which we ourselves know to be and accept as exploded. Research and investigation constantly goes
on, and every day adds to our knowledge.
The second point, which perhaps is the most important, is the patent fact that Heraldiy and
Ai-mory are not a dead science, but are an actual living reality. Armory may be a quaint
INTRODUCTION
survival of a time with different manners and customs, and different ideas from our own, but
the word "Finis" has not yet been written to the science, which is still slowly developing and
altering and changing as it is suited to the altered manners and customs of the present day. I doubt
not that this view will be a startling one to many who look upon Armory as indissolubly associated
with parchments and writings already musty with age. But so long as the Sovereign has the power to
create a new order of Knighthood, and attach thereto Heraldic insignia, so long as the Crown has the
power to create a new coronet, or to order a new ceremonial, so long as new coats of arms are being
called into being, — for so long is it idle to treat Armory and Heraldry as a science incapable of further
development, or as a science which in recent periods has not altered in its laws.
The many mistaken ideas upon Armory, however, are not all due to the two considerations which
have been put forward. Many are due to the fact that the hand-books of Armory professing to detail
the laws of the science have not always been written by those having complete knowledge of their
subject. Some statement appears in a text-book of Armory, it is copied into book after book, and
accepted by the outside world who study Armory as being correct ; whilst all the time it is absolutely
wrong, and has never been accepted or acted upon by the OfEcers of Arms. One instance will illus-
trate my meaning. There is scarcely a text-book of Armory which does not lay down the rule, that
when a crest issues from a coronet it must not be placed upon a wreath. Now there is no rule whatever
upon the subject ; and instances are frequent, both in ancient and in modern grants, in which coronets
have been granted to be borne upon wreaths ; and the wreath should be inserted or omitted according
to the original grant of the crest. Consequently, the so-called rule must be expunged.
Another fruitful source of error is the effort which has frequently been made to assimilate the
laws of Armory prevailing in the three different Kingdoms into one single series of rules and regula-
tions. Some writers have even gone so far as to attempt to assimilate with our own the rules and
regulations which hold upon the Continent. As a matter of fact, many of the laws of Arms in
England and Scotland are radically diflferent ; and care needs to be taken to point out these differences.
The truest way to ascertain the laws of Armory is by deduction from known facts. Never-
theless, such a practice may lead one astray, for the number of exceptions to any given rule in
Armory is always great, and it is sometimes difficult to tell what is the rule, and which are the
exceptions. Moreover, the Sovereign, as the fountain of honour, can over-ride any rule or law of
Anns ; and many exceptional cases which have been governed by specific grants have been accepted
in times past as demonstrating the laws of Armory, when they have been no more than instances of
exceptional favour on the part of the Crown.
In England no one is compelled to bear Arms unless he wishes ; but, should he desire to do so,
the Inland Revenue requires a payment of one or two guineas, according to the method of use. From
this voluntary taxation the yearly revenue exceeds ;^70,ooo. This affords pretty clear evidence that
Armoiy is still decidedly popular, and that its use and display are extensive ; but at the same time it
would be foolish to suppose that the estimation in which Armory is held, is equal to, or approaches,
the romantic value which in former days was attached to the inheritance of Arms. The result of this
has been — and it is not to be wondered at — that ancient examples are accepted and extolled beyond
what should be the case. It should be borne in mind that the very ancient examples of Ai'mory which
have come down to us, mav be examples of the handicraft of ignorant individuals; and it is not safe
to accept unquestioningly laws of Arms which are deduced from Heraldic handicraft of other days.
Most of them are correct, because as a rule such handicraft was done under supervision ; but there is
always the risk that it has not been ; and this risk should he home in mind when estimating the value
of any particular example of Armory as proof or contradiction of any particular Armorial law. There
were "heraldic stationers" before the present day.
A somewhat similar consideration must govern the estimate of the Heraldic art of a former day.
To even,- action we are told there is a reaction ; and the reaction of the present day, admirable and
commendable as it undoubtedly is, which has taken the art of Armory back to the style in vogue in
past centuries, needs to be kept within intelligent bounds. That the freedom of design and draughts-
manship of the old artists should be copied is desirable ; but at the same time there is not the slightest
necessity to copy, and to deliberately copy, the crudeness of execution which undoubtedly exists in
much of the older work. The revulsion from what has been aptly styled " the die-sinker school of
heraldry " has caused some artists to produce Heraldic drawings which (though doubtless modelled upon
ancient examples) are grotesque to the last degree, and can be described in no other way.
INTRODUCTION
The genesis of " The Ai't of Heraldry " should be briefly stated. A work of a sumptiious
character, " Heraldischer Atlas," by H. G. Strohl, the talented and deservedly celebrated German
Heraldic artist, was published in parts at Stuttgart, and was completed in 1899. This work, which
far surpassed any previous Heraldic publication, attracted a great amount of attention. It then
chiefly consisted of well-chosen and typical examples of Heraldic art at all periods, selected from all
countries in Europe, and that portion of the work must naturally appeal to English readers equally
with German, as will also the magnificent examples of Heraldic illustrations, which indeed form the
outstanding feature of the great work referred to. Added to this was a lengthy section on the
■■' Elements of Heraldry," which formed a valuable primer of Heraldry from the German point
of ■view.
The work was brought to the notice of Messrs. T. C. and E. C. Jack, with a proposal that
they should publish an English translation. But so large a portion of the text — particularly in the
"Elements of Heraldiy" — was essentially German, that in the form of a literal translation the
work would not have stood much chance^ of success in this country. It was necessary, therefore,
that Messrs. Jack, in arranging for the issue of an edition of the work in this country, should take
care that it was adapted to the needs of British readers and scholars. After careful consideration
they decided for the English edition, —
(i) To reproduce the series of Coloured Plates in their entirety.
(2) To reproduce the whole series of Illustration Blocks.
(3) To have the entire section relating to the Laws of Armory and to Examples of British
Heraldry re- written.
(4) To add very considerably to the Illustrations from a British point of view.
The work was therefore placed in my hands for revision on the lines explained above, and
consequently the entire responsibility for the English version is mine, as are the additional chapters
essential to a British work on Armory, the subject matter of which was not included in the
" Heraldischer Atlas."
A large proportion of the plates and blocks have been executed from the original work of Herr
Strohl, whose reputation as a master of Heraldic art is unsurpassed in his own country, the home of
the choicest examples of Heraldic illustration in times past. The whole of the illustrations contained
in the original work have been included in this edition. The necessity of devoting a larger pro-
portion of the work to English Heraldry has afforded the Publishers the opportunity of adding some
number of additional coloured plates and several hundred additional illustrations to those already
included in the German version. Amongst these will be found examples of the work of G. W.
Eve, R.E., Graham Johnston, C. W. Sherborn, E.E., J. Forbes Nixon, G. Scruby, J. Vinycomb,
M.R.I.A., and Miss Helard, a list of names which includes the whole of the prominent Heraldic artists
of the present day in this country. To the work of the above-mentioned have been added many
reproductions taken from English sources which were overlooked or crowded out of the German
version.
With regard to the literary portion of the volume I have no wish either to claim credit for work
which is Herr Strohl's, or to saddle him with a responsibility for my opinions. Each chapter therefore
is signed. Those which are to all intents and purposes literal translations of the corresponding-
chapters in the German version bear Herr Strohl's initials (H. S.). Chapters which are essentially
mine are signed with my initials. Some chapters very properly carry the initials of us both. The
order in which the initials are placed will afford some clue to the individual share of the work with
which each should be credited. I may add that Herr Strohl kindly offered to go over the proofs of
that pait of the book which was based upon his own work — an offer which I was delighted to accept,
and I tender him my thanks therefor.
The fact of the practically simultaneous issue of the " Heraldischer Atlas " alone made it
possible to include so large a number and so excellent a selection of coloured plates in the volume.
There are some number of these which did not appear in the German version, but the majority did,
and that the selection was already made when the work was put into my hands, has, I candidly
admit, hampered me considerably in writing the earlier chapters of the book. But the point
which has chiefly appealed to me in the production of an English version of another person's
work has been the desire to import into British Heraldic art a fresh set of artistic models which
may help in the development of the present revival in Heraldic art, and also to import into
INTRODUCTION
British minds a new set of Heraldic ideas, which possibly will tend to new departures, which perhaps
may replace the "bedevilled" and overcrowded shields and crests into which our present system of
differentiation, working upon a needlessly limited series of ideas and charges, was bound to result.
In the course of the pages which follow, many hundred coats of arms are illustrated or referred
to as examples either of Heraldic art or of some point in the science of Armory. With few
exceptions, the instances which may be quoted of Arms of other than British families have been
selected by HeiT Strohl, except where otherwise stated. I have little acquaintance with the pedi-
grees of Continental families, and I must state plainly that I have no knowledge whatever as to
the legal right of the various families to the Arms attributed to them. Nor can I give any guarantee
upon the point as to the Arms of British families, although all which are illustrated and which are
definitely attributed to specific individuals I believe to be correct. I have not deliberately chosen
unauthorised Arms as examples without making this plainly apparent, but in hunting for instances
to illustrate different points, I have sometimes been at a loss to supply these from Arms within my
own knowledge, and have taken them from Pap worth.
My sister. Miss Grace Muriel Fox-Davies, has very materially lightened my labours and assisted
me by making for me a literal translation of Herr Strohl's work, a task for which past residence
in Germany had well qualified her. Nor can I omit to tender my best thanks to Miss Helard for the
trouble she has undertaken on my behalf in making many drawings and collecting Heraldic examples
for use in this book.
Amongst others to whom my grateful acknowledgments are due and are sincerely tendered,
I must specially thank Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms, for his permission to reprint a
lecture he delivered which covered the ground of one of my chapters far more adequately than 1
could have dealt with the matter myself. Mr. C. H. Athill, F.S.A., Richmond Herald, also ; he has
helped me most materially with his advice as to the selection of certain examples of Heraldic art, and
from this and his aid towards the reproduction of these examples my book has greatly profited.
Mr. Cyril Davenport, F.S.A., very kindly helped me in the preparation of another of the chapters
in the book which dealt with a subject on which he is admittedly an authority.
Mr. Albert Hartshorne, F.S.A., similarly undertook another chapter on a subject in which he
has specialised, viz., Heraldic Effigies; and Mr. Walter J. Kaye, F.S.A., wrote the chapter on
Heraldic Brasses, a subject in connection with which he is well known.
For assistance in connection with the production of some of the plates I am indebted to
Mr. W. Rae Macdonald, Carrick Pursuivant of Arms, and other kindly help I acknowledge with
pleasure from Captain Swinton, March Pursuivant ; Mr. Everard Green, Rouge Dragon ; and
Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.
I am also indebted to Mr. J. Vinycomb for a most excellent and very practical chapter, and to
Rev. J. R. Crawford for another chapter.
To all whose names I have mentioned I offer my sincere thanks.
To the several others who promised me assistance, but have failed to carry out their promises,
I can only say that I would gladly have accepted the will for the deed, had it been possible to
put the will into type.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER I
THE ORIGIN OF ARMORY
RMORY is that science
of which the rules
and the laws gov-
ern the use, display,
meaning, and know-
ledge of the pic-
tured signs and em-
blems appertaining
to shield, helmet, or
banner. Heraldry
has a wider mean-
ing, for it comprises
everything within
the duties of a herald; and whilst Armory is
undoubted Heraldry, the regulation of ceremo-
nials and matters of pedigree, which are also
within the scope of Heraldry, most decidedly are
not Armory.
" Armory " relates only to the emblems and devices.
"Armoury" relates to the weapons themselves as
weapons of warfare, or to the place used for the
storing of the weapons.
The word " Arms," like many other words in the
English language, has several meanings, and at the
present day is used in several senses. It may mean
the weapons themselves ; it may mean the limbs upon
the human body. Even from the heraldic point of
view it may mean the entire achievement, but it is
usually intended only to refer to the device upon the
shield.
Of the exact origin of arms and armory nothing
whatever is definitely known, and it becomes difficult
to point to any particular period as the period covering
the origin of armory, for the very simple reason that
it is much more difficult to decide what is or is not to
be admitted as armorial.
Until comparatively recently heraldic books referred
armory indifferently to the tribes of Israel, to the
Greeks, to the Romans, to the Assyrians and the
Saxons ; and we are equally familiar with the " Lion
of Judah " and the " Eagle of the Csesars." In other
directions we find the same sort of thing, for it has
ever been the practice of semi-civilised nations to
bestow or to assume the virtues and the names of
animals and of deities as symbols of honour. We
scarcely need refer to the North American Indians
for proof of such a practice. They have reduced the
subject almost to an exact science; and there cannot
be the shadow of a doubt that it is to this semi-savage
practice that armory is to be traced if its origin is to
he followed out to its logical and most remote begin-
ning. Equally is it certain that many recognised
heraldic figures, and more particularly those mythical
creatures of which the armorial menagerie alone has
now cognisance, are due to the art of civilisations
older than our own, and the legends of those civOisa-
tions which have called these mythical creatures into
being.
The widest definition of armory would have it that
any pictorial badge which is used by an individual or
a family with the meaning that it is a badge indicative
of that person or family, and adopted and repeatedly
used in that sense, is heraldic. If such be your defini-
tion, you may ransack the Scriptures for the arms of
the tribes of Israel, the writings of the Greek and
Roman poets for the decorations of the armour and
the persons of their heroes, mythical and actual, and
you may annex numberless " heraldic " instances from
the art of Nineveh, of Babylon, and of Egypt. Your
heraldry is of the beginning and from the beginning.
It is fact, but is it heraldry ? Dame Juliana Berners'
statement m the " Boke of St. Albans " that Christ was
a gentleman of coat armour is a fable, and due distinc-
tion must be had between the fact and the fiction in
this as in all other similar cases.
Mr. G. W. Eve in his "Decorative Heraldry" alludes
to and illustrates many striking examples of figures of
an embryonic type of heraldry, of which the best are
one from a Chaldean bas-relief 4000 B.C., the earliest
known device that can in any way be called heraldic,
and another, a device from a Byzantine silk of the
tenth century. Mr. Eve certainly seems inclined to
follow the older heraldic writers in giving as wide an
interpretation as possible to the word heraldic, but it
is significant that none of these early instances which
he gives appear to have any relation to a shield, so that,
even if it be conceded that the figures are heraldic, they
certainly cannot be said to be armorial. But doubtless
the inclusion of such instances is due to an attempt,
conscious or unconscious, on the part of the writers who
have taken their stand on the side of great antiquity to
so frame the definition of armory that it shall mclude
everything heraldic, and due perhaps somewhat to the
half unconscious reasoning that these mythical animals,
and more especially the peculiarly heraldic positions
they are depicted in, which nowadays we only know as
part of armory, and which exist nowhere else within
our knowledge save within the charmed circle of
heraldry, must be evidence of the great antiquity of
that science or art, call it which you will. But it is a
false deduction, due to a confusion of premise and con-
clusion. We find certain figures at the present day
purely heraldic — we find those figures fifty centuries
ago. It certainly seems a correct conclusion that,
therefore, heraldry must be of that age. But is not the
real conclusion, that, our heraldic figures being so old,
it is evident that the figures originated long before
heraldry was ever thought of, and that instead of these
mythical figures having been originated by the necessi-
ties of heraldry, and being part, or even the rudimentary
1
THE ART OF HERALDRY
origin of heraldry, they had existed — -for otlur reasons
and furposes — and that when the science of heraldry
sprang into being, it found the whole range of its forms
and charges already existing, and that none of these
figures owe their being to heraldry ? The gryphon is
supposed to have originated, as is the double-neaded
eagle, from the dimidiation of two coats of arms re-
sulting from impalement by reason of marriage. Both
these figures were known ages earlier. Thus departs
yet another of the little fictions which past writers
on armory have fostered and perpetuated. Whether
the ancient Egyptians and Assyrians knew they were
depicting mythical animals, and did it, intending them
to be symbolical of
attributes of their
deities, something
beyond what they
were familiar with in
their ordinary life,
we do not know;
nor indeed have we
any certain know-
ledge that there
have never been
animals of which
their figures are but
imperfect and crude
representations.
But it does not ne-
cessarily follow that
because an Egyptian
artist drew a certain
figure, which figure
is now appropriated
to the peculiar use
of armory, that
he knew anything
whatever of the
laws of armory.
Further, where is
this argument to
end ? There is no-
thing peculiarly her-
aldic about the lion
passant,statant, dor-
mant, couchant, or
salient, and though
heraldic artists may
for the sake of
artistic appearance
distort the brute
away from his na-
tural figure, the
rampant is alone the
position which ex-
ists not in nature ;
and if the argument
is to be applied to the bitter end, heraldry must be
taken back to the very earliest instance which exists
of any representation of a lion. The proposition is
absurd. The ancient artists drew their lions how they
liked, regardless of armory and its laws, which did
not then exist; and, from decorative reasons, they
evolved a certain number of methods of depicting the
positions of e.g. the lion and the eagle to suit their deco-
rative purposes. When heraldry came into existence it
came in as an adjunct of decoration, and it necessarily
followed that the whole of the positions in which the
craftsmen found the eagle or the lion depicted were ap-
propriated with the animals for heraldry. That this
appropriation for the exclusive purposes of armory has
been silently acquiesced in by the decorative artists of
Fig 1.— The arms o£ Sii- Edward Malet, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., and of his wife Lady Ermyn-
trude, with the supporters granted to the former arms: Quarterly, I and 4, azure, three
escallops or (for Malet) ; 2 and 3, gules, two demi-lions passant guardant in pale or (for
Hatche), the escutcheon being surrounded by the circle of the Order of the Bath, and
by the collars and pendent therefrom the badges of a Knight Grand Cross of that
Order, and of the Order of St. Michael and St. George ; and impaling upon a second
escutcheon the arms of Eussell, namely : argent, a lion rampant gules, on a chief
sable, three escallops of the field. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting
his degree, with a mantling azure and or ; and for his crest, out of a ducal coronet
or, an heraldic tiger's head ermine ; and for his supporters, on either side of the
escutcheon a sphinx, the upper part proper, the lower ermine, hooded and charged
on the shoulder with an escallop or; with the motto, " Ma force de en hault."
later days is simply proof of the intense power and
authority which accrued later to armory, and which was
in fact attached to anything relating to privilege and
prerogative. To put it baldly, the dominating authority
of heraldry and its dogmatic protection by the Powers
that were, appropriated certain figures to its use, and
then defied any one to use them for more humble
decorative purposes not allied with armory. And it is
the trail of this autocratic appropriation, and from the
decorative point of view this arrogant appropriation,
which can be traced in the present idea that a griffin or a
spread eagle for example must be heraldic. Consequently
the argument as to the antiquity of heraldry which is
founded upon the
discovery of the
heraldic creature in
the remote ages goes
by the board. One
practical instance
may perhaps more
fully demonstrate
my meaning. There
is one figure, pro-
bably the most beau-
tiful of all of those
which we owe to
Egypt, which is now
rapidly being ab-
sorbed into herald-
ry. I refer to the
Sphinx. This, whilst
strangely in keeping
with the remaining
mythical heraldic
figures, for some
reason or other es-
caped the exclusive
appropriation of ar-
morial use until
within modern
times. One of the
earliest instances of
its use in recognised
armory occurs in
the grant to Sir
John Moore, K.B.,
the hero of Corunna,
and another will be
found in the aug-
mentation granted
to Admiral Sir Alex-
ander Coohrane,K.B.
(See Plate LXVIII.)
Since then it has
been used on some
number of occasions.
It has certainly re-
mained, however, ior the present Garter King of Arms
to evolve from the depths of his imagination a position
which no Egyptian sphinx ever occupied, when he granted
two oi them as supporters to Sir Edward Malet, G.C.B.
(Fig. i). The Sphinx has also been adopted as the badge
of one of his Majesty's regiments, and I have very little
doubt that now Egypt has come under our control the
Sphinx will figure in some number of the grants of the
future to commemorate fortunes made in that country,
or lifetimes spent in the Egyptian services. If this be so,
the dominating influence of armory will doubtless in the
course of another century have given to the Sphinx, as
it has to many other objects, a distinctly heraldic nature
and character in the mind of the " man in the street "
to which we nowadays so often refer the arbitrament
PLATE I.
PUBLIC
HERALDS IN OFFICIAL DRESS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
between conflicting opinions. Perhaps in the even yet
more remote future, when the world in general accepts
as a fact that armory did not exist at the time of the
Norman Conquest, we shall have some interesting and
enterprising individual writmg a book to demonstrate
that because the Sphinx existed in Egypt long before
the days of Cleopatra, heraldry must of necessity be
equally antique.
I have no wish, however, to dismiss thus lightly the
subject of the antiquity of heraldry, because^there is
one side of the question which I have not yet touched
upon, and that is, the symbolism of these ancient
and so-called heraldic examples. There is no doubt
whatever that symbolism forms an integral part of
armory; in fact there is no doubt that armory itself
as a whole is nothing more or less than a kind of
symbohsm. I have no sympathy whatever with many
of the ideas concerning this symbohsm, which will be
found in nearly all heraldic books before the day of
the late J. K. Planche, Somerset Herald, who tired the
tram which exploded then and for ever the absurd ideas
of former writers. That an argent field meant purity,
that a field of gules meant royal or even martial ances-
tors, that a saltire meant the capture of a city, or a lion
rampant noble and enviable qualities, I utterly deny.
But that nearly every coat of arms for any one of the
name of Fletcher bears upon it in some form or another
an arrow or an arrow-head, because the origin of the
name comes from the occupation of the fletcher, who
was an arrowmaker, is true enough. Symbolism of that
kind will be found constantly in armory, as in the case
of the foxes and foxes' heads in the various coats of Fox,
the lions in the coats of arm's of Lyons, the horse in the
arms of Trotter, and the acorns in the arms of Oakes; in
fact by far the larger proportion of the older coats of
arms, where they can be traced to their real origin,
exhibit some such derivation. There is another kind
of symbolism which formerly, and still, favours the
introduction of swords and spears and bombshells into
grants of arms to military men, that gives bezants to
bankers and those connected with money, and that
assigns woolpaoks and cotton-plants to the shields of
textile merchants ; but that is a sane and reasonable
symbohsm, which the reputed symbolism of the earlier
heraldry books was not.
It has yet to be demonstrated, however, though the
beUef is very generally credited, that all these very
ancient Egyptian and Assyrian figures of a heraldic
character had anything of symbolism about them.
But even granting the whole symbohsm which is
claimed for them, we get but little further. There is
no doubt that the eagle from untold ages has had an
imperial symbolism which it stUl possesses. But that
symbolism is not necessarily heraldic, and it is much
more probable that heraldry appropriated both the
eagle and its symbolism ready made, and together : con-
sequently, if, as we have shown, the existence of the
eagle is not proof of the coeval existence of heraldry,
no more is the existence of the symbolical imperial eagle.
For if we are to regard all symbohsm as heraldic, where
are we either to begin or to end ? Church vestments
and ecclesiastical emblems are symbolism run riot ; in
fact they are httle else. But by no stretch of imagina-
tion can these be considered heraldic with the ex-
ception of the few (for example the crosier, the mitre,
and the pallium) which heraldry has appropriated ready
made. Therefore, though heraldry appropriated ready
made from other decorative art, and from nature and
handicraft, the whole of its charges, and though it is
evident heraldry also appropriated ready made a great
deal of its symbolism, neither the earlier existence of
the forms which it appropriated, nor the earlier exist-
ence of their symbolism, can be said to weigh at all as
determining factors in the consideration of the age of
heraldry. Sloane Evans in his "Grammar of Heraldry "
(p. ix.) gives the following instances as evidence of the
greater antiquity, and they are worthy at any rate of
attention if the matter is to be impartially considered.
" The antiquity of ensigns and symbols may be proved by
reference to Holy Writ.
" I. 'Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the
chDdreu of Israel, after theu- families, by the house of theii'
fathers, with the number of their names. . . . And they as-
sembled all the congregation together on the first day of the
second month ; and they declared their pedigrees after their
famUies, by the house of their fathers, according to the num-
ber of the names, from twenty years old and upward. . . .
And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man
by his own camp, and every man by his own standard,
throughout their hosts' (Numbers i. 2, 18, 52).
" 2. 'Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by
his own standard, with the ensign of their father's house '
(Numbers ii. 2).
"3. 'And the children of Israel did according to aU that
the Lord commanded Moses : so they pitched by theii'
standards, and so they set forward, every one after their
families, according to the house of their fathers ' (Numbers
ii- 34)-"
The Latin and Greek ^oets and historians afford
numerous instances of the use of symbohc ornaments
and devices. It will be sufficient in this work to quote
from ^schylus and Virgil, as poets ; Herodotus and
Tacitus, as historians.
^SCHYLUS.
[Sepiem contra Thebas.)
The poet here introduces a dialogue between Eteocles,
King of Thebes, the women who composed the chorus,
and a herald (xrjpv^), which latter is pointing out the
seven captains or chiefs of the army of Adi-astus against
Thebes ; distinguishing one from another by the em-
blematical devices upon their shields.
I. Tydeus.
(" Totavi' dvTuJv, — lo^KTog dt^^aXjLtci? TrpeTret." — Lines 380-386.)
"... Frowning he speaks, and shakes
The dark crest streaming o'er his shaded helm
In triple wave ; whilst di-eadful ring around
The brazen bosses of his shield, impress'd
With his proud argument : — ' A sable sky
Burning with stars ; and in the midst full orb'd
A silver moon ; ' — the eye of night o'er aU,
Awful in beauty, forms her peerless light."
2. Capaneus.
(""Ex" S€ (rij^,— IIPH2H no AIN."— Lines 428-430.)
" On his proud shield pourtray'd : ' A naked man
Waves in his hand a blazing torch ; ' beneath
In golden letters — ' I wiU fii-e the city.' "
3. Eteodus.
{^^"¥,uxi)ii.a.TarTa.i, — Trvpyw^aTui/." — Lines 461-465.)
"... No mean device
Is sculptured on his shield : ' A man in arms.
His ladder fix'd against the enemies' waUs,
Mounts, resolute, to rend their rampires down ; '
And cries aloud (the letters plainly mai-k'd),
' Not Mai-s himself shall beat me from the Tow'rs.' "
THE ART OF HERALDRY
4. IIi2)/>o»ie(lu7i.
("'O minaTovpyiKi — cjiofioi' fiXmm''" — Liuos 487-494.)
" . . . On its 01b, no vulgar artist
Expressed this image : ' A Typhjeus huge,
Disgorging from liis foul enfoulder'd jaws,
In fieico eifusiou wreaths of dusky smoke.
Signal of kindling flames; its bending voi'ge
With folds of twisted serpents border'd round.'
With shouts the giant-chief provokes the war,
And in the ravings of outrageous valour
Glares terror from his eyes . . ."
5. Parthenopaius.
' 'Or /iiyr aKu/iTrau-Tos — lairTeirdai. BeAi;." — Lines 534-540.)
" . . . Upon his clashing shield.
Whose orl) sustiiins the storm of war, he bears
The foul disgrace of Thebes: — ' A rav'nous Sphynx
t'ixed to the plates : the bui'nish'd monster round
Pours a portentous gleam : beneath her lies
A Tlieban, mangled by her cruel fangs : ' —
'Gainst this let each brave arm direct the spear."
(" Totaw^ o imi'TL<i,
6. Amphiaraus.
4. (" Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur — insigne paterna;."
— Lib. X. lines 1 80- 188.)
" L<'air Astur follows in the wat'ry field.
Proud of his manag'd horse, and painted shield.
Thou muse, the name of Cinyras renew.
And brave Oupavo, f ollow'd but by few ;
Whose helm confess'd the lineage of the man.
And boi'e, with wings display'd, a silver swan.
Love was the fault of his fam'd ancestry.
Whose forms and fortunes in his Ensigns fly."
HERODOTUS.
I. CUo, § 171.
(" Kat o'</)t Tpt^u. €^evp/]fj.aTa iy^i'ero — ra cn//X(Jia woiliiTdaL.")
" And to them is allowed the invention of three things,
which have come into use among the Greeks : — For the
Uarians seem to be the first who put crests upon their hel-
mets and sculptiu'ed devices u[)0n their shields."
2. Callinpe, § 74.
("'O oerepos rwr Xoymv — ktrla-ijiiuv ayKv/xtr.")
" Those who deny this statement assert that he (Sophanes)
-Linos 587-591.) bare on his shield, as a device, an anchor."
"So spoke the prophet; and with awful port
Advanc'd his mas.sy shield, 'the shining orb
Beixring no impress, for his gen'rous soul
Wishes to be, not to appear, the best ;
And from the culture of his modest worth
Bejirs the rich fruit of great and glorious deeds."
7. I'olijnkes.
("'K^yet 5e — ra ^eu^iyjaara." — Lines 639-646.)
"... His well-orb'd shield he holds.
New-wrought, and with a double impress charg'd :
' A warrior, blazing all in golden arms,
A female form of modest aspect leads ; '
Expressing justice, as th' inscription speaks,
' Yet once more to his country, and once more
To his Paternal Throne I will restoi'O him ' —
Such theii' devices . . ."
VIRGIL.
(Tlie ^neid.)
I ("Atque hie exultans — insigne- decorum."
— Lib. ii. lines 386-392.)
" Chora'bus, with youthful hopes beguil'd,
Swol'n witli success, and of a daring mind,
This new invention fa.fci,lly design'd.
'My frienils,' said ho, 'since foi'tuno .shows the way,
'Tis fit we .should the auspicious guide obey.
For what has she those Grecian arms bestowed.
But their destruction, and the Trojan's good?
Then change we shields, and tlieir devices bear;
Let fraud supply the want of foi'<'e in war.
They find us arms.' -This sjiid, himself he dress'd
In dead Androgeos' .spoils, his upper vest,
Uis painted buckler, and liis plumy crest."
2. (" Post hos insignem — serpentibiis hydram."
— Lib. vii. lines 655-658.)
" Next Aventinus drives his chariot round
The Litian pl.iins, with palms and laurels crown'd.
Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field ;
His father's hydra fills his am]ile shield ;
A hundred ser|ients hiss about tlce brims;
The son of Hercules he justly seeni.s,
By his broad .shoulders and gigantic limbs."
TACITUS.
{The Amials. — Lib. i.)
I. (Tum rodire paulatiiu — in sedes referuut." — Cap. 28.)
"They relinquislied the guard of the gates; and the
Eagles and other Ensigns, wTiich in the beginning of the
Tumult they had thrown together, were now restored each
to its distinct station."
Potter, in his "Antiquities of Greece" (Dunbar's
edition, Edinburgh, 1824, vol. ii. page 79), thus speaks
of the ensigns or flags (ai]/j,eia) used by the Grecians in
tlieir military att'airs : " Of tliesc there were different
sorts, several of which wore adorned with images of
animals, or other things bearing peculiar relations to
the cities they belong to. The Athenians, for instance,
bore an owl in their ensigns (I'lutarohus Lysandro), as
being sacred to Minerva, the protectress of their city ; the
Thebans a SpJii/nx (idem relopidas, Cornelius Nepos,
EpamLnondas), in memory of the famous monster over-
come by Qi]dipus. The Persians paid divine honours
to the sun, and therefore represented him in their
ensigns" (Curtius, lib. 3). Again (in page 150), speak-
ing of the ornauionls and devices on their ships, he
says : " Some other things there are in the prow and
stern that deserve our notice, as those ornaments
wherewith the extremities of the ship were bcautitied,
commonly called uKpovea (or veSiv KopcoinSe^), in Latin,
Coryinlii. The form of them sometimes represented
helmets, sometimes living creatures, but most frequently
was winded into a round compass, whence they are
so commonly named C'ori/'inbi and Gurnntv. To the
uKpoaToXia in the prow, answered the atpXaara in tlie
stern, which were often of an orbicular figure, or
fashioned like wings, to which a little shield called
aawiSeioi', or daTTiSla-m], was Ircquontly affixed ; some-
times a piece of wood was erected, whereon ribbons of
divers eoloiu's wore hung, and served instead of a flag
to distinguish the ship. Xijin'aKo'; was so called from
Xj/i/, a Guone, whose figure it resembled, because geese
were looked on as fortunate omens to mariners, for
that they swim on the top of the waters and sink not.
Uapaa-T^pov was the Hag whereby ships were distin-
guished from one another ; it was placed in the prow,
just below the o-toXo?, being sometimes carved, and
THE ART OF HERALDRY
frequently painted, whence it is in Latin termed 2'>ic-
tura, representing the form of a mountain, a tree, a
jiower, or any other thing, wherein it was distinguished
from what was called tutela, or the safeguard of the
ship, which always represented some one of the gods, to
whose care and protection the ship was recommended ;
for which reason it was held sacred. Now and then
wo find the tutela taken for the Uapdarnxov, and per-
haps sometimes the images of gods might be repre-
sented on the flags ; by some it is placed also in the
prow, but by most authors of credit assigned to the
stern. Thus Ovid in his Epistle to Paris : —
' Accipit et piotos puppis adunca Decs.'
' The stern with painted deities i-ichly shines.'
" The ship wherein Europa was conveyed from
Phosnicia into Crete had a hull for its flag, and
Jiq)iter for its tutelar deity. The Bu^otian ships had
for their tutelar god Cadmus, represented with a
dragon in his hand, because he was the founder of
Thebes, the principal city of Bteotia. The name of
the ship was usually taken from the flag, as appears
in the following passage of Ovid, where he tells us
his ship received its name from the helmet painted
upon it: —
' Est mihi, sitque, precor, flavie tutela Minervse,
Navis et h pictei casside nomen habit.'
' Minerva is the goddess I adore,
And may she grant the blessings I implore ;
The ship its name a painted helmet gives.'
" Hence comes the frequent mention of ships called
Pegasi, ScylUv, Bulls, Rams, Tigers, &c., which the
poets took liberty to represent as living creatures that
transported their riders from one country to another;
nor was there (according to some) any other ground
for those known fictions of Pegasus, the winged Belle-
rophon, or the Ram which is reported to have carried
Pnryxus to Colchos."
To quote another very learned author : " The system
of hieroglyphics, or symbols, was adopted into every
mysterious institution, for the purpose of concealing
the most sublime secrets of religion from the prying
curiosity of the vulgar ; to whom nothing was exposed
but the beauties of their morality. (See Kamsay's
' Travels of Cyrus,' Ub. 3.) ' The old Asiatic style, so
highly figurative, seems, by what we find of its remains
in the prophetic language of the sacred writers, to have
been evidently fashioned to the mode of the ancient
hieroglyphics ; for as in hieroglyphic writing the sun,
moon, and stars were used to represent states and
empires, kings, queens, and nobility — their eclipse and
extinction, temporary disasters, or entire overthrow —
fire and flood, desolation by war and famine ; plants
or animals, the qualities of particular persons, &o. ; so,
in like manner, the Holy Prophets call kings and
empires by the names of the heavenly luminaries ;
then- misfortunes and overthrow are represented by
eclipses and extinction ; stars falling from the firma-
ment are employed to denote the destruction of the
nobility; thunder and tempestuous winds, hostile
invasions ; lions, bears, leopards, goats, or high trees,
leaders of armies, conquerors, and founders of empires ;
royal dignity is described by purple, or a crown ; ini-
quity by spotted garments; a warrior by a sword or
bow; a powerful man, by a gigantic stature; a judge
by balance, weights, and measures — in a word, the
prophetic style seems to be a speaking hieroglyphic' "
It seems to me, however, that the whole of these are
no more than symbolism, though they are undoubtedly
symbolism of a high and methodical order, little re-
moved from our own armory. Personally I do not
consider them to be armory, but if the word is to be
stretched to the utmost latitude to permit of their
inclusion, one certain conclusion follows. That if the
heraldry of that day had an orderly existence, it most
certainly came absolutely to an end and disappeared.
Armory as we know it, the armory of to-day, which as
a system is traced back to the period of the Crusades,
is no mere continuation by adoption. It is a distinct
development and a re-development ah initio. Un-
doubtedly there is a period in the early development
of European civilisation which is destitute alike of
armory, or of anything of that nature. The civilisa-
tion of Europe is not the civilisation of Egypt, of
Greece, or of Rome, nor a continuation thereof, but a
new development, and though each of these in its,
turn attained---a high degree of civilisation and may
have separately developed a heraldic symbolism nmch
akin to armory, as a natural consequence of its own de-
velopment, as the armory we Icnow is a development of
its own consequent upon the rise of our own civilisation,
nevertheless it is unjustifiable to attempt to establish
continuity between the ordered symbolism of earlier
but distinct civilisations, and our own present system
of armory. The one and only civilisation which has
preserved its continuity is that of the Jewish race.
In spite of persecution they have preserved unchanged
the minutest details of ritual law and ceremony, the
causes of their suftering. Had heraldry, which is and
has always been a matter of pride, formed a part of
their distinctive life we should find it still existing.
Yet the fact remains that no trace of Jewish heraldry
can be found until quite recent times, when it has in
a few cases been adopted from Christian civilisation.
Consequently I accept unquestioningly the conclusions
of the late J. R. Planche, Somerset Herald, who un-
hesitatingly asserted that armory did not exist at the
time of the Conquest, basing his conclusions principally
upon the entire absence of armory from the seals of
that period, and the Bayeux tapestry.
The family tokens (mon) of the Japanese, however,
fulfil very nearly all of the essentials of armory, al-
though considered heraldically they may appear some-
what peculiar to European eyes. Though perhaps never
forming the entire decoration of a shield, they do appear
upon weapons and armour, and are used most lavishly
in the decoration of clothing, rooms, furniture, and in
fact almost every conceivable object, being employed
for decorative purposes in precisely the same manners
and methods that armorial devices are decoratively
made use of in this country. A Japanese of the upper
classes always has his mon in three places upon his
kimono, usually at the back just below the collar and on
either sleeve. The Japanese servants also wear their
service badge in much the same manner that in olden
days the badge was worn by the servants of a nobleman.
The design of the service badge oc-
cupies the whole available surface
of the back, and Ls reproduced in a
miniature form on each lappel of
the kimono. Unfortunately, like
armorial bearings in Europe, but to
a far greater extent, the Japanese
mon has been greatly pirated and
abused.
Fig. 2, " Kiku - non - hana - mon,"
formed from the conventionalised
bloom (hana) of the chrysanthemum,
is the mon of the State. It is formed of sixteen petals
arranged in a cu-cle, and connected on the outer edge
by small curves (see Plate CXV. Fig. 13).
Fig. 2. — Kikn-non-
hana-mon. State
Moil of Japan.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 3, " Kiri-mon," is the personal vion of the
Mikado, formed of the leaves and tiower of the Paulowna
imperialis, conventionally treated.
Fig. 3. — Kiri-mon.
Moti of the
Mikado.
Fig. 4. — Awoi-iuun.
Mon of the House
of Minamoto To-
kiigawa. ]
Fig. 4, "Awoi-mon," is the mon of the House of
'Minamoto Tokugawa, and is composed ot three sea-
leaves (Asarimi). The Tokugawa reigned over the
country as Shogune from 1603 until the last revolu-
tion in 1867, before which time the Emperor (the
Mikado) was only nominally the ruler.
Fig. 5 shows the mon of the House of Minamoto Ashi-
kaya, which from 1336 until 1 573 enjoyed the Shogunat.
Fig. s.—Mon of the
House of Mina-
moto Ashikaya,
Fig. 6. — Tomoye. 3!on
of the House of
Arina.
Fig. 6 shows the second mon of the House of Arina,
Tomoye, which is used, however, throughout Japan as a
sim of luck.
Fig. 7. — Double eagle
on a coin {drachma)
under the Ortho-
^ide of Kaifa Na9r
EdinMahmud,i2l7.
Fig. 8.— "Arms (!)"
of the Mameluke
Emir Toka Timur,
Governor of Ra-
haba, 1350.
Fig. 9- — Lily on the
Bab - al - Hadid
gate at Damas-
cus.
Fig. 10 — "Armsi:)" Fig. II.— "Arms(!)" FiG. 12.— Alleged Arms
ot the Emir Ar- of the Mameluke of Abu Abdallah,
katiiy (a band be- Emir Schaikhu. Mohammed ibn Nafr,
tween two keys). King of Granada, said
to be the builder of
the Alhambra (1231-
1272).
The Saracens and the Moors, to whom we owe the
origin of so many of our recognised heraldic charges
and the derivation of some. of our terms {e.g. "gules,"
from the Persian gid, and "azure," from the Persian
lazurd), had evidently on their part something more than
the rudiments of armory, as Figs. 7 to 12 will indicate.
One ot the best definitions of a coat of arms that I
know, though this is not perfect, requu'es the twofold
qualitioation that the design must be hereditary and
must be connected with armour. And there can be no
doubt that the theory of armory as we now know it is
governed by those two ideas. The shields and the crests,
S' any decoration of a helmet is to be called a crest, of the
Greeks and the Romans undoubtedly come within the one
requirement. .Also were they indicative of and perhaps
intended to be symbolical of the owner. They lacked,
however, heredity, and we have no proof that the badges
we read of, or the decorations of shield and helmet, were
continuous even during a single lifetime. Certainly as
we now understand the term there must be both con-
tinuity of use, if the arms be impersonal, or heredity if
the arms be personal. Likewise must there be their
use as decorations of the implements of warfare.
If we exact these qualifications as essential, armory
as a fact and as a science is a product of later days and is
the evolution from the idea of tribal badges and tribal
means and methods of honour applied to the decoration
of implements of warfare. It is the conjunction and
association of these two distinct ideas to which is added
the no less important idea of heredity. The civilisation
of England before the Conquest has left us no trace
of any sort or kind that the Saxons, the Danes, or the
Celts either knew or practised armory. So that if
armory as we know it is to be traced to the period of
the Norman Conquest, we must look for it as an adjunct
of the altered civilisation and the altered law which
Duke William brought into this country. Such evi-
dence as exists is to the contrary, there is nothing that
can be truly termed armorial in that marvellous piece
of cotemporaneous workmanship known as the Bayeux
tapestry.
Concerning the Bayeux tapestry and the evidence it
ailords. Woodward and Burnett's " Treatise on Heraldry,"
apparently following Planche's conclusions, remarks :
"The evidence afforded by the famous tapestry pre-
served in the public library of Bayeux, a series of
views in sewed work representing the invasion and
conquest of England by William the Norman, has
been appealed to on both sides of this controversy, and
has certainly an important bearing on the question of
the antiquity of coat - armour. This panorama of
seventy-two scenes is on probable grounds believed
to have been the work of the Conqueror's Queen
Matilda and her maidens ; though the French historian
Thierey and others ascribe it to the Empress Maud,
daughter of Henry III. The latest authorities suggest
the likelihood of its having been wrought as a decora-
tion for the Cathedral of Bayeux, when rebuilt by
William's uterine brother Odo, Bishop of that See,
in 1077. The exact correspondence which has been
discovered between the length of the tapestry and the
inner circumference of the nave of the Cathedral
greatly favours this supposition. This remarkable
work of art, as carefully drawn in colour in 1 818 by
Mr. C. Stothard, is reproduced in the sixth volume
of the Vetusta Moniiinenta; and more recently an
excellent copy of it from autotype plates has been
published by the Arundel Society. Each of its scenes
is accompanied by a Latin description, the whole
uniting into a graphic history of the event commemo-
rated. We see Harold taking leave of Edward the
Confessor ; riding to Bosham with his hawk and
hounds ; embarking for France ; landing there and
being captured by the Count of Ponthieu ; redeemed
by AVilliam of Normandy, and in the midst of his
Court aiding him against Conan, Count of Bretagne ;
swearing on the sacred relics to recognise William's
claim of succession to the English throne, and then
THE ART OF HERALDEY
re-embarking for England. On his return, we have
him recounting the incidents of his journej' to Edwaed
THE CoN-FESSOE, to whose funeral obsequies we are next
introduced. Then we have Haeold receiving the
crown from the English people, and ascending the
throne ; and William, apprised of what had taken
place, consulting with his half-brother Odo about
invading England. The war preparations of the Nor-
mans, their embarkation, then- landing, their march
to Hastings, and formation of a camp there, form the
subjects of successive scenes; and finally we have the
battle of Hastings, with the death of Harold, and the
flight of the English. In this remarkable piece of work
we have figures of more than six hundred persons, and
seven hundred animals, besides thirty-seven buildings,
and forty-one ships or boats. There are of course also
numerous shields of warriors, of which some are round,
others kite-shaped, and on some of the latter ai-e rude
figures, of dragons or other imaginary animals, as well
as crosses of different forms, and spots. On one hand
it requires little imagination to fmd the cross patee
and the cross hotonnie of heraldry prefigured on two
of these shields. But there are several fatal objections
to regarding these figures as incipient armory, namely,
that while the most prominent persons of the time are
depicted, most of them repeatedly, none of these is ever
represented twice as bearing the same device, nor is
there one instance of any resemblance in the rude
designs described to the bearings actually used by the
descendants of the persons in question. If a personage
so important and so often depicted as the Conqueror
had borne arms, they could not fail to have had a place
in a nearly contemporary work, and more especially if
it proceeded from the needle of his wife." Lower, in
his " Curiosities of Heraldry," clinches the argument
when he writes: "Nothing but disappointment awaits
the curious armorist who seeks in this venerable
memorial the pale, the bend, and other early elements
of arms. As these would have been much more easily
imitated with the needle than the grotesque figures
before alluded to, we may safely conclude that personal
arms had not yet been introduced." The " Treatise on
Heraldry " proceeds : " The Second Crusade took place
in 1 1 47; and in Moxtfaucon's plates of the no longer
extant windows of the Abbey of St. Denis, representing
that historical episode, there is not a trace of an armorial
ensign on any of the shields. That window was probably
executed at a date when the memory of that event was
fresh ; but in Montfaltcox's time, the beginning of the
eighteenth century, the Science heroique was matter of
such moment in France that it is not to be believed
that the armorial figures on the shields, had there
been any, would have been left out."
Surely, if anywhere, we might have expected to have
found it there. Neither the seals nor the coins of the
period produced a shield of arms. Nor amongst the
host of records and documents which have been pre-
served to us do we find any reference to armorial
bearings. The intense value and estimation attached
to arms in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which
has steadily though slowly declined since that period,
would lead one to suppose that had arms existed as we
know them at an earlier period, we should have found
some definite record of them in the older chronicles.
There are none, and no coat of arms in use at a later
date can be relegated to the Conquest or any anterior
period. Of arms, as we know them, there are isolated
exarrvples in the early part of the twelfth century, per-
haps also at the end of the eleventh. At the period of
the Third Crusade ( ii 89) they were in actual existence
as hereditary decorations of weapons of warfare.
Luckily, for the purposes of deductive reasoning,
human nature remains much the same throughout the
ages, and, dislike it as we may, vanity now and vanity
in olden days was a great lever in the determination
of human actions. A noticeable result of civilisation
is the effort to suppress any sign of natural emotion ;
and if the human race at the present day is not un-
moved by a desire to render its appearance attractive,
w^e may rest very certainly assured that in the twelfth
and thuteenth centuries this motive was even more
pronounced, and still yet more pronounced at a more
remote distance of time. Given an opportunity of
ornament, there you will find ornament and decoration.
The ancient Britons, hke the Maories of to-day, found
their opportunities restricted to their skins. The
Maories tattoo themselves in intricate patterns, the
ancient Britons used woad, though history is silent
as to whether they were content with flat colour or
gave their preference to patterns. It is unnecessary
to trace the art of decoration through the embroidery
Upon clothes, but there is no doubt that as soon as
shields came into use they were painted and decorated,
though I hesitate to follow practically the whole of
the heraldic writers in the statement that it was the
necessity for distinction in battle which accounted for
the decoration of shields. Shields were painted and
decorated, and helmets were adorned with all sorts of
ornament, long before the closed helmet made it im-
possible to recognise a man by his facial peculiarities
and distinctions. We have then this underlying
principle of vanity, with its concomitant result of
personal decoration and adornment. We have the
relies of savagery which caused a man to be nicknamed
from some animal. The conjunction of the two pro-
duces the effort to apply the opportunity for decoration
and the vanity of the animal nickname to each other.
We are fast approaching armory. In those days
every man fought, and his weapons were the most
cherished of his personal possessions. The sword his
father fought with, the shield his father carried, the
banner his father followed would naturally be amongst
the articles a son would be most eager to possess.
Herein are the rudiments of the idea of heredity in
armory ; and the science of armory as we know it begins
to slowly evolve itself from that point, for the son would
naturally take a pride in upholding the fame which
had clustered round the pictured signs and emblems
under which his father had warred.
Another element then appeared which exercised a
vast influence upon armory. Europe rang from end to
end with the call to the Crusades. We may or we may
not understand the fanaticism which gripped the whole
of the Christian world and sent it forth to fight the
Saracens. That has little to do with it. The result
was the collection together in a comparatively restricted
space of all that was best and noblest amongst the
human race at that time. And the spirit of emulation
caused nation to vie with nation, and individual with
individual in the performance of illustrious feats of
honour. War was elevated to the dignity of a sacred
duty, and the implements of warfare rose in estimation.
It is easy to understand the glory therefore that attached
to arms, and the slow evolution which I have been
endeavouring to indicate became a concrete fact, and to
the Crusades is due the fact that the origin of armory
as we now know it was practically coeval throughout
Europe, and also the fact that a large proportion of the
charges and terms and rules of heraldry are identical in
all European countries.
The next dominating influence was the introduction,
in the early part of the thirteenth century, of the closed
helmet. This hid the face of the wearer from his
followers and necessitated some means by which the
THE ART OF HERALDRY
latter could identify the man under whom they served.
What more natural than that they should identify him
by the decoration of his shield and the ornaments of his
helmet, and by the coat or surooat which he wore over
his coat of mail ?
This surcoat had afforded another opportunity of
decoration, and it had been decorated with the same
signs that the wearer had painted on his shield, hence
the term "coat of arms." This textile coat was in itself
a product of the Crusades. The Crusaders went in then-
metal armour from the cooler atmospheres of Europe to
the intolerable heat of the East. The surcoat and the
lambrequin alike protected the metal armour and the
metal helmet from the rays of the sun and the resulting
discomfort to the wearer, and were also found very
effective as a preventative of the rust resulting from
rain and damp upon the metal. By the time that the
closed helmet had developed the necessity of distinc-
tion and the identification of a man with the pictured
signs he wore or carried, the evolution of armory into
the science we know was practically complete.
A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER II
HERALDRY AND NUMISMATICS
By p. W. p. CARLYON-BRITTON, F.S.A.
IT is not with the heraldic and armorial devices
found on mediasval and more recent coins that
the following slight sketch will deal. "There is
nothing new under the sun," and so, long before
heraldry and the elaborated systems of armory arising
from it issued from the events of the Crusades, objects,
natural and fantastic alike, were adopted as symbols
ofttimes of the god or goddess worshipped in the towns
of ancient Greece, and so found place on the coins in
honour of the deities alhided to, and as a guarantee
of the genuineness and value of the precious media of
commerce and exchange.
The invention of coins has been ascribed to Gyges,
King of Lydia, about 700 B.C. At first these were mere
lumps of metal of ascertained weight, bearing on one
side a simple device, such as the head or forepart of a
buU, and on the other the impress, in incuse form, of
the punch that held the lump of metal in place while
the necessary blows were struck. In course of time the
preparation of the dies so much improved that devices
of the highest artistic merit were impressed on the coins
of gold, silver, and bronze.
To examine all these devices, and to speculate on all
that such may well import, would be the work of very
many years ; but it may be taken that, prior to the
great conquests of Alexander, the heads and symbols
on the coins had reference to gods, and not to men.
On the well-lcnown coins of Athens the owl and olive
branch — emblems of Athena — appear, and the use of
this device was so constant that the coins were known
as "owls," even as the Pegasos coins of Corinth were
known as ttwXoi, or "colts." The Pegasos of Corinth
(and later, Syracuse) had reference to the myth of
Bellerophon and the winged steed caught by Athena's
aid. To-day the same device adorns the Inner Temple
by way of " arms," and the callow student of the musty
inn may still, seeking wisdom's aid, perchance with
woman's help, catch the coy steed, and mount to the
woolsack's comfortable height. The tortoise or sea-
turtle of iEgina was a symbol of the wave-born Aphro-
dite worshipped there, while sea-horses, sea-serpents,
mermen, fish, and shells, betoken both the island or
sea-shore dwellings of the issuers of the coins that
bear them, and the worship of the ruler of the waves,
Poseidon. On many coins appears a Nike standing on
a prow, symbolic of victory in naval fight. The florin
of our latest English King bears Britannia similarly
placed.
The coins of ancient Greece draw ship and figure to
a reasonable scale, but, looking at King Edward's new
milled piece, one fears that with a change of steersman
at the helm the huge Britannia may, all unwilling,
slip from her narrow perch. The three human legs
conjoined, or triskeles of the old Sicilian coins, still
serve as modern " arms " for British Isle of Man. That
symbols such as these in aftertime came to be regarded
as symbolic of the town long using them cannot be
doubted ; an instance of this is the well-known badge
of Eretria — a sepia or octopus, emblem of Poseidon.
In reference to this symbol, Themistooles, in a passage
quoted by Dr. Head in his Historia NumoruTti,
slightingly compares the Eretrians to cuttle-fish: roii?
Se EpeTpiei<i eiriaKWTrTaiv eXeyev oiairep ref^tSa? fid'^aipav
/J.ev 'l-)(eiv KapBlav &e /xr) i^ew (Plut., Apophth. Reg. at
Imp. (Themist.), xiv.). These coins were issued trom
about 480 B.C. The lion, stag, bull, boar, and most of
the animals of modern heraldry, find a place on the
old-world coins.
The eagle (sometimes with fulmen or thunderbolt)
was a very favourite symbol of the lightning-giving
Zeus, and finds a place on the ancient coins of Agri-
gentum, and later on those of Alexandria. The eagle
came in after days to represent the might of Rome,
later of Napoleon, and now the same noble bird, with
double head, representing the empires of the East and
West, does duty as the background and foundation
supporting the arms of Austria and Russia, both
claimants of the Imperator's ancient sway. The same
device with single head most aptly represents the lofty
and far-seeing views of Germania's present ruler, while
the talons of that bird may well symbolise the clutching
claws of war in the case of this modern claimant to the
Roman eagle's power.
In addition to natural objects, however symbolical,
the ancients represented on their coins bulls with
human heads, the sphinx, griflin, chimajra, centaur,
and other creatures not known to present-day zoology.
The coins of Gela, in Sicily, have the device of a rush-
ing man-headed bull, representing the personification
of the rushing river Gelas. In present days the type
would well represent the enthusiastic sort of antiquary
who rushes headlong and bull-like in the direction
he thinks he sees a point, but quite regardless of all
things to be looked at on the way, ignorant of the
past, and careless of the future. People such as these
have argued that the griffin of our mediajval heraldry
PLATE II.
HERALDS IN OFFICIAL DRESS.
Printed nt Stntt^rt.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arose througli the dimidiation of charges on one shield,
yet the beast is found complete as now on coins of Teos
and Abdera some five-and-twenty centuries ago !
The sphinx occurs on the coins of Chios, and, like
the griffin at Teos, is supposed to indicate the cultus
ot Dionysos. In addition to types on coins signifying
the local deity, others had chariots and other devices
connected with the games and festivals held in such
high esteem by the ancients. Of a more heraldic char-
acter are the signs on ancient coins representing by a
well-known attribute some idea or personage, the whole
of which is not represented; thus the thunderbolt is
the sign or symbol of Zeus, the trident of Poseidon, the
club of Herakles, the lyre of Apollo, the bow of Artemis,
the owl of Athena, and so forth. A second class wherein
the ideals of modern heraldry are exactly anticipated
are the symbols representing the personal signets or
" arms " of the magistrates under whose authorities
coins were from time to time issued. As an instance
of this, the symbols on the later tetradrachms of Athens
consist of small objects in the field of the coin, and
change from year to year with the names of the
magistrates, although there is no variation in the main
type or device of the coins.
The coins of Abdera, in Thrace, bear the names of
the annual Eponymi of the city, and the reverse type
is in some cases a symbol representing the name of the
magistrate. Thus, a coin bearing the name NIKOST-
PATOS has for type a warrior; IITdnN, a tripod;
MOAnAnOPHS. a dancLng-gnl, &c.
A thu'd class of symbols has a strong analogy to
canting or punning heraldry ; thus, Ancona in Pice-
num derived its name from its situation in a bend of
the coast {arfKiov), and the coins have a bent arm upon
them; the coins of Ancyra Ln Phrygia an anchor
{ar/Kvpa). Again, the coins of Melitasa in Thessaly bore
a bee {fj,e\tTTa), and the coins of Rhodus in Rhodes have
the head of Helios, the sun-god, and his emblem — a rose
(poSov). There are many instances of this punning
symbolism, but the above instances of the " type par-
lant " will suffice.
As regards the attributes of modem heraldry, shield,
helm, and coat of armour all find frequent place on the
coins of the Greeks and Romans. Standards (with the
numbers of the Roman legions, similar to the colours of
our modern regiments), and after the conversion of
Rome to the Christian faith, crosses and sacred mono-
grams are represented on the coins. Coming a little
nearer home, we find on the coins of the British King
Cunobelin, struck at Colchester, an ear of corn, similar
to that on the coins of Metapontum made some five or
six centuries earlier. In the tenth century King Anlaf,
a Dane ruling in Northumbria, had coins bearing the
Danish raven, and other coins of Anlaf have a standard
upon them. The Anglo-Saxon pennies from the earliest
period of issue till the reign of Edward the Confessor
have nearly all a cross upon them, but nothing truly
heraldic occurs on an English coin prior to the reign
of Edward III.
When in the time of Richard II. the heralds wished
to assign arms to Edward the Confessor (St. Edward),
they doubtless had reference to the reverse of one of
the t3rpes of that King's coins known as the " sovereign "
type. It is so called by reason of the King being re-
presented on the obverse side seated on his throne,
with sceptre in right hand and orb surmounted by
a cross in the left. The reverse has in the angles
of a voided cross four bhds, which may be intended
for doves, as the extant sceptre of King Edward the
Confessor has a dove at the upper end. The heralds
adopted this device, cross and birds complete, with
sUght variations. The cross voided became a cross
patonce, the doves became martlets, and to the original
number of four a fifth was added, perhaps as compensa-
tion for the original four being changed from doves to
martlets, and being provided with only an apology for
legs and feet.
It is clear that heraldry as now understood originated
with the Crusades, but our ancient coins, gems, and
other relics of a remote antiquity teach us that the
language of symbolism, the hidden meaning, the type
parlant and personal and civic sign, signet, badge, or
identification, extend to an age as remote as when the
thoughts of men were first capable of expression by the
art of painter, sculptor, or engraver.
P. W. P. C-B.
CHAPTER III
THE STATUS AND THE MEANING OF A COAT OF ARMS IN
GREAT BRITAIN
IT would be foolish and misleading to assert that the
possession of a coat of arms at the present date has
anything approaching the dignity which attached
to it in the days of long ago ; but one must trace this
through the centuries which have passed in order to form
a true estimate of it, and also to properly appreciate a
coat of arms at the present day. It is necessary to go
back to the Norman Conquest and the broad dividing
lines of social life in order to obtain a correct knowledge.
The Saxons had no armory, though they had a very
perfect civilisation. This civilisation William the Con-
queror upset, introducing in its place the system of
feudal temue with which he had been familiar on the
Continent. Briefly, this feudal system may be described
as the partition of the land amongst the barons and
earls, in return for which, according to the land they
held, they accepted a liability of military service for
themselves and so many followers. These barons and
earls in their turn sublet the land on terms advan-
tageous to themselves, but nevertheless requiring from
those to whom they sublet the same mihtary service
which the King had exacted from themselves propor-
tionate with the extent of the sublet lands. Other
subdivisions took place, but always with the same
liability of military service, until we come to those
actually holding and using the lands, enjoying them
subject to the liabihty of military service attached
to those particular lands. Every man who held land
under these conditions — and it was impossible to hold
land without them — was of the upper class. He was
nobilis or known, and of a rank distinct, apart, and
absolutely separate from the remainder of the popula-
tion, who were at one time actually serfs, and for long
enough afterwards, of no higher social position than they
had enjoyed in their period of servitude. This wide
distinction between the upper and the lower classes.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
wliich existed from one end of Europe to the other, was
the very root and foundation of armory. It cannot be
too greatly insisted upon. There were two qualitative
terms, " gentle " and " simple," which were appUed to
the upper and lower classes respectively. Though now
becoming archaic and obsolete, the terms " gentle " and
" simple " are stiU occasionally to be met with used in
that original sense; and the two adjectives "gentle"
and " simple," in the everj'day meanings of the words,
are derived from, and are a later growth from the
original usage with the meaning of the upper and lower
classes ; because the quality of being gentle was supposed
to exist in that class of life referred to as gentle, whilst
the quality of simplicity was supposed to be an attribute
of the lower class. The word gentle is derived from
the Latin word gens (gcntilis), meaning a man, be-
cause those were men who were not serfs. Serfs and
slaves were nothing accounted of The word " gentle-
man " is a derivative of the word gentle, and a gentleman
was a member of the gentle or upper class, and gentle
qualities were so termed because they were the qualities
supposed to belong to the gentle class. A man was not
a gentleman, even in those days, because he happened
to possess personal qualities usually associated with the
gentle class ; a man was a gentleman if he belonged to
the gentle or upper class and not otherwise, so that
"gentleman" was an identical term for one to whom
the word nohilis was applied, both being names for
members of the upper class. To all intents and pur-
poses at that date there was no middle class at all. The
kingdom was the land ; and the trading community
who dwelt in the towns were of little account save as
mUch kine for the purposes of taxation. The social
position conceded to them by the upper class was little,
if any, more than was conceded to the lower classes,
whose life and liberties were held very cheaply. Briefly
to sum up, therefore, there were but the two classes in
existence, of which the upper class were those who held
the land, who had mihtary obligations, and who were
noble, or in other words gentle. Therefore all who held
land were gentlemen ; because they held land they had
to lead their servants and followers into battle, and they
themselves were personallyresponsible for the appearance
of so many followers, when the King summoned them
to war. Now we have seen in the previous chapter that
arms became necessary to the leader that his followers
might distinguish him in battle. Consequently all who
held land having, because of that land, to be responsible
for followers in battle, found it necessary to use arms.
The coroUary is therefore evident, that all who held
lands of the King were gentlemen or noble, and used
arms ; and as a consequence all who possessed arms
were gentlemen, for they would not need or use arms,
nor was their armour of a character upon which they
could display arms, unless they were leaders. The
leaders, we have seen, were the land-owning or upper
class ; therefore every one who had arms was a gentle-
man, and every gentleman had arms. But the status of
gentlemen existed before there were coats of arms, and
the later inseparable connection between the two was
an evolution.
The preposterous prostitution of the word gentleman
in these latter days is due to the almost universal
attribute of human nature which declines to admit
itself as of other than gentle rank; and in the eager
desire to write itself gentleman, it has deliberately
accepted and ordained a meaning to the word which it
did not formerly possess, and has attributed to it and
allowed it only such a definition as would enable almost
anybody to be included within its ranks.
The word gentleman nowadays has become meaning-
less as a word in an ordinary vocabulary; and to use
the word with its original and true meaning, it is neces-
sary_to now consider it as purely a technical term. We
are so accustomed to employ the word nowadays in its
unrestricted usage that we are apt to overlook the fact
that such a usage is comparatively modern. The fol-
lowing extract from a well-known book, "The Right
to Bear Ai'ms," which has been published anon3'mously,
will prove that its real meaning was understood and
was decided by law so late as the seventeenth century
to be "a man entitled to bear arms" : —
" The following case in the Earl Marshal's Coui-t, which
hung upon the definition of the word, conclusively proves my
contention ; —
" ' 2ist November 1637. — W. Baker, gent., humbly sheweth
that having some occasion of conference with Adam Spencer
of Broughton under the Bleane, co. Cant., on or about
28th July last, the said Adam did in most base and oppro-
brious tearmes abuse youi- petitioner, calling him a base,
lying fellow, &c. &c. The defendant pleaded that Baker is
noe Gentleman, and soe not capable of redresse in this coiu't.
Le Neve, Clarenceus, is du'ected to examine the point raised,
and having done so, declared as touching the gentry of William
Baker, that Robert Cooke, Clarenceux King of Ai-ms, did
make a declaration loth May 1573, under his hand and
scale of office, that George Baker of London, Sonne of J.
Baker of the same place, sonne of Simon Baker of Fevei-.sliam,
CO. Cant., was a bearer of tokens of honour, and did allow
and confirm to the said George Baker and to his posterity,
and to the posterity of Christopher Baker, these Arms, <tc.
&c. And further, Le Neve has received proof that the
petitioner, William Baker, is the son of William Baker of
Kingsdowne, co. Cant., who was the brother of George
Baker, and son of Christopher aforesaid.' The judgment is
not stated. (The original Confii-mation of Anns by Cooke,
loth May 1573, niay now be seen in the British Museum. —
Gejtealogist for 1S89, p. 242.)"
It has been shown that originally practically all who
held land, bore arms. It has also been shown that
armory was an evolution, and as a consequence it did
not start, in this country at any rate, as a read3'-made
science with all its rules and laws completely known or
promulgated. There is not the slightest doubt that, in
the earliest infancy of the science, arms were assumed
and chosen without the control of the Crown ; and one
would not be far wrong in assuming that, so long as the
rights accruing from prior appropriation of other people
were respected, a landowner finding the necessity of
arms in battle, was originally at liberty to assume what
arms he liked.
That period, however, was of but brief duration, for
we find as early as 1 390, from the celebrated Scrope and
Grosvenor case, (i) that a man could have obtained at
that time a definite right to his arms, (2) that this right
could be enforced against another, and we find, what is
more important, (3) that the Crown and the Sovereign
had supreme control and jurisdiction over arms, and
(4) that the Sovereign could and did grant arms. From
that date down to the present time the Crown, both by
its own direct action and by the action of the Kings of
Arms to whom it delegates powers for the purpose, in
Letters Patent under the Great Seal, specifically issued
to each separate King of Arms upon his appointment,
has continued to grant armorial bearings. Some num-
ber of early grants ot arms direct from the Crown
have been printed in the Genealogical Magazine,
and some ot the earliest distinctly recite that the
recipients are made noble and created gentlemen, and
that the arms are given them as the sign of their
nobility. The class of persons to whom grants of arms
were made in the earliest daj's of such instruments
is much the same as the class which obtain grants of
arms at the present day, and the successful trader
or merchant is now at liberty, as he was in the reign
10
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of Henry VIII. and earlier, to raise himself to the
rank of a gentleman by obtaining a grant of arms. A
family must make its start at some time or other ; let
this start be made honestly, and not by the appropria-
tion of the arms of some other man. The illegal assump-
tion of arms began at an early date ; and in spite of the
etibrts of the Crown, which have been continuous and
repeated, it has been found that the use of "other
people's " arms has continued. In the reign of Henry V.
a very stringent proclamation was issued on the subject ;
and in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and her successors.
Heralds and Kings of Arms were commanded to make
perambulations throughout the country for the purpose
of pulling dovra and defacing improper arms, of record-
ing arms properly borne by authority, and of compel-
ling those who used arms without authority to obtain
authority for theni or discontinue their use. These
perambulations were termed Visitations. The subject
of Visitations, and in fact the whole subject of the
right to bear arms, is dealt with at length in the book
to which reference has been already made, namely,
"The Right to Bear Arms."
The glory of a descent from a long line of armigerous
ancestors, the glory and the pride of race inseparably inter-
woven with the inheritance of a name which has been
famous in history, the fact that some arms have been de-
signed to commemorate heroic achievements, the fact
that the display of a particular coat of arms has been the
method, which society has countenanced, of advertising
to the world that one is of the upper class or a descendant
of some ancestor who performed some glorious deed to
which the arms have reference, the fact that arms them-
selves are the very sign of a particular descent or of a
particular rank, have all tended to cause a false and
fictitious value to be placed upon all these pictured em-
blems which as a whole they have never possessed, and
which I beheve they were never intended to possess.
It is becav..se they were the prerogative and the sign
of aristocracy that they have been coveted so greatly,
and consequently so often assumed improperly. Now
aristocracy and social position are largely a matter of
personal assertion. A man assumes and asserts for
himself a certain position, which position is gradually
and imperceptibly but continuously increased and ele-
vated as its assertion is reiterated. There is no particular
moment in a man's life at the present time, the era of
the great middle class, at which he visibly steps from a
plebeian to a patrician standing. And when he has
fought and talked the world into conceding him a recog-
nised position in the upper classes, he naturally tries to
obliterate the fact that he or " his people " were ever of
any other social position, and he hesitates to perpetually
date his elevation to the rank of gentUity by obtaining
a grant of arms and thereby admitting that before that
date he and his people were plebeian. Consequently he
waits untU some circumstance compels an application for
a grant, and the consequence is that he thereby post-dates
his actual gentility to a period long subsequent to the
recognition by Society of his position in the upper classes.
Arms are the sign of the technical rank of gentility.
The possession of arms is a matter of hereditary privilege,
which privilege the Crown is wiUing should be obtained
upon certain terms by any who care to possess it, who
hve according to the style and custom which is usual
amongst gentle people. And so long as the possession of
arms is a matter of privilege, even though this privilege
is no greater than is consequent upon payment of certain
fees to the Crown and its officers ; for so long will that
privilege possess a certain prestige and value, though
this may not be very great. Arms have never possessed
any greater value than attaches to a matter of privilege ;
and (with singularly few exceptions) in every case, be it
of a peer or baronet, of knight or of simple gentleman,
this privilege has been obtained or has been regularised
by the payment at some time or other of fees to the
Crown and its officers. And the only difference be-
tween arms granted and paid for yesterday and arms
granted and paid for five hundred years ago is the
simple moral difference which attaches to the dates
upon the patents.
Gentility is merely hereditary rank, emanating, with
all other rank, from the Crown, the sole fountain of
honour. It is idle to make the word carry a host of
meanings it was never intended to. Arms being the
sign of the technical rank of gentility, the use of arms is
the advertisement of one's claim to that gentility. Arms
mean nothing more. By coronet, supporters, and helmet
can be indicated one's place in the scale of precedence ;
by adding arms for your wife you assert that she also
is of gentle rank; yoiu- quarterings show the other
gentle famiUes you represent; difference marks wiU
show your position in your own family (not a very im-
portant matter) ; augmentations indicate the deeds of
your ancestors which the Sovereign thought worthy of
being held in especial remembrance. By the ihse of a
certain coat of arms, yoii, assert your descent from, the
person to whom those arms tvere granted, confirmed, or
alloiued. That is the beginning and end of armory
Why seek to make it mean more ?
Of the growth of armory in Germany Herr H. G.
Strohl remarks in his Heraldischer Atlas, which is
the real foundation of the present work : —
" The first heraldic designs were shown upon the flag,
the Zeichen (mark, token, or sign), and the first step
towards heraldry was the transfer of these designs to
the shield. The shield design was still called Zeichen.
About the middle of the twelfth century the use of
heraldic decorations on armour had become universal.
The thirteenth century ushered in an important and,
especially for German heraldry, a characteristic addi-
tion to armorial decoration, through the introduction
of a heraldic ornament on the hehnet — the crest. In
the same century armorial bearings commence to be
regularly hereditary, at first in the higher, but also
later in the lower ranks of the nobility. Single in-
stances of hereditary coats of arms may already be
pointed out as early as the end of the twelfth century.
"Those famiUes who can trace then- pedigree and
their arms back to this first era of heraldry are
called Uradel (old nobiUty), to distinguish them
from the Briefaxiel {i.e. nobility by patent), who
owe their origin to documentary grants (beginning as
early as the fourteenth century), from the Emperor, or
those in authority under him, the Court, Electors Pala-
tini, or Comites palatini cxsarei. In the fourteenth
century arms were granted without nobihty by the
Emperor, but more especially by those of his counts
palatine to whom only a small county remained.''
Those so invested were not noble, but only biu-ghers
bearing arms."''
However heraldry is looked upon, it must be ad-
mitted that from its earliest infancy armory possessed
two essential qualities. It was the definite sign of
hereditary nobility and rank, and it was practically
an integral part of warfare ; but also from its earliest
infancy it formed a means of decoration. It would be
a rash statement to assert that armory had lost its
actual military character even now, but it certainly
possessed it undiminished so long as tournaments took
place, for the armory of the tournament was of a much
^ There has never been any such distinction in arms recognised in
England.
'^ The English analogy of this will be found in the "merchant
marks" of former days, the precursors of our present trade marks.
11
THE ART OF HERALDRY
higher standard than the armory of the battlefield, and
the Eglinton tournament during the previous reign,
•which was a real tournament and no kind of theatrical
mummery, makes one chary of asserting that even the
day of the tournament is past. Armory as an actual
part of warfare existed as a means of decoration for
the implements of warfare, and as such it certainly
continues to the present day.
Ai-mory in that bygone age. although it existed as the
symbol of the lowest hereditary rank, was worn and used
in warfare, for purposes of pageantry, for the indication
of ownership, for decorative purposes, for the needs of
authenticity in seals, and for the purpose of memorial-
isation in records, pedigrees, and monuments. All those
uses and purposes of armory can be traced back to a
period coeval with that to which our certain knowledge
of the existence of armory runs. Of all those usages
and purposes, one only, that of the use of armorial
bearings in actual battle, can be said to have come to
an end, and even that not entirely so ; the rest are still
with us in actual and extensive existence. I am not
versed in the minutire of army matters or army history,
but I think I am correct in sapng that there was no
such thing as a regular standing army or a national
army until the reign of Henry VIII. Prior to that
time the methods of the feudal system supplied the
wants of the country. The actual troops were in the
emploj'ment, not of the Crown, but of the individual
leaders. The Sovereign called upon, and had the right
to call upon, those leaders to provide troops ; but as
those troops were not in the direct employment of the
Crown, they wore the liveries and heraldic devices of
their leaders. The leaders wore then- own devices,
originally for decorative reasons, and later that they
might be distinguished by their particular followers ;
hence the actual use in battle in former days of
private armorial bearings. And even yet the practice
is not wholly extinguished, for the tartans of the
Gordon and Cameron Highlanders are a relic of the
usages of these former days. With the formation of
a standing army, and the direct service of the troops
to the Crown, the liveries and badges of those who had
formerly been responsible for the troops gave way to
the liveries and badges of the Crown. The uniform of
the Beefeaters is a good example of the method in
which in the old days a servant wore the badge and
livery of his lord. The Beefeaters wear the scarlet
livery of the Sovereign, and wear the badge of the
Sovereign still. Many people will tell you, by the way,
that the uniform of a Beefeater is identical now with
what it was in the days of Henry VIII. It isn't. In
accordance with the strictest laws of armory, the badge,
embroidered on the front and back of the tunic, has
changed, and is now the triple badge — the rose, the
thistle, and the shamrock — of the triple kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland. Every soldier who wears a scarlet
coat, the livery of his Sovereign, every regiment that
carries its colours, every saddle-cloth with a Koyal em-
blem thereupon, is evidence that the use of armory in
battle still exists in a small degree to the present day ;
but circumstances have altered. The troops no longer
attack to the cry of " A Warwick ! a Warwick ! " they serve
His Majesty the King and wear his livery and devices.
They no longer carry the banner of theu- officer, whose
servants and tenants they were ; the regiment cherishes
the banner of the armorial bearings of His Majesty.
Within the last few 3'ears, probably within the lifetime
of all my readers, there has been striking evidence of
the manner in which circumstances alter everything.
The Zulu War put an end to the practice of taking
the colours of a regiment into battle ; the South African
War saw khaki substituted universally for the scarlet
livery of His Majesty; and to have found upon a South
African battlefield the last remnant of the armorial
practices of the daj's of chivalry, one would have needed,
I am afraid, to examine the buttons of the troopers.
Still the scarlet coat exists in the army on parade : the
Life Guards wear the Royal Cross of St. George and
the Star of the Garter, the Scots Greys have the Royal
Saltire of St. Andrew, and the Gordon Highlanders
have the Gordon crest of the Duke of Richmond and
Gordon ; and there are many other similar instances.
There is yet another point. The band of a regiment
is maintained by the officers of the regiment, and at the
present day in the Scottish regiments the pipers have
attached to their pipes banners bearing the various
•personal armorial bearings of the officers of the regi-
ment So that perhaps one is justified in saying that
the use of armorial bearings in warfare has not yet
come to an end. The other ancient usages of armory
exist now as they existed in the earliest times. So
that it is foolish to contend that armory has ceased
to exist, save as an interesting survival of the past.
It is a Uving reality, more widely in use at the present
day than ever before.
Certainly the mUitary side of armory has sunk in .
importance till it is now utterly overshadowed by the
decorative, but the fact that armory stUl exists as the
sign and adjunct of hereditary rank utterly forbids one
to assert that armory is dead, and though this side of
armory is now partly overshadowed by its decorative
use, armory must be admitted to be still alive whilst its
laws can stiU be altered. When, if ever, rank is finally
swept away, and when the Crown ceases to grant arms,
then armory will be dead, and can be treated as the
study of a dead science. A. C. P-D.
CHAPTER IV
THE HERALDS AND OFFICERS OF ARMS
THE Crown is the Fountain of Honour, having
supreme control of coat-armour. This control in
all civilised countries is one of the appanages of
sovereignty, but from an early period much of the actual
control has been delegated to the Heralds and Kings
of Arms. The word Herald is derived from the Anglo-
Saxon — here, an army, and wald, strength or sway
though it has probably come to us from the German
word Herold. In the last years of the twelfth cen-
tury there appeared at festal gatherings persons mostly
habited in richly coloured clothing, who delivered invi-
tations to the guests and, side by side with the stewards,
superintended the festivities. Many of them were
minstrels, who, after tournaments or battle, extolled
the deeds of the victors. These individuals were
known in Germany as Garzune. The necessities of
warfare required the existence of messengers whose
position should be recognised, in order that communi-
cations of challenge and terms of surrender should
pass between the combatants, and from an^early date
12
PLATE III.
MARCH PURSUIVANT OF ARMS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the duties above referred to devolved upon the same
officers. And from the earliest times the persons of
these messengers were recognised as inviolate.
In token of then- office they wore the coats of arms
of the leaders they served ; and the original status of
a herald was that of a non-combatant messenger.
Origmally every powerful leader had his own herald,
and the dual character of minstrel and messenger led
the herald to
recount the
deeds of his
master, and, as
a natural con-
sequence, of his
master's ances-
tors. When
tournaments
cameintovogue
it was natural
that some one
should examine
the arms of
those taking
part, and from
this the duties
of the herald
came to include
a knowledge of
coat-armour. As
the Sovereign
assumed or ar-
rogated thecon-
trolof arms.the
right to grant
arms, and the
right of judg-
ment in dis-
putes concern-
ing arms, it was
but the natural
result that the
personal her-
alds of the Sov-
ereign should
be required to
have a know-
ledge of the
arms of his
principal sub-
jects, and
should obtain
something in
the nature of
a cognisance
or control and
j urisdiction
overthosearms;
for doubtless
the actions of
the Sovereign
would often de-
pend upon the
knowledge of
his heralds. From being of the status of a personal
servant of the King as a leader in battle, the office of
herald came to appertain to the office of Sovereign, by
virtue of which office the King claimed and exercised
his control over the arms of his subjects.
The process of development in this country will be
more easily understood when it is remembered that
the Marshal or Earl Marshal was in former times, with
the Lord High Constable, the first in military rank
under the King, who usually led his army in person,
and to the Marshal was deputed the ordering and
arrangement of the various bodies of troops, regiments,
b.inds of retainers, &c., which ordering was at first
facilitated and at length entirely determined by the
use of various pictorial ensigns, such as standards,
banners, crests, cognisances, and badges. The due
arrangement and knowledge of these various ensigns
became first
the necessary
study and then
the ordinary
duty of these
officers of the
Earl Marshal,
and their pos-
session of such
knowledge,
which soon in
due course had
to be written
down and tabu-
lated, secured
to them an im-
portant part in
medifeval hfe.
The result was
that at an early
period we find
them employ-
ed in semi-di-
plomatic mis-
sions, such as
carrying on
negotiations
between con-
tending armies
on the field,
bearing declar-
ations of war,
chall enges
from one sove-
reign to an-
other, besides
arranging the
ceremonial not
only of battles
and tourna-
ments, but
also of coro-
nations, Royal
baptisms, mar-
riages, and
funerals.
From the fact
that neither
King of Arms
nor herald
mentioned
officiating
-Hdmschau or Helmet-Show. (From KoDrad Griinenberg's Wappencodcx zu Miiiichen.)
End of fifteenth century.
IS
as
in
the celebrated
Scrope and
Grosvenorcase,
of which very full particulars have come down to
us, it is evident that the control of arms had not
passed either in fact or in theory from the Crown to
the officers of arms at that date. Konrad Grtinenberg,
in his W^qyj^encodex ("Roll of Arms"), the date of
which is 1483, to which reference will be made later
when reproducing some number of examples of arms
upon the roll, gives a representation of a hdmsdiau
(literally helmet>show), here reproduced (Fig. 13).
13
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Long before that date, however, the position of a herald
in England was well defined, for we find that on January
5, 1420, the King appointed William Bruges to be Garter
King of Arms. It is usually considered m England that
it would be found that in Germany armory reached its
highest point of evolution. Certainly German heraldic
art is in advance of our own, and it is curious to read
in the latest and one of the best of German heraldic
books (the original upon which the present work is
based) that " from the very earliest times heraldry was
carried to a higher degree of perfection and thorough-
ness in England than elsewhere, and that it has main-
tained itself at the same level until the present day.
In other countries, for the most part, heralds no longer
have any existence but in name." The initial figure
which appears at the commencement of Chapter 1. re-
presents an English herald, John Smert, Garter King
of Arms, and is taken from the grant of arms issued
by him to the Tallow Chandlers' Company of London,
which is dated September 24, 1456.
Long before there was any College of Arms, the
Marshal, afterwards the Earl Marshal, had been ap-
pointed. The Earl Marshal is now head of the College
of Arms, and to him
has been delegated
the whole of the
control both of
armory and of the
College, with the
exception of that
part which the
Crown has retained
in its own hands.
After the Earl
Marshal come the
Kings of Arms, the
Heralds of Arms,
and the Pursui-
vants of Arms.
The title of King
of Arms, or, as it
was more anciently
written. King of
Heralds, was no
doubt originally
given to the chief
Fig. 14.— Officers of Arms as represented in the famous Tournament KoU of Henry VIII.
now preserved in the College of Arms.
or principal officer, who presided over the heralds
of a kingdom, or some principal province, which
heraldic writers formerly termed marches; or else
the title was conferred upon the officer of arms
attendant upon some particular order of knighthood.
The word rex, roy, or king has been often applied to
the principal, the governor, the judge, the visitor, the
supreme, the president, and the chief of some peculiar .,._ _. ..„ ,.„ ... ^
professioii, art, or community, and the principal heralds given titles accordingly, as ''Falcon, &c., and the glorious
were^ anciently denominated Kings of Heralds, a title victory of Agincouri was likewise given to one of the
arms in his own province, but he was not, nor was
Hanover, nor is the King of Arms of the Order of
St. Michael and St. George, a member (as such) of the
corporation of the College of Arms. The members
of that corporation considered that the gift of the
province of Wales, the jurisdiction over which they
had previously possessed, to Bath King an infringement
of their chartered privileges. The dispute was referred
to the law officers of the Crown, whose opinion was in
favour of the corporate body. Berry in his Encyclo-
pxdia Heraldica further remarks : " The Kings of
Arms of the provincial territories have the titles of
Clarenceux and Noi-roy, the jurisdiction of the former
extending over the south, east, and west parts of
England, from the river Trent southwards ; and that of
the latter, the remaining part of the kingdom north-
ward of that river. Kings of Arms have been likewise
assigned other provinces over different kingdoms and
dominions, and besides Ulster King of Arms for Ireland,
and Lyon King of Arms for Scotland, others were
nominated for particular provinces abroad, when united
to the Crown of England, such as Aquiiaine, Anjou,
and G'uyenne, who were perhaps at their first creation
intended only for
the services of the
places whose titles
they bore, when
the same should be
entirely subdued
to allegiance to the
Crown of England,
and who, till that
time, might have
had other pro-
vinces allotted to
them, either pro-
visionally or tem-
porarily, within the
realm of England.
There were also
other Kings of
Arms, denomin-
ated from the
dukedoms or earl-
doms which our
princes enjoyed be-
fore they came to the throne, as Lancaster, Gloucester,
Richmond, and Leicester, the three first having marches,
or provinces, and the latter a similar jurisdiction.
Windsor, likewise, was a local title, but it is doubtful
whether that ofiloer was ever a King of Arms. Marche
also assumed that appellation, from his provincial
jurisdiction over a territory so called.
The badges of the Royal Family have at times
which, in process of time, was further distinguished by
the a,ppellation of their different provinces. Garter,
who is immediately attached to that illustrious order,
is likewise prmoipal King of Arms, and these, although
separate and distinct offices, are and have been always
united in one person. Upon the revival and new
modelling of the Order of the Bath, in the reign of
George the First, a King of Arms was created and
attached to it, by the title of Bath King of Arms;
and King George III., upon the institution of the
Hanoverian Guelphic Order of Knighthood, annexed
to that order a King of Arms, by the appellation of
Hanover.
At the time of the creation of his office, Bath King
of Arms was given Wales as his province, the intention
being that he should rank with the others, granting
heralds, but whether merely nominally or provincially
is uncertain; but it is doubtful whether the titles of
Ferrant, Volaunt, and Mushon, Kings of Arms,^ were
Christian or surnames, or the proper appellation of their
respective officers.
But although anciently there were at different periods
several Kings of Arms in England, only two provincial
Kings of Arms have, for some ages, been continued in
office, viz. Clarenceux and Norroy, whose provinces or
marches are, as before observed, separated by the river
Trent, the ancient limits of the escheaters, when there
are only two in the kingdom, and the jurisdiction of
the wardens of the forests.
Norroy is considered the most ancient title, being
the only one in England taken from the local situation
of his province, unless Marche should be derived from
14
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the same cause. The title of Norroy was anciently
written Norreys and Norreis, King of Arms of the
people residing in the north ; Garter being styled Roy
des Anglois, of the people, and not d'Angleterre, of the
kingdom, the inhabitants of the north being called
N'on-cys,'' as we are informed by ancient historians.
It appears that there was a King of Arms for the
parts or people on the north of Trent as early as the
reign of Edward I., from which, as Sir Henry Spelman
observes, it may be inferred that the southern, eastern,
and western parts had principal heralds, or Kings of
Arms, although their titles at that early age cannot
now be ascertained.
Norroy had not the title of King till after the reign
of Edward II. It was appropriated to a King of
Heralds, expressly called Rex Norroy, Roy d'Armes del
North, Rex Arnioruin del North, Rex de N'cyrth, and Rex
Noi~roy_ diL North ; and the term Roy Norreys likewise
occurs in the Pell Rolls of the 22nd Edward III. ; but
from that time till the 9th of Richard II. no farther
mention is made of any such officer, from which it is
probable a different person enjoyed the office by some
other title during that interval, particularly as the oiiice
was actually executed by other Kings of Arms, im-
mediately after that period. Joh7i Otharlake, Marche
King of Arms, executed it in the 9th of Richard II.
Richard del Briu/g, Lancaster King of Anns, ist
Henry IV., and Ashivell, Boys, and Tindal, succes-
sively Lancaster Kings of Arms, untU the end of that
monarch's reign.
Edward IV. replaced this province under a King of
Arms, and revived the dormant title of Noi'roy. But
in the Statute of Resumptions, made ist Henry VII.,
a clause was inserted that the same should not extend
to John Moore, otherwise Norroy, chief Herald King
of Arms of the north parts of this realm of England,
so appointed by King Edward IV. by his Letters Patent,
bearing date 9th July, in the eighteenth year of his
reign. It has since continued without interruption.
Falcon King of Anna seems the next who had the
title of King confer-red upon him, and was so named
from one of the Royal badges of King Edward III., and
it was afterwards given to a herald and pursuivant,
under princes who bore the falcon as a badge or
cognisance, and it is difficult to ascertain whether this
officer was considered a king, herald, or pursuivant.
Froissart, in 1395, calls Faucon only a herald, and
in 1364 mentions this officer as a King of Arms
belonging to the King of England; but it is certain
that in the i Sth Richard II. there was a King of Arms
by that appellation, and so continued until the reign of
Richard III., if not later ; but at what particular period
of time the officer was discontinued cannot be correctly
ascertained.
Windsor has been considered by some writers to
have been the title of a King of Arms, from an
abbreviation in some old records, which might be
otherwise translated. There is, however, amongst the
Protections in the Tower of London, one granted in the
49th Edward III. to Stephen de Windesore, Heraldo
Arinorum rege dieto, which seems to favour the con-
jecture, and other records might be quoted for and
against this supposition, which might have arisen
3- " Norreys and Surreis, that service aught the kyng,
With horse and hameis at Carlele, made samning."
See Langtoft's Chronicle treatmg of the Wars of Edward I. against
the Soots.
'* Bot Sir John de Waleis taken was, in a pleyne,
Throgh spryng of Norreis men that were certeyn."
Ibid., Australes se Nm'ensibus oppostienint. M. Oaris, under the
year 1237.
through mistake in the entries, as they contradict one
another.
Marche seems the next in point of antiquity of
creation; but although Sir Henry Spelman says that
King Edward IV. descended from the Earls of Marche,
promoted Marche Herald to be a King of Arms, giving
him, perhaps, the marches for his province, it is
pretty clearly ascertained that it was of a more early
date, from the express mention of March Rex Ilerald-
orum and March Rex Heraldus in records of the time
of Richard II., though it may be possible that it was
then only a nominal title, and did not become a real
one till the reign of Edward IV., as mentioned by
Spelman.
Lancaster King of Anns was, as the same author
informs us, so created by Henry IV. in relation to his
own descent from the Lancastrian family, and the
county of Lancaster assigned to him as his province ;
but Edmondson contends " that that monarch super-
added the title of Lancaster to that of Norroy, or King
of the North, having, as it may be reasonably con-
jectured, given this province north of Trent, within
which district Lancaster was situated, to him who had
been formerly his officer of arms, by the title of that
dukedom, and who might, according to custom, in some
instances of former ages, retain his former title and
surname of heraldship, styling himself Lancaster Roy
d'Armes del North."
Leicester King of Arms was a title similar to that
of Lancaster, and likewise a creation to the same
Sovereign, Henry IV., who was also Earl of Leicester
before he assumed the crown, and was given to a per-
son who was before that time a herald. It appears
that Henry Grene was Leicester Herald, 9th King
Richard II., and in the 13th of the same reign is
called a Herald of the Duke of Guyen and Lancaster,
but prior to the coronation of Henry IV. he was
certainly a King of Heralds, and so styled in a privy
seal dated antecedent to that ceremony. A similar
instrument of the tenth year of that monarch's reign
also mentions Henry Grene, otherwise Leicester King
of Arms.
As it is evident that, during the reign of Henry IV.,
Lancaster King of Anns has under that title the
province of the north, Mr. Edmondson, with good
reason, supposes that the southern province, or part
of that which is now under Clarenceux, might at that
time be under this Leicester, especially as the title of
Clarenceux was not in being till after the 3rd of
Henry V., when, or soon after, the title of Leicester
might have become extinct by the death of that
officer; for although Leicester King of Anns went
over into France with Henry V. in the third year of
his reign, yet he is not mentioned in the constitutions
made by the heralds at Roan in the year 1419-20.
Clarenceux, the next King of Arms in point of
creation, is a title generally supposed to have been
taken from Clare, in Suffolk, the castle at that place
being the principal residence of the ancient Earls of
Hereford, who were, from thence, though very im-
properly, called Earls of Clare, in the saine manner
as the Earls of Pembroke were often named Earls of
Strigoil and Chepstow; the Earl of Hampshire, Earl
of Winchester; the Earl of Derby, Earl of Tuttehury ;
the Earl of Sussex, Earl of Chichester, &c. King
Edward III. created his third son Lionel Duke of
Clarence, instead of the monosyllable Clare (from his
marriage with the grand-daughter of the late Earl), but
Lionel dying without issue male, Henry IV. created his
younger son Thomas Duke of Clarence, who being slain
without issue 9th of Hemy V., the honour remained
in the Crown, until King Edward IV. conferred it upon
15
THE ART OF HERALDRY
his own brother. Mr. Sandford tells us that Clarence
is the country about the town, castle, and honour of
Clare, from which duchy the name of Clarenceux
King of Arms is derived. Spelman, however, contends
that it is a mistake in attributing the institution of
Clarenceux to King Edward IV. after the honour of
Clarence devolved as an escheat to the Crown, upon the
untimely death of his brother George, as he found
William Horselej' called by this title in the reign of
Hemy V. and also Roger Lygh, under King Henry VI. ;
and it is conjectured that the office ot Clarenceux
King of Amis is not more ancient than the reign of
Edward III.
Gloucester Herald, frequently mentioned by historians,
was originally the herald of the great Humphry, Duke
of Gloucester, of whom mention is made upon record
in the loth of Henry VI.; and Richard, brother to
Edward IV., who was created Duke of Gloucester, is said
to have had a herald by that title during the reign
of his brother, and who was attendant as such at
the funeral of that monarch. In a manuscript in
the Ashmolean collection, it is stated that Richard
Champnay attended as Gloucester King of Arms at
the coronation of Richard III. upon the 7th July
following his usurpation of the crown; but it appears
by more authentic record that this Richard Champnay
was, by the style and title of Herald of Arms, on the
1 8th September, in the first year of his usurpation, by
patent created a King of Arms and Principal Herald
of the parts of Wales, by the style and title of
Gloucester, giving him licence and authority to execute
all and singular that by law or custom in former times
belonged to the office of King of Arms. It is supposed
that the office ceased upon his death, which in all
probability took place before that of the usurper.
Richmond King of Arms. — A herald called Rich-
mond is frequently mentioned, as well belonging to
the Crown as of the nobility. But the records of the
reign of King Henry VII., who had before his elevation
to the throne been Earl of Richmond, contain many
entries of Richmond King of Arms; but although
somewhat vague in the description, sufficiently bear
out the conjecture that Henry VII., previous to his
coronation, created a new liing of Arms by the title
of Richmond, although no regular patent of creation
has ever been found.
Sir Henry Spelman informs us that, in addition to
the two Kings of Ai-ms for the two heraldic provinces
bounded north and south by the river Trent, there
were also two provincial kings for the dominions of our
Sovereign in France, styled Ouyenne and Agincourt
(omitting Aquitaine and Anjou, which were certainly
in being at the same time), and another for Ireland by
that name, altered by King Edward VI. into Ulster.
Ireland King of Arms first occurs upon record 6th
Richard II., anno 1482, mentioned by Froissart, where
he is called Cho.ndos le Roy d' Ireland. A regular suc-
cession of officers, by the title of Ireland King of
Arms, continued from that time till the reign of King
Edward IV., but from the death of that monarch till
the creation of Ulster by Edward VI. it is uncertain
whether the title existed, or what became, of the office.
Edward VI. altered the title of Ireland King of
Arms into that of Ulster, or rather considered it as a
new institution, from the words of his journal: "Feb. 2.
There was a King of Arms made for Ireland, whose
name was Ulster, and his province was all Ireland ; and
he was the fourth King of Arms, and the first Herald
of Ireland." The patent passed under the Great Seal
of England.
Guyenne, a part of Aquitaine, in France, a province
belonging to the British Crown, gave title not only to a
King of Arms, but to a herald likewise, and Sir Henry
Spelman dates its creation in the time of Edward 1.,
although it is somewhat doubtful, and thought to be
in the reign of Edward III. Guyenne Herald appears
upon record during the reign of Henry VI., and though
Kings of Arms were frequently styled heralds in old
records, it is more than probable both offices were
in existence at the same time. From the time of
Edward IV. no such officers belonging to the Crown
of England seem to have been continued, and it is
doubtful whether they ever held in constant succession
from their first creation.
Aquitaine, which included what were afterwards
called Guyenne, Xantoigne, Gascoigne, and some islands,
gave title to a King of Heralds as early as the reign
of Edward III., and it is conjectured to have been an
officer belonging to the Black Prince, who had the
principality of Aquitaine given to him by his father;
but although this officer is mentioned in the reign of
Richard II. and 3rd of Henry V., no record occurs after
the latter period.
Agincourt was also a title conferred upon a herald,
in memory of that signal victory; and lands were
granted to him for life, 6th Henry V., as mentioned by
Su- Henry Spelman ; but whether the office was con-
tinued, or any particular province assigned to this
officer, cannot be ascertained.
Anjou King of Arms was likewise an officer of
King Henry VI., and attendant upon John, Duke of
Bedford, when Regent of France, who assumed the
title of Duke of Anjou, but upon the death of the
Duke of Bedford, this officer was promoted to Lancaster
King of Arms, and in all probability the title of Anjou,
as a King of Heralds, was discontinued.
Volant also occurs upon record in the 28th Edward
III., and Vaillant, le Roy Vaillant Hera/ud, and le Roy
VaiUand, are likewise mentioned in 1395.
Henry V. instituted the office of Garter King of
Arms ; but at what particular period is rather uncertain,
although Mr. Anstis has clearly proved that it must
have taken place after the 22nd May, and before the
3rd September, in the year 1417.
Stephen Martin Leake, Esq., who filled the office,
sums up its duties in the following words : " Garter was
instituted by King Henry V., A.D. 1417, for the service
of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, which was
made sovereign within the office of arms over all other
officers, subject to the Cro'ivn of England, by the name
of Garter King of Arms of England. In this patent
he is styled Principal King of English Arms, and
Principal Officer of Arms of the Most Noble Order of
the Gartei', and has power to execute the said office by
himself or deputy, being an herald. By the constitu-
tion of his office, he must be a native of England, and
a gentleman bearing arms. To him belongs the cor-
rection of arms, and all ensigns of honour, usurped or
borne unjustly, and also to grant arms to deserving
persons, and supporters to the nobility and Knights of
the Bath ; to go next before the sword in solemn pro-
ceeding, none interposing, except the constable and
marshal; to administer the oath to all the officers of
arms ; to have a habit like the registrar of the order ;
baron's service in the court ; lodgings in Windsor
Castle ; to bear his white rod with a banner of the
ensigns of the order thereon before the Sovereign ; also
when any lord shall enter the Parliament chamber, to
assign him his place, according to his dignity and
degree; to carrjr the ensign of the order to foreign
princes, and to do, or procure to be done, what the
Sovereign shall enjoin, relating to the order; with other
duties incident to his office of principal King of Arms,
for the execution whereof he hath a salary of one
16
PLATE IV.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF SIR JAMES BALFOUR PAUL,
Lyon King of Arms
THE ART OF HERALDRY
hundred pounds a year, payable at the Exchequer, and
an hundred pounds more out of the revenue of the
order, besides fees."
Bath King of Arms was created nth George I., in
conformity ^vith the statutes established by His Majesty
for the government of the Order of the Bath, and in
obedience to those statutes was nominated and created
by the Great Master of the Order denominated Bath,
and in Latin, Rex armonun Hmiorafis&imi Ordinis
Militarh de Balneo. These statutes direct that this
officer shall, in all the ceremonies of the order, be
habited in a white mantle lined with red, having on
the right shoulder the badge of the order, and vmder
it a surcoat of white silk, lined and edged with red ;
that he shall wear on his breast, hanging to a golden
chain about his neck, an escocheon of gold, enamelled
with the arms of the order, impaling the arms of the
Sovereign, crowned with the Imperial crown. That at
all coronations he shall precede the companions of the
order, and shall carry and wear his crown as other
Kings of Arms are obliged to do. That the chain,
escocheon, rod, and crown, shall be of the like materials,
value, and weight, with those borne and used b}' Garter
Principal King of Arms, and of the like fashion, the
before specified variations only excepted : and that
besides the duties required of him in the several other
articles of the statutes, he shall diligently perform
whatever the Sovereign or Great Master shall further
command. On the 14th January 1725, His Majesty was
further pleased by his Royal sign-manual, to erect, make,
constitute, and ordain the then Bath King of Arms,
Gloucester King of Arms, and principal Herald of the
parts of Wales, and to direct letters patent to be made
out and pass the Great Seal, empowering him to grant
arms and crests to persons residing within the dominions
of Wales, either jointly with Garter, or singly by him-
self, with the consent and at the pleasure of the Earl
Marshal, or his deputy for the time being, and for the
future that the office of Gloucester should be insepar-
ably annexed, united, and perpetually consolidated with
the office of Ba.th King of Arms, of the Most Honour-
able Military Order of the Bath, and Gloucester King
of Arms, and 'pT-incipcd Herald of the parts of Wales.
And also that he, for the dignity of the order, should
in all assemblies and at all times have and take place
and precedenc}^ above and before all other provincial
Kings of Arms whatsoever. This armorial jurisdiction,
however, was subsequently, as has been previously ex-
plained, annulled.
Concerning the heralds Berry remarks : " In former
ages, when honour and chivalry were at their height,
these officers were held in great estimation, as appears
by the ceremonies which attended theh creations, which
was by the Sovereign himself or by special commission
from him, and, according to Gerard Leigh, was after
the following manner: The King asked the person to
be so created whether he were a gentleman of blood
or of second coat-armour ; if he was not, the King gave
him lands and fees, and assigned him and his heirs
proper arms. Then, as the messenger was brought in
by the herald of the province, so the pursuivant was
brought in by the eldest herald, who, at the prince's
command, performed all the ceremonies, as turning the
coat of arms, setting the manacles thereof on the arms
of the pursuivant, and putting about his neck the
collar of SS, and when he was named, the prince him-
self took the cup fi'om the herald, which was gilt, and
poiu"ed the water and wine upon the head of the
pursuivant, creating him by the name of our herald,
and the King, when the oath was administered, gave
the same cup to the new herald.
Upton sums up the business of a herald thus : That
it was their office to create under officers, to number
the people, to commence treaties of matrimony and of
peace between princes, to visit kingdoms and regions,
and to be present at martial exploits, &c., and they
were to wear a coat of their master's arms, wearing
the same in conflicts and tournaments, in riding
through foreign countries, and at all great entertain-
ments, coronations of kings and queens, and the solem-
nities of princes, dukes, and other great lords.
In the time of King Richard II. there belonged to
the King of Arms and heralds the following fees, viz. :
at the coronation of the King, a bounty oi £\oo; when
the King first displaj'ed his banners, 100 marks; when
the King's son was made a knight, 40 marks; when the
prince and a duke first display their banners, ;£'20 ; if it
be a marquis, 20 marks; if an earl, i^io; if a baron, 5
marks of sdver crowns, of 1 5 nobles ; and if a knight
bachelor, newly made a banneret, 3 marks, or 10
nobles; when the King is married, the said Kings of
Arms and heralds to have £so\ when the Queen has
a child christened, a largess at the Queen's pleasure,
or of the lords of the council, which was sometimes
;^ioo, and at others 100 marks, more or less; and
when she is churched, such another largess; when
princesses, duchesses, marchionesses, countesses, and
baronesses have a child christened, and when they
are churched, a largess suitable to theu- quality and
pleasure ; as often as the King wears his crown, or
holds Royal state, especially at the four great festivals
of Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, and All Saints, to
every one of the three Kings of Arms present when the
King goes to the chapel to mass, a largess at the King's
pleasure ; when a maiden princess, or daughter of a
duke, marquis, earl, or baron is married, there belongs
to the said Kings of Arms, if present, the upper gar-
ment she is married in ; if there be a combat within
lists, there belong to the Kings of Arms, if present, and
if not to the other heralds present, their pavilions ; and
if one of the combatants is vanquished, the Kings of
Arms and heralds who are present shall have all the
accoutrements of the person so vanquished, and all
other armour that falls to the ground ; when subjects
rebel, and fortify any camp or place, and afterwards
quit the same, and flj', without a battle, there apper-
tain to the said Kings of Arms and heralds who are
present all the carts, carriages, and tools left behind ;
and, at New Year's Tide, all\he noblemen and knights
of the court used to give the heralds New Year's gifts.
Besides the King's heralds, in former times, divers noble-
men had heralds and pursuivants, who went with their
lords, with the King's heralds, when attending the King.
The fees of the King's heralds and pursuivants of
arms have since varied, and, besides fees upon crea-
tions of peers, baronets, and knights, they have still
donations for attendance at court upon the festivals
of Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, All Saints, and St.
George's Day; fees upon installation of Knights of
the Garter and Bath, Royal marriages, fimerals. pubhc
solemnities, &c., with small salaries paid from the Ex-
chequer ; but their ancient fees from the nobility, upon
certain occasions, have been long discontinued, and
their principal emolument arises from grants of arms,
the tracing of genealogies, and recording the same in
the Registers of the College of Arms.
The present heralds are six in number, viz. : —
Windsor Herald, which title was instituted 38th of
Edward III., when that monarch was in France.
Chester Herald, instituted in the same reign.
Richmond Herald, instituted by King Edward IV.
Somerset Herald, instituted by King Henry _ VIII.
about the time when that monarch created his son
Henry Fitzroy Duke of Somerset.
17 ' c
THE ART OF HERALDRY
York Herald, instituted by King Edward III. in
honour of his son, whom he created Duke of York.
Lancaster Herald, also instituted by Edward III.
when he created his son Duke of Lancaster.
The heralds were first incorporated as a college by
Richard III. They were styled the Corporation of
King's Heralds and Pursuivants of Arms.
Concerning Pursuivants of Arms, Berry remarks
that these officers, who are the lowest in degree
amongst officers of arms, "were, as the name implies,
followers, marshals, or messengers attendant upon the
heralds. Pursuivants were formerly created by the
nobility (who had, likewise, heralds of arms) with great
ceremony in the following manner. One of the heralds,
wearing his master's coat, leading the person to be
created pursuivant by the left hand, and holding a cup
full of wine and water in his right, came into the pre-
sence of the lord and master of him who was to be
created, and of whom the herald asked by what name
he would have his pursuivant called, which the lord
having mentioned, the herald then poured part of the
wine and water upon his head, calling him by the name
so assigned to him. The herald then took the coat of
his lord, and put it over his head athwart, so that part
of the coat made for the arms before and behind, and
the longer part of it on both sides of the arms of the
person created, and in which way the pursuivant was
always to wear it. This done, an oath of fidelity was
administered to the new-made pursuivant, and the
ceremony concluded." This curious method of the
wearing of the tabard by a pur.suivant has long since
been discontinued, if indeed it was ever generally
adopted, a point on which I have by no means been
able to satisfy mj'self.
The appointment of heralds and pursuivants of arms
by the nobility has long been discontinued, and there
are now only four pursuivants belonging to the College
of Arms, viz. : —
Rouge-Croix, the first, in point of antiquity of crea-
tion, is so styled from the red cross of St. George, the
Patron Saint of England.
Blue-Mantle, so called by King Edward III., in honour
of the French coat which he assumed, being blue.
Rouge-Dragon, so styled from the red dragon, one of
the supporters of the Royal arms of King Henry VII.
(who created this pursuivant), and also the badge of
Wales, and
Portcullis, also instituted by Henry VII., and so
named from that badge, or cognisance, used by him.
The duties of a pursuivant are similar to those of a
herald; he assists in all public processions, or cere-
monies, such as Roj'al marriages, funerals, installations,
&c., and has certain fees for attendance upon such occa-
sions. Pursuivants likewise receive fees upon creations
of peers, baronets, and knights, and also donations for
attending court upon the principal festivals of Christ-
mas, Easter, Whit-Sunday, All Saints, and St. George's
Day, and a small salary payable out of the Exchequer.
They wear a tabard of damask silk, embroidered with
the Royal arms, like the heralds, but no collar of SS.
Of the Heraldic Executive in Scotland, Lyon King
of Arms (Sir James Balfour Paul), in his book " Her-
aldry in relation to Scottish History and Art," writes :
" At one period the Lyon was solemnly crowned at
his inauguration, and vested with his tabard and baton
of office." The ceremony was a very elaborate one, and
is fully described by Sir James Balfour in a MS., now
in the Advocates' Library. There is also an account
of the coronation of Sir Alexander Durham, when
Laurie, the minister of the Tron Kirk, preached from
the text, " What shall be done to the man whom the
King delighteth to honour ? " The crown was of gold,
and exactly similar to the Imperial crown of Scotland,
save that it had no jewels. Now the Lyon's crown is
the same as the English King of Arms. The crown is
only worn at Royal coronations. At that of Charles I.
at Edinburgh in 1633, the Lyon carried the vessel con-
taining the sacred oil. In addition to his strictly
armorial appointment, the Lyon is also a King of Arms
of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the
Thistle.
Heralds and pursuivants formed an important part
from very early times not only of the Royal Household,
but also of those of the higher nobility, many of whom
had private heralds. Of these officers there is a very
full list given by Dr. Dickson in the preface to the
Lord Treasurer's Accounts. Of heralds who were or
ultimately became part of the King's Household we
meet ivith Rothesay, Marchmont, Snowdon, Albany,
Ross, and Islay ; Ireland, Orkney, and Carriok are also
mentioned as heralds, but it is doubtful whether the
first and last were ever more than pursuivants. Of the
latter class of officers the following were in the Royal
establishment : Carriok, Bute, Dingwall, Kintyre, Or-
monde, Unicorn; but we also find Aliszai or Alishay,
Dragance, Diligens, Montrose, Falkland, Ireland, Darna-
way, Garioch, Ettrick, Hales, Lindsay, Endure, Douglas,
and Angus. Of the latter Garioch was created by
James IV. for his brother John, Earl of Mar; Hailes
in 1488, when Lord Hailes was made Earl of Bothwell ;
while Lindsay and Endure were both evidently attached
to the Lindsay family, as were Douglas and Angus to
the noblemen whose titles they bore. In 1403 Henry
IV. of England granted a pursuivant under the title
of Shrewsbury to George, Earl of March, for services
rendered at the battle of that name, but we do not find
that the office was continued.
In Scotland heralds appear at an early date, though
none are mentioned as attending the coronation of
Alexander III. in 1 249 ; nor is there any account of
any such officers accompanying that sovereign when
he did homage to Edward I. at Westminster in 1278.
In the next century, however, armorial bearings were
quite well known in Scotland, and there is an entry in
the Exchequer Rolls on loth October 1337 of a pay-
ment of £^2, 6s. Scots for the making of seventeen
armorial banners, and in 1364 there is another to the
heralds for services at the tournaments ; while William
Petilloch, herald, has a grant from David II. of three
husbandlands in Bonjedward, and Allan Fawside gets
a gift of the forfeited estate of one Coupland, a herald
(temp. Edward Baliol).'' The first mention of a herald,
under his official designation, which I have met with
in our records occurs in 1365, when there is a confirma-
tion under the Great Seal by David II. of a charter
by Dugal M'Dowille to John Trupour or Trumpour
"nunc dicto Carrie heraldo." Sir James Balfour
tells us that the Lyon and his heralds attended the
coronation of Robert II. at Holyrood on 23rd May
1 37 1, but whether or not this is true — and I have not
been able to verify it — it is certain that a Lyon Herald
existed very shortly after that date, as in the Exchequer
Rolls mention is made of the payment of a certain sum
to such an officer in 1377; in 1379 Froissart says that
a herald was sent by Robert II. to London to explain
that the truce had been infringed without his will and
against his knowledge, and on 8th April 1381 a warrant
was issued in London for a licence to " Lion Heraud "
of the King of Scots, authorising him to take away a
complete suit of armour which he had bought in that
city. It is not, however, till 1388 that we find Lyon
accorded the Royal style. In that year a payment is
made " Leoni rcgi lieraldorwni" but at the audit follow-
•> Eobertson's Index to "Missing Charters."
IS
PLATE V.
TOURNAMENT AND OTHER EQUESTRIAN HERALDIC FIGURES.
Printed at Stuttgart.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ing the battle ot Otterburn he is called defunctus,
which suggests that he had been slain on that well-
fought tield. The Lyon appears in several embassies
The initial letter on page i is a portrait of John
Smert, Garter King of Arms, and is taken from the
grant of arms to the Tallow Chandlers' Company,
Fig. 15 — The velvet tabard of Sir William Dugdale, Garter King of Arms from 26th April 1677 to loth February 16S6.
about this period both to England and France, and one
Henry Greve, designed in the English Issue Rolls as
" King of Scottish Heralds," was at the Tower of Lon-
don in 1399, either at or iuimediately after the corona-
tion of Henry IV. From 1391 onwards there is frequent
mention of one Douglas, " Herald of the King," and in
142 1 he is styled " Lyon Herald."
Of the German officers of arms they, like
the English, are divided into three classes,
known as Wappenkonige, Uerolde, and Per-
sevanten. These, like our own officers, had
peculiar titles ; for example, Suchenwirt (an
Austrian ducal herald), Luh-den-Frihmen (a
Lichtenstein pursuivant), Jer!tsa?eift(a herald
of the Limmer Palatinate), Romrcich (an Im-
perial herald). About the middle of the
sixteenth century, the official names of the
heralds fell into disuse ; they began to make
use of their ancestral names with the title
of Edel and Ekrenvcst (noble and honour-
able), but this did not last long, and the
heralds found themselves thrown back into
the old ways, into which the knightly
accoutrements had already wandered.
The official dress of an officer of arms as
such in Great Britain is merely his tabard.
This garment in style and shape has re-
mained unchanged in this country from the
earliest known period of which representa-
tions of officers of arms exist ; but whilst
the tabard itself has remained unaltered
in its style, the arms thereupon have con-
stantly changed, these always being the
arms of the Sovereign for the time being. The costume
worn with the tabard has naturally been subject to many
changes, but it is doubtful if any attempt to regulate
such costume was ever officially made prior to the reign
of Queen Victoria. The tabard of a pursuivant is of
damask sUk ; that of a herald, of satin ; and that of a
king of arms, of velyet.
Fig. 16.— William Bruges,
the first Garter King
of Arms, appointed 5th
January 1420. (Froman
illuminated MS. in the
Museum at Oxford.)
dated 24th September 1456. He is there represented
as wearing beneath his tabard black breeches and coat,
and a golden crown. But Fig. 16 is actually a repre-
sentation of the first Garter King of Arms, William
Bruges, appointed 5th January 1420. He is represented
as carrying a white staff, a practice which has been
recently revived, white wands being carried
by all the heralds at the recent public funeral
of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. In Ger-
many the wands of the heralds were later
painted with the colours of the escutcheons
of the Sovereign to whom they were attached.
There was until recently no official hat for an
officer of arms in England, and confirmation
of this is to be found in the fact that Dallaway
mentions a special licence to Wriothesley
Garter giving him permission to wear a cap
on account of his great age. Obviously,
however, a tabard requires other clothing to
be worn with it. The heralds in Scotland,
untU quite recently, when making public
proclamations were content to appear in the
ordinary elastic-side boots and cloth trousers
of everyday life. This gave way for a brief
period, in which Court dress was worn below
the tabard, but now, as in England, the recog-
nised uniform of a member of the Royal
Household is worn. In England, owing to the
less frequent ceremonial appearances of the
heralds, and the more scrupulous control
which has been exercised, no such ana-
chronisms as were perpetuated in Scotland
have been tolerated, and it has been customary
for the officers of arms to wear their uniform as members
of the Sovereign's Household (in which uniform they
attend the levees) beneath the tabard when making pro-
clamations at the opening of Parliament or on simUar
occasions. At a coronation and at some other full State
ceremonies they wear knee-breeches, as will be seen in the
portrait of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms
19
THE ART OF HERALDRY
(Fig. 20), or in that of Captain Swinton, Marcli Pursui-
vant, on Plate III. All the heralds and Kings of Arms
(but not the pursiiivants) wear the curious collar of SS
about which there has been so much discussion. The
form has remained unchanged, save that the badge is the
bada^e for the time beins; of the Sovereign. The heralds
FlCi. 17.— Arms of Charles H. Athill, Esq., F.S.A., Richmond Herald,
showing collar of SS.
have their collars of SS of silver, whilst those of a King of
Arms are of silver gilt, and the latter have the further dis-
tinction that a portcullis is introduced on each shoulder
(Fig. 21). The heralds and Kings of Arms usually place
these collars round their shields in representations of
their arms, as will be seen from Fig. 17, which is the coat
of arms of Charles H. Athill, Esquire, F.S.A., Richmond
Herald. This shows the usual method of depicting
Fig. iS.-
-Arms of the late J. W. Mitchell, Rothesay Herald
and Lyon Clerk.
equivalent badge. The illustration is of the achieve-
ment of the late James William Mitchell, Rothesay
Herald and Lyon Clerk, the arms depicted being in
this case the coat recorded to him in the College of
Arms (a different coat is registered in Lyon Office), as
follows : Armorial bearings (as recorded in the Heralds'
College, London) (see below) — Sable, a fess inveoted
between an annulet and two mascles in chief and a
mascle between two annulets in base or, within a bor-
dure chequy of the last and first (and around the
escutcheon is placed his collar of SS, and pendent by
a blue riband edged with white is his badge, as a Herald
of Scotland). Upon another escutcheon, charged with
his arms as the foregoing, he bears, upon an escutcheon
of pretence in right of his wife, the arms of Sykes,
namely : Argent, on a chevron nebuly gules, between
three fountains, as many eagles rising proper ; and for
his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a mascle sable,
interlaced with three ears of barley slipped or; with the
motto, " Sapiens qui assiduus." An additional example
of a collar of SS. is depicted in Fig. 19, which is a re-
the collar. The arms are : Argent, on a chevron double
cottised sable, three crescents or, the escutcheon being
surrounded by his collar of SS. Mantling sable and
argent. Crest, upon a wreath of the colours, three
ostrich feathers argent, interlaced by as many annulets,
also interlaced fessewise or ; with the motto, " Crescam
ut prosim." Fig. 18 also shows the badge which the
Scottish heralds wear. The English Heralds have no
Fig. ig. — The Arms of William Henry Weklon, Esq.,
Norroy King of Arms.
presentation of the arms of William Henry Weldon,
Norroy King of Arms. The arms depicted are — Dexter,
his official coat as Norroy King of Arms, namely : argent,
a cross of St. George gules, on a chief per pale azure,
and of the second a lion of England passant guardant
or, crowned with an open crown, and between a fleur-
de-lis on the dexter and a key on the sinister of the last,
and impaling his family arms, namely : per fess argent
and gules, on a pale a demi-lion rampant in chief and a
cinquefoil in base all counterchanged, the escutcheon
being encircled by his collar of SS. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a
demi-lion rampant argent, gutte-de-sang, and resting
his sinister paw upon two SS, as linked in a collar of
SS argent ; with the motto, " Bien fait."
Collars of SS are also worn by Serjeants-at-Arms, and
by the Lord Chief Justice.
In addition each King of Arms has his crown ; the
only occasion, however, upon which this is worn being
at the ceremony of a coronation. The crown is of silver
gilt, formed of a cu-cle upon which is inscribed part of
20
PLATE VI.
TOURNAMENT EQUESTRIAN FIGURES.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the first verse of the Jist Psalm, viz., "Miserere mei
Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam": the
rim is surmounted of sixteen leaves, in shape resem-
bling the oak-leaf, every alternate one being somewhat
higher than the remainder. Nine of these leaves are
shown in a representation of it. The cap is of crimson
¥lG. 20. — Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms.
(From a photograph by Kate Pragnell.)
satin, closed at the top by a gold tassel, and turned up
with ermine. This will be seen in Figs. 19, 20, and 21.
Garter King of Arms has a baton or "sceptre" of
silver gilt, about two feet in length, the top being of
gold, of four sides of equal height, but of unequal
breadth. On the two larger sides are the arms of St.
Geoi'ge impaling the Sovereign's, and on the two lesser
sides the arms of St. George surrounded by the Garter
and motto, the whole ensigned with an Imperial crown.
This has sometimes been placed in bend behind the
arms of Garter King. Lyon King of Arms has a baton
of blue enamel with gold extremities, the baton being
powdered with roses, thistles, and fleurs-de-lis (see Fig.
20). Lyon (Sir James Balfour Paul) in his recently pub-
lished work, " Heraldry in relation to Scottish History
and Art," remarks that this is one of the few pieces of
British official regalia which is still adorned with the
ancient ensigns of France. But knowing how strictly
all official regalia in England is required to have the
armorial devices thereupon changed, as the Royal arms
and badges change, there can be very little doubt that
the appearance of the fleurs-de-lis in this case is due to
an oversight. The baton happens to be that of a former
Lyon King of Arms, which really should long since have
been discarded and a new one substituted. Two batons
are usually placed in saltire behind the arms of Lyon
King of Arms, as will be seen in the illustration of the
armorial bearings of Lyon King of Arms, which will be
found on Plate IV.''
" Armorial bearings of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms :
Parted per pale, on the dexter side the official coat of Lyon King of
Arms, namely : argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the
dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the
Ulster King of Arms has a staff of oflice which,
however, really belongs to his office as Knight Attendant
on the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick. It will
be seen in the photograph which we reproduce of the
present Ulster King of Arms in his tabard (Fig. 758) and
also in the reproduction of his bookplate (Fig. 21). The
arms there represented are : Argent, on a cross sable,
five estoiles of the field, impaled by the official coat of
Ulster King of Arms, namely : or, a cross gules, on a
chief of the last, a lion passant guardant between a harp
and a portcullis, all of the field. Above the escutcheon
is placed the coronet of a King of Arms, and thereupon
a helmet befitting his degree, with a lambrequin azure
and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, a dove holding in its bill an olive-branch all
proper ; with the motto, " Vincit omnia virtus."
The bookplate jalainly shows the portcullis in the
collar of SS, and also the harp (the badge of Ireland)
which is attached to his collar, and the coronet or crown
of a King of Arms.
The Scottish Heralds each have a rod of ebony (see
Plate III.) tipped with ivory, which has been sometimes
stated to be a rod of office. This, however, is not the
case, and the explanation of their possession of it is
very simple. They are constantly called upon by virtue
of their office to make from the Market Cross in Edin-
burgh the Royal Proclamations. Now these Proclama-
tions are read from printed copies which in size of type
and paper are always of the nature of a poster. The
Fig. 21. — The Bookplate of Sir Arthur Vicars, K.C.V.O., Ulster King
of Arms. (Designed and engraved by C. W. Sherborne. )
Herald would naturally find some difficulty in holding
up a large piece of paper of this size on a windy day, in
such a manner that it was easy to read from; conse-
quently he winds it round his ebony staff, slowly un-
winding it all the time as he reads.
Garter King of Arms, Lyon King of Arms, and
second, on a chief azure, a St. Andrew's Cross of the field, on the
sinister his paternal coat, namely: or, a chevron indented sable between
two lions rampant in chief and an escutcheon in base gules. Mant-
ling sable, doubled or ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for
crest, a lion sejant guardant gules, his dexter paw resting upon an
escutcheon as in the arms ; and in an escroU over the same this motto,
" Pro Eege et Republica,"
21
THE ART OF BERALDRY
Ulster King of Arms all possess badges of their office
which, they wear about their necks.
The badge of Garter is of gold, having on both sides
the arms of St. George, impaled with those of the
Sovereign, within the Garter and motto, enamelled in
their proper colours, and ensigned with the Royal crown.
The badge of Lyon King of Arms is oval, and is
worn suspended by a broad green ribbon. The badge
proper consists on the obverse of the effigy of St.
Andrew bearing his cross before him, with a thistle
beneath, all enamelled in the proper colours on an
azure ground. The reverse contains the arms of Scotland,
having in the lower
parts of the badge a
thistle, as on the other
side ; the whole sur-
mounted with the Im-
perial crown. This is
seen on the portrait oi
Lyon King of Arms.
The badge of "Ul-
ster" is of gold, con-
taining on one side the
cross of St. Patrick,
or as it is described
in the statutes, " The
cross gules of the
Order upon a field
argent, impaled with
the arms of the Realm
of Ireland," and both
encircled with the
motto, " Quis Separa-
bit," and the date of
the institution of the
Order, mdcclxxxiii.
The reverse exhibits
the arms of the office
of Ulster, viz. ; " Or, a
cross gules, on a chief
of the last a lion of
England between a
harp and portcullis, all
of the first," placed
on a ground of green
enamel, surrounded by
a gold border with
shamrocks, surmount-
ed by an Imperial
crown, and suspended
by a sky blue riband
from the neck.
The Kings of Arms,
the Heralds, and Pur-
suivants in England
were incorporated by
Charter 2 March, i Richard III., 1484, and the College
of Arms at present consists of : —
Earl Makshal.
The Duke of Norfolk, K.G., P.O.
Kings of Arms.
GaHer—Sh- Albert WUliam Woods, G.C.V.O., K.C.B.,
K.C.M.G., F.S.A.
Clarenceux — George Edward Cokayne, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
iVon-uj/— WiBiam Henry Weldon, E.sq., C.V.O., F.S.A.
Heralds.
Chester — Heni'y Murray Lane, Esq.
Lancanf.er — Edward Bellasis, Esq.
For/,:— Alfred Scott Scott^Gatty, Esq., F.S.A.
Soinerset — Henry Farnham Burke, Esq., C.V.O., F.S.A.
Richmond — Charles Harold AthDl, Esq., F.S.A.
Windsor — William Alexander Lindsay, Esq., K.C., F.S.A.
Fig. 22. — The late J. W. Mitchell, Rothesay Herald and Lyou Clerk.
Pursuivants.
Motige Croix — George William Marshall, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
Blueinanlh — Gordon Ambrose Le Lisle Lee.
Rouge Draijon — Everard Green, V.P.S.A.
Portcullis — Thomas Morgan Joseph- Watkiu, F.S.A.
There is also at present one Extraordinary Herald —
Surre]/ {Ejdraordinary) — Charles AJban Buckler, Esq.
The arms of the Corporation of the College of Arms
are : Argent, a cross gules between four doves, the dexter
wing of each expanded and inverted azure. Crest : on a
ducal coronet or, a dove rising azure. Supporters : two
lions rampant guard-
ant argent, duoally
gorged or. The shield
will be found on Plate
II., Fig. I.
The official arms of
the English Kings of
Arms are : —
GarterKing of A rrns.
— Argent, a cross gules,
on a chief azure, a
ducal coronet encircled
with a garter, between
a Hon passantguardant
on the dexter and a
fleur-de-lis on the sin-
ister all or.
Clarenceux King of
Arnys. — Argent, across
gules, on a chief of the
second a Hon passant
guardant or, crowned
of the last.
Norroy King of
Anns. — Argent.a cross
gules, on a chief of the
second a lion passant
guardant crowned of
the first, between a
fleur-de-lis on the dex-
ter and a key on the
.sinister of the last.
Badges have never
been officially assigned
to the various Heralds ;
in fact badges have
never been made the
subject of grants, but
from a remote period
certain of the Royal
badges relating to their
titles have been used
by various Heralds,
viz. : —
Lancaster. — The red rose of Lancaster ensigned by
the Royal crown.
Yoi'h. — The white rose of York en soliel ensigned by
the Royal crown.
Richmond. — The red rose of Lancaster impaled with
the white rose en soliel of York, the whole ensigned with
the Royal crown.
Windsor. — Rays of the sun issuing from clouds.
The four Pursuivants make use of the badges from
which they derive then titles.
The present Officers of Arms for Scotland are : — ■
Lyon King of Arms.
Sir James Balfour Paul, Esq., V.P.S.A. (Scot).
22
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Hekalds.
Albani/ — Robert Spencer Livingstone, Esq.
Boss — Andrew Ross, Esq., S.S.C.
Rothesay {ami Lyon Clerk) — Francis J. Grant, Esq.,
W.S., F.S.A. (Scot.).
PtTKSniVANTS.
CanvH-— William R. Macdonald, F.S.A. (Scot.).
March — George Sitwell Campbell Swinton, Esq.,
Capt. Highland Liglit Infantry.
Unicorn — John Home Stevenson, M.A., F.S.A.
Of these only Lyon King of Arms and Lyon
Clerk are actively engaged with the control of
armorial bearings.
The official arms of Lyon King of Arms and
of Lyon Office are: Argent, a lion sejant full-
faced gules, holding in the dexter paw a thistle
slipped vert and in the sinister a shield of the
second : on a chief azure, a St. Andrew's cross
of the field (Plate IV.).
The only Officers of Arms in Ireland are : —
Ulstee King of Aems and Principal Herald
OF ALL Ireland.
Sir Arthur Edward Vicars, K.C.V.O., F.S.A.
Athlone Pursuivant of Arms.
Henry Blake, Esq., M.V.O.
Athlone Pursuivant, however, is only an officer
of the Order of St. Patrick. There are no official
arms for Ulster's Office, that office, unlike the
College of Arms, not being a corporate body,
but the official arms of Ulster King of Arms
are : Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a
Fig. 23.— a Herald. (Temp. Hen. VIII.)
Fig. 24. — A State Trumpeter. {Temp. Hen. VIII.)
lion passant guardant between a harp and a
portcullis all of the field.
The portrait of the late J. W. Mitchell,
Rothesay Herald and Lyon Clerk (Fig. 22), shows
the head-dress formerly worn by the Scottish
heralds.
At the late ceremony of the coronation of
King Edward VII., a head-dress was designed
for the officers of arms. This can be seen in
the portrait of Captain Swinton, March Pursui-
vant (Plate III.). The caps are of black velvet
embroidered at the side with a rose, a thistle,
or a harp, respectively for the English, Scottish,
and Irish officers of arms.
A great deal of confusion has arisen between
the costume and the functions of a Herald and
a Trumpeter, though the confusion has been
confined to the minds of the uninitiated and
the theatrical stage. The whole subject was
very amusingly dealt with in the Genealogical
Magazine in an article by Mr. G. Ambrose Lee,
Bluemantle, and the illustrations which he gives
of the relative dresses of the Heralds and the
Trumpeters at different periods (see Eigs. 23
to 26) are interesting. Briefly, the matter can
be summed up in the statement that there
never was a Trumpeter who made a proclama-
tion, and there never was a Herald who blew
a trumpet. The Trumpeters nearly always
accompanied the Heralds to proclaim their
presence and call attention to theh proclamation.
In France the Heralds were formed into an
incorporation by Charles VI. in 1406, their
head being Mountjoye, King of Arms, with ten
heralds and pursuivants under him. It will be
noticed that this incorporation is earlier than
that of the College of Arms in England. The
Revolution played havoc with the French
23
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Records, and no College of Ai-ms now exists in France.
But it is doubtful whether at any time it reached the
Fig. 25. — A State Trumpeter and a Herald at (lie coronation of James I.
dignity or authority which its English counterpart has
enjoyed in former times.
Fig. 27 represents a French Herald of the early part
of the fifteenth century. It is taken from a representa-
tion of the Rally of the Parisians against King Charles
VI. in 14 1 3, to be found in a MS. edition of Froissart,
formerly in the Royal Library at Paris.
Whilst the official dress of the Heralds in England
has undergone no change whatever, it is curious to note
the varieties of costume which have been adopted in
other countries, of which Plates I. and II. furnish ex-
amples. A. C. F-D.
Fio. 26. — Peace proclaimed at the Royal Exchange after the
Crimean War.
Fig. 27.— a French Herald of the early part oE
(.be fifteenth century.
24
PLATE VII.
.^'riiiied at !>tuii|$ait
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF TYPES AND SHAPES OF SHIELDS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE I
HERALDS IN^ OFFICIAL BEESS
The figures depicted upon Plate I. are as follows : —
Fig. I. — The Herald von Gcldcni, kuown by the official name of
Gelre or Ghdre (died circa 1372), from his Wapenhoeck an Armonal
(see Plate XXII.), taken from a copy by Victor Bouton^ Paris, the
publisher of the book.
The tiibard shows the armorial bearings of the Duke von Geldern :
Azure, a lion rampant or^ queue-fourche, armed and laugued gules.
The picture of the herald constituteSj in a manner, the closing
feature of the book, and the broken chain G-clre holds iu his hands
seems to indicate that his duties as herald are at an end. Tlie
entries are continued nntil circa 1371, in which year, with the
death of Duke Edward, the family of the Dukes von Geldern and
Counts von Ziitphen became extinct in the male line.
Fig. 2 is a representation of a King of Arms froni a miniature in
the Tournois da roi Rene d'Anjou (No. 2692 in the MSS. of the
Paris National Library), fifteenth century.
The King of Arms, who is, as will be seen, mountbd on horseback,
bears on his tabard the arms of Grutuse (perhaps the coat of Louis
de Bruges, Seigneur de Grutuse). These are : Quartered i and 4, or,
a cross sable ; 2 and 3, gules, a saltire argent.
Fig. 3 shows the King of Arms of the Order of the Golden Fleece
(Toison d'or), from Baron Reiffenberg's Mistoire de VOrdre de la
7'oison d'or, Brussels, 1830.
He is dressed entirely in red, and the pendant of his head-gear
(the cornette) hangs down on the left side, as opposed to that of a
knight, which was worn on the right
side. Toison dhr wears over the
shoulders a collar of gold, the
Fotence, composed of twenty-six
enamelled plates, in two rows, orna-
mented with fifty-two coats of arms
of Knights of the Order of the
Golden Fleece (Fig. 28). The plates
are fastened together in the centre
with hinges, and closed underneath
with the collar of the Order of the
Goldtn Fleece. This pecnliar orna-
ment seems to be unique. In this
costume " Messire Antoine de Beau-
lincourt, Chevalier, Seigneur de
Beaulinconrt,Vendeville,BeIlenville
et Lanson from 1 549, the first King
of Arms who was known as Toison
d'or, appeared in the 22nd Chapter
of the Order, 1555, at Antwerp"
{Jahrhuch '■'■ Adler" 1883). He died
in 1559.
Fig. 4. — A German Imperial Herald ot the first half of the sixteenth
century, from a pen and ink drawing by Hans Holbein, in the
Royal Collection of Engravings iu Dresden. Fig. 29, the drawing
of an Imperial Herald, from a woodcut by Michael Ostendorfer
{d. 1559), belongs to the same period, but whereas Holbein's herald
bears on his tabard the Imperial double-eagle, with the arms of
Austria and Burgundy impaled, Ostendorfer's double-eagle bears
the arms of Austria and Castile upon the inescutcheon.
Fig. 5 represents Caspar Sturm, a former Imperial Herald, his
title being Teidschland {i.e. Deutschland — Germany). Previously
to 1 521 the Herald of the German Empire bore the official name of
Eomreich {i.e. Roman Empire). This representation is taken from a
drawing executed by himself in his manuscript : " Kayser Karl des
Fiinfften vnd Irer Mt. Stathalter sampt der Achtzehen Churfursten
vnd Fursteo Auch des Kaiserlichen Regiments im heiligen Reich
verordennter Rethe Namen vnd Wappen" ("Appointed Councillor
of Names and Ai-ms in the Holy Empire to the Emperor Charles V.,
and His Majesty's Lords of the State^ together with the eighteen
Electors and Princes, also to the Imperial Regiment"), in the
possession of the "Herold" Society, Berlin. (See Festschrift of the
Herold, 1894.) Sturm was appointed Herald of the Empire by
Charles V. at Aix-la-Chapelle, October 27, 1521. "Derernvheste
Herr Caspar Sturm, des Heilligen Reichs gesvesner Allter Eren-
herold" ("Tlie grave Herr Caspar Sturm, former Herald of the Holy
Empire") leans upon the shields of the tow' 11 of Niirnberg, and bears
upon his tabard the Imperial eagle, and thereupon the impaled
arms of Castile and Burgumiy.
Fig. 6 represents a Royal Hungarian Herald. Johann von Fran-
colin, the younger, 1 560, from an engraving by Donat Hxibschmann,
in Vienna. His elder brother of the same name was likewise a
herald. The Francolins, as also the greater number of the old
heralds, came orif(inally from Burgundy, and were ennobled by
the Emperor Ferdinand I. at Regensburg, iMarch 8, 1557.*' The
^ In 1562 the Emperor Ferdinand I. presented to his herald
Francolin, a piece of ground in front of the Widmerihoi- for the erec-
tion of windmills. It is still called Witidmiihl yasse (Windmill Lane),
^ \S'
Fig. 2S. — Emblem of the Order
of the Golden Fleece in the
Cathedral at Barcelona, 1518.
arms depicted at the side of the figure are the personal achieve-
ment of -Francolin, and though it is almost impossible to blazon the
arms by the ordinary terms of English blazonry, they may perhaps
be described : Party per chevron azure and or, two chevronels gules,
the field between the chevronels paly of six of the first and second,
in chief two heath-cocks (francolins) proper, crowned and gorged
with coronets or, standing upon the upper chevronel, and in base
an eagle displayed argent, charged with a saltire couped gules.
Fig. 29.
-German Imperial Herald, from a woodcut by
Michael Ostendorfer {d. 1559).
The helmet, with mantling azure, gules, and or, is crowned, and
bears as a crest issuing:; from a coronet a heath-cock as in the arms.
The tabard shows the new and the old arms of the kingdom of
Hungary, the former being : Gules, a patriarchal cross argent issu-
ing from three mounts vert ; the latter : Barry of eight gules and
argent. Compare Plate 11. Fig. 7. The figure of this herald is
taken from the German edition of Prancolin's Thurnier Bucks (Book
of Tournaments), 1 560, published by Raphael Hof halter (Skrzetu-
sky), Vienna.
Fig. 7 shows the costume of the EU'-ioral Herald of Brandenburg^
under the Great Elector, Frederick III., in the latter half of the
seventeenth century. The colour of the fringed and gold-embroidered
tabard refers to the blue shield and golden sceptre, which were the
official arms of the Archikumerarius (Arch chamberlain) of the
Holy Roman Empire, which dignity was enjoyed from 141 5 by the
Hohenzollerns, as Electors of Brandenburg. The shield, the Elec-
toral crown upon the breast, and the shoulder-pieces, show the new
arms of the Brandenburg margraviate, while the plain red eagle of
the sceptre represents the older form.
PLi^TE II
HERALDS IN OFFICIAL DRESS
Plate II. gives examples of the Heralds of the eighteenth and nine-
teenth centuries, though, as has been already stated, Fig. i shows the
shield of the English College of Arms, namely : Ardent, a cross gules
between four doves azure, the dexter wing of each expanded and
inverted. Though always blazoned a dove azure, it is nevertheless
usually depicted with the legs and beak gules.
Fig. 2, though not a good portrait, represents the present Garter
King of Arms in his tabard, and in full dress, the tabard showing
the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
and is situated in Circuit VI., Vienna: he received, moreover, among
many other privileges, permission to display the Imperial eagle on the
outside of his house.
25 D
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 3 is the Herald of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle of the
year 1890. The blue of the herald's dress, which is adorned with
the small Prussian coat of arms, corresponds with the colour of the
cross of the Order.
Fig. 4 is a Herald dejiicted as he officiated at the Coronation of
King William I. of Prussia at Konigsberg, October iS^ 1S61.
Fig. 5 is a Royal Bavarian Herald as he appeared at the Coronation
of King Ludwig II. of Bavaria in the year 1S64. He wears a sky-
blue velvet labard, richly embroidered with silver, and trimmed
with silver bullion. Embroidered in front and behind is ihe Royal
coat of arms of Bavaria. Below the tabard is worn an embroideied
tunic of silver brocade, breeches of white satin wiili blue and white
rosettes, while white silk stockings, and white leather shoes witii blue
and white rosettes, complete the official costume of the herald. A
blue velvet, cap, with a circlet embellished with silver and with three
ostrich feathei-s, one blue and two white, serves as a head-covering.
The herald's sceptre is of silver and is 80 centimetres in length.
It is ensii^ned with a gold crown. When mounted the herald wears
white kerseymere breeches and white leather boots, trimmed with
silver fringe, and silver spurs ; and in place of the sceptre, a silver
truncheon 67 centimetres long is carried.
Fig. 6 represents a Bavarian Pursuivant He wears a blue velvet
tabard, bordered witli silver edging, and an underdress of "white
satin with silver edgeSj breeches of white kerseymere, white leather
boots trimmed "with silver fringe, and with plated spurs, and a black
hilt turned iip at the edge, with a blue and a white ostrich feather.
(From information supplied by the Royal Bavarian Heralds' Office.)
Fig. 7 is the Hungarian Provincial Herald as he appeareil at the
Coronation of King Franz Joseph I. on the Sth June 1S67. The
tabard shows, in front and behind, the arms of Hungary. The
JcalpaJc, or hat, is adorned with overhanging ostrich featliers in
the colours of tiie country, red, white, and green. The herald
wears green xmderclothes laced with gold, and yellow czismen
(boois). The wliite leatlier gauntlet gloves, fringed on the edges
with the colours of the country, show on the backs of the hands the
coat of arms of the country embroidered in their proper colours.
Fig. 8 is the Herald of the Imperial Capital and City of Vienna.
He is dressed in the colours of the town, red and white, and bears
on his breast the great coat of arms, and on the shoulder-pieces the
lesser coat of arms, of the town.
Fig. 9 is a Royal Swedish Herald of the eighteenth century. He
wears a purple-red \ elvet tabard, edged with the links of the collar
of the Seraphin Order embroidered in gold. On the breast appears
the monogram of Jestis Christ as upon the star of the Seraphin
Order, and ensigned with the Royal crown. Around the neck are
the ribbons of the Seraphin Order (blue), and the Wasa Order
(green), with their badges. The lierald is also wearing on the breast
the knight's badge of the Order of the Sword (from a yellow ribbon),
and of the Order of the North Star (from a black ribbon). Whether
all or any of these Orders are part of his official costume, or whether
they are worn by reason of the identity of the wearer, does not seem
clear.
Fig. 10, another Swedish herald, is the Herald of the Order of
the Kingdom of Siceden, otherwise the Order of the Seraphin. The
tabard is of dark blue velvet, with gold embroidery similar to that of
the Eo3'al Herald, The inscription on the shoulder-pieces (sleeves)
runs : '* Jesvs Homlnum Salvator."
Fig. 1 1 is the Herald of the Swedish Order of ihe Sivord. The blue
taliard bears on the breast the emblem of the Order, a naked sword
ensigned by a crown. On. tlie shoulder-pieces appears the inscription:
" Pro Patria."
Fig. 12 represents the Herald of tlie Swedish Order of the North
Star. The red tabard is decorated with the badge of this
Order. The inscription on the shoulder-pieces is : " Nescit
Occasnm."
Fig. 13 is the Herald of the Swedish Order of JVasa. The green
tabard is embroidered in front with the emblem of the Order,
a golden sheaf of corn. Round the border runs the inscription :
"GvsUif. Den. III., Instiktare, mdcclsxii. (Gustavus III., Founder,
1772). These Swedish costumes are no longer in use. The
details were, however, supplied by the present Swedish herald,
Major K. A. von Klingspor. H. S.
CHAPTER V
ENGLISH HERALDIC EFFIGIES
Bv ALBERT HARTSHORNE, F.S.A.
THE value of monumental effigies as authentic
pictures of armour and costume, and as furnishing
accurate representations of ancient heraldry, has
long been insisted upon and recognised. It must, how-
ever, be borne in mind that the carvers and the latteners
of the memorials, which were for the most part only
conventional representations of the soldiers, ladies, or
ecclesiastics, could only imitate the armour or the costume
up to a certain point, in consequence of the nature of their
materials ; and although the softer stones surrendered
with greater freedom to the chisel, the study of such
matters must be supplemented by reference to illumin-
ated manuscripts, and to the actual examples of armour
which present themselves for comparison by slow degrees,
and, generally speaking, not until after the fourteenth
century. But armour alone gives the least possible
heraldry, and ancient tabards do not exist. With
ecclesiastical vestments exhibiting heraldic charges the
position is somewhat better ; of ancient female costume,
of course nothing remains earlier than of the time of
Elizabeth, save fragments.
We fortunately have the real heraldic sleeved jupon,
embroidered with the fourfold presentment of arms and
the cuir-houilli shield of the Black Prince at Canter-
bury— relics unique indeed for their period, and rare
chivalric associations ; but one would have been thank-
ful for some actual examples of the small armorial
shields of the middle of the fourteenth century, such as
all the knights carried on the left arm, or for bouched
pavises like those which the great Richard, Earl of
Warwick, prepared at Calais when " he cast in his
mynde, to do some new poynt of chevalry " ; and still
more grateful for original examples of fifteenth-century
tabards or gorgeous late fifteenth and early sixteenth
century ladies' heraldic mantles, such as are depicted
on the effigies and brasses.
In the face of the great dearth of original examples
of English heraldic shields and cognate remains, we
may therefore turn with satisfaction to their accurate
presentments on the monumental effigies and brasses,
and not disregarding the equally valuable heraldic
details upon the tombs when the figures heraldically
fail us.
With regard specially to the heraldry associated with
the effigies and brasses, whether sculptured or painted
on the surcoats, jupons, tabards, or shields of the men,
the mantles of the women, the orphreys of priestly
vestments, or set forth in order upon the tombs, we are
well situated. For in the sculptured heraldry of the
earlier monuments, and more particularly in the deli-
cate painted details ui gesso upon them, the work leaves
nothing to be desired; it is, in fact, exactly the same
pictorial art that was applied to the real shields. No
direct supplementary study is necessary, save the cor-
roborative testimony of the Rolls of Arms. And in
the use of these records some caution is necessary, be-
cause the compilers copied the mistakes of earlier Rolls,
which were thus handed down and perpetuated. In the
effigies and brasses of later times, though the arts have
naturally deteriorated, there is still the same heraldic
precision and accuracy In the representations that have
so conspicuously les defauts de leurs qualites.
26
THE ART OF HERALDRY
A convincing proof of the care that was exercised in
monumental heraldry is afforded by the tomb and
relics of the Black Prince, the heraldic bearings on the
real shield and jupon being precisely the same as are
exhibited on the jupon of the kitten effigy, save that in
the latter the label is also shown. In this regard the
real shield (Fig. 264) and jupon may have been originally
made for Edward III.
This shield is formed of a light frame of wood, covered
with euir-houiUi, showing France and England quar-
terly in relief. For shields richly decorated with paint-
ing and gilding, a coat of gesso was first laid upon the
outer surface, just as with the effigies. As time pro-
gressed, shields varied in form in accordance with the
advance of architecture, which science, following perhaps
at times the goldsmith's, gave impetus and character to
the rest of the arts.
It does not appear that any definite rules were
anciently observed respecting the selection and arrange-
ment of arms on monuments. The effigy, of course, set
forth the paramount coat, while on the sides of the
tomb were naturally placed the arms of the nearest
relations, and sometimes those of friends also. In cases
where the Royal arms are shown on monuments of
commoners, as on the Burghersh tomb at Lincoln, about
1350, and the brass of Sir Simon de Felbrigge, 1416,
at Felbrig, Norfolk, the reasons are as obvious as the
appearance of the SS collar on certain effigies and
brasses. The Great Seals of England, and the wonderful
series of ecclesiastical, official, and personal English
seals form a very fertile source of study in relation to
monumental heraldic shields, apart from their value
as regards architecture, armour, and costume.
In the champleve enamelled plate of Geoffrey Planta-
genet. Earl of Anjou, 11 50, a monumental memorial at
Mans, he carries on a great curved shield : Azure, six
lioncels rampant or (Fig. 4 1 ). He was father of Henry II.,
and such is the coat shown on the shield of William Long-
espee, 1227, son of Henry II., and Fair Rosamund, in his
etfigy at Salisbury, the earliest in England with armorial
bearings. This is a remarkable and beautifully sculp-
tured example of early heraldry, which might induce
the consideration of the vexed and tempting question
of Royal Arms in England before the time of Richard I.
But we must pass on, merely recording that Longespee's
surcoat has also been painted heraldically, and that
the second Great Seal of Richard I. shows three lions
passant.
The generality of the thirteenth-century effigies being
carved in Purbeck, or in Sussex marble, hard, secondary
fresh-water limestones, not readily lending themselves
to minute sculpture, any heraldic accessories were
painted upon the shields and sureoats, and have long
since vanished. In rare and later cases the arms were
sculptured on the shields. An effigy in the Temple
Church, with a doubtful attribution to William Mar-
shall, Earl of Pembroke, 12 19, is an instance. The
remarkable efEgy of Sir Robert de Kctocs, 1305, at
Dodford, Northamptonshire, is in Purbeck marble, and
shows him clad in banded maU, and carrying a kite-
shaped shield, sculptured with his arms : Vair, two
bars .
The comparatively limited use of Purbeck or of
Sussex marble for efSgies passed away early in the four-
teenth century, the manufacture of effigies expanded,
and freestones of various kinds, and worked in many
locahties, took their places. Sculptured arms on the
shields only now became usual. An early instance in
hard, red sandstone is the grand and martial figure at
Hughenden, Buckinghamshire, apparently of a Welles.
The shield of this remarkable memorial exhibits on a
field of cross crosslets fitehe a lion rampant double-
queued, holding a child in its mouth, the surcoat being
charged with a chief chequy, a griffin segreant holding
a child in its paws. On the scabbard of the sword are
a series of small shields, sculptured with bearings.
There are now no indications of any tinctures on the
figure, but the decoration of effigies was well established
in the last years of the thu-teenth century.
In the brass of Sir John D'Abernoun, 1277, at Aber-
noun, Surrey (Fig. 32), a small enamelled shield is carried
on the left arm. Sir Roger de Trumpington, 1289, at
Trumpington, Cambridgeshire (Fig. 33), and Sir Robert
de Septvans, 1305, at Chartham, Kent (Fig. 37), have
the shields on their brasses charged with their arms ; the
last-named knight's surcoat is powdered with winnow-
ing-fans, and both he and Trumpington wear ailettes,
heraldically charged. These odd decorations also occur
on a few stone effigies, and often in painted glass and
illuminated MSS. They were of very light construction,
less for defence than display, and each was tied on the
shoulder at right angles to it (Figs. 693 and 697).
Before passing into the fourteenth century we may
touch upon a notable effigy in Westminster Abbey,
although it is an exotic from Limoges. This is the
wooden figure, covered with plates of copper, of William
de Valence, son of Isabella of Angouleme, 1296. The
monument consists of a stone altar-tomb, upon which
is placed a wooden one sustaining the effigy. The
upper tomb was originally covered with enamelled plates
forming a background for a series of figures under
canopies with shields above them. All these items are
now gone, and the upper portion of the monument is
reduced to a bare chest. The table of the tomb was
covered with an enamelled lozengy diaper of the arms
of England and Valence ; a small portion remains. The
pillow plates still exist and show an enamelled diaper of
England and Valence armorials in rows alternating with
rosettes, the work being of great delicacy and beauty.
The surcoat was powdered with small scutcheons of
Valence, according to a French custom. The shield of
De Valence, happily remaining, represents the arms
richly diapered; it is carried French-wise on the hip.
On the stone tomb are the arms of England, repeated
as having precedence, De Valence, and the same di-
midiating Clermont, for his son Aylmer and his first
wife.
The painting of effigies soon led to such elaborate
decoration as was only possible upon a prepared surface
of gesso laid upon the stone. From their costly and
high art quality, rivalling in fact the refined ettbrts of
the illuminators, it may be thought that only a com-
paratively small proportion were thus treated, yet we
find in quite remote churches, indications on effigies of
most elaborate work. Every effigy of the time was, in
short, a heraldic text. For instance, in Rampton Church,
Cambridgeshire, is the stone effigy of a De I'lsle of the
beginning of the fourteenth century, on which the arms,
or, a fess between two chevrons sable, cottised gules,
have been most carefully painted, and the charges en-
riched and pencilled in pale grey arabesques, recalling
the diapered fields in painted glass. Of the same time
is the effigy of Stephen de Haccombe, Haccombe, De-
vonshire, which exhibits the remains of the rich decora-
tions on the shield, and the flowing black arabesque
pattern running over the painted links of the mail
hauberk, perhaps a unique example.
While such work as this was being carried out, the
practice of sculpturing the arms was still pursued. At
Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, an effigy of a De Vere has
the quarterly shield carved alternately i and 4 with a
diaper of lozenges, and 2 and 3 of circles. Sculptured
and painted work on effigies was long carried out con-
temporaneously, the former emphasising the latter, or
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the artist enhancing the chisel of the carver as the
natvire of the stone and the circumstances of the pro-
duction of the figures seemed to suggest or permit.
Having now arrived at a most attractive period of
heraldic study, reference will be made to some examples
of English armorial effigies which particularly illustrate
it. In the Abbey is the noble canopied monument of
Edmund Crouch laaok, Earl of Lancaster, 1296, second
son of Henry HI., and who married firstly Aveline,
the great Fortibus heiress. The surooat of the stone
effigy has been painted with a diaper of England
differenced by a label of France, and alternating with
eagles displayed and quatrefoils. These are highly
beautiful examples of heraldic ornamentation, painted
in dark and light crimson, the charges most daintily
pencilled in their colours. The shield is gone, but the
trefoil in the upper spandril of the canopy shows the
Earl of Lancaster on his barded horse, the shield,
sureoat, and trappers painted with his arms. We are
indebted to Charles Alfred Stothard for the decipher-
ment and exquisite etchings illustrating the valuable
painted details of this and many cognate memorials.
At Minster in Kent is the effigy of Sir Eobert de
Shurland, who died after 1300, having been present
at the siege of Caerlaverock in that year. His sureoat
is powdered with lions rampant or, on a field azure,
and his shield shows the enarmes. The freestone
effigy of Sir Nicholas de Cogenhoe, 1281, at Cogenhoe,
Northamptonshire, has the arms — a fess between three
mascles — carved on his shield, the same coat occurring
four times, with five others on the capitals of the nave
arcade of his building — exceedingly rare featiu'es for
the time. Aylmer de Valence, third and youngest son
of William, succeeded his father in the earldom of
Pembroke, and died in 1323. The entire sureoat of
the stone effigy has been treated as a shield, and
painted with the De Valence arms. In the spandril
of the canopy the earl is shown on horseback, the
barding and sureoat blazoned De Valence. As time
advances, more importance is given to armorial shields
on the tomb.
With the varied harness and fascinating costume of
the knights of the time of Edward II. the small shield
continued, carried on the arm, and always, whether in
brasses or effigies, exhibiting the charges. Of the
former kind, which are now becoming almost as
numerous as effigies, we have many examples. John
de Creke, 1325, Westley Waterless, Cambridgeshire,
and John d'Abernoun, 1327, Stoke d'Abernoun, both
wearing that strange and rare attire the cyclas — the
transition garment between the sureoat and the jupon
— are good types. In sculptured effigies of this time
and style, armorial bearings were usually discontinued
on the body garment, the cyclas, and appear only on
the shield, carved or painted.
The introduction of the use of alabaster for monu-
ments soon brought about retrogression by putting an
end to the artistic gessoed and painted effigies, and
introducing simpler modes of decoration. The earliest
examples of alabaster statues, such as those of Edward
II. at Gloucester, John of Eltham, 1 334, in the Abbey,
and William of Hatfield, 1335, at York, are most ten-
derly sculptured. The shield of John of Eltham is a
real heraldic masterpiece, and the statuettes of his royal
and noble relatives round the tomb leave nothing to be
desired. The important brass of Sir Hugh Hastings,
1437, at Elsing, Norfolk, gives examples, in the small
figures of the noble personages in the shafts of the
canopy, of the transition in the heraldic decoration of
military costume that was now taking place. Such
was the harness of the heroes of Cressy and Poictiers.
The shield on the arm has been abandoned, and the
armorials have returned to and appear only on the body
of the close-fitting, short-skirted jupon, the immediate
forervmner of the jupon proper. Of knightly brasses of
the first half of the long reign of Edward III., showing
the short-skirted jupon, very few remain. We have
the Elsing examples. Sir John de Wantyng, 1347, at
Wimbish, Essex, and Sir John Gifford, 1348, at Bowers
Gifford, Essex, 1348, said to be the latest example
carrying a shield.
From the end of the thirteenth to the middle of the
fourteenth century the practice of placing shields of
arms upon the sides of tombs had been gradually
adopted, shields of arms and distressful "weepers"
vying with or rivalling each other for precedence. In
some cases we find nothing but " weepers," not neces-
sarily in the exaggerated postures of grief that so many
present — there are twenty-four on the tomb of a De
Vere, about 1370, at Earls Colne, Essex, cheerfully
exhibiting a variety of civil dress ; in others only shields
of arms ; in others, again, mourners and panels and
armorials share these honourable places with the best
effect until far into the fifteenth century. Detailed
reference to exquisite examples of heraldry more
strictly architectural, such as the Abbey, Lincoln, and
Beverley afford, seductive though it is, would be outside
the limits of the present essay.
In the meantime the "marbelers" were setting up
their alabaster effigies, first of the cyclas, and then of
the camail and jupon type. In the latter — to pursue
the subject chronologically — all the knights are now
shown in tight jupons, and upon the swelling breasts
the arms were delicately sculptured, as in the figure of
Sir Thomas Cawne, about 1370, at Igtham, Kent; less
frequently the arms were painted only. No class of
effigy is more numerous than this one, and admirably
as the heraldry and simple arming details are shown,
these countless figures in alabaster, clunch, and other
soft stones were mere conventional representations of
knights quelconques, and not portraits. Thus stiffly
accoutred they fought, for instance, at Agincourt on St.
Crispin's day, 141 5. Such "marble" and similar figures
continued up to about 141 8, and although a reaction
had again arisen in favour of brasses, the felicitous
medium which resigned itself with so much freedom to
the sculptor's hand was not abandoned, and it continued
in use until the middle of the seventeenth century.
Great as is the value of works engraved in enduring
brass, it is specially to alabaster transformed into a series
of historical records that English heralds owe so much.
Conspicuovis examples of armorials are the thirteen
remaining of the original twenty shields on the tomb of
Edmund of Langley, died 1402, at King's Langley, Hert-
fordshire. There never was an effigy. It is apparent
that heraldic art in this case, as well as in others of the
time, has somewhat declined since the death of John
of Eltham ; yet we may justly value these vigorous
examples in alabaster. It is to be regretted that the
latteners so seldom engraved armorial bearings on their
camail and jupon figures; they were almost invariably
sculptured or painted on the alabaster and other effigies.
It is true that small shields laid apart in the Purbeok
slabs are constantly found, but the interest of the para-
mount figure suffers by the personal deficiency, at least
up to the death of Henry IV.
Now came the great change. The jupon, the lineal
descendant of the armorial sureoat, was discarded ; the
man appears locked up in steel, and heraldry is
banished for fully half a century to the tombs. Rows
of rigid angels holding shields, generally alternating
with flat and precise weepers, now coldly furnish the
panelled monuments.
A few words are desirable about the mantles of the
28
PLATE VIII.
EXAMPLES OF SHIELDS, HELMETS, SUPPORTERS AND MANTLINGS FROM KNIGHT AND RUMLEY.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ladies. That they were richly and heraldieally embroi-
dered we know from illuminated manuscripts, from
early monuments, and from Chaucer's description of
Riches in the "Romaunt of the Rose." In later centuries
the effigies and brasses give complete evidence of the
heraldic decoration of ladies' costume, and of the great
amplitude of their embroidered gowns. The paintings
on the robes of the Angevin queens at Fontevraud, the
Ulumuiations of the Loutterell Psalter, and the heraldic
powderings on the dress of Ann of Bohemia, naturally
occur to the mind. Monumental effigies and brasses
furnish many instances of the heraldic mantle. An
example on the effigy of Isabel, Dame Spencer, 1522,
at Brington, Northamptonshire, is late but noteworthy.
The brass of Margaret Percy, 1 542, wife of Henry
Clifford, first Earl of Cumberland, at Skipton, York-
shire, exhibits in her mantle the quarters of two of
the noblest of northern families (Fig. 3 i ). This stately
garment passed away soon after the middle of the
sixteenth century.
With regard more particularly to the heraldic vestment
par excellence — the tabard — it has been stated above,
that the real jupon associated with the monument of
the Black Prince displays the arms on its short tubular
sleeves, as well as on the back and front, thus giving
the earliest and the isolated fourteenth-century in-
stance in England of the fourfold heraldic picture
of the later tabards proper. It was not the custom
with us for the jupon to be sleeved ; its shape
only allowed for the duplicate armorial representation,
such as the surcoats and cyclases give. This is well
shown by the very curious kneeling figure of Edward
Despencer, 1375, at Tewkesbury.
The heraldic tabard, the light garment worn over the
complete suits of steel, appears to have been introduced
towards the end of the first quarter of the fifteenth
centur}', and was the direct successor of the jupon. At
first it had only elementary sleeves or wings — flappers —
the armorials not appearing on them. The brass of
John de Wantele, 1424, at Amberley, Sussex, seems to
give the first form, and to be the earliest monumental
representation of the new garment. This example is
loose, with a full skirt, resembling, so far, the short-
skirted jupons of the middle of the fourteenth century.
It is apparent that for about fifty years the tabard
formed no integral part of military costume, save when
the display of armorials was imperative. Brasses do
not indicate that it was in general use until about 1470,
when it became not uncommon ; but it is infrequently
shown on these memorials, and rarely on effigies. In the
last quarter of the fifteenth century, and the first of the
sixteenth, knights were naturally averse to hiding their
wonderful fluted suits of steel under a light silken
tabard.
An early and striking example of this vestment on
an efiigy is shown by the figure of John Fitzalan, Earl
of Arundel, 1434, at Arundel. This differs from that of
Wantele in fitting to the waist, and represents the early
settled shape. It has fully developed sleeves, or wings,
charged, as on the body, with Arundel and Maltravers
quarterly. In the last quarter of the century the waist
was abandoned. Excellent and late examples are shown
on the beautiful alabaster effigy of Edward Stafford,
Earl of Wiltshire, 1499, at Lowick, in which a coat of
eight quarters is four times presented ; by the tabard
of Sir John Spencer, 1522, at Brington; and by that of
Sir Richard Knightley, 1534, at Fawsley, with a four-
fold picture of twelve quarters, all in Northampton-
shire. Many bra.sses of this time set forth, on somewhat
stiflT tabards, the arms of ancient houses ; the Northamp-
tonshire examples are shown as lightly embroidered, or
painted, on linen or silk. They contrast very favour-
ably with modern tabards, founded upon Dugdale, and
utterly at variance with the style and character of
ancient examples. The effigy of Sir John Spencer, 1 599,
also at Brington, exhibits a rigid tabard fitting to the
waist, and embroidered with Spencer quarters. This is
perhaps the latest example on an effigy in England.
A reference to the manifold coats, sculptured and
painted, on the striking array of Renaissance monu-
ments of the Spencer family, may fittingly close this
chapter, for we have left the ages of chivalry far behind,
and the difference between the heraldry of the early
fourteenth century — monumental in more than one
sense — and that of the late sixteenth is very wide
indeed. A. H.
CHAPTER VI
HERALDIC BRASSES
Bv WALTER J. KAYE, Junr., B.A., F.S.A., F.S.A. Scot.
Member of the Monumental Brans Society, London; Sonorary Member of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society; Author of
"A Brief History of Gosberton, in the County of Lincoln."
MONUMENTAL brasses do not merely afford _ a
guide to the capricious changes of fashion in
armour, in ecclesiastical vestpients (which have
altered but little), and in legal, civilian, and feminine
costume, but they provide us also with a vast number
of admirable specimens of heraldic art. The vandal and
the fanatic have robbed us of many of these beautiful
memorials, but of those which survive to our own day
the earliest on the continent of Europe marks the last
resting-place of Abbot Ysowdpe, 1231, at Verden,_in
Hanover. In England there was once a brass, which
unfortunately disappeared long ago, to an Earl of Bed-
ford, in St. Paul's Church, Bedford, of the year 1208,
leaving 1277 as the date of the earliest one.
Latten (Fr. laiton), the material of which brasses
were made, was at an early date manufactured in large
quantities at Cologne, whence plates of this metal came
to be known as cuUen (Koln) plates ; these were largely
exported to other countries, and the Flemish workmen
soon attained the greatest proficiency in their engraving.
Flemish brasses are usually large and rectangular, hav-
ing the space between the figure and the marginal in-
scription fiUed either by diaper work or by small figures
in niches. Brasses vary considerably in size : the ma-
trix of Bishop Beaumont's brass in Durham Cathedral
measures about 16 feet by 8 feet, and the memorial to
Griel van Ruwesouere, in the chapel of the Lady Superior
of the Beguinage at Bruges, is only about i foot square.
29
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Brazen effigies are more numerous in England in the
eastern and southern counties, than in parts more re-
mote from the continent of Europe.
Armorial bearings are displayed in a great variety of
ways on monumental brasses, some of which are ex-
hibited in the rubbings selected for illustration. In
most cases separate shields are placed above and below
the figures. They occur also in the spandrils of
canopies and in the shafts and finials of the same, as
well as in the centre and at the angles of border-fillets.
They naturally predominate in the memorials of war-
riors, where we find them emblazoned not only on shield
Fig. 31. — Brassof Margaret
(daughter of Henry
Percy, Earl of North-
umberland), second
wife of Henry, 1st
Earl of Cumberland, in
Skiptou Parish Church.
Arms : On the dexter
side those of the Earl
of Cumberland, on the
sinister side those of
Percy.
Fig. 30. — Era^s in the Scarisbrick
Chapel of Ormskirk Church, co.
Lanes., to a member of the
.Scarisbrick family of that name.
Arms : Gules, three mullets in
bend between two bendlets
engrailed argent. (From a
rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)
and pennon but on the scabbard and ailettes, and on the
jupon, tabard, and cuirass also, while crests frequently
occur on the tilting-helm. In one case (the brass of Sir
Peter Legh, 1527, at Winwick, co. Lancaster) they figure
upon the priestly chasuble. Walter Pescod, the mer-
chant of Boston, Lincolnshire, 1398, wears a gown
adorned with peascods — a play upon his name; and
many a merchant's brass bears his coat of arms and
merchant's mark beside, pointing a moral to not a few
at the present day. The fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies witnessed the greatest profusion in heraldic deco-
ration in brasses, when the tabard and the heraldic
mantle were evolved. A good example of the former
remains in the parish church of Ormskirk, Lancashire,
in the brass commemorating a member of the Scaris-
brick family, c. 1 500 (Fig. 30). Ladies were accustomed
at this time to wear their husbands' arms upon the
mantle or outer garment and their own upon the
kirtle, but the fashion which obtained at a subsequent
period was to emblazon the husbands' arms on the
dexter and their own on the sinister side of the
mantle (Fig. 31).
The majority of such monuments, as we behold them
now, are destitute of any indications of metals or
tinctures, largely owing to the action of the varying
degrees of temperature in causing contraction and ex-
pansion. Here and there, however, we may still detect
traces of their pristine glory. But these matters received
due attention from the engraver. To represent or, he
left the surface of the brass untouched, except for gilding
or perhaps polishing ; this universal method has solved
many heraldic problems. Lead or some other white
metal was inlaid to indicate argent, and the various
tinctures were supplied by the excision of a portion
of the plate, thereby forming a depression, which was
filled up by pouring in some resinous substance of the
requisite colour. The various kinds of fur used in
armory may be readily distinguished, with the sole
exception of vair {argent and azure), which presents
the appearance of a row of small upright shields alter-
nating with a similar row reversed.
The earliest brass extant in England is that to Sir
John D'Aubernoun, the elder (Fig. 32), at Stoke D'Aber-
non, in Surrey, which carries us back to the year 1277.
The simple marginal inscription in Norman-French,
surrounding the figure, and each Lombardic capital of
which is set in its own matrix, reads: "Sire ; John :
Daubernoun : Chivaler : Gist : Icy : Deu : De : Sa :
Alme : Eyt : Mercy : " " In the space between the in-
scription and the upper portion of the figure were two
small shields, of which the dexter one alone remains,
charged with the arms of the knight : " Azure, a chevron,
or." Sir John D'Aubernoun is represented in a complete
panoply of chain mail — his head being protected by a
coif de mailles, which is joined to the hauherk or mail-
shirt, which extends to the hands, having apparently no
divisions for the fingers, and being tightened by straps
at the wrists. The legs, which are not crossed, are
covered by long chausses, or stockings of mail, protected
at the knees by j>oleyns or genoidllires of cuir houilli
richly ornamented by elaborate designs. A surcoat,
probably of linen, depends from the shoulders to a little
below the knees, and is out away to a point above the
knee. This garment is tightly confined (as the creases
in the surcoat show) at the waist by a girdle, and over
it is passed a guige whereto the long sword is attached.
" Pryck " spurs are fixed to the instep, and the feet rest
upon a lion, whose mouth grasps the lower portion of
a lance. The lance bears a pennon charged with a
chevron, as also is the small heater-shaped shield
borne on the knight's left arm. The whole composi-
tion measures about eight feet by three.
Heraldry figures more prominently in our second
illustration, the brass to Sir Roger de Trumpington, 1289
(Fig. 33). This fine efligy lies under the canopy of an
altar-tomb, so-called, in the church of St. Michael and
All Angels, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire. It portrays
the knight in armour closely resembling that already
described, with these exceptions: the head rests upon a
huge heaume, or tilting-helm, attached by a chain to
the girdle, and the neck is here protected from side-
thrusts by ailettes or oblong plates fastened behind the
shoulders, and bearing the arms of Sir Roger. A dog
here replaces the lion at the feet, the lance and pennon
are absent, and the shield is rounded to the body. On
'^ Here lieth Sir John D'Aubernoun, knight.'. On his soul may God
have mercy.
30
THE ART OF HERALDRY
this brass the arms not only occur upon the shield, but
also upon the ailettes, and are four times repeated on
the scabbard. They afford a good example of " canting"
arms : " Azure, crusilly and two trumpets palewise or,
with a label of five points in chief, for difference."
It is interesting also to notice that the engraver
had not completed his task, for the short horizontal
lines across the dexter side of the shield indicate
his intention of cutting away the surface of the field.
Sir Robert de Setvans (formerly Scptvans), whose
his arms : " Azure, a fess indented argent, between
three crosslets botony, or." The first crosslet is charged
with an annulet, probably as a mark of cadency.
The engraver has omitted the indenture upon the fess,
which, however, appears upon the shield. The knight's
arms are protected by epaidieres, brassarts, coutes, and
vambraces ; his hands, holding a heart, by gauntlets of
steel. An elaborate baldric passes round his waist, from
which are suspended, on the left, a cross-hilted sword,
in a slightly ornamented scabbard ; on the right, a
FiG. 32. — Brassof .Sir John D'Auberuoun ¥lG. 5^. — Brass of Sir Roger de Fig. 34. — Brass of Sir William de
at Stoke D'Abernon. Arms : Trumpington at Trumpington. Aldeburgh at Aldborongh,
Azure, a chevron or. (From a Arms: Azure, crusilly and two Torks. Arms: Azure, a
rubbing by Walter J. Kaye). trumpets palewise or. (From fesse argent between three
a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.) cross crosslets or. (From a
rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)
Fig. 35. — Brass of Elizabeth Knevet.
beautiful brass may be seen at Chartham, Kent, is
habited in a surcoat whereon, together with the shield
and ailettes, are seven winnowing fans — another instance
of canting arms (Fig. 37). This one belongs to a some-
what later date, 1 307.
Our next example is a mural efiigy to Sir William de
Aldeburgh, c. 1 360, from the north aisle of Aldborough
Church, near Boroughbridge, Yorkshire (Fig. 34). He
is attired like the "veray parfite gentil knight" of
Chaucer, in a bascinet or steel cap, to which is laced
the cariiail or tippet of chain mail, and a hauberk
almost concealed by a jihpon, whereon are emblazoned
misericorde, or dagger of mercy. The thighs are
covered by cuisses — steel plates, here deftly concealed
probably by satin or velvet secured by metal studs — the
knees by genouilleres, the lower leg by jambes, which
reveal chausses of mail at the interstices. Sollerets, or
long, pointed shoes, whereto are attached rowel spurs,
complete his outfit. The figure stands upon a bracket
bearing the name " Will's de Aldeburgh."
The parish church of Eastington, Gloucestershire,
contains a brass to Elizabeth Knevet, which is illus-
trated and described by Mr. Cecil T. Davis at p. 1 17 of
his excellent work on the " Monumental Brasses of
31
THE ART OF HERALDRY
I
Gloucestersliire." '' The block (Fig. 35), which presents
a good example of the heraldic mantle, has been very
kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. Davis. To confine
our description to the heraldic portion of the brass, we
find the following arms upon the mantle: —
"Quarterly, i. argent, a bend sable, within^ a bordure
engrailed azure (Knevet) ; 2. argent, a bend azure, and
chief, gules (Cromwell); 3. chequy or and gules, a chief
ermine (Tatshall) ; 4. chequy or and gules, a bend
ermine (De Cailly or Clifton); 5. paly of .six within a
bordure bezante ... 6. bendy of six, a canton . . ." °
A coat of arms occurs also at each corner of the slab :
" Nos. I and 4 are on ordinary shields, and 2 and 3 on
lozenges. Nos. i and 3 are charged with the same
bearings as are on her mantle. No. 2, on a lozenge,
quarterly, i. Knevet; 2. Cromwell; 3. Tatshall; 4.
Cailli ; 5. De Woodstock ; 6. paly of six within a
bordure ; 7. bendy of six, a canton ; 8. or, a chevron
gules (Stafford) ; 9. azure, a bend cottised between six
^ " Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire," by C. T. Davis. Lon-
don: Phillimore & Co., 1S99.
'-' The arms are quoted by Mr. Davis from Bigland's " Gloucestershire,"
P- 539-
lioncels rampant, or (de Bohun). No. 4 similar to No.
I, with the omission of 2 and 3."
In later times thinner plates of metal were employed
a fact which largely contributed to preclude much of
the boldness in execution hitherto displayed. A pro-
digality in shading, either by means of parallel lines or
by cross-hatching, also tended to mar the beauty of
later work of this kind. Nevertheless there are some
good brasses of the Stuart period. These sometimes
consist of a single quadrangular plate, with the upper
portion occupied by armorial bearings and emblemati-
cal figures, the centre by an inscription, and the lower
portion by a representation of the deceased, as at For-
oett, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Frequently,
however, as at Rotherham and Rawmarsh, in the West
Riding of the same county, the inscription is surmounted
by a view of the whole family, the father kneeling on a
cushion at a fald-stool, with his sons in a similar atti-
tude behind him, and the mother likewise engaged with
her daughters on the opposite side, while the armorial
insignia find a place on separate shields above.
W. J. K.
CHAPTER VII
THE AVEARING OF ARMS: PLATES V. AND \\.
BEFORE it is possible to pass to the consideration
of heraldry, either as a science with its rules and
regulations, or as an art or means of decoration
with the various examples of the employment of armory
for that purpose, it would be well to refer to the method
in which armorial insignia were actually worn or carried
in battle and tournament, and on Plates V. and VI. ex-
amples will be found taken from different sources. On
Plate V. Fig. 1 is a representation of Lazarius Marcel-
linus Gerardini, head of the Genoese Government. The
date is about 1 248. (The representation is taken from
Gafari et continuatoi^um Annales Janiue a 1099-1294,
Monumenta Qerinanix Historicx, by G. H. Pertz,
xviii. B., 1863, Plate III.) Banner, surcoat, and the
clothing of the horse, and even the knight's saddle,
show the arms : " Argent, a lion rampant guardant
azure." As crest appears " a peacock in pride."
Fig. 2 represents Herr Hartmann v. Owe, a Swabian
Knight and Minnesinger, who had been the retainer of
a baronial family. He was probably born somewhere
about 1 165, and died between i2ioand 1220. On his
shield of sable he bears three eagles' heads erased
argent, two aud one, and the horsecloth is adorned with
a repetition of the charges, which are not restricted in
number. The crest on the helmet is likewise an eagle's
head, but here it is of azure, collared and beaked or.
In the Heidelberg Minnesinger MS. " Book of Songs "
(see the letterpress accompanying Plate LXXIII.) the
arms of von Owe are the same but with different tinc-
tures, appearmg as: Azure, three eagles' heads argent,
armed or ; crest, an eagle's head argent, armed or. The
horsecloth shows the same eagles' heads as the shield,
as does also the banner with which the knight is there
equipped.
Fig. 3 is Herr Wahsmut v. Kunzich (Kiinzingen).
The Kunzingens, one of whom, this Wahsmut, was well
known as a Minnesinger, were settled in Baden, where,
to the S.W. of Donaueschingen, the Kunsingen Castle
stable still exists. He bears for arms : Vert, two trout,
and on his pot helmet two red fish. On his green
banner appear four trout in pale. The Heidelberg
Roll shows these arms in a different form, namely:
" Azure, two fish argent," and on the helmet two fish
argent, whilst on a blue banner are three silver fishes.
Both of these equestrian figures are taken from the
Weingartner Liederhandschrift (Weingarten " Book of
Songs "), of which fuller details will be found later.
Fig. 4 is "Le Comte de Charolais le Temeraire."
This is Charles the Bold (afterwards Duke of Bur-
gundy), the son of Philip the Good of Burgundy, who
during his father's lifetime, until his accession in 1467,
bore the title of Count of Charolais, from the Lordship
of Charolais purchased in 1390. The surcoat and
horsecloths bear the arms of the ducal house, over
which is placed a white label with three points.
The coat of Burgundy is quartered, and charged with
the shield of Flanders : Or, a lion rampant sable. The
first and fourth quarters show the modern arms of
Burgundy : Azure, seme-de-lis or, within a border com-
pony gules and argent. The second quarter is party per
pale, on the dexter the old arms of Burgundy : Bendy
of six or and azure, within a bordure gules ; and on
the sinister the arms of the Duchy of Brabant : Sable,
a lion rampant or, armed gules. The third quarter
is also divided per pale and shows on the dexter the
ancient arms of Burgundy again, and on the sinister
the arms of the Duchy of Limburg : Argent, a lion ram-
pant gules, crowned and armed or, langued azure.
On his tilting helmet, over which the arms of New
Burgundy are depicted, he bears the old crest of France
(a fieur-de-lis or), and round his neck he wears the
collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. [The quar-
terings are numbered, and the terms dexter and sinister
are used in the above description as would be correct
if the coat of arms were depicted on a shield.]
Fig. 5 is the Duke of Brabant. In this case also,
the surcoat and horsecloth are adorned with armorial
bearings : Sable, a lion rampant or. The barred helmet
with its ermine mantling bears a pair of wings, com-
posed of peacocks' feathers and ermine, and between
these wings is a peacock's tail.
The two last drawings (about 24.5 centimetres high)
32
PLATE IX.
D
t>z>^
fcO
m
c^
2
o
(X,
o
w
z
2
<
Z
o
D
THE ART OF HERALDRY
are taken from tlie publication Ancien Armorial
4questre de la Toison d'or et de l' Europe au xv.
Siecle, Paris, 1890, a manuscript of the fifteenth
century belonging to the Bihliotheque de V Arsenal,
Paris, No. 4790, the author of which was probably a
heraldic officer of Duke Philip the Good. His sketches
conclude with the promotion of a Knight of the Golden
Fleece in 1461. Fig. 4 is taken from the Armorial
de la Toison d'or. Fig. 5 is from the Armorial
de I'Europe.
On Plate VI. are representations of figures taken from
Tournament Kolls, and these show the customary array
worn at tournaments
in the fifteenth cen-
tury by those taking
part. It will be noticed
that all the figures are
armed only with a ^
sword, and perhaps it
may be well to add a
word of warning on
the subject of tourna-
ments. There were
two distinct methods
of encounter; the most
famdiar being the
joust or tilting with
spears; the other be-
ing the tourney with
swords. In the figures
which are reproduced
the helmet is in each
case barred, and the
combatants sit raised
up on a high saddle
in order not to be hin-
dered in the handling
of their weapons by
their oivn horses. The
upper group shows the
Duke of Brittany, Fig.
1 (arms: Ermine; crest,
out of a coronet, a
golden leopard sitting
between ermine horns),
in combat with the
Duke of Bourbon, Fig.
2 (arms : Azure, seme-
de-lis or, a bendlet
gules; crest, on a
wreath or, azure, and
gules, a fleur-de-lis
set ^\ith red bunches"),
whose arms are re-
peated on their clothing, and on the horsecloths. The
date must be from 1440 to 1450. The two figures are
orginally from the Tournament Book of King Bene
d'Anjou (see the description of Plate I. Fig. 2), repro-
duced by Raphael Jaqumin in his book Iconographie
ginirale et methodiqiie du Costume du iv. au xix. Siecle.
The lower group shows two German knights, one
Wolmershausen, Fig. 3 (arms : Gules, two bars argent ;
crest, a high hat gules, turned up silver, the upper part
of the hat as the shield, and adorned with a bunch of
feathers), and, as may be concluded from the formation
of the crest, doubtless a knight from the Rhineland.
Fig. 4 (arms : Barry of six azure and or ; crest, the same
shield between two azure wings). The date is 1471.
Possibly this latter knight belonged to the family of Pal-
landt, who bore the same coat of arms in other tinctures.
^ There is no equivalent English term for this if it be a heraldic
detail Possibly it is no more than illuminative decoration.
Fig. 36. — The Emperor Maximilian I.
" Neithardt von Wolmershausen " and " Thomann
von Pallandt" were, according to Raidenbucher's
Tournament Book, ardent and eager frequenters of the
tournaments of that period (about 148 1 in Heidelberg,
1484 in Stuttgart, &c.).
In conclusion follows an equestrian figure of the
Emperor Maximilian I. (Fig. 36), in the year 1508,
copied from a drawing of Hans Burgkmair. The
architectural framing of the original, as here not ap-
pertaining to the subject, has been omitted to save
space. According to a hand-painted print of the same
time, the Emperor wears a black and gold mantling
to his hehnet, and the
horse a black bridle,
its u-on head-piece,
chafiron, and other
armour decorated with
gold buttons and pink
fringe ! The escut-
cheon on the breast of
the horse shows the
old Austrian armorial
shield ; the hindmost,
the new Austrian
shield, laid upon the
flames of the flint, from
the collar of the Order
of the Golden Fleece.
Besides the Tourna-
ment Rolls, the monu-
mental brasses, a few
of which stiU exist in
remarkably fine pre-
servation, furnish us
with other good con-
temporary evidence of
the manner in which
armorial bearings were
depicted when they
were actually worn.
These have been more
fully dealt with in
Chapters V. and VI.
Perhaps the best of
all for this purpose is
the brass of Sir Robert
de Septvans in Char-
tham Church, Kent,
which shows the arms
upon both shield and
surcoat. The accom-
panying illustration
(Fig. 37) is from a
rubbing which was
taken by R. Lawrence Marsh in March 1898. A re-
ference to the reproduction of this brass in Eve's
"Decorative Heraldry" shows that it must have
suffered in modern times, inasmuch as the head of
the lion, upon which the feet are resting, is no longer
visible.'' The date of the brass is 1306.
The father of Sir Robert was present with King
Richard I. at Acre ; but Sir Robert himself does not
seem to have joined the Crusade, thoiigh there is record
of his being present at the siege of Caerlayerock, near
Dumfries, a.d. 1300.
In Cooper's " Winchelsea" (p. 61), the author writes:
"But after this, the very next ensuing year (32
Edward I.), upon an inquisition taken by Robert de
Septem Vannis, Will, de Hastings, and Rob. Paulyn,
whom the King had assigned to take view of the banks
BVRGKMAIR.
^ Haines, writing in lS6l, says,
beneath the feet are now lost."
• The head and legs of the lion
33
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and ditches in this county, and to cause them to be
repaired (which was returned into Chancery), it was
found that the said marsh of Winchelsea could not
be defended and preserved by the old wall, situated
towards the east ; and that if it ought to be defended,
it would be necessary to have a new bank there, of the
length of 350 perches, and that the said new bank
could not be made by those who, according to the
ancient composition before mentioned, had wont to
repair the old bank, forasmuch as those who were in
the soil liable to the repairs of the said bank were not
able, in regard of the diminution of their lands, to bear
the whole charge themselves. He therefore directed
another precept unto the said Thomas Alard, requiring
him to take care that such contribution should be made
thereto out of his own lands and the lands of others as
is above expressed. And hereupon the said King issued
out a commission to the said Robert, William, and
Robert to see that the contribution which the said
King's bailiff was to make therein should be well and
also faithfully assessed."
This brass belongs to the earUest, or " surcoat " period,
during which entire suits of mail were worn, ending
with the death of Edward I., 1307.
The armour may be described as follows : The haw-
berk, or shirt of mail, reaching nearly to the knees,
slit up a short way in front for
convenience in riding; the coif
de mailles, or hood, which wraps
round the neck and head, and
fastens across the forehead with
an interlaced strap ; the chausses,
or stockings, sometimes of two
pieces, and joined at the knee by
garters, encasing the thighs, legs,
and feet ; the long sleeves, termin-
ating in mufflers, or gloves not
divided into fingers, which are
fastened round the wrist by
straps ; the genouilleres (i.e. knee-
pieces), probably made of ordinary
leather, or else of a prepared kind
termed cuir-houilli, and usually
much ornamented. The surcoat
was of linen or cloth, and was
worn over the armour. It was a
short skirt, open in front, and
confined round the waist by a
narrow belt or cord. The shield
in this case is large and concave
to the body. The spurs are
single-pointed, or " prj'ck " spurs,
and are buckled around the ankles
and secured by straps, passing
across the instep and under the
foot. In this case ailettes are
worn. These were made of
leather, and tied on by silk cords ;
they were probably intended for
Fig. 37.— Brass of Sir defence. The sword is larsre and
Robert ae Septvans in i -i* j i j ■^v
Chartham Chiiroh. cross-hilted, very handsome, with
a highly - ornamented scabbard.
It is hung in front from a broad belt fastened round
the hips. The name of Setvans, or "seven fans," is
derived from the ancient cognizance of the family, or,
more probably, vice rev-sft, though it would seem that the
shield displayed but three gold fans upon an azure field.
The rubbing of the brass in Fig. 38 was also taken by
Mr. Lawrence Marsh, who writes concerning it : " One of
the earliest brasses commemorative of ladies is the one
in Trotton Church, Susses, of Margaret, Lady Camoys,
who died in the year 131 o.
*5^C*f
" She was the daughter and heiress of Sir John de
Gatesden, and was the second wife of Sir John Camoys.
This lady was granted, with her property, by a formal
deed, to William PayneU, whom she married after the
death of Sir John
Camoys. From this
brass has been ab-
stracted a series of
small shields, with
which originally the
robe of the lady in
this most valuable me-
morial was seme. Their
loss is to be the more
regretted, not only
because they were
doubtless enamelled,
but as a very singular
specimen of costume ;
for this is the onlj'
sepulchral brassknown
to have presented this
peculiar feature of or-
nament ; and it would
have been deserving
of attention to ascer-
tain whether the arms
thus introduced were
her own (Gatesden),
those of Camoys, or
those of Paynell.
"The wimple, that
strange coveringforthe
throat, chin, and the
sides of the face, is here
very distinctly seen. It
is adjusted after a
fashion prevalent in
the early part of the
Edwardian era, and in
such a manner as to impart a triangular outline to
the features. A single curl of hair appears on either
side of the forehead, which is encircled by a narrow
enriched fillet ; and upon the head, and falling grace-
FlG. 38.-
-The Brass of Margaret,
Lady Camoys.
Fig. 39. Fig. 40.
fully upon the shoulders, is a coverchef A super-tunic
envelops the entire person ; it has no waist-cincture,
its sleeves are loose and terminate somewhat below the
elbow, thus displaying no more of the kirtle, which was
34
PLATE X.
•Si
W
U
<
a
z
<
W
z;
5
o
w
THE ART OF HERALDRY
worn beneath, than the tight sleeves, buttoned closely
to the wrists. The clasped and upUfted hands are
bare. A fine pedimental canopy, with slender side-
shafts and pinnacles, eight small shields of arms, the
border fillets with the letters of the legend which they
enclosed, and_ a profusion of small stars and other
ornaments with which it was seme, have been
abstracted from the marble slab. The border legend,
written in Longobardic capitals, originally was as
follows: 'Margarete de Camoys gist ici. Dieu de sa
alme eut merci. Amen.' "
Fig. 39 represents the Dauphin (afterwards Charles
VI. of France) in his surcoat or " cloak of arms," from
a contemporary miniature painting, together with a
representation of the banner of Louis the Dauphin,
from a contemporary picture of the Siege of Dieppe
in 1442.
Fig. 40 shows the wearing of arms as a part of her
clothing by a daughter of John, Duke of Berry (cousin
of King Charles VI.), as represented in a piece of con-
temporary embroiderj'.
H. S., R. L. M., AND A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER VIII
THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN ACHIEVEIMENT
HAVING dealt with armory as actually used in
warfare and tournament for the decoration of
arms and armour, we now come to the science
of armory and the rules governing the display of
these marks of honour. We shall pass later to its
application as an art to other purposes of decora-
tion. The term " coat of arms," as we have seen, is
derived from the textile garment or " surcoat " which
was worn over the armour, and which bore in em-
broidery a duplication of the design upon the shield.
There can be very little doubt that arms themselves
are older than the fact of the surcoat or the term " coat
of arms." The entire heraldic or armorial decora-
tion which any one is entitled to bear may consist of
many things. It must as a minimum consist of a shield
of arms, for whilst there are many coats of arms in
existence, and many still rightly in use at the present
day, to which no crest belongs, a crest in this country
cannot lawfully exist without its complementary coat of
arms. For the last two certainly, and probably nearly
three centuries, no grant of personal arms has ever
been issued without it containing the grant of a crest
except in the case of a grant to a woman, who of course
cannot bear or transmit a crest ; or else in the case of
arms borne in right of women or descent from women,
through whom naturally no right to a crest could have
been transmitted. Such grants as I refer to as excep-
tions are those of quarterings and impalements to be
borne with other arms, or else exemphfications following
upon the assumption of name and arms which in fact
and theory are regrants of previously existing arms, in
which cases the regrant is of the original coat with or
without a crest, as the case may be, and as the arms
theretofor existed. Grants of impersonal arms also
need not include a crest. As it has been impossible
for the last two centuries to obtain a grant of arms
without its necessarily accompanying grant of crest, a
decided distinction attaches to the lawful possession
of arms which have no crest belonging to them, for of
necessity the arms must be at least two hundred years
old. Bearing this in mind, one cannot but wonder at
the actions of some ancient families like those of Astley
and Pole, who, lawfully possessing arms concerning
which there is and can be no doubt or question, yet
nevertheless invent and use crests which have no
authority.
One instance and one only do I know where a crest
has had a legitimate existence without any coat of arms.
This case is that of the family of Buekworth, who at the
time of the Visitations exhibited arms and crest. The
arms infringed upon those of another family, and no
sufficient proof could be produced to compel their
admission as borne of right. The arms were respited
for further proof, while the crest was allowed, presumably
tentatively, and whilst awaiting the further proof for the
arms ; no proof, however, was made. The arms and crest
remained in this position until the year 1806, when Sir
Buekworth Buckworth-Herne, whose father had assumed
the additional name of Heme, obtained a Royal Licence
to bear the name of Soame in addition to and after those
of Buckworth-Herne, with the arms of Soame quarterly
with the arms of Buekworth. It then became necessary
to prove the right to these arms of Buekworth, and they
were accordingly regranted with the trifling addition of
an ermine spot upon the chevron ; consequently this
solitary instance has now been rectified, and I cannot
learn of any other instance where these exceptional cir-
cumstances have similarly occurred ; and there never has
been a grant of a crest alone unless arms have been in
existence previously.
Whilst arms may exist alone, and the decoration of a
shield form the only armorial ensign of a person, such
need not be the case; and it will usually be found that
the armorial bearings of an ordinary commoner consist
of shield, crest, and motto. To these must naturally be
added the helmet and mantling, which become an essen-
tial to other than an abbreviated achievement when a
crest has to be displayed. It should be remembered,
however, that the helmet is not specifically granted, and
apparently is a matter of inherent right, so that a per-
son would not be in the wrong in placing a helmet and
mantling above a shield even when no crest exists to
surmount the helmet. The motto is usually to be found
but is not a necessity, and there are many more coats of
arms which have never been used with a motto than
shields which exist without a crest. Sometimes a cri-
de-gicerre will be found instead of or in addition to a
motto. The escutcheon may have supporters, or it may
be displayed upon an eagle or a lymphad, &c., for which
particular additions no other generic term has yet been
coined save the very inclusive one of " exterior orna-
ments." A coronet of rank may form a part of the
achievement, and the shield may be encircled by the
" ribbons " or the " cu-cles," or by the Garter of the
various Orders of Knighthood, and by their collars.
Below it may depend the badge of a Baronet of Nova
Scotia, or of an Order of Knighthood, and added to it
may possibly be what is termed a compartment, though
35
THE ART OF HERALDRY
this is a feature almost entirely peculiar to Scottish
armory. There is also the crowning distinction of a
badge ; and of all armorial insignia this is the most
cherished, for the existing badges are but few in number.
Those that remain are those of persons all of whom
without exception belong to the most ancient British
families. The escutcheon may be placed in front of
the crosiers of a bishop, the batons of the Earl Marshal,
or similar ornaments. It may be displayed upon a
mantle of estate, or it may be borne beneath a pavilion.
With one more addition the list is complete, and that
is the banner. These were anciently of quite distinct
design from the arms. For these several features of
armory reference must be made to the various chapters
in which they are treated. Suffice it here to remark
that whilst the term " coat of arms " has through the slip-
shod habits of English philology come to be used to
signify a representation of any heraldic bearing, the
correct term for the whole emblazonment is " achieve-
ment," most frequently employed to signify the whole,
but which can correctly be used to signify anything
which a man is entitled to represent of an armorial
character. Had not the recent revival of interest in
armory taken place, we should have found a firmly
rooted and even yet more slipshod declension, for a
few years ago the habit of the uneducated in styling
anything stamped upon a sheet of notepaper a crest,
was fast becoming stereotyped into current accept-
ance.
A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER IX
THE SHIELD
THE shield is the most important part of the
achievement, for on it are depicted the signs
and emblems of the house to which it apper-
tains; the difterent marks expressive of the cadency
of the members within that house ; the augmenta-
tions of honour which the sovereign has conferred ;
the quarterings inherited from families which are
represented, and the impalements of marriage; and
it is with the shield principally that the laws of armory
are concerned, for everything else is dependent upon
the shield, and falls into comparative insignificance
alongside of it. Let us first consider the shield itself,
without reference to the charges it carries. A shield
may be depicted in any fashion and after any shape that
the imagination can suggest, which shape and fashion
have been accepted at any time as the shape and fashion
of a shield. There is no law upon the subject. The
various shapes adopted in emblazonments m past ages,
and used at the present time in imitation of past usage —
for lucidly the present period has evolved no special
shield of its own — are purely the result of artistic design,
and have been determined at the periods they have
been used in heraldic art by no other consideration
than the particular theory of design that has happened
to dominate the decoration, and the means and ends of
such decoration of that period. The lozenge certainly
is reserved for and indicative of the achievements of
the female sex, but, save for this one exception, the
matter may be carried further, and arms be depicted
upon a banner, a parallelogram, a square, a circle, or an
oval ; and even then one would be correct, for the pur-
poses of armory, in describing such figures as shields
when they are made the vehicles for the emblazonment
of a design which properly and originally should be
borne upon a shield. Let no one think that a design
ceases to be a coat of arms if it is not displayed upon
a shield. Many people have thought to evade the
authority of the Crown as the arbiter of coat-armour,
and the penalties of taxation imposed by the Revenue
by using designs without depicting them upon a shield.
This little deception has always been borne in mind, for
we find in the Royal Warrants of Queen Elizabeth com-
manding the Visitations that the King of Arms to whom
the warrant was addressed was to " correcte, cumptrolle
and refourme all mann' of armes, crests, cognizaunces
and devices unlawfull or unlawfully usurped, borne or
taken by any p'son or p'sons within the same p'vince
cont^ry to the due order of the laws of armes, and the
same to rev'se, put downe or otherwise deface at his
discrecon as well in coote armors, helmes, standerd,
l^ennons and hatchmets of tents and pavilions, as also
in plate Jewells, pap', parchement, wyndowes, gravestones
and monuments, or elsewhere wheresoev' they be sett
or placed, whether they
be in shelde, sohoocheon,
lozenge, square, rundell
or otherwise howsoev'
cont'^rie to the autentiq'
and auncient lawes, cus-
tomes, rules, privileges
and orders of armes."
The Act 32 & 33 Vic-
toria, section 19, defines
(for the purpose of the
taxation it enforced) ar-
morial bearings to mean
and include " any ar-
morial bearing, crest, or
ensign.bywhatevername
the same shall be called,
and whether such ai'-
morial bearing, crest, or
ensign shall be registered
in the College of Arms
or not."
The shape of the shield
throughout the rest of
Europe has also varied
between wide extremes,
and at no time has any
one particular shape been
assigned to or peculiar
to any country, rank, or
condition, save possibly
with one exception,
namely, that the use of
the cartouche or oval
seems to have been very
nearly imiversal with
ecclesiastics in France,
Spain, and Italy, though
Fig. 41. — Taken from the tomb of
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Couut of
Anjou.
never reserved exclusively for their use. Probably
this was an attempt on the part of the Church to
get away from the military character of the shield.
It is '" teeping with the rule by which, even at
the present day, a bishop or a cardinal bears neither
36
PLATE XI.
THE ARMS OF CROFT OF CROFT CASTLE.
f"U B LI C
THE ART OF HERALDRY
helmet nor crest, using in place thereof his ecclesi-
astical mitre or tasselled hat, and by which the clergy,
both abroad and in this country, seldom made use of
a crest in depicting their arms. A clergyman in this
country, however, has never been denied the right of
using a crest (if he possesses one and chooses to display
it) until he reaches episcopal rank. A grant of arms to
a clergyman at the present day depicts his achievement
with helmet, mantling, and crest in identical form with
those adopted for any one else. But the laws of armory,
official and amateur, have always denied the right to
make use of a crest to bishop, archbishop, and cardmal.
_ At the present day, if a grant of arms is made to a
bishop of the Established Church, the emblazonment
at the head of his patent consists of shield and mitre
only. The laws of the Church of England, however,
requhe no vow of cehbacy from its ecclesiastics, and
consequently the descend-
ants of a bishop would be
placed in the position of
having no crest to display
if the bishop and his re-
quu'ements were alone
considered. So that in the
case of a grant to a bishop
the crest is granted for his
descendants in a separate
clause, being depicted by
itself in the body of the
patent apart from the em-
blazonment "in the margin
hereof," which in an or-
dinary patent is an em-
blazonment of the whole
achievement. A similar
method is adopted in cases
in which the actual pa-
tentee is a woman, and
where, by the limitations
attached to the patent
being extended beyond
herself, males are brought
in who will bear the arms
granted to the patentee
as their pronominal arms.
In these cases the arms
of the patentee are de-
picted upon a lozenge at
the head of the patent, the
Fig. 42. — Shield of the Landgrave Konrad of Thnringia {died 1241),
crest being depicted separately elsewhere. Whilst shields
were actually used in warfare the utilitarian article largely
governed the shape of the artistic ones, but after the
fifteenth century they gradually left the beaten track of
utility and passed wholly into the cognisance of art and
design. The earliest shape of all is the long, narrow
shape, which is now but seldom seen. This was curved
to protect the body, which it nearly covered, and an
interesting example of this is to be found in the
monumental slab of champleve enamel, part of the
tomb of Geoi&ey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (Fig.
41), the ancestor of our own Koyal dynasty of Plan-
tagenet, who died in the year 11 50. This tomb was
formerly in the cathedral of Le Mans, and is now in
the museum there. I shall have occasion again to
refer to it. The shield is blue ; the Hons are gold.
Other forms of the same period are found with curved
tops, in the shape of an inverted pear, but the form
known as the heater-shaped shield is to all intents and
purposes the earliest shape which was used for armorial
purposes. This is to be found on Plates LXXI. and
LXXIL, and on Plate VII. Fig. i. This last mentioned
plate represents the development of the heraldic shield
upon the Continent. Impossible as the later variations
there shown are for the purposes of war, they do not
reach the depths of absurdity which have been per-
petrated, and perpetrated officially, in this country, for if
they were impossible in war, they were at any rate deco-
rative. The-English varieties too frequently were not.
The church of St. Ehzabeth at Marburg, in Hesse,
affords examples of shields which are exceedingly in-
teresting, inasmuch as they are original and contem-
porary even if only pageant shields. Those which now
remain are the shields of the Landgrave Konrad (d. 1 241 )
of Thuringia and of Henry of Thuringia {d. 1298). The
shield of the former (see Fig. 42) is 90 centimetres high
and 74 wide. Konrad was Landgrave of Thuringia and
Grand Master of the Teutonic Order of Knighthood.
His arms show the lion of Thuringia barry of gules and
argent on a field of azure, and between the hind feet a
small shield, with the arms
of the Teutonic Order of
Knights. The only re-
mains of the lion's maneare
traces of the nails. The
body of the lion is made of
pressed leather, and the
yellow claws have been sup-
plied with a paint-brush.
A precious stone probably
represented the eye.
The making and decor-
ating of the shields lay
mostly in the hands of the
herald painters, known in
Germany as Schilter, who
in addition to attending to
the shield and crest, also
had charge of all the rid-
ing paraphernalia, because
those too were heraldicaUy
decorated. Many of these
shield-workers' fraternities
won widespread fame for
themselves, and enjoyed
great consideration at that
time.
Thus the " History of a
Celebrated Painters' Guild
on the Lower Pvhine " tells
us of costly shields which
the shield-workers of Paris
had supplied, 1260, &c. Vienna, too, was the home of a
not unimportant shield-workers' guild, and the town
archives of Vienna contain writings of the fifteenth cen-
tury treating of this subject. For instance, we learn that
in an order of St. Luke's parish, June 28, 1446, with
regard to the masterpiece of a member of the guild —
" Item, ein Schilter sol machen vir newe Stukeh mit
sein selbs hand, ain Stechsatl, ain prustleder, ain Eoss-
koph und ain stechschilt das sol er tun in acht wochen
und soil auch das mit sein selbs hanol malen kunnen
als es Eitter und Knecht an Jn vordemt."
" Item, a shield- worker shall make four new pieces of
work with his own hand, a jousting saddle, a leather
apron, a horse's head-piece, and a jousting shield, that
shall he do in eight weeks, and must be able to paint it
with his own hand, as Knight and man-at-arms shall
direct."
The shield was of wood, covered with liaen or leather,
the charges in relief and painted. Leather plastic
was very much esteemed in the early Middle Ages.
The leather was soaked in oil, and pressed or beaten
into shape. Besides piecing and leather plastic, pressed
linen (hnen dipped in chalk and lime) was also used,
37
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and a kind of tempera painting on a chalk background.
After the shield was decorated with the charges, it was
frequently strengthened with metal clasps, or studs,
particularly those parts which were more especially
exposed to blows and pressure. These clasps and nails
originally had no other object than to make the shield
stronger and more durable, but later on their nature
was misunderstood ; they were treated and used as
genuine heraldic charges, and stereotyped into heredi-
tary designs. The long strips with which the edge was
bound were called- the "frame" (Schildgestell), the
clasps introduced in the middle of the shield the
"buckle" or "umbo" (see on Fig. 41), from which fre-
quently circularly arranged metal snaps reached the
edge of the shield. This latter method of strengthening
the shield was called the " Buckelris," a figure which
was afterwards frequently employed as a heraldic
charge, and is known by the name of Lilienhaspel
(Lily-staple) or Glevenrad (see Plate X. Fig. 57), or, as
we term it in England, the escarbunole.
In the second half of the fourteenth century, when
the tournament provided the chief occasion for the
shield, the jousting-shield, called in Germany the
Tartsche or Tartscher came into use, and from this
class of shield the most varied shapes were gradu-
ally developed (see Plate VII. Figs. 6-12). These Tart-
schen were decidedly smaller than the earlier Gothic
shields, being only about one-fifth of a man's height.
They were concave, and had on the side of the knight's
right hand a circular indentation. This was the spear-
rest, in which to place the tilting-spear. The later
art of heraldic decoration symmetrically repeated the
spear-rest on the sinister side of the shield, and, by so
doing, transformed a useful fact into a matter of merely
artistic design. Doubtless they argued that if indenta-
tions were correct at one point in the outline they were
correct at another, and when once the actual fact was
departed from the imagination of designers knew no
limits. No doubt this was the beginning and source of
the era of shields such as Figs. 43 to 46. But if the
spear-rest as such is introduced into the outline of a
shield it should be on the dexter side.
The arms which have been chosen as examples (Plate
VII.) for display upon the shields, though they have no
particular relation to the shape of the shield selected
for their display, are as follows : —
Fig. I. The original " heater-shaped " shield (twelfth
and thirteenth centuries) : Gules, a chamois argent,
armed sable, langued or, envii-oned about the loins
with a collar sable, garnished and ringed or, and set
with three turquoise. These are the arms of the Graf
von Wilczek. The Wilczeks bore originally the Polish
arms of Koziel, viz. a bouquetin (Capra Ibex) ; it was
only during the course of the fifteenth century that
they changed the ibex into a chamois.
Fig. 2. Shape of shield, fourteenth century. The
arms are : Or, a bull's head erased and afti-onte sable,
crowned proper, armed argent, the tongue extended
gules. These are the arms of the Dukes of Mecklen-
burg, from a seal of Duke Albrecht II., 1349 (see
Deutsche Wappenrolle, Fig. 65).
Fig. 3. Shape of shield, fifteenth century. The arms
are : Argent, a bear rampant sable, armed gules. Arms
of the Swiss canton and town of Appenzetl. The ram-
pant bear here, taken from the Legend of St. Gallus, is
found for the first time on the seal of Appenzell, on a
document of the year 1405. Stumpf, in his "Swiss
Chronicle," speaks expressly of the red arming : " einen
freyen schwartzen aun-echten Bilren mit roten klawen "
. . . (" a free, black, upright bear with red claws ").
Fig. 4. Shape of shield, French of the fifteenth cen-
tury, 'ihe arms here are : Or, on a bend gules between
a gannet in chief azure and a martlet in base sable,
three alerions argent. Arms of the duchy of Lorraine.
Mutilated birds are a peculiarity of West European
heraldry, and frequently occur in English and French
armory. The eagle without feet, and frequently also
without a beak, is called an " alerion " ; the mutilated
ducks, " gannets " ; and the swallows, " martlets." We
shall have occasion to again refer to these.
Fig. 5, The shape of this shield is fifteenth-century.
The arms are : Azure, a boar rampant argent, armed and
crined or. Arms of the Ertzingen family in Swabia.
A Friedrich von Ertzingen also appears amongst the
slain at the battle of Sempach, 1 386.
A boar rampant is almost unknown in British
armory ; in fact the only instance which has come
under my notice is the coat matriculated in Lyon
Register {circa 1672) which is blazoned "barry of six
argent and gules, over all a boar rampant azure." Two
boars rampant combatant, however, figure in the arms
attributed to an Irish family named MacSweeney.
Fig. 6. Type of shield, German, latter half of fifteenth
century. The arms are; Or, three stags' attires fess-
wise in pale azure. These are the arms of the county
of Nellenburg. (Veringen bears the same charges,
originally sable, but later gules; Wtlrtemberg also the
same, but sable). The lower antler, in a pointed shield
or any kind of a shield growing narrower towards the
base, is always represented with a lesser number of
points (or " tines," as they are termed in Scotland) than
those placed above it. On a square field this diminu-
tion would be superfluous ; but it has become so custo-
mary in Germany, where this charge is more frequently
met with than in England, that the omission would be
regarded by heraldic pedants as a grievous mistake.
Fig. 7. This type of shield is an example of the transi-
tion towards the " Renaissance " shape of shield, and
belongs to the end of the fifteenth century. The arms
are ; Argent, a mastiiT rampant gules, gorged with a
spiked collar or.
Fig. 8, which shows the spear-rest tor placing the
tilting-spear in, is a type belonging to the middle of the
fifteenth century. 'The arms depicted are : Gules, a
talbot passant argent, langued or.
Fig. 9, which also shows the spear-rest, belongs to the
sixteenth century. The arms depicted are : Azure, a
goat rampant or, armed sable, which are the arms of the
Counts von Hohenembs in Vorarlberg. The old knights
Von Ems, met with as early as the twelfth century,
bore originally only the upper part of the body of a goat
on their shield. In 1560 the Hohenembs family were
raised to the rank of Counts of the Empire, but became
extinct in the year 1759. The feudal "county" re-
verted to Austria.
Figs. 10, II, and 12 are all sixteenth-century types of
the Renaissance shield.
The arms on Fig. 10 are: Gules, on a mount in base
vert, a crane argent, beaked or, holding with the
dexter foot a stone proper. The crane is often made
use of as the symbol of watchfulness, the old idea
being that the bird held the stone in order not to fall
asleep. " Wenne daz stainel vellt, so erwacht er und
schreit " (" When the little stone falls, he wakes and
cries out"), relates Konrad von Megenberg, about the
year 1350. The crest of the Scottish Lords Cranstoun
was a crane holding a stone. The pun is obvious, but
the crane was always depicted asleep, with the head
beneath the wing. The idea of watchfulness, however,
is amply vindicated by the curious motto of the family,
" Thou shaft want ere I want."
Fig. 1 1 . Renaissance shield (sixteenth century).
There are no British terms equivalent to the blazoning
of the arms shown, and the literal translation of the
38
THE ART OF HERALDRY
German blazon is : "Blue, a silver point spreading out; See Figs. 43, 44, 45, and 46, drawn by Jost Amman
on the rigbt at the top a golden lily, on the left about 1566 and 1589.
Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
a silver sea-leaf notched (or indented) in the form Figs. 43-45 are taken from
of a trefoil (a figure -which was earlier erroneously Stammbuche (Book of Arms and
described as ' beetle-
horns ' ), and in
base a rose gules,
seeded or and barbed
vert." One might,
however, attempt
the blazon by ren-
dering it "per pile
throughout, arched
and reversed azure
and argent in chief,
on the dexter side
a fleur-de-lis or, on
the sinister a sea-leaf
indented as a trefoil
argent, and in base
a rose gules, barbed
and seeded proper."
The French have an
accepted term,c7ictp<'-
•ployi, for this pe-
cuhar division of the
field.
The arms shown
in Fig. 1 2 are : Or,
a lime-tree (linden)
eradicated proper. It
is the coat of arms
of the Bavarian town
of Lindau, on Lake
Constance. This de-
vice appears on a
large seal of the
town as early as the
thirteenth century,
only in that instance
there is an aquatic
bu-d of the fashion
of a duck standing
on each side of the
roots.
In the second half
of the sixteenth cen-
tury, the shape of
the shield becomes
decoratively treated,
and is then of a
purely ornamental
outline. The carved
edges roll up, and
the shield gradually
becomes a cartouche.
Fio. 47. — Arms of Legh of Lyme as depicted on the " Margent " of the Patent.
(Photographed from the orginal Patent now in the possession of Lord Newton.)
39
Fig. 46.
Amman's Wcq^pen-und
Genealogy), Fig. 46 from
Rixner's Turnier-
buoh (Tournament
Book).
Fig. 43. Gules, two
bends or, is the coat
of Hutten.
Fig. 44. Or, a harp
sable, the arms of
Landschaden.
Fig. 45. Per fess
argent and azure, in
chief a demi-wheel
gules and in base a
Heur-de-lis of the
first, the arms of
Volkamer.
Fig. 46. Argent,
three helmets azure
(the literal transla-
tion is " iron hat," but
the charges more
nearly approach the
helmet than the
morion).
The official types
of shield adopted in
England, and as a
consequence almost
universally imitated,
were neither artistic
nor particularly her-
aldic.
It should not be
supposed that I am
here condemning the
officers of arms in
this country. They
were simply imbued
with the art and
ideas of their times,
which they translated
into their official acts.
At the beginning of
the seventeenth cen-
tury they were still
using shields as Figs.
3 and 5 on Plate
VII. They, however,
had made a variation
which I believe was
peculiar to England,
inasmuch as in the
THE ART OF HERALDRY
previous century they had added a point to the bottom
of the shield.
A typical instance of this style of shield is afforded by
Fig. 47, which is a reproduction of the emblazonment
upon the patent issued by Dugdale in 1665, in confir-
mation of the augmentation to" the arms of the family
of Legh of Lyme. The patent in itself is of considerable
interest, so perhaps little excuse is needed for repro-
ducing it in full.
To all and singular as well Nobles and Gentles as others to
whom these presents shall come, be seene, heard or under-
stood, WILLIAM DUGDALE Esquire NORROY,
principall HERALD and King of Armes of the East,
West, and North parts of England, from the River of
Trent Northward, sendeth greetinge in our Lord God
everlasting WHEREAS I find that William Flower
Esquire sometimes Norroy principall Herald and King
of Ai-mes of the North parts of England beyond the
River of Trent hath under his hand and scale certified
(as by a writeinge beareing date the Eleaventh day of
June, in the yeare of our Lord God one Thousand five
hundred seaventie five, and of the late Reigne of our
most gratious Soveraigne Lady Queene Elizabeth, the
seaventeenth yeare) that I say whereas heretofore it
pleased the noble and puissant Prince Richai-d the second
of that name sometime King of England, in considera-
tion of the good service that PIERS LEGH Esquire the
Sonne of Sir Robert Legh of Adlington Knight had
done, not onely unto himselfe but alsoe unto the noble
Prince Edward his father (commonly called the blacke
Prince) the flower of chevalry, at sundry times to re-
munerate and reward the said PIERS with the free gift
of the Mannor of HANLEY to him and his heires for
ever, as well for that hee the said PIERS did valiantly
rere and advance the said princes Banner att the bataUe
of Oressy to the noe little encouragement of the English
Army as alsoe that hee manfully tooke prisoner the
Counte de Tanquervil a Norman, the King's capitall
enemy in the same battaile ; the memory whereof as it
is most worthy of conservation to all posteritie as well for
y" singular liberalitie of soe bountiful! a Prince soe rigtly
bestowed upon the person of one that soe well deserved
as alsoe toe the dutifull endeavour of soe dutifuU a sub-
ject to his prince and Soveraigne : Soe that it moved
SIR PIERS LEGH, Kinght (sie) Lord of BRADLEY
in the Countie of Lancaster, and of LIME and HAN-
LEY in the Countie of Chester, whoe is lineally de-
scended of the body of the said PIERS LEGH Esquire
as being the Sonne and heire of PIERS LEGH Esquire
the Sonne and heire of SIR PIERS LEGH Knight-
Banneret the Sonne and heire of PIERS LEGH Esquu-e
the Sonne and heire of S"- PIERS LEGH Knight the
Sonne and heire of SIR PIERS LEGH Knight Ban-
neret the Sonne and heire of the aforesaid PIERS
LEGH Esquire, that tooke the said Counte de Tanquer-
vill prisoner did move him y' said S'' Piers to require
him the said NORROY King of Armes for the better
preservation of the memorie thereof, to allow unto him
and his posteritie some meete signification by Armory
according to the auncient and laudable custome of the
law of Armes heretofore used in the like cases. In
consideration whereof, and at his instant request he the
said Norroy King of Armes, by power and authority to
him committed by Letters Patents under thegreate Scale
of England hath assigned, given and granted, and by
those his Ifs Patents did assigne give and grant unto
the said SIR PIERS LEGH Knight an Escucheon or
Sheilde of Augmentation sable replenished with Mollets
silver therein a mans Ai'me bowed holdinge in the hand
a Standard silver, to be by the said SIR PIEES and his
posteritie and of.spriug for ever hereafter borne and used
as a Testimony of his Auncestours good deserts, to his
and their greate worship in such place as hee caused the
same among his other Coatesof Armes to be in the Mar-
gent thei-eof depicted : which significative Sheilde or
augmentation of Armes hee the said Non-oy King of
Armes did by the said Lfs Patents ratify, confirme, give,
and grant unto the said SIR PIERS LEGH Knight
and to his Posterity and Ofspring for ever to be by him
and them att all times and for everthereafter borne and
used, in manner aforesaid at his and their libertie and-
pleasure, without the contradiction, gainesaying, in-
quietation, lett, trouble, molestation, vexation or dis-
turbance of any person or persons whatsoever. In Wit-
nesse whereof hee y" sd NORROY did sign the sd Patent
with his hand and sett thereto the scale of his oiEce
the day and yeare aforsaid WHEREAS I WILLIAM
DUGDALE Esq'- NORROY King of Armes aforesaid
doe believe this attest to bee true I doe therefore by
power and authoritie to mee comitted by Letters Patents
under the greate seale of England confirme, and ratifie
the former grant above specified, and have assigned, and
by thes pfsents doe assigne unto RICHARD LEGH
Esquier, Lord of BRADLEY in the County of Lan-
caster and of LIME and HANLEY in the County of
Chester who is lineally descended of Piers Legh Esquire
Sonne of Sir Robert Legh of Adlington, Knight as being
Sonne and heii-e of Thomas Legh Doctor of Divinity,
Sonne and heire to Sir Peter Legh Knight, Sonne and
heire of Peter Legh Esquire, sonne and heire to the
aforesaid Sir Piers Legh Knight, sonne and heire of
Piers Legh Esquire, the sonne and heire of Sir Piers
Legh Knight-Bannerett the sonne and heire of Piers
Legh Esquire the sonne and heire of S'' Piers Legh
Knight, the sonne and heire of Sir Piers Legh Knight-
Bannerett the Sonne and heire of the aforesaid Piers
Legh Esq' that tooke the said Counte de Tanquervill
prisoner y" same Escucheon or Sheilde of Augmentation
Sable replenished with Molletts Silver therein a Mans
Arme bowed holding in the hand a Standard Silver ; to
be by the said RICHARD LEGH Esquii-e and his pos-
teritie for ever hereafter borne, and used, as a Testimony
of his Auncestours good deserts to his and their greater
worship in such place as I have caused the same amonge
his other Coates of Armes to be in the Margent hereof
Depicted which significative Sheilde or Augmentation of
Armes I the said Norroy King of Aj-mes doe by these
presents ratifie & confirme unto the said RICHARD
LEGH Esquire and to his posteritie and ofspringe for
ever to be by him and them at all times and for ever
hereafter borne and used in manner aforesaid att his and
their libertie and pleasure without the contradiction,
gainsayinge, inquietation, lett, trouble, molestation,
vesation, or disturbance of any person or persons what-
soever. In Witnesse whereof I have signed these pre-
sents with my hand and sett thereto the Seale of my
Oflice the Eight Day of April in the yeare of our Lord
God One Thousand Sixe hundred sixtie five and of the
Reigne of our most Gracious Soveraigne Lord King
Charles the Second, the Seaventeenth.
WiLLM Ddgdale
Norroy King of Armes,
The patent, as above quoted, is full of erasures and in-
terlined omissions, and is surrounded by the usual border
of floral decorations, &c. It will be seen that it deals only
with the augmentation, the family arms having been
evidently otherwise confirmed. The exact necessity of
this patent seems a mystery, unless, as is probably the
case, the original document, under the hand and seal of
Flower, had been lost. The achievement, as depicted in
the " Margent," and which is here reproduced (Fig.
47), calls for some remark. The hand and arm are
depicted of silver — I take it the intention is to show the
hand in a gauntlet — and it is certainly not " proper,"
as the still later grant of Sir Isaac Heard blazons it, and
which equally wrongly blazons " estoiles " instead of
mullets, as from the foregoing very plainly should have
been the case. It is also worth noting that, as depicted,
the " standard " displays the cross of St. George. The
full blazon of the achievement is : —
40
PLATE XII.
THE ARMS OF HARLEY.
Or, a bend cottised sable. Crest — A castle triple-towered ppr. and issuing from the centre tower a demi-lion rampant gules.
Motto — Virtute et fide.
Fkom a Design bv Miss C. Helaro.
"•OS To
V
PUBLIC
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Quarterly of eight: i. azui-e, a plate between three ducal
coronets or, a bordure argent (for Corona) ; 2. gules, a cross
engrailed within a bordure also engrailed argent (for Legh),
and in chief mperimposed ooer these first two quarters, the
escutcheon of augmentation, sable, seme of mullets an arm
S^
Fig. 48.
embowed holding in the hand a standard^all argent ; 3. ar-
gent, on a chevron sable, three covered cups or ; 4. argent,
a pale lozengy sable ; 5. argent, a cross, and in the first
quarter a fleur-de-lis sable ; 6. vert, a cross flory or; 7.
vert, a chevron between three cross crosslets or ; 8. argent,
a mullet sable charged with an annulet of the field, in the
dexter chief point a mullet of the second. A mantling of
gules, double argent. Crest : out of a ducal coronet or, a
ram's head argent, armed or, holding in the mouth a branch
of three leaves (? hazel — they certainly are not laurel as now
blazoned) vert.
The achievement prompts the following questions : —
1. Why is the first quarter the arms of the ancient
family of Corona of Adlington ?
2. When and why did the family of Legh of Lyme
assume a distinct coat of arms from the paternal house
of Legh of Adlington rather than the arms of the latter,
differenced in some way ?
3. Did not Dugdale intend that the arms of Corona
and Legh should be inseparable by superimposing the
augmentation over both and directing it to be borne in
the manner depicted ?
4. When and why was the first quarter subsequently
discarded ?
It should also be pointed out that the arms of Legh
Fig. 49-
of Lyme apparently were anciently " within a_ bordure
engrailed argent," which bordure is not mentioned by
Burke in his " Armory."
Reverting to the various shapes of shield, however,
the degeneration is explained by a remark of Mr. G.
W. Eve in the able book which he has recently
published under the title of " Decorative Heraldry,"
in which, alluding to heraldic art in general, he says
(p. 235):—
"With the Restoration heraldry naturally became
again conspicuous, with the worst form of the Renaissance
character in full sway, the last vestiges of the Gothic
having disappeared. Indeed, the contempt with which
the superseded style was regarded amounted to fanati-
cism, and explains, in a measure, how so much of
good could be relinquished in favour of so weak a
successor."
Then came the era of gilded embellishments, of
flowing palms, of borders decorated with grinning heads,
festoons of ribbon and fruit and flowers in abundance.
The accompanying examples are reproduced from a
book, " Knight and Rumley's Heraldry." The book is
not particularly well known to the public, inasmuch as
its circulation was entirely confined to heraldic artists,
coach-painters, engravers, and die-sinkers. Amongst
these handicraftsmen its reputation was and is great.
With the school of design it adopted, little or no
(3;v,
Fig. 50.
sympathy now exists, but a short time ago (how short
many of those who are now vigorous advocates of the
Gothic and mediieval styles would be startled to realise
were they to recognise actual facts) no other style was
known or considered by the public. As examples of
that style the plates of Knight and Rumley were ad-
mittedly far in advance of any other book, and as
specimens of copperplate engraving they are superb.
Plate VIII. shows typical examples of escutcheons
from " Knight and Rumley," as are also Figs. 48, 49, and
50 ; and as the volume was in the hands of most of the
heraldic handicraftsmen, it will be found that this type
of design was constantly to be met with. The external
decoration of the shield was carried to great lengths, and
Fio-. 48 found many admirers and users amongst the
gallant " sea-dogs " of the kingdom. In fact, so far was
the idea carried that a trophy of military weapons was
actually granted by patent as part of the supporters of
the Earl of Bantry. Fig. 49, from the same source, is
the military equivalent. These plates are interestmg
as being some of the examples from which most oi
the heraldic handicraft of a recent period was adapted.
The official shield eventually stereotyped itself into the
41 ^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
shape shown in Fig. 50, which is still persevered with
by some of the officers of arms. The official shield,
however, for grants of arms has reverted to the fifteenth-
century shape as shown in the accompanying reproduc-
tion from a recent patent granting arms to the town of
Warrington (see Fig. 5 1 ). For paintings which are not
upon patents the design of the shield rests with the
individual taste of the diflferent officers of arms, and
recently some of the work for which they have been
responsible has reached a high standard judged even
by the strictest canons of art. In Scotland, until very
recently, the actual workmanship of the emblazonments
which were issued from Lyon Office was so wretchedly
poor that one is hardly justified in taking them into
consideration as a type. With the advent into office
of the present Lyon King of Arras (Sir James Balfour
Paul), a complete change has been made, and both the
workmanship and design of the paintings upon the
patents of grant and matriculation, and also in the
Lyon Register, have been examples of everything that
could be desired. Various examples taken from the
Lyon Register will be found later in these pages.
A. C. F-D. and H. S.
Fig. 51. — Arms of the Borough of Warrington, co. Lanes. : Ermine, six lioncels rampant, three, two,
and one gules, within a bordure azure, charged with eight covered cnps or. Crest : upon a rock
proper, a unicorn rampant argent, ai'med, maned, and unguled, supporting a flagstaff all or, thereon
hoisted a flag flying to the sinister per pale argent and azure, charged with a rose gules, barbed
and seeded of the first, and a garb of the second. (Granted 1S97.)
42
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER X
THE FIELD OF A SHIELD AND THE HERALDIC TINCTURES
THE shield itself and its importance in armory is
due to its being the vehicle whereon are elabor-
ated the pictured emblems and designs which
constitute coat-armour. It should be borne in mind
that theoretically all shields are of equal value, saving
that a shield of more ancient date takes precedence of
a more recent one, and the shield of the head of the
house takes precedence of the same arms when differ-
enced for a younger member of the family. A shield
crowded with quarterings is interesting inasmuch as each
quartering in the ordinary event means the representa-
tion through a female of some other family or branch
thereof But the real value of such a shield should be
judged rather by the age of the single quartering which
represents the strict male descent male upon male, and
a simple coat of arms without quarterings may be a
great deal more ancient and illustrious than a shield
crowded with coat upon coat. A fictitious and far too
great estimation is placed upon the right to display a
long string of quarterings. In reality quarterings are
no more than accidents, because they are only inherited
when the wife happens to be an lieii-ess in blood. It is
quite conceivable that there may be families, in fact
there are such families, who are able to begin their
pedigrees at the time of the Conquest, and who have
married a long succession of noble women, all of the
highest birth, but yet none of whom have happened
to be heiresses. Consequently the arms, though dat-
ing from the earliest period at which arms are known,
would remain in their simple form without the addition
of a sohtary quartering. On the other hand, I have a
case in mind of a marriage which recently took place.
The husband is the son of an alien whose origiaal posi-
tion, if report speaks truly, was that of a pauper immi-
grant. His wealth and doubtless other attributes have
landed him in a good position ; he has no arms, and,
as far as the world is aware, no ancestry whatever.
Let us now consider his wife's family. Starting soon
after the Conquest, they obtained high position and
married heiress after heiress, and before the commence-
ment of this century they had amassed a shield of
quarterings which can. readily be proved to be little
short of a hundred in number. Probably the number
is reaUy much greater. A large family followed in one
generation, and one of the younger sons is the ancestor
of the wife. But the father of this lady never had any
sons, and though there are many males of the name to
carry on the family in the senior line and also in several
younger branches, the wife, by the absence of brothers,
happens to be a coheir; and as such she transmits to
her issue the right to the quarterings she has inherited.
If the husband ever obtains a grant of arms, the date of
them will be subsequent to the present time ; but suppos-
ing such a grant to be obtained, the children will inevit-
ably inherit the scores of quarterings which belong to
their mother. Now it would be ridiculous to suppose
that such a shield is better or such a descent more
enviable than the shield of a family such as I first
described. Quarterings are all very well in their way,
but their glorification has been carried too far.
A shield which displays an augmentation is of
necessity more honourable than one without. At the
same time no scale of precedence has ever been laid
down below the rank of esquires; and if such prece-
dence does really exist at all, it can only be according to
the date of the grant. Here in England the possession
of arms carries with it no style or title, and nothing in
his designation can differentiate the position of Mr.
Scrope of Danby, the male descendant of one of the
oldest families in this country whose arms were upheld
in the Scrope and Grosvenor controversy in 1390, or Mr.
Daubeney of Cole, from a Mr. Smith, whose known history
may have commenced at the Foundling Hospital twenty
years ago. In this respect English usage stands apart, for
whilst a German is "Von" and a Frenchman was " De," if
of noble birth, there is no such apparent distinction in
England, and never has been. The result has been that
the technical nobUity attaching to the possession of
arms is overlooked in this country. On the Continent
it is usual for a patent creating a title to contain a
grant of the arms, because it is recognised that the two
are inseparable. This is not now the case in England,
where the grant of arms is one thing and the grant of
the title another, and where it is possible, as in the case
of Lord St. Leonards, to possess a peerage without ever
having obtained the first step in rank, which is nobility
or gentility.
The foregoing is in explanation of the fact that except
in the matter of date all shields are equal in value.
So much being understood, it is possible to put that
consideration on one side, and speaking from the
artistically technical point of view, the remark one
often hears becomes correct, that the simpler a coat of
arms the better. The remark has added truth from
the fact that a simple coat is practically invariably
ancient, and a modern coat is seldom simple. The
present Garter King of Arms would rather perish on the
scaffold than grant a decently simple coat.
A coat of arms must consist of at least one thing, to
wit, the " field." This is equivalent in ordinary words
to the colour of the ground of the shield. A great
many writers have asserted that every coat of arms
must consist of at least the field, and a charge, though
most have mentioned as a solitary exception the arms
of Brittany, which were simply " ermine." A plain shield
of ermine (Fig. 52) was borne by John of Brittany,
Earl of Richmond (cl. 1399), though
some of his predecessors had rele-
gated the arms of Brittany to a
" quarter ermine" upon more elabo-
rate escutcheons (see Plate LXXI.,
and Figs. 76, 181, and 635). This
idea as to arms of one tincture was,
however, exploded in Woodward
and Burnett's "Treatise on Her-
aldry," where no less than forty
different examples are quoted. Of
these examples the following may
be referred to. A plain shield of
gold was borne by the Italian family
of Bandinelli , of silver by the French
families of Maigret or Megret, and
of Bocquet or Bouquet, of azure by
the French family of Fizeaux and the family of De la
Barge de Ville in Loraine, of gules by the House of Dal-
bret borne by the Kings of Navarre, and sable by the
family of Gornay. Vert is borne by the French famdy of
Barbotte and others, and purpure by the French Auberts.
The above-mentioned writer continues: "There is another
use of a plain red shield which must not be omitted. In
Fig. 52. — Arms of John
(de Montfort, other-
wise de Bretagne),
Duke of Brittany and
Earl of Richmond.
(From his seal.)
43
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the full quartered coat of some high sovereign princes
of Germany — Saxony (duchies), Brandenburg (Prussia),
Bavaria, Anhalt — appears a plain red quartering ; this is
known as the Blid Falme or Regatien quarter, and is
indicative of Royal prerogatives. It usually occupies
the base of the shield, and is often diapered."
'But in spite of the lengthy list which is quoted in
Woodward and Burnett, the fact remains that only one
British instance is included. The family of Berington
of Chester (on the authority of Harleian manuscript
No. 1535) is said to
bear a plain shield
of azure. Personally
I doubt this coat of
arms for the Bering-
ton family of Chester,
which is probably
connected with the
neighbouring family
in Shropshire, who in
later times certainly
used very different
arms. The plain
shield of ermine is
sometimes to be
found as a quartering
for Brittany in the
achievement of those
English families who
have the right to
quarter the Royal
arms ; but I know of
no other British case
in which, either as
a quartering or as
a pronominal coat,
arms of one tincture
exist.
But there are" many
coats which have no
charge, the pattern
consisting of the par-
tition of the shield
in some recognised
heraldic method into
two or more divisions
of different tinctures.
Amongst such coats
may be mentioned
the arms of Lord
Waldegrave, which
are simply : Party
per pale argent
and gules ; Captain
Malcolm Drummond
of Megginch (Fig.
53), whose arms are
simply ; Party per
fess wavy or and
gules ; and the arms
of Boyle, as borne
by the Earl of Cork
and Orrery, which
are : Per bend embattled argent and gules. The arms of
Berners — which are : Quarterly or and vert — are another
example (Fig. 183), as are the arms of Campbell (the
first quarter in the Duke of Argyll's achievement. Fig.
54), which are : Gyronny or and sable.
The arms of Strabolgi (Fig. 55, there wrongly repre-
sented sable, three pallets or), paly of six or and sable,
which are now the first quarter in the Duke of Atholl's
achievement ; the coat barry nebuly or and sable of
Blount of Soddington ; the coat bendy argent and gules,
the ancient arms of Talbot, which are still borne as a
quartering by the Earl of Shrewsbur}', Waterford, and
Talbot ; and the coat chequy or and azure, a quartering
for Warren, which is still borne by the House of Howard,
all come within the same categorj'. There are hundreds
of other coats which have no charge upon them. The
colour of the shield is termed the field when it consists
of only one colour, and when it consists of more than one
colour the two together compose the field. The field is
usually of one or
more of the recog-
nised metals, colours,
or furs.
Plate IX. gives
the necessary ex-
planations upon the
subject of heraldic
tinctures, metals, and
colours; but let it
here be remarked
that a heraldically
well-composed coat
of arms boasts very
few tinctures.
'I
der
a
Fig. 53. — The arms of Captain Malcolm Drummond of Megginch, namely: "Per fess
wavy or and gules, and impaling the arms of Amherst, namely ; quarterly I and 4,
gules, three tilting-spears, two and one or, headed argent {for Amherst) ; 2. per
saltire argent and or, in fess two lions rampant gules in chief and in base a dexter
arm couped at the elbow, habited gules, cuffed azure, and hand proper holding a
cross crosslet fitch(5 erect also gules (for Daniel) ; 3. or, on a chevron azure between
three marigolds slipped proper, two lions passant respecting each other or. within
a bordure compony argent and azure (for Tyssen). Upon the escutcheon is placed
a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and or ; and upon a wreath of
his liveries is set for crest, two arms proper, drawing an arrow to the head in a
bow or ; and in an escroll above, this motto, " Marte et arte; " and for bis sup-
porters, on the dexter side a savage wreatlied head and middle with oak, holding
on bis dexter shoulder a club proper ; and on the sinister side a knight armed at
all points, tlae visor of his helmet up, a spear resting in his sinister arm proper."
mer ein scliilt
varwe had
I minner der wappin
werdit geacht,"
(" The more colours
shield has,
The less the coat of
arms is esteemed,'')
sings Johann Rothe
in his Bitterspiegel
{" Knight's Mirror").
In olden times only
seven heraldic tinc-
tures were known :
gold, or ydlorv; silver,
or white; red. Hue,
Wac/c, and the less fre-
quently used purple
and green.
The Austrian Her-
ald, Peter Suchen-
wirt (1356 to 1395)
emphasises particu-
larly the number of
six tinctures: —
" Der schilt der was
quartieret rein
mit den pesten varhen
tzweyn
dy von den sechsen
chomen sein."
("The shield, it was quar-
tered cleanly
with the two best
colours
which come from the
six.")
The metals are gold
and silver, these
The colours, which
' tinctures," if this word is to be used
gules (red), azure (blue), vert (green),
purpure" (purple), and (in spite of the fact that it is not
really a colour) black, which is known as sable.
The metal gold, otherwise " or," is often represented
in emblazonments by yellow : as a matter of fact
yellow has always been used for gold in the Register
Books of the College of Arms, and Lyon Ofiice has
being termed
are really the
correctly, are
' or " and " argent."
44
PLATE XIII.
'' u e L I c
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF CUMMING-GORDON of Altyre
As matriculated in Lyon Register 1795. Quarterly I and 4 azure ; three garbs or (for Gumming) : 2 and 3 argent ; three bends sable, each
charged with as many roses of the field. Crest — A lion rampant or, holding in the dexter paw a dagger. Motto — Courage. Over
all, upon an inescutcheon, the Arms, Crest, Supporters and Motto of Gordon.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
raotice. In ancient paint-
e use of yellow was rather
recently reverted to this pri
ings and emblazonments tnc
more frequent than the use of gold, but gold at all
times had its use, and was never discarded. Gold
seems to have been usualljf used upon ancient patents,
whilst yellow was used in the registrations of them
retained in the Offices of Arms, but I know of no
instance in British armory in which the word yellow
has been used in a
blazon to represent
any tint distinct from
gold. With regard
to the other metal,
silver, or, as it is
always termed, " ar-
gent," the same varia-
tion is found in the
usage of silver and
white in representing
argent that we find
in yellow and gold,
though we find that
the use of the actual
metal (silver) in em-
blazonment does not
occur to anything like
the same extent as
does the use of gold.
Probably this is due
to the practical diffi-
culty that no one
has yet discovered a
silver medium which
does not lose its
colour. The use
of aluminium was
thought to have
solved the difficulty,
but even this loses
its brilliancy, and
probably its usage
wUl never be univer-
sally adopted. This
is a pity, for the use
of gold in emblazon-
ment gives a brilli-
ancy in effect to a
collection of coat-
armour which it is
a pity cannot be
extended by an
equivalent usage of
silver. The use of
silver upon the pa-
tents at the College
of Arms has been
discontinued some
centuries,though alu-
minium is still in use in Lyon Office. Argent
is therefore usually represented either by leav-
ing the surface untouched, or by the use of
Chinese white.
I believe I am the first heraldic writer to
assert the existence of the heraldic colour of
white in addition to the heraldic argent.
Years ago I came across the statement that a
white label belonged only to the Royal Family,
and could be used by no one else. I am
sorry to say that though I have searched fig. 55.— Arms of David number of families, for example Courtenay and
high and low I cannot find the authority de strabolgi. Earl of Prideaux-Brune and Barrington, has become
for the statement, nor can I learn fi-om de'^sable"'MFrom Rof stereotyped into a charge. In none of these
any officer of arms that the existence of such cott., xv. 8.) cases, however, is it either argent or white, but
Fig. 54 — The arms of the late Dake of Argyll, E.G., K.T., d. 1900: Quarterly i and 4,
gyronny of eight or and sable (for Campbell) ; 2 and 3, argent, a lymphad, her
sails furled and oars in action sable, flags and pennons flying gules {for Lome) ;
behind the escutcheon are placed salterwise a baton powdered with thistles, on
the top thereof an Imperial Crown, and thereon the Royal Crest of Scotland, and a
sword proper, hilt and pommel or, as Heritable Master of the Royal Household in
Scotland and Justice-General of the Shrievalty of Argyll, the Isles, and the other
places thereto adjacent. Upon the escutcheon, which is suiTOunded by the garter,
and encircled by the collars of the Most Noble Order of the Garter and the Most
Noble and Most Ancient Order of the Thistle, from which depend the badges
of the two respective Orders, is placed the coronet of his rank, and thereupon a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules doubled ermine ; and upon a
wreath of his Hveries is set for crest, a boar's head erased or ; and upon an escroll
above, the motto, " Ne obliviscaris," and below the arms, '-"Vis ea nostra voce;"
and for his supporters, on either side of the escutcheon, a lion guardant gules.
a rule is asserted ; but there is this curious con-
firmation that in the warrants by which the various
labels are assigned to the different members of. the
Royal Family, the labels are called white labels. Now
the label of the Prince of Wales is of three points and
is plain. Heraldry knows nothing of the black lines
which in drawing a coat of arms usually appear for
the outline of a charge. In older work such lines are
absent. In any case
they are only mere
accidents of draughts-
manship. Bearing
this in mind, and
bearing in mind that
the sinister supporter
of the Prince of
Wales is a unicorn
argent, how on earth
is a plain label of
argent to be depicted
thereupon ?_ Now it
is necessary also that
the label shall be
placed upon the crest,
which is a lion statant
guardant or, crowned
with the coronet of
the Prince, and upon
the dexter supporter
which is another gol-
den lion ; to place an
argent label upon
either is a flat viola-
tion of the i-ule which
requu-es that metal
shall not be placed
uponmetal,norcolour
upon colour; but if the
unicorn is considered
argent, which it is,
it would if really de-
picted in silver be
quite possible to paint
a white label upon it,
for the distinction
between white and
silver is marked, and
a white label upon a
gold lion is not metal
upon metal. Quite re-
cently a still further
and startling confir-
mation has come
under my notice. In
the grant of a crest
to Thomas Mowbray,
Earl of Nottingham,
of which a copy is
appended, the coronet which is to encircle
the neck of the leopard is distinctly blazoned
argent, the label to which he is previously
said to have had a just hereditary right is
as distinctly blazoned white, and the whole
grant is so short that inadvertence could
hardly be pleaded as an explanation for the
distinction in blazon. Instances of an official
exemplification of coats of arms with labels
are not uncommon, because the label in some
NOSTRAVOCO
45
THE ART OF HERALDRY
instances of the exemplification of a coat of arms bear-
ing a label as a mark of cadency are, outside the mem-
bers-of the Royal Family, distinctly rare; they are
necessarily so, because outside the Royal Family the
label is merely the temporary mark of the eldest son or
grandson during the lifetime of the head of the house,
and the necessity for the exemplification of the arms
of an eldest son can seldom occur. The one circum-
stance which might provide us with the opportunity is
the exemplification consequent upon a change of name
and arms by an eldest son during the lifetime of his
father ; but this very circumstance fails to provide it,
because the exemplification only follows a change of
arms, and the arms being changed, there no longer
exists the necessity for a mark of cadency ; so that
instances of the official use of a label for cadency are
rare, but of such as occur I can learn of none which
has received official sanction which blazons the label
white. There is, however, one coat which is said to
have a label argent as a charge, this is the coat of Fitz-
Simon, which is quoted in Papworth, upon the authority
of one of the Harleian Manuscripts, as follows: Sable,
three crescents, in chief a label of two drops and in
fess another of one drop argent ; and the same coat of
arms is recorded in a funeral
entry in Ulster's Office. The label
is not here termed white, and it is
peculiar that we find it of another
colour in another coat of Fitz-
Simon (azure, a lion rampant er-
mine, a label of four point gules).
Of other colours may be men-
tioned purpure (purple). This in
English heraldry is a perfectly
well recognised colour, and thouafh
its use IS extremely rare m com-
parison with the others, it will
be found too frequently for it to
be classed as an exception. The
earliest instance of this tincture
which I have met with is in the
coat of De Lacy (Fig. 56). The Roll of Caerlaverock
speaks of his
" Baniere ot de un cendall saffrin,
0 un lion rampant porprin,"
whilst M.S. Cott. Calig. A. xviii. quotes the arms: "Be
or, a un lion rampaimd de poiLrpre." The Burton coat
of the well-known Shropshire family of Lingen-Burton
is: Quarterly purpure and azure, a cross engrailed or
between four roses argent. The Irish baronets of the
name of Burton, who claim descent from this family,
bear a very similar coat, namely: Per pale azure and
purpure, a cross engrailed or between four roses argent.
Two other colours will be found in nearly all text-
books of English armory. These are murrey or san-
guine, and orange or tenne. The exact tint of murrey is
between gules and purpure ; and tenne is an orange-
tawny colour. They are both " stains," and were in-
vented by the old heralds for the perpetration of their
preposterous system of abatements, which will be found
set out in full in all the old heraldry books, but have
yet to be found occurring in fact. The subject of abate-
ments is one of those pleasant little insanities which have
done so much to the detriment of heraldry. One, and
one only, can be said to have had the slightest founda-
tion in fact ; that was the entire reversal of the es-
cutcheon in the ceremony of degradation following
upon attainder for high treason. Even this, however,
was but temporary, for a man forfeited his arms en-
tirely by attainder. They were torn down from his
banner of knighthood ; they were erased in the records
of the College of Arms ; but on that one single occa-
FlG. 56. — Armorial bear-
ings of Henry de Lacy,
Earl of Lincoln [d.
131 1) : Or, a lion ram-
pant purpure. (From
his seal. )
sion when he was drawn upon a hurdle to the place
of his execution, they are said to have been painted
reversed upon paper, which paper was fastened to his
breast. But the arms then came to an end, and his
descendants possessed none at all. They certainly had
not the right to depict their shield upside down (even
if they had cared to display such a monstrosity). Un-
less and until the attainder was reversed, arms (like
a title) were void ; and the proof of this is to be found
in the many regrants of arms made in cases where the
attainder has remained, as in the instances of the Earl
of Staft'ord and the ancestor of the present Lord Bar-
nard. But that any person should have been supposed
to have been willing to make use of arms carrying
an abatement is preposterous, and no instance of such
usage is known. Rather would a man decline to bear
arms at all ; and that any one should have imagined
the existence of a person willing to advertise himself a
drunkard or an adulterer, with variations in the latter
case according to the personality of his partner in guilt,
is idiotic in the extreme. Consequently as no example
of an abatement has ever been found, one might almost
discard the " stains " of murrey and tenne were it not
that they were largely made use of for the purposes of
liveries, in which usage they had no such objectionable
meaning. At the present day scarlet or gules being ap-
propriated to the Royal Family for livery purposes, other
people possessing a shield of gules are required to make
use of a different red, and though it is now termed
chocolate or claret colour by the utilitarian language
of the day, it is in reality nothing more than the old
sanguine or murrey. Of orange-tawny I can learn of
but one livery at the present day. I refer to the
orange-tawny coats used by the hunt servants of Lord
Fitzhardinge, and now worn by the hunt servants of
the Old Berkeley country, near London. A propos of
this it is interesting to note the curious legend that
the " pink " of the hunting field is not due to any
reasons of optical advantage, but to an entirely different
reason. Formerly no man might hunt even on his own
estate until he had had licence of free warrant from
the Crown. Consequently he merely hunted by the
pleasure of the Crown, taking part in what was ex-
clusively a Royal sport by Royal permission, and for
this Royal sport he wore the King's livery of scarlet.
This being the case, it is a curious anomaly that
although the livery of the only Royal pack recently
in existence, the Royal Buck Hounds, was scarlet and
gold, the Master wore a green coat. The legend may
be a fallacy, inasmuch as scarlet did not become the
Royal livery until the accession of the Stuarts ; but it
is by no means clear to what date the scarlet hunting
coat can be traced.
There is, however, one undoubted instance of the use
of sanguine for the field of a coat of arms, namely, the
arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie," which are properly
matriculated in Lyon Register.
To these colours German heraldry has added brown,
blood-red (this apparently is different from the English
sanguine, as a different hatching has been invented for
it), earth-colour, iron-grey, water-colour, flesh-colour,
ashen-grey, orange (here also a separate hatching from
the one to represent tenne has been invented), and the
colour of nature, i.e. " proper." These doubtless are not
intended to be added to the list of heraldic tinctures,
but are noted because various hatchings have been in-
vented in modern times to represent them.
^ The arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie : Parted per bend sanguine
and vert, two greyhounds courant bendwise argent. JMantling gules
doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of the liveries is set for crest, an
arm holding an Imperial crown proper ; and in an escroll over the
same, this motto, " Corde et animo." Matriculated in Lyon Office
circa 1672.
46
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Mr. Woodward, ia Woodward and Burnett's " Treatise
on Heraldry," alludes to various tinctures amongst Con-
tinental arms wbicli lie has come across.
" Besides the metals, tinctures, and furs which have
Fig. 57. — The arms of Lane of King's Bromley :
Party per fess or and azure, a chevron gules
between three mullets counterchanged of
the field, a canton of the arms of England,
namely : gules, three lions passant guardaut
in pale or. Mantling azure and or ; and for
his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a
strawberry-roan horse salient proper, couped
at the flanks, bridled sable, bitted and gar-
nished or, supporting between the feet an
Imperial crown proper. Motto : " Garde le
Key."
been already described, other tinctures are oc-
casionally found in the heraldry of Continental
nations ; but are comparatively of such rarity
as that they may be counted among the curi-
osities of blazon, which would require a separate
volume. That of which I have collected in-
stances is cendrie, or ash colour, which is borne
by (among others) the Bavarian family of
Ashua, as its armes parlantes: Cendree, a
mount of three coupeaiix in base m\
" BruiuUre, a brown colour, is even more i-are
as a tincture of the field ; the Mieroszewsky
in Silesia bear, ' de Brundtre, A cross patie
argent supporting a raven rising sable, and
holding in its beak a horseshoe proper, its
points towards the chief.'
" Bleii-celeste, or blev, du del, appears occa-
sionally, apart from what we may term ' land-
scape coats.' That it difi'ers from, and is a
much lighter colour than, azure is shown by
the following example. The Florentine Cinti
(now CiNi) bear a coat which would be
numbered among the armes fausses, or a
enqvArvr: Per pale azure and bleu-celeste, an
estoile counterchanged.
"Amaranth or colv/mbine is the field of a
coat (of which the blazon is too lengthy for
insertion in this place) which was granted to a Bohemian
knight in 1701."
Carnation is the French term for the colour of naked
flesh, and is often employed in the blazonry of that
country.
Perhaps mention should here be made of the English
term " proper." Anything, alive or otherwise, which is
depicted in its natural colours is termed " proper," and
it should be depicted in its really correct tones or
tints, without any attempt to assimilate these with
any heraldic tincture. It will not be found in the
very ancient coats of arms, and its use is not to be
encouraged. When a natural animal is found existing
ia various colours it is usual to so describe it, for the
term "proper" alone would leave uncertainty. For
instance, the crest of the Lane family (Fig. 57),
which was granted to commemorate the ride of King
Charles II. behind Mistress Jane Lane as her servant,
in his perilous escape to the coast after the disastrous
Battle of Worcester, is blazoned "a strawberry roan
horse, couped at the flanks proper, bridled sable, and
holding between the feet an Imperial crown also
proper." Lord Cowper's supporters are, on either side
of the escutcheon, "a light dun horse proper, with a
large blaze down the face, the mane close shorn except
Fig. 58. — Arms of Right Hon. Sir William Wallace Hozier, Lord Newlands ; Vair,
on a chevron gules, three bezants, a chief gyronny of eight or and sable.
Upon the escutcheon, which is charged with his badge of Ulster as a Baronet,
is placed the coronet of his rank, and thereupon a helmet befitting his degree.
Mantling gules doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for
crest, a bloodhound sejant proper ; and on an escroll over the same this motto,
" Aye ready." Supporters : on either side a dapple-grey horse proper, gorged
with a riband, and suspended therefrom an escutcheon gules charged with
three bezants in chevron.
47
THE ART OF HERALDRY
a tuft ou the withers, a black list down the back, a bob
tail, and the near fore-foot and both hind feet white."
Another instance that might be quoted are the sup-
porters of Lord Newlands (see Fig. 58), which are : " On
either side a dapple-grey horse proper, gorged with a
riband and suspended therefrom an escutcheon gules,
charged with three bezants in chevron." The crest of
the family of Bewes, of St. Neots, Cormvall, is : " On a
chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a pegasus rearing on
his hind legs of a bay colour, the mane and tail sable,
winged or, and holdmg in the mouth a sprig of laurel
proper " (Fig. 292).
Upon the use of these heraldic colours a few remarks
may be appended : —
Gold. — Uhrome-yellow may be substituted for gold,
which is sometimes touched up with this colour ; sepia
is employed as a shading tint. If chrome-yellow be
used instead of gold, white must be substituted for
silver ; silver is touched up with white for the high
lights. In English heraldry silver is little used,
white being usually introduced instead. For shading
purposes neutral tint is employed.
Red is represented by vermilion, the high lights
touched up with a lighter red or chrome-yellow, the
shadows rendered in carmine. In arms of the style of
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, minium (or
red lead) is used instead of vermilion, and the lights are
shown up in chrome-yellow.
Blue is painted with cobalt or ultramarine mixed
Upon this point Herr Strohl in his Heraldischer
Atlas remarks : " The system of hatching used by
Marcus Vulson de la Colombiere, 1639, in the course of
time found acceptance everywhere, and has maintained
itself in use unaltered until the present day, and these
are shown on Plate IX. ; only that later, hatchings have
been invented for brown, grey, &c. ; which, however,
seems rather a superfluous enriching." None of these
later creations, by the way, have ever been used in this
country. For the sake of completeness, however, let
them be mentioned (see Fig. 59) ; a, brown ; b, blood-red ;
c, earth-colour ; d, iron-grey ; e, water-colour ; /, flesh-
colour ; g, ashen-grey ; h, orange ; and i, colour of nature.
In English armory " tenne " is represented by a combina-
tion of horizontal (as azure) lines with diagonal lines from
sinister to dexter (as purpure), and sanguine or murrey
by a combination of diagonal lines from dexter to sinister
(as vert), and from sinister to dexter (as purpure).
The hatchings of the shield and its charges always ac-
commodate themselves to the angle at which the shield
is placed, those of the crest to the angle of the helmet.
A curious difficulty, however, occurs when a shield, as
is so often the case in this country, forms a part of the
crest. Such a shield is seldom depicted quite upright
upon the wreath. Are the tincture lines to follow the
angle of the smaller shield in the crest or the angle of the
helmet ? Opinion is by no means agreed upon the point.
But though this system of representing colours by
"hatching" has been adopted and extensively made use
Fig. 59.
with white, which is also used for the lights, prussian
blue for the shadows.
Green is represented by difierent artists in very dif-
ferent tints, formerly much darker than is now usually
the case. A green a little darker than emerald green is
usually adopted nowadays, the lights being indicated
by white or chrome-yellow, and the shadows with sap-
green.
Silver is sometimes used for the high lights of blue
and black, and gold for red and green, but only in very
delicate lines and in a small proportion. Most English
herald-painters shade with gum, usually tinted slightly
with a neutral colour, and the veinings on the outside of
a mantling are almost invariably found marked in very
fine gold lines.
There are and were always many occasions in which
it was desu'ed to represent armorial bearings in black
and white, or where from the nature of the handicraft it
was impossible to make use of actual colour. But it
should always be pointedly remembered that unless
the right colours of the arms could be used the tinc-
tures were entirely ignored until the seventeeth cen-
tury. Various schemes of hatchings were adopted for
this purpose, the earliest being that of Francquart
in Belgium, ch'ca 1623. Mr. Woodward says this was
succeeded by the systems of Butkens, 1626; Petra
Sancta, 1638; Lobkowitz, 1639; Gelenius; and De
Rouck, 1645 ; but all these systems differed from
each other, and were for a time the cause of confusion
and not of order. Eventually, however, the system of
Petra Sancta (the author of Tesserw Gentilitia) super-
seded all the others, and has remained in use up to the
present time.
ot, it is questionable whether it has ever received official
sanction at any rate in Great Britain. It certainly has
never been made use of in any official record or docu-
ment in the College of Arms. Most of the records are
in colour. The remainder are all without exception
" tricked," that is, drawn in outline, the colours being
added in writing in the following contracted forms : "O,"
or " or," for or ; " A," " ar," or " arg," for argent ; " G," or
" gu," for gules ; " Az," or " B " (for blue, owing to the
likelihood of confusion between " ar " and " az," " B "
being almost universally used in old trickings), for azure ;
"S," or "sa," for sable; "Vt" for vert, and "Purp"for
purpure. It is unlikely that any change wUl be made in
the future, for the use of tincture lines is now very rapidly
being discarded by all good heraldic artists in this coun-
try. With the reversion to older and better forms and
methods these hatchings become an anachronism, and
save that sable is represented by solid black they will
probably be unused and forgotten before very long.
The plain, simple names of colours, such as red and
green, seemed so unpoetical and unostentatious to the
heralds and poets of the Middle Ages, that they substi-
tuted for gold, topaz ; for silver, pearl or " meergries " ;
for red, ruby ; for blue, sapphire ; for green, emerald ;
and for black, diamond or " zobel " (sable, the animal,
whence the word " sable "). Let the following blazon-
ment from the grant of arms to Modling bei Wien
in 145S serve as an example of the same : " Mit
uamen ain Schilt gleich getailt in fasse, des ober
und maister tail von Rubin auch mit ainer fasse von
Berlein, der under thail von grunt des Schilts von
Sohmaragaden, darinneain Pantel von Silber in Ram-
pannt "—(lit "Namely, a shield equally divided in fess.
48
PLATE XIV.
(i) Sir henry SEYMOUR KI>fG, K.C.I.E.
(2) HENRY STUBBS, Esq. of Danbv, Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal.
(3) ROBERT .\LEX.\VDER GIBBONS, Esq.. M.D., F.R.C.P.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(4) Lt.-Col. LLEWELLYN W, LONGSTAFF OF RiDGEI.ANDS,
Wimbledon.
(s) STR-\NGM.\N, OF Co. Essex.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the upper and greater part of ruby, also with a tess of erminites. " Ermines " is a black field with white
pearl, the under part of the field of the shield of emerald, ermine spots (the French term for this is contre-
therein a panther of silver, rampant ") ; that is, " Per herviiii, the German, gegen-hermelin). A gold back-
I
ttttiill
iiiyH^ufu
I m^
j^
#
t
ttut'i
fess gules and vert, in chief a fess
argent, in base a panther rampant
of the last." Even the planets, and,
as abbreviations, their astronomical
signs, are occasionally employed :
thus, the sun for gold, the moon
for silver. Mars for red, Jwpiter
for blue, Vemis for green, Saiurn
for black, and Mercury for purple.
This aberration of intellect on
the part of mediaeval heraldic
writers, for it really amounted to
little more, had very little, if indeed
it had any, English ofiicial recognition. No
, one dreams of using such blazon at the
present time, and it might have been entirely
disregarded were it not that Guillim sanctions
its use ; and he being the high priest of
English armory to so many, his example
has given the system a certain currency. I
am not myself aware of any instance of the
use of these terms in a patent of arms.
The furs known to heraldry are now many,
but originally they were only two, " ermine "
and " vair." Ermine, as every one knows, is
of white covered with black spots, intended
to represent the tails of the animal. From
ermine has been evolved the following varia-
tions, viz. ermines, erminois, pean, and
Fig. 6o.
Fig. 6CW.— Arms of Wil-
liam de Ferrers, Earl
of Derby {d. 1247) -
" Scutnm variatnm
anro & gat," (From
MS. Cott. Nero, D. i.)
49
ground with black ermine spots is
styled erminois, and pean is a black
ground with gold ermine spots.
Planche mentions still another, as
does Parker in his "Glossary of
Heraldry," namely, " erminites,"
which is supposed to be white, with
black ermine spots and a red hair
on each side of the spot. I believe
there is no instance known of any
such fur in British armory. It is
not mentioned in Strohl's " Heraldic
Atlas," nor can I find any foreign
instance, so that who invented it, or for what
purpose it was invented, I cannot say ; and I
think it should be relegated, with abatements
and the seize quartiers of Jesus Christ, to
the category of the silly inventions of former
heraldic writers, not of former heralds, for
I know of no official act which has recognised
the existence of erminites. The German term
for erminois is gold-hermelin, but there are
no distinctive terms either in French or
German heraldry for the other varieties.
Thus, erminois would be in French blazon:
d'or, seme d'hermines de sable; pean would
be de sable, seme d'hermines d'or. Though
ermine is always nowadays represented upon
a white background, it was sometimes depicted
G
THE ART OF HERALDRY
with black ermine spots upon a field of silver, as in
the case of some of the stall plates of the Knights
of the Garter in St. George's Chapel at Windsor.
Ermine spots are frequently to be found as charges.
For instance, in the well-known coat of Kay, which is :
" Argent, three ermine spots in bend between two
bendlets sable, the whole between as many crescents
azure." As charges two ermine spots figure upon the
arras recently granted to Sir Francis Laking, Bart.,
G.C.V.O. The ermine spot has also sometimes been
divisions therefrom resulting having passed through
various intermediate forms (see Fig. 62), have now
been stereotyped into a fixed geometrical pattern,
formed of rows of ear - shaped shields of alternate
colours and alternately reversed, so depicted that each
reversed shield fits into the space left by those on
either side which are not reversed (see Fig. 61, k).
The accompanying illustration will show plainly
what is intended. In some of the older designs it
was similar to that shown in the arms of the Earl
used in British armory as the difference mark granted
under a Royal Licence to assume name and arms
when it is necessary to indicate the absence of blood
relationship. Other instances of the use of an ermine
spot as a charge are : —
" Or, on two bars azure, as many barrulets dancette
argent, a chief indented of the second charged with
an ermine spot or (Sawbridge).
Argent, a chevron between three crows sable, in each
beak an ermine spot (Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, 1680;
Lichfield, 1692; and Worcester, 1700-17).
Argent, a fess gules between three ermine spots
sable (Kilvington).
Argent, two bars sable, spotted ermine, in chief a lion
passant gules (Hill, co. Wexford).
The earliest form in which ermine was depicted shows
a nearer approach to the reality of the black tail, inas-
much as the spots above the tail to which we are now
accustomed are a modern variant. The forms which
appear in Fig. 60 show some variety. These were very
kindly collected and drawn for me by Miss Helard.
Happily the art of the present day shows a tendency
to revert to the older form instead of its modern
evolution.
When a bend is ermine, the spots (like all other
charges placed upon a bend) must be bendwise ; but on
a chevron, saltire, &c., they are drawn upright.
The other variety of fur is "vair." This originated
from the fur of a kind of squirrel (the ver or vair,
differently spelt ; Latin, varus), which was much used
for the lining of cloaks. The animal was bluey-grey
upon the back and white underneath, and the whole
skin was used. It will be readily seen that by sewing a
number of these skins together a result is obtained of a
series of cup-shaped figures, alternating bluey-grey and
white, and this is well shown in Fig. 41, which shows
the effigy upon the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet,
Count of Anjou, where the lining of vair to his cloak is
plainly to be seen.
The word seems to have been used independently of
heraldry for fur, and the following curious error, which
is pointed out in Parker's " Glossary of the Terms used
in Heraldry," may be noted in passing. The familiar
fairy tale of Cinderella was brought to us from the
French, and the sUppers made of this costly fur, written,
probably, verr6 for vain;, were erroneously translated
" glass " slippers. This was, of course, an impossible
material, but the error has always been repeated in the
nursery tale-books.
In the oldest records vair is represented by means
of straight horizontal lines alternating with horizontal
wavy or nebuly lines (see Fig. 60a), but the cup-shaped
Ferrers, Earl of Derby, 1254-65, the sketch (Fig. 62)
being taken from almost contemporary stained glass
in Dorchester Church, Oxon. ; whilst sometimes the
division lines are drawn, after the same manner, as
nebuly. There does not seem to have been any fixed
proportion for the number of rows of vair, as Fig. 63
shows the arms of the same Earl as represented upon
his seal. The palpable pun upon the name which a
shield vaire supplied no doubt affords the origin of
the arms of Ferrers. Some families of the name at a
later date adopted the horseshoes, which are to be
found upon many Farrer and Ferrers shields, the
popular assumption being that they are a reference
to the "farrier" from whom some would derive the
surname. Woodward states that a horseshoe being
the badge of the Marshalls, horseshoes were assumed
Fig. 62. — Arms of Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (1254-1265).
(From stained glass in Dorchester Church.)
as armen parlantes by their descendants the Ferrers,
who appear to have borne : Sable, six horseshoes argent.
As a matter of fact the only one who bore the horse-
shoes seems to have been William de Ferrers, Earl of
Derby (d. 1254), as will be seen from the arms as on his "
seal (Fig. 64). His wife was Sybilla, daughter of William
Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. His son reverted to the
plain shield of vaire, or, and gules (Figs. 62 and 63). The
arms of the Ferrers family at a later date are found to
be : Gules, seven mascles conjoined or, in which form
they are still borne by Ferrers of Baddesley Clinton;
but whether the mascles are corruptions of the horse-
shoes, or whether (as seems infinitely more probable)
they are merely a corrupted form of the vaire, or, and
gules, it is difficult to say. Personally I rather doubt
whether any Ferrers ever used the arms : Argent, six
horseshoes sable.
The early manner of depicting vair is still occasion-
50
PLATE XV.
matftr.
PU S LI :
■.^^feH..t.t<''-4'
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF -
(i) J. W MELLES. Esq. of Gruline. Aros, Isle of- Mull.
(2) Sik THOM.\S WRJGHT. OF Leicester.
(3) EDW-\RDTHOM..\.STY.SOX. Esq. OF Wood H.ux. CocKERMOUTH.
(41 HERBERT LUSHINGTON STOREY. Esq., op LAN-CiSTEK.
(5; HOWEL J. J. PRICE. Esq. of Greensted Hall. Oxgar.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ally met with in foreign heraldry, where it is blazoned
as Vair onde or Vair ancien. The family of Maegens
in Spain be;irs : Vair onde, on a bend gules three griffins
or ; and Taeeagone of Spain : Vaire onde, or and gules.
German heraldry seems to distinguish between twl-
kenfeh (cloud vair ; see Plate IX.) and ivoffenfeh (wave
Fig. 63.— Arms of Eobert de IfiG. 64.— Aj-ms of WiUirim
Ferrers, Earl of Derby de Ferrers, Earl of Deity :
(1254- 1265). (From bis Vaire, or, and gules, a bor-
^^^) dure argent, obarged with
eight horseshoes sable.
(From a drawing of his
seal, MS. Cott. Julius,
C. vii.)
van; see Fig. 61, n). The former is equivalent to van
ancient, the latter to vair en point.
The verbal blazon of vair nearly always commences
with the metal, but in the arrangement of the panes
there is a difference between French and EngUsh usage.
In the former the white panes are generally (and one
thinks more correctly) represented as forming the first,
or upper, line ; in British heraldry the reverse is more
usually the case. It is usual to depict the white panes
of ordinary vair with white rather than silver, though
the use of the latter cannot be said to be incorrect, there
being precedents in favour of that form. When an
ordinary is of van- or vau-y, the rows of vair may be
depicted either horizontally or following the direction
of the ordinary. There are accepted precedents for
both methods.
_ Vair is always blue and white, but the same sub-
division of the field is frequently found in other colours ;
and when this is the case, it is termed vairy of such and
such colours. When it is vairy, it is usually of a colour
and metal, as in the case of Ferrers, Earls of Derby,
above referred to ; though a fur is sometimes found to
take the place of one or other, as in the arms of
Gresley (see Fig. 65), which are: "Vaire, gules, and
ermine." I know of no instance where vaire is found
of either two metals or of two colours, nor at the same
time do I know of any rule against such a combination.
Probably it will be time enough to discuss the con-
tingency when an instance comes to light.
Gerard Leigh mentions vair of three or more tinctures,
but instances are very rare. Parker, in his " Glossary,"
refers to the coat of Eoger Holthouse, which he blazons ;
" Vairy argent, azure, gules, and or, en point."
The Vair of heraldry, as of commerce, was formerly
of three sizes, and the distinction is continued in foreign
armory. The middle or ordinary size is known as Vair;
a smaller size as Menu-vair (whence our word " mini-
ver ") : the largest as Beffroi or Gros vair, a term which
is used in armory when there are less than four rows.
The word Beffroi is evidently derived from the bell-
Uke shape of the vair, the word Beffroi being anciently
used in the sense of the alarm-bell of a town. ^In French
armory, Beffroi should consist of three horizontal rows ;
Vair, of four; Menu-vair, of six. This rule is not
strictly observed, but in French blazon if the rows are
more than four it is usual to specify the number ; thus
Vaeeoux bears: de Vair de cinq traits. Menu-vair
is stUl the blazon of some families ; Banville de Teu-
TEMNE bears: de Menvj-vair de six tires; the Barons
van HouTHEM bore : de Menu-vair, au franc quartier
de gueules charge de trois maillets d'or.
In British armory the foregoing distinctions are
unknown, and Vair is only of one size, that being at
the discretion of the artist.
When the Vair is so arranged that in two horizontal
rows taken together, either the points or the bases of
two panes of the same tincture are in apposition, the fur
is known as Countee Vaie {Centre Vair) (see Fig. 61,
I). Another variation, but an infrequent one, is known
as Vair in Pale, laiown in German heraldry as Pfahl-
feh (see Plate IX.), (Vair appoints or Vair en pal;
but if of other colours than the usual ones, Vaire en
pal). In this all panes of the same colour are arranged
in vertical, or palar, rows. German heraldry apparently
distinguishes between this and Stilrzpfahlfeh, or re-
versed vair in pale (see Fig. 6 1 , m). Vaie in Bend (or
in bend-sinister) is occasionally met with in foreign
coats ; thus Mignianelli in Italy bears : Vairii d'or et
d'azur en bande ; while Vaire en barre (that is, in
bend-sinister) d'or et de sahle is the coat of Pichon of
Geneva.
" Vair en pointe " is a term applied by Nisbet to an
arrangement by which the azure shield pointing down-
wards has beneath it an argent shield pointing down-
wards, and vice versa, by which method the resulting
effect is as shown in Fig. 61, n. The German term
Fig. 65.— The arms of Sir Eobert Gresley, Bart, , viz. : Quarterly i and 4,
vairtS ermine and gules; 2 and 3, sable, a lion rampant argent,
collared gules, impaling the arms of Spencer-Churohill, namely :
quarterly l and 4, sable a lion rampant argent, on a canton of the
last a cross gules (for Churchill) ; 2 and 3, quarterly argent and
gules, on a bend sable between two frets or, three escallops of the
first (for Spencer) ; and as an honomable augmentation, in chief
an escutcheon argent, charged with the cross of St. George gules,
and thereon an escutcheon'of the arms of Fi-ance, namely : azure,
three fleurs-de-Us or. The escutcheon is charged with his badge
of Ulster as a Baronet. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a lion passant argent; with the motto,
" Meliore fide quam fortuna."
for this is Wogenfeh, or wave vair. Fig. 61, 0 shows
a purely German variety — Wechselfeh, or alternate vair;
and Fig. 61, ^5, which is equivalent to the English vaire
of four colours, is known in German armory as Buntfeh,
i.e. gay-coloured or checked vair.
Ordinary van- in German heraldry is known as
Eisenhut-feh, or iron hat van. On account of its
similarity, when drawn, to the old iron hat of the
51
THE ART OF HERALDRY
foui-teentli and fifteenth centuries (see Fig. 66), this skin
has received the name of Eisenhutlein (little iron hat)
£i-om German heraldic students, a name which later
gave rise to many incorrect interpretations. An old
charter in the archives of the chapter-house of Lilien-
field, Ln Lower Austria, under the seal (Fig. 6y) of one
Chimrad Pellifes, 1329, proves that at that time vair
was so stjded. The name of Pellifex (in German
Fig. 67.— Seal o£ Chim-
rad Pellifex, 1329.
Wildwerker, a worker in skins, or furrier) is expressed
in a punning or canting form on the dexter side of
the shield. This Conrad the Furrier was Burgomaster
of Vienna 1340-43.
A considerable number of British and foreign families
bear Vair only; such are Fekkees and Gkesley, above
mentioned ; Vaeano, Dukes de Cameeino ; Vaiee and
VAiKitEE, in France ; Veeet, in Switzerland ; Gomas,
Feesnat (Brittany); De Veea, in Spain; Loheac
(Brittany); Vaeenchon (Savoy); Soldanieei (Florence).
Counter vair is borne by Loffeedo of Naples ; by
BoucHAGE, Du Plessis Angees, and Beotin, of France.
Hellejimes of Tournay uses : de Contre vair, a la
cotice de gueules hrochante sur le tout.
Mr. Woodward, in his " Treatise on Heraldry," writes :
Two curious forms of Vair occasionally met with in
Italian or French coats are kno'wn as Plwmete and
Papelonn/1.
In Pluinet4 the field is apparently covered with
feathers. Plumete d'argent et d'azur is the coat of
Ceba (note that these are the tinctures of Vair) ;
SoLDONiEEi of Udine, Plumete au natural (but the
SOLDONIEEI of Florence bore : Vaire argent and sable
with a Ijordure chequy or and azure); Teneemonde
of Brabant: Plumete or and sable. In the arms of
the ScALTENiGHi of Padua, the Benzoni of MUan,
the GlOLFiNi, Catanei, and Nuvoloni of Verona, each
feather of the plumete is said to be charged with an
ermine spot sable.
The bearing of Papelonne is more frequently found ;
in it the field is covered with what appear to be scales ;
the heraldic term papelonni being derived from a sup-
posed resemblance of these scales to the wings of butter-
fhes ; for example the coat of Monti : Otdes, jxqyelonne
argent.
DoNZEL at Besanfon bears : Papelonne d'or et de
sable. (It is worthy of note that Donze of Lorraine
used : Gules, three bars wavy or. The Feanconis of
Lausanne are said to bear: de Oueules papelonne
d'argent, and on a chief of the last a rose of the first,
but the coat is otherwise blazoned: Vaire gides and
or, &c. The coat of Aequinvilliees, or Haegen-
villiees, in Picardy, of d'Hermine piapelonne de
giheides (not being understood, this has been blazoned
" seniA of caltraps"). So also the coat of Chemillk
appears in French books of blazon indifterently as:
d'Or papelo^ine de gueules ; and d'Or semt! de chausse-
trapes de gueules. Guetteville de Guenonville is
said to bear : d' Argent seme de chaussetrapes de sable,
but it is more probable that this is simply d' Argent
papelonni de sable. The Baeisoni of Padua bear : Or,
a bend of scales, bendwise argent, on each scale an
ermine spot sable, the bend bordered sable; this is only
a roundabout way of saying : Or, a bend argent, bor-
dered and papelonne sable.
The Albeeici of Bologna bear : Papelonni of seven
rows, four of argent, three of or; but the Alberghi
of the same city : Papelonne of six rmvs, three of argent,
as many of gules. The connection with vaire is much
clearer in the latter than in the former. Cambi (called
FiGLXAMBUCHi), at Florence, carried : d' Argent, pape-
lonne de gueules; Monti of Florence and SicUy, and
Konqueeolles of France the reverse.
No one who is familiar with the licence given to them-
selves by armorial painters and sculptors in Italy, who
were often quite ignorant of the meaning of the blazons
they depicted, will doubt for a moment the statement
that Papelonne was originally a corruption from or
perhaps is simply ill-drawn Van-.
Potent, and its less common variant Counter
Potent, are usually ranked in British heraldic works
as separate furs. This has arisen from the writers
being ignorant that in early times Vair was frequently
depicted in the form now known as Potent (see Plates
LXXI. and LXXII. (By many heraldic writers the
ordinary Potent is styled Potent-counter-potent. When
drawn in the ordinary way. Potent alone suffices.) An
example of Vair in the form now known as Potent (or,
as above, Potent-counter-potent) is afforded by the seal
of Jeanne de Flandee, wife of Engueeeand IV. (De
Courcy) ; here the well-known arms of Couecy, Barry
of six vair and gules, are depicted as if the bars of vair
were composed of a row oipoterit (Veee, Oinicdogie des
Cmntes de Flandre). In the Roll of Arms of the time
of Edward I. the Vair resembles Potent (-counter-
potent), which Dr. Peecevax erroneously terms an
"invention of later date." The name and the differ-
entiation may be, but not the fact. In the First
NobCity Roll of the year 1297, the arms of No. 8,
EoBEET DE Beuis, Baron of Brecknock, are : Barry of
six, Vaire ermine and gules, and azure. Here the vair
is potent ; so is it also in No. ig, where the coat of
Ingeleam DE Ghisnes, or Gynes, is: Gules, a chief
vair. The same coat is thus drawn in the Second
Nobility Roh, 1299, No. 57. Potent, like its original
Vair, is always of argent and asure, unless other tinc-
tures are specified in the blazon. The name Potent
is the old English word for a crutch or walking-staff.
Chaucer, in his description of " Elde " (i.e. old age) writes :
" So olde she was, that she ne went
A fote, but it were b}^ potent"
And though a potent is a heraldic charge, and a cross
potent a well-kno'mi variety of that ordinary, " potent "
is usually intended to indicate the fur of blue and white
as in Fig. 61, q. It is not of frequent usage, but it un-
doubtedly has an accepted place in British armory, as
also has " counter-potent," which, following the same
rules as counter- vair, results in a field as Fig. 61, r.
The German terms for Potent and counter-potent are
respectively SturzkrUckenfeh and gegensturzkrilekenfeh.
German heraldry has evolved yet another variant of
Potent, viz. Verschobenes Gegensturzkriickenfeh (i.e.
displaced potent-counter-potent), as in Fig. 61, s. There
is still 3'et another German heraldic fur which is quite
unknown in British armory. This is the Eursch shown
on Plate XL, otherwise "Van- bellies." This is usually
shown to be hairy and represented brown. Possibly
this is the same as the Plumete to which Mr. Wood-
ward refers.
Some heraldic writers also speak of varry as mean-
52
PLATE XVI.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF JOHN WADDINGTON, Esq. of Waddington Old Hall, Co. York,
AND OF Elv Grange, Frant, Sussex.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ing the pieces of ■whieh the vair is composed ; they
also use the terms rairy ciippy and vairy tossy tor
X>ofent-coivnter-potent, perhaps trom the drawings in
some instances resembmig cups; that is a possible mean-
ing of tassa. It may be said that all these variations of
the ancient vair arise from mere accident (generally
bad drawing), supplemented by over refinement on the
part of the heraldic -n-riters who have described them.
This generalisation may be extended in its appUcation
from vair to many other heraldic matters. To aU
intents and purposes British heraldry now or hitherto
has only known vair and potent.
One of the earliest rules one learns in the study of
armory is that colour cannot be placed upon colour, nor
metal upon metal. Now this is a definite rule which
must practically always be rigidly observed. Many
writers have gone so far as to say that the only case of
an infi'action of this rule wUl be found in the arms of
Jerusalem : Argent, a cross potent between four crosslets
or. This was a favourite windmill at which the late
Dr. Woodward tilted vigorously, and in the appendix to
his " Treatise on Heraldry " he enumerates some twenty-
sis instances of the violation of the rule. The whole of
the instances he quoted, however, are taken from Con-
tinental armory, in which these exceptions — for even
on the Continent such arms fausses are noticeable
exceptions — occur much more frequently than in this
country. Nevertheless such exceptions do occur in
British armory, and the following instances of well-
known coats which break the rule may be quoted.
The arms of Lloj'd of Ffos-y-Bleiddied, co. Cardigan,
and Danyrallt, co. Carmarthen, are : " Sable, a spear-
head imbrued proper between three scaUng - ladders
argent, on a chief gules a castle of the second" (see
Plate XXX.). Burke in his " General Armory " says
this coat of arms was granted to Cadifor ap D3rfnwal,
ninth in descent from Roderick the Great, Prince of
Wales, by his cousin the great Lord Rhys, for taking
the castle of Cardigan by escalade from the Earl of Clare
and the Flemings in 1 164. Another instance is a coat
of Meredith recorded in Ulster's Office and now in-
herited by the Hon. Richard Edmund Meredith, a judge
of the Supreme Court of Judicature of Ireland and a
Judicial Commissioner of the Irish Land Commission.
These arms are : " Gules, on a chevron sable, between
three goats' heads erased, as many trefoils or." An
instance of comparatively recent date will be found in
the grant of the arms of Thackeray (Fig. 245). A little
careful research, no doubt, would produce a large num-
ber of Enghsh instances.
Furs may be placed upon either metal or colour, as
may also any charge which is termed proper. German
heralds describe fm-s and natural colours as amphibious.
It is perfectly legitimate to place for upon fur, and
though not often found, numbers of examples can be
quoted ; probably one will suffice. The arms of Richard-
son are : Sable, two hawks belled or, on a chief indented
ermine, a pale ermines, and three lions' heads counter-
changed. It is also correct to place ermine upon
argent, as in the arms of Dundas of Amiston, which
are: Argent, a lion rampant gules, a bordure ermine,
and Dunscombe (see Plate XXYL). But such coats
are not very frequently found, and it is usual in design-
ing a coat to endeavour to arrange that the fur shall
be treated as metal or colour according to what may be
its background. The reason for this is obvious. It is
correct, though unusual, for a charge which is blazoned
proper, and yet depicted in a recognised heraldic colour,
to be placed upon colour ; and where such eases occur,
care should be taken that the charges are blazoned
proper. A charge composed of more than one tincture,
that is, of a metal and colour, may be placed upon a field
of either ; for example the well-known coat of Stewart,
which is : Or, a fess chequy azure and argent, or vice
versa : Per pale ermine and azure, a fess wavy gules
(Broadbent); or : Azure, a lion rampant argent, debruised
by a fess per pale of the second and gules (Walsh) ; but
in such coats it will always be found that the fu-st tinc-
ture of the composite charge should be in opposition to
the field upon which it is superimposed ; for instance,
the arms of Stewart are : Or, a fess chequy azure and
argent. To blazon or depict them with a fess chequy
argent and azure would be incorrect. When an ordi-
nary is charged upon both metal and colour, it would
be quite correct for it to be of either metal, colour, or fur,
and in such cases it has never been considered either
exceptional or an infraction of the rule that colour must
not be placed upon colour, nor metal upon metal. There
is one point, however, which is one of these Httle points
one has to learn from actual experience, and which I
beheve has never yet been quoted in any handbook of
heraldry, and that is, that this rule must be thrown
overboard with regard to crests and supporters. I can-
not call to mind an instance of colour upon colour,
but a gold collar around the neck of an argent crest
will constantly be met with. The sinister supporter
of the Royal achievement is a case in point, and this
rule, which forbids colour upon colour, and metal upon
metal, only holds with regard to supporters and crests
when the crest or supporter itself is treated as a field
and charged v;ith one or more objects. The Royal labels,
as already stated, appear to be a standing infraction
of the rule if white and argent are to be heraldicaUy
treated as identical. The rule is also disregarded en-
tirely as regards Scottish cadency bordures.
So long as the field is party, that is, divided into an
equal number of pieces ; for example, paly, barruly, or
bendy, or party per bend, or per chevron; it may be
composed of two metals or two colours, because the
pieces all being equal, and of equal number, they aU are
parts of the field, none being charges.
Before leaving the subject of the field, one must not
omit to mention certain exceptions which hardly fall
within any of the before-mentioned categories. One of
these can only be described by the word " landscape."
It is not uncommon in British armory, though I
know of but one instance where the actual field itself
needs to be so described. This is the coat of the family
of Franco, the paternal ancestors of Sir Massey Lopes,
Bart., and Lord Ludlow. The name was changed from
Franco to Lopes by Royal Licence dated the 4th of May
1 8 3 1 .. Whether this coat of arms originated in an English
grant, or whether the EngUsh grant of it amounts to no
more than an attempt at the registration of a previously
existing or greatly similar foreign coat of arms for the
name of Franco, I am unaware, but the coat certainly
is blazoned : " In a landscape field, a fountain, there-
from issuing a palm-tree aU proper."
But landscape has very extensively been made use
of in the augmentations which were granted at the
end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth
centuries. In these cases the augmentation very gene-
rally consisted of a chief and thereon a representation
either of some fort or ship or action, and though
the chief is officially blazoned argent in nearly every
case, there is no doubt the artist was permitted, and
perhaps intended, to depict clouds and other "atmo-
sphere" to add to the verisimOitude of the picture.
These augmentations will be more especially considered
in a later chapter, but here one may perhaps be per-
mitted to remark, that execrable as we now consider
such landscape heraldry, it ought not to be condemned
in the wholesale manner in which it has been, because
it was typical of the over elaboration to be found in
53
THE ART OF HERALDRY
all art and all artistic ideas of the period iii whicla
we find it originating. Heraldry and heraldic art have
always been a mirror of the artistic ideas prevalent at
equivalent periods, and unless heraldry is to be wholly
relegated to consideration as a dead subject, it is an
anachronism to depict an action the date of which is
well known (and which date it is desired to advertise
and not conceal) in a method of art belonging to a
different period. In family arms the case is different,
as with those the idea apparently is always the con-
cealment of the date of nobditj'.
The " landscape " variety of heraldry is more com-
mon in Germany than with us, and Herr Strohl writes :
" Of very little heraldic worth are the old house and
home signs as they were used by landed proprietors,
tradesmen, and artisans or workmen, as indicative of
their possessions, wares, or productions. These signs,
originally simply outline pictures, were later introduced
into heraldic soil, inasmuch as bourgeois families raised
to the nobility adopted their house signs as heraldic
charges upon their shields."
There are also many coats of arms which run: "In base,
a representation of water proper," and one of the best
instances of this will be found in the arms of Oxford,
though for the sake of preserving the pun the coat in
this case is blazoned : " Argent, an ox gules passing over
a ford proper." Similar instances occur in the arms of
Renfrew, Queensferry, Leith, Ryde, and scores of other
towns. It has always been considered permissible to
represent these either by an attempt to depict natural
water, or else in the ancient heraldic way of representing
water, namely " barry wavy argent and azure." There
are many other coats of arms which are of a similar char-
acter though specifically blazoned " barry wavy argent
and azure." Now this representation of water in base
can hardly be properly said to be a charge, but perhaps
it might be dismissed as such were it not that one coat
of arms exists in Scotland, the whole of the field of which
is simply a representation of water. Unfortunately this
coat of arms has never been matriculated in Lyon Re-
gister or received official sanction ; but there is no doubt
of its ancient usage, and were it to be now matriculated
in conformity with the Act of 1672, there is very little
doubt that the ancient characteristic would be retained.
The arms are those of the town of Inverary in Argyll-
shire, and the blazon of the coat, according to the form
it is depicted upon the Corporate seal, would be for the
field : " The sea proper, therein a net suspended from the
dexter chief and the sinister fess points to the base ; and
entangled in its meshes five herrings," which is about the
most remarkable coat of arms I have ever come across.
Occasionally a " field," or portion of a field, will be
found to be a representation of masonry. This may be
either proper or of some metal or colour. The arms of
the city of Bath are : " Party per fess embattled azure
and argent, the base masonry, m chief two bars wavy of
the second ; over all, a sword in pale gules, hilt and
pommel or." The arms of Reynell are : " Argent, masoned
sable, a chief indented of the second."
SEME
The use of the term "seme" must be considered
before we leave the subject of the field. It simply
means " powdered with " or " strewed with " any objects,
the number of the latter being unlimited, the purpose
being to evenly distribute them over the shield. In
depicting anything seme, care is usually taken that
some of the charges (with which the field is seme) shall
be partly defaced by the edges of the shield, or the
ordinary upon which they are charged, or by the
superior charge itself, to indicate that it is not charged
with a specific number of objects.
There are certain special terms which may be noted.
A field or charge seme of fleur-de-lis is termed " seme-
de-Us," but if seme of bezants it is bezante, and is
termed plate if seme of plates.
A field seme of billets is billetty or billette, and when
seme of cross crosslets it is termed crusdly. A field or
charge seme of drops is termed goutte or gutty.
Instances of coats of which the field is seme wiU be
found in the arms of De la Warr (see Fig. 68), which are :
Fig. 6S. — Arms of John,
Lord De la Warr (rf.
139S). (From MS.
Asbm. S04, iv.)
Fig. 69. — Arms of John,
Lord Beaumont, K.G.
{d. 1396). (From his
Garter Plate : i and 4,
Beaumont ; 2 and 3,
azure, three garbs or
(for Comyn).
fi
^'
J
5?
v_
w
i
%
Fig. 70. — Arms of Gil-
bert Umfraville, Earl
of Kyme (rf. 1421)-
(From Harl. MS. 6163).
Gules, orusily, and a lion rampant argent; Beaumont
(see Fig. 69) : Azure, seme-de-hs and a lion rampant or ;
and Umfraville (see Fig. 70) : Gules, seme of crosses flory,
and a cinquefoil or.
The goutte or drop occasionally figures (in a speci-
fied number) as a charge; but such cases axe rare,
its more frequent use being to show a field seme.
British heraldry alone has evolved separate names
for the different colours, all other nations simply using
the term " goutte " or " gutte," and specifying the colour.
The terms we have adopted are as follows : For drops
of gold, " gutte-d'or " ; silver, " gutte-d'eau " (when borne
as a charge it is generally termed an icicle) ; for gules,
" gutte-de-sang " ; azure, " gutte-de-l'armes " ; vert,
" gutte-de-l'huile " ; and sable, " gutte-de-poix."
A field seme must not be confused with diapering,
for whilst the objects with which a field is seme are
an integral part of the arms, diapering is a purely
artistic "and optional matter.
DIAPERING
The diapering of armorial emblazonments is a matter
with which the Science of armory has no concern.
It never forms any part of the blazon, and is never
ofiicially noticed, being considered, and very properly
allowed to remain, a purely artistic detail. From the
artistic point of view it has some unportance, as in
54
■^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
many of the earliest instances of handicraft in which
armorial decoration appears very elaborate diapering is
introduced. The frequency with which diapering is
met with in armorial handicraft is strangely at vari-
ance with its absence in heraldic paintings of the same
periods, a point which may perhaps be urged upon
the attention of some of the heraldic artists of the
present day, who would rather seem to have failed to
grasp the true purpose and origin and perhaps also
the use of diaper. In stained glass and enamel work,
where the use of diaper is most frequently met with,
it was introduced for the express purpose of catching
and breaking up the light, the result of which was
to give an enormously increased effect of brilliance to
the large and otherwise flat surfaces. These tricks of
their art and craft the old handicraftsmen were past
masters in the use of. But no such purpose could
be served in a small painting upon vellum. For this
reason early heraldic emblazonments are seldom if ever
found to have been diapered. With the rise of heraldic
engraving amongst the '■' little masters " of German art,
the opportunity left to their hands by the absence
of colour naturally led to the renewed use of diaper to
avoid the appearance of blanks in their work. The
use of diaper at the present day needs to be the
result of careful study and thought, and its haphazard
employment is not recommended. Plate X. gives
some number of typical " Gothic " and " Renaissance "
Fig. 71. — Arms of the Herren von Schon-
neck, from Griinenberg's Wappenhuch,
1483.
Fig. 72. — Arms of Rich-
ard de Beauchamp,
Earl of Worcester {d.
1422). Gules, a fess
between sis cross
crosslets or, a crescent
sable for difference.
(Note the early form
of the cross crosslets.)
diaperings. A very effective example of diapering will
be found in Fig. 71, which shows the arms of von
Schonneck as given in the Wa2:>penbuch (1483) of
Grflnenberg.
Another pleasing example will be found in Fig. 72,
which is from a representation in stained glass of the
arms of the Earl of Worcester.
If as Woodward states (an assertion one is rather
inclined to doubt), there are some cases abroad in which
the constant use of diapering has been stereotyped
into an integral part of the arms, these cases must be
exceedingly few in number, and they certainly have no
counterpart in the armory of this country. Where
diapering is for artistic reasons employed, care must
always be taken that the decorative form employed
cannot be mistaken for a field either charged or seme.
PARTITION LINES
K there is one subject which the ordinary' text-books
of armory treat in the manner of classification adapted
to an essay on natural history or grammar, with its
attending rigidity of rule, it is the subject of partition
lines ; and yet the whole subject is more in the nature
of a set of explanations which must each be learned
on its own merits. The usual lines of partition are
themselves well enough known; and it is hardly
necessary to elaborate the different variations at
any great length. They may, however, be enumerated
as follows: Engrailed, embattled, indented, invecked
or invected, wavy or undy, nebuly, dancette, raguly,
potente, dovetailed, and urdy. These are the lines
which are recognised by most modern heraldic text-
books and generally recapitulated ; but we shall have
occasion later to refer to others which are very well
known, though apparently they have never been
included in the classification of partition lines (Fig. 73).
Engrailed, as every one knows, is' formed by a continuous
ENGRAILED.
INVECTED.
EMBATTLED
D. A/V\/S/V\A/\/\ INDENTED.
DANCETTY
^ISTSiSlSZSl
WAVY
NEBULY
(deep)
X "^ "^ RAGULY
J. aszs"ajEra,s"5szs^ potente.
K ZXZXZSrZXZXZSTL DOVETAILED.
.mm/mimm
FLORY
COUNTERFLORY
RAYONNE.
Fig. 73.— Lines of Partition.
and concurrent series of small semicircles conjoined
each to each, the sharp points formed by the con-
junction of the two arcs being placed outwards. This
partition line may be employed for the rectilinear
charges known as " ordinaries " or " sub-ordinaries." In
the bend, pale, pUe, cross, chief and fess, when these are
described as engraUed the enclosing lines of the ordinary,
other than the edges of the shield, are all composed of
these small semicircles with the points turned out-
wards, and the word "outwards" must be construed
as pointing away from the centre of the ordinary when
it is depicted. In the case of a chief the points are
turned downwards, but it is rather difiicult to describe
the use of the term when used as a partition line of the
field. The only instance I can call to mind where it is
55
THE ART OF HERALDRY
so employed is tlie case of Baird of Ury, the arms of this
family being: Per pale engrailed gules and or, a boar
passant counterchanged. In this instance the points
are turned towards the sinister side of the shield, which
would seem to be correct, as, there being no ordinary,
they must be outwards from the most important posi-
tion affected, which in this case undoubtedly is the
dexter side of the shield. In the same way " per fess en-
grailed " would be presumably depicted with the points
outwards from the chief line of the shield, that is, point-
ing downwards ; and I should imagine that in " per bend
engrailed " the points of the semicircles would again be
placed inclined towards the dexter base of the shield.
This point, however, which puzzled me much in depict-
ing the arms of Baird of Ury, I could find explained in
no text-book upon the subject.
The term invect or invecked is the precise opposite
of engrailed. It is similarly composed of small semi-
circles, but the points are turned inwards instead of
outwards, so that it is no more than the exact reverse
of engrailed, and all the regulations concerning the
one need to be observed concerning the other, with
the proviso that they are reversed.
The partition line embattled has certain peculiarities
of its own. When dividing the field there can be no
difficulty about it, inasmuch as the crenellations are
equally inwards and outwards from any point, and it
should be noted that the term " crenelle " is almost as
often used as " embattled." When, however, the term
describes an ordinary, certain points have to be borne
in mind. The fess or the bar embattled is drawn with
the crenellations on the upper side only, the under
edge being plain unless the ordinary is described both
as " embattled and counter-embattled." Similarly a
chevron is only crenellated on the upper edge unless
it is described as both embattled and counter-embattled,
but a pale or a bend embattled is crenellated on both
edges as is the cross or saltire. I have never come
across a pile embattled; but it would naturally be
embattled on both edges.
The terms indented and dancette need to be con-
sidered together, because they differ very little, and only
in the fact that whilst indented may be drawn with any
number of teeth, dancette is drawn with a limited
number, which is usually three complete teeth in the
width of the field. But it should be observed that this
rule is not so hard and fast that the necessity of artistic
depicting may not modify it slightly. An ordinary
which is indented would follow much the same rules as
an ordinary which was engrailed, except that the teeth
are made by small straight lines for the indentations
instead of by small semicircles, and instances can doubt-
less be found of all the ordinaries qualified by the term
indented. Dancette, however, does not lend itself so
readily to general application, and is usually to be
found applied to either a fess or chief, or occasionally a
bend. In the case of a fess dancette the indentations
on the top and the bottom lines are made to fit into
each other, so that instead of having a straight band
with the edge merely toothed, one gets an up and down
zig-zag band with three complete teeth at the top and
three complete teeth at the bottom. Whilst a fess, a
bar, a bend, and a chief can be found dancette, I do not
see how it would be possible to draw a saltire or a cross
dancette. At any rate the resulting figure would be
most ugly, and would appear ill-balanced. A pile and
a chevron seem equally impossible, though there does
not seem to be the like objection to a pale dancette.
An instance of a bend dancette is found in the arms
of Cuffe (Lord Desart), which are: Ai-gent, on a bend
dancette sable, plain cotised azure, three fleurs-de-lis,
and on each cotise as many liezants.
Wavy or undy, which is supposed to have been taken
from water, and nebidy, which is supposed to be derived
from clouds, are of course lines which are well known.
They are equally applicable to any ordinary and to any
partition of the field ; but in both cases it should be
noticed by artists that there is no one definite or
accepted method of depicting these lines, and one is
quite at liberty, and might be recommended to widen
out the indentations, or to increase them in height as the
artistic requirements of the work in hand may seem to
render advisable. It is only by bearing this in mind
and treating these lines with freedom that really artistic
work can sometimes be produced where they occur.
There is no fixed rule either as to the width which
these lines may occupy or as to the number of indenta-
tions as compared with the width of the shield, and it
is a pity to introduce or recognise any regulations of
this character where none exist. There are writers who
think it not unlikely that vaire and barry nebuly were
one and the same thing. It is at any rate difficult in
some old representations to draw any noticeable dis-
tinctions between the methods of depicting barry
nebuly and vair.
The line raguly has been the subject of much dis-
cussion. It, and the two which follow, viz. potente
and dovetailed, are all comparatively modern intro-
ductions. It would be interesting if some enthusiast
would go carefully through the ancient Kolls of Arms
and find the earliest occurrences of these terms. My own
impression is that they would all be found to be inven-
tions of the mediaeval writers on heraldry. Kaguly is the
same as embattled, with the crenellations put upon
the slant. Some writers say they should slant one way,
others give them slanting the reverse. In a pale or
a bend the teeth must point upwards ; but in a fess
I should hesitate to say whether it were more correct
for them to point to the dexter or to the sinister, and
I am inclined to consider that either is perfectly correct.
At any rate, whilst they are usually drawn inclined to
the dexter, in " Woodward and Burnett " they are to the
sinister, and Guilhm gives them turned to the dexter,
saying, " This form of line I never yet met with in
use as a partition, though frequently in composing of
ordinaries referring them like to the trunks of trees
with the branches lopped off, and that (as I take it) it
was intended to represent." Modern heraldry supplies
an instance which in the days of Mr. Guillim, of course,
did not exist to refer to. This instance occurs in the
arms of the late Lord Leighton, which were : " Quarterly
per fess raguly or and gules, in the second and thnd
quarters a wyvern of the first." It is curious that
Guillim, even in the edition of 1724, does not mention
any of the remaining terms. Dovetailed in modern
armory is even yet but seldom made use of, though I
can quote two instances of coats of arms in which it is
to be found, namely, the arms of Kirk, which are :" Gules,
a chevron dovetailed ermine, on a chief argent, three
dragons' heads couped of the field ; " and Ambrose (see
Plate XXX.) : "Azure, two lions passant in pale argent,
on a chief dovetailed, and the last a fleur-de-lis between
two annulets of the first." Other instances of dovetailed
used as a line of partition will be found in the case of the
arms of Farmer (Fig. 396), which are: " Per chevron dove-
tailed gules and argent, in chief two lions' heads erased
of the last, and in base a salamander in flames proper : "
and in the arms of Fenton (Fig. 74), namely : " Per pale
argent and sable, a cross dovetailed, in the first and
fourth quarters a fleur-de-lis, and in the second and third
a trefoil slipped all countercharged." There are, of
course, many others. As to the term urdy, which is given
in Woodward and Burnett and also in Beny, I can only
say I personally have never come across an instance of its
56
PLATE XVII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(i) THOMAS WESTFALING FRESTON. Esq. of Eagle's Nest, i (3) WILLIAM RAE MACDONALD, Esq., Caerick Pursuivant ok
Prestwich. Arms.
(2) ARTHUR E. H. HUTTON, Esq. of Houghton Hall, Co. (4I TREDENHAM HUGH SPRY, Esq. of Witherdon, Germansvveek.
Durham. 1 Co. Devon.
IS) JOSEPH EDWARD MOORE-GWYN, Esq. of Dvffrvn, Co. Glamorgan.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
use as a partition line. A cross or a billet urdy one
knows, but urdy as a partition Hne I have yet to find.
It is significant that it is omitted in Parker except as a
term applicable to a cross, and the instances and varia-
tions given by Berry, " urdy in point paleways " and
" contrary urdy," I should be much more inclined to
consider as variations of vair ; and, though it is always
well to settle points which can be settlell, I think urdy
and its use as a partition line may be well left for
further consideration when examples of it come to
hand. The same remarks apply to the term potentd.
JlE-SVlBrPRESTi
Fig. 74. — The Arms of Fenton.
There is one term, however, which is frequently to be
met with at the present time, but which I have never
seen quoted in any text-book under the heading of
a partition line ; that is, " flory counter-flory," which is
of course formed by a succession of ileurs-de-lis alter-
nately reversed and counterchanged. They might of
course be blazoned after the quotation of the field as
"per bend" or "per chevron" as the case might be, simply
as so many fleurs-de-lis counterchanged, and alternately
reversed in a specified position ; but this never appears
to be the case, and consequently the fleurs-de-lis are
essentially parts of the field and not charges. I have
sometimes thought whether it would not be more cor-
rect to depict " per something " flory and counter-flory
without completing the fleurs-de-lis, simply leaving the
alternate tops of the fleurs-de-lis to show. In the cases
of the illustrations which have come under my notice,
however, the whole fleur-de-lis is depicted, and as an
instance of the use of the term may be mentioned the
arms of Dumas (Fig. 137), which are: "Per chevron
flory and counter-flory or and azure, in chief two lions'
gambs erased, and in base a garb counterchanged." But
when the term flory and counter-flory is used in con-
juncti\on with an ordinary, e.g. a fess flory and counter-
flory, the half fleurs-de-lis, only alternately reversed,
are represented on the outer edges of the ordinary.'
I think also that the word " arched " should be in-
cluded as a partition line. I confess that the only form
in which I know of it is that it is frequently used by York
Herald in designing coats of arms with chiefs arched.
But if a chief can be arched I see no reason why a fess
or a bar cannot equally be so altered, and in that case
it undoubtedly becomes a recognised Hne of partition.
Perhaps it should be stated that a chief arched is a
chief with its base line one arc of a large circle (Figs.
172, 246, and 262). The diameter of the circle and the
consequent acuteness of the arch do not appear to be
fixed by any definite rule, and here again artistic re-
quirements must be the controlling factor in any deci-
sion. Elvin in his " Dictionary of Heraldic Terms " gives
a curious assortment of Unes, the most curious of all,
perhaps, being indented embowed, or hacked and hewed.
Where such a term originated or in what coat of arms
it is to be found I am ignorant, but the appearance is
exactly what would be presented by a piece of wood
hacked with an axe at regular intervals. Elvin again
makes a ditt'erence between bretessed and embattled-
counter-embattled, making the embattlement on either
side of an ordinary identical in the former and alter-
nated in the latter. He also makes a difference between
raguly, which is the conventional form universally
adopted, and raguled and trunked, where the ordinary
takes the representation of the trunk of a tree with the
branches lopped ; but these and many others that he
gives are refinements of idea which personally I should
never expect to find in actual use, and of the instances
of which I am unaware. I think, however, the term
" rayonne," which is found in both the arms of O'Hara
and the arms of Colman (Fig. 106), and which is formed
by the addition of rays to the ordinary, should take a
place amongst lines of partition, though I admit I know
of no instance in which it is employed to divide the field.
METHODS OF PARTITION
The field of any coat of arms is the surface colour of
the shield, and is supposed to include the area within
the limits formed by its outline. There are, as has been
already stated, but few coats of a single colour minus a
charge to be found in British heraldry. But there are
many which consist of a field divided by partition lines
only, of which some instances were given on page 44.
A shield may be divided by partition lines running
in the direction of almost any " ordinary," in which
case the field will be described as " per bend " or " per
chevron," &c. It may be :
Per fess
Plate IX., Fig. 10
Per bend
„ 42
Per bend sinister
.. 43
Per pale
2
Per chevron
.. 58
Per cross .
„ 25
(though it should be noted that the more usual
term employed for this is " quarterly ")
Per saltu-e . . . Plate IX., Fig. 68
But a field cannot be " per pile " or " per chief," because
there is no other way of representing these ordinaries.
A field can be composed of any number of pieces in
the form of the ordinaries filling the area of the shield,
in which case the field is said to be " paly," " bendy,"
" ohevronny," &c., but the number of pieces must be
specified. As indicating at the same time the forms
of the ordinaries and the methods of partitioning the
shield, we cannot do better than annex the blazons of
the shields on Plates IX. and X. before considering
the charges themselves in detail. These will be found
after the chapter on the Rules of Blazon.
Another method of partition will be found in the
fields " cheeky " (or " chequy ") and lozengy ; but these
divisions, as also the foregoing, will be treated more
57
THE ART OF HERALDRY
specifically under the different ordinaries. A field which
is party need not necessarily have all its lines of parti-
tion the same. This peculiarity, however, seldom occurs
except in the case of a field quarterly, the object in
coats of this character being to prevent different quar-
ters of one coat of arms being ranked as or taken to be
quarterings representing different families. Examples of
this will be found in the arms of Croft of Croft Castle*"
^ Arms of Croft of Croft Castle : l. Quarterly per fess indented
azure and argent, in the first quarter a lion passant p:uardant or {for
Croft) ; 2. or, two lions passant gules ; 3. paly of six argent and gules,
a lion rampant sable (for Owen ap Griffith Vychan) ; 4. gules, a bend
between six lions' heads erased argent (for Skull). Crests: I. a lion
passant guardant argent; 2. a wyvern sable, vulned in the side gules.
(see Plate XI.) and Farish (see Plate XXXIL). The
latter instance consists of quarterings of Parish" and
Garthwaite. But the design in the second and third
quarterings is really one indivisible coat of arms, though
(admittedly under the terms of the grant) founded upon
two coats originally borne quarterly.
A. C. P-D. AND H. S.
c Arms of Edward Garthwaite Farish, Esq. : Quarterly, i and 4,
argent, a chevron azure, guttee-d'eau, between two horse-shoes in
chief and a bugle-horn stringed in base all of the second {for Farish) ;
2 and 3, quarterly per fess indented, i. and iv., gules, a chevron or 5
ii. and iii., azure, a fret of the secoud (for Garthwaite), Mantling
azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon two horse-
shoes or, a bugle-horn stringed azure. Motto : *' Forward."
CHAPTER XI
THE RULES OF BLAZON
THE word "Blazon" is used with some number
of meanings, but practically it may be confined
to the verb " to blazon," which is to describe in
words a given coat of arms, and the noun " blazon,"
which is such a description.
Care should be taken to differentiate between the
employment of the term " blazon " and the verb " to
emblazon," which means to depict in colour.
It may here be remarked, however, that to illustrate
by the use of outline with written iindications of colour
is termed " to trick," and a picture of arms of this
character is termed " a trick."
The term trick has of late been extended (though
one almost thinks improperly) to include representa-
tions of arms in which the colours are indicated by the
specified tincture lines in use.
The subject of blazon has of late acquired rather
more importance than has hitherto been conceded to it,
owing to an unoflicial, and outside, attempt to introduce
a new system of blazoning under the guise of a sup-
posed reversion to earlier forms of description. This it
is not, but even if it were what it claims to be, merely
the revival of ancient forms and methods, its reintro-
duction cannot be said to be either expedient or per-
missible, because the ancient practice does not permit
of extension to the limits within which more modern
armory has developed, and modern armory, though
less ancient, is armory equally with the more ancient
and simpler examples to be found in earlier times. To
ignore modern armory is simply futile and absurd.
The rules to be employed in blazon are simple, and
comparatively few in number.
The commencement of any blazon is of necessity a
description of the field, the one word signifying its
colour being employed if it be a simple field; or, if it be
composite, such terms as are necessary. Thus, a coat
divided " per pale " or " per chevron " is so described,
and whilst the Scottish field of this character is offici-
ally termed " Parted " [per pale, or per chevron], the
English equivalent is " Party," though this word is more
often omitted than not in the blazon which commences
" per pale," or " per chevi'on," as the case may be.
The description of the different colours and different
divisions of tlie field have all been detailed in earlier
chapters, but it may be added that in a " party "
coloured field, that colour or tincture is mentioned first
which occupies the more important part of the escut-
cheon. Thus, in a field " per bend," " per chevi'on," or
" per fess," the upper portion of the field is first referred
to ; in a coat " per pale," the dexter side is the more im-
portant ; and in a coat " quarterly," the tinctures of the
I St and 4th quarters are more important than the
tinctures of the 2nd and 3rd.
The only division upon which there has seemed any
uncertainty is the curious one " gyronny," but the
correct method to be employed in this ease can very
easily be recognised bj' taking the first quarter of the
field, and therein considering the field as if it were
simply " per bend." After the field has been described,
anything of which the field is seme must next be
alluded to, e.g. gules, seme-de-lis or, &c.
The second thing to be mentioned in the blazon is
the principal charge. We will consider first those cases
in which it is an ordinary. Thus, one would speak of
" Or, a chevron gules," or, if there be other charges as
well as the ordinary, " Azure, a bend between two
horses' heads or," or " Gules, a chevron between three
roses argent."
The colour of the ordinary is not mentioned until
after the charge, if it be the same as the latter, but if
it be otherwise it must of course be specified, as in the
coat : " Or, a fess gules between three crescents sable."
If the ordinary is charged, the charges thereupon, being
less important than the charges in the field, are men-
tioned subsequently, as in the coat: "Gules, on a bend
argent between two fountains proper, a rose gules be-
tween two mullets sable."
The position of the charges need not be specified
when they would natiu-ally fall into a certain position
with regard to the ordinaries. Thus, a chevron be-
tween three figures of necessity has two in chief and
one in base. A bend between two figures of necessity
has one above and one below. A fess has two above
and one below. A cross between four has one in each
angle. In none of these cases is it necessary to state the
position. If, however, those positions or numbers do
not come within the category mentioned, care nuist be
taken to specify what the coat exactly is.
If a bend is accompanied only by one charge, the
position of this charge must be stated. For example :
" Gules, a bend or, in chief a crescent argent." A chevron
with four figures would be described : " Argent, a
chevron between three escallops in chief and one in
base or," though it would be equally correct to say:
" Argent, a chevron between four escallops, three in
chief and one in base or." In the same way we should
58
THE ART OF HERALDRY
get: "Vert, on a cross or, and in the 1st quarter a
bezant, an estoile sable ; " though, to avoid conftision,
this coat would more probably be blazoned : " Vert, a
cross or, charged with an estoile sable, and in the ist
quarter a bezant." This example will indicate the
latitude which is permissible if, for the sake of avoiding
confusion and making a blazon more readily under-
standable, some deviation from the strict rules appears
desirable.
If there be no ordinary on a shield, the charge which
occupies the chief position is mentioned first. For ex-
ample : ■' Or, a lion rampant sable between three boars'
heads erased gules, two in chief and one in base."
Many people, however, would omit any reference to the
position of the boars' heads, taking it for granted that,
as there were only three, they would be 2 and i, which
is the normal position of three charges in any coat
of arms. If, however, the coat of arms had the three
boars' heads all above the lion, it would then be neces-
sary to blazon it : " Or, a lion rampant sable, in chief
three hoars' heads erased gules."
When a field is semi of anything, this is taken to be
a part of the field, and not a representation of a
number of charges. Consequently the arms of Long
are blazoned : " Sable, seme of cross crosslets, a lion
rampant argent." As a matter of fact the seme of.
cross crosslets is always termed crusilly, and a seme of
fleurs-de-lis, sevie de lys.
When charges are placed around the shield in the
position they would occupy if placed upon a bordure,
these charges are said to be " in orle," as in the arms of
Hutchinson : " Quarterly, azure and gules, a lion rampant
erminois, within four cross crosslets argent, and as many
bezants alternately in orle ; " though it is equally per-
missible to term charges in such a position " an orle of
[e.g. cross crosslets argent and bezants alternately]," or
so many charges "in orle" (see Fig. 75).
If an ordinary is engrailed, or invected, this is at once
stated, the term occurring before the colour of the
ordinary. Thus : "Argent, on a chevron nebuly between
three crescents gules, as many roses of the field." When
a charge upon an ordinary is the same colour as the
field, the name of the colour is not repeated, but those
charges are said to be " of the field."
It is the constant endeavour, under the recognised
Fig. 75. — Arms of Aymer
de Valence, Earl of
Pembroke : " Baruly
argent and azure, an
orle of martlets gules."
(From his seal)
Fig. 76. — The arms of
John de Eretagne, Earl
of Richmond.
system of blazon, to avoid the use of the name of
the same colour a second time in the blazon. Thus :
" Quarterly, gules and or, a cross counterchanged
between in the first quarter a sword erect proper,
pommel and hilt of the second ; in the second quarter
a rose of the first, barbed and seeded of the third ; in
the third quarter a fleur-de-hs azure ; and in the fourth
quarter a muUet gold " — the use of the term " gold "
being alone permissible in such a case.
Any animal which needs to be described, also needs
its position to be specified. It may be rampant, segreant,
passant, statant, or trippant, as the case may be. It
may also sometimes be necessary to specify its position
upon the shield, but the terms peculiarly appropriated
to specific animals will be given in the chapters in
which these animals are dealt with.
With the exception of the chief, the quarter, the canton,
the flaunch, and the bordure, an ordinary or sub-ordinary
is always of greater importance, and therefore should
be mentioned before any other charge, but in the cases
alluded to the remainder of the shield is first blazoned,
before attention is paid to these figures. Thus we
should get : " Ai'gent, a chevron between three mullets
gules, on a chief of the last three crescents of the
Fig. 78. — Arms of John
de Eeaumont, Lord
Beaumont {d. 1369} :
Azure, seme-de-lis and
a lion rampant or, over
all a bend gobouy ar-
gent and gules. (From
his seal. )
Fig. 77. — The arms of
Robert Ratclifie, Earl
of Sussex [d. 1542) ;
Quarterly, I. argent, a
bend engrailed sable
(Ratcliffe) ; 2. (Fitz
Walter) ; 3. argent, a
lion rampant sable,
crowned or, within a
bordure azure (Eur-
nel) ; 4. argent, three
bars gules (for Multon
of Egremont).
second;" or "Sable, a lion rampant between three
fleurs-de-lis or, on a canton argent a mascle of the field;"
or " Gules, two chevronels between three mullets pierced
or, within a bordure engrailed argent charged with eight
roses of the field." The arms in Fig. 76 are an inter-
esting example of this point. They are those of John
de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond (d. 1334), and would
properly be blazoned: "Chequy or and azure, a bor-
dure gules, charged with lions passant guardant or
(' a bordure of England '), over all a canton (sometimes
a quarter) ermine."
if two ordinaries or sub-ordinaries appear in _ the
same field, certain discretion needs to be exercised,
but the arms of Fitzwalter (see Fig. 77), for example,
are as follows : " Or, a fess between two chevrons
gules."
When charges are placed in a series following the
direction of any ordinary they are said to be " in bend,"
" in chevron," or " in pale," as the case may be, and not
only must their position on the shield as regards each
other be specified, but their individual direction must
also be noted.
A coat of arms in which three spears were placed side
by side, but each erect, would be blazoned : " Gules, three
tilting-spears palewise in fess ; " but if the spears were
placed horizontally, one above the other, they would be
blazoned: "Three tilting-spears fesswise ui pale," be-
cause in the latter case each spear is placed fesswise, but
the three occupy in relation to each other the position
of a pale. Three tilting-spears fesswise which were not
ill pale would be depicted 2 and i .
When one charge surmounts another, the undermost
one is mentioned first, as in the arms of Beaumont (see
Fig. 78). Here the lion rampant is the principal charge,
and the bend which debruises it is consequently men-
tioned afterwards.
59
THE ART OF HERALDRY
In the cases of a cross and of a saltire, the charges
■when all are alike would simply be described as between
four objects, though the term " cantonned by" four
objects is sometimes met with. If the objects are not
the same, they must be specified as being in the ist,
2nd, or 3rd quarters, if the ordinary be a cross. If it be
a saltire, it will be found that in Scotland the charges
are mentioned as being in chief and base, and in the
" flanks." In England they would be described as being
in jyale and in f ess if the alternative charges are the
same ; if not, they would be described as in chief, on the
dexter side, on the sinister side, and in base.
When a specified number of charges is immediately
followed by the same number of charges elsewhere
disposed, the number is not repeated, the words " as
many " being substituted instead. Thus : " Argent, on a
chevron between three roses gules, as many crescents of
the field." When any charge, ordinary, or mark of
cadency surmounts a single object, that object is termed
" debruised " by that ordinary. If it surmounts every-
thing, as, for instance, " a bendlet sinister," this would
be termed " over all." When a coat of arms is " party "
coloured in its field and the charges are alternately of
the same colours transposed, the term coionterchanged is
used. For example, " Party per pale argent and sable,
three chevronels between as many mullets pierced all
counterchanged." In that case the coat is divided
down the middle, the dexter field being argent, and
the sinister sable ; the charges on the sable being
argent, whilst the charges on the argent are sable. A
mark of cadency is mentioned last, and is termed " for
difference " ; a mark of bastardy, or a mark denoting
lack of blood descent, is termed " for distinction."
Certain practical hints, which, however, can hardly be
termed rides, were suggested by the late Mr. J. Gough
Nicholls in 1863, when writing in the Herald and
Genealogist, and subsequent practice has since con-
formed therewith, though it may be pointed out with
advantage that these suggestions are practically, and to
all intents and purposes, the same rules which have been
observed officially over a long period. Amongst these
suggestions he advises that the blazoning of every coat
or quarter should begin with a capital letter, and that,
save on the occurrence of proper names, no other capi-
tals should be employed. He also suggests that punc-
tuation marks should be avoided as much as possible,
his own practice being to hmit the use of the comma
to its occurrence after each tincture. He suggests
also that figures should be omitted in all cases except
in the numbering of quarterings. When one or more
quarterings occur, each is treated separately on its
own merits and blazoned entirely without reference to
any other quartering.
In blazoning a coat in which some quarterings (grand
quarterings) are composed of several coats placed sub-
quarterly, sufficient distinction is afforded for English
purposes of writing or printing if Roman numerals are
employed to indicate the grand quarters, and Arabic
figures the sub-quarters. But in speaking such a
method would need to be somewhat modified in ac-
cordance with the Scottish practice, which describes
■grand quarterings as such, and so alludes to them.
The extensive use of bordures, charged and uncharged,
in Scotland, which figure sometimes round the sub-
quarters, sometimes round the grand quarters, and
sometimes round the entire escutcheon, causes so much
confusion that for the purposes of blazoning it is essen-
tial that the difference between quarters and grand
quarters should be clearly defined.
In order to simplify the blazoning of a shield, and to
express the position of the charges, the field has been
divided into points, of which those placed near the top,
and to the dexter, are always considered the more
important. In heraldry, dexter and sinister are deter-
mined, not from the point of view of the onlooker, but
from that of the bearer of the shield. The following
diagrams will serve to explain the plan of a shield's
surface : —
1
^_
?
4
f
s
kl
s
y°
Fig. 79.
A to B, the chief ; C to D, the base ;
A to C, dexter side ; B to D,
sinister side. A, dexter chief ; B,
sinister chief ; C, dexter base ; D,
sinister base. I, 2, 3, chief; 7,
8, 9, base ; 2, 5, 8, pale ; 4, 5, 6,
fess ; 5, fess point.
If a second shield be placed upon the fess point,
this is called an inescutcheon (in German, the " heart-
shield "). The enriching of the shield with an in-
escutcheon came into lively use in Germany in the course
of the latter half of the fifteenth century. Later on,
further points of honour were added, as the honour,
point (a. Fig. 80), and the nombril point (b, Fig. 80).
Fig. 80.
These extra shields laid upon the others should corre-
spond as much as possible in shape to the chief shield.
If between the inescutcheon and the chief shield still
another be inserted, it is called the " middle shield,"
from its position, but except in Anglicised editions of
Continental arms, these distinctions are quite foreign
to British armory.
In conclusion, it may be stated that although the
foregoing are the rules which are usually observed, and
that every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary
tautology, and to make the blazon as brief as possible,
it is by no manner of means considered officially, or
unofficially, that any one of these rules is so unchange-
able that in actual practice it cannot be modified if
it should seem advisable so to do. For the essential
necessity of accuracy is of far greater importance than
any desire to be brief, or to avoid tautology. This
should be borne in mind, and also the fact that in
official practice no such hide-bound character is given
to these rules, as one is led to believe is the case when
perusing most of the ordinary text-books of armory.
They certainly are not laws, they are hardly " rules,"
perhaps being better described as accepted methods of
blazoning.
A. C. F-D.
60
PLATE XVIII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF-
(i) Col. JOHN ALEXANDER MAN STUART, C.B., C.M.G.
a) W. BRUCE BANNERMAN, Esq., F.S.A., OF Croydon.
(3) FRANCIS WILLIAM PIXLEY. ESQ.. F.S.A.
(4) J. B. BROUN-MORISON, Esq. of Murie. Co. Perth.
(si JOHN J. J.ACKSON B.^RSTOW OF The Lodge.
Weston-Super-Mare.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XII
PLATES IX AND X
THE German term Heroldsshicken (heraldic pieces)
is the nearest approach to our terms "Ordi-
naries" and " Sub-OrdLnaries," and using it as
an equivalent (though it has no such meaning of
classification as our own terms possess), the figures
which the term heroldsstiicken comprises would add to
the English list some number of terms and figures not
met with in our own science. Probably the best
method of dealing with the matter wDl be to append
the descriptions of the shields and figures contained
in Plates IK. and X. These are as follows : —
PLATE IX
I. Gules. 2. Per pale argent and sable. 3. Per pale gules and
azure, a pale argent. (This is sometimes blazoned "tierced in
pale" gules, argent and azure, but this is not an acceptable English
version.) 4. Gules, a pale or. 5 is a figure which is never found
in British armory, but in German would be blazoned : Argent, a
dexter flank azure. 6. Paly of four or and azure. 7. Or, two
pallets azure. The difference between these two should be noted,
because whilst the one is merely paly the other has the field gold
with two distinct charges or pallets upon it. The way to distinguish
between these two forms will be found in the fact that whilst the
one begins with a gold stripe and ends with a blue one, the other
begins and ends with gold. This means that it has an uneven
number of stripes, and it may he ta,ken as a certain rule that when
the number of stripes is even, 4, 6, 8, or 10, it is paly, and when
they are uneven, 5, 7, or 9, it is merely a field with so many charges
upon it. S, like No. 5, is not met with in British armory. It
would, however, in our terms he blazoned : Gules, in the dexter side
of the shield a pallet or. 9. Argent, a pallet azure. It will be
noticed that in cases g and 7 the width of the pallets varies, and
whilst 7 is a bit too wide, g is a little too narrow, the width
apportioned to No. 9 being really the width which would be found
in the case of cottises or endorse, as to which we shall speak later.
But it may be taken as a regular rule that (dealing with the
ordinary of the pale) if there are more than three stripes upon the
shield they are pallets if the sheet is not paly, but anything of a
very narrow character is a pallet unless accompanying an ordinary.
A single cottise is unknown to English armory. 10. Per fess sable
and argent. 11. Giiles, a chief or. 1 2. Argent, the base vert, though
this is a form very rarely met with except in the cases where the
base is meant to represent water. In English heraldry the equivalent
of the base is more frequently found to be a " mount in base vert " ;
but this would not be represented by an absolutely horizontal line.
13. Per fess gules and argent, a fess sable. (An alternative blazon is
"tierced in fess gules sable and argent.") 14. Gules, a fess argent.
15. Barry of four gules and argent. 16. Argent, two bars sable.
17. Vert, a bar in chief or. This figure will not be met with in
England, the nearest approach being a chief per fess. Possibly a
more correct English blazon would be a fess "enhanced." 18.
Azure, a barrulet argent. This also will not be found in English
heraldry, the barrulet never being depicted singly. 19. Per pale,
the dexter argent, the sinister per fess gules and sable. 20. Per
pale, the dexter per fess argent and azure, and the sinister or. 21.
Per fess, in chief per pale gules and argent and in base sable.
22. Per fess gules, and in base per pale sable and argent. 23.
Argent, a pale and a chief sable. 24. Per fess, the chief per fess
azure and argent, the base per pale sable and gules, in base a pale
argent. 25. Per cross argent and sable, or alternatively, quarterly
argent and sable. 26. Per pale argent and gules, a fess counter-
changed. 37. Or, a cross quarter-pierced azure. 28. Chequy gules
and argent. (It should be noticed in blazoning anything which is
chequy or lozengy that the colour is mentioned first, which is that
which occurs firat at the top dexter corner.) 29. Paly of six argent
and gules, a fess counterchanged. 30. Masonry. 31. Gules, a pale
rompu argent. 32. Or, a canton gules. 33 is a figure which is
never met with in British armory ; in German it is blazoned : Sable
a "place" argent. 34, 35, and "36 ai-e never met with in British
armory, though 34 might be blazoned : Per fess rompu argent and
sable. This would not be an impossible coat with us, though I have
certainly never met with it. 37 is also purely German, and I
should hesitate to put it into English blazon. 38. Per fess em-
battled azure and or. 39. Per pale embattled argent and gules.
40. Gules, a pale embattled. 41. Per chevron indented azure and
or. 42. Per bend argent and azure. 43. Per bend sinister gules
and argent. 44 has no British equivalent, and the same remark
applies to 45. *' Per bend sinister enhanced or and azure," and
" per bend sinister depressed vert and argent " might respectively
be permissible blazons. 46. Per bend or and argent, a bend sable.
An alternative blazon would be "tierced in bend or, sable and argent."
47. Or, a bend gules. 48. Bendy of four argent and sable. 49.
Azure, two bends sinister or. 50. Vert, a bend sinister enhanced
argent. 51. Or, a bendlet gules. This would never be found alone
in British armory, though the bendlet described as such, or as a
riband, is not infrequently met with debruising some other charge.
52, though it is a form which has not been employed up to the
present time, can easily be rendered into English blazon as follows ;
Per bend sinister, in chief per bend dexter sable and argent, in base
gules. 53 is really "gules, a pile reversed throughout argent," but
it will be very frequently found that the old rendering of "per
chevron " approximates closely to this. It, however, introduces a
well-known foreign term "the point." 54, 55, 56, and 57 are forms
which, being applications of the point, are not likely to be met
with in British armory, but adopting the term and figure of the
point they would be blazoned : 54. Per pale gules and azure, a
point or. An alternative blazon would be " tierced in point gules,
or, and azure." 5 5. Per pale gules and argent, a point revei-sed azure.
56. Per fess or and argent, a point in fess to the dexter gules. 57.
Gules, a point in bend argent. 58. Per chevron sable and argent.
59. Per chevron azure and sable, a chevron argent. 60 and 61 may
be both blazoned : Gules, a chevron argent. In German heraldry,
whilst 60 is the chevron proper, and 61 a chevron "flattened," the
latter figure No. 61 is the more usually adopted form in the her-
aldry of the present day in this country, but the form used in 60
and also in 59 differs very little from the dra^ving of the chevron
to be found in most of the ancient examples. 62. Sable, two chev-
rons or. 63 and 64 are not forms often to be met mth in British
armory, and strictly speaking under the English laws of blazon
would be : 63. Per chevron reversed sable, and the base per pale
argent and gules, or alternatively tierced in pairle. 64. Per
chevron, the chief per pale argent and or and the base azure. 64,
however, is a form of division which was introduced into the Englisli
Royal Arms when the arms of Hanover came to be marshalled with
those of this country, and consequently the term, though foreign
to our own science,. should properly be included. In the case of
the arms of Hanover as rendered into English blazon, the division
as in 64 was described as "tierced in pairle reversed." 65 is azure,
a pall throughout argent ; and 66 is gules, a pall reversed through-
out. They are not of frequent occurrence, unless the representa-
tion, which is of rather a more natural form of representation of
an actual pallium in the arms of the Archbishoprics of York and
Canterbury, can be considered under this head. The figure, how-
ever, is not infrequent in Scottish heraldry, occurring in the arms
of the Cunningham family, and in the case of themselves and allied
famOies it is constantly to be Ibund north of the Tweed. It is,
however, known in that country as a shakefork, and the shake-
fork has been included in some Scottish works as one of the
ordinaries. In Scotland, however, the "shakefork" is seldom
represented throughout, the ends being practically always couped
and pointed, or, to use the proper word, "urdy." 67 is a form
which is never likely to be met with in this country, and for
which there is no English equivalent. 68. Per saltire gules and
argent. 69. Per chevron reversed argent and gules. Wiilst having
the form of the pile, it is too abbreviated in length properly to
serve as a model thereof. 70. Gyronny of eight azure and or.
(When this division is of eight pieces, which is the natural num-
ber, it is usiially merely termed gyronny ; but if of six or twelve,
it is essential that the number should be stated.) 71. Argent,
a gyron or "esquire" gules. 72. Gules, a lozenge throughout
or. In English armory the charge of a lozenge would never be
continued as here to the edges of the shield. 73 may be blazoned
in two ways. The figures are really a little too square for it to
be a true example of a "lozengy" field, though I doubt not that
most people would so describe it ; 74, which is more the true
lozengy division, might perhaps stand for fusily if the figures
were rather more acutely pointed, but taking them exactly as
they are, 73 is really "bendy gules and argent, counterchanged
bendy sinister," or, as it would sometimes be described, "bendy
and bendy sinister counterchanged gules and argent." 74. Lozengy
sable and argent. 75 is paly bendy sinister argent and gules. 76 is
harry bendy and bendy sinister gules and or. 77. Per bend indented
argent and "gules. 78. Per bend sinister raguly azure and or. 79.
61
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Argent, a pale ragiily sable. 80. Per fess engrailed argent and
vert. 81. Per fess invected gules and argent, (It is by no means
with any great certainty that these last two blazons are put forward,
and many might prefer to reverse Nos. So and 81, refer to page 56).
82. Pel- fess nebuly argent and azure. 83 is not an English form,
nor is 84 ; but a literal translation of the German blazon of No. 83
would be "gules, a snail reversed or issuing from the sinister," and
No. 84 "per bend gules and argent broken'in the form of a linden
leaf."^ 85 is really azure, a point arched argent, but it is not an
English form. 86 is argent, a bend wavy azure. 87, which is
purely German, is gules, three wolves' teeth argent issuing from
the sinister side. 88. Azure, a bordure or.
There are many other forms of partition which can be drawn from
Continental heraldry, but they do not occur in Briti.sh armory, and
tliey may well be disregarded.
PLATE X
The shields on Plate X. are as foUows : —
I. Argent, a cross sable. 2. Sable, a cross per pale argent and
gules. 3. Per fess azure and argent, a cross counterchanged. 4.
Gules, a cross quarterly or and sable. 5. Or, a cross gyronny gules
and argent. 6 is a form never met with in EngUsli armory. A
translation of the German blazon is "azure, across facetted argent."
7 and 8 are not English forms of the cross if treated as distinct
forms from others here depicted, though old representations of the
cross patee throughout may be found closely akin to these two figures
(see No. 14). But the translation of the German blazon is respec-
tively "aztire, a cross or, with straight arms and claws," and
"gules, a pillar cross or." 9. Azure, a cross engrailed argent.
10. Gules, a cross potent throughout argent, it. Sable, a cross
couped and "fitchee of two points." (It is not found in English
arms.) 12. Gules, a Maltese cross argent. 13. Vert, a cross
wavy argent. 14. Or, a cross patee throughout azure. 15. Gules,
a cross raguly argent. 16. This is blazoned in German as "argent,
a 'thread' cross gules." It is not an English form. 17. Azure,
a saltire or. iS may be alluded to by the same remarks as No.
16. 19. Gules, a fret or. 20. Gules, a cross cramponne through-
out argent. 21. Or, four lozenges conjoined in cross gules. 22.
Azure, a cross couped argent. 23. Argent, a passion cross gnles.
24. Sable, a passion cross reversed or (cross of St. Peter). 25. Gules,
a cross of Lorraine argent. 26. Azure, a Patriarchal cross or. 27.
Vert, a " Russian " cross argent. 28. Or, a " cross-tan " azure (cross
of St. Anthony). 29. Argent, a " thieves' " cross gules. (This is very
similar to the Scottish shakefork, except that in the latter tlie ends
are usually pointed.) 30. Gules, a saltire couped or. 31. Azure,
a cross potent or. 32. Argent, a cross of Jerusalem or. 33. Argent,
a cross crosslet gules. 34. Or, a cross flory vert. 35. Sable, a cross
of bezants. 36. Azure, a cross pommelled argent. 37. Argent, a
cross moline gules. 38. Argent, a cross botonny gules. 39. (I
know of no English term for this cross.) 40. Argent, a cross patee
fitchee sable.
Though the remaining objects depicted upon Plate VII. are not
included even in the German term Heroldsstudccn, it will be better
for purposes of reference that the blazons should here follow.
41. Azure, a sun in his splendour or. 42. Gules, a decrescent
moon argent. 43. Vert, a crescent reversed argent. 44. Or, a
mullet of eight points. 45. Azure, a comet in beud argent. 46.
Sable, in chief clouds .and issuant therefrom towards the base rays
of the sun all proper. 47. Argent, the base barry wavy of the same
and azure (alternativel)' " argent, in base a representation of water
proper"), in chief a rainbow throughout proper. 48. "Gray"
(unknown in English armory), in base a triple mound or. 49.
Argent, in base a triple mound sable, from each issuant a flame of
tire. 50. Or, a triple mound detached in base vert. 51. Argent,
six mounds in pyramid, one, two, and three conjoined and issuing
from the base gules. 52. Azure, a mountain argent. 53. Per fess
azure and a battlemented wall or. 54. Azure, a base vert, there-
upon a tower, towered argent, with a pointed roof gules and port
ouvert. 55. Gules, a tower, triple-towered or, the port azure. 56.
Argent, a cramp-iron azure. 57. Sable, an escarbuncle (the Ger-
man term is a "lily-wheel"). 58. Or, a ^'double-hook" (an ex-
clusively German charge) gules. 59. Or, a black carriage frame
and wheel (see Fig. 8of(). 60. Argent, a ploughshare in bend
azure. 61. Azure, a sickle argent, the liandle or, the blade serrated
(used for reeds or heather). 62. Argent, a mill-rind sable (this is
not a form of this charge to be met with in English heraldry).
63. Gules, two mUhlkli^pel or. 64. Or, a boat sable, with two
biSoto
Fig. Sott. — Carriage frame and
wheels from Ulrich Reicben-
thal's Concilium zu Constance
{Augsburg, 14S3).
Fig. S06.— Armsof Burckhart
Zumel Wernberr von Stoffen-
burg (U. Reichenthal's Con-
cilium zu Constance^ 14S3).
paddles argent. 65. Azure, a trestle (for a table) argent. 66. Giiles,
a fire-steel (or "furison") in bend sinister or. 67. Ardent, a kettle-
hook sable. 68. Argent, a key in pale wards upwards azure. (A
rather different type of key is used in English armory.) 69. Gules,
a mirror or. 70. Or, a staufen (drinking-cup) gules (Fig. 806),
71. Argent, a chess-rook sable. (Though this form would be readily
recognisable, nevertheless a rather difl'erent pattern is usually
adopted in English armory.) 72. Gules, a broad-arrow point up-
wards argent. 73. Azure, a wolfsaiigel argent. (This is literally
a " wolf -sting," and is a name applied to a German implement
used in forestry.) 74. Or, a mullet of six points pierced gules.
75. Azure, a hunting-horn or, stringed gules. 76. Gules, a square
buckle in bend or. 77. Or, a conical hat sable, turned up and
stringed gules. 78. Argent, a long conical cap gules, turned up
azure, and tasselled or 79. Or, a maunch gules. So. Azure, a
hood argent, lined gules.
CHAPTER XIII
THE SO-CALLED ORDINARIES AND SUB-^ORDINARIES
4 RMS, and the charges upon arms, have been divided
/\ into many fantastical divisions. There is a type of
Xr%^ the precise mind much evident in the scientific
writing of the last and the preceding centuries which is
for ever unhappy unless it can be dividing the object of
its consideration into classes and divisions, into sub-
classes and sub-divisions. Heraldry has suffered in this
way_ ; for, oblivious of the fact that the rules enunciated
are impossible as rigid guides for general observance, and
that they never have been complied with, and that they
never will be, a " tabular " system exists for heraldry as
for most other sciences. The " precise " mind has applied
a system obviously derived from natural history classi-
fication to the principles of armory. It has selected a
certain number of charges, and has been pleased to term
them ordinaries. It has selected others which it has
been pleased to term sub-ordinaries. The selection has
been purely arbitrary, at the pleasure of the writer, and
few writers have agreed in their classifications. One
of the foremost rules which former heraldic writers
have laid down is that an ordinary must contain the
third part of the field. Now it is doubtful whether an
ordinary has ever been drawn containing the third part
of the field by rigid measurement, except in the solitary
instance of the pale when it is drawn " per fess counter-
changed," for the obvious purix'se of dividing the shield
into six equal portions, a practice which has been lately
pursued very extensively owing to the ease with which.
62
THE ART OF HERALDRY
by its adoption, a new coat of arms can be designed
bearing a distinct resemblance to one formerly in use
without infringing the rights of the latter. Certainly, if
the ordinary is the solitary charge upon the shield, it will
be drawn about that specified proportion. But when an
attempt is made to draw the Walpole coat (which can-
not be said to be a modern one) so that it shall exhibit
three ordinaries, to wit, one fess and two chevrons, which
being interpreted as three-thirds of the shield, must fill
it entirely and yet leave a goodly proportion of the field
stUl visible, the absurdity is apparent. And a very
large proportion of the classification and rules which
occupy such a large proportion of the space in the
majority of heraldic text-books are equally unnecessary,
confusing, and incorrect, and what is very much more
important, such rules have never been recognised by the
powers that have had the control of armory froui the
beginning of that control down to the present day. I
shall not be surprised to find that many of my critics,
bearing in mind howstrenuously I have pleaded elsewhere
for a right and proper observance of the laws of armory,
may think that the foregoing has largely the nature of a
recantation. It is nothing of the kind, and I advocate
as strenuously as I have ever done, the compliance with
and the observance of every rule which can be sho"\vn to
exist. But this is no argument whatever for the idle
invention of rules which never have existed ; or for
the recognition of rules which have no other origin
than the imagination of heraldic writers. Nor is it
an argument for the deduction of unnecessary regula-
tions from cases which can be shown to have been
exceptions. Too little recognition is paid to the fact
that in armory there are almost as many rules of excep-
tion as original rules. There are vastly more plain
exceptions to the rules which should govern them.
On the subject of ordinaries, I cannot see wherein
lies the difference between a bend and a lion rampant,
save their diiference in form, yet the one is said to
be an ordinary, the other is merely a charge. Each
has its special rules to be observed, and whilst a
bend can be engrailed or invected, a lion can be
guardant or regardant: and whilst the one can be
placed between two objects, which objects will occupy a
specified position, so can the other. Each can be charged,
and each furnishes an excellent example of the futility
of some of the ancient rules which have been coined
concerning them. The ancient rules allow of but one
lion and one bend upon a shield, requiring that two
bends shall become bendlets, and two lions lioncels,
whereas the instance we have already quoted — the coat
of Walpole — has never been drawn in such form that
either of the chevrons could have been considered
chevronels, and it is rather late in the day to degrade
the lions of England into unblooded whelps. To my
mind the ordinaries and sub-ordinaries are no more than
first charges, and though the bend, the fess, the pale,
the pile, the chevron, the cross, and the saltire will
always be found described as honourable ordinaries,
whilst the chief seems also to be pretty universally
considered as one of the honourable ordinaries, such
hopeless confusion remains as to the others (scarcely
any two writers giving similar classifications), that the
utter absurdity of the necessity for any classification at
all is amply demonstrated. Classification is only neces-
sary or desirable when a certain set of rules can be
applied identically to all the set of figures in that
particular class. Even this -ivill not hold with the
ordinaries which have been quoted.
A bend embattled is embattled upon both its edges ;
a fess embattled is embattled only upon the upper
edge ; a chief is embattled necessarily only upon the
lower; and the impossibility of distinguishing "per
pale engrailed " from " per pale invected " shows that no
rigid rules can be laid down. When we come to sub-
ordinaries, the confusion is still more apparent, for as
far as I can see the only reason for the classification is
the tabulating of rules concerning the lines of partition.
The bordure and the orle can be, and often are, en-
grailed or embattled ; the fret, the lozenge, the fusU, the
mascle, the rustre, the flanche, the roundel, the billet,
the label, the pairle, it would be practically impossible
to meddle with ; and all these figures have at some time
or another, and by some writer or other, been included
amongst either the ordinaries or the sub-ordinaries. In
fact there is no one quality which these charges possess
in common which is not equally possessed by scores of
other well-known charges, and there is no earthly reason
why a certain set should be selected and dignified by
the name of ordinaries ; nor are there any rules relating
to ordinaries which require the selection of a certain
number of figures, or of any figures to be controlled by
those rules, with one exception. The exception is to be
found not in the rules governing the ordinaries, but in
the rules of blazon. After the field has been specified,
the principal charge must be mentioned first, and no
charge can take precedence of a bend, fess, pale, pile,
chevron, cross, or saltire, except one of themselves. If
there be any reason for a subdivision those charges
must stand by themselves, and might be termed the
honourable ordinaries, but I can see no reason for treat-
ing the chief, the quarter, the canton, gyron, tianche,
label, orle, tressure, fret, inescutcheon, chaplet, bordure,
lozenge, fusil, mascle, rustre, roundel, billet, label, shake-
fork, and pairle, as other than ordinary charges. They
certainly are purely heraldic, and each has its own
special rules, but so in heraldry have the lion, griffin,
and deer. Here is the complete list of the so-called
ordinaries and sub-ordinaries : The bend ; fess ; bar ;
chief ; pale ; chevron ; cross ; saltire ; pile ; pau'le, shake-
fork or pall ; quarter ; canton ; gyron ; bordure ; orle ;
tressure ; flanche ; label ; fret ; inescutcheon ; chaplet ;
lozenge : fusil ; mascle ; rustre ; roundel ; billet, together
with the diminutives of such of these as are in use.
With reference to the origin of these ordinaries, by
the use of which term is meant the rectilinear figures
pecuhar to armory, it may be worth the passing mention
that the said origin is a matter of some mystery. Guillim
and the old writers almost universally take them to be
derived from the actual military scarf or a representation
of it placed across the shield in various forms. Other
writers, taldng the surcoat and its decoration as the
real origin of coats of arms, derive the ordinaries from
the belt, scarf, and other articles of raiment. Planche,
on the other hand, scouted such a derivation, putting
forward upon very good and plausible grounds the
simple argument that the origin of the ordinaries is
to be found in the cross-pieces of wood placed across
a shield for strengthening purposes. He instances
cases in which shields, apparently charged with ordi-
naries but really strengthened with cross-pieces, can be
taken back to a period long anterior to the existence of
regularised armory. But then, on the other hand, shields
can be found decorated with animals at an equally early
or even an earlier period, and I am inclined myself: to
push Planche's own argument even further than he him-
self took it, and assert unequivocally that the ordinaries
had in themselves no particular symbolism and no
definable origin whatever beyond that easy method
of making some pattern upon a shield which was to
be gained by using straight Imes. That they ever
had any military meaning, I cannot see the slightest
foundation to believe, their suggested and asserted
symboKsm I totally deny. But when we can find, as
Planche did, that shields were strengthened with cross-
63
THE ART OF HERALDRY
pieces in various du-ections, it is quite natural to
suppose that these cross-pieees afforded a ready means
of decoration in colour, and this would lead a good deal
of other decoration to follow similar forms, even in the
absence of cross-pieces upon the definite shield itself.
The one curious point which rather seems to tell against
Planche's theory is that in the earliest " rolls " of arms
but a comparatively small proportion of the arms are
found to consist of these rectihnear figures, and if the
ordinaries really originated in strengthening cross-pieces
one would have expected a larger number of such coats
of arms to be found ; but at the same time such arms
would, in many cases, in themselves be so palpably mere
meaningless decoration of cross-pieces upon plain shields,
that the resulting design would not carry with it such a
compulsory remembrance as would a design, for example,
derived from lines which had plainly had no connection
with the construction of the shield. Nor could it have
any such basis of continuity. Whilst a son would
naturally paint a lion upon his shield if his father had
done the same, there certainly would not be a similar
inducement for a son to follow his father's example where
the design upon a shield were no more than diilerent-
coloured strengthening pieces, because if these were gilt,
for example, the son would naturally be no more inclined
to perpetuate a particular form of strengthening for his
shield, which might not need it, than any particular
artistic division with which it was involved, so that the
absence of arms composed of ordinaries from the early
roUs of arms does not amount to very much. Still
further, it may well be concluded that the compilers of
early rolls of arms, or the collectors of the details from
which early rolls were made at a later date, may have
been tempted to ignore, and may have been justified in
discarding from their lists of arms, those patterns and
designs which palpably were then no more than a
meaningless colouring of the strengthening pieces, but
which patterns and designs by subsequent continuous
usage and perpetuation became accepted later by cer-
tain families as the " arms " their ancestors had worn.
It is easy to see that such meaningless patterns would
have less chance of survival by continuity of usage, and
at the same time would require a longer continuity of
usage, before attaining to fixity as a definite design.
The undoubted symbolism of the cross in so many
early coats of arms has been urged strongly by those
who argue either for a symbolism for all these rectilinear
figures or for an origin in articles of dress. But the
figure of the cross preceded Christianitj^ and organised
armory, and it had an obvious decorative value which
existed before, and which exists now outside any attri-
bute it may have of a symbolical nature. That it is
an utterly fallacious argument must be admitted when
it is remembered that two lines at right angles make a
cross — probably the earliest of all forms of decoration —
and that the cross existed before its symbolism. Herein
it diSers from other forms of decoration (e.g. the
Masonic emblems) which cannot be traced beyond their
symbolical existence. The cross, like the other heraldic
re(^tilinear figures, came into existence, meaningless as a
decoration for a shield, before armory as such existed,
and probably before Christianity began. Then being
in existence the Crusading instinct doubtless caused its
frequent selection with an added symbolical meaning.
But the argument can truthfully be pushed no farther.
THE BEND
The bend is a broad band going from the dexter chief
corner to the sinister base (Plate IX. Fig. 47). According
to the old theorists this should contain the third part
of the field. As a matter of fact it hardly ever does.
and seldom did even in the oldest examples. Great
latitude is allowed to the artist on this point, in accord-
ance with whether the bend be plain or charged, and
more particularly according to the charges which accom-
pany it in the shield and their disposition thereupon.
"Azure, a bend or" is the well-known coat concerning
which the historic controversy was waged between
Sorope and Grosvenor. As every one knows, it was
finally adjudged to belong to the former (see Fig. 81),
Fig. Si. — Armorial bearings of Simon Conycrs Scrope, Esq., of Dauby :
— Azure, a beud or, with very many illustrious quarterings. Crest :
out of a ducal coronet or, a plume of five ostrich feathers proper.
Mottoes : " Devant si je puis ; " " En espoir je vive attendant grace."
and a right to it has also been proved by the Cornish
family of Carminow.
" Or, a bend azure," is the coat of the Gloucestershire
family of Trye, of Leckhampton.
A bend is, of course, subject to the usual variations
of the lines of partition. Examples of a bend embattled
will be found in the arms of Hornyold (Fig. 82) ; of
a bend engrailed in the arms of Alington (Fig. 83) ;
of a bend invecked (or invected) in the arms of Emerson"
(see Plate XXXII.) ; of a bend indented in the arms of
Horncastle (Fig. 84) ; of a bend nebuly in the arms of
Marshall (Fig. 85).
A bend compony will be found in the arms of Beau-
mont (Fig. 86), and the difference between this and a
bend barry, as in the arms of King '' (see Plate XIV.),
should be noticed.
A bend wavy is not very usual, but will be found
in the arms of Wallop, De Burton, and Conder.
■^ Armorial bearings of Peter Henry Emerson, Esq., of Ailsa Lodge,
Southbourne, Bournemouth : Per fess nebuly or and vert, on a bend
invected azure, gutte-d'eau, a battle-axe between two lions passant
argent. Mantling vert and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of a demi-lion vert, charged on the shoulder with two barrulets
dancette or, and holding in the paws a battle-axe erect, a club fess-
wise entwined by a serpent also proper. Motto ; " Audacter et hilare."
b Armorial bearings of Sir Heury Seymour King, K.C.I.E. : Quarterly,
argent and azure, in the second and third quarters a quatrefoil of the
first, over all a bend barry of six of the second, charged with a
quatre foil also'of the first, and gules, the escutcheon being surrounded
by the ribbon and badge of a K. CLE. Mantling azure and argent ;
and for his crest, on a wreath of the colours, a lion rampant or, gorged
with a collar gcmel azure, and holding in the dexter forepaw a trefoil
slipped vert. Motto: " Floreo in ungue leonis."
G4
PLATE XIX.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF CHARLES WILBRAHA.M FERRYMAN, ESQ. OF BlFRONS,
Farnborough, Co. South.*_mpton'.
■Sl^Jt.'^^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. S2. — Armorial bearings of John Vincent Hornyold, Esq. (as
recorded in the College of Arms in England under the Royal
Licence, Feb. 1859, to him to assume the name and arms of
Hornyold) : Azure, on a bend embattled counter- embattled argent,
a wolf passant between two escallops sable, quartering Gandolfi,
&c., and impaling the arms of Langdale, namely : sable, a chevron
between three estoiles argent. [Note. — These arms were confirmed
to John Hornyold, Auditor of the Exchequer and Governor of
Calais, by Thomas Eenholt, Clarenceux King of Arms, at the First
Visitation of co. "Worcester, 1536.] Crest: on a wreath of the
colours, a demi-unicorn gules, armed, crined, and unguled or.
Motto: "Fidemtene."
A bend raguly appears in the arms of Strangman^
(see Plate XIV.).
When a bend and a bordure appear upon the same
arms, the bend is not continued over the bordure, as
Fig. 84. — Armorial bearings of William Radcliffe Horncastle, of
Hackney : Argent, on a bend indented sable, between two bugle-
horns of the last, stringed vert, a tower in bend of the field.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
upon a rock proper, the battlements of a tower sable, surmounted
by a bugle-horn or, stringed vert. Motto : " Audaces fortuna juvat."
FiG. 85.— Armorial bearings of Mark Bell Marshall, Esq., J.P. : Or, on a
bend nebuly, between four passion nails two and two sable, three
horse-shoes of the first, a chief azure thereon three horses' heads
erased argent. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting
his degree, with a mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, two arrows in saltire or, flighted azure, surmounted
by a passion nail in fesse proper, tied with a riband gules,
pendent therefrom an escocheon of the last charged with a horse-
shoe of the first. Motto : " Vi martiali, Deo adjuvante."
Fig. 83. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Hildebrand Alington, Esq.,
of Swinhope : Sable, a bend engrailed between six billets argent.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a
talbot passant ermine. Motto : " Non pour haine."
'^ Armorial bearings of Strangman : Per bend sable and argent, a bend
ragulv countercbanered. Crest: two ragged staffs saltirewise, en- FiG. 86.— Arms of Henry de Beaumont, Lord Beaumont (d. 1340):
vironed with a ducaf crown or. Confirmed at the Visitations of Essex, Azure, seme-de-lis and a lion rampant or, over all a bend compony
155S and 1612. argent and gules.
65 1
THE ART OF HERALDRY
will be seen from the arms of Fox (Fig. 87), and simi- (Fig. 88). Cases wliere this happens need to be care-
larly it does not surmount a tressure, but stops within it. fully scrutinised to avoid error in blazoning.
A bend lozengy will be found in the arms of Bolding
(Fig. 89).
A bend flory and counterflory will be found in the arms
of Fellows, a quartering of Tweedy^ (see Plate XXVIIL).
Fig. 87. — Armorial bearings of Fox of Erislington: Azure, on a bend
engrailed ermine, plain cottised or, three foxes' heads erased
gules, within a bordure of the second. Mantling azure and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a fox sejant gules, collared
and chained or, supporting with his sinister paw a flagstaff,
thereon a banner azure, seme-de-lis or. Motto: "J'ay ma foi
tenu h, ma puissance."
Fig. SS. — liookplate of William Chapman Waller, Esq. : Argent,
on a bend engrailed sable, another or, charged with three
walnut-leaves of the second, on a chief per pale gules and
azure, a griflin's head erased between two saltires of the third.
Upon the escutcheon is placed a heltuet befitting his degree,
with a mantling sable and argent; and for his crest, upon a
wreath of the colours, a griffin's head erased sable, collared with
annulets in front of a saltJre or ; with the motto, " Fide sed cui
vide."
A bend upon a bend is by no means unusual. An
example of this will be found in the arms of Waller
Fig. 89. — Armorial bearings of the late George Frederick Bolding,
Esq. : Per bend or and azure, a beud lozengy between two bowls
all counterchanged. Mantling azure and or. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, in front of a demi-sea-horse proper, a garb
fesswise or. Motto : " Sto pro veritate."
Fig. 90. — Armorial bearings of James Haldane, Esq. Quarterly, i and
4, argent, a saltire engrailed sable ; 2. argent, a saltire between
four roses gules ; 3. or, a bend chequy sable and argent, in the
centre of the shield a martlet sable. Mantling gules, doubled
argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, an eagle's head erased
or. Motto: "Suffer."
A bend chequy will be found in the third quarter of
the arms of Haldane (Fig. 90), and it will be noticed
that the checks run the way of the bend.
Ermine spots upon a bend are represented the way of
^ Armorial bearings of Arthur Hearne Tweedy, Esq., of Widmore
Lodge. Bromley : Quarterly, i and 4, argent, a saltire, engrailed be-
tween two escallops in fess gules, on a chief azure an escallop of the
field (for Tweedy) ; 2 and 3, gules, on a bend flory and counterflory be-
tween two increscents argent, three lions' heads erased sable. Mantling
gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, on a prick-spur
fesswise, a peewit rising proper, holding in the beak a trefoil slipped
vert.
66
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the bend, as will be seen in the arms of Holbrow (Fig.
90-
Occasionally two bends will be found, as in the arms of
Lever : Ai'gent, two bends sable, the upper one engrailed
bend cannot occupy the third part of the field) occurs
in the arms of Penrose, matriculated in Lyon Register in
1795 as a quartering of Cumming-Gordon of Altyre.
Fig. 91. — Armorial bearings of Holbrow : Azure, a bend ermine,
between six mullets pierced argent. Mantling azure and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a pair of wings elevated argent,
including three mullets as in the arms in triangle.
{vide Lyon Register — escutcheon of pretence on the
arms of Goldie-Scot of Craigmore, 1 868) ; or as in the
ai'ms of James Ford, of Montrose, 1804: Gules, two
bends vaire argent and sable, on a chief or, a greyhound
courant sable between two towers gules. A different
form appears in the arms of Zorke or Yorke (see Pap-
worth), which are blazoned : Azure, a bend argent, im-
Fig. 92. — Armorial bearings of Lawrence William Vaile. Esq. : Ermine,
on a bend between two bendlets azure, each charged with three
cross crosslets fitchee or, three calves statant argent. Upon the
escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mant-
ling azure and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, a mount vert, thereon in front of two cross crosslets
fitchee in saltire gules, a wolfs head erased azure, in the mouth
three ears of wheat; with the motto, " Semper paratns,"
paling argent, a bend azure. A solitary instance of
three bends (which, however, effectually proves that a
1'"1G. 93. — Arms of Tonga of Disley : Azure on a bend iuvected plain
cottised or between six martlets of the last, a lion passant between
two grappling-irons the flukes upwards of the first. Mantling
azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colour's, in front of an
arm embowed in armour, the hand proper grasping a grappling-
iron in bend sinister sable, a lion sejant of the last pierced in the
sinister shoulder with an arrow proper. Motto, " Ketineo vi
leonis."
These arms of Penrose are : Argent, three bends sable,
each charged with as many roses of the field (see Plate
XIIL).
Fig. 94. — Armorial bearings of Charles Frederick Eurnard, Esq. :
Argent, three escallops in bend between two bendlets azure, in
chief and in base a leopard's face jessant-de-lis of the last; and
for a crest, on a wreath of the colours, on a rock proper an escallop
argent, between the attires of a stag also proper; w^ith the motto,
" Bear and forbear."
A charge half the width of a bend is a bendlet,
and one half the width of a bendlet is a cottise, but a
cottise cannot exist alone, inasmuch as it has of itself
neither direction nor position, but is only found accom-
67
THE ART OF HERALDRY
panying one of the ordinaries. The arms of Harley (see
Plate XII.), are a good example of a bend cottised.
Fig. 95. — Armorial bearings of Franl^ Debenham, Esq. : Per bend
gules and sable, two bendlets indented between as manj' cres-
cents eacb witbin an annulet all or. Mantling gules and or. Crest :
on a wreatb of tbe colours, a derai-lion per pale indented sable
and gules, holding in the dexter paw^ a key in bend wards upwards
and an arrow in bend sinister point downwards, and resting the
'•^ sinister paw on a decrescent all or. Motto : '• Laborante bona
debentur."
Fig. 96. — Armorial bearings of John Eugene Clausen, Esq. : Barry of
four per pale sable and or, counterchanged, three bendlets argent,
within two (launches ermine, impaling the arms of Makins, namely :
argent, on a fess embattled counter-embattled gules, between in
chief two falcons proper belled or and in base a lion's face of the
second, an annulet or between two bezants. Above the escutcheon
is placed a helmet befitting his degree, upon a mantling sable and
or ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a mullet of
ten points encircled by an annulet or, between tw^o wings sable,
the dexter charged with three bendlets and the sinister with as
many bendlets in sinister argent ; with the motto, " Spes et
fldes."
Bendlets will very seldom be found either in addition
to a bend, or charged, but the arms of Vaile (Fig. 92)
show both these peculiarities.
The arms of Tonge (Fig. 93) are another example of
a bend cottised ; and the arms of Brown quartered by
Lees ' show a bend with double cottises.
The arms of Burnard (Fig. 94) and Debenham (Fig.
95) are examples of coats of arms with two bendlets,
either plain or subject to the variations of the lines of
partition. Three bendlets occur in the arms of Clausen
(Fig. 96), and four in the arms of Benson (Fig. 97).
A bend will usually be found between two charges,
as in some of the above instances. Occasionally it will
be found between four, but more frequently between
six. In none of these oases is it necessary to specify
the position of the subsidiary charge. It is presumed
that the bend separates them into even numbers, but
their exact position (beyond this) upon the shield is
left to the judgment of the artist, and their disposi-
tion is governed by the space left available by the shape
of the shield.
A further presumption is permitted in the case of a
bend between three objects, which are presumed to be
Fig. 97. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Christopher Benson, Esq.:
Argent, a quatrefoil between two trefoils slipped in bend sable
between four bendlets gules. Mantling sable and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a bear's head argent, erased gules,
gorged with a collar gemel, and muzzled of the second, and hold-
ing in the mouth a trefoil slipped as in the arms. Motto : " Fay
bieu crain rien."
two in chief and one in base. But even in the case of
three the position will be usually found to be specifically
stated, as would be the case with any other uneven
number.
Charges on a bend are placed in the direction of the
bend, as will be seen in the arms of Whewell (Fig. 98).
In such cases it is not necessary to specify that the
charges are bendwise.
When a charge or charges occupy the position which
a bend would, they are said to be placed " in bend," as
'^ Armorial bearings of Eric Brown Lees, Esq. : Quarterly i and 4,
argent, two bars raguly between three cross crosslets iltch^e in chief
and a falcon belled in base all gules (for Lees) ; 2. argent, on a bend
invected with plain double cottises sable, gutte-d'-eau, three eagles,
each with two heads displayed ermine (for Brown) ; 3. gules, on a
bend, invected erminois between two bezants, three martlets azure, all
witbin a bordure ermine (for Collins) ; and for a crest, on a wreath of
the colours, in front of two cross crosslets fitchee saltirewise gules, a
falcon belled argent. Motto : " Fide sed cui vide."
68
PLATE XX.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF-
(i) The Late JOHN PLATT. Esq. . of Llandudxo.
(2) GERALD M. CONRAN. Esq., of South Bre.nt. Dk\on.
(3) Rev. W. H. WAYNE. OF WlLLEY. Co. .Salop.
4) ROBERT S. STONE, Esq.
=.) CH.\RLES H. B.^RCL.AY. Esq. OF INCHDUKA {a Cadel of
Barclay of Towie).
THE ART OF HERALDRY
will be seen in the arms of Ince (Fig. 99) and GelP (see shield, but the position of the charge upon the shield
Sj'f- . 1 ''• is not governed thereby. The arms of Bate (Fio-. 100)
Ihis is not the same thing as a charge placed " bend- are a good example of this.
Fig. 98. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Whewell, Esq. : Vaire argent
and gules, on a bend cottised sable, a crescent or between two
Diana's heads crined and horned of the first. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, a wyvern. wings
elevated proper, gorged with a collar gemel or, supporting with the
dexter leg a torch erect sable, fired also proper. Motto: "For
faith and for fatherland."
Fig. 100. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Bate, Esq., of Kelsterton:
Sable, on a fess cottised argent, between four dexter hands couped
- at the wrist, three in chief and one in base bendwise or, an arrow
fesswise proper ; and for the crest, upon a wreath of the colours, in
front of a stag's head couped argent, attired or, pierced in the neck
by an arrow in bend proper, a hand couped at the wrist fesswise
also or ; with the motto, " Live to live."
Fig. 99. — Armorial bearings of John Ince, Esq. : Argent, three torteaux
in bend between two fleur-de-lis gules. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a horse argent, hold-
ing in the mouth a trefoil slipped vert, resting the dexter foreleg
on a caduceus erect proper. Motto : " Lahore et scientia."
wise " (or bendways). In this case the charge itself is
slanted into the angle at which the bend crosses the
f Armorial bearings of Philip Lyttelton Gell, Esq., of Kirk Langley,
CO. Derby, and Langley Lodge, Oxford : Party per bend argent
and gules, a rose between two mullets of sis points in bend
counterchanged, impaling the arms of Brodrick, namely; argent, on
a chief vert, two spear-heads of the field, the points embraed gules.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a
greyhound passant pean, about the neck a coUar argent, charged
with a rose between two mullets of six points gules. Motto, " Vocatus
obedivi."
Fig. looa. — Armorial bearings of Basil Thomas Fitz-Herbert, Esq.:
Argent, a chief vaire or and gules, over all a bend sable, impaling
the arms of Stafford Jerningham ; and for the crest, a dexter cubit
arm in armour erect, the band appearing clenched within the
gauntlet all proper; with the motto, " Ung je serviray."
When a bend and chief occur together in the same
arms, the chief will usually surmount the bend, the
latter issuing fi'om the angle between the base of the
chief and the side of the shield. An instance to the
contrary, however, will be found in the arms of Fitz-
Herbert of Swynnerton (Fig. lOOa), in which the bend is
69
THE ART OF HERALDRY
continued over the chief. This instance, however (as
doubtless all others of the kind), is due to the use of the
bend in early times as a marlc of dift'erence. The coat
of arms, therefore, had an earlier and separate existence
Fig. lor. — Armorial bearings of Wagstaff : Argent, two bends engrailed
gules, the lower one couped at the top, in chief an escallop sable.
Crest : a demi-lion rampant argent, holding in the dexter paw a
staff raguly gules. Motto : " Suscipere et fiuire."
without the bend, which has been superimposed as a
difference upon a previously existing coat. The use of
the bend as a difference will be again referred to when
considering more fully the marlcs and methods of indi-
cating cadency.
A curious instance of the use of the sun's rays in
bend will be found in the arms of Warde-Aldam.=
The bend sinister is very frequently stated to be the
mark of illegitimacy. It certainly has been so used
upon some occasions, but these occasions are very few
and far between, the charge more frequently made use
of being the bendlet or its derivative the baton. These
will be treated more fully in tbe chapter on the marks of
illegitimacy. The bend sinister, which is a band running
from the sinister chief corner through the centre of the
escutcheon to the dexter base, need not necessarily indi-
cate bastardy. Naturally the popular idea which has
originated and become stereotyped concerning it renders
its appearance extremely rare, but in at least two cases
it occurs without, as far as I am aware, carrying any
such meaning. At any rate, in neither case are the
coats " bastardised " versions of older arms. These
cases are the arms of Shiffner : " Azure, a bend sinister ;
in chief two estoiles, in like bend or ; in base the end
and stock of an anchor gold, issuing from waves of the
sea proper. Crest : an estoile or, between the rays six
annulets azure ; " and Burne-Jones : " Azure, on a bend
sinister argent between seven mullets, four in chief and
three in base or, three pairs of wings addorsed purpure.
E Armorial bearings of William Warde-Aldam, Esq.: Quarterly, i and
4, party per fess azure and ermine, in the sinister chief and dexter
base an eagle displayed or, in the dexter canton issuant towards the
sinister base seven rays, the centre one gold, the others argent (for
Aldam) ; 2 and 3, azure, a cross flory or, and for distinction in the
dexter chief point a cross crosslet of the last (for Warde) ; and for his
crests, I. upon a wreath of the colours, issuant from a mount vert, four
ostrich feathers argent, conjoined at 1-he points by a millrind or (for
Aldam) ; 2. a wolf's head erased or, charged for distinction with a cross
crosslet azure (for Warde).
Crest : in front of flames of fire proper, two wings
elevated and addorsed purpure, charged with a mullet
or. Motto : ' Sequar et attingnam.' "
No coat with the chief charge a single bendlet occurs
in Papworth. A single case, however, is to be found
in the Lyon Register in the duly matriculated arms
of Portertield of that Ilk : " Or, a bendlet between a
stag's head erased in chief and a hunting-horn in base
sable, garnished gules." Single bendlets, however, both
dexter and sinister, occur as ancient difference marks
and are then sometimes known as ribands. So de-
scribed, it occurs in blazon of the arms of Abernethy :
"Or, a. lion rampant gules, debruised of a ribbon sable,"
quartered by Lindsay, Earl of Crawford and Balcarres ;
but here again the bendlet is a mark of cadency. In the
Gelrc Armorial (see Plate LXXVL), in this particular
coat the ribbon is made " engrailed," which is most
unusual, and which does not appear to be the accepted
form. In many of the Scottish matriculations of this
Abernethy coat in which this riband occurs it is termed
a "cost," doubtless another form of the word cottise.
When a bend or bendlets (or, in fact, any -other
charge) are raised above their natural position in the
shield they are termed " enhanced." An instance of this
occurs in the well-known coat of Byron, viz. : " Argent,
three bendlets enhanced gules," and in the arms of
Manchester *■ (Plate CXVL), which were based upon
this coat.
The arms of Wagstaff (Fig. loi) and of De la Ferte
(Fig. 102) are rather exceptional.
When the field is composed of an even number of
equal pieces divided by lines following the angle of a
Fig. 102. — Armorial bearings of C. H. J. De la Ferte, Esq. : Azure,
three bendlets argent, each surmounted by another, couped sable,
a pine-tree eradicated and fructed proper. Mantling azure and
argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, two pine-trees in
saltire eradicated and fructed proper. Motto : " Omnia virtuti
cedunt."
bend the field is blazoned " bendy " of so many {e.g.
Plate IX., 48 is " bendy " of four argent and sable). In
^ Armorial beariugs of Manchester : Gules, three bendlets enhanced
or, a chief argent, thereon on waves of the sea a ship under sail proper.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a terrestrial globe, semiS of bees
volant all proper. Supporters : on the dexter side an heraldic antelope
argent, attired, collared, and chain reflexed over the back or, and on
the sinister side a lion guardant or, murally crowned gules, each
charged on the shoulder with a rose of tbe last. Motto: "Concilio et
labore."
70
THE ART OF HERALDRY
most cases it will be composed of six or eight pieces, but
as there is no diminutive of " bendy," the number must
always be stated.
THE PALE
The pale (Plate IX. Fig. 4) is a broad perpendicular
band passing from the top of the escutcheon to the
bottom, as in the arms of Melles ' (Plate XV.). Like all
the other ordinaries, it is stated to contain the third
part of the area of the field, and it is the only one which
isat all frequently drawn in that proportion. But even
with the pale, the only occasion upon which it is de-
finitely given, this exaggerated width will be presently
explained. The artistic latitude, however, permits the
pale to be drawn of this proportion if this be con-
venient to the charges upon it.
Like the other ordinaries, the pale will be found varied
by the different lines of partition, and the arms of Wright^
(see Plate XV.), Lancaster (Fig. 103), and Pryse (Fig.
104) show the pale respectively plain, engrailed, in-
FlG. 103. — Armorial bearings of William John Lancaster, Esq. : Or, two
bars sable, on a pale engrailed ermine, four cinqaefoils palewise
of the second. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, two cinquefoils fesswise, that on the dexter sable,
that on the sinister or, surmounted by a third cinquefoil per pale
of the last and iirst. Motto: " Ornat fortem prudentia."
vected ; and the arms of Brain "^ (see Plate XXXIL) show
the pale cottised; and the arms of Tillard (Fig. 105)
and Colman (Fig. 106) are examples respectively of a
pale "per pale indented point in point," and a pale
"rayonnee."
The single circumstance in which the pale is regu-
larly drawn to contain a full third of the field by
measurement is when the coat is " per fess and a pale
counterchanged." This, it will be noticed, divides the
• Armorial bearings of Joseph William Melles, Esq., of Gruline, Arcs :
Vert, on a pale between two cinquefoils argent, a fir-tree eradicated
proper. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree,
with a mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of bis
liveries is set for crest, a fir-tree erect and eradicated proper; and in
an escroll over the same this motto, " Usque fidelis."
J Arm6rial bearings of Sir Thomas Wright ; Or, on a pale gules, a
cross botonny fitchee argent, a chief azure, thereon a pale ermine,
chained with a rose gules, barbed and seeded proper, between t^o
bezants. Mantling gules and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the
colours, upon a rock, a falcon's head erased proper, holding in the
beak a cross botonny fitchee in bend argent, and charged on the neck
with a rose as in the arms. Motto : " Tam arte quam marte."
^ Armorial bearings of Samuel Arthur Brain, Esq., of Roxburgh,
Penarth : Per pale argent and gules, on a pale cottised, three leopards'
heads couped all counterchanged. Mantling gules and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a leopard's head couped argent, charged
with a pale gules and encircled by a branch of oak vert. Motto:
"Ardna tendo."
shield into six equal portions. The ease with which, by
the employment of these conditions, a new coat can be "
Fig. 104.— Armorial bearings of Henry Louis Vanneok Pryse, Esq. ;
Azure, on a pale invected argent, plain cottised or, a lion rampant
between two crosses botonny sable. Mantling azure and argent.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a lion rampant regardant or,
gorged with a wreath of oak vert, holding in the dexter forepaw a
cross botonny fitchee in bend sinister, and resting the dexter hind
leg on two spears in saltire proper. Motto: "Duwadigon."
based upon an old one which shall leave three original
charges in the same position, and vipon a field of the
Fig. 105. — Armorial bearings of Philip Francis Tillard, Esq.: Argent, on
a pale per pale dancette point in point gules and azure, between
two mascles in fess sable, three mullets or ; and upon an
escutcheon of pretence the arms of Brooks, namely : argent, three
bars wavy azure, a cross fleury erminois, in chief a fountain.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
upon a mount vert, a dexter hand couped proper, grasping a
mascle in bend sinister sable. Motto : " Audi, vide, sile."
original tincture, and yet shall produce an entirely
different and distinct coat of arms, has led to this par-
ticular form being constantly repeated in modern
71
THE ART OF HERALDRY
grants. It will be found employed in the arms of
" Shuttlewortli " (Fig. 107).
Fig. 106. — Armorial bearings of Jeremiah Colman, Esq. : Azure, on a
pale rayonnee or, gutte-de-larmes, between two fleurs-de-lis of the
second, a lion rampant between two annulets palewise gules ; and
for the crest, on a wreath of the colours, in front of two wings
argent, each charged with an estoile azure, a rock proper, thereon
a caltrap or ; with the motto, " Sat cito, si sat bene."
The diminutive of the pale is the pallet, and the pale
cottised is sometimes termed " endorsed."
Except when it is used as a mark of difference or
distinction (then usually wavy), the pallet is not found
singly ; but two pallets, as in the arms of Ebblewhite
Fig. 107.— Armorial bearings of Frank Shuttleworth, Esq. : Per fess
argent and sable, a pale and three weavers' shuttles counter-
changed, the latter tipped and furnished with quills of yarn or.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest : issuing from a chaplet of
roses gules, a cubit arm in armour, the hand in a gauntlet proper,
holding a shuttle in bend sinister sable, tipped and furnished or.
Motto : " Isto velocior vita."
(Fig. 108), or three, are not exceptional. Charged upon
other ordinaries, particularly on the chief and the
chevron, pallets are of constant occurrence. An ex-
ample will be found in the arms of Walker (Fig.
109).
When the field is striped vertically it is said to be
" paly " of so many, as in the arms of Wakeman (Fig.
no).
The arms shown in Fig. 1 1 1 are interesting inas-
much as they are doubtless an early form of the coat
per pale indented argent and gules, which is generally
described as a banner borne for the honour of Hinckley,
by the Simons de Montfort, Earls of Leicester, and
father and son. In a Roll temp. Henry III., to Simon
the Younger is ascribed " Le Banner Party endentee
dargent & de goules," although the arms of both father
and son are known to have been as Fig. 112: " Gules, a
lion rampant queue-fourchee argent." More probably
the indented coat gives the original Montfort arms (see
pages 195 and 196, and Plate LXXI.).
Fig. ioS. — Armorial bearings of Ernest Arthur Ebblewhite, Esq. : Per
fess indented argent and azure, within two pallets as many roses
in pale all countercbanged, on a canton gules, a mullet of six
points pierced of the first ; impaling the arms of George, namely :
per fess gules and sable, on a fess indented argent, between two
falcons rising in pale of the third, beaked and legged or, a talbot
passant of the second. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a demi-wolf rampant ermine, charged on the
shoulder with a mullet as in the arms, and holding between the
paws a lyre or ; with the motto : " En avant."
THE FESS
The fess (Plate IX. Fig. 14) is a broad horizontal
band crossing the escutcheon in the centre. It is
seldom drawn to contain a full third of the area of the
shield.
The arms of Waddington ' (see Plate XVI.), Pixley '"
(see Plate XVIIL), George (Fig. 113), and West (Fig. 1 14)
are examples respectively of the fess plain, the fess
" engrailed," the fess " indented," and the fess " dancette."
I
1 Armorial bearings pf John Waddington, Esq., of Ely Grange,
Frant, and Waddington Old Hall, co. York : Per pale argent and gules,
a fess between two fleurs-de-lis in chief, and a battle-axe fesswise
in base, blade upwards, and head to the sinister all couaterchanged.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a
dexter arm embowed, holding in the hand a tilting-spear in bend, and
a battle-axe in bend sinister, all proper, the hand surmounted by a
fleur-de-lis gules. Motto : " Fro recto semper."
™ Armorial bearings of Francis William Pixley, F.S.A., of the
Middle Temple : Azure, a fess engrailed or, gutte-de-larmes, between
two daggers points downwards in chief and a cross crosslet fitchee in
base or. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
in front of a cross crosslet fitchfee or, a morion proper between two
wings azure, each charged with a dagger as in the arms. Motto :
" Per vias rectas."
72
PLATE XXI.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF JOHN MAURICE COPPEN, OF ASCOT, Berks.
;' PUBLIC
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 109.— Bookplate of K. Crawford Walker, Esq., of Wingate Place,
Newport, Fifeshire, Arms : Or, a saltire sable, on a cbief ermine,
a cross moliue of the second between two pallets gules. Mantling
gules, doubled argent. Crest : a staghound's head couped proper,
collared or. Motto: " Sapere aude."
Fig. 110. — Armorial bearings of Sir Offley Wafceman, Baronet: Paly
wavy of six vert and argent, a saltire engrailed ermine, im-
paling the arms of Kouse-Bonghton, namely : quarterly, i and 4,
sable, two bars engrailed argent (for Rouse) ; 2. argent, on a
chevron, between three trefoils slipped sable, as many bucks' heads
caboshed or, on a chief gules a goat passant of the field (for Bough-
ton of Loughton) ; 3. sable, three crescents or (for Boughton).
Upon the escutcheon, which is charged with his badge of Ulster
as a baronet, is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mant-
ling vert and argent; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours,
between two palm branches proper, a lion's head erased argent,
vomiting flames, gorged with a collar engrailed and cottised vert.,
and charged with three ermines spots or. Mottoes : " Nee temere
nee timide," "Tout sans faiUir et sans lucre."
Fig. III. — The arras of
Amaury de Mon tf ort,
Earl of Gloucester; died
before 1214. (From his
seal.)
Fig. 112. — Arms of Simon
de Montfort, Earl of
Leicester ; died 1265.
(From MS. Cott., Nero,
D.I.)
Fig. 113. — Armorial bearings of Frederic Brand George, Esq. : Per fess
gules and sable, on a fess indented argent, between two falcons
rising in pale of the third, beaked and legged or, a talbot passant
of the second. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, a demi-talbot per fess indented sable and gules, charged
on the shoulder with a bezant, thereon a lion's head erased of the
secojid, and resting the sinister paw on a garb vert. Motto : " Strive
to attain."
Fig. 114. — Armorial bearings of William Cornwallis Cornwall is- West,
Esq., of Ruthin Castle : Argent, a fess dancette sable. Mantling
argent and sable. Crest : out of a ducal coronet or, a griffin's head
azure, beaked and eared gold. Motto : " Jour de ma vie."
A curious variety of the fess dancette is borne by the
Shropshire family Plowden of Plowden. They bear:
Azure, a fess dancette, the upper points terminating in
fleurs-de-lis. A fess couped is found in the arros of
Lee (Fig. 115).
The "fess embattled" is only crenellated upon the
upper edge ; but when both edges are embattled it is a
THE ART OF HERALDRY
fess embattled and counter - embattled. The terra
hretessd (which is said to indicate that the battlements
on the upper edge are opposite the battlements on the
lower edge, and the indentations likewise corresponding)
Fig. 115. — Armorial bearings of Ambrose Lee, Bluemantle : Argent, on
a fess couped between three crescents sable, as many hawks' lures
or, impaling the arms of Wallace, namely : gules, seme-de-lis or, a
lion rampant argent within a bordure compony azure and of the
third. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, upon an eagle's leg
fesswise erased at the thigh, the claws to the sinister azure, a
falcon belled or, legged gules, twined round the body and neck by
a hawk's lure sable; with the motto, "Fide et constantia."
is a term and a distinction neither of which are regarded
in British armory.
A fess wreathed (Fig. 1 16) is a bearing which seems to
be almost pecuhar to the Carmichael family, but the
Fig. 116. — Armorial bearings of James Carmichael, Esq. : Or, a fess
wreathed azure and gules, between a crescent of the third in chief
and a cinquefoil of the second in base. Upon the escutcheon is
placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure,
doubled or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, an
arm in armour embowed, the hand grasping a broken tilting-spear
proper; and in an escroU above this motto, "Toujours prest."
arms of Waye of Devon are an additional example,
being : Sable, two bars wreathed argent and gules.
The arms of Hervey " (Plate XLV.) show a curious dis-
position of the fess over a field "per chevron/' and
Fig. 1 1 7, which represents the arms of Smith, exemplifies
a fess flory and counterflory.
It is a fixed rule of British armory that there can
be only one fess upon a shield. If two figures of this
character are found they are termed hai's. But it is
hardly correct to speak of the bar as a diminutive of
the fess, because if two bars only appear on the shield
Fig. 117. — Armorial bearings of Sir Cecil Clementi Smith, G.C.M.G.: Per
fess azure and gules, a fess flory counterflory argent, between
three mullets in chief or. and a rock, thereon a dove in base proper.
Upon the escutcheon, which is encircled by the ribbon of the Most
Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, and by bis
collar and pendant therefrom his badge as a Knight Grand Cross
of that Order, is placed a helmet befitting bis degree, with a
mantling azure and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, in front of a lion's head erased argent, gorged with a
collar tlory counterflory azure, on the head of a crown vallery or,
three mullets fesswise or; with the motto, " Perseverando."
there would be little, if any, diminution made from the
width of the fess when depicting the bars. As is the
Fig. iiS. — Arms of Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk : Azure, a fess
between three leopards' faces or. (From his seal, 1384.)
case with other ordinaries, there is much latitude
allowed to the artist in deciding the dimensions, it being
usually permitted for these to be governed by the
charges upon the fess or bars, and the charges between
^ Armorial bearings of Matthew Wilson Hervey, Esq. : Parted per
chevron gules and vert, a fess chequy argent and azure between three
trefoils slipped or, a bordure of the fourth. Above the shield is placed
a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules, doubled or ; and
upon a wreath ofhis liveries is set for crest, a demi-lion rampant gules,
holding in his de.xter paw a trefoil slipped or ; and in an escroll over
the same this motto, " Delectat et ornat."
74
PLATE XXII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(i) Lt -Col. JAMES GROVE WHITE. OF KlLBYRXE, Co. COKK. l (3) HENRY THO.\I.\S .\L\CDER.\IOTr, Esq. of TR[.sitv House.
(21 Major JOHN FISHWICK LEEMING OF Wh-^lley R.\nge. | St Leonardson-Sea.
(4) THORNTON of Yorkshire. (5) Rev. Dr NICHOL.AS HOPKINS JAMES.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
which tliese are placed. Figs. iiS, 119, and 120 ex-
emplify varying dimensions.
The fess and bars are of course equally subject
Fig. 119. — Arms of Thomas
Cromwell, Earl of Esses {d.
1540); Azure, on a fess be-
tween three lions rampant
or, a rose gules, barbed vert,
between two Cornish choughs
proper. Granted 1533. (From
his seal.)
Fig. 120.— Arms of Wil-
liam Mauduit, Earl of
Warwick {d. 126S);
Argent, two bars gules.
(M.S. Cott., Nero, D. i,
f. 170.)
in chief and two placed closely together in base, the
disposition being governed by the fact that the two
barrulets comprising the " bar gemel " are only one
cJiarge. An exception to this is found ia the arms of
Moore-Gwyn P (see Plate XVIL).
There is theoretically no limit to the number of bars
or bars gemel which can be placed upon the shield.
In practical use, however, four will be found the maxi-
mum. Bars gemel will be found in the arms of
Burlton (Fig. 122).
A field composed of four, six, eight, or ten horizontal
pieces of equal width is "barry of such and such a
number of pieces," the number being always specified.
A field composed of an equal number of horizontally
shaped pieces, when these exceed ten in number, is
termed "barruly" of such and such a number. The
term barruly is also sometimes used for ten pieces.
If the number is omitted it will usually be of six pieces,
though sometimes of eight. On the other hand a field
composed of five, seven, or nine pieces is not barry,
but {e.g. argent) two bars, three bars, and four bars
to the varying lines of partition, and the arms of
Langhans (Fig. 121) and Ferryman^ (see Plate XIX.)
are both instances in which bars occur.
The diminutive of the bar is the barrulet, which is
half its width and double the width of the cottise. But the
barrulet will almost invariably be found borne in 'pairs,
when such a pair is usually known as a " bar gemel " and
not as two barrulets. Thus a coat with four barrulets
would have these placed at equal distances from each
other; but a coat with two bars gemel would be de-
picted with two of its barrulets placed closely together
Fig. I2r. — Armorial bearings of Johann Gottlieb Julius Langhans, Esq.:
Argent, two bars wavy azure, gutte-d'eau, as many trout naiant,
one in chief the other in fess gules, on a chief arched sable, two
kingfishers proper. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, in flags on the sinister side the stump of
an oak-tree in bend sinister, one branch sprouting to the dexter,
thereon a kingfisher all proper. Motto : " Ich Wart Der Stund."
o Armorial bearings of Charles Wilbraham Ferryman, Esq., of
Bifrons, Famborough, Hants: Parted per pale ermine and azure, two
bars indented, each charged with three pears slipped all counter-
changed. Mantling azure and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the
colours, a wolTs head ermine, erased gules, charged with a fess
indented azure, surmounted by two pear branches, leaved, fructed, and
slipped in saltire proper. Motto : " Per ardua stabilis."
Fig. 122. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Davies Burlton, Esq.: Argent,
three bars gemel between four horse-shoes, three in chief and one
in base aU azure. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a demi-gryphon, couped, wings elevated and
addorsed argent, holding in the dexter claw a horse-shoe and rest-
ing the sinister on a fleur-de-lis, both azure. Motto : " Mens sana
in corpore sano."
respectively. - This distiaction in modern coats needs
to be carefully noted, but in ancient coats it is not of
equal importance. Anciently also a shield "barry" was
P Armorial bearings of Joseph Edward Moore-Gwyn, Esq., of
Dyffryn, co. Glamorgan : Quarterly, i and 4, sable, gutte-d'or, two
barrulets invected or, between as many lozenges in pale of the last,
each charged with a sword erect sable (for Gwyn) ; 2 and 3, per pale
argent and sable, a moor-cock between two greyhounds current, and as
many flanches all counterchanged (for Moore). Mantling sable and or.
Crests: i. on awreath of the colours, between two antlers sable.acubifc
arm erect proper, charged with two lozenges palewise also sable, the
hand grasping a sword proper, pommel and hilt or, the blade transfixing
a boar's head erect and erased gules (for Gwyn) ; 2. on a wreath of the
colours, upon a mount vert, a moor-cock sable, gorged with a collar
nebuly argent, and resting the dexter leg on a greyhound's head
erased at the neck also sable (for Moore). Motto : " Vim vi repellere
licet."
75
THE ART OF HERALDRY
drawn of a greater number of pieces (see Figs. 123 and
124) than would nowadays be employed. In modern
armory a field so depicted would more correctly be
termed "barruly."
m
-
<u--
[g
_
s
—
i
Fig. I2J. — Arms of William de
Valence, Earl of Pembroke
{d. 1296) : Barruly azure and
argent, a label of five points
gules, the files depending
from the chief line of the
shield, and each file charged
with three lions passant
guardant or. (From MS.
Reg. 14, C. vii.)
Fig. 124. — Arms of Laurence
de Hastings, Earl of Pem-
broke {d. 134^): Quarterly,
I and 4, or, a maunoh gules
(for Hastings) ; 2 and 3,
barruly argent and azure, an
orle of martlets (for Valence).
(From his seal )
0 0 n
^
m
'S^
n
000
y
1
/
y
"Lozengy" is made by use of lines in bend crossed
by lines in bend sinister, and "fusilly" the same, only
drawn at a more acute angle.
THE CHEVEON
Probably the ordinary of most frequent occurrence in
British, as also in French armory, is the chevron. It is
comparatively rare in German heraldry. The term is
derived from the French word chevron, meaning a
rafter, and the heraldic chevron is the same shape as a
gable rafter. In early examples of heraldic art the
"chevron will be found depicted reaching very nearly to
the top of the shield, the angle contained within the
chevron being necessarily more acute. The chevron then
attained very much more nearly to its full area of one-
third of the field than is now given to it. As the chevron
became accompanied by charges, it "was naturally drawn
so that it would allow of these charges being more
easily represented, and its height became less whilst the
angle it enclosed was increased. But now, as then, it
is perfectly at the pleasure of the artist to design his
chevron at the height and angle which will best allow
the proper representation of the charges which accom-
pany it.
The arms of Brown i (see Plate XXVI.) and Davenport
(Fig. 127) are instances of the chevron drawn rather
more after the ancient form, which heraldic artists
nowadays seem pretty generally to follow whenever
possible.
Fig. 125. — Arms of Edmund Grey, Earl of Kent (d. 1489) : Quarterly,
I and 4, barry of six, argent and azure, in chief three torteaux
(for Grey) ; 2 and 3, Hastings and Valence sub-quarterly. (From
his seal, 1442.)
Whilst a field can be and often is barry of two colours
or two metals, an uneven number of pieces must of
necessity be of metal and colour or fur. Consequently
in a shield e.g. divided into seven equal horizontal
divisions, alternately gules and sable, there must be a
mistake somewhere.
Although these distinctions require to be carefully
noted as regards modern arms, it should be remembered
that they are distinctions evolved by the intricacies and
requirements of modern armory, and ancient arms were
not so trammelled.
A field divided horizontally into three equal divisions
of e.g. gules, sable, and argent is theoretically blazoned
by British rules " party per fess gules and argent, a fess
sable " (see Plate IX. Fig. 14). This, however, gives an
exaggerated width to the fess which it does not really
possess with us, and the German rules, which would
blazon it " tierced per fess sable, ermine, and gules,"
would seem preferable.
A field which is barry may also be counterchanged, as
in the arms of Ballingall (Fig. 126), where it is counter-
changed per pale; but it can also be counterchanged
per chevron, or per bend dexter or sinister.
Such counterchanging should be carefully distin-
guished from fields which are " barry-bendy " or " paly-
bendy." In these latter cases the field is divided first
by lines horizontal (for barry) or perpendicular (for
paly), and subsequently by lines bendy (dexter or
sinister).
The result produced is very similar to "lozengy,"
and care should be taken to distinguish the two.
Barry-bendy is sometimes blazoned " fusilly in bend,"
whilst paly-bendy is sometimes blazoned " fusilly in bend
sinister," but the other terms are the more acceptable.
Fig. 126. — Armorial bearings of Hugh Ballingall, Esq.: Parted per pale
argent and vert, three bars counterchanged. Mantling vert,
doubled argent. Crest : ou a wreath of his liveries, a demi-e^le
displayed vert, between two lilies issuing out of the wreath proper.
Motto: "Decore."
The chevron appears in the arms of Stafford (Fig.
128), Grove White '' (see Plate XXIL), Wedderburn ' (see
■1 The arms of Brown of Bonnytoun (matriculated in Lyon Register
1721) : Or, on a chevron between three fleurs-de-lis aaure, a bezant.
Crest: a ship under sail proper. Motto: " Caute et sedulus."
' The arms of Lieutenant-Colonel James Grove-White: Quarterly, I
and 4, argent, on a chevron gules, between three roses of the last,
barbed vert, seeded gold, a cross patee or (tor White) ; 2 and 3, ermine,
on a chevron engrailed gules, three escallops argent (for Grove).
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a dexter arm embowed in armour,
holding in the hand a dagger all proper, the arm charged with a cross
patee or. Motto: '* Nourissez Tesperance."
s The arms of Alexander D. 0. Wedderburn, Esq., K.C. : Argent, on
a chevron, invected (for difference) between three roses gules, b.arbed
vert, a crescent of the first (all within a bordure engrailed of the
second, for difference). Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest : on a
wreath of his liveries, an eagle's head erased proper ; and in an escroll
over the same this motto, " Non degener," and below the arms,
" Aquila non captat muscas."
76
PLATE XXIII.
^Dev5-Ae n^m^.
^/»ft,».r.>'..
(1) SIDNEY FLAVEL, Esg. of Leamingtox Spa.
(2) The Late Sik WOODBIXE PARISH. K.H.
(3) JOSEPH LUCAS. Eso- OF Foxhunt .VIanor. Co. Susse.v
THE .A.RMORIAL BE.\RINGS OF—
I (4) AMDREW ALEX.ANDER HUN^TER, Esq., Rursar of Chei.tk\ham
College.
I (5) HOWELL POWELL EDWARDS. Esq.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig i27.-Armorial bearings of Cyril James Humphreys Davenport,
itsq. : Argent, a chevron between three cross crosslets Btchee sable
a canton azure for distinction. Mantling sable and argent!
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a man's head afErontee proper
around his neck a rope or, and charged upon the neck for distinc-
tion with a cross crosslet fitchee sable. Motto : " Audaces fortuna
javat. '
Fig. 130.— Armorial bearings of Major Francis Ignatius Ricarde-Seaver,
F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., A.M.I.C.E. : Azure, a chevron embattled
between two wreaths of oak in chief or and a pickaxe and sword
in base proper, surmounted by a tower or. Mantling azure and or.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, in front of a picka.xe erect, a
Moor's head aflrontee, couped at the shoulders proper, the turban
argent, pierced through the head by a sword fesswise point-to the
dexter also proper. Motto : " Malo mori quam fcedari."
Fie. 128.— The arms of
Stafford: Or, a chev-
ron gules.
Fig. 129. — Armorial bearings of the late Alfred Cock, Esq. , Q.C. : Azure,
a chevron cottised and couped between two roses in chief and a
leopard's face in base all or ; and upon an escutcheon of pretence
the arms of Liebreich, namely : per pale argent and vert, a stag's
attire surmounted by an elephant's tusk salterwise between four
eagles displayed all counterchanged. Mantling azure and or.
Crest ; upon a wreath of the colours, in front of the stump of an
oak-tree, one branch sprouting from the dexter side and fructed
proper, thereon a cock or, holding in the beak a sprig of oak of
the tirsfc, five mascles conjoined fesswise of the second. Motto :
" Talent de bieu faire."
EX-LIBRIS
SPRVLE5'
383=032
Fig. 131. — Bookplate of George Henry Sprules, Esq. Arms : Gules, a
chevron chequy argent and azure, ensigned with a fleur-de-lis of the
second, between two palmer's scrips in chief and a lion rampant
in base or. Mantling gules and argent ; and upon a wreath of his
liveries is set for his crest, a hunting-horn vert, garnished or,
stringed gules. Motto : " Spe ruo."
77
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Plate XXVI.), Coppen ' (see Plate XXL), Cock (Fig. 1 29),
Ricarde-Seaver (Fig. 130), Sprules (Fig. 131), Worsley-
Taylor (Fig. 132), and Athill (Fig. iV), it, of course,
being subject to the usual variation of partition lines.
Fig. 132. — Armorial bearings of Henry Wilson Worsley-Taylor, K.C. :
Quarterly, i and 4, ermine, on a chief dovetailed gules, a mallet
between two escallops or ; 2 and 3, azure, a chevron flory counter-
flory or, between in chief two falcons and in base a wolf's head
erased. Mantling gules and argent. Crests : i. on a wreath of
the colours, a demi-lion rampant sable, seme of mallets or, holding
between the paws an acorn gold, slipped vert ; 2. on a wreath of
the colours, a wolf's head erased, encircled by a wreath of oak, and
pierced by a tilting-spear fesswise. Motto : " Annoso robore
quercus."
The chevron, of course, can be cottised and doubly
cottised.
It is usually found between three charges, but the
necessity of modern differentiation has recently intro-
duced the disposition of four charges, three in chief
and one in base, which is by no means a happy inven-
tion. An even worse disposition occurs in the arms
of a certain family of Mitchell, where the four escallops
which are the principal charges are arranged two in
chief and two in base.
Ermine spots upon a chevron do not follow the direc-
FiG. 133. — Arms of Richard de Beaucbamp, Earl of Warwick [d. 1439) :
Quarterly, i and 4, chequy or and azure, a chevron ermine (for
Neuborg) ; 2 and 3, gules, a fess between six cross crosslets or
(for Beauchamp). (From his seal.)
tion of it (see Fig. 133), but in the cases of chevrons vair,
and chevrons chequy, authoritative examples can be
found in which the chequers and rows of vair both do,
and do not, conform to the direction of the chevron.
*■ The arms of John Maurice Coppen, of Ascot: Azure, a chevron
invected argent between two boars' heads couped in chief and a demi-
gryphon also couped in base or. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, out of the battlements of a tower proper, a
demi-gryphon or, holding between the claws a saltire azure. Motto :
*' Copia sine peuuria."
A chevron quarterly is divided by a line chevronwise,
apparently dividing the chevron into two chevronels,
and then by a vertical line in the centre.
A chevron in point embowed will be found in the
arms of Trapand quartered by Adiercron (Fig. 134).
Fig. 134. — Armorial bearings of Rodolph Ladeveze Adiercron, Esq. :
Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, an eagle displayed, wings inverted sable,
langued gules, membered and ducally crowned or (for Adiercron) ;
2 and 3, argent, a chevron in point embowed between in chief two
mullets and in base a liou rampant all gules (for Trapaud). Mant-
ling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a demi-
eagle displayed sable, langued gules, ducally crowned or, the dexter
wing per fess argent and azure, the sinister per fess of the last and
or. Motto : " Quo fata vocant."
Fig. 1 35. —Armorial bearings of Thomas Irvine, Esq.: Parted per chevron '
argent and vert, three holly-leaves all countercharged. Mantling
vert and argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a holly-wreath
proper. Motto : " Sub sole sub umbra virens."
A field per chevron is often met with, as in the arms
of Irvine (Fig. 135). The division line in per chevron
78
THE ART OF HERALDRY
(like the enclosing lines of a real chevron) is subject to
the usual partition lines, as will be seen in the arms of
Reid (Fig. 136) and Dumas (Fig. 137).
The diminutive of the chevron is the chevronel,
which will be found in the arms of Mitohell-Carruthers
Fig. 13S.— Arms of
Gilbert de Clare,
Earl of Gloucester
and Hertford {</.
1230) (from his
seal) : Or, three
chevrons gules.
Fig. 136. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Archibald Alexander Reid, Esq. :
Party per chevron indented gules and or, in chief two eagles dis-
played argent, beaked and membered of the second, and in base a
ship of three masts in full sail proper, flagged of the first. Mant-
ling gules, doubled or. Crest : upon a wreath of his liveries, a
demi-eagle displayed argent. Motto: " Fortitudine et labore."
Fig. 139.— Armorialr bearings of Camithers, of Howmains (matri-
culated in Lyon Register c. 1672) : Gules, two chevronels engrailed
between three [fleurs-de-lis or. Mantling gules, doubled argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the liveries, a cherub's head proper.
Motto: "Promptus et fldelis."
Fig. 137. — Armorial bearings of Henry John Philip Dumas, Esq. : Per
chevron flory and counterflory or and azure, in chief two lions'
gambs erased, and in base a garb counterchanged. Mantling
azure and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, issuant from a
chaplet of roses an arm embowed in armour proper, charged with
a fleur-de-lis azure, and grasping a scythe in bend sinister also
proper. Motto : " Adsum."
An example of three chevrons on one field is found
in the historic arms of De Clare (Fig. 138).
The field when entirely composed of an even number
of chevrons is termed " chevronny."
Fig. 140. Arms of Rev. H. G. Morse : Party per pale argent and sable,
two chevronels between three mullets all counterchanged. Crest :
upon a wreath of the colours, a demi-man in complete armour
proper, garnished or, his helmet surmounted by a plume of three
ostrich feathers azure, on his breast a cross-belt sable, and in his
dexter hand a halberd proper. Motto : " Deo non armis fido."
[40), North" (Plate X5IV), and
(Fig. 139), Morse (Fig.
Davies (Fig. 141).
" Arms of Major Hairy North of Eltham : Argent, two chevronels
nebuly, between two mullets in chief, and a decrescent in base sable,
impaling the arms of Evans, namely: or, a dragon sable, in chief three
roses gules, slipped and leaved proper, and in base a fleur-de-lis also
gules. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
a lion's head erased argent, gorged with a collar nebuly sable, and
between two mullets also sable. Motto : " Animo et fide."
79
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Chevronels interlaced or "braced" will be found in
the arms of Sirr (Fig. 142). The chevronel is very
seldom met with singly, but a case of tliis will be found
in the arms of Spry ^' (see Plate XVII.).
Fig. 141. — Armorial bearings of William David Davies, Esq. : Per pale
gales and azure, three chevronels nebuly between two lions passant
argent. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, in front of two flag-staves in saltire proper, flowing from
each a banner gules charged with a shepherd's crook erect or, a
lion passant also proper. Motto : " Duw dy ras."
Fig. 142. — Armorial bearings of Edward Joseph Arthur Sirr, Esq. :
Azure, two chevronels interlaced argent, between three estoiles or,
in chief a harp of Ireland, above it the Imperial Crown both proper.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
an estoile or as in the arms, within two-olive branches proper;
above, on an escroU, the motto, " Nautfe Fida" ; and for the motto
beneath the arms, " Lyne nervos aptavi."
^ Arms of Tredenham Hugh Spry, Esq., of Witherdon, Germanswerk,
CO. Devon : Quarterly, i and 4, azure, two bars or. in chief a chevronel
of the last (for Spry) ; 2 and 3, sable, a plate between three towers
argent, each charged with a cross crosslet gules {for Carlyon).
Mantling azure and or. Crests : i. on a wreath of the colours, a dove
argent, standing on a serpent nowed proper (for Spry) ; 2. on a wreath
THE PILE
The pile is a triangular wedge usually (and unless
otberwise specified) issuing from the chief. It occurs
Fig. 143. — Armorial bearings of Rev. William Legg, M.A. : Sable, on a
pile or, between two books argent, clasped and garnished in base
of the second, a leg couped at the thigh in armour of the field,
spurred and garnished gold. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, a dexter arm in armour sable, garnished
gold, holding in the hand a roll of paper argent, between roses or.
Motto: "Tolle, lege."
Fig. 144. — Armorial bearings of Rev. David Lamplugh, M.A. : Sable, on
a pile nebuly between two roses or, barbed and seeded vert, a cross
flory of the field. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, in front of a goat's head couped argent, armed or,
gorged with a collar nebuly sable, two roses gules, barbed and
seeded proper. Motto : " Providential Dei stabiliuntur familije."
in the arms of Legg (Fig. 143) and Terry ''' (see Plate
XXXIIL), and will be found subject to the lines of
partition in the arms of Lamplugh (Fig. 144).
of the colours, a demi-lion rampant gules, ducally crowned or, holding
between the paws a bezant. Motto : " Soyez sage et simple."
^ Arms of Major-General Astley Fellowes Terry : Argent, gutte-de-
I'armes, on a pile gules a leopard's face jessant-de-lys or, within a
bordure engrailed sable, charged with eight roses of the first. Mantling
azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a lion's head
erased argent, gutte-de-rarmes, between two oak branches fructed in
arch proper. Motto : " Perseveranti dabitur."-
80
PLATE XXIV.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF MAJOR HARRY NORTH, OF Eltham, Co. Kent.
PUBLIC
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The early representation of the pile (when coats of escutcheon, and as a consequence it naturally was not
arms had no secondary charges and were nice and so wide. It is now usually drawn so that its upper
simple) made the point nearly reach to the base of the edge occupies very nearly the whole of the top line of
Fig. 145. — Armorial bearings of William Parkin-Moore, Esq.: Quarterly,
I and 4, ermine, on a chevron between three moorcocks sable, an
escallop between two cross crosslets argent (for Moore) ; 2 and 3,
argent, on a pile sable, between two fir-cones erect, slipped and
leaved in base proper, an eagle displayed of the field, each wing
charged with a cross crosslet of the second (for Parkin). Mantling
sable and argent. Crests : i. on a wreath of the colours, a Moor's
head couped at the shoulders in profile pi'oper, wreathed round the
temples or and gules, and suspended from the neck by a double
chain gold, an escocheon argent, charged with a cross crosslet
sable (for Moore) ; 2. on a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert,
a fir-cone as in the arms, between two wings sable. Motto : *' Aut
nunquam tentes aut perfice."
Fig. 146.— Armorial bearings of James Edward Darbishire : " Quarterly,
1 and 4, gules, on a pile issuant from the dexter canton argent,
three leopards' faces of the field (for Darbishire) ; 2 and 3, argent,
a cross pointed and voided sable (for Dukinfield). [The family are
entitled to quarter the arms of other families appertaining to
Dukinfield.] Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, issuant from clouds, a dexter arm in armour embowed,
the hand proper, grasping a cross pointed and voided sable.
Motto: " Durate et vincite."
Fig. 147. — Armorial bearings of Alexander William Anstruther-Duncan,
Esq. : Quarterly, I. and IV., argent, three piles issuing from the
chief sable (for Anstruther) ; II. and III., quarterly, i and 4, gules
a chevron or between two ciuquefoils in chief argent and a hunt-
ing-horn in base, garnished azure, stringed of the second, a bordure
of the second for difference (for Duncan) ; 2. argent, three Moors'
heads couped sable, banded or, in the centre a saltire couped of the
second, charged with a man's head of the third (for Morison) ;_ 3.
counterquartered i. and iii. , argent, a saltire engrailed sable; ii.,
argent, a saltire between four roses gules ; iii., or, a bend chequy
sable and argent, all within a bordure gules for difference (for
Haldane). Mantling sable, doubled argent. Crest : upon a wreath
of his liveries, two arms in armour, holding in the gauntlets a
battle-axe proper. Motto : " Periissem ni periissem."
the escutcheon ; but the angles and proportions of the
pile are very much at the discretion of the artist and
i^joverned by the charges which need to be introduced
in the field of the escutcheon or upon the pile. The
arms of Parkin-Moore (Fig. 145) show of necessity a very
wide pile.
A single pile may issue from any point of the
Fig. 148. — Arms of John le Scot, Earl of Huntingdon and Chester
(from MS. Cott., Nero, D. i) : Or, three piles in point gules.
escutcheon except the base ; the arms of Darbishire
(Fig. 146) showing a pile issuing from the dexter chief
point.
A single pile cannot issue in base if it be unaccom-
panied by other piles, as the field would then be
blazoned per chevron.
Two piles issuing in chief will be found in the arms
of Hollis, Earl of Clare, and three in the arms of An-
struther-Duncan (Fig. 147).
81 L
THE ART OF HERALDRY
When the three piles, instead of pointing directly at
right angles to the line of the chief, all point to the same
point, touching or nearly touching at the tips, as in the
arms of the Earl of Huntingdon and Chester (Fig. 148),
Isham,'' they are described as three piles in point.
This term and its differentiation probably are modern
refinements, as with the early long-pointed shield any
other position was impossible. The arms of Henderson
(Fig. 149) show three piles issuing from the sinister side
of the escutcheon.
Fig. 149. — Armorial bearings of George Henderson, Esq.: Gules, tliree
piles issuing from the sinister or, a chief embattled ermine. Upon
-the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mant-
ling gules, doubled or ; and upon a wi-eath of the liveries is set for
crest, a cubit arm erect proper, holding in the hand a star of eight
points wavy argent, ensigued with a crescent of the last. Motto :
" Sola virtus uobilitat."
Fig. 150. — Armorial bearings of Moses Cornwall, Esq., of Kimberley,
. South Africa : Or, three piles, two issuing in chief and one in base
ermine, each charged with a lion rampant regardant gules, a
bordure engrailed of the last, thereon four bezants and as many
trefoils alternately of the field. Mantling gules and or. Crest ;
upon a wreath of the colours, a Cornish chough proper, holding in
its beak a bezant. Motto : " La vie durante."
A disposition of three piles which will very frequently
be found in modern British heraldry is two issuing in
'^ Armorial bearings of Isham : Gules, a fess wavy, and in chief three
piles also wavy, the points meeting in fess argent.
chief and one in base, as will be seen in the arms of
Cornwall (Fig. 1 50).
Piles terminating in fleurs-de-lis are by no means
unusual, and reference may be made to the arms of
Sir J. Dickson- Poynder, Bart.*
An unusual instance of a pile in which it issues from
a chevron will be found in the arms of Wright, which
are : " Sable, on a chevron argent, three spear-heads gules
in chief, two unicorns' heads erased argent, armed and
maned or, in base on a pile of the last, issuant from the
chevron, a unicorn's head erased of the field."
THE SHAKEFORK
The pall, pairle, or shakefork, is almost unknown in
English heraldry, but in Scotland its constant occur-
rence in the arms of the Cunninghame and allied
families has given it a recognised position amongst
the ordinaries.
As usually borne by the Cunninghame family the ends
are couped and pointed (Fig. 1 50a.), but in some cases
it is borne throughout (Fig. 1 50b).
Fig 1 50rt. — Armorial bearings of Henry Hardinge Samuel Cunninghame,
Esq. : Argent, a shakefork sable, between three fleurs-de-lis azure,
one in chief and two in the flanges, above a helmet with mantle
gules, the doubling argent. On a wreath of his liveries is set for
crest, a unicorn unguled, maned and armed or, lying on a mount
vert. In an escroll above the crest this motto, "Over fork over."
The pall in its proper ecclesiastical form appears in
the arms of the Archiepisoopal Sees of Canterbury,
Armagh, and Dublin. Though in these cases the pall
or pallium is now considered to have no other heraldic
status than that of an appropriately ecclesiastical charge
upon an official coat of arms, there can be very little
doubt that originally the pall of itself was the heraldic
symbol in this country of an archbishop, and borne for
that reason by all archbishops, including the Archbishop
of York, although his official archiepiscopal coat is now
y Armorial bearings of Sir J. Dickson-Poynder, Bart : Quarterly,
I and 4 (Poynder), pily counterpily of four nails or and sable,
the points ending in crosses formee, two in chief and one in base,
in the centre chief point a castle of the second, and in base two mart-
lets of the first, a chief azure thereon a key erect, the wards upwards
and to the sinister gold, between a rose on the dexter side aud a fleur-
de-lis on the sinister argent ; 2 and 3 (Dickson), azure, an anchor erect or,
encircled with an oak wreath vert, between tliree mullets pierced or, on
a chief of the second three pallets gules, in the centre of the chief a
mural crown argent.
82
THE ART OF HERALDRY
changed to : " Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief
a royal crown or."
The necessity of displaying this device of rank — the
pallium — upon a field of some tincture has led to its
corruption into a usual and stereotyped " charge."
THE CROSS
The heraldic cross, the huge preponderance of which
in armory we of course owe to the Crusades, like all
other armorial charges, has strangely developed. There
are nearly four hundred varieties known to armory, or
possible equal. The Sacred Cross, therefore, in heraldry
is now known as a " Passion Cross " (or sometimes as a
" long cross "), or, if upon steps or " grieoes," the
number of which needs to be specified, as a " Cross
Calvary."
The ordinary heraldic cross (which is always con-
tinued throughout the shield unless stated to be couped)
will be found in the arms of Bigod (Fig. 151), Burke
(Fig. 152), De Ufford (Fig. 153), Atkin-Roberts (Fig.
154), Douglas (Fig. 155), and Oppenheimer^ (see Plate
XXVII.).
Of the crosses more regularly in use may be men-
FlG. 150&. — Armorial bearings of John Anstruther Smith Cunninghame, Esq., of Caprington Castle :
Quarterly, I and 4, argent, a shakefork sable, within a bordure ermine; 2 and 3, ermine, a fess
azure, between two mullets in chief and a hart's bead erased in base, attired with ten tynes
gules. Crests : l. a dexter baud holding a plumb-rule proper, and in an escroll over the same
this motto, " Ad Amussim ; " 2. a ship in distress proper, and in an escroll over this motto, " At
spes infracta." Supporters : two horses at liberty argent, maned and hoofed or.
rather to heraldic text-books, and doubtless authenti-
cated examples could be found of most if not of them
all. But some dozen or twenty forms are about as many
as will be found regularly or constantly occurring.
When the heraldic cross was first assumed with
any reason beyond geometrical convenience, there can
be no doubt that it was intended to represent the
Sacred Cross itself. The syinbohsm of the cross
is older than our present system of armory, but the
cross itself is more ancient than its symbolism. A
cross depicted upon the long, pointed shields of those
who fought for the Cross would be of that shape, with
the elongated arm in base.
But the contemporary shortening of the shield, to-
gether with the introduction of charges in its angles,
led naturally to the arms of the cross being so disposed
that the parts of the field left visible were as nearly as
tioned the cross bottony, as in the arms of Humphry
(Fig. 156); the cross flory, as in the arms of I'Anson"
(Plate XXVII.), which must be distinguished from the
cross fieurette as in the arms of Galpin as quartered by
2 Armorial bearings of Francis Charles Oppenheimer, Esq., M.A.,
H.M.'s Consul-Generai at Frankfort-on-Maine : Quarterly, gules and
azure, a cross inveoted between a lion rampant regardant, supporting
a flagstaff therefrom flowing to the dexter a banner in the first and
fourth quarters, and an anchor erect in the second and third all or.
Mantling gules and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, two
branches of oak in saltire vert, fructed or, in front of a flagstaff in
bend proper, therefrom flowing a banner gules, surmounting a trident
in bend sinister also proper. Motto: ■' Nihil sine labore."
=^ Armorial bearings of William Andrew I'Anson, Esq, : Quarterly,
azure and gules, a cross flory, in the first and fourth quarters an
annulet or, a chief indented of the last, a crescent for difference.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a cubit
arm habited per pale indented azure and or, encircled by an annulet
of the last, the hand proper holding a cross as in the arms. Motto :
" Faire mon devoire."
83
THE ART OP HERALDRY
Watney^ (Plate XXVII.); the cross moline, as in the
arms of Dugdale;" the cross potent, as in the arms of
Fig. 151. — Arms of Roger le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk {d. 1270) :
Or, a cross gules. (Fiom MS. Cott,, Nero, D. i.)
Fig. 154.— Armorial bearings of John Roberts Atkin-Roberfcs, Esq.:
Quarterly, i and 4, azure, ou a chevron argent cottised or, three
mullets of sis points pierced sable (for Roberts) ; 2 and 3, argent,
guttc-de-sang, a cross cottised flory, in the first and fourth quarters
a trefoil slipped sable, and in the second and thii'd quarters a mullet
of six points of the last, pierced of the field {for Atkiu) ; and for his
crests, I. upon a wreath of the colours, ou a mount vert, an eagle
displayed ermine, the wings argent, gorged with a chaplet of ivy
proper {for Roberts) ; 2. upon a wieath of the colours, two grey-
hounds' heads addorsed and erased argent, guttc-de-sang, gorged
with a collar vair, and each holding in the niouth a trefoil slipped
sable (for Atkin) ; with the motto, " Post funera vktus."
Fig. 152. — Armorial bearings of Ulick John Burke, Esq. : Or, a cross
gules, in the first and fourth quarters a lion rampant sable. Mant-
ling gules and or ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours,
a cat-a-mountain proper, collared and chained or, charged on the
breast with a cross of the last. Motto : " Ung roy, ung foy, ung
loy."
Fig. 153.— Arms of Robert de Ufford, Earl of Suffolk {d. 1369) :
Sable, a cross engrailed or. (From his seal.)
^ Armorial bearings of Sir John Watney, F.S.A. : Quarterly, i and 4,
azure, a cross engrailed ermine, in the first and fourth quarters a dove
argent, and in the second and third a garb or (for Watney); 2 and 3,
quarterly, argent and or, a cross fieurettee gules, in the first and fourth
quarters a lion rampant of the last, charged with three bars of the
second (for Galpin). Mantling azure and argent. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, in front of a garb erect or, a
greyhound courant sable, gorged with a collar, therefrom pendent a
bugle-horn of the second. Motto : " Auxilium ab alto."
'^ Armorial bearings of Adam Dugdale, Esq. : Ermine, a cross moline
gules between four hurts. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet
befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and argent ; and for his
crest, on a wreath of the colours, a griffin's head and wings endorsed
erminois, gorged with a collar gemelle azure, and charged on the neck
with a cross as in the arms ; with the motto, " Perseverando."
Fig. 155. — Armorial bearings of William Charles Douglas, Esq. : Quar-
terly, I and 4, argent, a heart gules imperially crowned or, on a
chief azure three mullets of the field ; 2 and 3, argent, a cross
embattled sable, over all dividing the quarters a cross raguly of the
last, the whole within a bordure invected azure, charged with
eight hoUjvleaves or. Mantling sable, doubled argent. Crest : on
a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a salamander in flames of fire
proper. Motto : "Jamais arri^re."
84
PLATE XXV.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(1) Sir WILLIAM H. QUAYLE JONES. I (3) R. R- MEADE-KING, Esq., of West Derby, Liverpool.
(2) FRANKLEN G. EVANS. Esq.. of Llwynaeth.^x, Castlktox, (4) THOM.AS FIELDIiNG JOHNSON. Esq. op Brookfiei.i), Knighton,
Nr. Cardiff. I Nr. Leicester.
(5) SiK EDMUND T. 1-iEWLEY.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Leeming^ (see Plate XXII.); the cross patee, as in the
arms of Crookes (Fig. 157); the cross patonce, as in the
arms of Lascelles ; ^ and the ci'oss crosslet, as in the
arms of Moore (Fig. 158).
Fig. 156. — Armorial bearings of Alfred Paget Humphry, Esq. : Argent,
on a cross bottony, between in the first and fourth quarters a
talbot's head erased gules, a rose of the first barbed and seeded
proper, between four escallops also of the first. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in fi'out of a rock,
thereon a falcon close proper, belled and jessed or, holding in the
beak a key argent, four escallops also or. Motto : " Persiste."
Fig. 158. — Armorial bearings of Hon. Charles Moore: Azure, a cross
crosslet or, on a canton argent, a kangaroo sejant proper.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, out
of a mural crown gules, a Moor's head in profile, couped at the
shoulders proper, wreathed round the temples or and azure, and
charged on the neck with a cross crosslet gold ; with the motto,
" Perseverando et cavendo."
Of other but much more uncommon varieties
examples will be found of the cross couped in the arms
Fig. 157.— Armorial bearings of Sir William Crookes, F.E.S. : Or, on a
chevron vert, three prisms proper, between in chief two crosses
pattees of the second, and in base a radiometer proper. Mantling
vert and or. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, an elephant
quarterly or and vert, charged with two crosses pattdes counter-
changed, resting the dexter forefoot on a prism proper. Motto :
" Ubi cms ibi lux."
^ Armorial bearings of Major John Fishwick Leeming : Per chevron
argent and ermine, a chevron gules, in chief an oak-branch fructed and
slipped proper between two roses gules, barbed and seeded also proper,
and in base a cross potent azure. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
Fig. 159. — Armorial beai'ings of Edward Ashworth, Esq. : Quarterly,
gules and argent, a cross couped and indented between two fleurs-
de-lis in chief and as many quatrefoils in base all counterchanged.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of two crosses bottonnee fitch(5e in saltire or, a fox passant
proper, charged on the body with two fleurs-de-lis in fess, also
gold. Motto: " Vincit amor patriEe."
of Ashworth (Fig. 159), of the cross parted and fretty
in the arms of Moresby (Fig. 160), of the cross patee
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and argent ; and
for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, between two crosses potent
azure, a dexter arm embowed in armour, the hand grasping a sword
all proper, charged with two oak-leaves, the one above and the other
below the elbow vert ; with the motto : " In hoc siguo vinces."
^ Armorial bearings of Lascelles, Earls of Harewood : Sable, a
cross patonce within a bordure or.
85
THE ART OF HERALDRY
quadrate in the arms of Vickers (Fig. i6i), of a cross
pointed and voided in the arms of Dukinfield (quartered
patee, it is then termed " fitchee at the foot," as in the
arms of Ffinden (Fig. 163).
SOMOLT- SOMOtr-
FiG. 160. — Armorial bearings of John Moresby, Esq.: Sable, a cross
parted and. fretty between in dexter chief an anchor erect and in
the sinister base a cinquefoil or. Mantling sable and or. Crest :
upon a wreath of the colours, an heraldic antelope rampant gules,
navally gorged, and with chain reflesed over the back or, support-
ing a tilting-spear erect sable; with the motto, " Je le feraj durant
ma vie."
by Darbishire, Fig. 146), and of a cross cleche voided
and pomette as in the arms of Cawston (Fig. 162).
FXG. 161. — Armorial bearings of Cuthbert Bainbridge Vickers, Esq. :
Gules, on a cross patee quadi*ate or, five mullets of eight points of
the first, on a chief arched ermine, two Cornish choughs proper.
Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of a demi-leopard proper, charged with three mullets of
eight points palewise, and holding between the paws an increscent
or, a mount vert. Motto : " Vulneror non vincor."
Whenever a cross or cross crosslet has the bottom
arm elone^ated and pointed it is said to be " fitched," as
in Plate VII. Fig. 40, or in the arms of Davenport (Fig.
1 27), but when a point is added at the foot e.g. of a cross
Fig. 162. — Armorial bearings of George Cawston, Esq. : Argent, on a
bend sable, four crosses clechee, voided and pomettee of the first,
on a chief nebuly azure a falcon, wings expanded of the field.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of an oak-tree proper, a falcon argent, charged on the wing
with a cross crosslet sable, preying on a hare azure. Motto :
" Sohou, Sohou,"
Fig. 163. — Armorial bearings of Rev. George Sketchley Ffinden : Azure,
two chevrouels engrailed argent between three escutcheons of the
last, each charged with a cross patee fitchee at the foot sable, in
the centre point a bull's head cabossed of the second. Crest: upon
a wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, a bull argent, pied
and yoked sable, resting the dexter foot upon an escutcheon azure,
charged with a cross patee fitcb(ie at the foot argent; with the
motto, " Suchet und ihr werdet finden."
Fig. 164. — Arms of Thomas Eeaucbamp, Earl of Warwick {d. 1401) :
Gules, a fess between six cross crosslets or. (From his seal.)
Of the hundreds of other varieties it may confidently
be said that a large proportion originated in misunder-
m
THE ART OF HERALDRY
standings of the crude drawings of early armorists,
added to the varying and alternating descriptions
applied at a more pliable and fluent period of heraldic
blazon. A striking illustration of this will be found in
the cross botonny which is now, and has been for lono-,
regularised with us as a distinct variety of constant
occurrence. From early illustrations (Fig. 164) there
is now no doubt that this was the original form of the
cross crosslet. It is foolish to ignore these varieties,
reducing all crosses to a few original forms, for they are
now mostly stereot3^ped and accepted ; but at the same
time it is useless to attempt to learn them, for in a life-
time they will mostly be met with but once each or
thereabouts.
THE SALTIRE
The saltire or saltier is more frequently to be met
with in Scottish than in English heraldry. This is not
surprising, inasmuch as the saltire is known as the
VlG. 165. — Armorial bearings of Laurence Currie, Esq. : Gules, a saltire
couped argent, in the centre chief point a rose of the last, barbed
and seeded proper ; and impalingtbearmsof Finch, namely : argent,
a chevron between three griffins passant sable, a bordure wavy
ermines. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a cock proper, resting its claw upon a rose argent, barbed
and seeded proper.
Cross of St. Andrew, the Patron Saint of Scotland. Its
form is too well known to need description. Instances
of its use will be found in the arms of Stable ^ (Plate
XXVIIL), Johnston &' (Plate XXVIII.), Napier,*^ Currie
f Armorial bearings of Daniel Wintringham Stable, Esq. : Ar-
gent, a saltire between four acorns slipped gules, on a chief of the
last three mullets pierced of the first. Mantling gules and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a demi-lion gules, holding
between the paws a mullet of six points pierced argent, an acorn
slipped between two mullets pierced fesswise of the last. Motto :
" Virtute."
e Armorial bearings of George L. Lawson Johnston, Esq, : Argent,
on a saltire engrailed sable, between four daggers points downwards
gules, the sun in his splendour or, on a chief of the third, three
cushions of the fourth. Mantling sable, doubled argent. Crest: on a
wreath of his liveries, a spur, between two wings or, and in an escrol
over the same this motto : *' Nunquam non paratus."
^ Armorial bearings of Theodore Napier, Esq. : Gules, on a sal-
tire, engrailed between four roses argent, a lion's head affronte of
(Fig. 165), Haldane (Fig. 90), Sir Henry Harben (see
Plate XIX,), Scarisbrick (Fig. 166). Gould (Fig. 167),
Beridge (Fig. 168), and Chance (Fig. 169).
Fig. 166. — Armorial bearings of Charles Scarisbrick, Esq. : Argent, a
saltire engrailed parted and fretty, between two mullets of six
points in pale all sable. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, between two trefoils slipped vert, a falcon
close proper, belled and jessed, and charged on the breast with a
mullet of six points or. Motto : " Patientia vincit omnia."
Fig. 167. — Armorialbearingsof Hon, Albert John Gould, V.D. : Ermine,
on a pale per saltire gules and or, between two saltires in fess of
the second, a lion rampant gorged with a collar gemel counter-
changed. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, a demi-lion ermine, grasping with the dexter paw
a saltire argent, and resting the sinister on a bezant. Motto :
"Honor virtutis premium."
When a saltire is charged the charges usually are
placed conformably therewith.
the first. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his
liveries is set for crest, an arm in chain armour erabowed, the hand
grasping a battle-axe proper ; and in an escroll above this motto : " Pro
rege et patria."
87
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The field of a coat of arms is often per saltire, as in
the arms of Hickman (Fig. i/O).
lines, as in the arms of Gould (Fig. 167), or by lines at
right angles, as in the arms of Greenwood (Fig. 1 7 \ ).
Fig. 16S. — Armorial bearings of Rev. Basil Jamts Harold Berldge:
Argent, a saltire nebuly between two bears' heads erased in pale
and as many escallops in fess sable. Mantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreatli of the colours, in front of a bear's head erased
sable, three escallops inverted or.
When one saltire couped is the principal charge it
will usually be found that it is couped conformably to
the outline of the shield, as in the arms of Currie (Fig.
Fig. 170. — Armorial bearings of Sir Alfred Hickman : Party per saltire
sable and or, two leopards' faces jessant-de-lis in pale, and as
many fleurs-de-lis in less, all counterchanged. Mantling sable,
doubled or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a phoenix issuing
out of flames, transfixed through the mouth by a tilting-spear
palewise proper, each wing charged with two annulets erect and
interlaced or. Motto : "Igne et ferro."
Fig. i6g.— Armorial bearings of Sir James Timmins Chance, Bart.:
Gules, a saltire vair between two fleurs-de-lis in pale and as many
towers in fess argent, the escutcheon being charged with his
badge of Ulster as a Baronet. Mantling gules and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the coIour.=, a demi-lion rampant gules, seme of
annulets or, holding between the paws a sword erect, entwined by
a wreath of oak all proper. Motto : " Deo non fortuna."
165); but if the couped saltire be one of a number or a
subsidiary charge it will be found couped by horizontal
;. 171. — Bookplate of Hubert John Greenwood, Esq. Arms: per
chevron sable and argent, a chevron ermine between three escut-
cheons, each charged with a saltire couped counterchanged.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest; on a wreath of the colours,
a leopard sejant guardant or, resting the dexter foreleg on an
escutcheon sable, thereon a raltire couped argent.
88
PLATE XXVI.
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tfiHlNC GARB/E N05TRXI
(i) GUSTAVUS ROCHFORT HYDE, Esq. of Lynnbuey, Mullingar.
Co. Westmeath.
(2) BROWN OF BONNYTOUN.
{3} M.AjoR H. A. CUMMINS OF Devereox House, Great Malvern.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(4) CLEMENT DUNSCOMBE. Esq.. of King Williamstown, Co.
Cork.
(5) ALEX.^NDER D. O. WEDDERBURN. Esq., K.C.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
THE CHIEF
The chief, which is a broad band across the top of the
shield contaming (thereotically, but not in fact) the
uppermost third of the area of the field, is a very
favourite ordinary. It is of course subject to the vari-
ations of the usual partition lines. It is usually drawn
to contain about one-fifth of the area of the field, though
in cases where it is used for a landscape augmentation
it will usually be found of a rather greater area. A
chief will be found, for example, in the arms of Dewar
of Vogrie' (Plate XXX.). Bowman (Plate XXXL),
Fig. 172.— Armorial bearings of Rev. George Preston Eelsall Winlaw :
Argent, fretty sable, two salmon naiant proper, on a chief arched
gules, as many crosses patee or. llantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colonrs, upon a hillock vert three jave-
lins, one in pale and two in saltire proper, suspended therefrom by
a ribbon or an escutcheon sable, charged with an acorn leaved and
slipped also or. Motto : " What I win I keep."
Fig. 173. — Armorial bearings of Count E. de Poher de la Poer : Argent,
a chief indented sable ; and impaling the arms of Monsell, namely :
argent, on a chevron between three mullets sable, a trefoil slipped
or. Mantling sable and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath
of the colonrs, a stag's head caboshed proper, attired or, and be-
tween the attires a crucifix of the last; with the motto, "Per
cmcem ad coronam."
KiG. 174. — Armorial bearings of Theodore Maxwell, Esq.: Argent, a
saltire sable, a chief paly of sis of the first and second, a mullet for
difference. Manthng gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, a stag's head erased proper, a mullet for difference as
in the arms. Motto : " Je suis pret."
Fig. 175. — Armorial bearings of Ross-of-Bladensburg : Per fess em-
battled ai^ent and or, in chief issuant a dexter arm embowed
vested gules, the cuff azure, encircled by a wreath of laurel, the
hand grasping a flagstaff broken in bend sinister, therefrom fiowing
the colours of the United States of America proper, in base the
arms of Ross of Ross-Trevor, namely : or, a chevron embattled
counter- embattled between three water-bougets sable, on a canton
of the third pendent from a riband a representation of the cross
presented by command of His Majesty to the late Major-General
Ross-of-Bladensburg, in testimony of his Royal approbatioa of his
services ; with the motto, '* Bladensburg " ; and impaling the arms
of Foster- Skeffington , namely : quarterly, i and 4, argent, three
bulls' heads erased sable, armed or (for Skeffington) ; 2 and 3,
azure, a chevron between three chaplets or (for Clotworthy).
Mantling sable and or ; and for a crest, of honourable augmentation,
out of a mural crown or, a dexter arm grasping the colours as in
the arms ; in addition to the crest of the family of Ross of Ross-
Trevor, namely : upon a wreath of the colours, an arm vambraced
and embowed, the hand grasping a dagger all proper.
' Arms of Dewar of Vogrie : Or, a chief azure. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a dexter arm vam-
braced and embowed brandishing a sword proper, hilted and pom-
melled or. Motto : " Quid non pro patria."
89 M
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Winlaw (Fig. 172), De la Poer (Fig. 173), Ambrose'
(Plate XXX.), Brine" (Plate XXXI.), and Maxwell
(Fig. 174).
Fig. 176. — Armorial bearings of Sir David Gamble, Bart., C.B. : Or, on a
pile gules, between two trefoils slipped in base vert, a fleur-de-lis of
the first, a chief ermine. Mantling gules and or ; and for his crest,
upon a wreath of the colours, on a mount between two trefoils
slipped vert, a stork argent, holding in the beak a rose gules,
stalked, leaved, and slipped proper. Motto : " Vis ea nostra voco."
Fig. 177. — Armorial bearings of James Maxtone- Graham, Esq.:
Quarterly, i and 4. or, a chevron gules, between three cross
crosslets fitch^e azure (for Maxtone) ; 2 and 3, or, three piles sable,
within a double tressure flory counterflory gules, on a chief of the
second, a rose between two escallops of the first (for Graham).
Mantling gules, doubled argent; and for his crests, i. upon a
wreath of the liveries, a bee proper (for Maxtone) ; 2. upon a wreath
of the liveries, a dove proper (for Graham). Mottoes : " Providus
esto," and " Candide ut secure."
J Armorial bearings of William Henry Ambrose, Esq., F.R.G.S. :
Azure, two lions passant in pale argent, on a chief dovetailed of the
last, a fleur-de-lis between two annulets of the first ; and for his crest,
on a wreath of the colours, and issuant from the battlements of a
tower, a cubit arm proper, holding a billet in bend sinister or ; with the
motto, '• J'espere eu Dieu."
^ Armorial bearings of Rev. Algernon Lindesay Brine, M.A. : Argent,
an eagle displayed sable, charged with an anchor or, on a chief
embattled gules, a cross moline also gold. Mantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a lion rampant argent, sem^ of
billets and holding in the fore-paws a cross moline gules. Motto :
" Confido."
The chief especially lent itself to the purposes of
honourable augmentation, and is constantly found so
employed. As such it will be referred to in the chap-
ter upon augmentations, but a chief of this character
may perhaps be here interposed with advantage, as this
will indicate the greater area often given to it imder
these conditions, as in the arms of Ross-of-Bladensburg
(Fig. 175).
Knights of the old Order of St. John of Jerusalem
and also of the modern Order of the Hospital of St.
John of Jerusalem in England display above their
personal arms a chief of the order, but this will be dealt
with more fully in the chapter relating to the insignia
of knighthood.
Save in exceptional circumstances, the chief is never
debruised or surmounted by any ordinary.
The arms of Gamble (Fig. 176), of Maxtone-Graham
(Fig. 177), of Graham- Wigan (Fig. 178), and of Scott
(Fig. 179), show respectively a chief and pile, a chief
and bend, a chief and tressure, a chief and three piles,
and a chief and bordure.
Fig. 17S. — Armorial bearings of John Alfred Graham- Wigan, Esq. :
Quarterly, I and 4, vair, on a pile or, a mount, thereon a mountain
ash-tree proper (for Wigan) ; 2 and 3, or, three piles wavy sable,
the centre one charged with a crescent of the field, within a double
tressure ilory and counterflory gules, on a chief engrailed sable,
three escallops of the field, a canton ermine for distinction {for
Graham), and upon an escutcheon of pretence these same arms of
Graham without the canton. Mantling azure and or. Crests: I.
on a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a mountain ash-tree
under a rainbow proper (for Wigan) ; 2. on a wreath of the
colours, a flame of fire proper, charged with a cross crosslet sable,
for difference (for Graham). Motto : " Recta sursum."
It will be seen from the foregoing that the chief is
superimposed over the tressure and over the bordure,
partly defacing them. This only happens with the
iDordure when it is a part of the original coat of arms.
If, however, the chief was in existence at an earlier
period and the bordure is added later as a mark of
difference, the bordure surrounds the chief as in the
arms of Kyd (see Fig. 180). On the other hand, if a
bordure exists, even as a mark of difference, and a chief
of augmentation is subsequently added, or a canton for
distinction (Fig. 178), the chief or the canton in these
cases would surmount the bordure.
Similarly a bend when added later as a mark of
difference surmounts the chief. Such a case is very
unusual, as the use of the bend for differencing has long
been obsolete. It will be found, however, in the arms
of Fitzherbert (Fig. looa).
A chief is never couped or cottised, and it has no
diminutive in British armory.
90
PLATE XXVII.
^Mwtabi^
Vr^OftAttl
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF-
(1) SlK TOHN WATNEY, F.S.A.
(2) FRANCIS CHARLES OPPENHEIMER, Esq.. of
Frankfort-on-Maine.
(3) WILLIAM A. lANSON. Esq. of Denton Hall. Scotswood.
(4) SAMUEL HYNMAN MONTGOMERIE, Esq op SOUTHASNAN.
Fairlie, N.R.
(5) JOSEPH BILLI.AT. Esq. of Alsthoepe Hall, Lincoln.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
.:^ W AA\0 i
Fig. 179.— Armorial bearings of John Alexander Eobson Scott, Esq. :
Or, on a bend azure, a mnllet between two crescents of the first,
within a bordure of the third ; on a chief gules, a stag trippant
also of the first, between two boars' heads couped argent.
Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a stag trippant proper. Motto : " Patriam amo." '
Quem'iiontorrgt hy^m^
Fig.. 180. — Armorial bearings of AJexander Kyd, Esq. : Argent, a pine-
tree eradicated proper, with a bngle-horn pendent on one of the
branches or, stringed gnles, on a chief azure, three mullets of the
third, a crescent for difference also azure, all within a bordure
wavy ermine. Mantling vert and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, in front of a cubit arm proper, holding three ears of
wheat on one stalk, an increscent or, the whole debruised by a
bendlet sinister wavy ermine. Motto : " Quem non torret hyems."
THE QUARTER
The quarter is not often met with in English armory,
the best-known instance being the well-known coat of
Shirley, Earl Ferrers, viz. : Paly of six or and azure, a
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Fig. iSi.— Anns of Peter de Dreux, Earl of Richmond (c. 1230) :
Chequy or and azure, a quarter ermine. (From his seal.)
Fig. 1S2.— Arms of De Vere, Earls of Oxford : Quarterly gules and
or, in the first quarter a mullet argent.
quarter ermine. The arms of the Earls of Richmond
(Figs. 76 and 1 8 1 ) supply another instance. Of course
as a division of the field under the blazon of " quarterly "
{e.g. or and azure) it is constantly to be met with, but a
single quarter is rare.
Originally it was drawn to contain the full fourth part
of the shield, but with the more modern tendency to
Fig. 183. —Armorial bearings of Berners : Quarterly or and vert. Crest :
a monkey proper, environed about the loins and lined or. holding
a scroll with the motto, " Del fugo I avola."
reduce the size of all charges, its area has been some-
what diminished. The diminutive of the quarter is
the canton, and the diminutive of that the chequer of
a chequy field. Whilst a quarter will only be found
within a plain partition line, a field divided quarterly
(occasionally, but I think hardly so correctly, termed
91
THE ART OF HERALDRY
"per cross") is not so limited. Examples of quarterly
fields will be found in the historic shield of De Vere
Fig. 1S4. — Armorial bearings of Thellusson : Qaarterly, wa\'y or and
argent, in the first and fourth quarters two wings expanded
barwise sable, each charged with a trefoil slipped of the first ;
in the second and third quarters an oak-tree eradicated proper,
charged with an escutcheon bendwise gules, thereon three gottes-
d'eau. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
a demi-greyhound salient argent, collared sable, between two wings
of the last, each charged with a trefoil slipped or. Motto : "' Lahore
et honore."
(Fig. 182), arms of Berners (Fig. 183), Croft (Plate XI.),
Thellusson (Fig. 184), and Marples (Fig. 185). As has
Fig. 185. — Armorial bearings of George Jobson Marples, Esq. : Quar-
terly, per fess nebuly sable and ermine, in the fii-st and fourth
quarters a griffin segreant or. Mantling sable and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a griffin segreant or, restin*' the
sinister claw on a cross crosslet fitchee sable between two wings of
the latter. Motto ; " Tenax justitije."
been done in the case of Thellusson, an irregular parti-
tion line is often introduced in a new grant to conjoin
quarterings borne without authority into one single
coat.
THE CANTON
The canton is supposed to occupy one-third of the
chief, and that being supposed to occupy one-third of
the held, a simple arithmetical sum gives us one-ninth
of the field as the theoretical area of the canton. Curi-
ously enough, the canton to a certain extent gives us a
confirmation of these ancient proportions, inasmuch as
aU ancient drawings containing both a fess and a canton
depict these conjoined. This will be seen in the Garter
plate of Earl Rivers. In modern days, however, it is
very seldom that the canton will be depicted of such
a size, though in cases where, as in the arms of
Boothby, it forms the only charge, it is even nowadays
drawn to closely approximate to its theoretical area
of one-ninth of the field. It may be remarked here
perhaps that, owing to the fact that there are but few
instances in which the quarter or the canton have been
used as the sole or principal charge, a coat of arms in
Fig. 1S6. — Armorial bearings of Martin John .Sutton. Esq. : Argent, on
the trunk of a tree eradicated fesswise, a squirrel sejant cracking a
nut all proper, a bordure invected azure, charged with eight fleurs-
de-lis or, a canton sable, charged with a fleur-de-lis of the field.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a
squirrel sejant proper, resting the forepaws on an escutcheon
argent; charged with a wolfs head erased proper, a canton as in
the arms. Motto : '■ Toujours prest pour y parvenir."
which these are employed would be granted with fewer
of the modern bedevilments than would a coat with a
chevron for example. I know of no instance in modern
times in which a quarter, when figuring as a charge, or
a canton have been subject to the usual lines of parti-
tion. The canton (with the single exception of the
bordure, when used as a mark of cadency or distinction)
is superimposed over every other charge or ordinary, no
matter what this may be, as will be seen in the arms of
Sutton (Fig. 186) and Lowndes' (Plate XXXV.).
Theoreticallj' the canton is supposed to be always a
later addition to the coat, and even though a charge
may be altogether hidden or " absconded " by the canton,
the charge is always presumed to be there, and is
mentioned in the blazon.
1 Armorial bearings of Edward Chaddock Lowndes, Esq. ; Quarterly,
I and 4, argent, fretty azure, on a canton gules a lion's head erased or
(for Lowndes) ; 2 and 3, ermine, on a pile per pale sable and azure,
three pheons or {for Gorst). Mantling azure and argent. Crests : i.
upon a wreath of the colours, a lion's head erased or, gorged with a
laurel wreath vert (for Lowndes) ; 2. upon a wreath of the colours,
a pheon or, the shaft entwined with a serpent proper (for Gorst).
Motto : " Quod adest gratum."
92
PLATE XXVIII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(1) CAMPBELL OF IXVERNEIL.
(2) WILLLAM \VELCHNL\N, ESQ. OF BiRDBECK House, Upwell,
Wisbech.
(3) GEORGE L-WVSON L.\WSON-JOHNSTON. Esq.
(4) DANIEL WINTRINGHAM STABLE, ESQ.
(5) ARTHUR HE.^RNE TWEEDY, ESQ. OF WiDMORE
Bromley. Kent.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Both a cross and a saltire are sometimes described as
" cantonned " by such-and-such charges, when they are
placed in the bh\nk spaces left by these ordinaries. In
addition, the spaces left by a cross (but not by a saltire)
are frequently spoken of e.g. as the dexter chief canton
or the smister base canton.
The canton is frequently used to carry an augmenta-
tion, and these cantons of augmentation wUl be referred
to under that heading, though it may be here stated
that a " canton of England " is a canton gules, charged
with three lions passant guardant or, as in the arms of
Lane (Fig. 57).
The canton, unless it is an original charge, need not
conform to the rule forbidding colour on colour, or
metal on metal ; otherwise the canton of Ulster would
often be ixn impossibility.
The canton, with rare exceptions, is always placed in
the dexter chief comer. The canton of augmenfation
in the arms of Gierke, Bart. — " Argent, on a bend gules,
between three pellets as many swans of the field ; on a
sinister canton azure, a demi-ram salient of the first,
and in chief two fleurs-de-lis or, debruised by a baton "
— is, however, a sinister one, as is the canton upon the
arms of Charlton. In this latter case the sinister canton
is used to signify illegitimacy. This will be more fully
dealt with in the chapter upon marks of illegitimacy.
The Gierke canton is an augmentation.
A curious use of the canton for the purposes of
marshalling occurs in the case of a woman who, being an
heiress herself, has a daughter or daughters only, whilst
her husband has sons and heirs by another marriage.
In such an event, the daughter being heir (or in the
case of daughters these being coheirs) of the mother, but
not heir of the father, cannot transmit as quarterings
the arms of the father, whilst they ought to transmit
the arms of the mother whom they do re23resent. The
husband of the daughter, therefore, places upon an escut-
cheon of pretence the arms of the mother, with those
of the father on a canton thereupon. The children of
the marriage quarter this combined coat, the arms of the
father always remaining upon a canton. This will be
more fully dealt with under the subject of marshalling.
The canton has yet another use as a "mark of
distinction." When, under a Royal Licence, the name
and arms of a family are assumed where there is no blood
descent from the famUy, the arms have some mark of dis-
tinction added. This is usuallya plain canton. This point
will be treated more fully under " Marks of Gadency."
Woodward mentions three instances in which the
lower edge of the canton is " indented," one taken from
the Calais Roll, viz. the arms of Sir William de la
Zouche — " Gules, bezantee, a canton indented at the
bottom" — and adds that the canton has been some-
tunes thought to indicate the square banner of a knight-
baronet, and he suggests that the lower edge being
indented may give some weight to the idea. As the
canton does not appear to have either previously or
subsequently formed any part of the arms of Zouche,
it is possible that in this instance some such meaning
may have been intended, but it can have no such appli-
cation generally. The " Canton of Ulster " — i.e. " Argent,
a sinister hand couped at the wrist gules" — is the
badge of a baronet of England, Ireland, Great Britain,
or the United Kingdom. This badge may be borne
upon a canton, dexter or sinister, or upon an inescut-
cheon, at the pleasure of the wearer.
THE GYRON
As a charge, the gyron (sometimes termed an esquire)
is very seldom found, but as a subdivision of the field,
a coat " gyronny " is constantly met with, all arms for
the name of Campbell being gyronny. Save in rare
cases, a field gyronny is divided quarterly and then per
Fig. 1S7. — Armorial bearings of Sir Archibald Spencer Lindsey Campbell,
Bart., of Succotb : Quarterly, I and 4, gyronny of eight engrailed
or and sable {for Campbell) ; 2 and 3, azure, a lion rampant argent,
within a bordure counter-compony of the second and first (for
Wallace of Ellerslie). Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon
a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a camel's head couped
proper ; and for his supporters, dexter, a lion rampant guardant ;
sinister, a savage wreathed about the temples and loins all proper ;
and in an escroU over his crest this motto, " Labor omnia superat."
Fig. 1S8. — Armorial bearings of Louis Mortimer Lanyon, Esq. ; Gules,
on waves of the sea aaure. a castle of two towers, on the battle-
ments thereof a falcon rising all proper, on a chief or, a pallet
between two gyrons of the field. Mantling gules and or. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a falcon rising proper,
belled and jessed or. Motto : " Vive ut vivas."
93
THE ART OF HERALDRY
saltire, making eight divisions, but it may be gyronny
of sis, ten, twelve, or more pieces, though such cases
are seldom met with. Fig. 54 shows the arms of the
late Duke of Argyll, and Fig. 187 shows the arms of Sir
refinement not officially recognised or adhered to,
though one unconsciously often is led to make this
Nil/
^L
A^
\-
N iW
^/
Fig. 1S9. — The arms of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster (rf.
139S): Quarterly, i and 4, azure, three bars or (sometimes but
not so correctly quoted barry of sis), on a chief of the first two
pallets between two base esquires of the second, over all an
inescutcheon argent (for Mortimer) ; 2 and 3, or, a cross gules (for
Ulster). (From his seal.)
Archibald Campbell, Bart., of Succoth, which are gyronny
of eight engrailed, a most unusual circumstance. A
field gyronny of argent and gules occurs in the arms of
Welchman"' (Plate XX VIII.), and Fig. 188, the arms of
Lanyon, affords an example of the gyron as a charge, as
does also the well-known shield of Mortimer (Fig. 1 89).
THE INESCUTCHEON
The inescutcheon is a shield appearing as a charge
upon the coat of arms. Certain writers state that it is
termed an inescutcheon if only one appears as the
charge, but that when more than one is present they
are merely termed escutcheons. This is an unnecessary
Fig. 191. — Armorial bearings of Edward Marion Chadwick. Esq. : Party
per pale gules and sable, within an orle of eight martlets an
inescutcheon argent, charged with a cross of the first, and in the
first quarter a crescent of the second. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a martlet argent, bearing in his bill a white lily slipped,
stemmed, and leaved proper, borne fesswise, the flower to the
sinister. Mottoes : (above) "In candore decus," (below) "Toujours
pret."
distinction, which seems to spring naturally to one's
mind.
When one inesciitcheon appears, it is sometimes
difficult to tell whether to blazon the arms as charged
with a bordure or an inescutcheon. Some coats of
Fig. 190. — Armorial bearings of Molesworth : Gules, an escutcheon
vair, between eight cross crosslets in orle or. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a dexter arm in
armour, embowed proper, holding a cross crosslet or; with the
motto : " Vincit amor patriiE."
Fig. 192. — Armorial bearings of Alfred Chadwick, Esq. : Per pale gules
and sable, an inescutcheon argent, within an orle of the last,
charged with eight martlets of the first. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a lily stalked and
leaved proper between two quatrefoils or. Motto: "Nil desper-
andum."
" Armorial bearmgs of William Welchman, Esq. : Gyronny of eight
argent and gules, a goat's head erased proper, within ten mullets in
orle, counterchanged. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, in front of a goat's head couped proper, charged on the
neck with a mullet of six points argent, an eagle's wing fesswise or
Motto : " Steadfast."
arms, for example the arms of Moles worth (Fig.
190), will always remain more or less a matter of
uncertainty.
But as a matter of fact a bordure should not be wide
enough to fill up the field left by an inescutcheon, nor
94
THE ART OF HERALDRY
an inescutcheon large enough to occupy the field left
FlG- 193. — Armorial beariDgs of James Mitchell Matter, Esq. : Gules, on
a fess between three inesuutcheons or, a boar's head couped be-
tween two mascles of the first. Mantling gnles, doubled or ; and
on a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a castle triple-towered
sable, masoned argent, from the centre tower a flag flying of the
last, charged with a cross gnles ; and in an escroll over the same
this motto, " Patience and Resolution."
by a bordure. Examples of an inescutcheon will be
found in the arms of Chad wick (Figs. 191 and 192).
Three or more inescutoheons will be found in the
arms of Mutter (Fig. 193), Hay (Fig. 194), and in the
arms of Portugal (see Plate CXXXI.).
The inescutcheon in German armory (or, as they
term it, the heart escutcheon), when superimposed upon
other quarterings, is usually the paternal or most im-
portant coat of arms. The same method of marshalling
has sometimes been adopted in Scotland, and the arms
of Hay here quoted are an instance. It usually in
British heraldry is used to carry the arms of an
heiress wife, but both these points will be dealt with
later under the subject of marshallLug. The ines-
cutcheon, no matter what its position, should never be
Fig. 194.— Armorial bearings of Sir Hector Maclean Hay, Bart. : Quar-
terly, I and 4. azure, three fraises argent (for Fraser) ; 2 and 3,
gules, three bars ermine (for Gifford) ; over aU, on an inescutcheon
argent, three escutcheons gtiles, in the centre a key fesswise.
pointing to the dexter, wards downwards sable for difference
(for Hay) ; and pendent from the escutcheon by an orange-tawny
ribbon his badge as a baronet of Nova Scotia. Mantling gnles,
doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest,
a goat's head erased argent, horned or. Motto : " Spare nought."
Fig. 195. — Armorial bearings of Herbert Francis Webb Gillman, Esq. :
Quarterly, i. argent, a man's leg couped at the thigh sable, en-
circled below the knee by a gemel or ; 2. argent, a doable-headed
eagle displayed sable, beaked and membered gules, ducally gorged
or ; 3. argent, three firebrands proper : 4. or, on a chevron between
three martlets sable, an inescutcheon of the last charged with a cross
moline between four crescents argent. Mantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreath o£ the colours, an eagle's head sable, holding in
the beak gules a brand sable, fired proper. Motto : " Non cantu
sed acta."
termed an escutcheon of pretence if it forms a charge
upon the original arms. A curious instance of the use
of an inescutcheon will be found in the arms of
Cumming-Gordon (Plate XIII.), and in the arms of
Gillman (Fig. 19S).
When an inescutcheon appears on a shield it should
conform in its outline to the shape of the shield upon
which it is placed.
THE BOKDURE
The bordure occurs both as a charge and as a mart
of difference. As may be presumed from its likeness to
our word border, the bordure is simply a border round
the shield. Except in modern grants in which the
95
THE ART OF HERALDRY
hordiire forms a part of the original design of the arms,
there can be very little doubt that the bordure has
always been a mark of difference to indicate cadency
or bastardy, but its stereotyped continuance without
Fig. 196. — Armorial bearings of George Edmondstone Kirk, Esq.: Gules,
a crosier or, and a sword proper, pomraelled and hilted gold, in
sallire within a bordure indented argent, on a chief of the second,
a thistle between two trefoils slipped also proper. Mantling gules
and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a crosier and sword
in saltire as in the arms, enfiled by a garland of thistle and trefoils
proper. Motto : " Optimum quod primum."
further alteration in so many coats of arms in which it
originally was introduced as a difference, and also its
appearance in new grants, leave one no alternative but to
treat of it in the ordinary way as a charge, leaving the
consideration of it as a mark of difference to a future
chapter.
There is no stereotj'ped or offUcial size for the bordure.
Fig. 197. — Armorial bearings of Michael Tomkinson, Esq. : Azure, a
cross flory between in the lirst and fourth quarters a martlet, and
in the second and third quarters an heraldic tiger's head erased
or, all within a bordure nebuly ermine. Mantling azure and or.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, in front of a cross flory gules,
an heraldic tiger's head erased argent, gorged with a collar flory
and counterflory also gules ; with the motto, " Sperans pergo."
the width of which has at all times varied, though it
will almost invariably be found that a Scottish bor-
dure is depicted rather wider than is an English one ;
and naturally a bordure which is charged is a little wider
than an entirely plain one.
The bordure has long since ceased to be a mark of
cadency in England, but as a mark of distinction the
bordure wavy is still used to indicate bastardy. The
use of the bordure is, however, the recognised method
of differencing in Scotland, but it is curious that with
the Soots the bordure wavy is in no way a mark of illegiti-
macy. The Scottish bordure for indicating this fact is
the bordure compony which has been used occasionally
for the same purpose in England, but the bordures added
to indicate cadency and the various marks to indicate
illegitimacy will be discussed in later chapters. Whilst
the bordure as a mark of cadency or illegitimacy sur-
rounds the whole shield, being superimposed upon even
the chief and canton, a bordure when merely a charge
gives way to both.
The bordure, which of course is subject to all the lines
of partition, occurs as a charge in the arms of Kirk (Fig.
196), Tomkinson (Fig. 197), Buchanan" (Plate XXXIIL),
Garnet-Orme (Fig. 198), and Graham (Fig. 199).
Fig. 19S. — Armorial bearings of the late George Garnett-Orme, Esq. :
Quarterly, I and 4, azure, an eagle displayed, and in chief three
battle-axes or (for Orme) ; 2 and 3, gules, a lion rampant argent, a
bordure invected or, over all a bend ermine, charged with three
covered cups azure (for Garnett). Mantling azure and or. Crests :
1. on a wreath of the colours, in front of a battle-axe in bend sur-
mounted by a tilting-spear in bend sinister proper, a dolphin
naiant argent (for Orme) ; 2. on a wreath of the colours, a dexter
cubit arm erect proper, grasping two sea-lions' heads erased re-
spectant and saltirewise argent. Motto: " Deusrefugium nostrum."
A certain rule regarding the bordure is the sole
remaining instance in modern heraldry of the formerly
recognised practice of conjoining two coats of arms
(which it might be necessary to marshal together) by
" dimidiation " instead of using our present-day method
of impalement. To dimidiate two coats of arms, the
dexter half of one shield was conjoined to the sinister
half of the other. The objections to such a practice,
however, soon made themselves apparent {e.g. a dimi-
diated chevron was scarcely distinguishable from a
bend), and the "dimidiation" of arms was quickly
abandoned in favour of " impalement," in which the
" Armorial bearings of William Frederick Buchanan, Esq., of
Sydney, N.S.W. : Erminois, a lion rampant sable, charged on the
shoulder with a mullet of eight points or, in chief two horses' heads
couped of the second, all within a bordure invected gules. Mantling
sable and or. Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, in front of a dexter
hand couped at the wrist proper, holding an escutcheon sable, charged
with a rose argent, barbed and seeded of the first, two branches of
laurel slipped and fructed in saltire of the last. Motto : "Clarior hinc
bonos."
96
PLATE XXIX.
(II Sir henry HARBEN.
(2) I D G DALRYMPLE Esq. OF WooDHEAD, Kirkintilloch.
(3) Major ARTHUR DILLON DENNIS KELLY OF MUCKLON,
Ballyfoea.n.', Co. Galway.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(4) PEARKES. OP London.
(5) W. J. SANDFORD THOMPSON, Esq.
Montrose.
of The Villa,
THE ART OF HERALDRY
entire designs of both coats of arms are depicted. But
in impaling a coat of arms which is surrounded by a
bordure, the bordure is not continued down the centre
between the two coats, stopping short top and bottom
Fig. 199. — Armorial bearings of James Noble Graham, Esq. ; Or, a
bordure azure, on a chief invected erniioe, three escallops of the
first. Mantling azure, doubled or. Crest : on a wreath of his
liveries, a falcon proper, beaked and armed or, killing a stork
argent, armed gules. Motto ; " Ne oublie."
at the palar line. This will be seen in Pig. 200. The
same rule, by the way, applies to the tressure, but not
to the orle. The curious fact, however, remauis that
this rule as to the dimidiation of the bordure in eases
of impalement is often found to have been ignored in
ancient seals and other examples (Fig. 201). The
charges upon the bordure are often three, but more
Fig. 200. — Armorial bearings of William Henry Cos, Esq. : Or, a
chevron azure between two spur-revels in chief and a lion's head
erased in base gules, laugued of the second, within a bordure of the
third, impaling the arms of Kinloch of Gonrdie, namely : azure, on a
chevron between three mascles or, a boars head erased of the field,
a fleur-de-lis in chief of the second. Above the shield is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure, doubled or;
and on a wreath of his hveries is set for crest, a dexter arm em-
bowed issuing out of the sea, holding in the hand an anchor in
bend sinister, cabled proper, and in an escroU over the same this
motto : " Premium virtutis honos."
usually eight in number, in the latter case being
arranged three along the top of the shield, one at the
base point, and two on either side. The number should,
however, always be specified, unless (as in a bordure
bezantee, &c.) it is immaterial; in which case the
number eight must be exceeded in emblazoning the
shield. The rule as to colour upon colour seems often
to be ignored in the cases of bordures, noticeably when
these occur as marks of Scottish cadency (see Hervey,
in Plate XLV.).
Fig. 201. — Armorial bearings of Thomas de Holland, Duke of Sun-ey
(M.S. Hail. 5805, f. 392) : Dexter, a coat of augmentatiou " azure, a
cross flory between five martlets or," being the arms of St. Edward
the Confessor differenced by a bordure eimine, impaling on the
sinister side gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or, a
bordure argent. (From a drawing of his seal, 1399.)
THE OKLE
The orle, or, as it was originally termed ia ancient
British rolls of arms, "un faux ecusson," is a narrow
bordure following the exact outline of the shield, but
within it, showing the field (for at least the width
usually occupied by a bordure) between the outer edge
of the orle and the edge of the escutcheon. An orle is
half the width of a bordure, rather less than more.
Examples of the orle will be found iu the arms of
Kutherfurd (Fig. 202) and Surtees (Fig. 203).
Fig. 202. — Armorial bearings of Andrew Rutherfurd: Argent, an orle,
and in chief three martlets gules, all within a bordure ermine.
Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries
is set for crest, a mermaid holding in her dexter hand a mirror,
and in her sinister a comb, all proper ; and upon an escroll above
the crest this motto, " Per mare per terras."
Though both forms are very seldom so met with, an
orle may be subject to the usual lines of partition, and
may also be charged. Examples of both these varia-
97
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Lions are met with in the arms of Yeatman-Biggs (Fig. often be found blazoned " an orle of e.g. martlets or
204), and the arms of Gladstone^ (Plate XXXIl.) alford mounds," as in the arms of Chadwick (Fig. 191), and
an instance of an orle " fiory." The arms of Knox, Earl of Lamont (Fig. 205).
Fig. 203 — Armorial bearings of Surtees; Ermine, a bordiire
or, on a canton gules, an orle of the second.
Ranfurly, are : Gules, a falcon volant or, within an orle
wavy on the outer and engrailed on the inner edge
argent.
When a series of charges are placed round the edges
of the escutcheon {theoretically in the position occupied
by the orle, but as a matter of actual fact usually more)
Fig. 204.— Aimorial bearings of Yeatmau-Biggs : Quarterly, i and 4,
per pale argent and azure, a lion passant within an orle engrailed,
charged with ten fleurs-de-lis all counterohanged (for Biggs) ; 2
and 3, per pale argent and sable, on a fesse dovetailed counter-
dovetailed or, between two gates in chief and a goat's head erased
in base countercbanged, three boars' heads erased gules (for
Yeatman) ; the escutcheon being surmounted by his mitre. Crests :
I. on a wreath of the colours, in front of a javelin erect proper, a
leopard's head affroute erased azure, charged with two fleur-de-lis
fesswise or (for Biggs) ; 2. on a wreath of the colours, a goat's
head erased sable, horned, bearded, and charged with a gate or
(Yeatman) ; and the mottoes, " Propositi tenax " (for Biggs),
" Those heights must be taken " (for Yeatman).
in the position occupied by the bordure, they are said
to be "in orle," which is the correct term, but they will
0 Armorial bearings of Robert Gladstone, Esq.: Argent, a savage's
head affronte, distilling drops of blood, wreathed about the temples
with holly proper, within an orle fleury gules, all within eight martlets
in orle sable. Mantling argent and gules. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, issuant from a wreath of holly proper, a demi-grifiin sable,
supporting between the claws a sword, the blade eufiled by a wreath
of oak also proper. Motto : " Fide et virtute."
Fig. 205.— Armorial bearings of James Lamont, Esq. : Azure, a lion
rampant argent, armed and langued gules, within an orle of mounds
or, crossed and surmounted of a cross patee of the third. Mantling
azure, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for
crest, a dexter hand couped at the wrist holding a dagger erect in
pale proper ; and in an escroll above this motto, " Ne parcas nee
spernas."
THE TRESSURE
The tressure is really an orle gemel, i.e. an orle
divided into two narrow ones set closely together, the
one inside the other. It is, however, usually depicted a
trifle nearer the edge of the escutcheon than the orle is
generally placed.
The tressure cannot be borne singly, as it would then
be an orle, but plain tressures under the name of " con-
centric orles " will be found mentioned in Papworth. In
that Ordinary eight instances are given of arms contain-
ing more than a single orle, though the eight instances
are plainly varieties of only four coats. Two concentric
orles would certainly be a tressure, save that perhaps
they would be drawn of rather too great a width for the
term " tressure " to be properly applied to them.
If these instances be disregarded, and I am inclined
to doubt them as genuine coats, there certainly is no
example of a plain tressure in British heraldry, and
one's attention must be directed to the tressure flory
and counterflory so general in Scottish heraldry.
Originating entirely in the Royal escutcheon, one
cannot do better than reproduce the remarks of Lyon
King of Arms upon the subject from his work
" Heraldry in relation to Scottish History and Art " : —
" William the Lion has popularly got the credit of
being the first to introduce heraldic bearings into
Scotland, and to have assumed the lion as his personal
cognisance. The latter statement may or may not be
true, but we have no trace of hereditary arms in Scot-
land so early as his reign (1165-1214). Certainly the
lion does not appear on his seal, but it does on that of
his son and successor Alexander II., with apparent
remains of the double tressure flory counterflory, a
device which is clearly seen on the seals of Alexander
III. (1249-1285). We are unable to say what the
reason was for the adoption of such a distinctive coat ;
of course, if you turn to the older writers you will find
all sorts of fables on the subject. Even the sober and
sensible Nisbet states that ' the lion has been carried
on the armorial ensign of Scotland since the first found-
ing of the monarchy by King Fergus I.' — a very mythical
personage, who is said to have flourished about 300 B.C.,
though he is careful to say that he does not believe arms
THE ART OF HERALDRY
are as old as that period. He says, however, that it is
' without doubt' that Charlemagne entered into an alliance
with Aohaius, King of Scotland, and for the services of
the Scots the French king added to the Scottish lion
the double tressure Heur-de-lisee to show that the
former had defended the French lilies, and that there-
fore the latter would surround the lion and be a defence
to him."
All this is very pretty, but it is not history.
Chalmers remarks in his "Caledonia" that the lion
may possibly have been derived from the arms of the
old Earls of Northumberland and Huntingdon, from
whom some of the Scottish kings were descended ; and
he mentions an old roll of arms preserved by Leland,''
which is certainly not later than 1272, in which the
arms of Scotland are blazoned as : Or, a lion gules within
a bordure or fleurette gules, which we may reasonably
interpret as an early indication of what may be con-
sidered as a foreign rendering of the double tressure.
Sylvanus Morgan, one of the very maddest of the
seventeenth-century heraldic writers, says that the
tressure was added to the shield of Scotland, in testi-
mony of a league between Scotland and France, by
Charles V. ; but that king did not ascend the throne of
France till 1 364, at which time we have clear proof that
the tressure was a firmly established part of the Scottish
arms. One of the earliest instances of anything ap-
proaching the tressure in the Scottish arms which I
have met with is in an armorial of Matthew Paris, which
is now in the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum,
and at one time belonged to St. Alban's Monastery.
Here the arms of the King of Scotland are given
as : " Or, a lion rampant flory gules in a bordure of
the same." The drawing represents a lion within a
bordure, the latter being pierced by ten fleurs-de-lis,
their heads all looking inwards, the other end not being
free, but attached to the inner margin of the shield.
This, you will observe, is very like the arms I mentioned
as described by Chalmers, and it may possibly be the
same volume which may have been acquired by Sir
Robert Cotton. In 147 1 there was a curious attempt of
the Scottish Parliament to displace the tressure. An
Act was passed in that year, for some hitherto un-
explained reason, by which it was ordained "that in
tyme to cum thar said be na double tresor about his
(the king's) armys, but that he suld ber hale armys of
the lyoun without ony mair." Seeing that at the time
of this enactment the Scottish kings had borne the
tressure for upwards of 220 years, it is difficult to
understand the cause of this procedure. Like many
other Acts, however, it never seems to have been carried
into effect ; at least I am not aware of even a solitary
instance of the Scottish arms without the tressure either
at or after this period.
There are other two representations of the Scottish
arms in foreign armorials, to which I may briefly allude.
One is in the Armorial de Oelre, a beautiful MS. in the
Royal Library at Brussels, the Scottish shields in which
have been figured by Mr. Stodart in his book on Scot-
tish arms, and, more accurately, by Sir Archibald
Dunbar in a paper read to the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland in 1890. The armorial is believed to be the
work of Claes Heynen, Gelre Herald to the Duke of
Gueldres between 1334 and 1372, with later additions
by another hand. The coat assigned in it to the King
of Scotland is the lion and double tressure ; the lion is
uncrowned, and is armed and langued azure ; above the
shield is a helmet argent adorned behind with a short
capeline or plain mantling, on which is emblazoned the
P Collectanea, ed. 1774, ii. 61
saltire and chief of the Bruces, from which we may
gather that the arms of David IL are here represented ;
the lining is blue, which is unusual, as mantlings are
usually lined or doubled with a metal, if not with
ermine. The helmet is surmounted by an Imperial
crown, with a dark green bonnet spotted with red.'' On
the crown there is the crest of a lion sejant guardant
gules, imperially crowned or, holding in his paw a sword
upright ; the tail is coue or placed between the hind-
legs of the lion, but it then rises up and flourishes high
above his back in a sufficiently defiant fashion. This
shows that the Scottish arms were well known on the
Continent of Europe nearly a hundred years before the
date of the Grtinenberg MS,, while Virgil de Soils (c.
1555) gives a sufficiently accurate representation of the
Royal shield, though the fleurs-de-lis all project out-
wards as in the case of Grtinenberg ; he gives the crest
as a lion rampant holding a sword in bend over his
shoulder. Another ancient representation of the Scot-
tish arms occurs in a MS. treatise on heraldry of the
sixteenth century, containing the coats of some foreign
sovereigns and other personages, bound up with a
Scottish armorial, probably by David Lindsay, Lyon in
1568."
The tressure, like the bordure, in the case of an
impalement stops at the line of impalement, as will be
seen by a reference to the arms of Queen Anne after
the union of the crowns of England and Scotland.
It is now held, both in England and Scotland, that
the tressure flory and counterflory is, as a part of the
Royal Arms, protected, and cannot be granted to any
person without the express licence of the Sovereign.
This, however, does not interfere with the matriculation
or exemplification of it in the case of existing arms in
which it occurs.
Many Scottish families bear or claim to bear the
Royal tressure by reason of female descent from the
Royal House, but it would seem much more probable
that in most if not in all eases where it is so borne by
right its origin is due rather to a gift by way of aug-
mentation than to any supposed right of inheritance.
The apparently conflicting statements of origin are not
really antagonistic, inasmuch as it will be seen from many
analogous English instances (e.g. Mowbray, Manners,
and Seymour) that near relationship is often the only
reason to account for the grant of a Royal augmenta-
tion. As an ordinary augmentation of honour it has
been frequently granted.
The towns of Aberdeen and Perth obtained early the
right of honouring their arms with the addition of the
Royal tressure. It appears on the still existing matrix
of the burgh seal of Aberdeen, which was engraved in
1430.
James V. in 1542 granted a warrant to Lyon to
surround the arms of" John Scot, of Thirlestane, with
the Royal tressure, in respect of his ready services at
Soutra Edge with three score and ten lances on
horseback, when other nobles refused to follow their
Sovereign. The grant was put on record by the
grantee's descendant, Patrick, Lord Napier, and is the
tressured coat borne in the second and third quarters
of the Napier arms.
When the Royal tressure is granted to the bearer of a
quartered coat it is usually placed upon a bordure sur-
rounding the quartered shield, as in the case of the
arms of the Marquess of Queensberey, to whom, in
1682, the Royal tressure was granted upon a bordure or.
A like arrangement is borne by the Earls of Eglinton,
occurring as far back as a seal of Earl Hugh, appended
to a charter of 1 598.
1 In M. Victor Bouton's edition of the Artiumal de Gelre (Paris 1881)
the bonnet is described as a mount.
99
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The Royal tressure had at least twice been granted as
an augmentation to the arms of foreigners. James V.
granted it to Nicolas Canivet of Dieppe, secretary to
JouN, Duke of Albany (Reg. Mag. Sig.„ xxiv., 263
Oct. 24, 1529). James VI. gave it to Sir Jacob Van
EiDEX, a Dutchman on whom he conferred the honour
of knighthood.
On 1 2th March 1762, a Royal Warrant was granted
" Scottish Arms," vol. i. pp. 262, 263, where mention
is also made of an older use of the Royal tressure or,
by "Sir Archibald Primrose of Dalmenie, knight and
baronet, be his majesty Charles ii. create, Vert, three
prinnroseB within a double tressiire flowered counter-
flowered or.") Another well-known Scottish instance in
which the tressure occurs will be found in the arms
of the Marquess of Ailsa (Fig. 206).
Fig. 206. — Armorial bearings of Sir Archibald Kennedy, Marquess of AUsa: Argent, a chevron
gules between three cross crosslets fitchee sable, all within a double tressure flory and counter-
fiory of the second. Mantling gules, doubled ermine. Crest : upon a wreath of his liveries, a
dolphin naiant proper. Supporters; two swans proper, beaked and membered gules. Motto:
" Avise la fin." (From the painting by Mr. Graham Johnston in the Lyon Register.)
directing Lyon to add a "double tressure counterflowered
as in the - Royal arms of Scotland " to the arms of
Archibald, Viscount Primrose. Here the tressure was
gides, as in the Royal arms, although the field on which
it was placed was fert. In a later record of the arms of
Archibald, Earl of Rosebery, in 1S23, this heraldic
anomaly was brought to an end, and the blazon of the
arms of Primrose is now : " Vert, three primroses within
a double tressure flory counterflory or." (See Stodart,
Two instances are known in which the decoration of
the tressure has. differed from the usual conventional
fleurs-de-lis. The tressure granted to Charles, Earl of
Aboyne, has crescents without and demi-fleurs-de-lis
within, and the tressure round the Gordon arms in the
case of the Earls of Aberdeen "■ (see Plate LVIII.) is of
thistles, roses, and fleurs-de-lis alternately.
>■ Armorial bearings of Sir John Campbell Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen,
G.C.M.G. : Azure, three boars' heads couped or, armed proper and
100
PLATE XXX.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(i) JAMES WATTS. Esq. of Abnev H.\ll, Cheadle. | (3I PETER DUGUID-M'COMBIE._EsQ. OF Easter Skene. .Aberdeen,
(2) HOW.4RD MEURIC LLOYD, Esq. of Glasvuanxell, Llaxivrda,
South Wales.
(4) WILLI.AM HENRY .AMBROSE, ESQ., F.R.G.S.
(5) DEWAR, OF VOGRIE, N.B.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The tressure gives way to the chief and canton, as
may be seen from the arms of Graham- Wigan (Fig. 178)
and Maxtone-Graham (Fig. 177), but all other ordinaries
are enclosed by the tressure, as will be seen from the
arms of Lord Ailsa (Fig. 206).
THE LOZENGE, THE FUSIL, THE MASCLE,
AND THE EUSTRE
Why these, which are simply varying forms of one
charge, should ever have been included amongst the list
of ordinaries is difficult to understand, as they do not
seem to be " ordinaries " any more than say the mullet
or the crescent. My own opinion is that they are no
more than distinctively heraldic charges. The lozenge,
which is the original form, is the same shape as the
" diamond " in a pack of cards, and will constantly be
found as a charge. In addition to this, the arms of a
lady as maid, or as widow, are always displayed upon a
lozeno^e. Upon this point reference should be made to
the onapters upon marshalling. The arms of Kyrke '
show a single lozenge as the charge, but a single
lozenge is very rarely met with. The arms of Hyde'
ITiG. 207. — Armorial bearings of Eev. Thomas Lindsay : Gules, a fess
chequy argent and azure, between three fusils in chief and one in
base or. Mantling gules and argent. Crest ; on a wreath of the
colours, an ostrich proper holding in the beak a key or, the dexter
leg supported by a fusO gules. Motto : " Endure Fort."
langned gules, within a tressure flowered and couuterflowered inter-
changeably with thistles, roses, and fleurs-de-lis of the second. Crest :
two arms holding a bow and arrow straight upwards in a shooting
posture, and at full draught all proper. Supporters : dexter, an Earl ;
sinister, a Doctor of Laws habited in their robes all proper. A further
addition has since been made to the record of these arms in Lyon
Register, a second scroll with the words '*Ne niminm" having been
added below the shield.
s Armorial bearings of Kyrke : Quarterly, party per fess or and
gules, a lozenge counterchanged. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours,
a boar passant sable.
t Armorial bearings of Gustavus Rochfort Hyde, Esq., M.A. (Camb,),
J.P. (fonnerly Wade) : Azure, ac hevi-ou between three lozenges or.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, an eagle
with wings expanded sable, beaked and membered or. Motto : " Soyez
Ferme.*
(Plate XXVI.) and Lindsay (Fig. 207) afford examples
of the lozenge as a charge. The arms of Guise show
seven lozenges conjoined. The arms of Barnes (Fig.
208) show four lozenges conjoined in cross, and the
Fig. 208. — Armorial bearings of Robert Barnes, Esq. : Gules, four lozenges
conjoined in cross between as many trefoils slipped all argent.
Crest ; upon a wreath of the colours, upon a rock a bear proper,
muzzled or, and resting the dexter forepaw on a trefoil slipped vert.
Motto : " For-bear."
arms of Bartlett " (Plate XXXVIII.) show five lozenges
conjoined in fess. Although the lozenge is very seldom
found in English armory as a single charge, never-
theless as a lozenge throughout (that is, with its four
points touching the borders of the escutcheon) it will
be found in some number of instances in Continental
heraldry, for instance in the family of Eubing of Bavaria.
An indefinite number of lozenges conjoined as a bend or
a pale are known as a bend lozengy, or a pale lozengy,
but care should be taken in using this term, as it is
possible for these ordinaries to be plain ordinaries
tinctured "lozengy of two colours." The arms of
Bolding (see Fig. 89) are an example of a bend lozengy.
The fusil is supposed to be, and is generally depicted
of a greater height and less width than a lozenge, being
an altogether narrower figure. Though this distinction
is generally observed, it is not always easy to decide
which it is intended to represent, unless the blazon of
the arms in question is known. In many oases the
variations of different coats of arms to suit, or to fit the
varying shapes of shields, have resulted in the use of
lozenges and fusils indifferently. FusUs occur in the
historic arms of Daubeney (Fig. 310), and the same coat
(Plate XXXVI.) belongs to the family of Daubeny '' of
Cote, near Bristol, one of the few families who have an
undoubted male descent from a companion of William
the Conqueror. In the ordinary way five or more
lozenges in fess would be fusils, as in the arms of
Percy, Duke of Northumberland, who bears in the first
quarter : Azure, five fusils conjoined in fess or. The
charges in the arms of Montagu, though only three in
^ Armorial bearings of Bartlett, of Liverpool : Quarterly, argent and
gules, five lozenges conjoined in fess, between four crescents all
counterchanged. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a wreath
of the colours, on a mount vert, a moor-cock sable, combed and
wattled gules, in the beak an ear of wheat leaved and slipped proper,
resting the dexter claw on a crescent gules. Motto: "Deo favente
cresco."
>■ Armorial bearings of Daubeney, of Cote : Gules, four fusils con-
joined in fess argent. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a hoUy tree proper.
101
THE ART OF HERALDRY
number, are always termed fusils (Figs. 21 r, 212, 213).
The cantinoj crest of Fussell "' is also termed a Fusil.
The mascle is a lozenge voided, i,e, only the outer
framework is left, the inner portion being removed.
Fig. 210. — Arms of
Henrj Daubeney, Earl
of Bridgwater [d. 1 54S):
Gules, four fusils con-
joined in fess argent.
Fig. 211. — Arms of Wil-
liam de Montagu, Earl
of Salisbury [d. 1344) :
Argent, three fusils
conjoined in fess
gnles. (From his seal.)
Fig. 212. — Arms of
Thomas de Montagu,
Earl of Salisbury (d.
1428) : Quarterly, i and
4, the arms of Montagu;
2 and 3, or, an eagle
displayed vert, armed
and beaked gules (for
Monthermer). (From
his seal.)
Fig. 213. — Arms of Richard
Nevill, Earl of Salisbury
and Warwick, " The King-
maker'' {d. 1471): Quar-
terly, i. and iiii., quarterly,
I and 4, Montagu ; 2 and 3,
Monthermer ; quarterly,
ii. and iii., gules, a saltire
argent, a label compony
argent and azure (for
Nevill). (From his seal.)
Fig. 214. — Armorial bearings of James Munro Coats, Esq. : Or, a stag's
head erased gules, charged on the neck with a mullet of the first,
between the attires a pheon azure, all between three mascles sable.
Mantling gules, doubled or. Crest : on a wreath of bis liveries, an
anchor gules; and in an escroll over the same this motto, "Be
firm."
w Armorial bearings of James Cecil Coldham Fussell, Esq. : Sable,
a fess engrailed between four fusils or, on a chief of the last three
Fjg. 215. — Armorial bearings of Henry Ferrers, Esq., of Baddesley
Clinton : Quarterly, i and 4, gules, seven mascles conjoined or,
three, three, and one, a canton ermine (for Ferrers) ; 2 and 3,
or, a fess nebuly between three cross crosslets fitch^e in chief
azure, and a tun in base proper (for Croston). Mantling gules
and or. Crests: i. on a wreath of the colours, a unicorn passant
ermine (for Ferrers) ; 2. on[a wreath of the colours, a dexter cubit
arm vested azure, cuffed argent, encircled by a wreath of oak,
the hand supporting a cross botony fitcht^e or, on the dexter side
of the wreath (for Croston). Motto : " Splendeo tritus."
Fig.' 216. — Armorial bearings of Rev. David Avenel Vipont : Quarterly,
I and 4, argent, a saltire engrailed sable between a lion rampant
in chief and two crescents in flanks gules (for Anderson) ; 2 and 3,
gules, three mascles interlaced between as many quatrefoils or (for
Whyte). Mantlings sable, doubled argent, and gules, doubled or.
Crests: i. on a wreath of his liveries, on the dexter side, a thistle
slipped proper, with the motto, in an escroll above, " Per aspera ad
alta " ; 2. on a wreath of his liveries, on the sinister side, a demi-
eagle displayed gules, charged on the breast with a mascle or (for
Whyte), with the motto on the escroll, " Vinculis fortior."
Mascles have no particular or special meaning, but are
frequently to be met with, as in tbe arms of Coats
crosses flory of the first. Mantling sable and or. Crest: on a wreath
of the colours, between two laurel branches proper, a fusil or, charged
with a cross flory sable. Motto : " AIA."
102
THE AKT OF HERALDKY
(Fig. 214), Whittaker (sable, three mascles argent),
Ferrers (Fig. 215), Vipont (Fig. 216), De Quincy (Fig.
217), and Mitchell.
The blazon of the arms of De Quincy in Charles's
EoU is : " De goules poudre a fause losengez dor," and
in another Roll (iMS. Brit. Mus. 29,796) the arms are
described : ■' De gules a set fauses lozenges de or." The
Fig. 217. — Arms of Koger
de QuincT. Earl of Win-
che.ster{rf. 1264): Gules,
seven mascles conjoined,
three, three and one or.
(From his seal.)
Fig. 21S.— Arms of Seiher
de QninCT, Earl of Win-
chester (d. 1219) : Or, a
fess gales, a label of
seven points azure.
(From his seal. )
gi-eat Seiher de Quincj', Earl of Winchester, father of
Roger, bore quite different arms (Fig. 218). In 1472
Louis de Bruges, Lord of Gruthuyse, was created Earl of
Winchester, having no relation to the De Quincy line.
The arms of De Bruges, or rather of Gruthuj'se, were
very diti'erent, yet, nevertheless, we find upon the Patent
RoU (12 Edward IV. pt. i, m. 11) a grant of the follow-
ing arms : " Azure, dix mascles d'Or, enorme d'une
canton de nostre propre Armes de Angleterre ; cest
a savoir de Gules a une Lipard passant d'Or, armee
d' Azure," to Louis, Earl of Winchester (Fig. 219). The
recurrence of the mascles in the arms of the successive
Earls of Winchester, whilst each had other family arms,
and in the arms of Ferrers, whilst not being the original
Ferrers coat, suggests the thought that there may be
hidden some reference to a common saintly patronage
which all enjoyed, or some territorial honour common
to the three of which the knowledge no longer remains
with us.
There are some number of coats which are said to
have a field masculy. Of course this is quite possible,
Fig. 219. — Arms of Louis
de Bruges, Earl of "Win-
chester (d. 1492. )
Fig. 220 — Ai'ms of Hubert
de Burgh, Earl of Kent
{d. 1243). (From his
seal.)
and the difference between a field masculy and a field
fretty is that in the latter the separate pieces of which
it is composed interlace each other ; but when the field
is masculy it is all one fretwork surface, the field being
visible through the voided apertures. ISTevertheless it
seems by no means certain that in every case in which
the field masculy is found it may not be found in other,
and possibly earlier, examples as fretty. At any rate,
very few such coats of arms are even supposed to
exist. The arms of De Burgh (Fig. 220) are blazoned
in the Griraaldi Roll : " Masclee de vere and de goules,"
but whether the inference is that this blazon is wrong or
that lozenge and mascle were identical terms I am not
aware.
The rustre is comparatively rare. It is a lozencre
pierced in the centre with a circular hole. It occurs
in the arms of J. D. G. Dalrymple, Esq., F.S.A. (Plate
XXIX.). Some few coats of arms are mentioned in Pap-
worth in which the rustre appears; for example the arms
of Pery, which are : " Or, three rustres sable;" and Good-
chief, which are : " Per fess or and sable, three rustres
counterchanged ; " but so seldom is the figure met ivith
that it may be almost dropped out of consideration.
How it ever reached the position of being considered
one of the ordinaries has always been to me a profound
mystery.
THE FRET
The fret, which is very frequently found occurring in
British armory, is no doubt derived from earher coats
of arms, the whole field of which was covered by an
interlacing of alternate bendlets and bendlets sinister,
because many of the families who now bear a simple
fret are found in earlier representations and in the early
rolls of arms bearing coats which were fretty. Instances
of this kind will be found in the arms of Maltravers,
Verdon, ToUemache, and other families.
" Sable fretty or " was the original form of the arms of
the ancient and historic family of Maltravers. At a later
Fig. 221. — Arms of John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel {d. 1435); Quarterly,
I and 4, gules, a lion rampant or (for Fitz Alan) ; 2 and 3, sable,
fretty or (for Maltravers). (From his seal, c. 1432.)
date the arms of Maltravers are found simply ''sable, a
fret or," but, Hke the arms of so many other families
which we now find blazoned simply as charged with a
fret, their original form was undoubtedly " fretty." Thej'
appear fretty as late as the year 142 1, which is the date
at which the Garter plate of Sir William Arundel, K.G.
(1395-1400), was set up in St. George's Chapel at Wind-
sor. His arms as there displayed are in the first and
fourth quarters, " gules, a lion rampant or," and in the
second and third, " purpure fretty or " for Maltravers.
Probably the seal of John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel
{'1. 1435), roughly marks the period, and shows the source
of the confusion (Fig. 221). But it should be noted that
Su- Richard Arundel, Lord Maltravers, bore at the siege
of Rouen, in the year 141 8, gules a lion rampant or,
quarterly with " sable a fret or " (for Maltravers). This
would seem to indicate that those who treat the fret
and fretty as interchangeable have good grounds for
so doing. A Su- John Maltravers bore " sable fretty or "
at the siege of Calais, and another Sir John Maltravers,
a knight banneret, bore at the first Dunstable tourna-
ment "sable fretty or, a label of three points argent."
As he is there described as Le Fitz, the label was pro-
bably a purely temporary mark of diflCerence. In a roll
of arms, which is believed to belong to the latter part
of the reign of Henry III., a Sir William Maltravers is
credited with " sable fretty or, on a quarter argent, three
lions passant in pale gules." The palpable origin of the
fret or fretty in the case of the arms of Maltravers is
103
THE ART OF HERALDRY
simply the canting similarity between a traverse and
the name Maltravers. Another case, which starting
Fig. 222. — Armorial bearings of Sir HeuryElake, G.C.M.G.: Quai-terly,
I and 4, argent, a fret gules (for Blake) ; 2 and 3, sable, three
lions passant between four bendlets argent, in chief a fleur-de-lis
of the last for difference (for Browne). Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a cat-a-mountain
passant guardant proper, charged with a crescent gules for differ-
ence. Motto: " Virtus sola nobilitat."
fretty has ended in a fret, occurs in the arms of the
family of Haringtou. Sir John de Haverington, or Sir
Fig. 223. — Armorial bearings of Deuys Alexander Lawlor-Huddleston,
Esq. : Quarterly i and 4, gules, a fret argent {for Huddleston) ;
2 and 3, argent, a hon rampant gules, between four trefoils vert
(for Lawlor). Mantling gules and argent. Crests : I. on a wreath
of the colours, two arms embowed dexter and sinister, vested and
cuffed argent, the hands proper holding a stone sable (for Huddle-
ston); 2. on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, a stag
lodged in front of a spear-head in pale point upwards all proper
(for Lawlor). Mottoes: over the Lawlor crest, " Mea culpa fides,"
and under the arms, " Soli Deo honor et gloria."
this coat of arms variously differenced appears in some
number of the other early rolls of arms. The Haring-
ton family, as may be seen from the current baronet-
ages, now bear " sable a fret argent," but there can be
little doubt that in this case the origin of the fretty is
to be found in a representation of a herring-net.
The fret is usually depicted throughout when borne
singly, and is then composed of a bendlet dexter and a
bendlet sinister, interlaced in the centre by a mascle.
Occasionally it will be found couped, but it is then, as a
rule, only occupying the position of a subsidiary charge.
A coat which is fretty is entirely covered by the inter-
lacing bendlets and bendlets sinister, no mascles being
introduced. Instances in which the fret occurs will be
found in the arms of Blake (Fig. 222), Lawlor-Huddle-
stone (Fig. 223), Howard (Fig. 224), and Farish'* (Plate
XXXII.) ; whilst the arms of Lowndes (Plate XXXV.)
afford an example of fretty.
John de Harington, is found at the first Dunstable
tournament in 1 308 bearing " sable fretty argent," and
Fig. 224. — The bookplate of the late Joseph Jackson Howard, Esq.,
Maltravers Herald : Gules, on a bend or, between a fret couped in
chief and a cross crosslet in base, both of the last, three annulets
vert, the escutcheon being sui-mounted by his collar of SS.
Mantling gules and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a
lion rampant proper, charged on the body with two annulets in
pale vert, holding between the paws a fret as in the arms, and
resting the dexter hind paw on two S's as linked in a herald's
collar argent. Motto: "Credo Christi cruce." (From au etched
plate by Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.)
THE FLAUNGH
The tlaunch, which is never borne singly, and for
which the additional names of " flasks " and " voiders "
are sometimes found, is the segment of a circle of large
diameter projecting from either side of the escutcheon,
of a different colour to the field. It is by no means an
•■^ Armorial bearings of Edward Garthwaite Farish, Esq. : Quarterly,
I and 4, argent, a chevron azure, gutee-d'eau, between two horse-shoes
in chief and a bugle-horn stringed in base, all of the second (for
Farish) ; 2 and 3, quarterly per fess indented i. and iiii., gules, a
chevron or ; ii. aud iii., azure, a fret of the second (for Garthwaite).
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon
two horse-shoes or, a bugle-horn stringed azure. Motto : '* Forward."
104
PLATE XXXI.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF-
(i) JOHN THOMAS HARTHILL. ESQ.. M.R.C.S.. &c.. OF thk
Ma.\or House. Willenhali..
(2) ALFRED JOHN BOWMAN. Esq. of Rusthall Lodge.
TuNBRiDGE Wells.
Esq. of Broomhead Hall,
(3) HENRY RIMLNGTON-WILSON.
Co. York.
(4) Rev. ..ALGERNON LINDES.\Y BRINE. M.A.
(5) RICHMOND R. ALLEN. Esq.. F.R.C.SI., &c., of West Hill, Dakti-ord.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
unusual charge to be met with, and, like the majority
of other ordinaries, is subject to the usual lines of
I iI})oScmtioDi&- my'<^\ory^
Fig. 225. — Armorial bearings of Godfrey Fitzhugh, Esq. : Ermine, two
flaunches sable, on a chief gules, four martlets or. Mantling sable
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a quatrefoil sable,
thereon a martlet erminois. Motto : " Moderation is my glory."
-. 22b. — ^Armorial bearings of (Edward Charles) Robson Roose, Esq. :
Gules, three water-bougets in pale between two flaunches invected
argent. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a peacock in bis pride proper, gorged with a collar and
pendent therefrom a four-leaved shamrock or. Motto; "Je ne
change qu'en mourant."
partition, but so subject is, however, rather rare. Ex-
amples of flaunches will be found in the arms of Allen ^
(Plate XXXIII.) and Pickering^ (Plate XXXVL), Fitz-
y Armorial bearings of Rev. George Cantrell Allen, M.A. : Per fess
indented sable and gnles, a garb or, between two flaunches of the last,
each charged with two bars ragnly of the first. Mantling sable and or.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a wheatear
rising and regardant, holding in the beak an ear of wheat, stalked and
bladed between four similar ears of wheat, two on either side or.
Motto: '* God giveth the increase."
* Armorial bearings of Benjamin Pickering, Esq., J.P., of Bellefield,
Hull : Argent, guttee-de-poix, a lion rampant azure, between two
flaunches of the last, each charged with a bear's paw erect and erased
10
hugh (Fig. 225), and Roose (Fig. 226), the latter being
an example of flaunches invected.
Planche, in his " Pursuivant of Arms," mentions the
old idea, which is repeated by Woodward, "that the
base son of a noble woman, if he doe gev armes, must
give upon the same a surooat, but unless you do well
mark such coat you may take it for a coat flanchette."
The surcoat is much the same figure that would remain
after flaunches had been taken fi-om the field of a shield,
with this exception, that the flaunches would be wider
and the intervening space necessarily much narrower.
In spite of the fact that this is supposed to be one
of the recognised rules of armory, one instance only
appears to be known of its employment, which, however,
considering the circumstances, is not very much to be
wondered at.
THE ROUNDLE
The roundle is a generic name which comprises all
charges which are plain circular figures of colour or
metal (Plate LXVII.). Foreign heraldry merely terms
them roundles of such and such a colour, but in
England we have special terms for each tincture.
When the roundle is gold it is termed a " bezant " (a),
when silver a " plate " (6), when gules a " torteau " (c),
when azure a " hurt " (i), when sable an " ogress," " pellet,"
or " gunstone " (/), when vert a " pomeis " (7t), when pur-
pure a " golpes " (e), when tenne an " orange " ((/), when
sanguine a " guze " (d). The golpes, oranges, and guzes
are seldom, if ever, met with, but the others are of con
stant occurrence, and roundles of fur are by no means
unknown. A roundle of more than one colour is de-
scribed as a roundle " per pale," for example of gules and
- azure, or whatever it may be. The plates and bezants are
naturally flat and must be so represented. They should
Fig. 227. — The Arms of Stourton.
never be shaded up into a globular form. The torteau
is sometimes found shaded, but is more correctly flat,
but probably the peUet or ogress and the pomeis are
intended to be globular. Roundles of fur are always
flat. One curious roundle is a very common charge in
British armory, that is the " fountain " (k), which is a
roundle barry wavy argent and azure. This is the
conventional heraldic representation of water, of course.
A fountain will be found termed a " syke " when occur-
ring in the arms of any family of the name of Sykes.
It typifies naturally anything in the nature of a well, in
which meaning it occurs on the arms of Stourton (Fig.
227). These arms as an instance, the meaning of which
can be clearly shown, are of some interest, as will be
seen from the following remarks.
The arms of Stourton are one of the few really ancient
coats concerning which a genuine explanation exists.
The blazon of them is : Sable a bend or, between six
fountains proper.
argent. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, In front of a bear's paw erect and erased argent, encircled with
a wreath of oak vert, a demi-catherine-wheel azure. Motto: " Je
garde bien."
5 O
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Concerning this coat of arms Aubrey says : " I believe
anciently 'twas only Sable a bend or." With all defer-
ence to Aubrey, I personally neither think he was right,
Fig. 22S. — Arms of Hugh
Couitenay, Earl of
Devon {d. 1422) ; Or,
three torteaux, a label
azure. (From his
seal.)
Fig. 229. — Arms of De-
vereux, Viscounts Here-
ford : Argent, a fess
gules, and in chief three
torteaux. (From the
cloisters at Hereford.)
Fig. 230. — Arms of George Hastings, Earl
of Huntingdon (MS, Add., 22,306) :
Quarterly, I. argent, a maunch sable (for
Hastings) ; 2. sable, two bars argent, and
in chief three plates (for Hungerford) ; 3.
argent, a griffin segreant gules, armed
azure {for Botreaux) ; 4. paly wavy of four
or and gules (for Moleyns).
nor do I pay much attention to his
opinions, particularly in this case, inas-
much as every known record of the
Stourton arms introduces the six fountains.
The name Stourton, originally " de Stour-
ton," is emphatically a territorial name, and
there is little opportunity for this being
gainsaid, inasmuch as the lordship and
manor of Stourton, in the counties of Wilts
and Somerset, remained in the possession
of the Lords Stourton until the year 17 14.
The present Lord Mowbray and Stourton
still owns land within the parish. Con-
sequently there is no doubt whatever that
the Lords Stourton derived their surname
from this manor of Stourton.
Equally is it certain that the manor of
Stourton obtained its name from the river
Stour, which rises within the manor. The
sources of the river Stour are six wells,
which exist in a tiny valley in Stourton
Park, which to this day is known by the
name of " The Six Wells Bottom." In the
present year of grace only one of the six
wells remains visible. When Sir Richard
Colt Hoare wrote, there were four visible.
Of these four, three were outside and one
inside the park wall. The other two within
the park had been then closed up. When
Leland wrote in 1540 to 1542, the six wells
were in existence and visible; for he wrote:
" The ryver of Stoure risith ther of six
fountaynes or springes, wherof 3 be on the
northe side of the Parke, harde withyn the
Pale, the other 3 be north also, but with-
oute the Parke. The Lorde Stourton giveth
these 6 fountaynes yn his Armes."
Guillim says the same thing : " These six Fountains
are borne in signification of six Springs, whereof the
River of Sture in Wiltshire hath his beginning, and
passeth along to Sturton, the seat of that Barony."
Here, then, is the origin of the six fountains upon the
coat of arms ; but Aubrey remarks that three of the
six springs in the park are in the county of Wilts,
whereas Mr. Camden has put them all in Somerset-
shire. However, the fact is that three of the springs
were inside the park and three outside, and that three
were in Wiltshire and three in Somersetshire. Here,
then, is to be found the division upon the coat of arms
of the six fountains in the two sets of three each, and it
is by no means an improbable suggestion that the bend
which separates the three from the three is typical of,
or was suggested by, either the park wall or pale, or by
the line of division between the two counties, and the
more probable of the two seems to be the park wall.
The coat of arms is just a map of the property.
Now, with regard to the arms, as far as is known
there has not been at any time the slightest devia-
tion by the family of the Lords Stourton from the
coat quoted and illustrated. But before leaving the
subject it may be well to point out that in the few
Fig. 231. — Armorial bearings of James Fitzalan Hope, Esq.: Azure, on a chevron
or, between three bezants, a bay-leaf slipped vert, a bordure ermine for
difference. Mantling azure, doubled or ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is
^set for crest, a broken globe surmounted of a rainbow proper ; and in a
scroll above, this motto, "At spes infracta."
106
PLATE XXXII.
(l) PETER HENRY EMERSON
SOUTHBOURNE, HANTS.
(2| .SAMUEL .ARTHUR BR.A.IN.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
ES,.. M.B., .C, o. A.S. Loo.e, I (3) .'OHN^MACRAE=-GILSTRAP^ Es^^^^^^^^^^ Co. AROVU
ESQ OF ROXBURGH, Penar TH. I (4) EDWARD GARTHWAITE PARISH, Esq,
(5) ROBERT GLADSTONE, Esq. OF Wooi.TON Vale, Liverpool.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
cases in wMoli an ancient coat of arms carries with it
an explanation, such, explanation is usually to be found
either in some siich manner as that in which these
arms of Stourton have been explained, or else in some
palpable pun, and not in the mythical accounts and
legends of supernatural occurrences which have been
handed down, and seldom indeed in any explanation of
personal nobility which the tinctures or charges are
sometimes said to represent.
Amongst the arms in which roundles of various
colour are to be found are the arms of Courtenay (Fig.
228), Devereux (Fig. 229), Hungerford (Fig. 230), and
Hope (Fig. 231).
What is now considered quite a different charge from
the fountain is the whirlpool or gurges, which is like-
wise intended to represent water, and is borne by a
family of the name of Gorges, the design occupying the
whole of the field. This is represented by a spiral line
of azure commencing in the centre of an argent field,
continuing round and round until the edges of the
shield are reached ; but there can be very little doubt
that this was an early form of representing the watery
arms of De Plessis (Fig. 233), Lowther, Hutton (Fig.
234), and many other families. Annulets appear
anciently to have been termed
false roundles.
Annulets will frequently be
found interlaced, as in the crest
of Athill(Fig. 17).
A curious instance of the
annulet will be found in the
arms of Gossett (Fig. 235).
Care should be taken to dis-
tinguish them from gem-rings,
which are always drawn in ,, , - t 1. j
, ■^ -^7 tlG. 2-^1. — Arms of John de
a very natural manner with piessis, Ead o£ Warwick
stones, which, however, in real (d. 1263): Ai-gent,'sixannu-
life would approach an impos- !«'^ g"3f • Jfi"™"^'^ '^°?
... . ^^ ^ terms the charges, 'six
SlDle Size. faux rondelettes de gules."
Fig. 232 Armorial bearings of Frederick Piatt, Esq. : Sable, semd of
plates, a fret couped or, between four roses in cross argent. Crest :
upon a wreath of the colours, in front of a demi-lion proper, seme
of plates, holding between the paws a rose argent, an escallop or.
Motto : " Virtute et labore."
roimdle which happens to have been perpetuated in
the instance of that one coat. The fountains upon the
seal of the first Lord Stourton are represented in this
manner.
Examples of a field seme of roundles are very usual,
these being termed bezante or plate if seme of bezants
or plates ; but in the cases of roundles of other colours
the words "seme of" need to be used. Examples of
this will be found in the arms of Piatt (Fig. 232).
THE ANNULET
Closely akin to the roundel is the annulet, and though,
as far as I am aware, no text-book has as yet included
this in its Hst of ordinaries and sub-ordinaries, one can
see no reason, as the annulet is a regularly used heraldic
fio-ure, why the lozenge should have been included and
the annulet excluded, when the annulet is of quite as
frequent occurrence. It is, as its name implies, simply
a plain ring of metal or colour, as will be found in the
Fig. 234.— Armorial bearings of Bev. Charles Frederick Hutton, M.A.:
Per chevron nebuly or and gules, in chief two annulets, and in base
a crescent all counterchanged. Mantling gules and or. Crest ; on
a wreath of the colours, on two annulets in fess gules, a crescent
or. Motto : " Dat Deus incrementum."
Fig. 235.— Armorial bearings of Gosset : " D' Azure, a uu annulet d'or,
et trois gousses de dves, f railles et tiges manorantes de I'annulet, et
rangees en pairies de meme, an chef d'argent, charg<5 d'une aiglette
de sable." Crest: a greyhound's head erased proper, coUared
gules. Motto : " Probitas verus honos."
107
THE ART OF HERALDRY
THE LABEL
The label as a charge must be distinguished from the
label as a mark of ditlerence for the eldest son, though
there is no doubt that in those oases in which it now
exists as a charge its use as a difference must have been
the origin. Concerning its use as a difference it will be
treated further in the chapter upon marks of difference
and cadency, but as a charge it will seldom be found in
any position except in chief, and not often of other than
three points, and it will always be found drawn through-
out, that is, with the upper line extended to the size of
the field. It consists of a narrow band straight across
the shield, from which depend at right angles three
short bands. These shorter arms have each of late
years been drawn more in the shape of a dovetail, but
this was not the case until a comparatively recent period,
and nowadays we are more inclined to revert to the
old forms than to perpetuate this modern variety.
Other names for the label are the "lambel" and the
" file." The label is the only mark of difference now
borne by the Royal Family. Every member of the
Royal Family has the Royal arms assigned to him for
use presumably during life, and in these warrants, which
are separate and personal for each individual, both the
coronet and the difference marks which are to be borne
upon the label are quoted and assigned. This use of
the label as its more usual use for the purpose of differ-
encing will be found fully dealt with later. As a charge,
the label occurs in the arms of Barrington: "Argent,
three chevronels gules, a label azure ; " and Babington :
" Argent, ten torteaux, four, three, two, and one, in chief
a label of three points azure;" also in the earlier form
of the arms of De Quincy (Fig. 218) and Courtenay
(Fig. 228). Various curious coats of arms in which the
label appears are given in Papworth as follows : —
" . . . a label of four points in bend sinister . . . Wm. de Curli, 2oth
Hen. III. (Cotton, Julius F., vii. 175.)
" Argent, a label of five points azure. Henlington, co. Gloucester.
{Harl. MS. 1404, fo. 109.)
" Or a file gules, witli three bells pendent azure, clappers saltire.
(Belflle.)
" Sable, three crescents, in chief a label of two drops and in fess an-
other of one drop argent. Fitz-Simous. (Harl. MS. 1441 and 5866.)
" Or, three files borne barways aules, the first having five points, the
second four, and the last three. Liskirke, Holland. (Gwillim)."
A curious label will have been noticed in the arms of
De Valence (Fig. 123).
THE BILLET
The biUet, though not often met with as a charge,
does sometimes occur, for example, as in the arms of
Alington (Fig. 83).
Another instance is in the case of the crest of Am-
brose (Plate XXX.). Its more frequent appearance is as
an object with which a field or superior charge is seme,
in which case these are termed billette. The best
known instance of this is probably the coat borne on an
inescutcheon over the arms of England during the joint
reign of William and Mary. The arms of Gasceline afford
another example of a field billette. These are " or, billette
azure, and a label gules." Though not many instances
are given under each subdivision, Papworth affords ex-
amples of coats with every number of billets from i to
20, but many of them, particularly some of those from
10 to 20 in number, are merely mistaken renderings of
fields which should have been termed billette. The
billet, slightly widened, is sometimes known as a block,
and as such will be found in the arms of Paynter (Fig.
236). Other instances are to be found where the billets
are termed delves or gads. The billet will sometimes
be found pointed at the bottom, in which case it is
termed " urdy at the foot." But neither as a form of
seme, nor as a charge, is the billet of sufficiently fre-
quent use to warrant its inclusion as one of the ordi-
naries or sub-ordinaries.
Fig. 236. — Armorial bearings of Paynter: Quarterly, I. azure, three
blocks argent, on each of them an annulet sable (for Paynter) ;
2. azure, three faggots argent (for Antron) ; 3. argent, three
bends gules (for Bodrugan) ; 4. argent, two chevronels nebuly
gules, between three sheaves of as many aiTows sable, banded
of the second (for Best). Mantling gules and argent. Crest:
upon a wreath of the colours, three broken broad-arrows gold, knit
with a lace gules (for Paynter). Motto: "Carpediem."
THE CHAPLET
Why the chaplet was ever included amongst the
ordinaries and sub-ordinaries passes my comprehension.
It is not of frequent occurrence, and I have yet to
ascertain in which form it has acquired this status.
The chaplet which is usually meant when the term is
employed is the garland of oak, laurel, or other leaves or
flowers which is found more frequently as part of a
crest. There is also the chaplet, which it is difficult to
describe, save as a large broad annulet such as the one
which figures in the arms of Nairn, and which is
charged at four regular intervals with roses, mullets, or
some other objects. Examples of chaplets will be
found in the shield of Berry (see Fig. 237), in which
these arms of Nairn are quartered, and in the arms of
Yerburgh (see Fig. 238).
The chaplet of oak and acorns is sometimes known
as a civic crown, but the term chaplet will more
frequently be found giving place to the use of the word
wreath, and a chaplet of laurel or roses, unless com-
pletely conjoined and figuring as a charge upon the
shield, will be far more likely to be termed a wreath or
garland of laurel or roses than a chaplet.
There are many other charges which have no great
distinction from some of these which have been
enumerated, but as nobody hitherto has classed them
as ordinaries we suppose there could be no excuse for
108
PLATE XXXIII.
(1) Sir KENNETH JAMES MATHESON. Bart.
(2) Rev. GEORGE CANTRELL ALLEN, M.A.
(3) Dr GEORGE B.\GOT FERGUSON OF Altidore Villa. Pitville,
Cheltenham.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
I (4) WILLLAM FREDERICK BUCHAN.-\N, Esq. of Clak I.wis
1 Sydney. New South Wales.
(5) Major-Gen. .-^STLEY FELLOWES TERRY.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
so introducing them, but the division of any heraldic
charges into ordinaries and sub-ordinaries, and their
Fig. 237. — Armorial bearings of Robert Berry, Esq. : Quarterly, i and 4 ,
vert, a cross crosslet argent (for Berry) ; 2 and 3, parted per pale
argent and sable, on a chaplet four mullets coanterchanged {for
Nairne), in the centre of the quarters a crescent or, for difference.
Mantling vert., doubled argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the
colours, a demi-lion rampant gules, armed and langued, holding in
his dexter paw a cross crosslet fitchee azure ; and in an escroll over
the same this motto, " In hoc signo vinces," and in another under
the shield, " L'esperance me comforte."
FiG- 238. — Armorial bearings of R. E. Yerburgh, Esq. ; Per pale argent
and azure, on a chevron between three chaplets all counterchanged,
an annulet for difference. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, a falcon close or, beSed of the last,
preying upon a mallard proper.
separation from other figures, seems to a certain extent
incomprehensible and very unnecessary.
A. C. F-D.
I
CHAPTER XIV
THE HUMAIS^ FIGURE IN HERALDRY
"F we include the many instances of the human head
and the human figure which exist as crests, and also
the human figure as a supporter, probably it or its
parts will be nearly as frequently met with in armory
as the lion ; but if crests and supporters be disregarded,
and the human figure be simply considered as a charge
upon the shield, it is by no means often to be met
with.
English official heraldry now and for a long time
past has set its face against the representation of any
specific saint or other person in armorial bearings. In
many cases, however, partieulaily in the arms of ecclesi-
astical sees and towns, the armorial bearings registered
are simply the conventionalised heraldic representa-
tion of seal designs dating from a very much earlier
period.
Seal engravers laboured under no such limitations, and
their representations were usually of some specific saint
or person readily recognisable from accompanying ob-
jects. Consequently, 2' it be desirable, the identity of a
figure in a coat of arms can often be traced in such
cases by reference to a seal of early date, whilst all the
time the official coat of arms goes no further than to
term the figure that of a saint.
The only representation which will be found in
British heraldry of the Deity is in the arms of the
See of Chichester, which certainly originally repre-
sented our Lord seated in glory. Whether by inten-
tion or carelessness, this, however, is now represented
and blazoned as: "Azure, a Prester [Presbyter] John
sitting on a tombstone, in his left hand a mound,
his right hand extended all or, with a linen mitre on
his head, and in his mouth a sword proper." Pos-
sibly it is a corruption, but I am rather inclined to
think it is an intentional alteration to avoid the
necessity of any attempt to pictoriaUy represent the
Deity.
Christ upon the Cross, however, will be found repre-
sented in the arms of Inverness (Fig. 239), and in the
arms used by the town of Halifax. The latter shield
has the canting " Holy Face " upon a chequy field.
This coat, however, is without authority, though it is
sufiiciently remarkable to quote the blazon in full:
" Chequy or and azure, a man's face with long hair and
bearded and dropping blood, and surmounted by a halo,
all proper ; in chief the letters halez, and in base the
letters fax."
No other instance is known, but, on the other hand,
representations of the Virgin Mary with her babe are
not uncommon. She will be found so described in the
arms of the Royal Burgh of Banft'.
The Virgin Mary and ChUd appear also in the arms
of the town of Leith, viz.: "Argent, in a sea proper, an
ancient galley with two masts, sails furled sable, flagged
gules, seated therein the Virgin Mary with the Infant
Saviour in her arms, and a cloud resting over their
heads, all also proper."
The Virgin and ChUd appear in the crest of Mary-
lebone (Fig. 240), but in this case, in accordance
with the modern English practice, the identity is not
alluded to. The true derivation of the name from " St.
Mary le Bourne" (and not "le bon") is perpetuated in
the design of the arms.
A demi-figure of the Virgin is the crest of Ruther-
109
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 239. — Armorial bearings of the Royal Bargh of Inverness : Gules,
our Lord upon the Cross proper. Mantling gules, doubled or.
Crest : upon a wreath of the proper liveries a cornucopia proper.
Supporters : dexter, a dromedary ; sinister, an elephant, both proper.
(From a painting b}- Mr. Graham Johnston in Lyon Register.)
glen;"- and the Virgin and Child figure, amongst other
ecclesiastical arms, on the shields of the Sees oF Lincoln
[" Gules, two lions passant-guardant or ; on a chief azure,
the Holy Virgin and Cliild, sitting crowned, and bearing
a sceptre of the second"], Salisbury ["Azure, the Holy
Virgin and Child, with sceptre in her left hand all or "],
Sodor and Man [" Argent, upon three ascents the Holy
Virgin standing with her arms extended between two
pillars, on the dexter whereof is a church ; in base the
ancient arms of Man upon an inescutcheon "], South-
well [" Sable, three fountains proper, a chief paly of
three, on the first or, a stag couohant proper, on the
second gules, the Virgin holding in her arms the in-
fant Jesus, on the third also or, two staves raguly
couped in cross vert "], and Tuam [" Azure, three figures
erect under as many canopies or stalls of Gothic work
or, their faces, hands, and legs proper ; the first repre-
senting an archbishop in his pontificals ; the second the
Holy V irgin Mary, a circle of glory over her head,
homing in her left arm the infant Jesus ; and the third
an angel having his dexter arm elevated, and under the
sinister arm a lamb, all of the second "].
Various saints figure in different Scottish coats of
f^ Arms of Rutherglen : Argent, in a sea proper an ancient galley
sable, flagged gules, therein two men proper, one rowing, the other
furling the sail. Above the shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a
mantling gules, doubled argent ; and on a wreath of the proper liveries
is set for crest, a demi-iigure of the Virgin Mary with the Infant
Saviour in her arms proper ; and on a compartment below the shield,
on which is an escroll containing this motto, "Ex fumo fama," are
placed for supporters, two angels proper, winged or.
arms, and amongst them will be found the follow-
ing :—
St. Andrew, in the arms of the National Bank of
Scotland, granted in 1826 ["Or, the image of St.
Andrew with vesture vert and surcoat purpure
bearing before him the cross of his martyrdom
argent, all resting on a base of the second, in the
dexter flank a garb gules, in the sinister a ship in
full sail sable, the shield surrounded with two
thistles proper, disposed in orle "] ; St. Britius, in
the arms of the Royal Burgh of Kirkcaldy [" Azur,
ane abbay of three pyramids argent, each ensigned
with a cross patee or. And on the reverse of the
seal is insculped in a field azure the figure of St.
Bryse with long garments, on his head a mytre, in
the dexter a fleur-de-lis, the sinister laid upon his
breast all proper. Standing in ye porch of the
church or abbay. Ensigned on the top as before
all betwixt a decrescent and a star in fess or. The
motto is ' Vigilando Munio.' And round the escut-
cheon of both svdes these words — 'Sis-ilium civitatus
Fig. 240. — Arms of Maryleboue : Per chevron sable and bany wavy
of six, argent and azure in chief, in the dexter a fleur-de-lis, and
in the sinister a rose, both or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
upon two bars wavy argent and azure, between as many lilies of
the first, stalked and leaved vert, a female figure aflfronte proper,
vested of the first, mantled of the second, on the left arm a child
also proper, vested or, around the head of each a halo of the last.
Motto : " Fiat secundum verbum tuum.''
110
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Kirkaldie ' "] ; St. Columba, in the arms of the College ot
the Holy Spirit at Cumbrae [" Quarterly, i and 4 grand
quarters, azure, St. Columba in a boat at sea, in his sinister
hand a dove, and in the dexter chief a blazing star all
proper ; 2 and 3 grand quarters, quarterly, i. and iv.,
argent, an eagle displaj^ed with two heads gules ; ii. and
iii., parted per bend embattled gules and argent ; over the
second and third grand quarters an escutcheon of the
arms of Boyle of Kelburne, viz. or, three stags' horns
gules "] ; St. Duthacus, in the arms of the Royal Burgh
of Tain [■' Gules, St. Duthacus in long garments argent,
holding in his dexter hand a staff garnished with ivy, in
the sinister laid on his breast a book expanded proper"] ;
St. ^Egidius (St. Giles), in the arms of the Royal Burgh
of Elgin [" Argent, Sanotus jEgidius habited in his robes
and mitred, holding in his dexter hand a pastoral staff,
and in his left hand a clasped book, all proper. Sup-
porters : two angels proper, winged or volant upwards.
Motto : ' Sicitur ad astra,' upon ane compartment suita-
bill to a Burgh Roj^al, and for their colours red and
white "] ; St. Ninian, in the arms of the Episcopal See of
Galloway [" Argent, St. Ninian standing and full-faced
proper, clothed with a pontifical robe purple, on his head
a mitre, and in his dexter hand a crosier or "] ; and St.
Adrian, in the arms of the town of Pittenweem [" Azur,
in the sea a gallie with her oars in action argent,
and therein standing the figure of St. Adrian, with long
garments close girt, and a mytre on his head proper,
holding in his sinister hand a crosier or. On the stern •
a flag developed argent, charged with the Royall Armes
of Scotland, with this word, ' Deo Duce ' "].
Biblical characters of the Old Testament have found
favour upon the Continent, and the instances quoted by
Woodward are too amusing to omit : —
" The families who bear the names of saints, such as
St. Andrew, St. Geokge, St. Michael, have (perhaps
not unnaturally) included in their arms representations
of their family patrons.
" The Bavarian family of Reider include in their shield
the mounted effigy of the good knight St. Martin divid-
ing his cloak with a beggar (date of diploma 1760). The
figure of the great Apostle of the Gentiles appears in
the arms of Von Pauli Joerg, and Jorger, of Austria,
similarly make use of St. George.
" Continental Heraldry affords not a few examples of
the use of the personages of Holy Writ. The Adamoli
of Lombardy bear : " Azure, the Tree of Life entwined
with the Serpent, and accosted with our first parents,
all proper " (i.e. in a state of nature). The addition of a
chief of the Empire to this coat makes it somewhat
mconsrruous.
" The famUy of Adam in Bavaria improve on Sacred
History by eliminating Eve, and by representing Adam
as holding the apple in one hand, and the serpent wrig-
gling in the other. On the other hand, the Spanish
family of Eva apparently consider there is a sufficiently
transparent allusion to their own name, and to the
mother of mankind, in the simple bearings : " Or, on a
mount in base an apple-tree vert, fruited of the field,
and encircled by a serpent of the second."
" The family of Abel in Bavaria make the patriarch in
the attitude of prayer to serve as their crest ; while the
coat itself is : " Sable, on a square altar argent, a lamb
lying surrounded by fire and smoke proper."
" Samson slaying the lion is the subject of the arms of
the Vesentina family of Verona. The field is gules,
and on a terrace in base vert the strong man naked be-
strides a golden lion and forces its jaws apart. The Polish
family of Samson naturally use the same device, but
the field is azure and the patriarch is decently habited.
The Staeckens of the Island of Oesel also use the like
as armes parlantes ; the field in this case is or. After
these we are hardly surprised to find that Daniel in the
lions' den is the subject of the arms of the Rhenish
family of Daniels, granted late in the eighteenth cen-
tury ; the field is azure. The Bolognese Daniels are
content to make a less evident allusion to the prophet ;
their arms are : " Per fess azure and vert, in chief ' the lion
of the tribe of Judah ' naissant or, holding an open book
with the words ' Libri Apeetx Sunt' " (Daniel vii. 10).
" The Archangel St. Michael in full armour, as con-
ventionally represented, treading beneath his feet the
great adversary, sable, is the charge on an azure field of
the Van Schorel of Antwerp."
Other instances will be found, as St. Kentigern (who
is sometimes said to be the same as St. Mungo), and who
occurs as the crest of Glasgow : " The half-length figure
of St. Kentigern affronte, vested and mitred, his right
hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in
his left hand a crosier, all proper " (Plate CXVII.) ; St.
Michael, in the arms of Linlithgow : " Azure, the figure
of the Archangel Michael, with wings expanded, treading
on the belly of a serpent lying with its tail nowed fess-
wise in base, all argent, the head of which he is piercing
through with a spear in his dexter hand, and grasping
with his sinister an escutcheon charged with the Royal
Fig. 241.— Arms of Dover : A man on horseback (St. Martin) and tbe
beggar within a bordiire seme of lions.
Arms of Scotland. The same saint also figures in the
arms of the city of Brussels (see Plate CXVIIL); while
the family of Mitchell-Carruthees bears as a crest :
" St. Michael in armour, holding a spear in his dexter
hand, the face, neck, arms and legs bare, all proper, the
wings argent, and hair auburn."
St. Martin occurs in the arms of Dover (Fig. 241),
and he also figures, as has been already stated, on the
shield of the Bavarian family of Reider, whilst St. Paul
occurs as a charge in the arms of the Dutch family
of Von Pauli.
The arms of the See of Clogher are : " A Bishop in
pontifical robes seated on his chair of state, and leaning
towards the sinister, his left hand supporting a crosier,
his right pointing to the dexter chief, all or, the feet
upon a cushion gules, tasselled or."
A curious crest will be found belonging to the arms
of Stewart (Fig. 242), which is : "A king in his robes,
crowned." The arms of the Episcopal See of Ross afford
another instance of a bishop, together with St. Boniface.
The arms of the town of Queensferry, in Scotland,
show an instance of a queen. " A king in his robes, and
crowned," will be found in the arms of Dartmouth
[" Gules, the base barry wavy, argent and azure, thereon
the hulk of a ship, in the centre of which is a kmg robed
and crowned, and holding in his sinister hand a sceptre,
at each end of the ship a lion sejant guardant all or]."
Ill
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Allegorical figures, though numerous as supporters,
are comparatively rare as charges upon a shield ; but the
arms of the University of Melbourne show a representa-
tion of the figure of Victory, which also appears in other
coats of arms [" Azure, a figure intended to represent
Victory, robed and attired proper, the dexter hand
Fig. 242.— Armorial bearings of Charles Balfour Stewarb, M.A., B.C.
(Cantab), M.E. : Quarterly, i and 4 grand quarters, quarterly!, and
iiii., or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory and counter-
flory gules, debruised by a ribbon sable ; ii. and iii., azure, a ship
with her sails trussed up or (for Orkney), the whole within a bordure
compony argent and azure (for Stewart) ; 2 and 3 grand quarters,
argent, a chevron sable, charged with an otter's head erased of
the field (tor Balfour of Pharay). Mantling gules, doubled or.
Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a king enthroned, holding in
his dexter hand a sword, and in his sinister a falcon all proper.
Motto ; " Sic fuit est et erit."
extended holding a wreath of laurel or, between four
stars of eight points, two in pale and two in fess
argent."]
The figure of Truth will be found in the coats of
arms for various members of the family of Sandeman.*^
The bust of Queen Elizabeth was granted by that
Queen, as a special mark of her Eoyal favour, to Sir
Anthony Weldon, her Clerk of the Spicery.
Apollo is represented in the arms of the Apothe-
caries' Company : " Azure, Apollo, the inventor of physic,
proper, with his head radiant, holding in his left hand a
bow and in his right hand an arrow or, supplanting a
serpent argent." The figure of Justice appears in the
arms of Wiergman [or Wergman].
*> Armorial bearings of John Glas Sandeman, Esq., F.S.A. : Argent,
the emblem of Truth, a naked woman standing on a terrestrial globe,
issuing out of the base in her dexter hand an open book, in her
sinister, which is elevated above her head, a branch of palm, on her
breast the sun in his splendour all proper, and a veil across her middle
of the first, within a bordure engrailed gules, charged with three
fleurs-de-lis, and as many trefoils alternately also of the first. Mantling
gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest,
a rock proper ; and in an escroll over the same this motto, '* Stat
Veritas," and under the arms, " Olim craore nunc candore."
Neptune appears in the arms granted to Sir Isaac
Heard, Lancaster Herald, afterwards Garter King of
Arms, and is again to be found in the crest of the arms
of Monneypenny [" On a dolphin embowed, a bridled
Neptune astride, holding with his sinister hand a trident
over his shoulder "].
The figure of Temperance occurs in the crest of
Goodfellow (Fig. 243).
The head of St. John the Baptist in a charger figures
in the crest fPlate CXX.) of the Tallow Chandlers' Livery
Company and in the arms of Ayr, whilst the head of
St. Denis is the charge upon the arms of a family of
that name.
Angels, though very frequently met with as sup-
porters, are far from being usual, either as a charge
upon a shield or as a crest. The crest of Leslie (Fig.
244), however, is an angel.
The crest of Lord Kin tore is an angel praying [Arms :
"Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a falcon displayed argent,
charged on the breast with a man's heart gules, between
three mullets of the second (for Falconer) ; 2 and 3,
argent, on a chief gules, three pallets or (for Keith),
on an escutcheon gules, a sword in bend sinister, sur-
mounted by a sceptre in bend dexter ; in chief an im-
perial crown, the whole within an orle of eight thistles
or, as a coat of augmentation for preserving the regalia
of Scotland. Crest : an angel in a praying posture or,
within an orle of laurel proper. Supporters : two men
in complete armour, each holding a pike or spear in a
sentinel's posture proper. Motto : ' Qua3 amissa salva' "].
Cherubs are far more frequently to be met with.
Fig.
. 243. — Armorial bearings of General William West Goodfellow, C.B.:
Argent, a chevron gules, between two gabions in chief proper, and
in base on a mount vert an elephant sable, a chief embattled
azure, thereon on the dexter, pendent from a riband of the second,
a representation of the silver medal presented to Samuel Good-
fellow by the Honourable East India Company, in commemora-
tion of his services at the taking of Seringapatam ; and on the
sinister, pendent from a riband also of the second, a representa-
tion of the gold medal presented to the said Samuel Goodfellow by
the Grand Seignor, for his services in Egypt. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, a demi-female figure representing Temper-
ance, vested argent, mantle azure, in the dexter hand a palm-
branch, and in the sinister a bridle proper. Motto : " Temperance."
112
PLATE XXXIV.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
p U B i- 1 <^
(i) Lt.-Col. ROBERT MILDMAY, Clerk of Westholme, Co.
Somerset. „ „
(2) Rev. JOHN ARCHIBALD DUNBAR-DUNB.AR OF Se.\ Park,
Forres.
(3) Major E. UVEDALE PRICE.
5) T. -A C-^RLYON, Esq. OF Boscombe Park. Bournemouth.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
They are represented in various forms, and will be
found in the arms of Thackeray (Fig. 245), Haddocks
(Fig. 246), and in the crest of Carruth'ers (Fig. 139).
and examples will be found in the arms of Wood (Lord
Halifax), as shown upon Plate LXIL, and in the arms
of Oswald (Fig. 247).
The arms of Dalziell show an example — practically
unique in British heraldry — of a naked man, the
earliest entry (1685) of the arms of Dalziell of Binns
Fig. 244. — Armorial bearings of Robert Charles Leslie, Esq.: Quarterly,
I and 4, argent, on a bend azure, three buckles or (for Leslie) ; 2
and 3, argent, a lion rampant sable (for Abernethy). Upon the
escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree. Mantling azure
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, an angel affronte
proper. Motto : " Grip fast."
Fig. 246. — Armorial bearings of John Haddocks, Esq, : Argent, on a
pale indented azure, a flaming sword erect proper, pommel and hilt
or, on a chief arched sable, a cherub's head of the fourth between
two roses of the field. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, in front of a passion cross gules, a cherub's
head or, each wing charged with a rose also gules. Motto:
" Justice and gi-atitude."
(a cadet of the family) in the Lyon Register, having
them then blazoned: "Sable, a naked man with his
arms extended au naturel, on a canton argent, a sword
and pistol disposed in saltire proper."
This curious coat of arms has been the subject of
much speculation. The fact that in some early ex-
FlG. 245. — Armorial bearings of Rev. Arthur Thomas James Thackeray,
M.A. : Vert, two garbs or, in base an arrow argent, on a chief pur-
pure, a cherub's head proper, between the like number of estoiles
of the third. Mantling vert and or. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, an eagle, the wings elevated proper, charged on the breast
with a like cherub's head, and holding in the beak an arrow as in
the arras. Motto : " Nobilitas sola virtus."
The nude figure is perhaps the most usual form in
which the human being is made use of as a charge,
Fig. 247. — Armorial bearings of John Oswald, Esq. : Azure, ane savage
proper wreathed with bay leaves, and bearing in the sinister ane
batton erected on his shoulder vert, and in the dexter a cross-stail
pointing to a star placed in the dester chief or. Above the shield
ane helmet befitting his degree, with a mantle gules, doubled
argent ; with this motto, " Monstrant astra viam."
amples the body is swinging from a gibbet has led
some to suppose the arms to be an allusion to the fact,
or legend, that one of the family recovered the body of
Kenneth IIL, who had suffered death by hanging at
the hands of the Plots. But it seems more likely that
if the gibbet is found in any authoritative versions of
113
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the arms possibly the coat may owe its origin to a
similar reason to that which is said, and probably cor-
rectly, to account for the curious crest of the Daven-
port faudly (Fig. 127), viz.: "A man's head in profile
couped at the shoulders proper, about the neck a rope or,"
or as it is sometimes termed, " a felon's head proper, about
Fig. 24S. — Armorial bearings of Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, Bart. : Gules,
a man in armour shooting an arrow from a cross-bow proper ;
the escutcheon charged with his badge of Ul.ster as a Baronet.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest ; on a ducal coronet or, an anchor
erect, entwined with a cable proper. Motto: " Anchora salutis."
the neck a halter or." There is now in the possession
of the Capesthorne branch of the Davenport family a
Fig. 249. — Armorial bearings of Julian Marshall, Esq. : Barry of six
.'iable and argent, on a pale ermine, three horse-shoes palewise or.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, a
man affronte in armour proper, holding in his dexter hand a javelin
in bend or, and supporting with his sinister hand a flagstaff proper,
therefrom flowing to the sinister a banner sable, charged with
two horse-shoes fesswise also or. Motto : "Nee cit5 nee tardfe."
long and very ancient roll, containing the names of the
master robbers captured and beheaded in the times of
Koran, Roger, and Thomas de Davenport, and probably
the Davenport family held some office or Royal Com-
mission which empowered them to deal in a summary
way with the outlaws which infested the Peak country.
It is more than probable that the crest should be traced
to some such source as this.
As a crest the savage and demi-savage are constantly
met with.
Men in armour are sometimes met with. The arms
of O'Loghlen (Fig. 248) are an instance in point, as
are the crests of Marshall (Fig. 249), Morse (Fig. 140),
Bannerman (Plate XVIII.), and Seton of Mounie
(Fig. 250). _
Figures of all nationalities and m all costumes will
be found in the form of supporters, and are occa-
sionally met with as crests, but it is difficult to classify
them, and it must suffice to mention a few curious
examples. The human figure as a supporter is fully
dealt with in the chapter devoted to that subject.
The arms of Jedburgh have a mounted warrior, and
Fig. 250. — Armorial bearings of Alexander David Seton of Mounie :
Quarterly, i and 4, or, three crescents, and in the fess point a
man's heart distilling drops of blood, within a Royal double
tressure flowered and counterflowered of fieurs-de-lis gules (for
Seton) ; 2 and 3, argent, issuing out of a bar wavy sable, a demi-
otter of the last crowned with an antique crown or (for Meldrum).
Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and issuing from a wreath of the
liveries or and gules, is set for crest, a demi-man in armour, bear-
ing up in his dexter hand the Royal banner of Scotland, namely ;
gules, on a canton azure, a saltire argent bendwise, and displayed
all proper, scarf over dexter shoulder, plume and waistbelt argent ;
and in an escroU over the same this motto : '* Sustento sanguine
signo."
the same device occurs in the crest of the Duke of Fife
(Fig. 251), and in the arms of Lanigan-O'Keefe (Fig.
252).
The arms of Londonderry afford an instance of a
skeleton.
The emblematical figure of Fortune is a very favourite
charge in foreign heraldry, and the blazon of the crest
of Langer ■= will indicate the form in which it is usually
represented.
A family of the name of Rodd use the Colossus of
Rhodes as a crest : and the arms of Sir William Dunn,
^ Crest of Langer and others : Upon a globe or, winged sable, a
maiden balancing herself proper, the hair or, her eyes covered with a
bandage argent, the dexter arm embowed and extended grasping the
end of a veil sable, passing in an arch above her head and held
around the loins by her sinister hand. Motto: "Ora et labora."
114
PLATE XXXV.
^Jjipe&t;
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF EDWARD CHADDOCK LOWNDES, Esq. OF CASTLE COMBE, Chippenham.
PU BLI(~
THE ART OF HERALDRY
— fT.^ Z"'^^ K^® Pf '"", mention ["Azure, on a tween a thistle slipped proper on the dexter and a
SZ? <f "" ^'^'^ °^ ''''%^ P'°P'''' ^^^"'°'' '^'"^'^^ '"^ fleur-de-lis azure on the sinister. Crest: a cornu^pia
female fagure representmg Commerce, vested argent, fesswise, surmounted by a dexter hand couped proper
Sra.^ a « » S a S H =J.
a5-s£
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i « ><>
, JO-'
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C J;-
^o S-5 ax so =i-g--gg
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resting the dexter hand on a stock of an anchor, and in holding a key in bend sinister or. Motto : ' Vigilans
the sinister a oaduoeus, both or, on the chief of the last et audax ' "].
a tree eradicated, thereon hanging a hunting-horn be- The crest of Lord Vivian [" A demi-hussar of the
115
^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
1 8th Regiment, holding ia his right hand a sabre, and
Fig. 252. — Armorial bearings of Stephen Martin Lanigan-O'Keefe,
Esq. : Quarterly, i. azure, a lion rampant argent ; 2. gules, a
knight in armour on horseback at full speed proper, the horse
argent ; 3. or, a peacock in his pride proper ; 4. vert, three lizards
in pale or. Mantling azure and argent ; and for his crest, upon
an antique crown a gryphon segreant or, holding in the dester
claw a sword erect argent, pommelled gold. Motto : " Forti et
fideli nihil difficile."
Fig. 253. — Armorial bearings of Robert Mure M'Kerrell, Esq. : Azure,
on a fess or, three lozenges gnles, within a bordure engrailed ar-
gent. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his
liveries is set for crest, a Roman soldier on his march, with standard
and utensils all proj^er; and upon an escroll above the same this
motto, " Dulcis pro patria labor."
in his left a pennon flying to the sinister gules, and
inscribed in gold letters, ' Croix d'Orade,' issuant from
a bridge of one arch, embattled, and at each end a
tower"], and Maogregor ["two brass guns in saltire
in front of a demi-Highlander armed with his broad-
sword, pistols, and with a target, thereon the family
arms of Maogregor," viz. : " Argent : a sword in bend
dexter azure, and an oak-tree eradicated in bend
sinister proper, in the dexter chief an antique crown
gules, and upon an escroll surmounting the crest the
motto, ' E'en do and spare not ' "] are typical of many
crests of augmentation granted in the early part of the
nineteenth century.
The crest of the Devonshire family of Arscot ["A
demi-man affronte in a Turkish habit, brandishing in his
dexter hand a scimitar, and his sinister hand resting on
a tiger's head issuing from the wreath "] is curious, as is
the crest granted by Sir William Le Neve in 1642 to
Sir Robert Minshull, viz. : " A Turk kneeling on one
knee, habited gules, legs and arms in mail proper, at
the side a soymitar sable, hilted or, on the head a turban
Fig. 254. — Armorial bearings of William John Home Mylne, Esq., M.A.,
F.R.S. : Or, a cross, moline azure, quartered-pierced of the iield,
between three mullets of the second within a bordure gules for
difference. Mantling azure, doubled or; and on a wreath of his
liveries is set for crest, a Pallas's head coupcd at the shoulders
proper, vested about the neck vert, on the head a helmet azure,
beaver turned up, and on the top a plumaish gules ; and in an
escroll over this motto, " Tam arte quam marte."
with a crescent and feather argent, holding in the dexter
hand a crescent of the last."
The crests of M'Kerrel (Fig. 253) and Mylne (Fig.
254) are rather uncommon, as are also those of Pil-
kington [" a mower with his scythe in front habited
as follows : a high-crowned hat with flap, the crown
party per pale, flap the same, counterchang'ed ; coat
buttoned to the middle, with his scythe in bend proper,
habited through quarterly and counterchanged argent
and gules"], and De Trafford (Fig. 255).
The crest of Clerk of Pennycuick ^ (Plate XXXIV.)
refers to the curious tenure by which the Pennycuick
estate is supposed to be held, namely, that whenever the
sovereign sets foot thereupon, the proprietor must blow a
ti Armorial bearings of Robert Mildmay Clerk, Esq., of Westholme :
Or. a fess chequy azure and argent, between two crescents in chief
gules and in base a boar's head couped sable, all within a bordure in-
vected of the second, charged with three cross crosslets fitchee of the
first. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a
demi-hnntsman winding a horn all proper. Mottoes (over the crest) :
" Free for a blast ; " (under the arms), " Amat victoria curam."
116
PLATE XXXVI.
" U e u 1 o
(i) DAUBENEY OF Cote.
(2) HENRY WILLIAM DAUGLISH, Esq.
I3) Rt. Hon. viscount DILLON.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
I 14) WILLIAM HiCMRY CLELAND. ESQ. OF Rook's Nest, Banste.iu.
"Surrey.
I (5) BENI-AMIN PICKERING, Esq. of Bellefield, Sutton, Hull.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
J^iG- 255.— Armorial bearings of Sir Humphrey Francis de Trafford,
Bart. : Quarterly of twenty, i. argent, a griffin segreant gules (for
Trafford) ; 2. argent, two bears, and in chief two mullets pierced
azure (for Venables) ; 3. argent, on a bend azure, three garbs proper
(for Tritten) ; 4, quarterly, gules and or, in the first quarter a lion
passant argent (for Massey) ; 5. paly of six argent and gales, a
chief vaire (for "Whitney) ; 6. argent, on a bend gules, three escar-
buncles sable (for Thornton) ; 7. vert, a cross engrailed ermine {for
Kingsley) ; S. or, a saltire sable (for Hellesby) ; 9. azure, a chevron
argent, between three garbs proper (for Hatton) ; 10. bendy barry
gules and argent (for Crispen); 11. argent, a chevron gules, be-
tween three chaplets (for Ashton) ; 12. argent, three bars sable (for
Legh) ; 13. gnles, two hons passant guardant in pale argent (for
De la Mere) ; 14. argent, on a chevron quarterly gules and sable,
between three birds of the second as many bezants (for Kitchen) ;
15. argent, three garbs proper, banded or (for Aughton) ; 16. argent,
a fess sable, in chief three torteaux (for Mason) ; 17. argent on a child
proper, wrapped in swaddling clothes gules, and banded or, an eagle
sable (for Culcheth) ; 18. argent, a grilBn segreant azure (for Culchetb) ;
19. argent, a griffin segreant sable, ducally crowued or (for Kisseley) ;
20. azure, a hind trippant argent (for Hludley), and impaling the arms
of Franklin, namely : azure, on a bend invected between two martlets
or, a dolphin naiant between two lions' heads erased of the field.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a
thrasher proper, his hat and coat per pale argent and gnles, his breeches
and stockings of the third and second, holding in both hands a flail
or, uplifted over a garb on the dexter side ; and over the crest upon an
escroll the motto, " Now thus," and below the arms the motto, " Gripe
griffin " ('* hold fast ").
117
THE ART OF HERALDRY
horn from a certain rooky point. The motto, " Free tor
a blast," has reference to the same.
The arms of the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh
afford the only instance of what is presumably a corpse,
the blazon being: "Azure, a man (human body) fess-
wise between a dexter hand having an eye on the palm
issuing out of a cloud downward and a castle situate on
a rock proper, within a bordure or charged with several
instruments peculiar to the art (sic) ; on a canton of
the first a saltire argent surmounted of a thistle vert,
cro^vned of the third."
When we come to parts of the human body instances
of heads, arms, and legs are legion.
There are certain well-known heraldic heads, and
though many instances occur where the blazon is
simply a "man's head," it will be most frequently
found that it is more specifically described.
Sloane Evans in his '• Grammar of Heraldry " specifies
eight different varieties, namely: i. The wild man's;
2. The Moor's; 3. The Saracen's; 4. The Saxon's; 5.
The Enghshman's : 6. The old man's ; 7. The woman's ;
8. The child's.
The wUd man's or savage's head is usually repre-
sented with a wreath of leaves about the temples, but
not necessarily so.
The head of the Moor, or " blackamoor," as it is more
usually described, is almost always in profile, and nearly
always adorned with a twisted wreath (torse) about the
temples.
The head of the Saracen is also usually found with
wreaths about the temples.
The head of the Saxon is borne by several Welsh
families, and is supposed to be known by the absence of
a beard.
The Englishman's head, which is borne by the Welsh
family of Lloyd of Plymog, has no very distinctive
features, except that whUst the hair and beard of the
savage are generally represented brown, they are black
in the case of the Moor and Saracen, and fair for the
Saxon and Englishman.
The old man's head, which, hke that of the Saxon
and Englishman, is seldom met with, is bald and grey
haired and bearded.
But for all practical purposes these varieties may be
all disregarded except the savage's, the blackamoor's,
and the Saracen's. Examples of the savage's head will
be found in the arms of Eddington of Balbartan [" Azure,
three savages' heads oouped argent "], in the arms of
Gladstone (Plate XXXIL), and in the canting coat of
Rochead of Whitsonhill [" Argent, a savage's head erased,
distUling drops of blood proper, between three combs
azure"]. Moir of Otterburn bears the Moors' heads
[" Argent, three negroes' heads couped proper within a
bordure counter-indented sable and or"], and Moir of
Stonniwood matriculated a somewhat similar coat in
which the heads are termed Mauritanian ["Argent, three
Mauritanian negroes' heads couped and distilling guttes-
de-sang "]. The crest of Broiin-Morison = (Plate'XVIII.)
is curious. Alderson of Homerton, Middlesex, bears
Saracens' heads ["Argent, three Saracens' heads affronte,
couped at the shoulders proper, wreathed about the
temples of the first and sable "].
The woman's head in heraldry is always represented
o Armorial bearings of John Eroiin Broiin-Morison, Esq., J.P., D.L..
F.S.A. ; Quarteriy, I and 4, argent, a fess sable between three Moors'
heads couped proper, banded or (for Morison) ; 2 and 3, gules, a
chevron between three iieurs-de-lis argent (for Broiin). Mantling gules,
doubled argent. Crests ; on the dexter side, on a wreath of the
liveries, three Moors' heads conjoined in one neck proper, banded or,
one looking upwards, the others to the dexter and sinister {for Morison) ;
and on the sinister side, on a wreath of the liveries, a Hon rampant
proper, holding in the dexter fore-paw a fleur-de-lis argent (for Broiin) ;
and in escrolls above the crests these mottoes, " Prudentia prajstat,"
and " Floreat majestas."
young and beautiful (that is, if the artist is capable of
so drawing it), and it is almost invariably found with
golden hair. The colour, however, should be blazoned,
the term "crined" being used. Five maidens' heads
appear upon the arms of the town of Reading and
the crest of Thornhill shows the same figure. The
arms of the Mercers' Livery Company [" Gules, a demi-
virgin couped below the shoulders, issuing from clouds
all proper, vested or, crowned with an Eastern crown of
the last, her hair dishevelled, and wreathed round the
temples with roses of the second, all within an orle of
clouds proper "] (see Plate CXXI.) and of the Master of
the Revels in Scotland [" Argent, a lady rising out of a
cloud in the nombril point, richly apparelled, on her
head a garland of ivy, holding in her right hand a
poinziard croivned, in her left a vizard all proper,
standing under a veil or canopy azure, garnished or, in
base a thistle vert "] are worthy of quotation.
The boy's head wUl seldom be found except in Welsh
coats, of which the arms of Vaughan and Price' (Plate
XV.) are examples.
Another case in which the heads of children appear
are the arms of Fauntleroy [" Gules, three infants' heads
couped at the shoulders proper, crined or"], which are
a very telling instance of a canting device upon the
original form of the name, which was " Enfantleroy."
Children, it may be here noted, are seldom met
with in armory, but instances will be found in the
arms of Davies, of Marsh, county Salop ["Sable, a
goat argent, attired or, standing on a child proper
swaddled gules, and feeding on a tree vert"], of the
Foundling Hospital ["Per fesse azure and vert, in
chief a crescent argent, between two mullets of six
points or, in base an infant exposed, stretching out its
arms for help proper"], and in the familiar "bu-d and
bantling" crest of Stanley, Earls of Derby. Arms and
hands are constantly met with, and have certain terms
of their own. A hand should be stated to be either
dexter or sinister, and is usually blazoned and always
understood to be couped at the wrist. If the hand is
open and the palm visible it is "apaume," but this being
by far the most usual position in which the hand is met
with, unless represented to be holding anything, the
term "apaume" is not often used in blazon, that position
being presumed unless anything contrary is stated.
The arms of Bate (Fig. 100) and Maynard (Fig. 256)
are instances.
The hand is occasionally represented " clenched," as
in the arms and crest of Fraser-Maokintosh (Fig. 257).
When the thumb and first two fingers are raised, they
are said to be " raised in benediction."
The cubit arm should be carefully distinguished from
the arm couped at the elbow. "The former includes
only about two-thirds of the entire arm from the elbow.
The arm " couped at the elbow " is not so frequently
met with.
When the whole arm from the shoulder is used, it is
always bent at the elbow, and this is signified bj' the
term " embowed " and an " arm embowed " necessarily
includes the whole arm. Fig. 1 16 shows the usual posi-
tion of an arm embowed, but it is sometimes placed
upon the point of the elbow, and also, but stOl more
infrequently, on the upper arm. Either of the latter
positions must be specified in the blazon. An example
of the last mentioned occurs in the crest of Pretor-
' Armorial bearings of Howel John James Price, Esq. : Party per
fess sable and or, a pale counterchanged, three boys' heads affronte,
couped at the shoulders two and one proper, and as many serpents
nowed one and two vert. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of a boys' head affronte, couped at the shoulders proper, two
serpents saUirewise, heads upward vert, and a spear-head fessewise ;
with the motto, "Innocente-? sicut pueri sagaces sicut serpentes."
lis
THE ART OF HEEALDRY
Pinney (Fig, 35S). The crest of Longstaflfs (Plate XIV.)
shows two arms " counter-embowed."
n^^' — -^"^^"^ bearings of Edmund Anthony Jefferson Mavnard:
Quarterly, i and 4, argent, on a chevron vert, between three sinister
hands couped at the wrist gules, five ermine spots or (for Maynard) ;
2 and 3. barry of sis erminois and gales, on a chief azure three
Catherine-wheels or (for Las). Crest : upon a wreath of the
colours, a stag trippant or, gorged with a collar invected argent
fimbriated sable. Motto : " Manns justa nardus.
Fig. 257. — Armorial bearings of Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, Esq. :
Quarterly, i and 4, per pale or and argent, a lion rampant between
three dester hands fesswise, conped at the wrist and clenched
gales (for Mackintosh) ; 2 and 3, per chevron argent and azure,
three escutcheons, each charged with a cinqaefoil all counter-
changed (for Eraser). Mantling gules and or. Crests : i. upon a
wreath of the colours, a cat proper, collared gules, resting the
dexter paw upon an escutcheon or. charged with a dester hand as
in the arms (for Mackintosh); 2. upon a wreath of the colours, a
stag's head erased argent, attired and collared gules, in the mouth
a sprig of fern proper, and pendent from the collar an escutcheon
azure, charged with a cinquefoil argent (for Eraser). Motto :
'' Onwards."
B Armorial bearings of Lieutenant- Colonel Llewellyn Wood Long-
staff, of Ridgelands, Wimbledon : Quarterly, argent and sable, on a
bend indented gules, between two pheons of the first a qnarterstaff or ;
and for a crest, upon a wreath of the colours, two arms embowed,
vested sable, seme-de-lis, and cuffed argent, the hands proper, grasping
a quarterstaff fesswise or ; with the motto, " Vigilate."
When the arm is bare it is termed " proper," When
Fig. 25S. — Armorial bearings of Frederick Wake Pretor-Pinney, Esq. :
Quarterly, i and 4, gules, three crescents or, issuing from each a
cross crosslet fitchee argent (for Pinney); 2 and 3, or, an eagle
displayed with two heads vert, beaked and membered gules,
standing on a fasces proper, and holding in each beak a trefoil
slipped of the second, and impaling the arms of Smith, namely : or,
a chevron cottised between three demi-griffins, the two in chief
respecting each other sable. Mantling gules and or. Crests : i.
upon a wreath of the colours, an arm in armour embowed, the part
above the elbow in fess proper, the hand holding a cross crosslet
fitchee argent (for Pinney) ; 2. upon a wreath of the colours, a
demi-eagle couped or, wings endorsed sable, seme of trefoils
slipped of the first, and holding in the beak a trefoil slipped vert
(for Pretor). Motto: " Amor patriie."
Fig 259. — Armorial bearings of Briane Barttelot Barttelot, Esq. :
Quarterly of 8, i. sable, three sinister gloves pendent argent,
tasselled or (for Barttelot) ; 2. quarterly per fesse indented argent
and gules, four crescents counterchanged (for Stopham); 3. azure,
three cbevronels argent, in the sinister chief a martlet for differ-
ence (for Lewknor) ; 4. gules, three bucks' heads caboshed argent
(for Doyley) ; 5. azure, two bars gemel, in chief a lion passant
guardant or (for Tregoz); 6. or, on a chief gules, three bezants
(for Camoys) ; 7. argent, three hawks' heads erased sable (for
Walton) ; S. argent, an eagle with two heads displayed sable (for
Sykeston) ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours,, a swan
conchant with wings endorsed argent ; and the motto, " Matura."
119
THE ART OF HERALDRY
clothed it is termed either " vested " or " habited."
The cuff is very frequently of a different colour, and the
crest is then also termed " cuffed." The hand is nearly
always bare, but if not represented of iJesh colour it
will be presumed and termed to be " gloved " of such
and such a tincture. When it is represented in armour
it is termed " in armour " or " vambraced." Even when
in armour the hand is usually bare, but if in a gauntlet
this must be specifically so stated.
The armour is always represented as rivetted pltite
armour unless it is specifically stated to be chain armour,
as in the crest of Bathurst (see Plate LXII.), or scale
armour.
The armour is sometimes decorated with gold, when
the usual term employed will be ■' garnished or," though
occasionally the word " purfled " is used.
Gloves are occasionally met with as charges, e.g. in
the arms of Barttelot (Fig. 259).
Gauntlets will be found in the arms of Wayne '' (Plate
XX.).
Legs are not so frequently met with as arms. They
will be found in the arms of Gillman (Fig. 195), Bower
(Fig. 260), Legg (Fig. 143), and as the crest of
Eyre.
Boots will be found in the crest of Hussey (Fig. 261).
Bones occur in the arms of Scott- Gatty (Fig. 262),
and Baines (Fig. 263).
A skull occurs in the crest of Grfeme [" Two arms
issuing from a cloud erected and lighting up a man's
skull encircled with two branches of palm, over the
head a marquess's coronet, all proper"].
breast distilling drops of milk proper. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog azure, collared,
maned, and tinned or"]. .
An eye occurs in the crest of Blount of Maple-Durham
Fig. 260. — Armorial bearings of Edmund Tliomas Chivers Bower, Esq. :
Azure, a human leg couped at the thigh and pierced beudwise by
a broken tilting-spear or, a chief argent, thereon between two
castles sable a pale of the first charged with a rose of the second,
impaling the arms of TroUope, namely : vert, three stags courant
within a bordure argent. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, on a mount vert a quiver azure, garnished
or, and filled with arrows proper in saltire, with a bow unstrung
also proper. Motto : " Veritas pnevalebit."
A woman's breast occurs in the arms of Dodge
[" Barry of six or and sable, on a pale gules, a woman's
[" On a wreath of the colours, the sun in splendour
1 Armorial bearings of Rev. William Henry Wayne : Gules, a chevron charged in the centre with an eye all proper "].
ermine, between three dexter gauntlets or. Mantling_ gules and rpj^^ man-lion, the merman, mermaid, melusine, satyr.
Fig. 261. — Arms of Thomas Hussey, Esq. : Quarterly of twenty-five,
namely, i. barry of sis ermine and gules, on a canton of the
second a cross patonce argent {for Hussey) ; 2. azure, a pale
lozengy or, between two Haunches of the last (for Daniel) ; 3.
azure, an eagle displayed argent {for Cotton, otherwise Redware) ;
4. argent, a bend sable between three pellets (for Cotton, ancient) ;
5. azure, an eagle displayed argent ; 6. sable, three swords, two
and one palewise proper, pommels and hilts or (for Waldechef);
7. or, sis eagles displayed sable, a canton ermine {for Basing);
8. argent, three falcons gules, belled or (for Falconer) ; 9. sable,
three owls or (for Thurcaston) ; 10. azure, two bars argent (for
Ven^bles); 11. or, a fesse azure (for Vernon); 12. sable, a fesse
dancette between three mullets argent (for Wesenham) ; 13.
azure, a saltire and chief or {for Bruce of Connington) ; 14. or, a
saltire and chief gules (for Bruce of Annandale) ; 15. or, three
piles in point issuing from the chief gules {for David, Earl of
Huntingdon) ; 16. or, a lion rampant within a double tressure
flory and counterflory gules (for Scotland) ; 17. azure, a cross flory
between four martlets or {for the Saxon kings of England) ; 18.
azure, a lion rampant argent, a chief gules (for Waltheof, Earl of
Northumberland); 19. gules, a saltire argent (for Aldred, Earl of
Northumberland) ; 20. azure, six garbs, three, two and one or (for
Kevelioc, Earl of Chester); 21. gules, a lion rampant argent
(for Gernons, Earl of Chester) ; 22. or, a lion rampant gules (for
Meschines, Earl of Chester) ; 23. azure, a wolf's head erased argent
{for Lupus, Earl of Chester) ; 24. sable, a double-headed eagle
displayed or (for Algar, Earl of Leicester) ; 25. or, a chevron be-
tween three leopards' faces gules (for Harvey). Upon the escut-
cheon is placed a Iielraet befitting his degree, with a mantling
gules and argent; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours,
a boot sable, spurred or, turned over ermine, surmounted by a
heart proper, supported by two arms embowed in armour, the
hands gauntleted also proper ; with the motto : " Cor immobyle."
argent. Crest; on a wreath of tlie colours, a pelican feeding her
young or, collared gules, on the body an ermine spot, nest azure,
satyral, harpy, sphinx, centaur, saggitarius, and weir-
120
PLATE XXXVII.
PUBLIC
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF-
(i) E R. FISHER-ROWE, Esq. of Thoencombe. Nk. Guildford.
(2) ALEXANDER JOHN FORBES-LEITH, Esq. of Fvvie Castle.
.Aberdeen'.
(3) Sir J0N.\THAN E. B.ACKHOUSE, Bart.
(4) Capt. JOHN GEORGE EDMUND TEiMPLER OF LlNDRlDGE,
Teign.mol-ih, Co. Devon.
(5) CLIFFORD JOHN CORY, ESQ. OF Llantarnam Abbev,
Monmouthshire.
^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
wolf are included in the chapter upon mythical
animals.
Fig. 262.— Arms of Alfred Scott Scott-Gatty, Esq., York Heiald :
Quarterly, i and 4, per fess sable and azure, in chief a demi-cat
issuant gaardant argent, and in base a shin-bone in bend sur-
mounted by another in bend sinister, between four fleurs-de-lis
or (for Gatty) ; 2 and 3, argent, guttd-de-poix, on a bend cottised
azure, a mullet of sis points pierced between two crescents of the
first (for Scott) ; the escutcheon being encircled by his collar of
SS) ; and impaling the arms of Foster, namely : ermine, a bugle-
horn vert., garnished and stringed or, on a chief arched gules two
roses argent. Mantling sable and argent; and for his crests, i.
upon a wreath of the colours, a fern-brake, rising therefrom a cock
pheasant all proper (for Gatty) ; 2. upon a wreath of the colours,
on a mount vert, a stag trippant proper, gorged with a collar
gemelle ai^ent, and supporting with the sinister foreleg a trident
in bend sinister or (for Scott) ; with the motto, " Gate at caute."
Fig. 263. — Armorial bearings of Rev. Montague Charles Alexander
Eaines, M-A.: Quarterly, i. sable, a thigh-bone in pale surmounted
by another in fess argent, between two crosses pat^e in bend or
(for Baines) ; 2, argent, a bend sable, on a chief of the last three
cushions of the first (for Johnson) ; 3. argent, a fess sable, a demi-
lion rampant issuant gules, in base three mullets of six points
azure (for Oeils); 4. argent, on a fess gules, a cross patee between
two cross crosslets fitchee or (for Guthbert). Mantling sable and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a dexter arm embowed,
vested azure, cuff argent, the hand grasping a jaw-bone proper, on
the arm a cross pat^e or. Motto : " Furor arma ministrat."
CHAPTER XV
THE HERALDIC LION
HERAIjDIC art without the lion would not
amount to very much, for no figure plays
such an important or such an extensive
part in armory as the lion, in one or other of its
many positions. These nowadays manifold positions
are the results of modern differentiations, arising
from the necessity of a larger number of varying
coats of arms ; but there can be little doubt that in
early times the majority of these positions did not exist,
having been gradually evolved, and that originally the
heraldic animal was just " a lion." The shape of the
shield was largely a governing factor in the manner
in which we find it depicted ; the old artists, with a
keener artistic sense than is evidenced in so many
later examples of heraldic design, endeavoured to fill
up as large a proportion of the space available as was
possible, and consequently when only one lion was to
be depicted upon the shield they very naturally drew
the animal in an upright position, this being the one
most convenient and adaptable for their purpose. Pro-
bably their knowledge of natural history was very
limited, and this upright position would seem to them
the most natural, and probably was the only one they
knew ; at any rate, at first it is almost the only position
to be found. A curious commentary upon this may
be deduced from the head-covering of Geoffrey of Anjou
(Fig. 41), which shows a lion. This lion is identically
of the form and shape of the lions rampant upon the
shield, but from the nature of the space it occupies,
is what would now be termed statant ; but there is at
the same time no such alteration in the relative position
of the limbs as would now be required. This would
seem to indicate very clearly that there was but the one
stereotyped pattern of a lion, which answered all their
purposes, and that they applied that one pattern to the
spaces they desired to decorate.
Early heraldry, however, when the various positions
came into recognised use, soon sought to impose this
definite distinction, that the lion coiud only be depicted
erect in the rarapant position, and that an animal re-
presented to be walking must therefore be a leopard from
the very position which it occupied. This, however,
was a distinction known only to the more pedantic
heralds, and found greatest favour amongst the French ;
but we find in Glover's Roll, which is a copy of a roll
originally drawn up about the year 1250, that whilst he
gives lions to six of the English earls, he commences
with "le Roy d'Angleterre porte, Goules, trois lupards
d'or." On the other hand, the monkish chronicler John
of Harmoustier in Touraine (a contemporary writer)
relates that when Henry I. chose Geoffrey, son of Foulk,
Earl of Anjou, Tourain, and Main, to be his son-in-law,
by marrying him to his only daughter and heir, Maud
the Empress, and made him knight, after the bathing
and other solemnities (pedes ejus solutaribus in super-
ficie Leonculos aureos habentibus muniuntur), boots
embroidered with golden lions were drawn on his legs,
and also that (Clypeus Leonculos aureos imaginarios
habens collo ejus suspenditur) a shield with lions of
gold therein was hung about his neck.
It is, therefore, evident that the refinement of dis-
tinction between a lion and a leopard was not of the
beginning ; it is a later addition to the earlier simple
term of lion. This distinction having been invented
by French heralds, and we, taking so much of our
heraldry, our language, and our customs from France,
adopted, and to a certain extent used, this description
121
Q
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of lions passant as " leopards." There can be no doubt,
however, that the lions passant guardant upon the
English shield "have always been represented as lions,
Fig. 264. — Shield, helmet, and crest of Edward the Black Prince,
suspended over his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.
no matter what they may have been called, and the
use of the term leopard in heraldry to signify a cer-
tain position for the lion never received any extensive
sanction, and has long since become obsolete in British
armory. In French blazon, however, the old distinction
is still observed. The French lion is our lion rampant,
the French leopard is our lion passant guardant, whilst
they term our lion passant a Uopard-lionni, and our
lion rampant guardant is their Uon-Uoimrdi.
A lion rampant and any other beast of prey is usually
represented in heraldry with the tongue and claws of a
different colour from the animal. If it is not itself gules,
its tongue and claws are usually represented as of that
colour, unless the lion be on a held of gules. They are
then represented azure, the term being "armed and
langued " of such and such a colour. It is not necessary
to mention that a lion is "armed and langued" in the
blazon when they are emblazoned in gules, but when-
ever any other colour is introduced for the purpose
it is better that it should be specified. Outside British
heraldry a lion is always supposed to be rampant unless
otherwise specifically described. The earliest appear-
ance of the lions in the arms of any member of the Royal
Family in England would appear to be the seal of King
John when he was Prince and before he ascended the
throne. This seal shows his arms to be two lions
passant. The English Royal crest, which originated
with Richard I., is now always depicted as a lion statant
guardant. There can be no doubt, however, that this
guardant attitude is a subsequent derivation from the
position of the lions on the shield, when heraldry was
ceasing to be actual and becoming solely pictorial. We
find in the case of the crest of Edward the Black Prince,
now suspended over his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral,
that the lion upon the chapeau looks straight forward
over the front of the helm (see Fig. 264).
Another ancient rule belonging to the same period
as the controversy between leopards and lions was that
there cannot be more than one lion upon a shield, and
this was one of the great arguments used to determine
that the charges on the Royal Arms of England must be
leopards and not lions. It was admitted as a rule of
British armory to a limited extent, viz. that when two
or more lions rampant appear upon the same shield,
unless they are combatant, they were always formerly
described as lioncels. Thus the arms of Bohun are :
" Azure, a bend argent, cottised between six lioncels ram-
pant or " (Fig. 265). British heraldry has, however, long
since disregarded any such rule (if any definite rule ever
really existed upon the point), though curiously enough
in the recent grant of arms to the town of Warrington
(Fig. 51) the animals are there blazoned six "lioncels."
The artistic evolution of the lion rampant can be
readily traced in the examples and explanations which
follow, but, as will be understood, the employment in
the case of some of these models cannot strictly be said
to be confined within a certain number of years, though
the details and periods given are roughly accurate, and
sufficiently so to typify the changes which have occurred.
Until perhaps the second half of the thirteenth century
the body of the lion appears straight upright {" zim
Grimmen geschicM [set into a fury] rampant "), so that
the head, the trunk, and the left hind-paw fall into the
angle of the shield. The left fore-paw is horizontal, the
right fore- and the right hind-paw are placed diagonally
(or obliciuely) upwards (Fig. 266). The paws each end
Ln three Knobs, similar to a clover leaf, out of which the
claws come forth. The fourth or inferior toes appeared
in heraldry somewhat later. The jaws are closed or
only very slightly opened, without the tongue being
visible. The tail is thickened in the middle with a bunch
of longer hair and is turned down towards the body.
In the course of the period lasting from the second
half of the thirteenth to the second half of the four-
teenth centuries, the right hind-paw sinks lower until
it forms a right angle with the left. The mouth grows
pointed, and in the second haK of the period the tongue
becomes visible. The tail also shows a knot near its
root (Fig. 267).
In examples taken from the second half of the four-
teenth century and the fifteenth century the lion's body
is no longer placed like a pillar, but lays its head back
122
THE ART OF HERALDRY
to the left so that the right fore-paw falls into an
oblique upward line with the trunk. The toes are
lengthened, appearing almost as fingers, and spread out
from one another; the tail, adorned with flame-like
bunches of hair, strikes outwards and loses the before-
mentioned knot, which only remams visible in a forked
Fig. 265. — Arms of Humphrey de Eohun, Earl of Hereford {d. 1275) :
Azare, a bend ai^ent, cottised or, between six lioncels oi "the last.
(From MS. Reg. 14, C. vii.)
tail {qiLeue-fourche). The jaws grow deep and are
widely opened, and the breast rises and expands under
the lower jaw (Fig. 268).
The actual evolution may perhaps be more readily
grasped from the instances collected on Plate XL. by
Herr Strohl, which to the heraldic artist are distinctly
instructive.
The notes relating to the figures upon Plate XL., it
Fig. 267.
Fig. 268.
should be remarked, are not given here in the order in
which they occur on the plate, but are arranged chrono-
logically.
Fig. I (Plate XL.). Shield from the convent of Seedorf
in the canton of Uri, from the first half of the thirteenth
century. The shield shows : Azure, a Hon rampant
argent. The lion is so modelled that it is partially
raised from the chalk background. In the base of the
Fig. 269. — Arms of Ulrlch der Schenke von Hauspach.
shield appears a silver rectangle. The shield is one
centimetre thick and made of firwood, is covered in
front with parchment and at the back with leather.
The nails visible in front served for the attaching of the
shield-chain and arm-frames. Seedorf, originally a
monastery, was founded in 1 1 84 by Arnold v. Briens,
and it is always possible that this shield belonged to
some member of this family.
Fig. 2 (Plate XL.). Lion from the seal of "Karvlvs
De. Gvtrat" in the year 1231.
Fig. 9 (Plate XL.). Lion from the seal of Heinrich
von Silberberg (Karnten), 1249. The legend runs:
" Sigillvm Heinrici De Sdberberch." The arms are
probably : Gules, a lion rampant or, surmounting a
bend argent.
Fig. 10 (Plate XL.). Lion from the shield of "Tan-
credi De Rosciano."
Fig. 3 (Plate XL.). Lion from the seal of a Schenk
von Hausbach (Lower Austria), of the year 1250. The
seal legend runs : " S. Heinrici De Havspach Pincerne."
The arms are : Argent, a lion rampant sable, crowned
gules. The Vienna Minoriten Necrologium (Index or
Register of the patrons of the order buried in the
Monastery of the Minoriten), drawn up at the turn of
the fourteenth century, also contains, amongst many
other coats of arms, that of a Schenken von Hausbach
(Fig. 269), with an exquisitely conventionalised lion.
Fig. 4 (Plate XL). Lion from the seal of Ezelinus
von Egna (Enn, near Neumarkt, in S. Tyrol), on a
document dated May 28, 1276. The seal legend runs:
" Sigillvm Ecerini De Egna," and the arms are : Azure,
a lion rampant argent, armed or. The gravestone of
WUhelmus de Enna, died 133 5, is of great heraldic
B'iG. 270, — Arms of Strange and Talbot. (From a design
for a banner. )
interest, inasmuch as there are on the shield two paU-
helmet rests facing one another. It is probably the
oldest example of such a position.
Fig. 12 (Plate XL.). Arms of the kingdom of
Bohemia, from the monument of Przemisl Ottokar I.
in St Veit's Cathedral at Prague, fourteenth century.
The lion is there represented in low relief, and is
crowned. The lion rampant argent crowned or on a
field gules has been the territorial arms of Bohemia
since the second half of the thirteenth century.
Fig. 6 (Plate XL.). Armorial shield of "Lewppolt
von Ekchartsaw " (beginning of fifteenth century). The
arms are : Sable, a lion rampant argent, crowned and
chained, the chain hanging down the back or. The
shield is taken from the Sti Christophori Bruder-
■schaftsbuche von Arlberg (the " Book of the Brother-
hood of St. Christopher of Arlberg "). Further examples
of arms from this source will be found in the latter
part of the volume.
Fig. 7 (Plate XL). Armorial shield from Conrad
Griinenberg's Wappenhuch, 1483, the arms being there
ascribed to " Das Land von Rusen " (Reuss). The
narrow white border of the shield there shown has
here been omitted as superfluous. The arms on the
shield are : Sable, a lion rampant, armed and eyed
gules. This lion is magnificently drawn.
123
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 5 (Plate XL.). Armorial shield of Paulus Hector Fig. 13 (Plate XL.). Armorial shield of the Dukes ot
Mair (Augsburg, 1550) by an unknown artist. As a Swabia: Or, three lions passant guard ant in pale sable,
charge appears a lion brandishing a club (or Pusikan). The two last drawings are from Jost Amman's hand
Fig. 271.
Fig. 273. — Lion rampant.
(By Mr. G. Scmby.)
Fig. 274. — Lion passant guardant.
(By Mr. G. Scmby.)
Fig. 275. — Lion rampant.
(By Mr. G. Scraby.)
Fig. 276. — Lion i-ampant and lioii statant
guardant, by Mr. G. W. Eve. (From
*' Decorative Heraldry.")
Fig. 272.— Lions. (Drawn bv Mr. J. Forbes Ni.xou.) FiG. 277.— Lion statant, lion passant guardant,
and lion passant regardant, by Mr. G.
W.Eve. (From "Decorative Heraldry.")
Fig. 1 1 (Plate XL.). Armorial shield of the Counts and are taken from the Tournament Book of the
Palatine of the Rhine : Sable, a lion rampant, crowned Count Palatine's Herald George Rixner, surnamed
" Jerusalem," 1566.
124
gules.
PLATE XXXVIII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF-
<i] IA.MES BINNEY, Esq. of Pampisford Hall, Cambs. I (4) PHILIP LYTTELTON GELL. Esq. of Kirk Langlev, Co. Derkv.
(2) B.'\RTLETT. OF Liverpool. - (5) WILLIAM KID M.ACDON.\LD, Esq. of Windmill House.
(3) JOH.V WILLL\M-\IACFIE.Esq..ofDreghorn andColinton.N.B. I Arbroath.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Lions of peculiar virility and beauty appear upon a
fourteentli-century banner wbich shows the arms of the
family of Talbot, Earls of Shrewsbury : Gules, a lion
rampant within a bordure engrailed or, quartered with
the arms of Strange : Argent, two lions passant in pale
gules, armed and langued azure. Fig. 270 gives the
lower half of the banner which was published in colours
in the Catalogue of the Heraldic Exhibition in London,
1S94. Other examples from the series will be found on
Plates LXXXII. and LXXXIIL
Fig. 8 (Plate XL.) shows the arms of St. Gimignano,
in the province of Siena. The shield is : Per fess gules
and or, a lion rampant argent. This shield, with the con-
ventionalised lion of a genuinely Italian type, is taken
from the work on the arms of Tuscan towns, Le Amii
dei Municipj Toscani, Florence, 1864, by L. Passerini.
Fig. 27 1 is an Italian coat of arms of the fourteenth
century, and shows a Hon of almost exactly the same
design, except the paws are here rendered somewhat
passant crowned. A lion passant. A lion rampant
A lion rampant to the sinister. A lion passant guardant,
ducally gorged. A lion statant guardant, ducally
Fig. 27S. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Lazenby Liberty, Esq., of The
Lee Manor, Great ilissenden, Bucks ; Per fess azure and gules, a
tower between two fiears-de-lis in chief and a lion passant in
base, all or. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, in front of a tower gules, a lion passant, holding in the
dester forepaw a fleur-de-lis, both or. Motto : " Libertas." (Re-
produced from a painting br Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.)
more heraldioally. The painting (azure, a Uon rampant
argent) served as an ' Ex libris," and bears the inscrip-
tion " Libe accusacionum mey p. he . . ." (The remainder
has been cut away.) It is reproduced from Warnecke's
" German Bookplates," 1 890.
When we come to modern examples of Hons, it is
evident that the artists of the present day very largely
copy hons which are really the creations of, or adaptations
from, the work of their predecessors. The lions of Mr.
Forbes Nixon, as shown in Fig. 272, which were specially
drawn by him at my request as typical of his style,
are respectively as follows : —
A winged lion passant coward. A lion rampant
regardant. A lion rampant queue-fourche. A lion
Fig. 279. — AiTuorial bearings of Alexander Charles Richards Maitland,
Esq. : Or, a lion rampant gules, couped in all his joints of the
field, within a double tressure flory and counterflory azure, a bor-
dure engrailed ermine. Mantling gules and or. Crest : upon a
wreath of his liveries, a lion sejant erect and affronte gules, hold-
ing in his dexter paw a sword proper, bHted and pommelled gold,
and in his sinister a fleur-de-lis argent. Motto: "Consilio et
Fig. 2S0. — Armorial bearings of Capt. Michael James Hughes, of
Sherdley Hall ; Gules, two lions passant in pale, and in chief a
rose argent, in the dexter chief point a mullet for difference.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : out of a coronet or, a demi-
lion rampant argent, holding in the paws a rose gules, slipped
vert. Motto : " Heb Dduw heb ddim, Duw a digon."
125
THE ART OF HERALDRY
crowned. A lion rampant. A lion statant guardant.
A lion sejant guardant erect. The lions on the cover
of this volume, however, are far better examples of Mr.
Forbes Nixon's artistic powei'. Lions drawn by Mr.
Scruby will be found in ligs. 273, 274, and 275, which
are respectively : " Argent, a lion rampant sable,"
" Sable, a lion passant guardant argent," and " Sable, a
lion rampant argent." These again were specially drawn
by Mr. Scruby as typical of his style.
The lions of Mr. Eve would seem to be entirely
origiaal. Their singularly graceful form and propor-
tions are perhaps best shown by Figs. 276 and 277,
which are taken from his book " Decorative Heraldry."
His lions upon the Windsor Castle bookplates, which
will be figured later, are worthy of notice, as are the
lions ia the arms of Liberty (see Fig. 278).
The lions of Mr. Graham Johnston can be appreci-
ated from the examples of the arms of Eyton "■ (Plate
XXXIV.), Hervey'' (Plate XLV.), Maitland (Fig. 279),
and Hughes (Fig. 280).
Examples of lions drawn by Miss Helard will be
found in Figs. 281, 282, 283.
Some ot the earliest known English examples will be
found on Plates LXXI. and LXXIL, and those in
Prince Arthur's Book (Plates XGIX. and C), and
the extravagant creatures on Plates LXXXV. and
LXXXVI. may be taken as typical of their period.
Other examples which will be appreciated are given
in Figs. 2S4-291.
Some number of lions as supporters, from various
Fig. 2S1.— Bookplate of Eev. F. B. Dickinson. (Designed by
Miss C. Helard.)
Good examples of lions drawn after the old-fashioned
naturalistic type will be found on Plate XLIL These
are from " Knight and Rumley " and Fairbairn's " Book
of Crests." They are all represented as crests, and
are respectively: (i) Rampant regardant; (2) rampant
guardant ; (3) rampant ; (4) passant guardant ; (5)
statant tail extended ; (6) statant guardant ; (7) pas-
sant; (8) dormant; (9) couchant ; (10) sejant; (11) sejant
affronte erect ; and (12) sejant erect.
To revert to rather more ancient examples of lions,
it will be noticed that although closely following upon
the German lines which Herr Strtihl has traced, the
development in England has not been quite identical.
a Armorial bearings of Eyton. Arms ; ermine, a lion rampant gules.
Crest : a demi-lion rampant, holding between the paws a ducal coronet
all or. Motto ; " Fy nuw fy ngwlad a'i gwyrthiau."
^ Armorial bearings of Matthew Wilson Hei-vey, Esq., M.I.C.E. :
Parted per chevron yules and vert, a fess chequy argent and azure
between three trefoils slipped or, all within a bordure of the fourth.
Mantling gules, doubled or. Crest : upon a wreath of his liveries, a
demi-lion rampant gules, holding in his dexter paw a trefoil slipped
or. Motto: " Delectat et ornat."
Fig. 2S2.— a lion rampant. (By Miss Helard.)
sources and by different artists, will be found in
the chapter devoted to Supporters.
The various positions which modern heraldry
has evolved for the lions, together with the terms
of blazon used to describe these positions, are as
follows : —
Lion ranvpant. — The animal is here depicted in
profile, and erect, resting upon its sinister hind
paw (see Figs. 273 and 275). Amongst the many
families which bear the lion rampant may be
mentioned the family of Price (Barts.) who bear :
Gules, a lion rampant argent (see Plate XXXIV.).
Lion ranvpant guardant. — In this case the head
Fig. 283. — A lion rampant. (By Miss Helard.)
of the lion is turned to face the spectator (Plate XLII.
Fig. 2).
Lion ramjiant regardant. — In this case the head is
turned completely round, looking backwards (Plate
XLII. Fig. I).
Lion rampant double-queued. — In this case the lion
is represented as having two tails. These must both be
apparent from the base of the tail, otherwise confusion
will arise with the next example.
Lion ravipant queue-fonrche. — ^^In this case one tail
126
THE ART OF HERALDRY
springs from tlie base, which is divided or " forked " in
the centre. There is no doubt that whilst in modern
Fig. 2S4.— Arms of Hugh
de Albini, Earl of Arun-
del (rf. 1243) : Gules, a
lion rampant or. (MS.
Cott., Nero, D. i.)
Fig. 2S6.— Arms of Edmund,
Earl of Cornwall : Argent,
a lion rampant gules,
crowned or, within a bor-
dure sable, bezante. (From
his seal, 1275.)
Fig. 2S8.— Arms of Lyon de
Welles, Baron de Welles :
Or, a lion rampant sable,
queue -fourche.arm ed gules.
(From his seal, 1447.)
Fig. 290. — Arms of William
Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
{d. 1469) : Per pale gules
and azure, thi'ee hons ram-
pant argent. (From MS.
Reg. 18, D. ii)
Fig. 2S5.— Arms of William
Marshall, Earl of Pem-
broke (d. 1234) : Per pale
vert and or, a lion ram-
pant gules. (MS. Cott.,
Nerc, D. i.)
FiG. 2S7.— Arms of Richard
Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel
(d. 1302): Gules, a lion
rampant or. (From his
seal.)
Fig. 2S9. — Arms of Mow-
bray {d. 1461): Gules, a
lion rampant or. He
more usually used the
arms of England with a
label argent. (From a
seal of John Mowbray.)
Fig. 29 1 . — Arms of John
de Mowbray, Earl of Not-
tingham. (From MS.
Ashmole, 804, iv.)
times and with regard to modern arms this distinction
must be adhered to, anciently queue-fourche and double-
queued were interchangeable terms.
Lion rampant tail nowed. — The tail is here tied in a
knot. It is not a term very frequently met with, but an
example will be found in the arms of Bewes (Fig. 292).
Lion rampant tail elevated and tut^.ed over its
head. — The _ only instances of the existence of this
curious variation which have come under mv own
notice occur in the coats of two families of the" name
of Buxton, the one being obviously a modern grant
founded upon the other.
Lion ramjKint ivith two heads,~Th.is occurs in the
coat of arms, probably founded on an earlier instance,
granted in 1739 to Mason of Greenwich, the arms
being : " Per fess ermine and azure, a lion rampant with
two heads counterchanged." This curious charge had
been adopted by Mason's College in Birmingham, and
on the foundation of Birmingham University it was
incorporated in its arms (Fig. 293).
Lion rampant guardant hicorporated. — In this case
the lion has one head and two bodies. An instance of
Fig. 292. — Armorial bearings of Cecil Edward Bewes, Esq. : Argent, a
lion rampant tail nowed gules, gorged with an Ea-«tern crown or,
in chief three falcons proper, belled of the third. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest; on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a
Pegasus rearing on bis hind legs, of a bright bay colour, mane
and tail sable, wings displayed or, holding in the mouth a laurel
branch proper. Motto ; " Major ab adversis."
be
the
of
this curious creature wUl
Attewater (Plate XCIX.).
Lion rampant tricorporate. — In this case three bodies
are united in one head. Both this and the preceding
variety are most unusual, but the tricorporate lion occurs
in a coat of arms (temp. Car. II.) registered in Ulster's
Office : " Or, a tricorporate lion rampant, the bodies
disposed in the dexter and sinister chief points and in
base, all meeting in one head guardant in the fess point
sable."
Lion corvard. — In this case the tail of the lion is de-
pressed, passing between its hind legs. The exactitude
of this term is to some extent modern. Though a lion
oowarded was known in ancient days, there can be no
doubt that formerly an artist felt hunself quite at
liberty to put the tail between the legs if this seemed
127
THE ART OF HERALDRY
artistically desii-able, without necessarily having inter-
fered with the arms by so doing.
Lion cowped in all its joints is a charge which seems
Fig. 293. — The Seal of the University of Birmingham, (Actual size.
Designed by Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.). The Arms are : Per chevron, the
chief per pale gules and azure, in de.xter a lion rampant with two
heads, in sinister a mermaid holding in the dexter hand a mirror,
and in the sinister a comb or, the base sable charged with an open
book proper with two buckles and straps and edges of the third,
inscribed "Per ardua ad alta" of the fourth. (Granted August
27, 1900.)
peculiar to the family of Maitland, and it would be
interesting to learn to what source its origin can be
traced. It is represented with each of its four paws, its
head and its tail severed from the body, and removed
slightly away therefrom. A Maitland coat of arms
exhibiting this peculiarity will be found in Fig. 279.
Lions rani/pant combatant are so termed when two
are depicted in one shield facing each other in the atti-
tude of fighting.
A very curious and unique instance of a lion rarnpant
occurs in the arms of Williams (matriculated in Lyon
Register in 1862, as the second and third quarterings of
the arms of Sir James Williams Drummond of Haw-
thornden), the coat in question being ; " Argent, a lion
rampant, the body sable, the head, paws, and tuft of the
tail of the field."
Lion passant. — A lion in this position is represented
in the act of walking, the dexter forepaw being raised,
but all three others being upon the ground. An example
of lions passant occurs in the case of the arms of
Ambrose (see Plate XXX.) and Strangways (see Plate
XCIX.). These same arms of Strangeways are now borne
within a bordure by Mr. L. R. Strangways (Fig. 294).
Lion passant guardant. — This is the same as the
previous position, except that the head is turned to face
the spectator (Plate XLII. Fig. 4). The lions in the
quartering for England in the Royal coat of arms are
" three lions passant guardant in pale." Examples of
the Royal lions will be found in Fig. 295, which at the
same time strikingly illustrates the greater freedom and
virility of the work of the older artists.
Lion of England. — This is " a lion passant guardant
or," and the term is only employed for a lion of this
description when it occurs as or in an honourable aug-
mentation then being usually represented on a field of
gules. Lions passant guardant or, are now never
granted to any applicant except under a specific Royal
Warrant to that effect. It occurs in many augmenta-
tions, e.g. Wolfe, Camperdown, and many others ; and
when three lions passant guardant or upon a canton
gules are granted, as in the arms of Lane (Fig. 57), the
augmentation is termed a " canton of England."
Lion pa^ssant regardant is as the lion passant, but
with the head turned right round looking behind.
A lion is not often met with in this position.
Lions passant dimidiated. — A curious survival of
the ancient but now obsolete practice of dimidiation
is found in the arms of several English seaport towns.
Doubtless all can be traced to the " so-called " arms
of the " Cinque Ports," ■= which show three lions pas-
sant guardant dimidiated with the hulls of three ships.
There can be no doubt whatever that this originally
came from the dimidiation of two separate coats, viz.
the Royal Arms of England (the three lions passant
guardant), and the other " azure, three ships argent,"
typical of the Cinque Ports, referring perhaps to the
protection of the coasts for which they were liable,
or possibly merely to their seaboard position. Whilst
Sandwich ■■ uses the two separate coats simply dimidi-
ated upon one shield, the arms of Hastings '' vary
slightly, being : " Party per pale gules and azure, a lion
passant guardant or, between in chief and in base a lion
passant guardant of the last dimidiated with the hull a
ship argent." From long usage we have grown acccus-
tomed to consider these two conjoined and dimidiated
figures as one figure, and in the recent grant of arms
to Ramsgate ^ a figure of this kind was granted as a
simple charge.
Fig. 294. — Armorial bearings of Leonard Richard Fleming Strangways,
Esq., of Merton, CuUenswood, co. Dublin : Sable, two lions pas-
sant paly of six argent and gules, within a bordure engrailed or.
Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a lion
as in the arms, gorged with a ducal coronet or. Motto : '" Soys
joyeux et ne doubte point."
^ Arms of Sandwich : Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-
lions passant guardant or, conjoined to the hulks of as many ships
argent.
<i Arms of Hastings : Party per pale gules and azure, a lion passant
guardant or, between in chief and in base a lion passant guardant or,
dimidiated with the hulk of a ship argent.
" Arras of Kamsgate : Quarterly gules and azure, a cross parted and
fretty argent between a horse rampant of the last in the first quarter,
a demi-lion passant guardant of the third conjoined to the hulk of a
ship or in the second, a dolphin naiant proper in the third, and a
lymphad also or in the fourth. Crest : a naval crown or, a pier-head,
thereon a lighthouse, both proper. Motto: "Salus naufragis salus
JEgris."
128
PLATE XXXIX.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The arms of Yarmontli ' aflbrd another instance of
a resulting figure of this class, the three lions passant
guardant of England being here dimidiated with as
many herrings naiant.
Lion atatant. — The distinction between a lion passant
and a lion statant is that the lion statant (Plate XLII.
Fig. 6) has all four paws resting upon the ground. The
two forepaws are sometimes placed together. Whilst
Lion statant guardant. — This (crowned) is of course
the Royal crest of England, and examples of it will
be found in the arms of the Sovereign and other
descendants, legitimate and illegitimate, of Sovereigns
of this country. Aa exceptionally fine rendering of
it occurs in the Windsor Castle Bookplates, which are
reproduced in a later chapter.
Lion salient. — This, which is a very rare position
Fig. 295. — The Arms of Edward III. (From his tomb in Westminster Abbey.)
but seldom met with as a charge upon a shield, it is by
no means rare as a crest.
Lion statant tail extenxled. — This term is a curious
and, seemingly, a purposeless refinement, resulting from
the perpetuation in certain cases of one particular
method of depicting the crest — originally when a crest
a lion was always so drawn — but it cannot be overlooked,
because in the crests of both Talbot, Earl of Shrews-
bury, and Percy, Duke of Northumberland, the crest is
now stereotyped as a lion in this form upon a chapeau
(see Plate XLII. Fig. 5).
^ Arms of Yarmouth : Party per pale gales and azure, three derui-
iions passant goardant or, conjoined to the bodies of as many herrings
argent. Motto: " Rex et nostra jura."
for a lion, represents it in the act of springing, the two
hind legs being on the ground, the others in the air.
An instance of a lion salient will be found in the arms
of Keegan (Fig. 296).
Lion salient guardant. — There is no reason why the
lion salient may not be guardant or regardant, though
an instance of the use of either does not come to mind.
Lion sejant. — Very great laxity is found in the terms
applied to hons sejant, consequently care is necessary to
distinguish the various forms. The true lion sejant is
as in Plate XLII. Fig. 10, i.e. represented in profile, seated
on its haunches, with the forepaws resting on the ground.
Lion sejant guardant. — This is as the foregoing, but
with the face (only) turned to the spectator, as in the
129
THE ART OF HERALDRY
crest of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms
(Plate IV.).
Lion sejant regardant. — In this the head is turned
right back to gaze behind.
Lion sejant erect (or, as it is sometimes not very happily
termed, sejant-rampant). — In this position the lion is
sitting upon its haunches, but the body is erect, and it
has its forepaws raised in the air (Plate XLII. Fig. 12).
Fig. 296. — Armorial bearings of Edward Wells Keegan, Esq. ; Gules, a
lion salient, crowned, and holding in the dexter paw a crescent all
or, a chief nebuly of the last. Mantling gules and or. Crest ; on
a wreath of the colours, a dexter hand holding a sheaf of five
arrows all proper, charged on the wrist with a harp or, stringed
argent, Motto: "Nnnquam non paratus."
In this form it occurs in a crest of Goodwin [" A lion
sejant guardant erect sable, holding between the paws
a lozenge vair "].
Lion sejant guardant erect is as the last figure, but
the head faces the spectator.
Lion sejant regardant erect is as the foregoing, but
with the head turned right round to look backwards.
Lion sejant affronts. — In this case the lion is seated
on its haunches, but the whole body is turned to face
the spectator, the forepaws resting upon the ground in
front of its body. Ugly as this position is, and im-
possible as it might seem, it certainly is to be found in
some of the early rolls.
Lion sejant erect affrontd (Fig. 279). — This position is
by no means unusual in Scotland. A lion sejant erect
and af&onte, &o., is the Royal crest of Scotland, and it
will also be found in the arms of Lyon Office (see
Plate IV.).
A good representation of the lion sejant afi'ronte and
erect is shown in Fig. 297, which is taken from
Jost Amman's Wappen und Stammbuch (1589). It re-
presents the arms of the celebrated Lansquenet Cap-
tain Sebastian Schartlin (Schertel) von Burtenbach
["Gules, a lion sejant affronte
erect, double-queued, holding in
its dexter paw a key argent, and
in its sinister a fleur-de-lis ' eradi-
cated ' "]. His victorious assault
on Rome in 1527, and his striking
successes against France in 1532,
are strikingly typified in these
arms, which were granted in 1534.
Lion couchant (Plate XLII. Fig.
9). — In this position the lion is re-
presented lying down, but the head
is erect and alert. An instance
will be found in the arms of Sir Lawrence Jones, Bart.
[" Azure, on a fess or, three grenades fired proper, in chief
a castle and over it the word ' Netherlands ' in letters
of gold, and in base a lion couchant argent. Crest : in
front of a castle argent, a lion couchant or, gorged with
a wreath of laurel and pendent therefrom an escutcheon
Fig. 297. — Arms of Se-
bastian Schartlin von
Burtenbach.
gules charged with a representation of the Badajoz
medal as in the arms. Motto : ' Marte et arte ' "].
Lion dormant (Plate XLII. Fig. S). — A lion dormant
is in much the same position as a lion couchant, except
that the eyes are closed, and the head rests on the ex-
tended forepaws. Lions dormant are seldom met with,
but they occur in the arms of Lloyd, of Stockton Hall,
near York [" Argent, three lions dormant in pale sable
between two flaunches of the last, each charged with
three mullets palewise of the first. Mantling sable and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a
cubit arm vested azure, cuff argent, the hand grasping a
lizard fesswise proper, a lion dormant sable "].
Lion moi'nd. — This is a lion without teeth and claws,
but no instance of the use of the term would appear to
exist in British armory. Woodward mentions amongst
other Continental examples the arms of the old French
family of De Mornay [" Fasce d'argent et de gueules
au lion morne de sable, couronne d'or brochant sur le
tout"].
Lions as supporters. — Refer to the chapter on Sup-
porters.
Winged lion (Fig. 298). — The winged lion — usually
known as the lion of St. Mark — is not infrequently met
Fig. 29S. —The Arms of Markham.
with. It will be found both passant and sejant, but
more frequently the latter, in which position it will be
found in the arms and crest of Sir John Mark. These
are: "Azure, on a rock in base proper, a lion of St.
Mark sejant, with wings addorsed or, resting the dexter
paw upon an escutcheon of the last charged with a bee
volant of the second, on a chief also or, a terrestrial
globe also proper between two saltires couped gules.
Mantling azure and or. Crest: upon a wreath of the
colours, a lion as ia the arms, seme of bees volant
proper, and resting the dexter paw upon a rose gules ;
with the motto, ' Manu et oorde.'" It also occurs in
the crest of Markham [" the lion of St. Mark sejant
guardant supporting a harp"] (Fig. 298) and Domeni-
chettL The true lion of St. Mark (that is, when used
as a badge for sacred purposes to typify St. Mark) is
illustrated later. Winged lions are the supporters of
Lord Braye.
130
PLATE XL
\'ARIOUS EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC LIOXS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Sea lion (or, to use another name for it, a tnorse) is
the head, forepaws, and upper part of a lion conjoined to
the tail of a fish. The most frequent form in which
sea lions appear are as supporters, but they are also
met with as crests and charges. When placed horizon-
tally they are termed naiant. Sea lions, however, wUl
also be found "sejant" and "sejant-erect." When
issuing from waves of the sea they are termed
" assurgeant." A sea lion's head appears in the arms
of PoUard (Fig. 299).
Lion-dragon. — One hesitates to believe this creature
has any existence outside heraldry books, where it is
stated to be of similar form and construction to the sea
lion, the difference being that the lower half is the body
and tail of a wyvern. I know of no arms in which it
figures.
Man-lion or man-tiger. — This is as a lion but with a
human face. Two of these are the supporters of Lord
Huntingdon, and one was granted to the late Lord
Donington as a supporter (Fig. 300), whilst as charges
they also occur in the arms of Radford (Fig. 301).
fact that the same books state "dismembered" or
"demembre" to mean (when applied to a lion) that
Fig. 299. — Armorial bearings of Rear-Admiral E. J. Pollard, of Hayn-
ford Hall, CO. Norfolk : Azure, a chevron ermine between two
crosses fleury in chief and a sea lion's head erased in base or,
impaling the arms of Hawkins-Whitshed, namely : quarterly, l and
4, party per pale indented argent and vert, three demi-lions
rampant, those in chief respectively gules and or, and the one in
base party per pale indented of the third and fourth (for Whitshed) ;
2 and 3, party per chevron argent and vert, three hinds trippant
(for Hawkins). Mantling azure and argent. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, a stag trippant proper, holding in the mouth
two wheat ears or, gorged with a collar and therefrom pendent a
cross fieury of the last ; with the motto, " Fortiter Deo juvante."
This semi-human animal is sometimes termed a
"lympago."
Other terms relating to lions occur in many heraldic
works — both old and new — but their use is very limited,
if indeed of some, any example at all could be found in
British armory. In addition to this, whilst the fact may
sometimes exist, the term has never been adopted or
officially recognised. Personally I believe most of the
terms which follow may for all practical purposes be
entirely disregarded. Amongst such terms are con-
tourne, applied to a Hon passant or rampant to the
sinister. It would, however, be found blazoned in
these words and not as contoume. "Dismembered,"
" Demembre," " Dechaussee," and " Trononnee " are all
"heraldry-book" terms specified to mean the same as
"couped in all its joints," but the uselessness and un-
certainty concerning these terms is exemplified by the
Fig. 300. — Arms of the late Lord Donington, showing a
man-lion as the dexter supporter.
the animal is shown without legs or tail. The term
"embrued" is sometimes applied to a lion to signify
that its mouth is bloody and dropping blood ; and
" vulned " signifies wounded, heraldically represented by
a blotch of gules, from which drops of blood are falling.
A lion " disarmed " is without teeth, tongue, or claws.
A term often found in relation to lions rampant, but
by no means peculiar thereto, is " debruised," This is
Fig. 301. — Armorial bearings of Radford: Per pale sable and argent,
three lions passant in pale couuterchanged, with human faces
proper, between two iianches also counterchanged, a chief arched
ermine (a mullet for difference). Mantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a lion salient guardant argent,
gutti5e-de-sang, with a human face proper, holding in the dexter
forepaw a rose argent, slipped and leaved, and resting the sinister
on the point of a sword erect also proper, pommel and hilt or.
used when it is partly defaced by another charge
(usually an ordinary) being placed over it. Instances
of this will be found in the arms of Beaumont (Fig. 86).
Another of these guide-book terms is "decollated,"
which is said to be employed in the case of a lion which
131
THE ART OF HERALDRY
has its liead cut off. A lion " defamed " or " diffamed "
is supposed to be rampant to the sinister but looking
backwards, the supposition being that the animal is
being (against his will) chased off the field with infamy.
A lion " evire " is supposed to be emasculated and
without signs of sex. In this respect it is interesting to
note that in earlier days, before mock modesty and
prudery had become such prominent features of our
national life, the genital organ was always represented
of a pronounced size in a prominent position, and it was
as much a matter of course to paint it gules as it now
is to depict the tongue of that colour.
Lions placed back to back are termed " endorsed " or
" addorsed," but when two lions passant in pale are
represented, one passing to the dexter and one to the
sinister, they are termed " counter-passant." This term
is, however, also used sometimes when they are merely
passant towards each other, as in the arms of Lafone
(Fig. 302) or Lord Gardner [" Or, on a chevron gules
FjG. 302. — Bookplate of Alfred Lafone, Esq. Arms: azure, within two
cbevronels or, two lions passant counter-passant of the last,
supporting a fleur-de-lis argent, the whole between three mullets
argent, pierced of the field. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and or ; and
for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a lion sable, charged
on the body with a fleur-de-lis argent, gorged with a collar nebuly
and ducallj crowned or, resting the dexter forepaw on a mullet as
in the arms. Motto : " Fidus ut olim."
between three griffins' heads erased azure, an anchor
erect, between two lions guardant counter-passant
chevronwise of the field. Crest : A demi-griffin azure,
collared and lined, and supporting in the claws an
anchor or. Motto; 'Valet anohora virtus.' Supporters:
two griffins, wings elevated azure, beaked, membered,
and gorged with a naval coronet or, each resting the
interior hind foot on an anchor, with cable sable"]. A
more correct description in either of these cases would
be passant " respecting " or " regarding " each other.
The term lionne is one stated to be used with animals
other than lions when placed in a rampant position.
Whilst doubtless of regular acceptation in French
heraldry as applied to a leopard, it is unknown in
English, and the term rampant is indifferently applied ;
e.g. in the case of a leopard, wolf, or tiger when in the
rampant position.
Lionced is a term seldom met with, but it is said to
be applied (for example to a cross) when the arms end
in lions' heads. I have 3'et to find an authentic ex-
ample of the use of such a cross.
When a bend or other ordinary issues from the
mouths of lions (or other animals), the heads issuing
from the edges or angles of the escutcheon, the ordinary
is said to be " engouled."
A curious term, of the use of which I know only one
example, is "fleshed" or "flayed." This, as doubtless
will be readily surmised, means that the skin is re-
moved, leaving the flesh gules. This was the method
by which the supporters of Wurtemburg were " dif-
ferenced" for the Duke of Teck, the forepaws being
'• fleshed."
Woodward gives the following very curious instances
of the lion in heraldry : —
" Only a single example of the use of the lioness as a
heraldic charge is known to me. The family of Going,
in Lorraine, bears : d'Azure, a une lionne arretee d'or.
" The following fourteenth-century examples of the
use of the lion as a heraldic charge are taken from the
oft-quoted WappenroUe von Zurich, and should be of
interest to the student of early armor)' : —
"51. End: Azure, a lion rampant-guardant argent,
its feet or.
" 305. WiLDENVELS : Per pale argent and sable, in the
first a demi-lion statant-guardant issuant from the divid-
ing line.
" 408. Tannenvels : Azure, a lion rampant or, queue
argent.
"489. RiNACH: Or, a lion rampant gules, headed azure.
" A curious use of the lion as a charge occurs in
several ancient coats of the Low Gountries, e.g. in
that of TRA.SEGNIES, whose arms are: Bande d'or et
d'azur, a I'ombre du lion brochant sur le tout, a la
bordure engrelee d'or. Here the ombre du lion is pro-
perly represented by a darker shade of the tincture
(either of or or of azure), but often the artist contents
himself with simply drawing the outline of the animal
in a neutral tint.
" Among other curiosities of the use of the lion are
the following foreign coats : —
" BoissiAU, in France, bears : De gueules, seme de lions
d'argent.
" MiNUTOLi, of Naples : Gules, a lion rampant vair, the
head and feet or.
" LoEN, of Holland : Azure, a decapitated lion ram-
pant argent, three jets of blood spurting from the neck
proper.
" Papacoda, of Naples : Sable, a lion rampant or, its
tail turned over its head and held by its teeth.
" The Gounts Reinach, of Frauconia : Or, a lion ram-
pant gules, hooded and masked azure (see above)."
To these instances the arms of Westbury may well
be added, these being : Quarterly, or and azure, a cross
patonce, on a bordure twenty lions rampant all counter-
changed. No doubt the origin of such a curious
bordure is to be found in the " bordure of England,"
which, either as a mark of cadency or as an indication
of affinity or augmentation, can be found in some
number of instances. Probably one will suffice as an
example. This is forthcoming in Fig. ^6, which shows
the arms of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond. Of
a similar nature is the bordure of Spain (indicative of
his maternal descent) borne by Richard of Gonisburgh,
Earl of Gam bridge, who bore: Quarterly France and
England, a label of three points argent, each charged
with as many torteaux, on a bordure of the same twelve
lions rampant purpure (Fig. 303). Before leaving the
lion, the hint may perhaps be usefully convej'ed that
the temptation to over-elaborate the lion when depict-
ing it heraldically should be carefully avoided. The
only result is confusion — the very contrary of the
essence of heraldic emblazonment, which was, is, and
should be, the method of clear advertisement of identity.
Examples of over-elaboration can, however, be found in
the past, as will be seen from Fig. 304. This example
belongs to the latter half of the fifteenth century, and
represents the arms of Bohemia. It is taken from a
shield on the " Pulver Turme " at Prague.
Parts of lions are very frequently to be met with.
132
PLATE XLI.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF HANNEN, OF LONDON.
I- u e L 1 o
THE ART OF HERALDRY
particularly as crests. In fact the most common crest
is the demi-lion rampant. This is the upper half of a
Hon rampant. It is comparatively seldom found other
than rampant and couped, so that the term " a demi-
lion," unless otherwise qualified, may always be assumed
to be a demi-lion ramuant couped. As charges
upon the shield three will be found in the arms of
Bennet, Earl of Tankerville [" Gules, a bezant between
three demi-lions rampant argent. Crests: i. out of a
Demi-lion naissant issues from the centre of an
ordinary, and not from behind it.
Lions' heads, both couped and erased, are very fre-
Fjg. 303. — Arms of Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge.
(From MS. Cott., Julius C. vii.)
mural coronet or, a lion's head gules, charged on the
neck with a bezant. Supporters: two lions argent,
ducally crowned or, each charged on the shoulder with
a torteau"], and it appears as the crest of Hannen =
(Plate XLI.).
The demi-lion may be both guardant and regardant.
Demi-lions rampant and erased are more common as
charges than as crests. They are to be found in many
Harrison coats of arms.
Demi-lions passant are rather unusual, but in addi-
tion to the seeming eases in which they occur by dimi-
diation they are sometimes found, as in the arms of
Newman (Fig. 305).
Demi-lion affronte. — The only case which has come
Fig. 304. — Arms of Bohemia, from the " Pulver Torme " at Prague.
{Latter half of the fifteenth century.)
under notice would appear to be the crest of Campbell
of AberuchUl.
Demi-lion iisiMnt. — This term is applied to a demi-
lion when it issues from an ordinary, e.g. from the base
line of the chief, as in the arms of Dormer, Markham,
and Abney ; or from behind a fess, as in the arms of
Chalmers.
s Armorial bearings of the late Hon. James Chitty Hannen, B.A. ;
Sable, a demi-lion between three portcullises or, within a bordure of
the last. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
a demi-lion sable, gorged with a collar, and therefrom pendent from
a chain an escutcheon or, charged with a portcullis sable. Motto :
" His truth shall be thy shield."
Fig. 305. — Armorial bearings of John Robert Branston Newman, Esq.
Argent, a chief azure, a chevron between three demi-lions passant
gules, impaling the arms of Plonket. Mantling gules and argent.
Crest: an eagle's head erased azure, charged with a scollop or.
Motto: " Fidelitatis vis Magna."
Fig. 306.— Bookplate of Francis Alexander Newdigate, Esq. Arms:
Gules, three lions' gambs erased argent, impaling the arms of
B^ot, namely : ermine, two chevronels azure. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a fleur=de-lis argent.
Motto : " FoyaU loyall."
quently met with both as charges on the shield and as
crests.
Lion's gamb. — Many writers make a distinction be-
tween the gamb (which is stated to be the lower part
only, couped or erased half-way up the leg) and the
IS
THE ART OF HERALDRY
paw, but this distinction cannot be said to be always
rigidly observed. In fact some authorities quote the exact
reverse as the definition of the terms. As charges the
gamb or paw will be found to occur in the arms of
Lord Lilford [" Or, a lion's gamb erased in bend dexter
between two orosslets titchee in bend sinister gules "],
and in the arms of Newdigate (Fig. 306). This last is a
curious example, inasmuch as, without being so specified
in the blazon, the gambs are represented in the curious
position there shown. The almost invariable position
in which they will be found is as they appear in the
arms of Dumas (Fig. 137).
The crest upon the Garter Plate of Edward Cherleton,
Lord Cherleton of Powis, must surely be unique. It con-
sists of two lions' paws embowed, the outer edge of each
being adorned with fleurs-de-lis issuant therefrom.
A lion's tail will sometimes be found as a crest and
it also occurs as a charge, in the arms of Corke, viz. :
" Sable, three lions' tails erect and erased argent."
A lion's face should be carefully distinguished from
a lion's head. In the latter case the neck, either couped
or erased, must be shown ; but a lion's face is affronte
and out off closely behind the ears. The distinction
between the head and the face can be more appro-
priately considered in the case of the leopard.
CHAPTER XYI
BEASTS
NEXT after the lion should be considered the tiger,
but it should be distinctly borne in mind that
heraldry knows two kinds of tigers — the heraldic
tiger and the Bengal tiger. Doubtless the heraldic tiger,
which was the only one found in British armory until a
comparatively recent date, is the attempt of artists to
depict their idea of a tiger. The animal was unknown
to them, except by repute, and consequently the creature
they depicted bears little relation to the aninjal in real
life ; but there can be no doubt that their intention
was to depict an animal which they knew to exist. The
heraldic tiger had a body much like the natural tiger,
it had a lion's tufted tail and mane, and the curious
head which it is so difficult to describe, but which
appears to be more like the wolf than any other animal
we know. This, however, will be again dealt with in
the chapter on fictitious animals, and is here only intro-
duced to demonstrate the difference which heraldry
makes between the heraldic tiger and the real animal.
A curious conceit is that the heraldic tiger will
anciently be often found spelt " tyger," but this peculiar
spelling does not seem ever to have been applied to the
tiger of nature. When it became desirable to introduce
the real tiger into British armory as typical of India
and our Eastern Empire, something of course was
necessary to distinguish it from the tiger which had
previously usurped the name in armory, and for this
reason the natural tiger is always heraldically known
as the Bengal tiger. This armorial variety appears
towards the end of the eighteenth century in this
country, though in foreign heraldry it appears to have
been recognised somewhat earlier. Fig. 307 represents
the arms showing a tiger thereupon, which are the
arms of Barberino di Valdesa.
There are, however, few cases in which the Bengal
tiger has appeared in armory, and in the majority of
these cases as a supporter, as in the supporters of
Outram, which are two tigers rampant guardant gorged
with wreaths of laurel and crowned with Eastern crowns
all proper.
Another instance of the tiger as a supporter will be
found in the arms of Bombay (see Plate CXVIIL). An
instance in which it appears as a charge upon a shield
will be found in the arms granted to the University of
Madras (Fig. 308).
Fig. 307. — Arms of Barberino di Valdesa.
Another coat is that granted in 1874 to Augustus
Beaty Bradbury of Edinburgh, which was : " Argent, on
a mount in base vert, a Bengal tiger passant proper,
on a chief of the second two other tigers dormant also
proper."
Fig. 308. — Arms of llie University of Madra;;: Aigcnt, on a mount
issuing from the base veit, a tiger passant proper, on a chief
sable, a pale or, thereon between two elephants' heads couped of
the field, a lotus-flower, lea%'ed and slipped of the third. Motto :
" Doctrina vim promovet insitam."
A tigress is said to be occasionally met with, and
when so, is sometimes represented with a mirror, in
relation to the legend that ascribes to her such personal
vanity that her young ones might be taken from under
134
THE ART OF HERALDRY
her charge if she had the counter attraction of a hand-
glass !
The leopard has to a certain extent been referred
to already. Doubtless it is the peculiar cat-like and
stealthy walk which is so characteristic of the leopard
which led to any animal in that position being con-
sidered a leopard ; but the leopard in its natural state
was of course known to Europeans in the early days
of heraldrj', and appears amongst the lists of heraldic
animals apart from its existence as " a lion passant."
visible, and this should be borne in mind, because
this constitutes the difference between the leopard's
head and the leopard's face. The leopard's face is
by far the most usual form in which the leopard
will be found in armory, and can be traced back to
quite an early period in heraldry. The leopard's face
snows no neck at all, the head being removed close
behind the ears. It is then represented atii-onte. It
will be found in the arms of Freston =* (Plate XVII.), and
in the arms of the town of Shrewsbury [" Azure, three
JTlG. 309. — Facsimile of the Grant of Arms to Shropshire.
The animal, however, except as a supporter or crest,
is by no means common ia English heraldry. It will
be found, however, in the crests of some number of
famUies ; for example ia the crest of Taylor and in the
crests of Potts.
A very similar animal is the ounce, which for heraldic
purposes is in no way altered from the leopard. Parts
of the latter will be found in use as of the lion.
As a crest the demi-leopard, the leopard's head, and
the leopard's head aftronte are often to be met with.
In all these cases it should be noticed that the neck is
leopards' faces. Motto: 'Floreat Salopia'"]. For some
unfathomable reason these charges are locally usually
referred to as " loggerheads." They were perpetuated
in the arms of the county in its recent grant (Fig. 309).
As a crest a leopard's face will be found in the arms
of Griggs, Uu Moulin-Browne, and Bunbury. A curious
development or use of the leopard's face occurs when
^ Armorial bearings of Thomas Westfalihg Freston, Esq., of Prest-
wich, Lanes. : Azure, on a f ess or, three leopards' faces gules. Mantling
azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a demi-greyhonud
sable, collared or, charged with three torteaux.
135
THE ART OF HERALDRY
it is jessant-de-lis. This will be found referred to at
greater length under the heading of the Fleur-de-lis.
The 'pantlier is an animal which in its relation to
heraldry it is difficult to know whether to place
amongst the mythical or actual animals. No instance
occurs to me in which the panther figures as a charge in
British heraldry, and the panther as a supporter, in
the few cases in which it is met with, is certainly
not the actual animal, inasmuch as it is invariably
found tiammant, i.e. with tiames issuing from the mouth
and ears. In this character it will be found as a
supporter of the Duke of Beaufort, and derived there-
from as a supporter of Lord Raglan.
Foreign heraldry carries the panther to a most curious
Fig. 310. — Arms of Styria. (Drawn by Hans BurgkmaiT; 1523.)
result. It is frequently represented with the tail of a lion,
horns, and for its forelegs the claws of an eagle. It is
always represented vomiting flames, but the usual method
of depicting it on the Continent (see Plate XLVI. Fig. 3)
is greatly at variance with our own. This is from a
bas-relief in stone above the porch of the doorway
of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna; flames issue
from the jaws, nose, and ears. Fig. 310 represents
the same arms of Styria — Vert, a panther argent,
armed close, vomiting flames of fire — from the title-page
of the Land-bond of Styria in the year 1523, drawn by
Hans Burgkmair. Plate XLVI. Fig. 4 is yet another illus-
tration of the arms of Styria, drawn in the manner
in which the animal is now represented. In Physiologiis,
a Greek writing of early Christian times of about the
date 140, which in the course of time has been trans-
lated into every tongue ; mention is made of the
panther, to which is there ascribed the gaily spotted
coat and the pleasant, sweet - smelling breath which
induces all other animals to approach it ; the dragon
alone retreats into its hole from the smell, and conse-
quently the panther appears to have sometimes been
used as a symbol of Christ. The earliest armorial re-
presentations of this animal show the form not greatly
dissimilar to nature ; but very soon the similarity dis-
appears in Continental representations, and the fancy of
the artist transferred the animal into the fabulous crea-
ture which is now represented. The sweet-smelling
breath, suozzon-stanch as it is called in the early Ger-
man translation of the Physiologiis, was expressed by
the flames issuing from the mouth, but later in the
sixteenth century, flames issued from every opening in
the head. The head was in old times similar to that of
a horse, occasionally horned (as in the seal of Count
Heinrich von Lechsgemilnd, 1197); the forefeet were
well developed. In the second half of the fourteenth
century the forefeet assume the character of eagle's claws,
and the horns of the animal were a settled matter.
In the neighbourhood of Lake Constance we find the
panther with divided hoofs on his hind feet; perhaps
with a reference to the panther's " cleanness." According
to the Mosaic law, of course, a four-footed animal, to be
considered clean, must not have paws, and a ruminant
must not have an undivided hoof. Italian heraldry is
likewise acquainted with the panther, but under another
name (La Bolce, the sweet one) and another form. . The
dolce has a head like a hare, and is unhorned. (See
A. Anthony v. Siegenfeld. " The Territorial Arms of
Styria," Graz, 1898.)
The panther as given by Segar, Garter King of Arms
1603-1633, as one of the badges of King Henry VI.,
where it is silver, spotted of various colours, and with
flames issuing from its mouth and ears. No doubt this
Royal badge is the origin of the supporter of the Duke
of Beaufort.
English armory knows an animal which it terms the
male griflin, which has no wings, but which has gold
rays issuing from its body in all directions. Strohl
terms the badge of the Earls of Ormonde, which from
his description are plainly male griffins, keythongs,
which he classes with the panther ; and probably he is
correct in looking upon our male griflin as merely one
form of the heraldic panther.
The cat, under the name of the cat, the wild cat, the
cat-a-mountain, or the cat-a-mount, is by no means
infrequently found in British armory, though it will
usually be found in Scottish examples, as the crest
of Macpherson (Fig. 311) and Duguid M'Combie''
(Plate XXX.). It is constantly met with in Scotland,
and it will be found for example in the arms of Keates
(Fig. 312), and Scott-Gatty (Fig. 262).
■The wolf is a very frequent charge in English armory.
Apart from its use as a supporter, in which condition
it is found in conjunction with the shields of Lord
Welby [" On either side a wolf regardant sable, seme
of fleurs-de-lis argent "], Lord Rendell (Plate LXII.)
and Viscount Wolseley ["Two wolves proper, each
charged on the shoulder with a laurel and palm-
branch in saltire or, gorged with a mural crown also
or, and holding in the paw a sword erect proper,
pommel and hilted gold "], it will be found in the arms
t» Armorial bearings of Peter Duguid - M'Combie, Esq., of Easter
Skene, Aberdeen : Quarterly, I and 4, or, a lion rampant gules, armed
and langued azure, a chief of the second (for M'Combie) ; 2 and 3,
azure, a tess between three crosses patee argent, a bordure parted per
pale of the second and or (for Duguid). MantUng gules, doubled
argent. Crests : I. upon a wreath of the liveries, a wild cat sejant
proper ; 2. upon a wreath of the liveries, a dove holding a laurel
branch in her beak proper. Mottoes : " Touch not the cat but a
glove"; " Patientia et spe."
136
PLATE XLII.
jyi^^A
>^^&.,
r
Ci) Rampant regardant.
(2) Rampant guardant.
THE VARIOUS POSITIONS OF THE HERALDIC LION.
Reproduced from Fairbairn's Book of Crests.
(3I Rampant. (5) Statant with tail extended. (7) Passant. (9) Couchant. (ii) Sejant affronte erect.
^4) Paisant guardant. (6) Statant guardant. (8) Dormant. (10) Sejant {12) Sejant erect.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of Lovett "^ ; and in by far the larger proportion of the
coats for the name of Wilson ■* (Plate XXXI. and Fig.
313) and in the arms of Low (Fig. 3 14).
The wolf, however, in earlier representations has a
less distinctly wolf-like character, it being sometimes
diflicult to distinguish the wolf from other heraldic ani-
mals. This is one of these cases in which, owing to in-
sufficient knowledge and crude draftsmanship, ancient
Wolfe. The latter crest is worthy of remark, inasmuch
as the Royal crown which is held within its paws typifies
the assistance given to King Charles II., after the battle
of Worcester, by Mr. Francis Wolfe of Madeley, to whom
the crest was ^ranted. King Charles, it may be noted,
also gave to Sir. Wolfe a silver tankard, upon the lid of
which was a representation of this crest.
Wolves' heads are particularly common, especially in
r^^"^. .j)iii/L_^
Fig. 311. — Armorial bearings of "Cluny" Macptierson : Per fess or and azure, a lymphad of the fii-st,
witti her sails furled, oars in action, mast and tackling all proper, flags flying gules, in the dexter
chief point a hand couped grasping a dagger point upwards gules, in the sinister chief a cross
crosslet fitchee of the last. Upont the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a
mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreLth of his liveries is set for crest, a cat sejant
proper. Supporters ; two Highlanders in short tartan jackets and hose, with steel helmets on their
heads, thighs bare, their shirts tied between them, and round targets on their arms. Motto :
" Touch uot the cat bot a glove."
heraldry is not to be preferred to more realistic treat-
ment. Examples of well-drawn wolves wUl be found in
the chapter dealing with supporters, a notable instance
being the arms of Lord Rendel, as shown on Plate LXII.
The demi-wolf is a very frequent crest, occurring not
only in the arms and crests of members of the Wilson
and many other families, but also as the crest of
*^ Axmorial bearings of Lovett : Argent, three wolves passant in pale
sable. Crest : a wolf passant proper.
^ Armorial bearings of Reginald H. R. Rimington - Wilson, Esq. :
Sable, a wolf salient, in chief three estoHes or.
Scottish heraldry. An example of them will be found
in the arms of " Struan " Robertson, and m the coats
used by all other members of the Robertson Clan
having or claiming descent from, or relationship with,
the house of Struan.
The wolfs head also appears in the arms of Skeen
(Fig. 315), which affords a good representation of the
usual form adopted for a wolfs head. Woodward
states that the wolf is the most common of all
heraldic animals in Spanish heraldry, where it is fre-
quently represented as ravissant, i.e. carrying the
137
THE ART OF HERALDRY
body of a lamb in its mouth or across its back. A
curious, but unusual, and not officially recognised method
of representing a wolfs head will be found in the arms
of Paton (Fig/ 3 1 6).
is often confused with a wolf, is said by Woodward to be
very seldom met with in British heraldry. This is
Fig. 312. — Armorial bearings of Joseph Andrew Keates, Esq. : Argent,
on a pale sable, three cats-a-mountain of the field, on a canton of
the second a cake of copper proper. Upon the escutcheon is placed
a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable and argent;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a tiger proper,
charged with three bezants fesswise resting the dexter paw upon
an escutcheon sable, thereon a cake of copper proper. Motto :
" Esto memor,"
Much akin to the wolf is the Lynx; in fact the
heraldic representation of the two animals is not greatly
different. The lynx does not often occur in heraldry
except as a supporter, but it will be found as the crest
of the family of Lynch. The lynx is nearly always
e-^ SEMPER VIGTLA:
lOSEPH'BOWSTEAD'WILSONMA
Fig. 313. — Armorial bearings of Rev. Joseph Eowstead Wilson : Vert,
on a cross argent, between in the first and fourth quarters a wolf
salient of the last, and in the second and third a mullet of sis
points or, a rose gules, barbed and seeded proper, between four
quatrefoils also gules, in the dexter chief a crescent or for differ-
ence. Mantling vert and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, in front of a demi-lion sable, holding between the paws a
quatrefoil gules, a pommee charged with a mullet of sis points
or; with the motto, " Semper vigOans."
depicted and blazoned " coward," i.e. with its tail be-
tween its legs. Another instance of this particular
animal is the crest of Comber (Fig. 317).
A Fox, which from the similarity of its representation
Fig.
;I4. — Armorial bearings of Sir James Low, of
Kincraig House, Arbroath.
hardly a correct statement, inasmuch as countless in-
stances can be produced in which a fo.x figures as a
charge, a crest, or a supporter. The fox as a supporter
is found with the arms of Lord Ilchester, and instances
of its appearance will be found amongst others in
the arms or crests, for example, of Fox (Fig. 318),
Colfox (Fig. 319), Ashworth (Fig. 159). Sir Joseph
Kenals, Bart., bears as crest : " Upon a rock a fox sejant
regardant proper, charged on the shoulder with a
Fig. 315. — Armorial bearings of Skene.
lozenge or; and supporting with the dexter foreleg a
fasces also proper." Probabty the most curious example
of the heraldic fox will be found in the arms of Sir
Watkin WiUiams Wynn, who for the arms of Williams
quarters : " Argent, two foxes counter-salient gules, the
dexter surmounted of the sinister." The representation
of this coat of arms in Foster's Baronetage is strikingly
good.
Tlie Bear is constantly met with figuring largely in
coats of arms for the names of Barnard, Baring, Barnes,
and Bearsley, and for other names which can be con-
sidered to bear canting relation to the charge. In fact
the arms, crest, and motto of Barnard together form
138
THE ART OF HERALDRY
such an excellent example of the little jokes which not be presumed unless mentioned in the blazon. Bears'
characterise early heraldry that I quote it in full The paws are often found both in crests and as charges upon
Fig. 316. — Armorial bearings of the late Sir Noel Paton : Azure, a
wolTs head erased argent, between two crescents in chief and a
fleur-de-lis in base or. Mantling azure, doubled argent ; and upon
a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, between two doves' wings
expanded proper, a cubit arm erect also proper, charged on the
pahn with a passion cross gules ; and in an escroll above, this
motto, *' Do richt and fear nocht."
coat is "argent, a bear rampant sable," the crest is a demi-
bear sable, and the motto, " Bear and forbear." Other
examples of the use of the bear will be found in the
BlG. 317. — ^Armorial bearings of John Comber, Esq. : Quarterly, i and
4, or, a fess dancette gules, between three estoiles sable (for
Comber) ; 2 and 3. argent, a chevron sable, between three thorn-
trees proper (for Thornton). Manthng gules and argent. Crest :
on a wreath or and sable, a lyns's head couped or, pellete.
arms of Layland-Barratt (Fig. 320) and in the crest of
Christie (Fig. 321). The representation of a bear on
Plate LXXI. in the arms of FitzUrse is most curious.
The bear is generally found muzzled, but this must
Fig. 3 iS. — Armorial bearings of Fox, of Grovehill, co. Cornwall : Ermine,
on a chevron azure, three foxes' heads erased or, within a bordure
flory of the second, and on a canton of the same, a drinking-cup of the
third, surmounted by three fleurs-de-lis argent. Upon the escut-
cheon is placed a hehnet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure
and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a fox
sejant or, collared flory azure, the paw resting on a fleur-de-lis of
the last ; with the motto, " Faire sans dire."
shields (see Pickering, Plate XXSVI.), but as they differ
little if anything in appearance from the lion's gamb,
they need not be further particularised. To the bear's
head, however, considerable attention should be paid,
inasmuch as the manner of depicting it in England and
Scotland differs. The bears' head, according to English
ideas of heraldry, would be depicted down to the
shoulders, and would show the neck couped or erased.
In Scottish heraldry, bears' heads are almost invariably
found couped close behind the ears without any of
the neck being visible ; they are not, however, repre-
FlG. 319.— Armorial bearings of William Colfox, Esq., J.P., D.L., of
Allington, Dorset : Sable, three spinning-cogs erect and in fess or,
on a chief argent as many foxes' heads couped at the neck gules.
Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a fox
proper, charged on the body with two fleurs-de-lis in fess sable,
and resting the sinisterpawona fleur-de-lis gules. Motto: "Lux,
lex, libertas."
sented as caboshed or affironte, and the form can best
be seen from the illustration in the an/is of Forbes-Leith
(Plate XXXVIL), though singularly enough the crest
139
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in this case has the boar's head depicted in the English
style.
Fig. 320. — Armorial bearings of Francis Layland-Barratt, Esq. :
Quarterly, i and 4, argent, on a chevron indented between three
bears statant sable, muzzled or, as many pallets of the last, each
charged with a cross crosslet litchee of the second (for Barratt) ;
2. per pale argent and or, a greyhound coarant between in chief
two Cornish choughs and in base as many crosses patee all sable
(for Williams) ; 3. per fess gules and sable, in chief two demi-lions
rampant, and in base as many bezants (for Bennetts) ; impaling the
arms of Layland, namely : argent, on a fess raguly gules, between
six ears of wheat, three and three vert, banded or, in chief and
two escallops in base of the third, a lion passant of the first.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a
bear sable, muzzled, seme of escallops, and resting the dexter
forepaw on an escallop all or. Motto: " Cui debeo fidus."
Fig. 321. — Armorial bearings of William Langham Christie, Esq : Azure,
a lamb passant, the dexter leg supporting in bend sinister a
banner argent, staff or, on a chief of the last a tower with two
turrets between as many gabions proper, and upon an escutcheon
of pretence the arms of Cleveland, namely : azure, a hare salient or,
collared gules, to the collar a bugle-horn pendent sable. Mantling
azure and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a brown
bear passant muzzled, the chain refiexed over the shoulder or, on
the back a bezant charged with a cross sable, the dexter paw
resting on an escutcheon per pale of the last and gules. Motto :
" Integer vita;."
The Boar is an animal which, with its parts, will con-
stantly be met with in British armory. Theoretically
there is a ditference between the boar, which is the male
of the domestic animal, and the wild boar, which is the
untamed creature of the woods. Whilst the latter is
usually blazoned as a wUd boar or sanglier, the latter is
just a boar ; but for all practical purposes no difference
whatever is made in heraldic representations of these
varieties, though it may be noted that the crest of
Swinton (Plate LXIII.) is often described as a sanglier,
as is also the crest of Douglas, Lord Penrhyn ["A
sanglier sticking between the cleft of an oak-tree
fructed, with a look holding the clefts together all
proper "]. The boar, like the lion, is usually described
as armed and langued, but this is not necessary when
the tusks are represented in their own colour and when
the tongue is gules. It will, however, be very frequently
found that the tusks are or. The " armed," however,
does not include the hoofs, and if these are to be of any
colour different from that of the animal, it must be
blazoned " unguled " of such and such a tincture.
Precisely the same distinction occurs in the heads of
Fig. 322. — Armorial bearings of Joseph Robert Heaven, Esq., of
Forest of Birse : Azure, seme of cross crosslets argent, three boars'
heads couped or, armed and langued gules, a chief of the third.
Mantling azure, doubled or. Crest: on a wreath of his liveries,
a boar's head couped or, semd of cross crosslets azure ; and in an
escroll over the same this motto, " Non omnis moriar."
boars that was referred to in bears. The real difference
is this, that whilst the English boar's head has the neck
attached to the head and is couped or erased at the
shoulders, the Scottish boar's head is separated close
behind the ears. No one ever troubled to draw any
distinction between the two, because the English boars'
heads were more usually drawn with the neck, and the
boars' heads in Scotland were drawn couped close.
Matters of coats of arms, however, are now cosmopolitan,
and one can no longer ascertain that the crest of
Campbell must be Scottish, or that the crest of any
other family must be English ; and consequently,
though the terms will not be found employed officially,
it is just as well to distinguish them, because armory
provides means of such distinction — the true term for
an English boar's head being couped or erased " at the
neck," and the Scottish term being a boar's head couped
or erased "close." Examples of a boar's head of the
English type will be found in the arms of McDermot '^
(Plate XXII.), and of a Scottish type in the arms of
i^ Armorial bearings of Henry Thomas McDermott, Esq. : Party per
pale chevron argent and or, on a chevron gules, between in chief
three boars' heads erased at the neck and in base a cross crosslet
azure, three trefoils slipped of the second ; and for his crest, oh a
wreath of the colours, a demi-lion rampant or, holding between the
paws a boar's head erased as in the arms ; with the motto, " Honor
virtutis pnemium."
140
PLATE XLIII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF GEORGE ROBERT CLOVER, Esq. OF Ramle, BIRKENHEAD—
; ;-- u s L I c; ■
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Gooden-Chisholm (Plate LVII.\ Abercromby ' (Plate
XXXIX.), Sandford-Thompson (Plate XXIX.), Banner-
man (Plate XVIII.), Heaven (Fig. 322), and Wyatt
Fig. 323. — Armorial bearings of Hugh Richard Penfold Wyatt, Esq. :
Gules, on a fess or, between three boars' heads couped ermine, a
lion passant, enclosed by two pheons azure. Mantling gules and
or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a demi-llon rampant erased
azure, holding in his dexter paw an arrow proper, headed with a
pheon argent.
(Fig. 323). Occasionally a boar's head will be stated to
be borne erect; tbis is then shown with the mouth
pointing upwards. A curious example of this is found
in the crest of Tyrrell: "A boar's head erect argent,
in the mouth a peacock's tail proper."
Woodward mentions three very strange coats of
arms in which the charge, whilst not being a boar,
bears very close connection with it. He states that
among the curiosities of heraldry we may place the
canting arms of Ham, of Holland : " Gules, five hams
proper, 2, i, 2." The Verhammes also bear: " Or, three
hams sable." These commonplace charges assume
almost a poetical savour when placed beside the matter-
of-fact coat of the family of Bacquere : " d' Azur, a un
ecusson d'or en abime, accompagne de trois groins de
pore d'argent," and that of the Wursters of Switzerland :
" Or, two sausages gules on a gridiron sable, the handle
in chief."
HORSES
It is not a matter of surprise that the horse is
frequently met with in armory. It will be found, as in
the arms of Jedburgh, carrying a mounted warrior, and
' Armorial bearings of Alexander Abercromby, Esq. : Parted per
pale argent and gules, a chevron between two boars' heads erased
in chief, and a bee volant en arriere in base all countercbanged.
Above the shield is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a
mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is
set for crest, a bee volant or, and upon an escroll above, this motto,
'* Vive ut vivas."
the same combination appears as the crest of the Duke
of Fife (Fig. 251).
The horse will be found rampant (or forcene, or
salient), as in the arms of Bewes (Fig. 292), and will
be found courant in the crest of Stone (Plate XX.),
and trotting in the arms of Trotter (Fig. 324).
When it is " comparisoned " or " furnished " it is shown
with saddle and bridle and all appurtenances ; but if
the saddle is not present it would only be blazoned
" bridled."
" Gules, a horse argent," really the arms of West-
phalia, is popularly known in this country as the coat
of Hanover, inasmuch as it was the most prominent
charge upon the inescutcheon or quartering of Hanover
formerly borne with the Royal Arms. Every one in this
country is familiar with the expression " the white horse
of Hanover."
Horses will also be found in many cases as supporters,
and these will be referred to Ln the chapter upon that
subject, but reference should be particularly made here
to the crest of the family of Lane, of King's Bromley
(Fig. 57), which is a strawberry roan horse, couped at the
flanks, bridled, saddled, andholding in its feet thelmperial
crown proper. This commemorates the heroic action of
Mistress Jane Lane, afterwards Lady Fisher, and the
sister of Sir Thomas Lane, of King's Bromley, who, after
the battle of Worcester and when King Charles was in
hiding, rode from Staffordshire to the south coast upon
a strawberry roan horse, with King Charles as her
serving-man. For this the Lane family were first of all
granted the canton of England as an augmentation to
their arms, and shortly afterwards this crest of the
demi-horse.
The arms of Trevelyan afford an interesting example
of a horse, being : " Gules, issuant out of water in base
proper, a demi-horse argent, hoofed and maned or."
Fig. 324. — Armorial bearings of William Trotter, Esq. : Quarterly, I
and 4, argent, a crescent gules, on a chief indented azure, three
mullets pierced of the field (for Trotter) ; 2 and 3, gules, a lion
rampant argent, crowned or, armed and langued azure, charged
on the shoulder with a crescent of the first (for Mowbray), all
within a bordure engrailed or. Mantling gules and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of his hveries, a horse trotting proper. Motto : " Fes-
tina lente."
The heads of horses are either so described or (and
more usually) termed " nags' heads," though what the
difference may be is beyond the comprehension of most
people; at any rate heraldry knows none. These will
141
THE ART OF HERALDRY
be found, amongst other coats, in the arms of Lloyd
(Fig. 325) and Barstow (Plate XVIIL). As a crest its
use is even more frequent.
The crest of the family of Duncombe is curious, and
is as follows : " Out of a ducal coronet or, a horse's hind
Fig. 325. — Armorial bearings of Henry Cramptou Lloyd, Esq., of Stock-
ton, CO. Salop : Quarterly of five, viz. : i. Lloyd of Stockton : Sable,
three nags' heads ei-ased argent ; 2. Sir Griffith Vaughan, Knight
Banneret of Agincoui-t : quarterly i and 4, sable, three nags' heads
erased argent ; 2 and 3, argent, a " castle " triple -towered sable, port
overt chained transverse or (Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham) ; 3.
Griffith ap Beli, de la Garth, Lord of Guilsfield : Per pale or and
gules, two lions rampant addorsed counterchanged ; 4. Sable, three
escutcheons or, each charged with a lion rampant gules; 5. Beli
Mawr, or Belinus the Great, King of Britain: Azure, three ducal
crowns in pale or.
Fig. 326. — Armorial bearings of Dr. G. W. Marshall, Rouge Croix Pur-
suivant of Arms : Barry of six ermine and azure, a horse-shoe or
between three bezants. Mantling azure and or. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, a bezant charged with a horse-shoe azure,
between two wings harry of six ermine and azure ; with the motto,
" Vimartiali."
leg sable, the shoe argent." Founded upon this, doubt-
less, was the confirmation of arms and crest to the
family of Dunscombe (Plate XXVL). Though they can
hardly be termed animate charges, perhaps one may
be justified in here mentioning the horse-shoe, which is
tar from being an uncommon charge. It will be found
in various arms for the name of Ferrar, Ferrers (Figs.
64 and 215), and Farrer; and Marshall (Figs. 249 and
326), and, in the arms of Smith, three horse-shoes inter-
laced together form rather a curious charge (Fig. 327).
Other instances in which it occurs will be found in the
Fig. 327. — Armorial bearings of William Smith, Esq., of Binn Cottage.
Dundee: Argent, a bend azure, between three horse-shoes interlaced
sable in chief and an eagle displayed of the third in base, beaked
and membered gules. Mantling azure, doubled argent. Crest:
upon a wreath of the liveries, a Seur-de-lis argent, interlaced with
a horse-shoe sable ; and on an escroU over same this motto, " Ready
and fit."
arms of Burlton (Fig. 122), and in the arms used by the
town of Oakham. In the latter case it doubtless has
Fig. 32S. — Armorial bearings of Pirrie of Belfast : Argent, a saltire
gules, between in chief and in base a bugle-horn stringed sable,
and in fess two sea-horses respecting one another proper. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a falcon's head erased per saltire argent
and gules. Motto : " Deeds, not words."
reference to the toll of a horse-shoe, which the town
collects from every peer or member of the Royal Family
who passes through its limits. The collection of these..
142
THE ART OF HERALDRY
which are usually of silver, and are carefully preserved,
is one of the features of the town.
The sea-horse, the unicorn, and the pegasus may
perhaps be more properly considered as mythical
r\'
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Fig. 329. — Bookplate of Walter Edwin Carson M'Cammond, Esq.
Arms : or, a fess vair between three sea-horses proper. Mantling
azure and or. Crest ; out of a mural crown a lion's head gules,
charged on the neck with a bell ardent. Motto: "Justus ac
tenas." (Designed by J. Vinycomb, Esq., M.R.I.A.)
i^nomnfe;^ mt bonorabo.1 .
Fig. 330. — Armorial bearings of Jolin Maunsell Richardson, Esq. : Per
pale sable and or, a pegasns rampant between three lions' heads
erased aU counterchanged, impaling the arms of Hare, namely :
gules, two bars or, and a chief indented of the last. Mantling
sable and or. Crest ; on a wreath of the colom-s, a pegasus sejant
sable, resting the dexter foot on a pheon or. Motto: " Honorantes
me honorabo."
animals, and the unicorn wLU, of course, be treated
imder that heading ; but the sea-horse and the pegasus
are so closely allied in form to the natural animal that
perhaps it will be simpler to treat of them in this
chapter. The sea-horse is composed of the head and
neck of a horse and the tail of a fish, but in place of the
forefeet, legs and webbed paws are usually substituted.
Fig. 331. — Armorial bearings of Tankerville James Chamberlayne, Esq. :
Quarterly, I and 4, gules, a chevron engrailed argent, between
three escallops or (for Chamberlayne); 2 and 3, argent, a hand
gloved, couped at the wrist, and grasping a thistle between three
holly-leaves aU proper (for Ii-win of Tanragoe) ; impaling the arms
of Ruspoli, " d'azur, b, un mont de six coupeaus d'or, somme de
deux ceps devigne passes en double sautoir et fruites de deux
grappes de raisins h dextre et h, sinestre le tout au naturel "
(vide Reitstap). Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, a pegasus argent. Motto : " Nemo me
impune lacessit."
Two sea-horses respecting each other will be found in
the coat of arms of Pirrie (Fig. 328); and sea-horses
Fig. 332. — Arms of Herr von Frouberg.
naiant will be found in the arms of M'Cammond (Fig.
329). It is a matter largely left to the discretion of the
artist, but the sea-horse will be found as often as not
depicted with a fin at the back of its neck in place of a
mane. A sea-horse as a crest will be found in the case
of Belfast and in the crests of Clippingdale and Jenkin-
son. The sea-horse is sometimes represented winged,
but I know of no officially sanctioned example. When
represented rising from the sea the animal is said to
be " assurgeant."
The pegasus, though often met with as a crest or
found in use as a supporter, is very unusual as a charge
upon an escutcheon. It will be found, however, in the
143
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arms of the Society of the Inner Temple and in the
arms of Richardson (Fig. 330), which affords an example
of a pegasus rampant and also an example of a pegasus
sejant, which at present is the only one which exists in
British heraldry. Another example of the pegasus will
be found in the crest of Chamberlayne (Fig. 331).
Fig. 332 gives a solitary instance of a mare. The
arms, which are from Griinenberg's Wappenbuch (1483),
are attributed to " Herr von Frouberg from the Forest
in Bavaria," and are : Gules, a mare rampant argent,
bridled sable.
DOGS
Dogs will be found of various kinds in many English
and Scottish coats of arms, though more frequently in
the former than in the latter. The original English
dog, the hound of early days, is, of course, the talbot.
Under the heading of supporters certain instances will be
quoted in which dogs of various kinds and breeds figure
in heraldry, but the talbot as a charge will be found in
the arms of the old Staffordshire family, Wolseley of
Wolseley, a cadet of which house is the present Field-
Marshal, Viscount Wolseley. Their arms are : " Argent,
a talbot passant gules" (Fig. 333).
Other instances of the talbot will be found in the
arms or crests of the famihes of Grosvenor, Gooch,
Smith-Ryland, and Allen (see Plate XXXI.). The arms
" Azure, three talbots statant or " were granted by Cooke
to Edward Peke of Heldchurchgate, Kent. A sleuth-
hound treading gingerly upon the points of a coronet
['• On a ducal coronet, a sleuthhound proper, collared
hold amongst the galtraps which is provided for the
supporters.
Fig. 333. — Armorial bearings of Lieutenant-General Sir George Benjamin
Wolseley, K.C.B. : Argent, a talbofc passant gules, a crescent for
difference. Upon the escutcheon, which is surrounded by the
ribbon of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and pendent
therefrom his badge as a Knight Commander thereof, is placed a
helmet befitting his degi'ee, with a mantling gules and argent ;
and for his crest, out of a ducal coronet or, a wolf's head proper ;
with the motto, *' Homo homini lupus."
and leashed gules "] was the crest of the Earl of Perth
and Melfort, and one wonders whether the motto, " Gang
warily," may not really have as much relation to the
perambulations of the crest as to the dangerous foot-
FlG. 334. — Armorial bearings of Charles Hunter, Esq., J.P., D.L.,
r.R.S., F.S.A., of Plas Coch, Anglesey : Vert, three greyhounds
courant at full speed in pale argent, collared gules, within a
bordure or, on a chief engrailed of the second a fleur-de-lis azure
between two bugles of the field, stringed and veruled of the third.
Mantling vert and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the liveries,
a greyhound's head and neck couped argent, collared gules.
Motto : " Dum spiro spero."
Greyhounds are, of course, very frequently met with,
amongst the instances which can be mentioned being
the arms of Clayhills (see page 46), and in the arms of
Hunter of Plas Coch (Fig. 334), and Hunter of Hunter-
ston (Fig. 800). A very artistic representation of a
greyhound will be found in the arms of Blackwall (Fig.
345), and a curious coat of arms will be found under the
name of Udney of that Ilk, registered in the Lyon
Office, namely : " Gules, two greyhounds counter-salient
argent, collared of the field, in the inner point a stag's
head couped, and attired with ten tynes, all between
the three fieurs-de-lis, two in chief and one in base, or."
Another very curious coat of arms is registered as the
design of the reverse of the seal of the Royal Burgh
of Linlithgow, and is : " Or, a greyhound bitch sable,
chained to an oak-tree within a loch proper." This
curious coat of arms, however, being the reverse of the
seal, is seldom if ever made use of Two bloodhounds
are the supporters to the arms of Campbell of Aberuchill.
The dog, as far as I am aware, is not found rampant,
but may be salient, that is, springing, its hind feet on
the ground ; passant, when it is sometimes known as
trippant, otherwise walking ; and courant when it is at
full speed. It will be found occasionally couchant or
lying down, but if depicted chasing another animal it is
described as " in full chase."
A mastitf will be found in the arms of Crawshay (Fig.
346), and there is a well-known crest of a family
named Phillips which has for its crest " a dog sejant
regardant surmounted by a bezant charged with a
144
PLATE XLIV.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF
COL. ALBERT CANTRELL CANTRELL-HUBBERSTY, ESQ. OF TOLLERTON H.\LL, NOTTS.
F-U B LI C
THE ART OF HERALDRY
representation of a dog saving a man from drown-
ing." Whether this crest has any official authority
or not I do not know, but I should imagine it is
highly doubtful.
Foxhounds appear as the supporters of Lord Hindlip ;
pflDELITAS
Fig. 345,
Anuorial bearings of Blackball : Argent, a greyhound
courant sable, collared cheqiiy or and gules, on a chief in-
dented sable three bezants. Crest : two arms embowed in chain
mail, holding in the hands proper a greyhound's head couped sable,
collared chequy or and gules. Motto; "Fidelitas."
A winged greyhound is stated to be the crest of a
family of BenweU. A "reyhound in full course or
"courant" will be found in the crest of Daly and
Watney (see Plate XXVII.) ; and a curious crest is that
of Biscoe, which is a greyhound seizing a hare. The
crest of Anderson, now borne by the Earl of Yar-
borough, is a water spaniel.
The sea-dog (Fig. 347) is a most curious animal. It is
represented much as the talbot, but with scales, webbed
Fig. 347. — The Sea-dog.
feet, and a broad scaly tail like a beaver. In my mind
there is very little doubt that the sea-dog is really the
early heraldic attempt to represent a beaver, and I am
confirmed in that opinion by the arms of the city of
Oxford. There has been considerable uncertainty as to
what the sinister supporter was intended to represent.
A reference to the original record shows that a beaver
is the real supporter, but the representation of the
animal, which in form has varied little, is very similar
to that of a sea-dog. The only instances I am aware
of in British heraldry in which it occurs under the
name of a sea-dog are the Stourton supporters and
the crest of Dodge.^
BULLS
The buU, and also the calf, and very occasionally the
cow and the buffalo, have their allotted place in her-
aldry. They are amongst the few animals which can
never be represented proper, inasmuch as in its natural
state the bull is of very various colours. And yet
there is an exception to even this apparently obvious
fact, for the bulls connected with or used either as
crests, badges, or supporters by the various branches
of the Nevill family are aU pied bulls ["Arms of the
Marquis of Abergavenny: Gules, on a saltire argent, a
rose of the field, barbed and seeded proper. Crest : a
bull statant argent, pied sable, collared and chain re-
flexed over the back or. Supporters : two bulls argent,
pied sable, armed, unguled, collared and chained, and at
the end of the chain two staples or. Badges: on the
dexter a rose gules, seeded or, barbed vert ; on the
sinister a portcullis or. Motto : ' Ne vUe velis.' "] The
buU in the arms of the town of Abergavenny, which
are obviously based upon the arms and crest of the
Marquess of Abergavenny, is the same (Fig. 348).
Examples of the buU wiU be found in the arms of
Verelst (Fig. 349), Blyth (Fig. 350), and Ffinden (Fig.
163). In the arms of Oxford (Plate CXVIII.) the
animal naturally would be blazoned an ox. A bull
salient occurs in the arms of De Hasting ["Per pale
vert and or, a bull salient counterchanged"]. The
B Armorial bearings of Dodge ; Barry of six or and sable, on a pale
and when depicted with its nose to the gxwnd a dog lt'e.t^Z''.T:ioZ:: "^!et^^^^^^^ ma^:ed,rd
is termed a hound on scent. finned or. Motto: "Leni perfrnar otio."
145 T
PERSEVE RANGE
Fig. 346. — Armorial bearings of Codrington Fraser Crawshay, Esq, :
Argent, on a mount in base vert, a plough proper, on a chief azure
a pale or, charged with the chemical sign of Mars 6 sable, between
two lions' heads erased gold. Mantling vert and argent. Crest :
on a mount vert, a dog standing over a heap of cannon-balls pro-
per. Motto: "Perseverance."
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arms of the Earl of Shaftesbury show three bulls, which
happen to be the quartering for Ashley. This coat of
arms affords an instance, and a striking one, of the
manner in which arms have been assumed in England.
The surname of the Earl of Shaftesbury is Ashley-
Cooper. It may be mentioned here in passing, though
the subject is properly dealt with elsewhere in the
volume, that in an English sub-quarterly coat for a
lordship) are : " Gules, a bend engrailed between six
lions rampant or." The ludicrous result has been that
Fig. 34S. — Arms of Abergavenny : Gules, a saltire argent, between a
rose in chief and two fleurs-de-lis in fess and a portcnllis chained
in base or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon the trunk of
a tree fesswise, eradicated and sprouting to the dexter proper,
a bull passant argent, pied and nnguled sable, gorged with a
collar and chain reflexed over the back and charged on the body
with two flenrs-de-lis all or. Motto: "Hostes nunc amici."
double name the arms for the last and most important
name are the first and fourth quarterings. But Lord
Shaftesbury himself is the only person who bears the
name of Cooper, all other members of the family except
his lordship being known by the name of Ashley only.
Possibly this may be the reason which accounts for the
fact that by a rare exception Lord Shaftesbury bears
the arms of Ashley in the first and fourth quarters, and
Cooper in the second and third. But by a very general
mistake these arms of Ashley [" Argent, three bulls pas-
sant sable, armed and unguled or "] were until recently
almost invariably described as the arms of Cooper. The
result has been that during the last century they were
"jumped" right and left by people of the name of
Cooper, entirely in ignorance of the fact that the arms
of Cooper (if it were, as one can only presume, the
popular desire to indicate a false relationship to his
Fig. 349. — Armorial bearings of Harry William Verelst, Esq. ; Argent,
on a mount in front of an oak-tree fructed proper, a bull passant
sable, in chief two estoUes of the last. Mantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, on a mount a rudder with tiller
proper, between two elephants' trunks or.
to those who know the arms have stood self-condemned,
and in the course of time, as it has become necessary
for these Messrs. Cooper to legalise these usurped in-
FlG. 350. — Armorial bearings of Sir James Blyth, rst baronet: Azure,
on a mount vert, a bull statant argent, ringed and chained or,
on a chief arched of the fourth, a stag's head erased proper be-
tween two annulets gules, the escutcheon being charged with his
badge of Ulster as a baronet. Mantling azure and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, in front of a mount vert thereon a bull
as in the arms, three roses gules. Motto: " Spero meliora."
signia, the new grants, differentiated versions of arms
previously in use, have nearly all been founded upon
this Ashley coat. At any rate there must be a score or
more Cooper grants with bulls as the principal charges,
146
PLATE XLV.
(i) JOHN ALEXANDER GALBRAITH, Esq.
2) MATTHEW WILSON HERVEY, Esq.
(3) FR.\NCIS JAMES GRANT, Esq., Rothesay
Lyon Clerk.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(4) ALBEMARLE O'BEIRNE WILLOUGHBY DEWAR, Esq. of
" Doles" Hants.
Herald and (5) REGINALD HENRY TUDOR DRUMMOND. ESQ. OF Balquhandy.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and irmumerable others are still using without authority
the old Ashley coat pure and simple.
The bull as a crest is not uncommon, belonging
amongst other families to Ridley, Sj'kes, and De
Hoghton ; and the demi-bull, and more frequently the
bull's head, are often met with. A bull's leg is the
crest of De la Vache, and as such appears upon
two of the early Garter plates. Winged bulls are the
supporters of the Butchers' Livery Company.
A bull's scalp occurs upon a canton over the arms
of Cheney, a coat quartered by Johnston and Cure.
The ox seldom occurs, except that, in order sometimes
to preserve a pun, a bovine animal is sometimes so
blazoned. Cows also are equally rare, but occur in
the arms of Cowell [" Ermine, a cow statant gules,
within a bordure sable, bezantee"] and in the recent
grants to the towns of Eawtenstall and Cowbridge.
Cow.s' heads appear on the arms of V^eitch [" Argent,
three cows' heads erased sable"], and these were trans-
ferred to the cadency bordure of the Haig arms when
these were rematriculated for Mr. H. Veitch Haig
(Plate LXV.).
Calves are of much more fi-equent occurrence than
cows, appearing in many coats of arms in which they are
a pun upon the name. They will be found in the arms
of Vaile (Fig. 92) and Metcalfe (Fig. 351). Special
nature ot a stag must be subject to the following terms.
If lying down it is termed lodged, if walking it is termed
trippant, if running it is termed courant or at speed
or at full chase. It is termed salient when springing.
FlG. 351. — Armorial bearings of John Henry Metcalfe, Esq.: Argent,
three calves passant sable, a canton gales.
attention may well be drawn to the last-mentioned illus-
tration, inasmuch as it is by Mr. J. H. Metcalfe, whose
heraldic work has obtained a well-deserved reputation.
A bull or cow is termed " armed " if the horns are of
a different tincture from the head. The term " un ■
guled " applies to the hoofs, and " ringed " is used
when, as is sometimes the case, a ring passes through
the nostrils. A bull's head is sometimes found caboshed,
as in the crest of Macleod, or as in the arms of
Wahond. The position of the tail is one of those
matters which are left to the artist, and unless the
blazon contains any statement to the contrary, it may
be placed in any convenient position.
STAGS
The stag, using the term in its generic sense, under
the various names of stag, deer, buck, hart, hind, doe,
reindeer, springbok, roebuck, and other varieties, is
constantly met with in British armory, as well as in
that of other countries.
In the specialised varieties, such as the springbok
and the reindeer, naturally an attemj)t is made to foUow
the natural animal in its salient peculiarities, but as to
the remainder, heraldry knows little if any distinction
after the following has been properly observed. The
stag, which is really the male red deer, has horns which
are branched with pointed branches from the bottom
to the top ; but a buck, which is the fallow deer, has
broad and flat palmated horns. Anything in the
Fig. 352. — Armorial bearings of Sir Thomas Richardson : Per fess azure
and barry wavy of six argent and of the first, a stag statant at gaze
or, on a chief arched of the last, two lions' heads erased sable.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a
mount vert, thereon, in front of the battlements of a tower, a lion's
head erased sable, gorged with a collar vair. Motto : " Virtute
acquiritur honos."
though the term springing is sometimes employed, and
it is said to be " at gaze ■" when statant with the head
turned to face the spectator ; but it should be noted
that a stag may also be statant ; and it is not " at gaze "
Fig. 353. — Armorial bearings of George Walter Charles Rothe, Esq. ; Or,
on a mount in base vert, a stag trippant argent, under an oak-tree
of the second. Mantling vert and or ; and for his crest, upon a
wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a stag lodged argent,
attired or ; with the motto, " Solo salus servire Deo."
unless the head is turned round. When it is necessary
owing to a difference of tincture or for other reasons to
refer to the horns, a stag or buck is described as attired
of such and such a colour, whereas bulls, rams, and
goats are said to be armed.
1-17
THE ART OF HERALDRY
When the stag is said to be attired ot ten or any
other number of tynes, it means that there are so
many points to its horns. Like other cloven-footed
animals, the stag can be unguled of a different colour.
The animal will be found in the arms of Harthill'^
(Plate XXXL), Richardson (Fig. 352), Rothe (Fig. 353),
and Greene (Fig. 354).
The stag's head is very frequently met with, as in the
arms of Rodger (Fig. 355), but it will be more frequently
found as a stag's head caboshed, as in the arms of
Wakely (Fig. 356), and Barton (Fig. 357). In these
cases the head is represented affronte and removed close
behind the ears, so that no part of the neck is visible.
the crest of Hatton ' whilst a hind's head is the crest of
ConranJ (Plate XX.).
The reindeer is less usual, but reindeer heads will be
Fig. 354. — Armorial bearings of Richard Greene, Esq. : Vert, three bucks
trippaut or, each gorged with a ducal coronet gules. Mantling vert
and or. Crest : issuant from a ducal coronet gules, a buck's head
or. Motto: " Nee timeo nee sperno."
A roebuck feeding is the crest of Bell.
The attires of a stag are sometimes met with, either
singly or in the form of a pair attached to the scalp.
The crest of Jeune (Fig. 358) shows an instance of a
scalp. The hind or doe is sometimes met with, as in
•1 Armorial bearings of John Thomas Harthill, Esq., J.P., M.R.C.S.,
of Manor House, Willenhall : Argent, on a mount in base vert, a hart
lodged and regardant gules, a chief of the last, thereon an arrow in
pale point downwards between two hearts of the first. Mantling gules
and argent ; and for the crest, on a wreath of the colours, upon a
mount vert, a hart lodged and regardant gules, holding in the mouth
an arrow in bend sinister argent, and resting the dexter fore-leg on a
heart also gules. Motto : "Diligentes Deus ipse juvat."
Fig. 355. — Armorial bearings of Edward Eodger, Esq., ofJ^Glasgow :
Sable, a stag's head erased argent, holding inihis mouth a mullet
or, within a bordure part.y per pale of the last and ermine, charged
with three escallops of the first. Mantling sable, doubled argent ;
and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, on a mount a stag
courant between two laurel branches, all proper ; and in an escroll
over the same this motto, " Nos nostraque Deo."
found in the arms of Fellows.^ It, ^however, appears
as a supporter for several English peers. The stag's
head caboshed occurs in the arms of Cavendish and
Stanley (Fig. 359), and also in the arms of Legge,
Earl of Dartmouth.
Much akin to the stag is the antelope, which, unless
specified to be an heraldic antelope, or found in a very
Fig. 356.— Armorial bearings of Wakely : Gules, a chevron between
three cross orosslets argent, on a chief of the second, a stag's
head caboshed of the first.
i Armorial bearings of Villiers Hatton, Esq. : Azure, on a chevron
between three garbs or, an annulet gules. Mantling azure and or.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a hind statant or, charged on
the body with an annulet as in the arms. Motto; " Virtus tutissima
cassis."
J Armorial bearings of Captain Gerald Marcell Conran, of South
Brent : Vert, on a chevron argent, three martlets of the field between as
many hinds' heads erased of the second. Mantling vert and argent.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a hind's head erased argent.
Motto ; "In Deo spes mea."
^ Armorial bearings of Frederick Burnington Fellows, Esq. : Per
fess or and azure, in chief two reindeer heads erased proper, and in
base, on the base thereof bai-ry wavy of four argent and of the second,
an ancient ship of three masts, sails furled also proper. Mantling azure
and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a lion's head
erased proper, crowned with a crown vallery of the first, holding in
the mouth an antler of a reindeer also proper. Motto : " Fac et spera."
148
PLATE XLVI.
HERALDIC MONSTERS.
rrintcd lit Sturtgai
THE ART OF HERALDRY
old coat, is usually represented in the natural form of
the animal, and subject to the foregoing rules.
Fig. 357.— Armorial bearings of Evei-ard William Barton, Esq., F.S.A. :
Party per fess argent and azure, four stags' heads caboshed
two and two within a bordure charged with eight crescents, the
whole counterchanged ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, on a mount vert, an owl argent between two acorns
slipped and leaved proper ; with the motto, " I byde my time."
SIR FRANCIS HENRY JEUN E.K.C.B.
Fig. 358 Armorial bearings of the Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Henry Jeone,
K.C.B. : Sable, a stag trippant between four estoUes argent, im-
paling the arms of Stewart-Mackenzie, namely : quarterly, I and 4,
azure, a stag's head caboshed or (for Mackenzie) ; 2 and 3, or, a
double tressure flory counterflory of the last (for Stewart}. Upon
the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree. Mantling
sable and argent. Crest: upon a wreath of the Golours, between
the attires of a stag affixed to the scalp, an estoile all argent; with
the motto, " Faire sans dire."
Fig. 359. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby (d.
1504) : Quarterly, I and 4, argent, on a bend azure, three bucks'
heads cabossed or (for Stanley) ; 2 and 3, or. on a chief indented
azure, three bezants (for Latham). (From a drawing of his seal,
MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)
Antelope (heraldic). — This animal is found in English
heraldry more frequently as a supporter than as a
charge. As an instance, however, ot the latter form
may be mentioned the family of Dighton (Lincolnshire):
" Per pale argent and gules, an antelope passant counter-
FlG. 360. — The Heraldic Antelope.
changed." It bears little if any relation to the real
animal, though there can be but small doubt that the
earliest forms originated in an attempt to represent
an antelope or an ibex. Since, however, heraldry has
found a use for the antelope, it has been necessary to
distinguish it from the creations of the early armorists,
which are now known as heraldic antelopes. Examples
will be found in the supporters of Lord Carew, in the
crest of Moresby, and of Bagnall.
The difference chiefly consists in the curious head and
horns and in the tail, the heraldic antelope being an
heraldic tiger, with the feet and legs similar to those of
a deer, and with two straight serrated horns.
Ibex. — This is another form of the antelope, but with
two saw-edged horns projecting from the forehead.
Fig. 361. — Armorial bearings of Marindin.
A curious animal, namely, the sea-stag, is often met
with in German heraldry. This is the head, antlers,
forelegs, and the upper part of the body of a stag con-
joined to the fish-tail end of a mermaid. The only
instance which occurs in British armory is in the case
149
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of the arms of Marindin, which were recently matricu-
lated in Lyon Register (Fig. 361). This, coat, however,
it should be observed, is really of German or perhaps of
Swiss origin.
THE EAM
The ram, the consideration of which must of neces-
sity include the sheep, the paschal lamb, and the fleece,
plays no unimportant part in armory. The chief
Fig. 362, — Armorial bearings of William Francis Marwood, Esq. :
Gules, a chevron ermine, between three goats' heads erased argent.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, on
a mount vert, a ram couchant argent, horned and hoofed or.
Fjg. 363. — Armorial bearings of Alexander MacMorran, Esq., K.C. :
Azure, a sword in bend proper, pommelled and hilted or, in the
sinister chief a dexter hand couped, and in the dexter base a
paschal lamb or, carrying a banner argent charged with a cross
gules. Mantling azure, doubled or ; and upon a wreath of his
liveries is set for crest, a dexter hand couped gules ; and in an
escroll over the same this motto, " Virtus virtutis praemium."
heraldic difference between the ram and the sheep, to
some extent, in opposition to the agricultural dis-
tinctions, lies in the fact that the ram is always repre-
sented with horns and the sheep without. The lamb
and the ram are always represented with the natural
tail, but the sheep is deprived of it. A ram can of
course be "armed" (i.e. with the horns of a different
colour) and " unguled," but the latter will seldom be
found to be the case. The ram, the sheep, and the
lamb will nearly always be found either passant or
statant, but a demi-ram is naturally represented in a
rampant posture, though in such a case the word " ram-
pant " is not necessary in the blazon. Occasionally, as
in the crest of Marwood (Fig. 362), the ram will be
found couchant. As a charge upon a shield the ram
will be found in the arms of Sydenham [" Argent, three
rams passant sable"], and a ram couchant occurs in the
arms of Pujolas (granted 1762) ["Per fess wavy azure
and argent, in base on a mount vert, a ram couchant
sable, armed and unguled or, in chief three doves
proper "].
The arms of Ramsey ["Azure, a chevron between three
rams passant or "] and the arms of Harman [" Sable, a
chevron between six rams counter-passant two and two
argent, armed and unguled or "] are other instances in
which rams occur. A sheep occurs in the arms of
Fig. 364. — Armorial bearings of Lees Knowles, Esq. ; Gules, on a
chevron cottised between two crescents in, chief and a cross
crosslet in base argent, three roses of the field. Upon the
escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mant-
ling gules and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, in front of a ram's head couped argent, attired or, three
roses gules. Motto: "Nee diu nee frustra."
Sheepshanks ["Azure, a chevron erminois between in
chief three roses and in base a sheep passant argent.
Crest : on a mount vert, a sheep passant argent "].
The lamb, which Ls by no means an unusual charge in
Welsh coats of arms, is most usually found in the form
of a "paschal lamb," or some variation evidently
founded thereupon. The lamb will be found in the
arms or crests of MacMorran (Fig. 363), Piatt' (Plate
XX.), Fisher-Rowe™ (Plate XXXVII.), and also in the
arms of the city of Perth and the town of Preston.
1 Armorial bearings of the late John Piatt, Esq., of Llandudno :
Azure, on a chevron or, between two fleurs-de-lis in chief and a lamb
statant in base of the last, a fleur-de-lis between two cinquefoils of the
first ; and for the crest, on a w reath of the colours, a lamb or, resting
the dexter foreleg on a fleur-de-lis azure, holding in the mouth three
cinquefoils slipped vert : with the motto, " Neminem metue innocens."
'" Armorial|bearings of Edward Rowe Fisher-Rowe, Esq. : Quarterly,
I and 4, party per pale sable and gules, thi-ee crosses patee in fess or,
between as many lambs passant proper, each supporting with the dexter
foreleg a pennon argent, charged with the Cross of St. George (for
Rowe) : 2 and 3, ermine, on a fe.ss wavy vert, between three king-
fishers, as many fountains proper, and impaling the arms of Liddell,
namely : argent, fretty gules, on a chief of the last three leopards'
faces or. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree,
with a mantling sable and or, and for his crests, I. upon a wreath of
the colours, a lamb resting the dexter foreleg on a bee-hive proper, and
charged on the body with a cross patee or (for Rowe) ; 2. upon a wreath
of the colours, on a fountain between six bulrushes, a kingfisher all
proper (for Fisher) ; with the motto, " Favente Deo."
150
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tlJ^htrl^f "f7l°^ nT" Tl?'"'^^y,j°^ "iT^ '^P,"'^ '''' industry. In this connection it will be found in the
the badge ot the Order ot the Golden Fleece— has in arms of Johnson (Plate XXV.) the city of Leeds rPlate
recent years been frequently employed in the grants of CXVII.), and the town of Nelson
arms to towns or mdividuals connected with the woollen The demi-ram and the demi-lamb are to be found as
Fig. 365.— Armorial bearings of James Ritchie, Esq. : Vert, a chevron
engrailed between two lions' heads erased in chief or, and a
ram's head caboshed in base proper, horned of the second. Upon
the escntcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a
mantling Tert, doubled or ; and on a wreath of his liveries is set
for crest, a cnbit arm and hand proper, holding a cross fleury
or; and in an escroU over the same this motto, "Ostendo non
ostento."
Fig. 367. — Armorial bearings of Wilson Lloyd, Esq. : Azure, a chevron
between three cocks argent, armed, crested, and wattled or.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of a fern-brake proper, a goat salient argent, armed and
unguled or, gorged with a collar flory counterflory sable. Motto :
"Esto vigilans."
Fig. 366. — Armorial bearings of Alexander Fowler Roberts, Esq. : Gales,
a hawk's lure argent, between two cushions or, in chief and in
base a ram's head proper, horned gold, all within a bordure of the
second. Mantling gules, doabled argent. Crest, on a wreath of
his liveries, a demi-lion rampant azure, holding in the dexter paw
a fleur-de-lis or. Motto : " Indnstria et probitate."
Fig. 36S. — Armorial bearings of John Fleming, Esq. : Argent, a
chevron charged with three towers triple-towered of the field, a
chevron gules, between two fir-trees eradicated in chief and a
lymphad with sails furled sable in base, flagged of the second.
Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries,
a goat's head erased argent, armed or. Motto: "Let the deed
shaw."
151
THE ART OF HERALDRY
crests, but far more usual are the rains' heads, which
figure in the arms of Ramsden, and Knowles (Fig. 364),
and in the arms of the towns of Huddersfield, and
Barrow-LQ-Furness. The ram's head will sometimes be
found caboshed, as in the arms of Ritchie (Fig. 365)
and Roberts (Fig. 366).
Perhaps here reference may fittingly be made to the
arms granted by Lyon OfiSce iu 1S12 to Thomas Bonar,
CO. Kent ["Argent, a saltire and chief azure, the last
charged with a dexter hand proper, vested with a shirt-
sleeve argent, issuing from the dexter chief point, hold-
ing a shoulder of mutton proper to a lion passant or, all
within a bordure gules "].
The Goat is very frequently met with in armory. Its
positions are passant, statant, rampant, and salient.
When the horns are of a different colour it is said to be
" armed."
Examples of the goat will be found in the arms of
Lloyd (Fig. 367), and Fleming (Fig. 368).
The Elephant is by no means unusual in heraldry,
appearing as a crest, as a charge, and also as a sup-
porter. Nor, strange to say, is its appearance modern.
It will be found in the arms or crest of Goodfellow
(Fig. 243), Butcher (Fig. 369), Crookes (Fig. 157), and
Concanon. The elephant's head, however, is much
more frequently met with than the entire animal, and
an example will be found in the arms of Saunders
(Fig. 370).
Heraldry generally finds some way of stereotyping
one of its creations as peculiarly its own, and in regard
to the elephant, the curious " elephant and castle " is an
example, this latter object being, of course, simply a
derivative of the howdah of Indian life. Few early
examples of the elephant omit the castle. The elephant
and castle is seen in the arms of Dumbarton and in the
crest of Corbet.
met in Viking and other pre-heraldic days. As heraldry
found its footing it did not in Germany displace those
horns which in many cases continued alone as the crest
or remained as a part of it in the form of additions to
other objects. The craze for decoration at an early
Fig. 369. — Armorial bearings of Samuel Butcher. Esq.. F.R.G.S. ;
Vert, an elephant argent. Mantling vert and argent. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, a branch of a cotton-tree fructed proper.
Motto: "Be steady."
A curious practice, the result of pure ignorance, has
manifested itself in British armory. As will be ex-
plained in the chapter upon crests, a large proportion of
German crests are derivatives of the stock basis of two
bull's horns, which formed a recognised ornament for ahel-
FlG. 370. — Armorial bearings of William Henry Radcliffe Saunders,
Esq. : Per chevron azure and argent, a chevron per chevron between
two elephants' heads erased in chief and a lion sejant in base
all connterchanged. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, an elephant's head argent, erased gules,
charged on the neck with an annulet azure, between two palm-
branches slipped vert. Motto : " Fide sed cui vide."
period seized upon the horns, which carried repeti-
tions of the arms or their tinctures. As time went
on the decoration was carried further, and the horns
were made with bell-shaped open ends to receive other
objects, usually bunches of feathers or flowers. So uni-
versal did this custom become that even when nothing
was inserted the horns came to be always depicted with
these open mouths at their points. But German heraldry
now, as has always been the case, simply terms the
figures "horns."
In course of time German immigrants made applica-
tion for grants of arms in this country, which, doubtless,
were based upon other German arms previously in use,
but which, evidence of right not being forthcoming,
could not l3e recorded as borne of right and needed to
be granted with alteration as a new coat. The curious
result has been that these horns have been incorporated
in some number of English grants, but they have uni-
versally been described as elephants' proboscides, and
are now always so represented in this country. A case
in point is the crest of Verelst (Fig. 349).
Elephants' tusks have also been introduced into grants,
as in the arms of Liebreich, borne in pretence by Cock
(Fig. 129) and Randies ["Or a chevron wavy azure
between three pairs of elephants' tusks in saltire
proper "].
The Hare is but rarely met with in British armory. It
appears in the arms of Cleland " (Plate XXXVL), and also
" Armorial bearings of William Henry Cleland, Esq. : Azure,
a hare salient argent, holding between the forelegs a bugle-horn
stringed or, within two flaunches of the second, each charged with a
bugle-horn stringed of the first, and impaling the arms of Chichester,
namely : chequy or and gnles, a chief vair. Mantling azure and
argent. Crest :' on a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert a falcon
proper, belled and jessed or, between two dexter hands couped at
the wrist also proper. Motto : " Je pense a qui pense plus."
152
PLATE XLVII.
THE HERALDIC EAGLE.
Frinied ai StuU^rt.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in the crest of Shakerley, Bart. [*' A hare proper restmg
her forefeet on a garb or "].
A very curious coat [" Argent, three hares playmg
than the hare, being the canting charge on the arms
of Cunliffe [" Sable, three conies courant argent "], and
Fig. 371. — Armorial bearings of the Rev. Edward John Gumming
Whittington-Ince : Quarterly, i and 4, argent, three torteaux, each
charged with a cross or, between two bendlets engrailed sable,
the whole between as many crosses patee fitcbee gules (for Ince) ;
2 and 3, gales, a lion's bead erased argent, collared sable, between
three annulets or, a chief invected chequy of the last and azure
(for Whittington}. Mantling gules and argent. Crests : i. on a
wreath of the colours, upon a rock proper, a rabbit sejant argent,
gorged with a collar gemel gules, resting the dester foreleg on a
cross patee fitchee sable (for Ince) ; 2. on a wreath of the colours,
on a mount vert, a lion's head erased sable, seme of mullets or,
gorged with a collar invected argent, and holding in the mouth an
annulet gold (for Whittington). Motto : "Garde la foi."
bagpipes gules"] belongs to an ancient Derbyshire
famity FitzErcald, now represented (through the
Sacheverell family) by Coke of Trussley who quarter
the FitzErcald shield.
The Rabbit, or, as it is more frequently termed heraldi-
cally, the Coney, appears more frequently in heraldry
Fig. 372. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Warren Samuels, Esq. : Argent,
two squirrels sejant and addorsed gules, between two crosses
formee fitchee in pale sable. Mantling gnles and argent. Crest:
on a wreath of the colours, on the stump of a tree couped proper,
sprouting on each side vert, a squirrel sejant gules, cracking a nut
or, stalked and leaved also proper, charged on the shoulder with a
cross formee fitchee gold. Motto : " Licet ex multo parvum."
REPELLO'
Fig. 373. — Armorial bearings of William John Atkinson Baldwin, Esq.
Or, a chevron ermines, between two sprigs of oak in chief vei-t
and an acorn in base azure. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a squirrel sejant or, charged with a fess
azure, holding in his paws a feather argent. Motto: "Vim vi
repello."
figuring also as the supporters of Montgomery- Cunning-
ham ["Two conies proper"]. It will also be found as
one of the crests of Whittington-Ince (Eig. 371).
The Squirrel occurs in many English coats of arms.
It is always sejant, and very frequently cracking a
nut. It occurs in the arms of Samuels (Fig. 372) and
Fig. 374. — Armorial bearings of William Blackstone Lee, Esq., of Seend,
Melksham : Quarterly, i and 4, gules, a fess chequy or and azure,
between ten billets, four in chief, and three, two and one in base
argent (for Lee) ; 2 and 3, azure, a cinquefoil pierced ermine within
a bordure engrailed of the last (for Astley). Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, on a staff raguly lying
fesswise, a squu-rel sejant proper cracking a nut, from the dexter
end of the staff an oak-branch vert, fructed or. Motto : " Ne
incautus futuri."
Chambers and as the crest of De Cartaret, Pearkes
(Plate XXIX.), Baldwin (Fig. 373), and Lee (Eig. 374).
Fouquet, the celebrated Finance Minister of Louis XIV.,
bore : " Argent, a squirrel gules, a bordure of the last,
seme-de-lis." The family of Fouquet, who has been
sometimes identified with the Man in the Iron Mask,
is now represented by an English family of the name
153
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of Sutton, to whom the arms borne by Fouquet in a
slightly modified form have been granted (Fig. 1 86).
The Ape is not often met with, except in the cases of
the different families of the great Fitzgerald clan. It is
usually the crest, though the Duke of Leinster also has
apes as supporters. One family of Fitzgerald, however,
bear it as a charge upon the shield [" Gules, a saltire
invected per pale argent and or, between four monkeys
statant of the second, environed with a plain collar and
chained of the second. Mantling gules and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a monkey as in the
arms, charged on the body with two roses, and resting
the dexter foreleg on a saltire gules. Motto ; ' Crom-a-
boo ' "], and the family of Yorke bear an ape's head for a
crest.
The ape is usually met with " collared and chained,"
though, unlike any other animal, the coUar of an ape
environs its loins and not its neck. A winged ape is
included in Elvin's " Dictionary of Heraldry " as a
heraldic animal, but I am not aware to whom it is
assigned. Other examples will be found in the arms of
Berners (Fig. 183) and Carter.
The Broch or Badger figures in some number of
English arms. It is most frequently met with as the
crest of Brooke, but will be also found in the arms or
crests of Brocklebank and Motion (Fig. 375).
on the breast an escutcheon of the first, charged with a
saltire of the second, surcharged in the centre with a
Fig. 375. — Armorial bearmgs ol Audj-ew Richard Motion, Esq.: Gules,
on a pale argent, between two lions rampant of the last, a lion
rampant of the fii-st, a chief or, thereon a badger statant proper
between two roses of the field, barbed and seeded, also proper.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest; upon a wreath of the colours,
a raillrind; fesswise or, thereon a badger as in the arms; with the
motto, " Suscipere et finite."
Tlie Otter is not often met with except in Scottish
coats, but an English example is that of Sir George
Newnes, and a demi-otter issuant from a fess wavy will
be found quartered by Seton of Mounie (Fig. 250).
An otter's head, sometimes called a seal's head, for it
is impossible to distinguish the heraldic representations
of the one or the other, appears in many coats of arms
of different families of the name of Balfour, and two
otters are the supporters belonging to the head of the
Scottish house of Balfour.
The Ermine, the Stoat, and the Weasel, &c., are not
very often met with, but the ermine appears as the
crest of Crawford and the marten as the crest of a
family of that name.
The Hedgehog, or, as it is usually heraldioally termed,
the TJreheon. occurs in some number of coats. For
example, in the arms of Maxwell [" Argent, an eagle with
two heads displayed sable, beaked and membered gules.
Fig. 376. — Armorial bearings of Walter Henry Harris, Esq., C.M.G. :
Per bend gules and sable, on a bend or between two crescents
fesswise in cliief of the last and a sword erect in base proper,
pommel and hilt gold, three hedgehogs of the second, and pendent
below the escutcheon his badge as a C.M.G. Mantling gules and
or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a rock proper, a
hedgehog azure between on the dexter side a decrescent and
on the sinister side an increscent or. Motto : " Ubique patriam
reminisci."
luircheon (hedgehog) or, all within a bordure gules"],
Harris (Fig. 376), and as the crest of Money-Kyrle
(Fig- 935)-
The Beaver has been introduced into very many coats
of late years for those connected in any way with
Canada. It figures in the arms of Lord Strathcona
and Mount Koyal, and in the arms of Christopher
(Fig. 377) and Evans" (Plate XXV.).
Fig. 377. — Armorial bearings of Captain Alfred Charles Seton Chris-
topher : Per chevron wavy azure and erminois, a chart of Chester-
field's Inlet, between two estoiles in chief argent and on a mount
in base vert a beaver passant proper, impaling the arms of
Chenevix-Trench, namely : argent, a lion passant gules, between
three fleurs-de lis azure, on a chief of the last, the sun in his
splendour or. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, two arms embowed, vested azure, the hands proper,
supporting an anchor erect sable, cable argent. Motto: "Arte
conservatus."
The beaver is one of the supporters of the city of
Oxford, and is the sole charge in the arms of the town
of Biberach (Fig. 378). Originally the arms were:
° Armorial bearings of Franklen George Evans, Esq. : Azure, on a chev-
ron^nvected or, between two beavers statant in chief proper and a mullet
in base of six points of the second, three crosses couped gules. Mant-
ling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, between two
crosses as in the arms, a tower proper, thereon a flagstaff of the last
with a pennant flying to the sinister gules, charged with two mullets
of six points argent. Motto: " Nisi Dominus fruslra."
154
THE ART OF HERALDRY
"Argent, a beaver azure, crowned and armed gules,"
but the arms authorised by the Emperor Frederick IV.,
iSth July 1848, were : " Azure, a beaver or."
It is quite impossible, or at any rate very unnecessary,
to turn a work on armory into an Illustrated Guide
to Natural History, which would be the result if under
the description of heraldic charges the attempt were
made to deal with all the various animals which have
bi'bmtb
KlG. 37S. — Arms of the town of Biberach. (From Ulrich Reichenthal's
Ctytunlium von Constanz, Augsburg, 1483.)
by now been brought to the armorial fold, owing to
their inclusion for special and sufficient reasons in one
or two isolated grants.
Far be it from me, however, to make any remark
which should seem to indicate the raising of any objec-
tion to such use. In my opinion it is highly admirable,
providing there is some definite reason in each case for
the introduction of these strange animals other than
mere caprice. They add to the interest of heraldry,
and they give to modern arms and armory a definite
status and meaning, which is a relief from the endless
monotony of meaningless lions, bends, chevrons, mullets,
and martlets.
But at the same time the isolated use in a modern
Fig. 379. — Armorial bearings of John Cole Kemsley, Gentleman : Or,
on a mount in base vert, a man in armour holding over his dexter
shoulder a battle-ase, head downwards proper, a chief arched per
pale sable and gules, thereon two lions passant counter-passaut
argent. Mantling vert and or. Crest : upon a wreath of the
colours, on a mount vert, a demi-zebra proper, gorged with a
collar gem el or, resting the sinister foreleg on an Esquire's helmet
also proper. Motto : " .Semper paratus."
sequently many such instances must be dismissed
herein with brief mention, particularly as many of
these creatures heraldically exist only as supporters, in
which chapter some are more fully discussed. Save as
a supporter, the only instance I know of the Kangaroo
is in the coat of Moore (Fig. 158) and in the arms of
Arthur, Bart.
The Zebra will be found as the crest of Kemsley
(Fig. 379).
The Camel, which will be dealt with later as a sup-
porter, in which form it appears in the arms of Viscount
grant of such an animal as the kangaroo does not make
it one of the peculiarly heraldic menagerie, and con-
FiG. 3S0. — Armorial bearings of George Heru-y Caramel, Esq. : Sable,
on a chevron argent, cottised or, between three camels statant of
the second, as many trefoils slipped of the first. Mantling sable
and argent ; and for Ms crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a
camel's head erased argent, gorged with a collar gemel sable,
holding in the mouth a trefoil as in the arms. Motto : " Per-
severando."
Kitchener, the town of Inverness (Fig. 239), and some of
the Livery Companies, also figures in the reputed but
unrecorded arms of Camelford, and in the arms of
Cammell of Sheffield (Fig. 380), Cloven' (Plate XLIIL),
and various other families of a similar name.
The fretful Porcupine was borne [" Gules, a porcu-
pine erect argent, tusked, collared, and chained or "] by
Simon Eyre, Lord Mayor of London in 1445 : and the
creature also figures as one of the supporters and the
crest of Sidney, Lord De Lisle and Dudley.
Tlie Bat will be found in the arms of Heyworth and
as the crest of a Dublin family named Wakefield.
The Tortoise occurs in the arms of a Norfolk family
named Gandy, and is also stated by Papworth to occur
in the arms of a Scottish family named Goldie. This
coat, however, is not matriculated. It also occurs in the
crests of Deane and Hayne.
The Springbok, which is one of the supporters of
Cape Colony (Plate LXL), and two of which are the
supporters of Viscount Milner, is also the crest of
Randies [" On a wreath of the colours, a springbok or
South Afi'ican antelope statant in front of an assegai
erect all proper "].
The Rhinoceros occurs as one of the supporters of
Viscount Colville of Culross, and also as the crest of
Wade.
P Armorial bearings of George Robert Clover, Esq.: Sable, a
camel with two humps between three trefoils slipped all or. Mant-
ling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a camel's head
erased or, charged with three trefoils slipped in pale sable, and holding
in the mouth a like trefoil. Motto : ■' TJt vinclo vir verbo ligitur."
155
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The Alpaca, and also two Angora Goats heads figure
in the arms of Benn (Fig. 381).
Fig. 3S1. — Armorial bearings of William Heniy Benn, Esq. : Party
per chevi'on or and azure, on a mount in base an alpaca statant,
and two angora goats' heads affronts in chief all proper.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, an
alpaca's head couped at the neck between two sprigs of oak fructed
all proper. Motto : " Cura atque industria."
The Rat occurs in the arms of Katton,'! which is a
peculiarly good example of a canting coat.
The Mole occurs in the arms of Mitford [" Argent, a
fess sable between three moles displayed sable "] and
Cantiell-Hubbersty (Plate XLIV.).
The Crocodile, which is the crest and one of the
supporters of Speke (Plate XXXIX.), is also the crest of
Westcar [" A crocodile proper, collared and chained or "].
CHAPTER XVII
MONSTERS
THE heraldic catalogue of beasts runs riot when
we reach those mythical or legendary creatures
which can only be summarised under the
eeneric term of monsters. Most mythical animals, how-
gver, can be traced back to some comparable counter-
part in natural history.
The fauna of the New World was of course unknown
to those early heraldic artists with whose knowledge
and imagination, no less than with their skill (or lack of
it) in draughtsmanship, lay the nativity of so much of
our heraldry. They certainly thought they were repre-
senting animals in existence in most if not in all cases,
though one gathers that they considered many of the
animals they used to be misbegotten hybrids. Doubtless,
working on the assumption of' the mule as the hybrid of
the horse and the ass, they jumped to the conclusion
that animals which contained salient characteristics of
two other animals which they knew were likewise hybrids.
1 Armorial bearings of James Joseph Louis Ration, Esq. : Azure,
in base the sea argent, and thereon a tunny sable, on a chief of the
second a rat passant of the third. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and argent ; and for
his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, an ibex statant guardant
proper, charged on the body with two fleurs-de-lis fesswise azure, and
resting the de.xter foreleg on a shield argent charged with a passion
cross sable. Motto : " In Deo spero."
A striking e.'tample of their theories is to be found in
the heraldic Camelopard, which was anciently devoutly
believed to be begotten by the leopard upon the camel.
A leopard they would be familiar with, also the camel,
for both belong to that corner of the world where the
north-east of the African Continent, the south-east of
Europe, and the west of Asia join, where were fought
out the wars of the Cross, and where heraldry took on
itself a definite being. There the known civilisations of
the world met, taking one from the other knowledge,
more or less distorted, ideas and wild imaginings. A
stray giraffe was probably seen by some journeyer up
the Nile, who, unable to otherwise account for it, con-
sidered and stated the animal to be the hybrid offspring
of the leopard and camel. Another point needs to be
borne in mind. Earlier artists were in no way fettered
by any supposed necessity for making their pictures
realistic representations. Realism is a modernity. Their
pictures were decoration, and they thought far more of
making their subject fit the space to be decorated than
of making it a " speaking likeness."
Nevertheless, their work was not all imagination.
In the Crocodile we get the basis of the dragon, if
indeed the heraldic dragon be not a perpetuation of
ancient legends, or even perhaps of then existing
representations of those winged antediluvian animals, the
fossilised remains of which are now available. Wings,
however, need never be considered a difficulty. It has
ever been the custom (from the angels of Christianity to
the personalities of Mercury and Pegasus) to add wings
to any figure held in veneration. Why, it would be
difficult to say, but nevertheless the fact remains.
Tlic Unicorn, however, it is not easy to resolve into
an original basis, because until the seventeenth century
Fig. 3S2, — Armorial bearings of Hamon Le Strange, Esq. : Quarterly,
I. quarterly, i. and iiii., gules, two lions passant in pale argent (for
Le Strange) ; ii. and iii., sable, a unicorn statant or, on a chief of
the last, three billets of the first (for Styleman) ; 2. the same arms
of Styleman ; 3. the same arms of Le Strange ; 4. or, a maunch
gules (for Hastings). Mantling gules and argent. Crests : i. on
a wreath of the colours, a lion statant, tail extended or (for Le
Strange) ; 2. on a wreath of the colours, a bear's head erased
azure, bezantee, collared and chained or (for Styleman). Motto:
"Mihi parta tueri." Supporters (dexter, a stag argent, with a
lion's forepaws and tail, collared, and sinister, a lion gules) are
used, but they are not of official authority.
every one fondly believed in the existence of the animal.
Mr. Beckles Wilson appears to have paid considerable
attention to the subject, and was responsible for the
article " The Rise of the Unicorn " which recently
appeared in Gassell's Magazine. That writer traces
the matter to a certain extent from non-heraldic
156
PLATE XLVIII.
THE ARMS OF CULLEN.
Or, an eagle displayed sable, beaked and membered gules.
Designed by Miss C Hblard,
PUBLIC )
THE ART OF HERALDRY
sources, and the following remarks, which are taken
from the above article, are of considerable interest : —
"The real genesis of the unicorn was probably this:
at a time when armorial bearings were becoming an
indispensable part of a noble's equipment, the attention
of those knights who were fighting under the banner of
the Cross was attracted to the wild antelopes of Syria
and Palestine. These animals are armed with long,
straight, spiral horns set close together, so that at a
side view they appeared to be but a single horn. To
confirm this, there are some old illuminations and
drawings extant which endow the early unicorn with
many of the attributes of the deer and goat kind. The
sort of horn supposed to be carried by these Eastern
antelopes had long been a curiosity, and was occasion-
ally brought back as a trophy by travellers from the
remote parts of the earth. There is a fine one to be
seen to-day at the abbey of St. Denis, and others in
various collections in Europe. We now know these
so-called unicorn's horns, usually carved, to belong to
that marine monster the narwhal, or sea-unicorn.
But the fable of a breed of horned horses is at least
as old as Pliny [Had the ' gnu ' anything to do with
this ? ], and centuries later the Crusaders, or the
monkish artists who accompanied them, attempted to
delineate the marvel. From their first rude sketches
other artists copied ; and so each presentment was passed
along, until at length the present form of the unicorn
was attained. There was a time — not so long ago —
when the existence of the unicorn was as impUcitly
believed in as the camel or any other animal not seen
in these latitudes ; and the translators of the Bible set
then- seal upon the legend by translating the Hebrew
word reem (which probably meant a rhinoceros) as
'unicorn.' Thus the worthy Thomas Fuller came to
consider the existence of the unicorn clearly proved by
the mention of it in Scripture ! Describing the horn
of the animal, he writes, ' Some are plain, as that of St.
Mark's in Venice ; others wreathed about it, which pro-
bably is the effect of age, those wreaths being but the
wrinkles of most vivacious unicorns. The same may
be said of the colour : white when newly taken from the
head ; yellow, like that lately in the Tower, of some hun-
dred years' seniority ; but whether or no it will soon turn
black, as that of Plinie's description, let others decide.'
" All the books on natural history so late as the seven-
teenth century describe at length the unicorn ; several
of them carefully depict him as though the artist had
drawn straight from the life.
" If art had stopped here, the wonder of the unicorn
would have remained but a paltry thing after all. His
finer qualities would have been unrecorded, and all his
virtues hidden. But, happily, instead of this, about the
animal first conceived in the brain of a Greek (as
Pegasus also was), and embodied through the fertile
fancy of the Crusader, the monks and heraldists of the
Middle Ages devised a host of spiritual legends. They
told of his pride, his purity, his endurance, his match-
less spirit.
" ' The greatnesse of his mynde is such that he
ehooseth rather to dye than be taken alive.' Indeed,
he was only conquerable by a beautiful maiden. One
fifteenth-century writer gives a recipe for catching a
unicorn. ' A maid is set where he hunteth ; and she
openeth her lap, to whom the unicorn, as seeking
rescue from the force of the hunter, yieldeth his head
and leaveth all his fierceness, and resteth himself under
her protection, sleepeth until he is taken and slain.'
But although many were reported to be thus enticed
to their destruction, only their horns, strange to say,
ever reached Europe. There is one in King Edward's
collection at Buckiuwham Palace.
" Naturally, the horn of such an animal was held a
sovereign specific against poison, and 'ground unicorn's
horn ' often figures in mediaeval books of medicine.
" Tiiere was in Shakespeare's time at Windsor Castle
the ' horn of a unicorn of above eight spans and a half
in length, valued at above i^io.oco.' This may have
been the one now at Buckingham Palace. One writer,
describing it, says : —
" ' I doe also know that horn the King of England
possesseth to be wreathed in spires, even as that is
accounted in the Chm'ch of St Dennis, than which they
suppose none greater in the world, and I never saw any-
thing in any creature more worthy praise than this
home. It is of soe great a length that the tallest man
can scarcely touch the top thereof, for it doth fully
equal seven great feet. It weigheth thirteen pounds,
with their assize, being only weighed by the gesse of
the hands it seemeth much heavier.'
Fig. 3S3. — Bookplate of Charles Thomas - Stanford, Esq. Arms:
Quarterly, I and 4, per pale or and sable, on a chevron nebuly
between three bugles stringed, as many martlets all counterchanged,
and (fur distinction) in the centre chief point a cross crosslet also
counterchanged {for Stanford) ; 2 and 3, gules, two chevronels argent
between in chief as many plates, each charged with a fleur-de-lis
of the field, and in base a wolf's head erased of the second (for
Thomas). Mantling sable and or. Crests: I. on a wreath of the
colours, a buffalo's head cabosbed sable within a chain in arch or,
the head charged, for distinction, with a cross crosslet also or (for
Stanford) ; 2. on a wreath of the colours, a demi-unicorn gules,
cTiarged on the body with two chevronels as in the arms, and
supporting with the sinister forepaw a plate charged with a fleur-
de-lis of the first. Motto : " jEquus in arduis." (From an engraved
plate by C. W. Sherborne, B.E.)
" Spenser, in the ' Faerie Queen,' thus describes a
contest between the unicorn and the lion : —
' Like as tlie lyon, wliose imperial powre
A proud rebellious unicorn defyes,
T'avoide the rash assault and wratlifiUl stowre
Of his tiers foe, him to a tree applies.
And wlien him running in full course he spyes
He sliiw aside ; the whiles that furious beast
His precious home, souglit of his enimyes,
Strikes in the strolie, ne thence can be released,
But to the victor yields a bounteous feast.'
157
THE ART OF HERALDRY
"'It hatli,' remarked Guillim, in 1600, 'been much
questioned among naturalists which it is that is properly
called the unicorn; and some have made doubt whether
there be such a beast or no. But the great esteem of
his horn in many places to be seen may take away that
needless scruple.'
" Another old writer, Topsell, says : —
" ' These beasts are very swift, and their legs have not
articles. They keep for the most part in the deserts,
and live solitary in the tops of the mountaines. There
was nothing more horrible than the voice or braying of
it, for the voice is strained above measure. It fighteth
both with the mouth and with the heeles, with the mouth
biting like a lyon,and with the heeles kicking like a horse.'
■' Nor is belief in the unicorn confined to Europe.
By Chinese writers it is characterised as a ' spiritual
beast.' The existence of the unicorn is firmly credited
by the most intelligent natives and by not a few Euro-
peans. A very trustworthy observer, the Abbe Hue,
speaks very positively on the subject: 'The unicorn
reaUy exists in Tibet. . . . We had for a long time a
small Mongol treatise on Natural History, for the use
of children, in which a unicorn formed one of the
pictorial illustrations.' "
The unicorn, however, as it has heraldically developed,
is drawn with the body of a horse, the tail of the
heraldic lion, the legs and feet of the deer, the head
and mane of a horse, to which is added the long twisted
horn from which the animal is named and a beard. Good
representations of the unicorn will be found in the various
figures of the Royal Arms which appear herein, and in
Fig. 384, which is as fine a piece of heraldic design as
could be wished.
The crest of Yonge of Colbrooke, Devonshire, is " a
demi-sea-unicorn argent, armed gules, finned or," and
the crest of Tynte (Kemeys-Tynte of Cefn Mably and
A unicorn rampant. (Designed by Miss Helard.)
Fig. 3S5. — Armorial bearings of the Eev. Thomas Erskine SwanzT:
Gules, a fess argent between two unicorns counter-courant or.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a
unicorn's head or, collared with a bar gemel gules. Motto: "Per
Deum et ferrum obtinui."
Halswell) is "on a mount vert, a unicorn sejant
argent, armed and crined or."
The unicorn will be found in the arms of Style-
man, quartered by Le Strange (Fig. 382), Thomas-
Stanford (Fig. 383), and Swanzy (Fig. 385).
Tlie Griffin or Oryphon. — Though in the popular
mind any heraldic monster is generically termed a
griffin, the griffin has, nevertheless, very marked and
distinct peculiarities. It.,is one of the hybrid mon-
strosities which heraldry is so fond of, and is formed
by the body, hind legs, and tail of a lion conjoined
to the head and claws of an eagle, the latter acting
as its forepaws. It has the wings of the eagle, which
are never represented close, but it also has ears, and
this, by the way, should be noted, because herein is
the only distinction between a griffin's head and an
eagle's head when the rest of the body is not repre-
sented. Though but very seldom so met with, it
is occasionally found proper, by which description
is meant that the plumage is of the bro^vn colour
of the eagle, the rest of the body being the natural
colour of the lion. The griffin is frequently found
with its beak and forelegs of a different colour from
its body, and is then termed "armed," though an-
other term, "beaked and forelegged," is almost as
frequently used. A very popular idea is that the
origin of the griffin was the dimidiation of two coats
of arms, one having an eagle and the other a lion as
charges, but taking the origin of armory to belong
to about the end of the eleventh century, or there-
abouts, the griffin can be found as a distinct creation,
not necessarily heraldic, at a very much earlier date.
An exceedingly good and an early representation of
the griffin will be found in Fig. 386. It is a repre-
sentation of the great seal of the town of Schweid-
nitz in the jurisdiction of Breslau. and belongs to
the year 1 3 1 5. The inscription is " -|- S universitatis
civium de Swidnitz." In the grant of arms to the
town in the year 1452, the griffin is gules on a field
158
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of argent. Fig. 5 on Plate XLYI. is taken from Conrad
Griineuberg's Wapj^enhxich, 1483, and is the imaginary
coat of arms ascribed by that writer to Judas Maccabajus,
who assigns him : " Azure, a griffin segreant or, armed
gules." Plate XLVl. Fig. 6 represents a coat of arms
showing a griffin with the label of three points which
exists at the Palazzi Guadagni in Florence. It belongs
to the second half of the fifteenth centurj'. Fig. 7 on the
same plate is a carving in relief belonging to the end of
the thirteenth centmy, and shows the arms of Fornbach,
a Bavarian dynastic familj' which became extinct so long
ago as 1158. The monastery at Fornbach, now Vornbach,
between Neuburg and Scharding on the Inn, made use of
. the same arms, which are : " Argent, a griffin segreant
gides. holding in its claws a hare or." The grilBn will be
found in all sorts of positions, and the terms applied to
it are the same as would be applied to a lion, except in
the single instance of the rampant position. A griffin
is then termed " segreant." The wings are usually repre-
sented as endorsed and erect, but this is not compulsory,
as will be seen by a reference to the supporters of the
Earl of Mar and Kellie. There is a certain curiosity in
the world), and more gret and stronger than an 100
egles such as we han amonges us . . . ," and other
Fig. 3S6. — Seal of the Town of Schweidnitz.
English heraldry wholly pecuUar to it which may be
here referred to. A griffin in the ordinary way is merely
so termed, but a male griffin bj' some curious reasoning
has no wings, but is adorned with spikes showing at
some number of points on its body. I have, under
remarks upon the panther, hazarded the supposition
that the male griffin of English heraldry is nothing more
than a British development and form of the Continental
heraldic panther which is unknown to us. The origin
of the clusters and spikes, uidess they are to be found
in the flames of fire associated with the panther,
must remain a mystery. The male griffin is very
seldom met with, but two of these creatures are the
supporters of Sir George John Egerton Dashwood, Bart.
Whilst we consider the griffin a purely mythical animal,
there is no doubt whatever that earlier writers devoutly
believed that such animals existed. Sir John Maunde-
ville tells us in his " Travels " that they abound in
Bacharia. " Sum men seyn that thei han the body up-
ward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun; and treuly
thei seyn sothe that thei ben of that schapp. But a
Griffoim hathe the body more gret and more strong
than eight lyouns of such lyouns as ben o' this half (of
Fig 3S7. — Armorial bearlDgs of Thomas Myles Sandys, Esq. : Or. a
f ess dancette between three cross crosslets fitohe gales. Mantling
gales and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a griffin segreant
per fess or and gules. Motto : " Probum non poenitet."
Fig. 3SS. — Bookplate of WiUiam Swaine Chisenhale-Marsh, Esq. :
Sable, a horse's head erased between two phebns in pale argent,
two flaunches of the last, each charged with a cross crosslet
fitche gules. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, in front of a cross crosslet fitche gules, a griffin
argent, resting the dexter claw on a pheon in bend and erect sable.
Motto; "In hoc signo vinces." (Designed and etched by G. "W.
Eve, E.E.)
writers, whilst not considering them an original type of
159
THE ART OF HERALDRY
animal, undoubtedly believed in their existence as
hybrid of the eagle and the lion. It is of course a well-
known fact that the mule, the most popular hybrid,
does not breed. This fact would be accepted as account-
ing for the rarity of animals which were considered to
be hybrids.
Though there are examples of griffins in some of the
earliest rolls of arms, the animal cannot be said to have
come into general use until a somewhat later period.
Nowadays, however, it is next in popularity possibly to
the lion. It will be found in the coats of arms of Marples
(Fig. 1 84), De Trafford (Plate XXXIX.), and Sandys (Fig.
387), in all of which cases it is segreant. It is salient in
the arms of Murray-Stewart, and passant in the crest of
Chisenhale-Marsh (Fig. 388), and the arms of Rylands
(Fig. 389). It is not often found sejant, but it so
occurs in the crest of Sir John Wolfe-Barry ["A gry-
phon sejant gules, wings elevated and addorsed, barry
of six or and azure, Ln its mouth a rose argent, leaved
and slipped proper, resting the dexter claw on a port-
cullis as in the arms"], and in the achievements of
Benj'on, Forsaith, and Thomas.
The demi-griffin is very frequently found as a crest,
and as a charge upon the shields it will be found in the
arms of Raikes (Fig. 390), Kay, and many other families.
Fig. 389. — Armorial bearings of John Paul Rylands : Qaarterly, l
and 4, per fess dancette or and gales ; 2 and 3,- ermine ; over aU
on a fess azure a griffin passant regardant between two fleurs-de-
lis of tlie first, impaling tbe arms of Glazebrook, namely : ermine,
an eagle displayed gules, beaked, legged, and holding in the beak
a fleur-de-lis or, on a chief sable two bezants, each charged
with a fleur-de-lis azure ; and for bis crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, a demi-lion azure, charged on the shoulder with a bezant,
thereon a fleur-de-lis also azure, and supporting a flagstaff entwined
with a branch of oak proper, therefrom flowing to the sinister a
banner gules, charged with a lion passant and fringed gold ; with
tbe motto, *' Dum spiro spero.''
as in the arms of Burlton (Fig. 122), Watts" (Plate
XXX.), Johnson " (Plate XXV.).
A griffin's head is stUl yet more frequently met with,
^ Armorial bearings of James Watts. Esq. : Ermine, on a chief sable,
a garb between two bees or. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet
befitting his degree, with a mantling sable and argent ; and for his
crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a demi-griffin sable, with wings
extended chequy or and sable, the sinister claw resting on a garb or ;
with the motto, "' Fide sed cui vide."
^ Armorial bearings of Thomas Fielding Johnson, Esq. : Argent,
three chevronels between two griffins' heads erased in chief and a
fleece in base gules. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, a demi-griffin gules holding a pheon in the dexter claw
and resting the sinister on a lozenge or. Motto: " Lahore et honore."
Fig. 390. — Armorial bearings of Lieut.-Col. Frederick Duncan Raikes,
CLE. : Argent, a clievron engrailed peau between three griffins'
heads erased sable, each charged with an ermine spot gules, and
pendent below the escutcheon his badge as CLE. Mantling sable
and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a griffin's head
as in the arms. Motto : ■' Honestum prseferre utili."
A variety of the griffin is found in the gryphon-
marine, or sea-griffin. In it the fore part of the creature
is that of the eagle, but the wings are sometimes
omitted; and the lower half of the animal is that of a
fish, or rather of a mermaid. Such a creature is the
charge in the arms of the Silesian family of Mestich :
"Argent, a sea-griffin proper" (Siebmacher, Wcq^j^enbuch,
i. 69). " Azure, a (winged) sea-griffin per fess gules and
argent crowned or," is the coat of the Barons von Putt-
kammer. One or two other Pomeranian families have
the like charge without wings.
The Dragon. — Much akin to the griffin is the dragon,
but the similarity of appearance is more superficial than
real, inasmuch as in all details it difi'ers, except in the
broad similarity that it has four legs, a pair of wings, and
is a terrible creature. The much referred to " griffin "
opposite the Law Courts in the Strand is reall}' a dragon.
The head of a dragon is like nothing else in heraldry, and
Fig. 391.— The Dragon.
from what source it origlaated or what basis existed for
ancient heraldic artists to imagine it from must remain
a mystery, unless it has developed from the crocodile or
some antediluvian animal much akin. It is like noth-
ing else in heaven or on earth. Its neck is covered with
160
PLATE XLIX.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
scales not unlike those of a fish. All four legs are
scaled and have claws, the back is scaled, the tongue
is barbed, and the under part of the body is likewise
scaled, but here, in rolls of a much larger size. Great
differences will be found in the shape of the ears,
but the wings of the dragon are always represented as
the wings of a bat, with the long ribs or bones carried
to the base. The dragon is one of the most artistic of
heraldic creations, and lends itself very readily to the
genius of any artist. In nearly all modern representa-
tions the tail, like the tongue, will be found ending in a
barb, but it should be observed that this is a compara-
tively recent addition. All dragons of the Tudor period
were invariably represented without any such additions
to their taUs. The tail was long and smooth, ending in
a blunt point. A good example of the Tudor dragon will
be found in the chapter herein on "Prince Arthur's Book."
Whilst we have separate and distinct names for
many varieties of dragonian creatures, other countries
in their use of the word " dragon " include the wy vem,
basUisk, cockatrice, and other similar creatures, but
the distinct name in German heraldry for our four-
footed dragon is the Liiidunirm, and Fig. 391 is a
representation of the dragon according to German
ideas, which nevertheless might form an example for
English artists to copy, except that we very seldom
represent ours as coward. Fig. 392 is a clever design of
Fig. 392. — Example of a dragon. (Designed by
Miss C. Helard.)
a dragon by Miss Helard, the wings in this case being
expanded.
The red dragon upon a mount vert, which forms a
part of the Royal achievement as the badge of Wales, is
known as the red dragon of Cadwaller, and in deference
to a loudly expressed sentiment on the subject, His
Majesty the King has just added the Welsh dragon
differenced by a label of three points as an additional
badge to the achievement of His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales. The red dragon was one of the sup-
porters of the Tudor kings, being used by Henry VII.,
Henry Till, and Edward VI. Queen Elizabeth, how-
ever, whose liking for gold is evidenced by her changing
the Royal mantle from gules and ermine to gold and
ermine, also changed the colour of the dragon as her
supporter to gold. There is some room for doubt
whether the dragon in the Royal Arms was really of
Welsh origin. The point was discussed at some length
by the present writer in the Genealogical Mctgazins
(October 1902). It was certainly in use by King
Henry HI.
A dragon may be statant, rampant, or passant, and
the crests of Bicknell and of Sir Charles Young, Garter
King of Arms, are examples of dragons couchant.
Dragons are not so frequently met with as griffins,
but they occur in the arms of Evans impaled by North
(see Plate XXIV.), Sloggett (Fig. 393), and Lowdell,
and the favourite Welsh device of the dragon's head
161
Fig. 393.— Armorial bearings of William Henry Sloggett, Esq. : Or,
on a bend sable between two pellets, a bezant within a bordiire
of the second, charged with annulets of the field and bezants
alternately, on a canton argent, gutte-de-poix, a dragon passant
sable. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his
degree, with a mantling sable and or ; and for his crest, upon
a wreath of the colours, a dragon sable, seme of annulets or,
and resting the dexter claw on a bezant ; with the motto,
"Eethon dur."
holding a human hand will be met with, for example,
in the arms of Edwards (Plate XXIII.), and a sea-
dragon, whatever that creature may be, occurs in one
of the crests of Mr. Mainwaring-EUerker-Onslow (Fig.
686). A curious crest is that of Langton, namely : " On
a wreath of the colours, an eagle or and a wyvern vert,
interwoven and erect on their tails," and an equally
curious one is the crest of Maule, i.e. " A wyvern vert,
with two heads vomiting fire at both ends proper,
charged with a crescent argent."
Variations such as that attributed to the family of
Raynor [" Argent, a dragon volant in bend sable "] and
the sinister supporter of the arms of Viscount Gough
[" The dragon (or) of China gorged with a mural crown
and chained sable"] may be noted. The Chinese
dragon, which is also the dexter supporter of Sir Robert
Hart, Bart., follows closely the Chinese model, and is
without wings.
Tlie Wyvern. — There is no difference whatever between
a wyvern's head and a dragon's, but there is consider-
able difference between a wyvern and a dragon, at any
rate in English heraldry, though the wyvern appears
to be the form more frequently met with under the
name of a dragon ■ in other countries. The wyvern
has only two legs, the body curling away into the
tail, and is usually represented as resting upon its
legs and tail. On the other hand, it will occasionally
be found sitting erect upon its tail with its claws in the
air, and the supporters of the Duke of Marlborough are
generally so represented. As a charge or crest, how-
ever, probably the only instance of a wyvern sejant
erect is the crest of Mansergh (Fig. 394).
Plate XLVI. Fig. 10 is another of those mythical coats
taken from Conrad Griinenberg's Wappenhuch of 1483.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
In this he assigns " argent a wyvern sable vomiting
flames of fire " to the " First Emperor Julius," and
the arms as represented give one some notion of the
German idea of what this creature should be.
Occasionally the wyvern is represented without wings
and \vith the tail nowed. Both these peculiarities occur
in the case of the crest of a Lancashire family named
Ffarington.
The wyvern will also be found in the arms of Maolulich
and in the crest of Whewell (Fig. 98).
sented the real giraffe (which they may have known),
taking that to be a hybrid between the two animals
stated. It occurs as the crest of several coats of arms for
the name of Crisp, one of which will be seen in Fig. 395,
Fig. 394.— Armorial bearings of James Mansergh, Esq. : Barry wavy of
eight argent and azm-e, guttd-d'eau, on a bend between six arrows
barbed and flighted gules, three fountains proper. Mantling azure
and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a wyvern sejant
and erect gules, gorged with a collar wavy argent, and supporting
with the claws an arrow erect gules, barbed and flighted argent.
Motto: " Tout jour prgt."
'The Cockatrice. — The next variety is the cockatrice,
which is, however, comparatively rare. Two cockatrices
are the supporters to the arms of the Earl of West-
meatli, and also to the arms of Sir Edmund Charles
Nugent, Bart. But the animal is not common as a
charge. The difl'erence between a wyvern and a cocka-
trice is that the latter has the head of a cock substituted
for the dragon's head with which the wyvern is decor-
ated. Like the cock, the beak, comb, and wattles are
often of another tincture, and the animal is then, termed
armed, combed, and wattled.
The cockatrice is sometimes termed a basilisk, and
according to ancient writers the basilisk is produced from
an egg laid by a nine-year-old cock and natched by a
toad on a dunghill. Probably this is merely the ex-
pression of the intensified loathing which it was desired
to typify. But the heraldic basilisk is stated to have
its tail terminating in a dragon's head. In English
heraldry, at any rate, I know of no such example.
The Hydra, or Seven-headed Dragon, as the crest,
is ascribed to the families of Barret, Crespine, and
Lownes.
'• The Camelopard, which is nothing more or less than
an ordinary giraffe, must be properly included amongst
mythical animals, because the form and semblance of
the giraffe was used to represent a mythical hybrid
creation which the ancients believed to be begotten
•between a leopard and a camel. Possibly they repre-
FlG. 395. — Armorial bearings of Fred Crisp, Esq. : Sable, on a chevron
argent, surmounted by a pale engrailed of the last, pierced of the
field, five horse-shoes counterchanged. Mantling sable and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a camelopard statant
argent, semi^ of pellets, gorged with a coUar with line reflexed
over the back gules, three horse-shoes sable. Motto : " Mens
conscia recti."
The Cainelopardel, which is another mythical animal
fathered upon armory, is stated to be the same as the
camelopard, but with the addition of two long horns
curved backwards. I know of no instance in which it
occurs.
The human face or figure conjoined to some other
animal's body gives us a number of heraldic creatures,
some of which play no inconsiderable part in armory.
The human figure (male) conjoined to the tail of a
fish is known as the Triton or Merman. Though
there are some number of instances in which it occurs
as a supporter (Plate CXVL), it is seldom met with
as a charge upon a shield. It is, however, assigned
as a crest to the family of Tregent, and a family of
Robertson, of London.
The Mermaid is much more frequently met with. It
is generally represented with the traditional mirror and
comb in the hands. It wUl be found appearing, for
example, in the arms of Ellis, of Glasfryn, co. Mon-
mouth. The crest of Mason, used without authority by
the founder of Mason's College, led to its inclusion in
the arms of the University of Birmingham (Fig. 293). It
will also be found as the crest of Rutherford (Fig. 202).
The Mehi^'iine, i.e. a mermaid with two tails, though
not unknown in British heraldry, is more frequent in
German. It is represented on Plate LVI.
The Sphinx, of course originally derived from the
Egyptian figure, has the body, legs, and tail of a lion
conjoined to the breasts, head, and face of a woman
(Fig. i). As a charge it occurs in the arms of Cochrane
(Plate LXVIII.) and Cameron of Fassiefern. This last-
mentioned coat affords a striking example of the over-
elaboration to be found in so many of the grants which
owe their origin to the Peninsular War and the other
" fightings " in which England was engaged at the period.
162
THE ART OF HERALDRY
A winged sphinx is the crest of a family of the name
of Asgile.
Tlie Centaur — the familiar fabulous animal, half man,
half horse — is sometimes represented carrying a bow
and arrow, when it is called a '■ Sagittarius." It is not
infrequently met with in heraldry, though it is to be
found more often in Continental than in Enghsh
blazonry'. In its " Sagittarius " form it is sculptured on
a collimn in the Romanesque cloister of St. Aubin at
Angers. It will be found as the crest of most families
named Lambert, and it is one of the supporters of Lord
Hood of Avelon. It is also the crest of a family of
Fletcher. A very curious crest was borne by a family
of Lambert, and is to be seen on their monuments.
They could estabUsh no official authority for their arms
as used, and consequently obtained official authorisa-
tion in the early part of the eighteenth century, when
the crest then granted was a regulation Sagittarius
(Fig. 495). Up to that time, however, they had always
used a " female centaur."
Chimera. — This legendary animal happily does not
figure in English heraldry, and but rarely abroad.
Instances where it occurs depict it as having the head
and breast of a woman, the forepaws of a lion, the body
of. a goat, the hind legs of a griffin, and the tail of a
dragon. It is about as ugly and misbegotten a creature
as can readUy be imagined.
The Man-Lion will be found under the heading of
lions, and Elvin mentions in addition the Weir-Wolf,
i.e. the wolf with a human face and horns. Probably
this creature has strayed into heraldic company by
mistake. I know of no armorial use of it.
Tlie Satyr, which has a well-established existence in
other than heraldic sources of imagination, is com-
posed of a demi-savage united to the hind legs of a
goat.
Tlie Satyral is a hybrid animal having the body of
a lion and the face of an old man, with the horns of
an antelope.
The Sarpy — which is a curious creature consisting of
the head, neck, and breasts of a woman conjoined to the
wings and body of a vulture — is peculiarly German,
though it does exist in the heraldry of this country.
The German name for it is the Juiigfraunadler. The
German method of depicting this will be seen on Plate
XLYI. Fig. II, which represents the arms, or more
correctly speaking the seal-device, of the town of Ntirn-
berg, where. it occurs as early as 1243. The arms are:
" Azure, a jungfraunadler crowned or," and the example
here given is from Jost Amman (Rixner's " Tournament
Book," 1566).
The shield of the Rietbergs, Princes of Ost-Friesland,
is : •' Sable, a harpy crowned, and with wings dis-
played all proper ; between four stars, two in chief as
many in base, or."
The harpy will be found as a crest in this country.
The Devil is not, as may be imagined, a favourite
heraldic charge. The arms of Sissinks of Groningen,
for instance, are : " Or, a horned devil having six paws,
the body terminating in the tail of a fish all gules."
The family of Bawde have for a crest : " A satyr's head
in profile sable, with wings to the side of the head or,
the tongue hanging out of his mouth gules." Though
so blazoned, I feel sure it is really intended to repre-
sent a fiend. On the Garter Hall-plate of John de
GraUly, Captal de Buch, the crest is a man's head
with ass's ears. This is, however, usually termed a
Midas' head. A certain coat of arms which is given in
the " General Armory " under the name of Dannecourt,
and also under the name of Morfyn or Murfyn, has
crest : " A blackamoor's head couped at the shoulders,
habited paly of six ermine and ermines, pendents in
his ears or, wreathed about the forehead, with bat's
wings to the head sable, expanded on each side."
Many mythical animals can be more conveniently
considered under their natural counterparts. Of these
the notes upoji the heraldic antelope and the heraldic
ibex accompany those upon the natural antelope, and
the heraldic panther is included with the real animal.
The heraldic tiger, likewise, is referred to concurrently
with the Bengal or natural tiger. The pegasus, the
sea-horse, and the winged sea-horse are mentioned with
other examples of the horse, and the sea-dog is included
with other breeds and varieties of that useful animal.
The winged bull, of which only one instance is known
to me, occurs as the supporters of the Butchers' Livery
Company, and has been already alluded to, as also
the winged stag. The sea-stag is referred to under
the sub-heading of stags. The two-headed lion, the
double-queued lion, the lion queue-fourche, the sea-
lion (which is sometimes found winged) are all included
in the chapter upon lions, as are also the winged lion
and the lion-dragon. The winged ape is mentioned
when considering the natural animal, and perhaps it
may be as well to allude to the asserted heraldic
existence of the sea-monkey, though I am not aware of
any instance in which it is borne.
The arms of Challoner afford an instance of the Sea-
Wolf, the crest of that family being : " A demi-sea-wolf
rampant Or." Guillim, however (p. 271), in quoting the
arms of Fennor, would seem to assert the sea-wolf and
sea-dog to be one and the same.
The Phcenix and the Double-headed Eagle will natur-
ally be more conveniently dealt with in the. chapter
upon the eagle.
The Salamander has been represented in various
ways, and is usually described as a dragon in flames
of fire. It is sometimes so represented, but without
Fig. 395. — Armorial bearings of Sir William Farmer: Per chevron
dovetailed gules and argent, in chief two lions' heads erased oE
the last, and in base a salamander in flames proper, and impaling
the arms of Perkins, namely : erminois, an eagle displayed, in chief,
an escallop between two fleurs-de-lis, and in base a fleur-de-lis
between two escallops all azure. Mantling gules and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, an
antelope argent, seme of estoiles sable, armed and unguled or
resting^the dexter forefoot upon a fountain proper; with the
motto, " Agendo honeste."
163
THE ART OF HERALDRY
wings, but the more usual form in which it is seen is as in
Fig. 155, which represents the arms and crest of Douglas.
It also occurs in the arms of Farmer (Fig. 396).
The salamander is, however, best known as the per-
sonal device of Francis I., Bang of France. It is doubt-
less from this origin that the arms of the city of Paris
(Plate CXVIII.) are taken.
The remainder of the list of heraldic monsters can be
very briefly dismissed. In many cases a good deal of re-
search has failed to discover an instance of their use,
and one is almost inclined to believe that they were
invented by those mediaeval writers of prolific imagina-
tion for their treatises, without ever having been borne
or emblazoned upon helmet or shield.
The Allocavieius is supposed to have the head of
an ass conjoined to the body of a camel. I cannot call
to mind any British instance of its use.
The Amjjhi^jtere is the term applied to a " winged
serpent," a charge of but rare occurrence in either Eng-
lish or foreign heraldry. It is found in the arms of the
French family of Potior, viz. : " Azure, a bendlet pur-
pure between two amphipteres or," while they figure as
supporters also in that family, and in those of the Dues
de Tresmes and De Gevres.
The Apres is an animal with the body similar to
that of a bull, but with a bear's tail. It is seldom met
with outside heraldic text-books.
The A-m.phishene is usually described as a winged ser-
pent (with two legs) having a head at each end of its
body, but in the crest of Gwilt [" On a saltire or, inter-
laced by two amphisbasnse azure, langued gules, a rose
of the last, barbed and seeded proper "] the creatures
certainly do not answer to the foregoing description.
The Cockfish is a very unusual charge, but it is to be
met with in the arms of the family of Creyss, in Bavaria,
i.e. : " Or, a cock sable, beaked of the first, crested and
armed gules, its body ending in that of a fish curved
upwards, proper."
The Enfield is a purely fanciful animal, having the
head of a jfox, chest of a greyhound, talons of an eagle,
body of a lion, and hind legs and tail of a wolf It
occurs as the crest of most Irish families of the name of
Kelly= (Plate XXIX.).
I'he Bagwyn is an imaginary animal with the head
of and much like the heraldic antelope, but with
the body and tail of a horse, and the horns long and
curved backwards. It is difficult to say what it is
intended to represent, or to give any instance in
which it occurs.
The Musiinon is a fabulous animal with the body and
feet of a goat and the head of a ram, with four horns.
It is supposed to be the hybrid between the ram and
the goat, the four horns being the two straight ones of
the goat and the two curled ones of the ram. Though
no heraldic instance is known to me, one cannot defin-
itely say such an animal never existed. Another name
for it is the tityron.
The Opinicus is another monster seldom met with
in armory. When it does occur it is represented as a
winged gryphon, with a lion's legs and short tail. An-
other description of it gives it the body and forelegs
of a lion, the head, neck, and wings of an eagle, and the
tail of a camel. It is the crest of the Livery Company
" Armorial bearings of Arthur Dillon Denis Kelly, Esq. : Quarterly,
I and 4, azure, a tower triple-towered, supported by two lions ram-
pant argent, as many chains descending from the battlements between
their legs or (for Kelly); 2 and 3, argent, a lion rampant between
three crescents gules, issuant from each a star with six points of the
field, over all a fess azure {for Dillon), and impaling the arms of
Skefiington, namely : quarterly, ! and 4, argent, three bulls' heads
erased sable ; 2 and 3, azure, a chevron between three chaplets or.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, an
enfield statant vert with a bushy tail turned over the batk. Motto :
'* Turris fortis mihi Deus."
of Barbers in London, which doubtless gives us the
origin of it in the recent grant of arms to Sir Frederick
Treves, Bart. Sometimes the wings are omitted.
Tlie Manticora, Mantegre, or Man-Tiger is the same
as the man-Uon, but has horns attached to its forehead.
The Hi'ppogriff has the head, wings, and foreclaws of
the griffin united to the hinder part of the body of a horse.
The Calopus or Chatloiip is a curious horned animal
difficult to describe, but which appears to have been at one
time the badge of the Folj ambe family. No doubt, as the
name would seem to indicate, it is a variant of the wolf.
Many of the foregoing animals, particularly those
which are or are supposed to be hybrids, are, however well
they may be depicted, ugly, inartistic, and unnecessary.
Their representation leaves one with a disappointed
feeling of crudity of draughtsmanship. No such objec-
tion applies to the pegasus, the griffin, the sea-horse,
the dragon, or the unicorn, and in these modern days,
when the differentiation of well-worn animals is produc-
ing singularly inept results, one would urge that the
sea-griffin, the sea-stag, the winged bull, the winged
stag, the winged lion, and the winged heraldic antelope
might produce (if the necessity of differentiation con-
tinue) very much happier results.
^^ AC.F-D.
CHAPTER XVIII
BIRDS
BIRDS of course play a large and prominent part in
heraldry. Those which have been impressed
into the service of heraldic emblazonment com-
prise almost every species known to the zoological world.
Though the earliest rolls of arms give us instances of
various other birds, the bud which first makes the most
prominent appearance is the Eagle, and in all early
representations this will invariably be found " dis-
played." A double-headed eagle displayed, from a
Byzantine silk of the tenth century, is illustrated by
Mr. Eve in his " Decorative Heraldry," so that it is
evident that neither the eagle displayed nor the double-
headed eagle originated with the science of armory,
which appropriated them ready-made, together with
their symbohsm. An eagle displayed as a symbolical
device was certainly in use by Charlemagne.
It may perhaps here be advantageous to treat of the
artistic development of the eagle displayed. Of this,
of course, the earliest prototype is the Roman eagle of
the Ctesars, and it will be to English eyes, accustomed
to our conventional spread-eagle, doubtless rather start-
ling to observe that the German type of the eagle
which follows the Roman disposition of the wings
(which so many of our heraldic artists at the present
day appear inclined to adopt either in the accepted
German or in a slightly modified form as an eagle dis-
played) is certainly not a true displayed eagle according
to our English ideas and requirements, inasmuch as the
wings are inverted. It should be observed that in
German heraldry it is simply termed an eagle, and not
an eagle displayed. Considering, however, its very close
resemblance to our eagle displayed, and also its very
artistic appearance, there is every excuse for its em-
ployment in this country, and I for one should be sorry
to observe its slowly increasing favour checked in this
country. It is quite possible, however, to transfer the
salient and striking points of beauty to the more ortho-
dox position of the wings, and this has- been adopted
with singular success by Miss Helard in Plate XLVIIL,
and in the bookplate (Fig. 397) which she designed for
164
PLATE L.
EXAMPLES OF HELMETS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Mr. J. G. Crozier. Fig. 398 is another example of the
application of the German model to English require-
FlG. 397. — Bookplate of Mr. John George Crozier.
(Designed by C. Helard.)
ments. The eagle (compared with the lion and the
ordinaries) had no such predominance in early British
heraldry that it enjoyed in Continental armory, and
Fig, 39S.-^Arms of the poet Milton (d. 1764) :
Argent, a double-headed eagle displayed
gnles, armed sable.
therefore it may be better to trace the artistic develop-
ment of the German eagle.
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the eagle
appears with the head raised and the beak closed. The
sachsen (bones of the wings) are rolled up at the ends
like a snaU, and the pinions (Uke the talons) take a
X)
(9 y 6)
A
Fig. 399.
-o
y^
Fig. 400.
Fig. 401.
vertical downward direction. The tail, composed of a
number of stiff feathers, frequent!}' issues from a knob
or ball, as is shown in the Zuricherrolle (Plate LXXV.
Fit's. 2 and 6) and in Fig. 1 1 of Plate XLVII. Com-
pare also Fig. 399 herewith.
With the end of the fourteenth century the head
straightens itself, the beak opens and the tongue
becomes visible. The rolling up of the wing-bones
oraduaUy disappears, and the claws form an acute angle
with the direction of the body ; and at this period the
claws occasionally receive the "hose" covering the
upper part of the leg. The feathers of the tail spread
out sicklewise (Fig. 400).
The fifteenth century shows the eagle with sachsen
forming a half circle, the pinions spread out and radiat-
ing therefrom, and the claws more at a right angle
(Fig. 401). The sixteenth century draws the eagle in a
more ferocious aspect and depicts it in as ornamental
and ornate a manner as possible. Plate XLVII. gives
some specimens of eagles illustrative of the development
of the bird. The notes in explanation are arranged in
chronological sequence, and not according to the order
of their numbers on the Plate.
Fig. 4 (Plate XLYIL). Eagle from the seal of Heinrich
von Modling (i 158-1223), the son of Heinrich Jasomir-
gott, brother of Duke Leopold the Virtuous, as on a
document of the year 1203, now remaining in the
Archives of the monastery of Heiligenkreuz in Lower
Austria. Inscription: ">J< Hainricvs."
Fig. 3 (Plate XLVII.). Eagle from the oldest seal of
the city of Vienna, on a document of the year 1239.
Legend : " ►J* Sigillvm Civivm Winnensivm."
Fig. 1 1 (Plate XLVII.). Eagle from the counter-seal of
Duke Bolco II. of Silesia, on a document of the year 1 334.
Legend : " ►J" Sigillvm Dvcis Bolconis." The eagle has a
crescent placed over it, the head being hidden in a " pot "
helmet carrying the SUesian crest, viz. : " Two peacock's
feathers with the ends crossed in saltire," which has been
customary in the family of the SUesian Piasten since
the year 1290, and which took the place of the former
displayed plume of a peacock's tail.
Fig. 5 (Plate XLVII.). This figure represents an arched,
three-cornered pageant-shield belonging to the middle
of the fourteenth century, discovered in the church of
Notre Dame de Valere, near Sitten (Sion), in the canton
of Valais (Switzerland), (80 cm. high). It shows a coat
of arms which unfortunately cannot be identified, viz. :
" Azure, an eagle argent." The beak is broken ofi'. The
method of the manufactmre of this shield is the same
as that of the Seedorf shield depicted on Plate XL., and
described on page 123.
Fig. I o (Plate XLVII.). Armorial shield of the kingdom
of Bohemia. Abas-rehef on the monument of Ottokar I.
in the Sternberg Chapel of St. Veit's Cathedral at Prague,
fourteenth century. The flaming eagle sable, on a field
of argent, was the old armorial device of Bohemia,
which, however, about the middle of the thirteenth
century, under Przemisl Ottokar II., gave way to the
double-queued Hon. The coat of arms with the eagle
thus unappropriated was later (1339), at the request of
Bishop Nicolaus of Trient, assigned to that bishopric by
King John of Bohemia, and is borne as the coat of the
bishopric at the present day.
Fig. I (Plate XLVII.). Eagle from an Italian seal of
the fourteenth century. Inscription : " >J< S. Gottifredi
Amatoris D' Preotis."
Fig. 2 (Plate XLVII.). Crowned eagle, from a heart-
shaped seal of Bartholomaus Ermanni von Perugio, end
of the fourteenth century. The seal shows three armorial
devices, (i) the keys of the Pope, (ii.) the eagle of the Ger-
man Emperor (as in Fig. 2), and (iii) the family arms of
the Ermanni. The legend runs : " S. Btholomei Ermanni
De Perusio ililitis Et Legvm Doctoris Palatni Comitis
Apostohci Et Imperialis." (An impression of this
peculiarly shaped seal is now in the Imperial and
Royal House, Court and State Archives of Vienna.)
Fig. 6 (Plate XLVII.). Armorial shield of the Duke-
dom of Silesia, from Konrad Grilnenberg's TFfy>2Jem-
buch, Constance, 1483. The eagle in this shield is one
of the most successful figures of this period of late
Gothic heraldic work. From the same Register is repro-
165
THE ART OF HERALDRY
duced the shield (Fig. 402) with the boldly sketched
Adlcrfiilgel mit Scliu'c.rtlmnd (eagle's wing with the
sword hand), the supposed arms of the Duke of
Calabria.
Fig. 404. — A modern German eagle drawn by H. G.
Strohl. The illustration is of the arms of the Prussian
province of Brandenburg.
Fig. 402. — Arms of Duke of Calabria.
Fig. 9 (Plate XLVII.). Eagle from the arms of the
town of Schongau in Bavaria, viz. : " Or, an eagle sable,
charged on the breast with the arms of Bavaria, a chief
gules." This example is from a shield in the Bavarian
National Museum at Munich, and belongs to the last
quarter of the fifteenth century.
Fig. 12 (Plate XLy II.). Armorial shield of Johannes
Stabius (compare Plate XXXV. Fig. 2), from a drawing
by Albrecht Dftrer (1471-1528).
Quite in the same stjde is the eagle of Tyrol on a
corporate flag of the Society of the Schwazer Bergbute
(Fig. 403), which belongs to the last quarter of the
Fig. 403. — Eagle of Tyrol.
fifteenth century. This is reproduced from the im-
pression in the Bavarian National Museum given in
Hefner- Alteneck's " Book of Costumes."
Fig. 7 (Plate XLVII.). German Imperial (or State)
eagle, from a drawing by Hans Burgkmair (1473-1531).
This shows the initials of the artist. The breast of the
eagle is charged with a shield containing the arms of
Austria, Hungar)', Burgundy, Tyrol, Limburg, and
Flanders.
Fig. 8 (Plate XLVII.) Ls an eagle drawn by .lost
Amman, and is reproduced from the TTa^jpen und
Stammbiich, Frankfort-on-Maine, 1589.
Fig. 404. — Arms of the Prassian Province of Brandenburg.
(From Strohl's Deutsche WappenroUe.)
The double eagle has, of course, undergone a some-
what similar development. Plate XLVI. Fig. i shows
the Imperial arms of the Roman-German Empue as they
appear in a vignette on the title-page of the Imperial
County Court Order for Swabia. This representation
belongs to the second half of the sixteenth century.
The artist is unknown. On the shield with which the
breast of the eagle is charged (the shield being crowned
and surrounded by the Collar of the Golden Fleece) are
shown the arms of Old Hungary, Bohemia, Austria, and
Old Burgundy, as also the sub-quarterly quartering of
Castile and Leon. Over the nimbussed heads of the
eagle is placed the Imperial crown.
Fig. 2 (Plate XLVI.). Double eagle. Arms of the city
of Vienna from the grant thereof dated 26th September
1461, at Leoben, by the Emperor Friedrieh III. (IV.):
" Sable, a double eagle or, langued gules, with a nimbus,
and surmounted by the Imperial crown or, the labels
gules." In 1463, after he had deprived the city of these
arms as a punishment to the rebelKous Viennese, the
Emperor bestowed the shield on the sister towns of Krems
and Stein, which had remained faithful to him and which
still bear it at the present day. In 1465, after a successful
reconciliation between the Kaiser and the Viennese,
these latter again bore the Imperial eagle, but it was
then charged on the
breast with a shield,
"Gules, a cross argent."
This addition, it may
be stated, was an older
emblem of the Viennese
than the double eagle,
and can be pointed out
as early as 1346 on the
breast of the then one-
headed Viennese eagle
(Plate IX. Fig. 3).
The annexed illustra-
tion (Fig. 405) shows the
Russian double eagle on
the gold seal depend-
ing, from the Treaty of
Alliance between the
WassUij Iwanowitsch ( 1
Fig. 405.-
-Russian Double Eagle
(1574)-
Grand Duke and Gospodar
505-1533), and the Emperor
166
THE ART OF HERALDRl
7
Fig. 406. — Bookplate of Thomas Greer, Esq.: Azure,
a lion rampant or, armed and langued gules,
between three antique crowns of the second, on
a canton argent, an oak-tree eradicated surmounted
by a sword in bend sinister, ensign ed on the point
with a roTal crown all proper ; and for the crest,
apon a wreath of the colours, an eagle displayed
proper, charged on the breast with a quadrangular
lock argent. Motto: "MemorEsto."
Fig. 407. — Ajmorial bearings of the Earl of Southesk. K.T. : Argent, an eagle displayed
azure, armed, beaked, and membered gnles, on its breast an antique covered cup or;
the escutcheon being surrounded by the tibbon and by the collar, and pendent there-
from the badge of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and by an
orange-tawny ribbon his badge as a Baronet of Nova Scotia. Mantling gules, doubled
ermine ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a thunderbolt proper,
winged or; and in an escroll above, the motto, "Dred God." Supporters : two talbots
ai^ent, collared gules.
Fig. 40S. — Armorial bearings of William Joseph Kelson
Millard, M.D. : Sable, a lion rampant or, charged
on the shoulder with a fer-de-moline of the first
within an orle of five fers-de-moline of the second
■ arid as many bezants alternately. Mantling sable
■ and or. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, an
eagle displayed sable, entwined round the body
and neck by a serpent and holding in each claw
a fer-de-moIine or. Motto: "Beware, ye MyU-
warde."
Fig. 409.— rArmorial bearings of Eobert George Gentleman, Esq. : Ermine,
two eagles displayed, each with two heads in chief sable, and an
esquire's helmet in base proper, a chief indented gnles. Mantling
sable and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours,
a demi-eagle displayed with two heads sable, on each wing a
trefoil or. Motto : " Truth, honour, and courtesy."
167
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Max I. (15 14). The original is in the Imperial and
Royal House, Court and State Archives of Vienna.
The double easfle occurs in the East as well as in the
family were in currency, so a few years ago Lord
Southesk rematriculated his arms in Lyon Office, and
Fig. 407 correctly depicts them. Other examples of eagles
F1G.410. — Armorial bearings of Robert SwaTiAitcliison,M.D.,F.R.C.P.E.:
Or, a double-headed eagle displayed sable, beaked and membered
gules, on a cbief engrailed vert, a pheon between two spur-revels
of tbe first ; in the centre of the shield an escutoheon of pretence
gules, on a chevron between three demi-lions rampant, and in
chief a cross crosslet fitcbe or, a trefoil between two anchors
sable {for Pepper-Staveley). Mantling sable, doubled or ; and for
his crest, upon a wreath of his liveries, an eagle's head erased
sable ; and on an escroll over the same this motto, " Vigilantibus,"
West in very early times. Since about 1335 the double
eagle has appeared sporadically as a symbol of the
Roman-German Empire, and under the Emperor Sigis-
mund {d. 1447) became the settled armorial device of the
Roman Empire. King Sigismund, before his coronation
as Emperor, bore the single-headed eagle.
An example of an eagle displayed, by Mr. G. W. Eve,
Fig. 411. — Armorial bearings of Iain Ramsay, Esq., of Kildalton, Islay,
CO. Argyll : Parted per fess argent and sable, an eagle displayed,
beaked gules, charged on the breast with a galley, sails furled, all
countercharged. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath
of his liveries, a unicorn's head couped argent, armed and crined or.
Motto : " Nunquam sine spe."
will be found in Fig. 406, which is a reproduction of a
bookplate by him of T. Greer, Esq. Another is given in
Fig. 407, which is a reproduction of the arms of Ihe Earl
of Southesk. Many incorrect versions of the arms of this
Fig. 412. — Armorial bearings of Captain John Howard Cartland : Or, a
demi-eagle rising, couped proper, on a chief nebuly sable, three
garbs argent. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, in front of a demi-eagle as in the arms, holding in
the beak an ear of wheat leaved and slipped, a garb fesswise or.
Motto : " Loyal h, devoir."
displayed will be found in the arms of Millard (Fig. 408),
Parkin-Moore (Fig. 145), and Gentleman (Fig. 409), these
being from designs by Mr. Scruby. Mr. Graham
Johnston has been responsible for the eagles displayed
in the arms of Aitchison (Fig. 410), Adlercron (Fig.
134), Ramsay (Fig. 411), and Reid (Fig. 136).
i. 413. — Bookplate of Tertius Joynson, Esq. : Azure, an eagle's head
erased or, between four roses saltirewise argent, impalingthearms
of Glazebrook. namely : ermine, an eagle displayed gules, beaked,
legged, and holding in the beak a fleur-de-Hs or, on a chief sable,
two bezants, each charged with a fleur-de-lis azure. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, an eagle with two heads
displayed azure, seme of roses argent. Motto : " Ad honorem in-
dustria ducit." (Engraved by C. W. Sherborne, R.E.)
168
PLATE LI.
THE IMPERIAL STATE CROWN OF KING EDWARD VII.
This Plate is very kimji,v Presentem to the Present Work bv Messrs Garrard of The Havmarket, London, S.W,
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Reference may also be made to the
arms of Brine (Plate XXXI.).
Eagles in other positions will be found
in the arms or crests of Cartland (Fig.
412), JoNTison (Fig. 413), Pretor-Pinney
(Fi^. 2 58), M'Donald" (Plate XXXVni),
and Goldthorpe (Fig. 414).
Fig. 414. — Armorial bearings of William Gold-
thorpe, Esq. : Per pale, argent and or, in
base a mount vert, issnant therefrom sis
oak-trees, three on either side proper, a chief
nebaly azure, thereon three bezants. Mant-
ling vert and argent. Crest ; upon a wreath
of the colours, a rock, and volant above an
eagle proper, in the beak a billet or, sur-
mounted by a rainbow, also proper. Motto :
'• Endeavour."
Fig. 41 5, specially drawn for me by Mr. Forbes Nixon
as typical of his style, shows the following : An eagle
rising with wings addorsed: an eagle displayed with
wings inverted ; an eagle rising with wings addorsed
and inverted ; a double-headed eagle displayed ; an
eagle displayed with wings inverted; an eagle rising
with wings displayed and inverted ; an eagle displayed
with wings inverted; as the previous one; an eagle
rising with wings addorsed and inverted ; an eagle dis-
played ; an eagle close preying on an eagle's leg erased
a la quise.
It may perhaps be as well to point out, with the ex-
ception of the two positions "displayed" and "close," very
httle if any agreement at all exists amongst authorities
either as to the terms to be employed or as to the
position intended for the wings when a given term is
used in a blazon.
Practically every other single position is simply
blazoned " rising," this term being employed without
any additional distinctive terms of variation in official
blazons and emblazonments. Xor can one obtain any
certain information from a reference to the real eagle,
^ Armorial bearings of 'William Kid Macdonald, Esq. : Party per
bend indented or and ermine, a double-headed eagle displayed proper,
beaked and membered gules, surmounted of a galley sable flagged
of the third, and in the sinister chief point a pine-tree eradicated
proper. Mantling sable, doubled or ; and upon a wreath of his liveries
is set for crest, a raven proper on a rock azure. Motto : " Nee tempore
nee fato."
Fig. 415. — Examples of eagles. (Drawn by Mr. Forbes Nixon.)
for the result of careful observation would seem to show
that in the first stroke of the wings, when rising from the
ground, the wings pass through every position from the
wide outstretched form, which I term with wings dis-
played, to a position practically " close." As a conse-
quence, therefore, no one form can be said to be more
correct than any other, either from the point of view of
nature or from the point of view of ancient precedent.
This state of aiFairs is eminentty unsatisfactorj-, because
in these days of necessary diii'erentiation no heraldic
artist of any appreciable knowledge or ability has claimed
the liberty (which certainly has not been officially con-
ceded) to depict an eagle rising with wings displayed,
when it has been granted with the wings in the position
addorsed and inverted. Such a liberty when the wings
happen to be charged, as thej- so frequently are in
English crests, must clearty be an impossibility.
Until some agreement has been arrived at, I can only
recommend my readers to follow the same plan which
I have long adopted in blazoning arms of which the
official blazon has not been available to me. That is, to
use the term " rising," followed by the necessary descrip-
tion of the position of the wings. ITiis obviates both
mistake and uncertainty. Originally with us, as stiU in
Germany, an eagle was always displayed, and in the
days when coats of arms were few in number and simple
in character the artist may well have been permitted to
draw an eagle as he chose, providing it was an eagle. But
169
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arms and their elaboration in the last tour hundred years
have made this impossible. It is foolish to overlook
this, and idle in the face of existing facts to attempt
to revert to former ways. Although now the English
eagle displayed has the tip of its wings pointed upwards,
and the contrary needs now to be mentioned in the
blazon, this even with us was not so in the beginning.
A reference to Plate LXXI., and Figs. 416,417, and 418
will show how the eagle was formerly depicted.
Fig. 416. — Arms of Ralph de
Montbermer, Earl of Gloucester
and Hereford: Or, an eagle vert.
See also Figs. 212 and 213.
(From his seal, 1301.)
Fig. 417. — Crest of Ralph de
Montbermer, Earl of Gloucester
and Hereford, (From his seal,
1301.)
Fig. 418. —Arms of Piers de Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall {d. J312) ;
Vert, six eagles or.
The earliest instance of the eagle as a definitely
heraldic charge upon a shield would appear to be its
appearance upon the Great Seal ot the Markgrave
Leopold of Austria in 11 36, where the equestrian figure
of the Markgrave carries a shield so charged. More or
less regularly, subsequently to the reign of Frederick
Barbarossa, elected King of the Romans in 1 152, and
crowned as Emperor in 1 155, the eagle with one or two
heads (there seems originally to have been little un-
animity upon the point) seems to have become the
recognised heraldic symbol of the Holy Roman Empire ;
and the seal of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, elected King
of the Romans in 1257, shows his arms ["Argent, a lion
rampant gules, within a bordure sable, bezante"] dis-
played upon the breast of an eagle, but no properly
authenticated contemporary instance of the use of
this eagle by the Earl of Cornwall is found in this country.
The origin of the double-headed eagle has been the
subject of endless controversy, the tale one is usually
taught to believe being that it originated in the dimi-
diation upon one shield of two separate coats of arms.
Nisbet states that the Imperial eagle was " not one
eagle with two heads, but two eagles, the one laid upon
the other, and their heads separate, looking different
ways, which represent the two heads of the Empire
after it was divided into East and West." The whole
discussion is an apt example of the habit of earlier
writers to find or provide hidden meanings and symbol-
isms when no such meanings existed. The real truth
undoubtedly is that the double-headed eagle was an
accepted figure long before heraldry came into exist-
ence, and that when the displayed eagle was usurped
by armory as one of its peculiarly heraldic figures, the
single-headed and double-headed varieties were used
indifferently, until the double-headed eagle became
stereotyped as the Imperial emblem. Napoleon, how-
ever, reverted to the single-headed eagle, and the present
German Imperial eagle has Ukewise only one head.
The Imperial eagle of Napoleon had little in keeping
with then existing armorial types of the bird. There
can be little doubt that the model upon which it was
based was the Roman eagle of the Cresars as it figured
upon the head of the Roman standards. In English
terms of blazon the Napoleonic eagle would be: "An
eagle displayed with wings inverted, the head to the
sinister, standing upon a thunderbolt or."
The then existing double-headed eagles of Austria
and Russia probably supply the reason which explains
why, when the German Empire was created, the Prussian
eagle in a modified form was preferred to the resusci-
tation of the older double-headed eagle, which had
theretofore been more usually accepted as the symbol
of Empire.
By the same curious idea which was noticed in the
earlier chapter upon lions, which ruled that the appear-
ance of two or more lions rampant in the same coat
of arms ipse facto made them into lioncels, more
than one eagle upon a shield resulted sometimes
in the birds becoming eaglets. Such a rule has never
had official recognition, and no artistic difference is
made between the eagle and the eaglet. The charges
on the arms of Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, are
blazoned as eagles (Fig. 418). In the blazon of a few
coats of arms, the term eaglet, however, still survives,
e.g. in the arms of Child [" Gules, a chevron ermine,
between three eaglets close argent"], and in the arms
of Smitheman [" Vert, three eaglets statant with wings
displayed argent, collared or "].
When an eagle has its beak of another colour, it is
termed " armed " of that colour, and when the legs
differ it is termed " membered."
An eagle volant occurs in the crest of Jessel [" On
a wreath of the colours, a torch fesswise, fired proper,
surmounted by an eagle volant argent, holding in the
beak a pearl also argent. Motto : ' Persevere ' "]. Parts
of an eagle are almost as frequently met with as the
entire bird. Eagles' heads abound as crests (they can
be distinguished from the head of a griiBn by the fact
that the latter has always upstanding ears). As a
charge upon the shield the eagle's head occurs in the
arms of Joynson (Fig. 413). Unless otherwise specified
{e.g. the crest of the late Sir Noel Paton was between
the two wings of a dove), wings occurring in armory
are always presumed to be tne wings of an eagle.
This, however, in English heraldry has little effect
upon their design, for probably any well-conducted
eagle (as any other bird) would disown the English
heraldic wing, as it certainly would never recognise
the German heraldic variety. A pair of wings when
displayed and conjoined at the base is termed " con-
joined in leure," from the palpable similarity of the
figure in its appearance to the lure with which, thrown
into the air, the falconer brought back his hawk
to hand. The best known, and most frequently quoted
instance, is the well-known coat of Seymour or St. Maur
[" Gules, two wings conjoined in leure the tips do"wn-
wards or "]. It should always be stated if the wings (as
in the arms of Seymour) are inverted. Otherwise the
tips are naturally presumed to be in chief. Other in-
stances in which wings conjoined in leure occur will
be found in the arms of Cloeto (Fig. 419), Willans (Fig.
420), and Wingfield (Fig. 421).
170
PLATE Lll.
IMPERIAL AND ROYAL CROWNS OF EUROPE.
I'tintod lit Stiitt-Brl
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Pairs of wings not conjoined can be met witli in tlie with a miillet or. Crest : in front of fire proper two
arms and crest of Burne-Jones ["Azure, on a bend sinister wings elevated and addorsed purpure, charged with a
Fig. 419. — Armorial bearings of William Erodrick Cloete, Esq. : Per
pale argent and or, two wings conjoined in leure gales, on a chief
engrailed of the last two javelins in saltire of the first. Mantling
gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, two javelins
in pale points upwards interlaced by as many saltirewise, banded
gules, between two wings perfess argent and gules. Motto: "Ubi
eras."
Fig. 420.— Armorial bearings of John Bancroft "Willans, Gentleman :
Per chevron gules and or, two che\Tonels between as many catherine-
wheels in chief and in base a pair of wings conjoined in leure, tips
downwards, all counterchanged. Mantling gules and or. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a demi-man affronte proper, supporting
with his dexter hand a rod of Esculapius proper, and resting his
sinister on a catherine-wheel or. Motto: "Hold on."
Fig. 421. — Arms of Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk (d. 1415):
Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a fess between three leopards' faces or
(for De la Pole) ; 2 and 3, argent, on a bend gules, three pairs of
wings conjoined in leure of the field (for Wingfield),
argent between seven mullets, four in chief and three in
base or, three pairs of wings addorsed purpure, charged
-ASSl'DU ITY"
Fig. 422. — Armorial bearings of Robert Nicholl Byass, Esq. : Argent,
three wings bendwise azure, in chief two escutcheons of the
last, each charged with a fleur-de-lis of the first. Mantling
azure and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the coloors,
between two wings azure, a wing argent, charged with an escut-
cheon as in the arms. Motto : " By assiduity."'
mullet or"] ; but two wings, unless conjoined or addorsed,
will not usually be described as a pair. Occasionally,
however, a pair of wings will be found in saltire, but
such a disposition is most unusual. Single wings, unless
Fig. 423. — Armorial bearings of the Rev. Charles Eccles Edmond
Williams, Clerk in Holy'Orders, D.D. (Oson.) : Argent, three piles,
two in chief and one in base azure, each charged with a wing of
the first. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, three arrows, one in pale and two in saltire or, barbed and
flighted proper, between two wings argenc, each charged with an
annulet azure. Motto : " Fidus in finem."
specified to be the contrary, are presumed to be dexter
wings. Examples of single wings as a charge occur in
the arms of B3-ass (Fig. 422) and Williams (Eig. 423).
171
THE ART OF HERALDRY
A single wing, or two wings, as crests, or a crest be-
tween two wings, is a form so very frequently to be
met with that one need hardly detail examples as
such, though possibly it may be well to add the con-
ceptions of wings according to the ideas of diflerent
artists. For this purpose reference may perhaps be
made to the arms of Hallen (Fig. 424) and Johnston''
(Plate XXVIIL).
Care needs to be exercised in some crests to observe
the diflerence between a bird's head hetiueen two wings,
a bird's head winged (a form not often met with, but in
which rather more of the neck is shown, and the wings
are conjoined thereto), and a bii-d's head between two
wings addorsed. The latter form, which of course is
really no more than a representation of a crest between
two wings turned to be represented upon a profile helmet,
is one of the painful results of our absurd position rules
for the helmet.
A pair of wings conjoined is sometimes termed a vol,
and one wing a demi-vol. Though doubtless it is desir-
able to know these terms, they are but seldom found in
use, and are really entirely French.
Eagles' legs are by no means an infrequent charge.
cult to conjecture what may have been the origin of the
bird in this debased form, unless its first beginnings
Fig. 424. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Erskine Herbert Cornelius
Hallen, Gentleman, M,D. (Edin.) : Gules, a lion rampant or,
crowned, armed, and langued azure, charged on the shoulder
with a hammer of the last for difference. Upon the escutcheon is
placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and or.
Crest ; a demi-lion rampant or, crowned, armed, and langued, and
charged on the shoulder with a hammer azure, between two antique
wings sable. Motto: " Sine Deo nil."
They will usually be found erased at the thigh, for
which there is a recognised term " erased a la quise,"
which, however, is by no means a compulsory one.
The eagle's leg will sometimes be found couped below
the feathers. The eagle's leg erased at the thigh will
be found in the crest of Lee (Fig. 115), and in the
arms of Willis-Bund (Fig. 425).
A curious form of the eagle is found in the alerion,
which is represented without beak or legs. It is diffi-
FlG. 425. — Armorial bearings of John William Willis-Bund, Esq.: Er-
mine, three piles gules, two issuing from the chief and one in base,
each charged with an eagle's leg erased at the thigh or ; and impal-
ing the arms of Temple, namely : quarterly, l and 4, or, an eagle
displayed sable ; 2 and 3, argent, two bars sable, each charged with
three martlets or. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, two lions' gambs erased and erect or, hold-
ing a griffin's head erased. Motto ; " Optivo iioreo nomine."
may be taken to be found in the unthinking perpetua-
tion of some crudely drawn example. Its best-known
appearance is, of course, in the arms of Loraiae ;
Fig. 426 Armorial bearings of Sir Robert Pullar, Knight Bachelor : Or,
tliree alerions sable, on a chief gules, a Holy Lamb passant re-
gardant, staff and cross argent, with the banner of St. Andrew
proper. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wTcath of his liveries,
a demi-eagle displayed or, beaked and membered gules. Motto :
" Perseverantia et industria."
^ Armorial bearings of George Lawson Johnson, Esq. : Argent, on a
saltire sable, between four daggers points downwards gules, the sun
in his splendour or, on a chief of the third, three cushions of the
fourth. Mantling sable and argent. Crest ; on a wreath of his liveries,
a spur between two wings or; and upon an escrol over the same this
motto, *■ Nunquam non paratus."
and as Planche has pointed out, this is as perfect an
example of a canting anagram as can be met with in
armory. Another example of the use of alerions will be
found in the arms of Pullar (Fig. 426).
172
PLATE LIII.
i*u e Lie )
CORONETS OF RANK IN GREAT BRITAIN.
This Plate has bebk presented bt the Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Compant, Ltd., of 112, Keoest Street, London, w., by ^VH0M
THE ACTUAL COBONETS WERE UADE FOB USE ON THE OCCASION OF THE CORONATION OF KiNG EDWAKD VII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ThePliosnix, one of the few mythical birds which
heraldry has familiarised us with is another, and per-
haps the most patent example of all, of the appro-
priation by heraldic art of an ancient symbol, and its
symbohsm ready made. It belongs to the period of
Grecian mythology. As a charge upon a shield it is
comparatively rare, though it so occurs in the arms of
Samuelson. On the other hand, it is frequently to
be found as a crest. It is always represented as a
demi-eagle issuing from flames of fire, and though the
flames of fire wHl generally be found mentioned in
the verbal blazon, this is not essential. Without its
fiery surroundings it would cease to be a phoenix.
On the other hand, though it is always depicted as a
fZe)?ii-bird (no instance to the contrary exists), it is
never considered necessary to so specify it. It occurs
as the crest of the Seymour family [" Out of a ducal
coronet a phosnix issuant from flames of fire "]. Amongst
the many other families who bear it as a crest may be
mentioned Mitchell, of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The Osprey may perhaps be here mentioned, because
its heraldic representation always shows it as a white
eagle. It is however seldom met with, though it figures
in the crests of Roche (Lord Fermoy) and Trist. The
osprey is sometimes known as the sea-eagle, and heraldi-
cally so termed.
The Vulture (probably from its repulsive appearance
in nature and its equally repulsive habits) is not a
heraldic favourite. Two of these birds occvir, however,
as the supporters of Lord Graves.
The Falcon naturally falls next to the eagle for con-
sideration. Considering the very important part this
Fig. 427. —Armorial bearings of Sir Arthur NicolsoD, Bart., K.C.I.E.,
&c. &c. : Or, a lion's head between three falcons' heads erased
gules, a bordure azore. Mantling gules, doubled or. Crest : on a
wreath of his liveries, a lion's head erased gules. Motto : "Nil
sistere contra."
bird played in the social life of earlier centuries, this
cannot be a matter of any surprise. Heraldry, in its
emblazonment, makes no distinction between the ap-
pearance of the hawk and the falcon, but for canting
and other reasons the bird will be found described by
aU its difterent names, e.g. in the arms of Hobson'^
^ Armorial bearings of Hobson, Gentleman: Quarterly, I and 4, per
pale azure and sable, two hobbies close in chief proper, and a sun in
(Plate XLIX.); to preserve the obvious pun, the two
birds are blazoned as hobbie-hawks. The falcon is fre-
quently (more often than not) found belled.
With the slovenliness (or some may exalt it into the
virtue of freedom from irritating restriction) character-
istic of many matters in heraldic blazon, the simple term
Fig. 428. — Bookplate of William Ridley Richardson : Sable, two hawks
belled or, on a chief indented ermine, a pale ermine and three
lions' heads erased counterchanged, impaling the arms of Tweedy,
namely : quarterly, I and 4, argent, a saltire engrailed between
two escallops in fess gules, on a chief azure an escallop of the field
(for Tweedy) ; 2 and 3, gules, on a bend flory and counterflory
between two increscents argent, three lions' heads erased sable.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert and in front
of a tilting-spear fesswise, a dexter arm embowed in armour pro-
per, encircled by an annulet or, the hand grasping a sword by the
blade in bend sinister also proper, pommel and hilt gold, pendent
from the wrist by a riband gules an escutcheon argent, charged
with a hawk likewise proper ; with the motto, " Ben ti voglio."
"belled" is found used indiscriminately to signify that the
falcon is belled on one leg or belled on both, and if it
is belled the bell must of necessity be on a jess. Others
state that every falcon must of necessity (whether so
blazoned or not) be belled upon at least one leg, and
that when the term " belled " is used it signifies that it
is belled upon both legs. There is still yet another
alternative, viz. that when " belled " it has the bell on
only one leg, but that when "jessed and belled" it is
belled on both legs.
The jess is the leather thong with which the bells are
attached to the leg, and it is generally considered, and
this may be accepted, that when the term "jessed " is
included in the wording of the blazon the jesses are
represented with the ends flying loose, unless the use
of the term is necessitated by the jesses being of a
different colour. When the term "vervelled" is also
employed it signifies that the jesses have small rings
splendour in base or (for Hobson) ; 2 and 3, azure, a chevron between
two fleurs-de-lis in chief and a battle-axe in base argent (for Falshaw).
Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm
erect proper, holding a rose argent, barbed, seeded, and slipped of the
first, and two lilies in saltire of the second. Motto : " Vive ut vivas."
173
THE ART OF HERALDRY
attached to the floatmg ends. In actual practice, how-
ever, it should be remembered that if the bells and
jesses are of a diiierent colour, the use of the terms
Fig. 429. — Armorial bearings of John Falconer, Esq. : Parted per fess
argent and azure, in chief a falcon's head issuing out of a heart
proper between two mullets of the second, and in base two clay-
mores in saltire points downwards proper, entwined at the point
of intersection by a serpent embowed biting his tail, head to the
sinister or. Mantling azure, doubled argent; and upon a wreath
of his liveries is set for crest, a falcon rising proper; and in an
escroU above this motto, "Ad sethera."
Fig. 430. — Armorial bearings of Utrick Alexander Ritson, Esq. : Sable,
a falcon close and belled, and in chief two lions' heads erased all
argent. Mantling sable and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the
colours, issuant from the battlements of a tower or, a lion's head
sable, in front thereof a hawk's lure fesswise also or. Motto :
" Virtute acquiritur hones."
"jessed" and "belled" is essential. A falcon is seldom
drawn without at least one bell, and when it is found
described as " belled," in most cases it will be found that
the intention is that it shall have two bells. Like all
other birds ot prey the falcon may be " armed," a tech-
nical term which theoretically should include the beak
and legs, but in actual practice a falcon will be far more
usually found described as " beaked and legged " when
these differ in tincture from its plumage.
When a falcon is blindfolded it is termed " hooded."
It was always so carried on the wrist until it was flown.
The position of the wings and the confusion in the terms
applied thereto is even more marked in the case of the
falcon than the eagle.
Demi-falcons are not very frequently met with, but
an example occurs in the crest of Jerningham.
A falcon's head is constantly met with as a crest, and
will also be found in the arms of Nicolson (Fig. 427).
Examples of arms in which falcons occur will be found
in the cases of Richardson (Fig. 428), Falconer (Fig. 429),
Ritson (Fig. 430), Sandford Thompson (Plate XXIX),
and George (Fig. 1-13). , -
When a falcon is represented preying upon anything
it is termed " trussing " its prey, though sometimes the
description " preying upon " is (perhaps less accurately)
employed. Examples of this will be found in the arms
of Madden [" Sable, a hawk or, trussing a mallard proper.
Fig. 431. — Armorial bearings of "Joscelin" of the ",Iiibertie of St.
Bartholomew the Greate " given at p. 22 of vol. ii. of Harl. Vis.
London (pub. 1SS3), and the quarterings of the shield are there
given as: I. Joscelin; 2. Joscelin; 3. Chaselin ; 4. Battaile ;
5. Enfeild ; 6. Hide ; 7. Patmer ; S. Baude.
on a chief of the second a cross botonny gules "], and in
the crests of Graham (Fig. 199), Cawston (Fig. 162),
and Yerburgh (Fig. 238).
A falcon's leg appears in the crest of Joscelin (Fig.
431)-
The Pelican, with its curious heraldic representation
and its strange terms, may almost be considered an
instance of the application of the existing name of a
bird to an entirely fanciful creation.
Mr. G. W. Eve, in his " Decorative Heraldry," states
that in early representations of the bird it was depicted
in a more naturalistic form, but I confess I have not
myself met with it in such a character.
Heraldically, it has been practically always depicted
with the head and bodj' of an eagle, with wings elevated
and with the neck embowed, pecking with its beak at its
breast. The term for this is " vulning" itself, and although
it appears to be necessary always to describe it in the
blazon as "vulning itself," it will never be met with save in
1.74
THE ART OF HERALDRY
this position ; a pelican's head even, when erased at the
neck, being always so represented. It is supposed to be
pecking at its breast to provide drops of blood as nourish-
FlG.' 432. — Armorial bearings of Henry John Wastell Coulson, Esq.,
Barrister-at-Law: Quarterly, I and 4, per pale argent and ermine,
on a bend sable, three flem-s-de-lis or (for Coulson) ; 2 and 3, argent,
a fess between three garbs banded sable (for Blenkinsopp).
Mantling sable and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours,
between two spears, a pelican in her piety all proper. Motto : " Je
■mourrai, pour ceux que j'aime."
ment for its young, and it is termed " in its piety" when
depicted standing in its nest and with its brood of young.
"It is diiEcult to imagine how the pelican came to be always
considered in this position, because there is nothing in
the nature of a natural habit from which this could be
derived. There are, however, other birds which, during
the brooding season, lose their feathers upon the breast,
'• 433- — Armorial bearings of Edmund Frost, Esq., M.B. : Argent,
a pelican vulning itself, between three trefoils slipped azure.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
upon a rock proper, between two wings azure, each charged
with a quatrefoii argent, a trefoil as in the arms. Motto :
" Terra ad coelnm."
and some which grow red feathers there, and it is
doubtless from this that the idea originated.
In heraldic and ecclesiastical symbohsm the pelican
has acquired a somewhat sacred character as typical
of maternal solicitude. It will never be found " close,"
or in any other positions than with the wings endorsed
and either elevated or inverted.
When blazoned "proper," it is always given the colour
.and plumage of the eagle, and not its natural colour of
white. In recent years, however, the tendency has
rather made itself manifest to give the pelican its
natural and more ungainly appearance, and its curious
pouched beak.
Pelicans will be found in the arms and crest of
Coulson (Fig. 432) and Frost (Fig. 433), whilst the arms
of Gibson (Fig. 434) afford an instance of pelicans'
heads.
iPANDlTLCOELESTES
Fig. 434. — Armorial bearings of William Gibson, Esq. : Per pale
gules and or, three pelicans' heads erased in fess between two
keys fesswise, wards downwards, all counterchanged. Mantling
gules and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon the trunk
of a tree fesswise eradicated and sprouting to the de.xter all
proper, a pelican, wings elevated and addorsed argent, vulned and
charged on the wings with a key erect, wards to the sinister gules.
Motto : " Pandite ccelestes portse."
The Ostrich is doubtless the bird which is most fre-
quently met with after the falcon, unless it be the dove.
1 he former bird is heraldically emblazoned in a very
natural manner, and it is dilficult to understand why in
the case of such a bird heraldic artists of earlier days
should have remained so true to the natural form of the
bird, whilst in other cases, in which they could have had
no less intimate acquaintance with the bird, greater
variation is to be found.
As a charge it is not common, although instances are
to be found in the arms of MaoMahon [" Argent, an
ostrich sable, in its beak skhorse-shoe or"], and in the arms
of Mahon [" Per fess sable and argent, an ostrich counter-
changed, holding in its beak a horse-shoe or "].
It is curious that, until quite recent times, the ostrich
is never met with heraldically, unless holding a horse-
shoe, a key, or some other piece of old iron in its beak.
The digestive capacity of the ostrich, though some-
what exaggerated, is by no means fabulous, and in the
earliest forms of its representation in all the old natural
history books it is depicted feeding upon this unnatural
food. If this were the popular idea of the bird, small
wonder is it that heraldic artists perpetuated the idea.
175
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and even now the ostrich is seldom met with without
a key or a horse-shoe in its beak.
The ostrich's head alone is sometimes met With, as in
the crest of the Earl of Carysfort.
The wing of an ostrich charged with a bend sable is
the crest of a family of Grulston (Fig. 435), but an ostrich
wing is by no means a general heraldic charge.
II.) are always represented with the sinister wing close,
and the dexter wing extended and inverted. This has
Fig. 435 — Bookplate of Alan Stepney Gulston : Argent, two bars nebuly
gules, over all a bend sable charged with three plates. Crest : an
ostrich wing of five feathers alternately argent and gules, over all
a bend sable charged with three plates. Motto (over crest) : "Cres-
cent sub pondere virtus."
Ostrich feathers, of course, play a large part in armory,
but the consideration of these may be postponed for the
moment until the feathers of cocks and peacocks can be
added thereto.
The Dove — at least the heraldic bird — has one curious
peculiarity. It is always represented with a slight tuft
on its head. Mr. Eve considers this to be merely the
perpetuation of some case in which the crude draughts-
man has added a tuft to its head. Possibly he is correct,
but I think it may be an attempt to distinguish between
the domestic dove and the wood-pigeon — both of which
varieties would be known to the early heraldic artists.
The dove with an olive branch in its beak is con-
stantly and continually met with. When blazoned
" proper " it is quite correct to make the legs and feet
of the natural pinky colour, but it will be more usually
found that a dove is specifically described as " legged
gules." It is usually met with close, but it is also re-
ferred to as volant, and instances are known in which
the wings are raised. These are, however, infrequent.
The ordinary heraldic dove will be found most fre-
quently holding a branch of laurel in its beak, but it also
occurs volant and with outstretched wings. It is then
frequently termed a " dove rising." It will be found in
the arms of Tweedy (Fig. 436), and Smith - Shand
(Fig. 437).
The doves in the arms of the College ot Arms (Plate
FlG. 436. — Armorial bearings of Henry Colpoys Tweedy : Quarterly, I
and 4, argent, a saltire engrailed gules, on a chief azure, three
fleams or (for Tweedy) ; 2. argent, on a saltu-e sable, five trefoils
slipped or, on a chief gules, three cushions of the third (for John-
ston); 3. argent, a maunch ermine (for Colpoys), and upon an
escutcheon of pretence the arms of Meredith, namely : azure, a
lion rampant per pale argent and or. Mantling gules and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a dove volant argent. Motto :
" Pais ce que doit advienne que pourra."
given rise to much curious speculation; but whatever
may be the reason of the curious position of the wings,
there can be very little doubt that the coat of arms itself
is based upon the coat of St. Edward the Confessor.
Fig. 437. — Armorial bearings of Alexander Kenneth Smith-Shand :
Azure, a boar's head couped argent, on a chfef of the second, a
mullet between two chess-rooks sable. Mantling gules, doubled
argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a dove volant over the
waters with an olive branch in its beak proper. Motto : '* Virtute
duce comite fortuna."
The so-called coat of St. Edward the Confessor (refer to
Fig. 201) is a cross patonce between five martlets, but
it is pretty generally agreed that these martlets are a
corruption of the doves which figure upon his coins.
}76
PLATE LIV.
QO
CORONETS OF RANK.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and one of whicli surmounts the sceptre which is known
as St. Edward's statf, or "the sceptre with the dove."
The Wood-Pigeon is not often met with, but it does
occur, as in the crest of the arms of Bradbury [" On a
wreath of the colours, in front of a demi-wood-pigeon,
wings dispLxyed and elevated argent, each wing charged
with a round buckle tongue pendent sable, and holding
in the beak a sprig of barberry, the trunk of a tree fess-
wise eradicated, and sprouting to the dexter, both
proper "].
The Martlet is another example of the curious per-
petuation in heraldry of popular errors in natural
history. Even at the present day, in many parts of the
coimtry, it is popularly believed that a swallow has no
feet, or, at any rate, cannot perch upon the ground, or
raise itself therefrom. The fact that one never does see
a swallow upon the ground supports the foundation of
official instance in which the martlet is so depicted.
The martlet, however, is frequently met with, but a few
Fig. 43S. — Armorial bearings of Eonald Bailey, Gentleman : Gules, on a
fess nebuly between four martlets, three in chief and one in base
argent, two roses of the first, barbed and seeded proper. Mant-
ling gnles and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front
of an anchor in bend sinister proper, a female figure vested vert,
supporting with the right hand an escocheon gules, charged with
a martlet argent, and resting the left on the stock of the anchor.
Motto : '■ Valium £eneum esto."
the idea. At any rate the heraldic swallow, which is
known as the martlet, is never represented with feet, the
legs terminating in the feathers which cover the upper
parts of the leg. It is curious that the same idea is
perpetuated in the little legend of the explanation, which
may or may not be wholly untrue, that the reason the
martlet has been adopted as the mark of cadency for
the fourth son is to typify the fact that whilst the
eldest son succeeds to his father's lands, and whilst the
second son may succeed, perhaps, to the mother's, there
can be very little doubt that by the time the fourth son
is reached, there is no land remaining upon which he
can settle, and that he must, perforce, fly away from the
homestead to gather him means elsewhere. At any rate,
whether this be true or false, the martlet certainly is
never represented in heraldry with feet.
Most heraldry books state also that the martlet has
no beak. How such an idea originated I am at a loss
to understand, because I have never yet come across an
I"IG. 439. — Armorial bearings of Bertram C. A. Windle, Esq., D.Sc,
M.D., F.S.A., &c., Professor of Anatomy in Birmingham Univer-
sity : Gules, on a pile between two crosses patee in base or, three
martlets of the field. Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, a stag's head caboshed proper, between two crosses
patee or. Motto : " Non omnis moriar."
:. 440. — Armorial bearings of John Moels Pyke-Nott, Esq., of By-
down : Quarterly, I and 4, gules, on a bend engrailed or, between
four leopards' faces, two and two argent, an estoile of eight points
between two martlets of the field (for Nott) ; 2 and 3, quarterly or
and gules, on a chevron barry wavy of four argent and azure,
between two trefoils in chief and another in base connterchanged,
a pike naiant proper (for Pyke). Mantling gules and or. Crests :
I. upon a wreath of the colours, two mascles fesswise, interlaced
or, thereon a martlet gules, ducaUy gorged gold, in the beak a
sprig of laurel proper (for Nott) ; 2. upon a wreath of the colours,
on a mount vert, a demi-pike haurient proper, between two wings
gules, each charged with a trefoil or (for Pyke). Motto ; " Res es
spes."
177
THE ART OF HERALDRY
instances must be sufficient as examples. The arms of
the County Council of West Sussex show six martlets,
and other instances occur in the arms of Baile}- (Fis;. 43S),
and as a crest it will be found in the cases of Hartley
["Upon a mount vert, a martlet sable, holding in
the beak a cross patee iitchee or"] and Pyke-Nott
(Fig. 440).
It is very seldom that the martlet occurs except
close, and consequently it is never specified as such.
An instance, however, in which it occurs " rising " will
be found in the crest of Smith (Fig. 441).
wings elevated and displayed argent, beaked gules." It
is, however, more usually blazoned as: "A demi-swan
issuant (from the coronet, per pale gules and sable ").
Fig. 441. — Armorial bearings of Francis Patrick Smith, Gentleman:
Erminois, a clievron gules, on a chief engrailed of the last a rose
argent, barbed and seeded proper, between two martlets or, quarter-
ing Green and McKenzie. a crescent for difference, and impaling
the arms of Gatty, namely : party per fess sable and azure, in chief
a demi-cat issuant guardant argent, and in base a shin bone in
bend, surmounted by another in bend sinister between four fleurs-
de-lis or. Mantling gules and or. Crest : issuant from a chaplet of
roses argent, a rock proper, thereon a martlet rising or, holding in
the beak a rose as in the arms, leaved and slipped proper. Motto :
" Suaviter sed fortiter."
The Swallow, as distinct from the martlet, is some-
times met with, as in the case of the arms of the family
of Arundell, which are : " Sable, six martlets, three, two
and one or." The pun upon " I'hirondelle" was too good
for ancient heralds to pass by.
A swallow " volant " appears upon the arms usually
ascribed to the town of Arundel. These, however, are
not recorded as arms in the Visitation books, the design
being merely noted as a seal device, and one hesitates
to assert definitely what the status of the design in
question may be.
Perhaps the confusion between the foreign merlette —
which is drawn like a duck without the wings, feet, or
forked tail — and the martlet may account for the idea
that the martlet should be depicted without a beak.
The Sivan is a very favourite charge, and will be found
both as a crest and as a charge upon a shield, and in all
varieties of position. It is usually, however, when
appearing as a charge, to be found " close," and as such
occurs in the arms of Brodribb (Fig. 442). A swan
couchant appears as the crest of Barttelot (Fig. 259),
a swan regardant as the crest of Swaby, and a swan
" rising " will be found as a crest of Guise and as a
charge upon the arms of Muntz (Fig. 443). Swimming
in water it occurs in the crest of Stilwell, and a swan
to which the unusual term of " rousant " is sometimes
applied figures as the crest of Stafford : " Out of a ducal
coronet per p:tle gules and sable, a demi-swan rousant.
Fig. 442. — Armorial bearings of Brodribb, of Victoria, Australia:
Party per chevron gules and argent, in chief two swans ermine,
beaked of the first, legged sable, and in base a mount vert, there-
from springing three roses gules, stalked and leaved proper. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a mount vert, therefrom spring-
ing three roses gules, stalked and leaved proper, interlaced by
as many mascles also interlaced fesswise or ; with the motto, " Pru-
dentia tutus.'
Swans' heads and necks are not often met with as a
charge, though they occur in the arms of Baker. As a
FIG. 443. — Armorial bearings of Muntz : Peau, on a mount in base
proper, a swan rising argent, charged on each wing with a trefoil
slipped vert, in chief a staff raguly erect between two estoiles or.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of a demi-swan wings expanded argent, seme of trefoils
slipped vert, a staff raguly fesswise or. Motto: "Fortiter sed
suaviter."
crest they are very common, and will be found in the
cases of Lindsay and Bates.
The Duck — with its varieties of the moorhen and
eider-duck — is sometimes met with, and appears in the
.178
PLATE LV.
P.-inied at Slaltgart.
EX.AMPLES OF SUPPORTERS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arms of Duckworth (Fig. 444) and Billiat<> (Plate XXVII. ).
Few better canting examples can be found than the latter
coat, in which the duck is holding the billet in its bill.
Fig. 444. — .Irmoiial bearings of Sir Dyce Diicliworth, Knight Bachelor,
Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of
Jernsalem in England : Argent, on a chevron engrailed azure,
bet\yeen two leopards' faces in chief and a garb in base sable,
three crosses patee or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon
a mount between two palm-branches vert, a garb fesswise or,
charged with two crosses patee in fess, and surmounted by a duck
sable; with the motto, " Perseverantia."
The other domestic bird — the Gock — is often met
with, though it more often figures as a crest than upon
Fig. 445. — Armorial bearings of James Aitken of Saltcoats and Dar-
roch. Gentleman: Argent, a chevron gules, between three cocks
sable. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of his
liveries, an oak-tree proper. Motto : " Robore et vigilantia."
d Armorial bearings of Joseph Billiat, Esq., of Aisthorpe Hall, Lin-
coln : Quarterly, per fess embattled vert and or, a pen in bend sinister
sable between in the first and fourth quarters a duck close of the second,
each holding in the beak a billet argent. Mantling vert and or. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a duck close or, holding in the beak a billet
argent, between two bulrushes proper. Motto ; " Ung Dieu ung Roy."
a shield. A cook " proper " is generally represented of
the kind which in farmyard phraseology is known as a
gamecock. Nevertheless the gamecock — as such' — does
occur; though in these cases, when so blazoned, it is
usually depicted in the artificial form — deprived of its
comb and wattles. Birds of this class are usually met
with, with a comb and wattles, &c. of a different colour,
and it is then termed "combed, wattled, and jelopped"
— if it is desired to be strictly accurate — though it
will be generally found that the term is dropped to
" combed and jelopped." If it is termed " armed," the
beak and spurs are thereby referred to. It occurs in
the arms of Handcock (Lord Castlemaine) ["Ermine,
on a chief sable, a dexter hand between two cocks
argent "] and in the arms of Cokayne [" Argent, three
cocks gules, armed, crested, and jelopped sable"], and
also in that of Law. It likewise occurs in the arms of
Aitken (Fig. 445).
The Sheldrake appears occasionally under another
name, i.e. that of the Shoveller, and as such will be
found in the arms of Jackson,'' of Doncaster.
The gorgeous plumage of the Peacock has of course
resulted in its frequent employment. It has a special
term of its own, being stated to be " in his pride " when
shown affronte, and with the tail displayed. It is seldom
met with except in this position, though the well-
known crest of Harcourt is an example to the contrary,
as is the crest of Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Bart. : "A
mount vert, thereon a peacock amidst wheat, and in the
beak an ear of wheat all proper."
With the tail closed it also figures as one of the sup-
porters of Sir Eobert Hart, Bart. [" Sinister, a peacock
close proper "] : its only appearance in such a position
that I am aware of.
As a charge upon a shield it is rather uncommon, its
most frequent appearance being in the form of a crest,
but it occurs in the arms of Lanigan-O'Keefe (Fig. 252).
A peacock's tail is not a familiar figure in British
armory, though the exact contrary is the case in
German practices. " Issuant from the mouth of a
boar's head erect " it occurs as the crest of Tyrell, and
" A plume of peacock's feathers " — which perhaps is
the same thing — " issuant from the side of a chapeau "
is the crest of Lord Sefton.
Another bird for which heraldry has created a term
of its own is the Crane. It is seldom met with except
holding a stone in its claw, the term for which stone is
its " vigilance," a curious old fable, which explains the
whole matter, being that the crane held the stone in its
foot so that if by any chance it fell asleep, the stone, by
dropping, would awaken it, and thus act as its " vigil-
ance." It is a pity that the truth of such a charmmg
example of the old world should be dissipated by the
fact that the crest of Cranstoun is the crane a-deep — or
rather dormant — with its head under its wing, and
nevertheless holding its " vigilance " in its foot ! The
crane is not often met with, but it occurs in the arms
of Cranstoun, with the curious and rather perplexing
motto, " Thou shalt want ere I want." Before leaving
the crane, it may be of interest to observe that the
derivation of the word " pedigree " is from pied de grue,
the appearance of a crane's foot and the branching lines
indicative of issue being similar in shape.
Heraldic representation makes little if any difference
when depicting a crane, a stork, or a heron, except that
the tuft on the head of the latter is never omitted when
a heron is intended.
■^ Armorial bearing of Jackson, of Doncaster; Party per pale gules
and azure, on a fess ermine, cottised argent, between three shovellers
of the last, a cross crosslet between two annulets of the first. Crest:
npon a wreath of the colours, a demi-grilEn gules, collared and chain
reflexed over the back or, holding in the dexter claw a shoveller's
head erased argent. Motto : "Strenue et honeste."
179
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Instances of the Storh will be found in the arms of
Gibson (Fig. 446), the usual heraldic method of depicting
the bird, however, being with the wings close.
Fig. 446. — Armorial bearings of Thomas George Gibson, Esq. : Per
pale azure and argent, three acorns slipped and leaved in fess,
between as many storks rising all counterchauged. Mantling azure
and argetit. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a stork rising
argent, between two acorns slipped and leaved, and holding in the
beak an acorn slipped proper. Motto: "Per ardua ad alta."
(Reproduced from a painting by Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.)
More often than not the stork is met with a snake in
its beak ; and the fact that a heron is generally provided
with an eel to play with adds to the confusion.
The Heron — or, as it is more frequently termed heraldi-
cally, Heme — will naturally be found in the arms of
Hearne and some number of other coats and crests.
The Raven occurs almost as early as any other
heraldic bird. It is said to have been a Danish de-
KlG. 447. — Armorial bearings "of Thomas Williams Cfaster, Esq., of
Craster: Quarterly, or and gules, in the first quarter a raven proper,
impaling the arms of Osborn, namely : argent, a bend between tvro
lions rampant sable. Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, a raven proper, charged on the breast with an
escallop or. Motto: " Hodie felix eras ter."
tvTyH\ iSrfU.'
vice. The powerful Norman family of Corbet, one of
the few remaining families which can show an unbroken
male descent from the time of the Conquest to the
present day, have always remained faithful to the raven,
though they have added to it sometimes a hordiire
or additional numbers of its kind. " Or, a raven
sable," the well-known Corbet coat, is, of course, a
canting allusion to their Norman name, or nickname,
" Le Corbeau." Their name, like their pedigree, is
unique, inasmuch as it is one of the few names of
undoubted Norman origin which are not territorial, and
possibly the fact that their
lands of Moreton Corbett, one
of their chief seats, were known
by their name has assisted in
the perpetuation of what was,
originally, undoubtedly a |
nickname.
The raven will also be found I
in the arms of Jones ' (Plate I
XXV.) and Craster (Fig. 447).
Fig. 448 is a striking ex-
ample of the virility which
can be imparted to the raven.
It is reproduced from Gru-
nenberg's " Book of Arms "
(1483). Herr Strohl suggests
it may be of " Corbie " in Picardy, but the identity of
the arms leads one to fancy the name attached may
be a misdescription of the English family of Corbet.
Heraldically, no difference is made in depicting the
raven, the rook, and the crow; and examples of the
Crow will be found in the arms of Crawhall (Fig. 449),
and of the Rooh in the crest of Abraham.
Fig. 449. — Bookplate of George Crawball, Esq. : Argent, three battle-
axes chevronwise sable, between two obevronels engrailed gules,
the whole between three crows, also sable, impaling the arms
of Synnott, namely : argent, three swans in pale sable, ducally
gorged or ; on a canton gules a sword in pale proper. Mantling
sable and argent. Crest; on a wreath of the colours, upon a
mount vert, a crow sable, holding in the dexter claw a battle-axe
in bend proper. Motto : " Presto et persto."
^ Armorial bearings of the Sir William Quayle Jones : Quarterly, i
and 4, argent, a chevon ermines between three ravens sable, on a chief
engrailed of the second a heart or (for Jones) ; 2 and 3, argent, on a
chevron sable, guttiS-d'eau, between three quails proper, in the centre
chief point a pellet, two swords points upward of the first (for Quayle),
and for his crest, on a wreath of the colours, on a heart or, a raven
sable, gorged with a collar gemel argent; with the motto, " Deus
pascit corvos."
180
PLATE LVI.
HUMAN FIGURES AS SUPPORTERS.
Printed nt Stwtt-nrt
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The arms of the Yorkshu-e family of Creyke are always
blazmed as rooks, but I am inclined to think they may
possibly have been originally creykes, or corn-crakes.
The Cornish Chough is very much more frequently
met with than either the crow, rook, or raven, and it
occurs in the arms of Bewleys (Plate XXV.), the town
of Canterbury, and (as a crest) Cornwall (Fig. 1 50).
It can be distinguished from the raven by the fact
that the Cornish chough is always depicted and fre-
quently blazoned as " beaked and legged gules," as it is
found in its natural state.
The Owl, too, is a very favourite bird. It is always
Fig. 450. — Armorial bearings of Oldham : Sable, a chevron invected
plain cottised or, between three owls argent, on a chief engrailed
of the second, a rose gnles, barbed and seeded proper, between two
annulets, also gules. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of
a rock thereon an owl argent, three roses f esswise gules, Ijarbed and
seeded proper. The motto is" SapereAude." [Granted Nov. 7, 1894.]
E Armorial bearings of Sir Edmund Thomas Bewley : Argent, a
chevron sable, between three Cornish choughs' heads erased proper,
in chief an ermine spot. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours (argent and sable), an ibex's head or, issuant
:from the centre of a rose gules, stalked and leaved proper. Motto :
" Virtutis gloria merces."
depicted with the face afironte, though the body is not
usually so placed. It occurs in the arms of Leeds
(Plate CXVll.) — which, by the way, are an example of
colour upon colour — Oldham (Fig. 450), Dewsbury, and
in the arms of the family of Howatson (Fig. 451).
Fig. 451. — Armorial bearings of Cliarles Howatson, Esq. : tSable, two
clievronels between as many owls in chief and a wolf's head erased
argent in base. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath
of his liveries, a dexter baud couped at the wrist apaum^ proper.
Motto : "Hinc orior."
The Lark will be found in many cases of arms or
crests for families of the name of Clarke, and also in
the arms of Mylchreest (Fig. 452).
Fig. 452. — Armorial bearings of Thomas George Mylchreest, Esq. ;
Azure, a cross crosslet argent, in chief two larks with wings
elevated and addorsed proper. Mantling azure and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, upon a rock proper, two cross crosslets
or, thereou a lark as in the arms. Motto ; " My shegin dy ve bee
eh."
The Parrot, or, as it is more frequently termed her-
aldically, the Pojnnjay, will be found in the arms of
Saville, i.e. as a charge upon supporters : " Two talbots
181
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ermine, each gorged witli a collar wavy sable ; pendent
therefrom an escutcheon or, charged with a popinjay
vert, collared gules." It also occurs in the arms of
Curzon: "Argent, on a bend sable three popinjays
or, collared gules."
There is nothing about the bird, or its representations,
which needs special remark, and its usual heraldic
form follows nature pretty closely.
The Moorcock or Heathcock is curious, inasmuch as
there are two distinct forms m which it is depicted.
Neither of them are correct from the natural point of
view, and they seem to be pretty well interchangeable
from the heraldic point of view. The bird is always
represented with the head and body of an ordinary cock,
but sometimes it is given the wide flat tail of black
game, and sometimes a curious tail of two or more erect
feathers at right angles to its body.
Examples of the latter kind will be found in the arms
of Highmore and Middlemore, and of the former kind in
Bartlett, of Liverpool (Plate XXXVIII.).
Though usually represented close, it is sometimes
with open wings, as in the crest of a certain family of
Moore.
Many other birds are to be met with in heraldry, but
they have nothing at all especial in their bearing, and
no special rules govern them.
The Lapwing, under its alternative names of Peewhit,
The Magpie occurs in the arms of Dusgate (Fig.
454), and in those of Finch.''
Fig. 454. —Armorial bearings o{ Eichard Dusgate Dusgate, Gentleman ;
Argent, three magpies proper. Mantling sable and argent; and for
his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a lion's bead erased sable.
Woodward mentions an instance in which the Bird of
Paradise occurs (p. 267) : " Argent, on a terrace vert, a
cannon mounted or, supporting a Bird of Paradise pro-
per" [Rjevski and Yeropkin], and the arms of Thornton
show upon a canton the Swedish bird tjader: " Ermine,
a chevron sable between three hawthorn trees eradicated
.proper, acanton or, thereon the Swedish bird tjader, or
cock of the wood, also proper." Two similar birds were
granted to the late Sir Edward Thornton, 'G.C.B., the
father of the present Sir Edward Thornton, G.C.B., as
supporters, he being a Knight Grand Gross.
Single feathers as charges upon a shield are sometimes
met with, as in the " shield of peace " of Edward the
Fig. 453. — Bookplate of Charles Villiers S. Downes, Esq. : Per pale
sable and gules, a stag lodged argent, holding in the mouth an ear
of wheat leaved and slipped or, between four garbs saltirewise of
the third (for Downes). Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, upon two ears of wheat leaved and slipped
or, a lapwing with wings addorsed proper. Motto : " Soies
content."
Plover, and Tyrwhitt, wUl be found in the arms of
Downes (Fig. 453). Tyrwhitt, and Tweedy (see Plate
XXVIII).
The Pheasant will be found in the crest of Scott-
Gatty (Fig. 262), and the Kingfisher in many cases of
arms of the name of Fisher (Plate XXXVII.).
Fig. 455.— The " Shield of Peace " of Edward the Black Prince (d. 1376) :
Sable, three ostrich feathers with scrolls argent. (From his tomb
in Canterbury Cathedral.)
Black Prince (Fig. 455), and in the arms of Clarendon
(Plate LXVIL). These two examples are, however, deri-
vatives from the historic ostrich-feather badges of the
English Royal Family, and will be more conveniently
dealt with later when considering the subject of badges.
The single feather enfiled by the circlet of crosses patee
and fleurs-de-lis, which is borne upon a canton of aug-
mentation upon the arms of Gull, Bart., is likewise a
derivative, but feathers as a charge occur in the arms of
Jervis : " Argent, six ostrich feathers, three, two, and one
sable." A modern coat founded upon this, in which the
ostrich feathers are placed upon a pile, between two
bombshells fracted in base, belongs to a family of the
sanie name, and the crest granted therewith is a single
h Armorial bearings of Henry Finch, Gentleman : Azure, on a
chevron engrailed ermine, between three gryphons passant, with wings
elevated or, a lion's head erased sable, between two magpies proper ;
and for a crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a gryphon segreant
azure, bezanti5, the wings elevated or, holding between the paws an
escocheon ermine, charged with a lion's head erased as in the arms ;
with the motto, "Carpediem."
182
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ostrich feather between two bombs fired. Cock's feathers
occur as charges in the arms of Galpin (Fig. 456).
Fig. 456. — Armorial bearings of tlie Kev. Arthur John Galpin, il.A.; Per
chevron gules and or, two cock's feathers in chief of the last, and
a bear's head erased in base sa le. Mantling gules and or. Crest:
upon a wreath of the colours, a cock's head erased sable, combed
and wattled gules, chai-ged with a galtrap between two cock's
feathers or. Motto: ** Vigilat validus."
In relation to the crest, feathers are constantly to be
found, which is not to be wondered at, inasmuch as
fighting and tournament helmets, when actually in use,
frequently did not carrj' the actual crests of the owners,
but were simply adorned with the plume of ostrich
feathers. A curious instance of this will be found in the
case of the family of Dymoke of Scrivelsby, the Honour-
able the King's Champion. The crest is really: "Upon
a wreath of the colours, the two ears of an ass sable,"
though other crests ['' i. a sword erect proper; 2. a lion
as in the arms "] are sometimes made use of When the
Champion performs his service at a Coronation the shield
which is carried by his esquire is not that of his sove-
reign, but is emblazoned with his personal arms of
Dymoke : "Sable, two lions passant in pale argent,ducally
crowned or." The helmet of the champion is decorated
with a triple plume of ostrich feathers and not with the
Dymoke crest. In old representations of tournaments
and warfare the helmet will far oftener be found simply
adorned with a plume of ostrich feathers than with a
heritable crest, and consequently such a plume has re-
mained in use as the crest of a very large number of
families. This point is, however, more fully dealt with
in the chapter upon crests.
The plume of ostri(3h feaXhers is, moreover, attributed
as a crest to a far greater number of famiUes than it
really belongs to, because if a family possessed no crest
the helmet was generally ornamented with a plume of
ostrich feathers, which later generations have accepted
and adopted as their heritable crest, when it never pos-
sessed such a character. A notable instance of this will bo
found in the crest of Astley, as given in the Peerage Books.
The number of feathers in a plume requires to be
stated ; it will usually be found to be three, five, or
seven, though sometimes a larger number are met with.
When it is termed a double plume they are arranged in
two rows, the one issuing above the other, and a triple
plume is arranged in three rows ; and though it is correct
to speak of any number of feathers as a plume, it will
usually be found that the word is reserved for five or
more. A plume of three feathers would simply be termed
three ostrich feathers. Whilst they are usually white
they are also found of varied colours, and there is even
an instance to be met with of ostrich feathers of ermine.
When the feathers are of different colours they need to
be carefully blazoned ; if alternately, it is enough to use
the word " alternately," the feather at the extreme dexter
side being depicted of the colour first mentioned. In a
plume which is of three colours, care must be used in
noting the arrangement of the colours, the colours first
mentioned being that of the dexter feather; the others
then follow from dexter to sinister, the fourth feather
commencing the series of colours again. If any other
arrangement of the colours occurs it must be specifically
detailed. The rainbow-hued plume from which the
crest of Sir Reginald Barnewall ' issues is the most
variegated instance I have met with.
Two peacock's feathers in saltire will be found in the
crest of a family of Gatehouse, and also occur in the
crest of Crisp-Molineux-Montgomerie (Fig. 684). The
pen in heraldry is always of course of the quill variety,
and consequently should not be mistaken for a single
feather. Ostrich and other feathers are very fre-
quently found on either side of a crest, both in
British and Continental armory ; but though often
met with in this position, there is nothing peculiar
about this use in such character. German heraldry
has evolved one use of the peacock's feather, or rather
for the eye from the peacock's feather, which happily
has not yet reached this country. It will be found
adorning the outer edges of evei-y kind of object, and
it even occurs as a kind of dorsal fin down the back of
animals as on Plates LXXIII. and LXXIV. Bunches
of cock's feathers are also frequently made use of
for the same purpose. There has been considerable
diversity in the method of depicting the ostrich feather.
In its earliest form it was stiff and erect as if cut from
a piece of board (Fig. 455), but gradually, as the realistic
type of heraldic art came into vogue, it was represented
more naturally and with flowing and drooping curves.
Of later years, however, we have followed the example
of His Majesty when Prince of Wales and reverted to the
earlier form, and it is now very general to give to the
ostrich feather the stiff and straight appearance which it
originall}' possessed when heraldically depicted. Occa-
sionally a plume of ostrich feathers is found enclosed in a
" case," that is, wrapped about the lower part similar to a
bouquet, and this form is the more usual in Germany.
In German heraldi-y these plumes are constantly met
with in the colours of the arms, or charged with the
whole or a part of the device upon the shield. This is
not a common practice in this country, but an instance
of it will be found in the arms of Lord Waldegrave :
" Per pale argent and gules. Crest : out of a ducal
coronet or a plume of five ostrich feathers, the first two
argent, the third per pale argent and gules, and the last
two ffules." " A. C. F.-D.
CHAPTER XIX
FISH
HERALDRY has a system of " natural " history all
its very own, and included in the comprehensive
heraldic term of fish are dolphins, whales, and
other creatures. There are certain terms which apply to
' Upon a wreath of the colours, from a plume of five ostrich feathers
or, gules, azure, vert, and argent, a falcon rising of the last ; with the
motto, "Malo mori quam foedari."
183
THE ART OF HERALDRY
heraldic fish which should be noted. A fish in a hori-
zontal position is termed " naiant," whether it is in or
upon water or merely depicted as a charge upon a shield.
A fish is termed " hauriant " if it is in a perpendicular
position, but though it will usually be represented with
the head upwards in default of any specific direction to the
contrary, it by no means follows that this is always the
case, and it is more correct to state whether the head is
upwards or downwards, a practice which it is usually
found will be conformed to. When the charges upon a
shield are simply blazoned as " fish," no particular care
need be taken to represent any particular variety, but
on the other hand it is not in such cases usual to add
any distinctive signs by which a charge which is merely
a fish might become identified as any particular kind
of fish.
The heraldic representations of the Dolphin are
strangely dissimilar from the real creature, and also
show amongst themselves a wide variety and latitude.
It is early foimd in heraldry, and no doubt its great
importance in that science is derived from its use by
the Dauphins of France. Concerning its use by these
Princes there are all sorts of curious legends told, the
most usual being that recited by Berry.
Woodward refers to this legend, but states that " in
1343 King Philip of France purchased the domains of
Humbert III., Dauphin de Viennois," and further re-
marks that the legend in question " seems to be with-
out solid foundation." But neither Woodward nor any
other writer seems to have previously suggested what is
doubtless the true explanation, that the title of Dauphin
and the province of Viennois were a separate dignity of
a sovereign character, to which were attached certain
territorial and sovereign arms [" Or, a dolphin embowed
azure, finned and langued gules"]. The assumption of
these sovereign arms with the sovereignty and territory
to which they belonged, was as much a matter of course
as the use of separate arms for the Duchy of Lancaster
by his present Majesty King Edward VII., or the use of
separate arms for his Duchy of Cornwall by H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales.
The arms of the Dauphin of France will be found in
Fig^ 39 and upon Plate CXXVIII.
Berry is wrong in asserting that no other family were
permitted to display the dolphin in France, because
a very similar coat (but with the dolphin lifeless) to
that of the Dauphin was quartered by the family of La
Tour du Pin, who claimed descent from the Dauphins
d'Auvergne, another ancient House which originally
Fig. 457. — Arms of the Grauff voa DJilffin lett och in Dalffinat (Coiint
von Dalffin), wbich also lies in Dauphin^ (from Griinenberg's " Book
of Arms ") ; Argent, a dolphin azure within a bordure compony of
the first and second.
bore the sovereign title of Dauphin. A dolphin was the
charge upon the arms of the Grauff von Dalftin (Fig. 457).
The dolphin upon the coat of the Dauphin, it will be
noticed, is neither naiant nor hauriant, but is " em-
bowed," that is, with the tail curved towards the head.
But the term " embowed " really signifies nothing further
than " bent " in some way, and as a dolphin is never
heraldically depicted straight, it is always understood
to be and usually is termed " embowed," though it will
generally be "naiant embowed" or "hauriant em-
bowed." The dolphin occurs in the arms of many
British families, e.g. in the arms of Ellis (Fig. 461),
Monypenny, Loder-Symonds, Symonds-Taylor, Fletcher,
and Stuart- French.
Woodward states that the dolphin is used as a sup-
porter by the Trevelyans, Burnabys, &c. In this state-
ment he is clearly incorrect, for neither of those families
are entitled to or use supporters. But his statement
probably originates in the practice which, in accordance
with the debased ideas ot artistic decoration at one
period added all sorts of fantastic objects to the edges
of a shield for purely decorative (!) purposes. The
only instance within my knowledge in which a dol-
phin figures as a supporter will be found in the case
of the arms of Waterford.
The Whale is seldom met with in British armory, one
of its few appearances being in the arms of Whalley,
viz. : " Argent, three whales' heads erased sable."
The crest of an Irish family named Yeates is said to
be : "A shark, issuant regardant swallowing a man all
proper," and the same device is also attributed to some
number of other families.
Another curious piscine coat of arms is that borne,
but still unmatriculated, by Inveraray, namely: "The
field is the sea proper, a net argent suspended to the
base from the dexter chief and the sinister fess points,
and in chief two and in base three herrings entangled in
the net."
Salmon are not infrequently met with, but they need
Fig. 458. — Armorial bearings of James David Lurosden, Esq. : Azure,
a ship under sail between two wolves' heads couped in chief and
an escallop in base, all within a bordure argent. Mantling azure,
doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest,
an eagle preying on a salmon proper ; and In an escroU above this
motto, "Fide et perseverantia."
no specific description. They occur in the arms of
Peebles," a coat of arms which introduces to one's
notice the term " contra-naiant." The explanation of
the quaint and happy conceit of these arms and
motto is that for every fish which goes up the river to
spawn two return to the sea. A salmon on its back
'^ Armorial bearings of Peebles : Gules, three salmon naiant in pale,
the centre towards the dexter, the others towards the sinister.
Motto : " Contra nando incrementum."
184
PLATE LVII.
•'•V(.V..i?R
.MrT^W5,:3^y5JTiy^A^i^!?jf^^
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF CHISHOLM GOODEN-CHISHOLM— "THE CHISHOLM.'
THE ART OF HERALDRY
figures in tte arms of the city of Glasg-ow (Plate CXVII.),
and also in the arms of Lumsden (Fig. 458) and Finlay
Fig. 459. — Armorial bearings of Major John Finlay : Argent, on a
chevron between two roses in chief gules, and in base a salmon
on its back proper, with a signet ring in its mouth or, two swords
chevronwise, points downwards of the first, hilted and pommelled
gold, all within a bordnre of the second. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a dexter hand couped
at the wrist holding a sword in bend all proper. Motto : "I'll be
wary."
(Fig. 459), whilst Other instances of salmon occur in
the arms of Blackett-Ord, Sprot, and Wiiilaw (Fig. 172).
The Serring occurs in the arms of Maconochie (Fig.
460), the RocLch in the arms of Roche' ["Gules, three
Fig. 460. — Ajmorial bearings of Archibald White Maconochie, M.P. :
Farted per fess gules and gyronny of eight or and sable, in chief
two herrings hauriant argent, and in base a Ijmphad, sails furled,
oars in saltire all proper, flagged gules. Mantling gules and or.
Crest : on a -wreath of his liveries, a demi-highlander habited
proper, holding in his dexter hand a sheaf of arrows also proper ;
and in an escroll above, this motto, **Nitiinar et munitnr."
roaches naiant within a bordure engrailed argent. Crest :
a rock, thereon a stork close, charged on the breast
with a torteau, and holding in his dexter claw a roach
proper "], and Trout in the arms of Troutbeck [ "Azure,
three trout fretted tete a la queue argent "]. The same
arrangement of three fish occurs upon the seal of
Anstruther- Wester, but this design unfortunately has
never been matriculated as a coat of arms.
The arms of Iceland present a curious charge, which
is included upon the Royal shield of Denmark. The
coat in question is : " Gules, a stockfish argent, crowned
with an open crown or." The stockfish is a dried and
cured cod, split open and with the head removed.
A Pike or Jack is more often termed a " lucy " in
English heraldry and a " ged " ia Scottish. Under its
various names it occurs in the arms of Lucas *> (Plate
XXIII.) and Pj^ke.
The Eel is sometimes met with, as in the arms of Ellis
(Fig. 461), and though, as Woodward states, it is always
Fig. 461. — Armorial bearings of Eichard Adam Ellis, Esq.: Per
pale argent and azure, a dolphin naiant embowed between two
eels also naiant all counterchanged. Mantling azure and argent.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a sun in splendour,
a dolphin naiant proper, charged on the body with a cross couped
sable. Motto: "Obsta,"
given a wavy form, the term " ondoyant," which he
uses to express this, has no place in an English
armorist's dictionary.
The Lobster and Crab are not unknown to English
armory, being respectively the crests of the families
of Dykes and Bridger. The arms of Bridger are:
" Argent, a chevron engrailed sable, between three crabs
gules." Lobster claws are a charge upon the arms of
Platt-Siggins.
The arms of Birt are given in Papworth as : " Azure, a
birthfish proper," and of Bersioh as: "Argent, a perch
azure." The arms of Cobbe (Bart., extinct) are: "Per
chevron gules and sable, in chief two swans respecting
and in base a herring cob naiant proper." The arms
of Bishop Robinson of Carlisle were: "Azure, a flying fish
in bend argent, on a chief of the second, a rose gules
between two torteaux," and the crest of Sir Philip
Oakley Fysh is : " On a wreath of the colours, issuant
b Armorial bearings of Joseph Lucas, Esq., of Foxhunt Manor,
Sussex ; Per chevron vert and or, in chief a crescent ermine, between two
lucies hauriant of the second, and in base a catherine-wheel of the first.
Mantling vert and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of
three caltraps or, on a mount vert, a fox passant in front of three oak
trees proper. Motto: " Respice finem.'*
185 2 a
THE ART OF HERALDRY
from a wreath of red coral, a cubit arm vested azure,
cuft'ed argent, holding in the hand a flying fish proper."
The coat of arms of Colston of Essex is : " Azure, two
barbels hauriant respecting each other argent," and a
barbel occurs in the crest of Binney = (Plate XXXVIII.),
and " Vert, three sea-breams or hakes hauriant argent" is
the coat of arms attributed to a family of Dox or Doxey.
" Or, three chabots gules " is the crest of a French
family of the name of Chabot. " Barry wa\'y of six
argent and gules, three crevices (crayfish) two and one
or " is the coat of Atwater. They also occur in another
coat for the same name illustrated herein. Codfish occur
in the arms of Beck, dogfish in the arms of Dodds,
flounders or flukes in the arms of Arbutt, garvintishes
in the arms of Garvey, and gudgeon in the arms of
Gobion. Papworth also includes instances of mackerel,
prawns, shrimps, soles, sparlings, sturgeon, sea-urchins,
turbots, whales, and whelks. The whelk shell appears
in the arms of Storey (Plate XV.). A. C. ¥-D.
CHAPTER XX
REPTILES
IF armorial zoology is " shaky " in its classification of
and dealings with fish, it is most wonderful when
its laws and selections are considered under the
heading of reptiles. But with the exception of serpents
(of various kinds), the remainder must have no more
than a passing mention.
The usual heraldic Serpent is most frequently
found " nowed," that is interlaced in a knot. There is
a certain well-understood form for the interlacing which
is always officially adhered to, but of late there has
manifested itself amongst heraldic artists a desire to
break loose to a certain extent from the stereotyped
form. A serpent will sometimes be found " erect " and
occasionally gliding or " glissant," and sometimes it will
be met with in a circle with its tail in its mouth — the
constantly accepted as the sign of medicine, and many
grants of arms made to doctors and physicians intro-
duce in some way either the serpent or the rod of ^scu-
FlG. 462. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Chaplin, Gentleman : Or, on a
less sable, between two serpents nowed vert, a Maltese cross be-
tween as many crosses potent argent. Mantling sable and or.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, in front of a cross potent or,
a caduceus fesswise proper. Motto; " Lahore et fide."
ancient symbol of eternity. Its constant appearance
in British armory is due to the fact that it is what is
■^ Armorial bearings of James Binney, Esq., M.A., of Pampisford
HaU, Oambs. : Per saltire or and azure, four horses' heads couped at
the neck, counterchanged. Mantling azure and or. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, a barbel in front of two buUrushes in saltire
proper.
Fig. 463. — Armorial bearings of Sir William Bartlett Dalby : Barry wavy
of six gules and or, on a pale of the last, between two doves rising,
a rod erect entwined by a serpent proper. Upon the escutcheon is
placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and
or ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, in front of a
dexter arm embowed to the sinister, lidding in the hand an ancient
lamp, a serpent nowed all proper. Motto : " Probitas verus honos."
lapius, or a serpent entwined round a staff. Serpents
nowed will be found in the arms of Chaplin (Fig. 462),
and Price (see Plate XV.). A serpent embowed biting
its tail occurs in the arms of Falconer (Fig. 429), and
in the crest of Walker. A serpent entwined round a
staff will be found in the arms of Dalby (Fig. 463), and
other coats of arms in which the serpent occurs are
those of Sutton, borne in pretence by Wall (Fig. 464)
and Duignan (Fig. 465). A serpent on its back is to be
seen in the arms of Backhouse (Plate XXXVII.). Save
for the matter of position, the serpent of British armory
Fig. 464. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Wall, Esq. ; Party per fess in-
dented verfc and or, in chief a lymphad sail furled of the last, and
in base a bugle-horn stringed gules, and upon an escutcheon of
pretence the arms of Sutton, namely : argent, a chaplet of oak
vert, fructed or, on a chief azure, a serpent nowed or and a dove
argent respecting each other. Mantling vert and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, in front of a demi-boy affronts resting his
dexter hand on a human heart, two torches in saltire fired all
proper. Motto : " Tute celeriter et jucunde."
186
THE ART OF HERALDRY
is always drawn in a very naturalistic manner. Itis
otherwise, however, in Continental armory, where the
serpent with them takes up a position closely allied to
that of our dragon. It is even sometimes found winged,
and the arms of the family of Visconti, which sub-
sequently came into use as the arms of the Duchy
of Milan (Fig. 466), have
familiarised us as far as
Continental armory is
concerned with a form
of serpent which is very
different from the real
animal or from our own
heraldic variety. An-
other instance of a ser-
pent will be found in the
arms of the Irish family
of Cotter, which are :
"Argent, a chevron gules
between three serpents
proper," and the family
of Lanigan O'Keefe (Fig.
252) bear in one quarter
of their shield: "Vert,
Fig. 465. — Armorial bearings of Williatn
Heury Duignan, Gentleman ; Argent, on a
mount in base vert, an oak-tree, the stem
entwined with two serpents interwoven and
respecting each other all proper ; and for a
crest, upon a wreath of the colours, an owl
at gaze proper ; with the motto, " Historia
magistra vitpe."
three lizards in pale or." The family
of Cole bear: "Argent, a chevron
gules between three scorpions re-
versed sable," a coat of arms which
is sometimes quoted with the chev-
ron and the scorpions both gules
or both sable. The family of Freed
of Shropshire bear : " Azure, three
horse-leeches;" and the family of
Whitby bear : " Gules, three snakes
coiled or ; on a chief of the second,
as many pheons sable." A family
of Sutton bears : " Or, a newt vert,
in chief a lion rampant gules, all
within a bordure of the last," and
Papworth mentions a coat of arms
for the name of Ory : " Azure, a
chameleon on a shady ground proper,
in chief a sun or." Another coat
mentioned by Papworth is the arms
of Bume : " Gules, a stellion serpent
proper," though what the creature
may be it is impossible to imagine.
Unfortunately, when one comes to
examine so many of these curious
coats of arms, one finds no evidence
that such families existed, and that
there is no official authority or
record of the arms to which refer-
ence can be made. There can be no
doubt that they largely consist of
misreadings or misinterpretations of
both names and charges, and I am
sorely afraid this remark Ls the true
explanation of what otherwise would
be most strange and interesting
curiosities of arms. SirWalterSoott's
little story in " Quentin Durward " of
Toison d'Or, who depicted the " cat
looking through the dairy >vindow "
as the arms of Childebert, and bla-
zoned it " sable a musion passant or, oppressed with a
trellis gules, clone of the second," gives in very truth the
real origin of many quaint coats of arms and heraldic
terms. Ancient heraldic writers seem to have amused
themselves by inventing " appropriate " arms for mytho-
logical or historical personages, and I verily believe that
when so doing they never intended these arms to stand
for more than examples of their own wit. Their credu-
lous successors incorporated these little witticisms in
the rolls of arms they collected, and one can only hope
that in the distant future the charming drawings of
Mr. E. T. Reed which have appeared in Punch may not
be used in like manner.
There are but few instances in English armory in
which the 2'o((d or Frog are met with. In fact, the
only instance which one can recollect is the coat of arms
attributed to a family of Botreaux, who are said to have
borne : " Argent, three toads erect sable." I am con-
fident, however, that this coat of arms, if it ever existed,
and if it could be traced to its earliest sources, would be
found to be really three buckets of water, a canting
allusion to the name. Toads of course are the charges on
the mythical arms of Pharamond (see Plate LXXXVL).
The only instance I have come across of a snail in
Fig. 466. — Arms of the Visconti, Dukes oE Milan : Argent, a serpent azure, devouring a child
(A wood-carving from the castle of Passau at the turn of the fifteenth century.)
187
;ules.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
British armory is the coat attributed by Papworth to the
family of Bartan or Bertane mentioned by Papworth,
as bearing, " Gules, three snails argent in their shells
or." This coat, how-
ever, is not matricu-
lated in Scotland, so
that one cannot be
certain that it was ever
borne. It occurs, how-
ever, as the crest of a
family named Billers,
and is attributed also
to several other fami-
lies as a crest.
Lizards appear oc-
casionally in heraldry,
though morefrequently
in Irish than English or
Scottish coats of arms.
A lizard forms part of
the crest of SUIifant
(Fig. 466), and a hand
Fig. 467.-Armorial bearings of Arlhur grasping a Mzard is the
Onslow Siliifant, Esq., ot Coombe, crest of M'Carthy, and
N. Devon : Per pale sable and argent, " Azure, three lizards
on a fess between two boars passant, 1)^1^1. t s
the one In chief towards the dexter, Or the first quarter ot
the other in base towards the sinister, the arms of an Irish
twocrosscrossletsallcounterchanged. familv of the name of
Mantling sable and argent. Crest: on /^ , . "^ 1 i
a wreath ot the colours, at the foot hotter, who, llOWever,
of a cross calvary or, a lizard proper, blazon these charges
Motto: "Mens conscia recti." ypgjj ^i^ir shield as
evetts. The family of
Enys, who bear : " Argent, three wyverns volant in
pale vert," probably derive their arms from some such
source. A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER XXI
INSECTS
THE insect which is most usually met with in her-
aldry is undoubtedly the Bee. Being considered,
as it is, the symbol of industry, small wonder that
it has been so frequently adopted. It is usually repre-
sented as if displayed upon the shield, and it is then
termed volant, though of course the real term which will
sometimes be found used is "volant en arriere." It
occurs in the arms of Doree, Beatson, Abercromby (Plate
XXXIX.). Samuel (Fig. 468), and Sewell (Fig. 469), either
as a charge or as a crest. Its use, however, as a crest is
slightly more varied, inasmuch as it is found walking in
profile, and with its wings elevated, and also perched upon
a thistle as in the arms of Ferguson (Plate XXXIlL).
A bee-hive " with bees diversely volant " occurs in
the arms of Rowe, and the popularity of the bee in
British armory is doubtless due to the frequent desire
to perpetuate the fact that the foundation of a house
has been laid by business industry. The fact that the
bee was adopted as a badge by the Emperor Napoleon
gave it considerable importance in French armory, in-
asmuch as he assumed it for his own badge, and the
mantle and pavilion around the armorial bearings of the
Empire were seme of these insects. They also appeared
upon his own coronation mantle. He adopted them
under the impression, which may or may not be correct,
that they had at one time been the badge of Childeric,
father of Clovis. The whole story connected with their
assumption by Napoleon has been a matter of much
controversy, and little purpose would be served by going
into the matter here, but it may be-added that Napoleon
changed the fleur-de-lis upon the chief in the arms of
Paris to golden bees upon a chief of gules, and a chief
Fig. 468.— Armorial bearings of .Staart Montagu Samuel, Esq. : Vert,
two bars between seven bees volant, four in chief and three in base or,
on a chief nebuly of the last, three roses sable. Mantling vert and or.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, a rose argent,
barbed, seeded, stalked and leaved proper, between two bees volant
also proper. Motto : " Excel."
azure, seme of bees or, was added as indicative of their
rank to the arms of " Princes-Grands-Dignitaries of the
Empire." A bee-hive occurs as the crest of a family
l'"IG. 469. — Armorial bearings of Col. Thomas Davies Sewell, Esq.^
F.R.A.S., F.R.S.L, : Gules, a pale argent surmounted by a: chevron
invected counterchanged between two escutcheons in chief of
the second and one in base of the first, each charged with a bee
volant proper. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a wreath
of the colours, a pomme charged with a bee as in the arms, en-
circled by a wreath of oak fruoted proper; with the motto, "Non
nobis nascimus."
named Gwatkin, and also upon the arms of the family
of Kettle of Wolverhampton.
The Orasshopper is most familiar as the crest of the
family of Gresham, and this is the origin of the golden
grasshoppers which are so constantly met with m the
city of London. " Argent, a chevron sable between three
grasshoppers vert " is the coat of arras of Woodward
of Kent. Two of them figure in the arms of Treacher,
which are now quartered by Bowles. , i
188
PLATE LVIII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, G.C.M.G.
Reproduced in' Facsimile from the Painting by Mr Graham Johnston in Lyon Register.
,^!^^^:-
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Ants are but seldom met with. " Argent, six ants,
three, two, and one sable," is a coat given by Papworth
to a family of the name of Tregent; "Vert, an ant
argent," to Kendiffe ; and " Argent, a chevron vert be-
tween three beetles proper" are the arms attributed
by the same authority to a family named Muschamp.
There can be little doubt, however, that these " beetles "
should be described as flies.
Butterflies figure in the arms of PapUlon ["Azure, a
chevron between three butterflies volant argent"] and
in the arms of Penhellicke ["Sable, three butterflies
volant argent "].
Gadjlies are to be found in a coat of arms for the
name of Adams [" Per pale argent and gules, a chevron
between three gadflies counterchanged "]. "Sable, a
hornet argent" is one blazon for the arms of Bollord
or BoUoure, but elsewhere the same coat is blazoned :
" Sable, a harvest-fly in pale volant en arriere argent."
Harvest flies were the charges on the arms of the lat^
Sir Edward Watkin, Bart.
The arms of Bassano (really of foreign origin and not
an English coat) are : " Per chevron vert and argent, in
chief three silkworm flies palewise en arriere, and in
base a mulberry branch all counterchanged." " Per pale
gules and azure, three stag-beetles, wings extended or,"
is assigned by Papworth to the Cornish family of Dore,
but elsewhere these charges (under the same name)
appear both as bees, gadflies, and flies. " Or, three
spiders azure" is quoted as a coat for Chettle. A
spider also figures as a charge on the arms of Macara
(Fig. 470). The crest of Thorndike of Great Carleton,
Lincolnshire, is ; " On a wreath of the colours a damask
^ €Cjc JL^thfis --s>^si'^
0iaPi<sm'V^ri^ki 0^^.$m@.
Fig. 470. — The Bookplate of Chas. W. Macara.
by Mr. Graham Johnston.)
(From a design
rose proper, leaves and thorns vert, at the bottom of
the shield a beetle or scarabieus proper."
Woodward, in concluding his chapter upon insects,
quotes the arms of the family of PuUici of Verona, viz. :
" Or, seme of fleas sable, two bends gules, surmounted
by two bends sinister of the same."
A C. E-D.
CHAPTER XXII
TREES, LEAVES, ERUITS, AND FLOWERS
THE vegetable kingdom plays an important part
in heraldry. Trees will be found of all varieties
and in all numbers, and though little difterence
is made in the appearance of many varieties when they
are heraldically depicted, for canting purposes the various
names are carefully preserved. When, however, no name
is specified, they are generally drawn after the fashion
of oak-trees.
A Hurst of Trees figures both on the shield and in
the crest of France-Hayhurst (Fig. 471), and in the arms
Fig. 471. — Armorial bearings of Charles Hosken France-Hayhurst, Esq. :
Quarterly, i and 4, per chevron sable and or, in chief two crosses
pat^e fitchee, and in base a pair of wings conjoined and elevated
counterchanged {for Hayburst) ; 2 and 3, argent, on a mount in
base a hurst proper, on a chief wavy azure, three fleurs-de-lis or
(for France). Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting
his degree, with a mantling sable and or; and for his crests, I.
upon a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm proper, holding in the
hand a cross patee fitchee or, between two wings sable, each
charged with an annulet gold (for Hayhurst) ; 2. upon a wreath of
the colours, a mount, thereon a hurst as in the arms, from the
^' centre tree pendent by a strap azure a shield gules, charged with
a fleur-de-lis or (for France). Motto : " Virtus semper viridis."
of Lord Lismore [" Argent, in base a mount vert, on the
dexter side a hurst of oak-trees, therefrom issuing a
wolf passant towards the sinister, all proper "].
A hurst of elm - trees very properly is the crest of
the family of Elmhurst.
Under the description of a forest, trees figure in the
arms of Forrest."
The arms of Walkinshaw of that Ilk are : " Argent, a
grove of fir-trees proper," and Walkinshaw of Barrow-
field and Walkinshaw of London have matriculated
more or less similar arms.
The Oak-Tree is of course the tree most frequently
met with. Perhaps the most famous coat in which it
occurs will be found in the arms granted to Colonel
Carlos, to commemorate his risky sojourn with King
Charles in the oak-tree at Bosoobel, after the King's
flight subsequent to the ill-fated battle of Worcester.
^ Armorial bearings of Forrest (Australia) : Argent, on a mount, a
forest of trees proper, on a chief azure, three stars of eight points
of the first. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his
degree, with a mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of
his liveries is set for crest, a cubit arm erect, vested azure, the cuff
argent, holding in the hand proper a cross botonny fitchee in bend
sinister of the second, and in an escroU over the same this motto,
" Vivunt dum virent."
189
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The coat was : " Or, on a mount in base vert, an oak-
tree proper, fructed or, surmounted by a fess gules,
charged with three imperial crowns of the third." Other
instances of the oak-tree will be found in the arras 'of
Rothe (Fig. 353), Daugleish'^ (Plate XXXVI,), Macara
(Fig. 470), and in the crest of Swinton (Plate LXHI.).
When a tree issues from the gi'ound it will usually be
blazoned " issuant from a mount vert," but when the
roots are shown it is termed " eradicated."
Fir-Trees will be found in the arms of Greg, Melles
Fig. 472. — Armorial bearings of George Farquharson : Quartei'ly, i and 4,
argent, a lion rampant gules ; 2 and 3, or, a fir-tree growing out
of a mount in base proper, on a chief gules, the banner of Scot-
land displayed, a canton ermine, charged with a dagger proper
point dowDwai'ds. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and upon a
wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a demi-lion rampant gules,
holding in his dexter paw a sword erect proper, hilted and pom-
melled or; and in an escroll above this motto, " Kide et for-
titudine;" and below the shield, "I force nae frien ; I fear
nae fae."
(Plate XV.), F*e la Ferte (Fig. 102), and Farquharson
(Fig. 472 X
A Cedar-Tree occurs in the arms of Montefiore
Fig. 473. — Armorial bearings of Arthur MacMurrogh-Murphy, Esq.,
" The O'Morchoe " : Argent, a hawthorn-tree eradicated vert,
fructed gules, on a chief of tlie last, a lion passant guardant or.
*> Armorial bearings of Henry William Daugleish, Esq. : Argent,
an oak-tree eradicated and lying fesswise proper between two cres-
cents in chief gules and a pheou in base azure. Upon the escutcheon
is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules, doubled
argent ; and upon a wreatli of bis liveries is set for crest, a camel's
head and neck couped proper ; with the motto, " Be hardy."
[" Argent, a cedar-tree, between two mounts of flowers
proper, on a chief azure, a dagger erect proper, pommel
and hilt or, between two mullets of six points gold "],
and a hawthorn-tree in the arras of MacMurrogh-Murphy
(Fig. 473), Thornton « (Plate XXII.), and the crest of
Kynnersley.
A Mcqyle-Tree figures in the arms of Lord Mount-
Stephen [" Or, on a mount vert, a raaple-tree proper, in
chief two fleurs-de-lis azure "], and in the crest of Lord
Strathcona ["On a raount vert, a maple-tree, at the
base thereof a beaver gnawing the trunk all proper "].
A Cocoanut-Tree is the principal charge in the arms
of Glasgow (now Robertson-Glasgow) of Montgrennan,
matriculated in 1807 ["Argent, a cocoanut-tree fructed
proper, growing out of a mount in base vert, on a chief
azure, a shakefork between a martlet on the dexter and
a salmon on the sraister argent, the last holding in the
raouth a ring or"].
The arms of Cliflbrd (Fig. 474) afford an instance of
a Coffee-Tree, and the coat of Chambers'' has a negro
cutting down a Sitgar-Cane.
Fig. 47^].— Armorial bearings of Frederick Clifford, Esq., K.C. : Or, on
a mount in base vert, a coffee-tree proper within a bordure engrailed
corapony sable and gules, charged with eight bezants. Mantling
vert and or. Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, in front of a
demi-infant affronts (representing the infant Hercules) grasping
in each hand elevated a serpent entwined around the arm, and
respecting each other, a serpent nowed all proper. Motto : "Nee
sine labore fructus."
A Palm-Tree occurs in the arms of Besant and in the
armorials of many other families. The crest of Grimke-
Drayton affords an instance of the use of palmetto-
*^ Armorial bearings of Thornton (Yorkshire) : Argent, a chevron
sable between three thorn trees proper. Crest : on a wreath argent
and vert, a lion's head erased purpure, gorged with a ducal coronet or.
d Armorial bearings of George Frederick Chambers, Esq. ; Argent,
on a mount in base, a negro cutting with a bill a sugar-cane all proper,
nn a chief azure two pine-apples or, leaved and crowned of the last.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, an
arm in armour embowed proper, charged with a cross couped gules,
holding in the hand proper a scimitar argent, hilt and pommel or.
Motto: " Vi et virtute."
190
THE ART OF HERALDRY
trees. An Olive-Tree is the crest of Tancred, and a
Laurel-Tree occurs in the crest of Somers (Fig. 475).
A Moxintain-Ash figures in the shield and crest of
Wigan (Fig. 476), and a Walnut-Tree is the crest of
Fig. 475. — Armorial bearings of Benjamin Edward Someis, Esq, :
Quarterly of fifteen, i and 15, partly per fess vert and sable, a
fess dancette ermine, cotised argent, between a wolf's liead erased
in chief, and an escallop in base of the fourth ; 2. vert, gutte-
d'eau, three chevronels between as many wolves' heads erased
ermine ; 3. or, a chevron between three eagles displayed vert; 4.
azure, three bendlets within a bordure argent; 5. argent, a chevron
sable, in cliief a label of three points gules ; 6. argent, a chevron
between in chief two crosses patee, and in base a saltire sable; 7.
argent, three moor-cocks sable ; 8. or, on a chevron gules, three
martlets argent ; 9. azure, two bars between eight martlets, three,
two and three or ; 10. azure, a chevron between three chess-rooks
or; II. argent, two bars gules, on a canton of the last, a lion
passant guardant or; 12. or, a fleur-de-lis azure; 13. azure, a
chevron argent, between three pears or; 14. argent, a chevron
engrailed between three roses gules, seeded or. Mantling vert
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a laurel-tree sus-
pended therefrom a cuirass with tasses proper, on either side of
the tree an escallop or, and in front thereof a tilting-spear fess-
wise also proper ; with the motto, *' Prodesse quam conspici."
Cypress-Trees are quoted by Papworth in the arms of
Birkin, probably an error for birch-trees, but the cypress
does occur in the arms of Tardy, Comte de Montravel
[" Argent, three cypress-trees eradicated vert, on a chief
gules, as caany bezants "] and " Or, a willow (salis)
proper " is the coat of the Counts de Salis (now Fane-
de-Salis).
The arms of Sweetland, granted in i So8, are : " Argent,
on a mount vert, an orange-tree fructed proper, on a
chief embattled gules, three roses of the field, barbed
and seeded also proper."
FjG. 476. — Armorial bearings of Wigan : Vair, on a pile or a mount in
base vert, thereon a mountain ash-tree proper. Mantling azure
and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount
a mountain ash-tree surmounted by a rainbow all proper; with
the motto, " Carpe Diem."
Waller, of Groombridge [" On a mount vert, a walnut-
tree proper, on the sinister side an escutcheon pendent,
charged with the arms of France, and thereupon a label
of three points argent."]
The arms of Arkwright (Fig. 477) afford an example
of a Cotton-Tree.
Fig. 477. — Armorial bearings of Arthur William Arkwright, Esq.:
Argent, on a mount vert, a cotton-tree fructed proper ; on a chief
azure, between two bezants, an escutcheon of the field charged
with a bee volant proper. Mantling vert and argent. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, an eagle rising or, in its beak an escutcheon
pendent by a ribbon gules, thereon a hank of cotton argent.
Motto : "Multa tuli fecique."
The curious crest of Sir John Leman, Lord Mayor of
London, affords an instance of a Lemon-Tree [" In a
lemon-tree proper, a pelican in her piety proper "].
The arms of a family whose name appears to have
been variously spelled Estwere, Estwrey, Estewer, Esto-
wer, and Esture, have : " Upon an argent field a tree prq-
191
THE ART OF HERALDRY
per," variously described as an apple-tree, an ash-tree, and
a cherry-tree. The probabilities largely point to its being
an ash-tree. " Or, on a mount in base vert, a pear-tree
fructed proper " is the coat of arms of Pyrton or Pery-
ton, and the arms granted in 1591 to Dr. Lopus, a
physician to Queen Elizabeth, were : " Or, a pomegranate-
tree eradicated vert, fructed gold, supported by a hart
rampant proper, crowned and attired of the first."
A Poplar- Tree occurs in the arms of Gandolfi (Fig.
82), but probably the prime curiosity must be the coat of
Abank, which Papworth gives as : " Argent, a China-
cokar tree vert." Its botanical identity remains a
mystery.
Trunks of Trees for some curious reason play a pro-
minent part in heraldry. The arms of Borough, of
Chetwynd Park, granted in 1702, are : "Argent, on a
mount in base, in base the trunk of an oak-tree sprout-
ing out two branches proper, with the shield of Pallas
hanging thereon or, fastened by a belt gules," and the
arms of Houldsworth (1868) of Gonaldston, co. Notts,
are : " Ermine, the trunk of a tree in bend raguly eradi-
cated at the base proper, between three foxes' heads, two
in chief and one in base erased gules." But it is as a
crest that this figure of the withered trunk sprouting
again is most often met with, it being assigned to no
less than forty-three families.
In England again, by one of those curious fads by
which certain objects are repeated over and over again
in spite of their unsuitability, tree-trunks fesswise eradi-
cated and sprouting are constantly met with either as
the basis of the crest or placed " in front of it " to help in
providing necessary differences and distinctions in a new
grant. An example of such use of it will be found in
the arms of the town of Abergavenny (Fig. 348).
Stocks of Trees " couped and eradicated " are by no
Fig. 47S. — Armorial bearings of Jolin Duncan Inverarity : Gales, on a
chevron or, between six arrows in chief, three and three, the
points upwards, two saltirewise and one in pale, plumed and
banded argent, and in base a hunting-horn stringed of the third,
an elephant's liead couped sable. Mantling gules and or. Crest :
on a wreath of his liveries, a rose-bush proper. Motto: "Semper
floreat."
means uncommon. They figure in the arms of the
Borough of Woodstock : " Gules, the stump of a tree
couped and eradicated argent, and in chief three stags'
heads caboshed of the same, all within a bordure of the
last charged with eight oak-leaves vert."
They also occur in the arms of Grove, of Shenston Park,
CO. Stafford, and in the arms of Stubbs'' (Plate XIV.).
The arms matriculated in Lyon Register by Capt.
Peter Winchester (<■. 1672-7) are: "Argent, a vine
growing out of the base, leaved and fructed, be-
tween two papingoes endorsed feeding upon the
clusters all proper." The vine also appears in the
arms of Ruspoli (impaled by Chamberlayne) (Fig. 331),
and the family of .Archer-Houblon bear for the latter
name : " Argent, on a mount in base, three hop-poles
erect with hop-vines all proper."
The town of St. Ives (Cornwall) has no authorised
arms, but those usually attributed to the town are :
" Argent, an ivy branch overspreading the whole field
vert."
" Gules, a flaming bush on the top of a mount proper,
between three lions rampant argent, in the flanks two
roses of the last " is the coat of Brander (now Dunbar-
Brander) of Pitgavenny. Holly-bushes are also met
with, as in the crest of Daubeney (Plate XXXVL),
Crackanthorpe, and a rose-bush as the crest of Inver-
arity (Fig. 478).
The arms of Owen, co. Pembroke, are : " Gules, a boar
argent, armed, bristled, collared, and chained or to a
holly-bush on a mount in base both proper."
A Fern-Brake is another stock object used in design-
ing modern crests, and will be seen in the cases of Harter
(Fig. 479), Scott-Gatty (Fig. 262), and Lloyd (Fig. 367).
Fig. 479. — Armorial bearings of George Loyd Foster Harter, Esq. : Ar-
gent, a lion rampant double-queued between three mullets of six
points azure, pierced of the field. Mantling azure and argent.
Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, a stag springing from a fern-
brake proper, and gorged with a collar azure. Motto : " Deo
omnia."
Branches are constantly occurring, but they are
usually oak, laurel, palm, or holly. They need to be
distinguished from " sUps," which are much smaller
and with fewer leaves. Definite rules of distinction
between e.g. an acorn " slipped," a slip of oak, and
e Armorial bearings of Henry Stubbs, Esq., J.P., D.L., of Danby, co.
Donegal : Sable, on a bend between three pheons or, as many round
buckles gules, on a chief of the second three stumps of trees eradi-
cated proper. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a stump of a tree
eradicated proper, thereon a demi-eagle displayed or, collared sable,
holding in the beak an oak branch also proper ; with the motto,
" Dominus exaltatio mea."
192
PLATE LIX.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
an oak-branoh have been laid down by purists, but Aikman (Fig. 481), and another, which is rather curious,
no such minute detail is officially observed, and it in the crest of Accrington.'
Oak-Slips, on the other hand, occur in the arms of
Baldwin (Fig. 373).
A Palm-Branch occurs in the crests of Innes, Chafy,
and Corfield.
Laicrel-Branches occur in the arms of Cooper (Fig.
482), and sprigs of laurel in the arms of Meeking.
Fig. 4S0. — Armorial bearings of Lloyd, of Dolobran ; Azure, a chevron
between three cocks argent, wattled, crested, and armed or.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours,
in front of a fern-brake proper, a goat salient argent, armed and
unguled or, gorged with a collar flory counterliory sable. Motto :
*'Esto vigilans."
seems better to leave the point to general artistic
discretion ; the colloquial difference between a sUp
and a branch being quite a sufficient guide upon the
point.
An example of an Oah-Bra'iich occurs in the arms of
Fig. 4S2. — Armorial bearings of George Alexander Cooper, Esq. ;
Argent, a chevron gules, between two laurel-branches in chief
vert and a wolf's head erased of the second in base. Mantling
gules, doubled argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a dexter
hand grasping a wolf's head erased all proper. Motto: " Virtute
et fortitu<£ne."
Holly-Branches are chiefly found in the arms of
families named Irvine or Irwin, but they are invariably
blazoned as " sheaves " of holly or as holly-branches of
three leaves. To a certain extent this is a misnomer,
because the so-called " branch " is merely three hoUy-
leaves tied together.
" Argent, an almond-slip proper " is the coat of arms
attributed to a family of Almond, and Papworth assigns
"Argent, a barberry- branch fructed proper " to Berry.
"Argent, three sprigs of balm flowered proper" is
stated to be the coat of a family named Balme, and
" Argent, three teasels slipped proper " the coat of
Bowden. A teasle on a canton figures in the arms of
Chichester-Constable.
The Company of Tobacco-Pipe Makers in London, in-
corporated in the year 1663, bore : " Argent, on a mount
in base vert, three plants of tobacco growing and flower-
ing all proper." The crest recently granted to Sir
Thomas Lipton, Bart. [" On a wreath of the colours, two
arms in saltire, the dexter surmounted by the sinister
holding a sprig of the tea-plant erect, and the other a
like sprig of the coffee-plant both slipped and leaved
proper, vested above the elbow argent"], affords an
example of both the coffee-plant and the tea-plant,
which have both assisted him so materially in piling
up his immense fortune. " Or, three birch-twigs sable "
is the coat of Birches, and " Or, a bunch of nettles
vert " is the coat of MaUerby of Devonshire. The pun
in the last case is apparent.
The Cotton-Plant figures in the arms of the towns of
Fig. 4S1. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Stokes George Hugh Robertson
Aikman, Esq. : Argent, a sinister hand holding a branch of oak
palewise proper, surmounted of a bend engrailed gules. Mantling
gules, doubled argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, an oak-
tree proper; and in an escroU over the same this motto, "Sub
Robore Virtus."
^ Arms of Accrington : Gules, on a fess argent, a shuttle fesswise
proper, in base two printing cylinders, issuant therefrom a piece
of calico (parsley pattern) also proper, on a chief per pale or and
vert, a lion rumpant purpure and a stag current or ; and for the crest,
an oak-branch bent chevxonwise, sprouting and leaved proper, frncted
or. Motto : " Industry and prudence conquer."
193
B
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Darwen, Rochdale, and Nelson, and two culms of the
papyi'us plant occur in the arms of Bury.
The Coffee-Plant also figures in the arms of Yockney :
" Azure, a chevron or, between a ship under sail in chief
proper, and a sprig of the coftee-plant slipped in base of
the second. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, in front of a de.x^ter arm embowed in
armour, the hand in a gauntlet grasping a roll of paper
all proper, a pair of compasses extended or. Motto :
' Lahore et scientia.' "
A branch, slip, bush, or tree is termed "fructed"
when the fruit is shown, though the term is usually
disregarded unless " fructed " of a diflerent colour.
When represented as " fructed," the fruit is usually
drawn out of all proportion to its relative size.
Leaves are not infrequent in their appearance. Holly-
leaves occur in the various coats for most people of the
name of Irwin and Irvine (Fig. 135), as already men-
" Vert, three vine-leaves or " is assigned by Papworth
to Wortford, and the saine authority mentions coats in
which woodbine-leaves occur for Browne, Theme, and
Gamboa. Rose-leaves occur in the arms of Utermarck
Fig. 483. — Armorial bearings of Elise Josephine Foulds are, upon a
lozenge : Per ciaevron azure and argent, a rose between two fleurs-
de-lis in chief of the last, and three bay-leaves erect and slipped
in base vert.
tioned. Laurel-leaves occur in the arms of Leveson-
Gower, Foulis, and Foulds (Fig. 483).
Oak-Leaves occur in the arms of Trelawney [■' Argent,
a chevron sable, between three oak-leaves slipped pro-
per "] ; and hazel-leaves in the arms of Hesilrige or
Hazlerigg [''Argent, a chevron, between three hazel-
leaves vert. Crest: on a chapeau gules turned up
ermine, a man's head proper "].
Linden-Leaves are constantly met with in German
heraldry, and many instances of these will be found in
this volume. " Argent, three edook (dock or burdock)
leaves vert " is the coat of Hepburn. Papworth assigns
" Argent, an aspen leaf proper " to Aspinal, and " Or, a
betony-leaf proper " to Betty. " Argent, three aspen-
leaves " is an unauthorised coat used oy Espin, and the
same coat with varying tinctures is assigned to Cogan.
Killaoh is stated to bear : " Azure, three bay-leaves ar-
gent," and to Woodward, of Little Walsingham, Norfolk,
was granted in 1 806 : " Vert, three mulberry-leaves
or."
The Maple-Leaf has been generally adopted as a
Canadian emblem, and consequently figures upon the
arms of that dominion, and in the arms of many who
have had Canadian associations.
A curious leaf — usually called the "sea-leaf," which
is properly the " nenuphar-leaf," is often met with in
German heraldry, and is referred to on page 39.
Fig. 4S4. — Armorial bearings of Reginald John Guthrie Utermarck : Per
fess or and azure, in chief a sprig of three rose-leaves slipped vert,
and in base a mullet of six points of the first, pierced of the field.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a sprig
of three rose-leaves slipped vert, between two buffalo-horns per
fess or and azure. Motto : " Va outre marque."
(Fig. 484), and walnut-leaves figure in the arms of
WaUer (Fig. 88).
Although theoretically leaves, the trefoil, quatrefoil,
and cinquefoil are a class by themselves, having a re-
cognised heraldic status as exclusively heraldic charges,
and the quatrefoil and cinquefoil, in spite of the deriva-
tion of their names, are as likely to have been originally
flowers as leaves.
The heraldic Trefoil, though frequently specifically
described as "slipped," is nevertheless always so de-
picted, and it is not necessary to so describe it. Of late a
tendency has been noticeable in paintings from Ulster's
Office to represent the trefoil in a way more nearly
approaching the Irish shamrock, from which it has
undoubtedly been derived. Instances of the trefoil
Fig. 4S5.— Armorial bearings of Eodd : Argent, two trefoils
slipped sable, a chief of the last.
occur in the arms of Rodd (Fig. 485), Dobree,
MacDermott (Plate XXIL), and Gilmour (Fig. 486).
194
PLATE LX.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF SIR WILLIAM OGILVY DALGLEISH, Bart. OF Eerol Park, Perthshire.
^
PU i: -:
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The crowned trefoil is one of the national badges of in the arms of Eyi-e (Fig. 487), King (Plate XIV.), and
Ireland. Dreyer (Fig. 488).
Fig. 4S6. — Armorial bearings of Sir John Gilmour. 1st Baronet: Ar-
gent, on a chevron between three trefoils slipped vert, as many
hunting-horns of the first, the escutcheon being charged with his
badge as a baronet. Mantling vert, doubled argent. Crest : upon
a wreath of his liveries, a dester hand fesswise couped, holding a
writing-pen proper, and on an escroll over the same this motto,
" Nil penna sed usus."
A four-leaved " lucky " shamrock has been introduced
into the arms of Sir Robert Hart, Bart.
The Quatrefoil is not often met with, but it occurs
Fig. 487. — Armorial bearings of Frederic James Eyre, Gentleman :
Argent, on a chevron sable, three quatrefoils or, in chief a mallet
gules (for cadency), and (for distinction) the whole within a bordnre
wavy vert. Mantling sable and argent ; and for his crest, upon a
wreath of the colours, a leg in armour couped at the thigh proper,
garnished and spurred gold, charged with a mullet as in the arms
(for cadency), and debruised (for distinction) with a baton sinister
sable. Motto : " Pro Rege saepe, pro patria semper,"
Fig. 4S8. — Armorial bearings of John Louis Emil Dreyer, Esq. : Per
fess argent and gules, chaperonn^ azure, in chief a trefoil slipped
and inverted vert, and tn base three roundels, each charged with a
quatrefoil argent. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, an arm vambraced, the hand gauntleted, grasping a
trident bend sinisterwise argent, the shaft proper. Motto : " Uden
arbeide ingen lykke."
The Cinquefoil is constantly met with, but, save in
exceedingly rare iostances, neither the quatrefoU nor
the cinquefoil will be met with " slipped." The constant
occurrence of the cinquefoil in early rolls of arms is
out of all proportion to its distinctiveness or artistic
beauty, and the frequency with which it is met with in
conjunction with the cross crosslet points clearly to the
fact that there is some allusion behind, if this could
only be fathomed. Many a man 'might adopt a lion
through independent choice, but one would not expect
independent choice to lead so many to pitch upon a
combination of cross crosslets and cinquefoils. The
cross crosslets, I am confident, are a later addition in
many cases, for the original arms of D'Arcy were simply :
"Argent, three cinquefoOs gules." The arms of the town
of Leicester are : " Gules, a cinquefoil ermine," and this is
the coat attributed to the family of the De Beaumonts
or De Bellomonts, Earls of Leicester. Simon de
Montfort, the great Earl of Leicester, was the son or
grandson of Amicia, a coheir of the former Earls, and
as such entitled to quarter the arms of the De Bello-
monts. As stated on page 72 (;vide Figs. 11 1 and 112),
there are two coats attributed to De Montfort. His
only status in this country depended solely upon the
De Bellomont inheritance, and, conformably with the
custom of the period, we are far more Kkely to find
him using arms of De Bellomont or De Beaumont than
of Montfort. From the similarity of the charge to the
better-known Beaumont arms (Fig. 489), I am inclined
Fig. 489. — Arms of William Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont (rf. 1507),
from his brass at "Wivenhoe: Quarterly, I. azure, seme-de-lis and
a lion rampant or (for Beaumont) ; 2. azure, three garbs or (for
Comyn) ; 3. quarterly gules and or, in the first quarter an eagle
displayed argent (for Phelipp) ; 4. azure, three cinquefoils pierced
argent (for Bardolph).
to think the lion rampant to be the real De Bellomont
coat. The origin of the cinquefoil has yet to be
19.5
THE ART OF HERALDRY
accounted for. The earliest De Bellomont for whom I
can find proof of user thereof is Robert " Fitz-Pernell,"
otherwise De Bellomont, who died in 1206, and whose
seal (Fig. 490) shows it. Be it noted it is not on a
shield, and though of course this is not proof in any
way, it is in accord with my suggestion that it is nothing
more than a pimpernel flower adopted as a device or
badge to typify his own name and his mother's name,
she being Pernelle or Petronilla, the heiress of Grant-
mesnil. The cinquefoil was not the coat of Grantmesnil
but a quaint little conceit, and is not therefore likely to
have been used as a coat of arms by the De Bellomonts,
though no doubt they used it as a badge and device, as
foiled flower being the blossom of so many plants, what
are to all intents and purposes cinquefoils occur in
Fig. 490. — From the seal of Robert
Fitz-Pernell, Earl of Leicester,
d. 1206. {Probably gules, a cin-
quefoil ermine.)
Fig. 491. — Arms of Earl of
Angus (rf. 1308); Gules, criis-
illy fitcbee and a cinquefoil
no doubt did Simon de Montfort. Simon de Montfort
split England into two parties. Men were for Montfort
or the king, and those that were for De Montfort very
probably took and used his badge of a cinquefoil as a
party badge.
The cinquefoil in its ordinary heraldic form also
occurs in the arms of Umfraville (Fig. 491), Bardolph,
quartered by Beaumont (Fig. 489), and in the arms of
Hamilton, Saltmarshe (Fig. 492), Cory (Plate XXXVII.),
Fig. 493. — Armorial bearings of D'Arcy : Azure, seme of cross crosslets
and three cinquefoils argent. Mantling azure and ai-gent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine,
a bull passant sable, armed or. Motto : " Un Dieu un roy."
Fig. 494. — Armorial bearings of Alexander Edmund Eraser, Esq. : Quar-
terly, I and 4, azure, on a chevron between three f raisiers argent, as
many fleurs-de-lis gules ; 2 and 3, argent, three ancient Scots crowns
gules ; all within a bordure of the last (for difference) ; and (as a
Knight of St. John), on a chief gules, a cross argent embellished
alternately in each of the principal angles with a lion guardant and
a unicorn, both passant, or. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure, doubled argent ;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of his liveries, a buck's head attired
and couped proi^or, gorged with an ancient Scots crown or ; for
mottoes, in an escroll above the crest, " Je suis prest," and in an
escroll beneath the escutcheon, " Tout bien on rien."
and D'Arcy (Fig. 493), and sprigs of cinquefoil will be
found in the arms of Hill, and in the crest of Kersey, the arms of Fraser, where they are termed " fraises "
The cinquefoil is sometimes found pierced. The five- (Fig. 494), of Primrose, where they are blazoned " prim-
196
Fig. 492. — Armorial bearings of Philip Saltmarshe. Esq.: Argent, crusily,
and three cinquefoils gules. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules andjargent ; and
for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a rudder or ; with the
motto, " Ad astra virtu.s."
PLATE LXI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
roses," and of Lambert (Fig. 495), where they are called
" narcissus flowers."
Fig. 495. — Armorial bearings of Frederick Arthur Heygate Lambert,
Esq. : Gules, three narcissuses argent, and a canton or. Mantling
gules and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours,
on a mount vert, a centaur passant regardant, the human part pro-
per, and the hind part ermine, girt with a laurel wreath vert,
holding a bow and arrow gules. Motto : " Nosce Teipsum."
The double Quatrefoil is cited as the English differ-
ence mark for the ninth son, but as these difference
marks are but seldom used, and as ninth sons are
somewhat of a rarity, it is seldom indeed that this
particular mark is seen in use. Personally I have
never seen it.
The 2'umip makes an early appearance in armory,
being found on Plate LXXV., and it also occurs in the
coat of Dammant ["Sable, a turnip leaved proper, a
chief or, gutte-de-poix "].
The curious crest of Lingen, which is " Seven leeks
root upwards issuing from a ducal coronet all proper," is
worthy of especial mention.
In considering flowers as a charge, a start must natur-
ally be made with the rose, which figures so prominently
in the heraldry of England.
The heraldic Rose until a much later date than its
first appearance in armory — it occurs, however, at the
earhest period — was always represented in what we now
term the " conventional " form, with five displayed petals.
Accustomed as we are to the more ornate form of the
cultivated rose of the garden, those who speak of the
" conventional " heraldic rose rather seem to overlook
that it is an exact reproduction of the wild rose of the
hedgerow, which, moreover, has a tendency to show
itself " displayed " and not in the more profile attitude
we are perhaps accustomed to. It should also be ob-
served that the earliest representations of the heraldic
rose depict the intervening spaces between the petals
which are noticeable in the wild rose. Under the Tudor
sovereigns, the heraldic rose often shows a double row
of petals, a fact which is doubtless accounted for by the
then increasing famiUarity with the cultivated variety,
and also by the attempt to conjoin the rival emblems of
the warring factions of York and Lancaster.
Though the heraldic rose is seldom, if ever, otherwise
depicted, it should be described as " barbed vert " and
" seeded or " (or " barbed and seeded proper ") when the
centre seeds and the small intervening green leaves (the
calyx) between the petals are represented in their natu-
ral colours. In the reign of the later Tudor sovereigns
the conventionality of earlier heraldic art was slowly
giving way to the pure naturalism into which heraldic art
thereafter steadily degenerated, and we find that the
rose then begins (both as a Eoyal badge and else-
where) to be met with " slipped." The Royal fleurs-
de-lis are turned into natural lilies in the grant to
Eton College (Plate CXXII.), and in the grant to
William Cope, Cofl'erer to Henry VII., the roses are
slipped [" Argent, on a chevron azure, between three
roses gules, slipped and leaved vert, as many fleurs-
de-lis or. Crest : out of a fleur-de-lis or, a dragon's head
gules "]. A rose when " slipped " theoretically has only
a stalk added, in practice it will always have at least one
leaf added to the slip, and a rose " slipped and leaved "
would have a leaf on either side. A rose " stalked and
leaved " is not so limited and will usually be found with a
slightly longer stalk and several leaves, but these tech-
nical refinements of blazon, which are really unneces-
sary, are not greatly observed or taken into account.
The arms of the Burgh of Montrose afford an example
of a single rose as the only charge, although other
instances will be met with in the arms of Boscawen,
Viscount Falmouth [" Ermine, a rose gules, barbed and
seeded proper"], and of Sir Henry l3ickinson Night-
ingale, Bart. [" Per pale ermine and gules, a rose counter-
changed "].
Amongst the scores of English arms in which the
rose figures, it will be found in the original heraldic
form in the cases of the [arms of Leech (Fig. 496),
FlU. 496. — Aimorial bearings of Stephen Leech, Esq. : Ermine, a rose
gules, on a chief indented of the last, three ducal coronets or.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, an
arm erect proper, grasping a snake vert. Motto : " Virtus est
venerabilis."
Southampton (Plate CXV.), and Eshelby (Fig. 497);
and either stalked or slipped in the arms of Brod-
ribb (Fig. 442) and White-Thomson (Fig. 498). A
curious instance of the use of the rose will be found in
the crest of Bewley (Plate XXV.), and the " cultivated "
rose was depicted in the emblazonment of the crest of
Inverarity (Fig. 478), which is a rose-bush proper.
197
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Heraldry, with its roses, has aocomphshed what horti-
culture has not. There is an old legend that when
Henry VII. succeeded to the English throne some
EXCELLE BENE MLRWDO
Fig. 497. — Armorial bearings of Henry Douglas Eshelby, Esq., F.S.A.:
Per pale argent and gules, on a chevron between three roses, a
rose aU counterchanged, the roses barbed and seeded proper,
within a bordure sable, charged with eight bezants within as many
annulets or. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, a rose argent, barbed and seeded proper, between two
wings vair, on each wing a fess gules charged with a bezant.
Motto : " Excelle bene merendo."
Fig. 498. — Armorial bearings of Sir Eobert Thomas White-Thomson,
K.C.B. : Quarterly, i and 4, argent, a stag's head cabosbed and
attired with ten tines proper, on a chief azure, a cross crosslet fitchee
between two roses slipped of the field (for Thomson) ; 2 and 3, party
per fess raguly or and gules, three roses counterchanged, all barbed
and seeded, and slipped proper, on a chief of the last three sand-
glasses proper (for White), the escutcheon being surrounded by
the ribbon and pendent the badge of a K.C.B. ; and impaling the
arms of Ferguson-Davie, namely : quarterly, I and 4, argent, a
chevron sable between three mullets pierced gules (for Davie) ;
2 and 3, azure, three cLnquefoils two and one or, on a chief of the
last, a lion passant gules (for Ferguson) ; and for his crests, i . upon
a wreath of the colours, a dexter cubit arm in 'armour fesswise,
holding a cross crosslet fitche erect argent (for Thomson) ; 2. upon
a wreath of the colours, a stork resting the dexter claw upon a
sand-glass, and holding in the beak a bulrush leaved all proper (for
White) ; with the motto, " Deus providebit."
enterprising individual produced a natural parti-coloured
rose which answered to the conjoined heraldic rose of
gules and argent. Our roses " or " may really find their
natural counterpart in the primrose, but the arms of
Rochefort [" Quarterly or and azure, four roses counter-
changed "] give us the blue rose, the arms of Berendon
[" Argent, three roses sable "] give us the black rose, and
the coat of Smallshaw [" Argent, a rose vert, between
three shakeforks sable"] is the long-desired green rose.
The Thistle ranks next to the rose in British heraldic
importance. Like the rose, the reason of its assumption
as a national badge remains largely a matter of mystery,
though it is of nothing like so ancient an origin. Of
course one knows the time-honoured and wholly im-
possible legend that its adoption as a national symbol
dates from the battle of Largs, when one of the Danish
invaders gave away an attempted surprise by his cry of
agony caused by stepping barefooted upon a thistle.
The fact, however, remains that its earliest appear-
ance is on the silver coinage of 1474, in the reign of
James III., but during that reign there can be no doubt
Fig. 499. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Robert Dewar, Esq.: Per
saltire or and azure, a seax erect proper, surmounted by a saltire
engrailed per saltire of the first and second, between two cinque-
foils in fess also of the first. Manthng azure and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, between two thistles leaved and slipped
proper, a cock gules, armed and spurred argent, charged on the
breast with a cinquefoil or. Motto : " Gloria Patri."
that it was accepted either as a national badge or else
as the personal badge of the sovereign. The period in
question was that in which badges were so largely used,
and it is not unlikely that desiring to vie with his brother
of England, and fired by the example of the broom
badge and the rose badge, the Scottish king, remember-
ing the ancient legend, chose the thistle as his badge.
In 1 540, when the thistle had become recognised as one
of the national emblems of the kingdom, the foundation
of the Order of the Thistle stereotyped the fact for all
future time. The conventional heraldic representation
of the thistle is as it appears upon the star of that
Order, that is, the flowered head upon a short stalk
with a leaf on either side. Though sometimes repre-
sented of gold, it is nearly always proper. It has
frequently been granted as an augmentation, though in
such a meaning it will usually be found crowned. The
coat of augmentation carried in the first quarter of his
arms by Lord Torphichen is : " Argent, a thistle vert.
198
THE ART OF HERALDRY
flowered gules (really a thistle proper), on a chief azure
an imperial crown or." The thistle also occurs in the
arms of Aikenhead, Dewar (Fig. 499), Gibbons » (Plate
XIV.), and Ferguson (Plate XXXIIL). " Sable, a thistle
or, between three pheons argent " is the coat of Teesdale,
and "Gules, three thistles or" is attributed in Papworth
to Hawkey. A curious use of the thistle occurs in the
arms of the National Bank of Scotland (granted 1826),
which are : " Or, the image of St. Andrew with vesture
vert, and surooat purpure, bearing before him the cross
of his martyrdom argent, all resting on a base of the
second, in the dexter flank a garb gules, in the sinister
a ship in full sail sable, the shield surrounded with two
thistles proper disposed in orle.
The Lily in its natural form sometimes occurs, though
of course it generally figures as the fleur-de-lis, which
will presently be considered. The natural lily will be
found in the arms of Aberdeen University, of Dundee,
and in the crests of various families of the name of
Chad wick (Figs. 191 and 192). They also occur in the
arms of the College of St. Mary the Virgin, at Eton
["Sable, three lilies argent, on a chief per pale azure
and gules a fleur-de-lis on the dexter side, and a lion
passant guardant or on the sinister"] (Plate CXXII.).
Here they doubtless typify the Virgin, to whom they have
reference ; as also in the case of Marylebone (Fig. 240).
The arms of Lilly, of Stoke Prior, are : " Gules, three
lilies slipped argent ; " and the arms of J. E. Lilley, Esq.,
of Harrow, are : " Azure, on a pile between two fleurs-
de-lis argent, a lily of the valley eradicated proper.
Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm erect
proper, charged with a fleur-de-lis argent and holding
in the hand two lilies of the valley, leaved and slipped
in saltire, also proper."
Gohivibine Flowers occur in the arms of Cadman
(Fig. 500), and Q-illyflowers in the arms of Livingstone.
Fig. 500. — Armorial bearings of the Eev. William Snape Cadman, M.A. ;
Per fess or and gules, a pale counterchauged, three columbines,
two and one vert. Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, in front of a rock, a stork's head, both proper, ducally
crowned or. Motto: " Deus et patria."
Fraises — reaUy the flowers of the strawberry-plant —
occur, as has been already mentioned, in the arms of
Eraser, and Narcissus Flowers in the arms of Lambeth.
" Gules, three poppy bolles on their stalks in fess or "
are the arms of Boiler.
E Armorial bearings of Robert Alexander Gibbons, Esq. : Paly of six
argent and gules, on a bend engrailed cottised also engrailed sable, a
thistle slipped and leaved proper between two escallops or. MantUng
gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount
vert, a demi-lion sable, holding in the dexter paw a thistle as in the
arms, and resting the sinister on an escallop or. Motto : " Nitor donee
supero."
The Lotus-Flower, which is now very generally be-
coming the recognised emblem of India, is constantly
met with in the arms granted to those who have won
fortune or reputation in that country. Instances in
which it occurs are the arms of Sir Roper Lethbridge,
K.C.I.E.," Sir Thomas Seccombe, G.C.I.E. (Fig. 955),
and the University of Madras (Fig. 308).
The Sylphium- Plant occurs in the arms of Smyth
(Fig. SOI).
Fig. 501. — Armorial bearings of General Sir Henry Augustas Smyth,
K.C.M.G. : Vert, a chevron erminois, charged with a chevron
gules, between three Saracen's heads habited in profile couped at
the neck proper, and for augmentation a chief argent, thereon a
mount vert inscribed with the Greek letters K Y P A gold and
issuant therefrom a representation of the plant Silphium proper.
Crests; i. (of augmentation) on a wreath of the colours, a mount
vert inscribed with the aforesaid Greek letters and issuant there-
from the Silphium as in the arms ; 2. on a wreath of the colours,
an anchor fesswise sable, thereon an ostrich erminois holding in
the beak a horse-shoe or. Motto : " Vincere est vivere."
The arms granted to Sir Richard Quain were :
" Argent, a chevron engrailed azure, in chief two fers-
de-moline gules, and issuant from the base a rock
covered with daisies proper."
Primroses occur (as was only to be expected) in the
arms of the Earl of Rosebery [" Vert, three primroses
within a double tressure fiory counterflory or "].
The Sttnflower or Marigold occurs in the crest of
Buchan [" A sunflower in full bloom towards the sun in
the dexter chief"], and also in the arms granted in 16 14
to Florio. Here, however, the flower is termed a helio-
trope. The arms in question are : " Azure, a heliotrope
or, issuing from a stalk sprouting from two leaves vert,
in chief the sun in splendour proper."
Tuli2:)S occur in the arms of Raphael, and the Corn-
Jlower or Bluehottle occurs in the arms of Chorley of
Chorley, Lanes. ["Argent, a chevron gules between three
bluebottles slipped proper"], and also in the arms of
the town.
The arms granted to Sir Edgar Boehm, Bart., were:
^ Armorial bearings of Sir Roper Lethbridge, K.C.I.E., M.A. : Azure,
over water a bridge of three arches embattled proper, on a chief
argent, an eagle displayed sable, between two roses gules, barbed and
seeded proper, the escutcheon being surrounded by the ribbon of the
Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, and pendent his badge as
a Knight Commander. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet
befitting his degree. Mantling azure and argent. Crest: ou a wreath
of the colours, in front of a demi-tower proper, issuant therefrom a
demi-eagle displayed sable, each wing charged with a rose argent, a
lotus-flower leaved and slipped proper. Motto : " Spes mea in Deo."
199
THE ART OF HERALDRY
" Azure, in the sinister canton a sun, issuant therefrom
eleven rays, over all a clover-plant eradicated proper."
Tlie Fleur-de-Lis. — Few figures have puzzled the anti-
quary so much as the fleur-de-lis. Countless origins
have been suggested for it ; we have even lately had the
height of absurdity urged in a suggested phallic origin,
which only rivals in ridiculousness the long since ex-
ploded legend that the fleurs-de-lis in the arms of
France were a corrupted form of an earlier coat,
" Azure, three toads or," the reputed coat of arms of
Pharamond !
To France and the arms of France one must turn for
the origin of the fleur-de-lis. To begin with, the heraldic
form of the fleur-de-lis as a mere presumably meaning-
less form of decoration is found long before the days of
armory, in fact from the earliest period of decoration.
It is such an essentially natural development of decora-
tion that it may be accepted as such without any
attempt to give it a meaning or symbolism. Its earliest
heraldic appearances as the finial of a sceptre or the
decoration of a coronet need not have had any sym-
bolical character.
We then find the "lily" accepted as having some
symbolical reference to France, and it should be re-
membered that the iris was known by the name of a
lily until comparatively modern times.
It is curious — though possibly in this case it may be
only a coincidence — that, on a coin of the Emperor
Hadrian, Gaul is typified by a female figure holding in
the hand a lily, the legend being, "Eestutori Gallias."
The fleur-de-lis as the finial of a sceptre and as an
ornament of a crown can be taken back to the fifth
century. Fleurs-de-lis upon crowns and coronets in
France are at least as old as the reign of King Robert
(son of Hugh Capet), whose seal represents him crowned
in this manner.
We have, moreover, the ancient legendary tradition
that at the baptism of Clovis, King of the Franks,
the Virgin (whose emblem the lily has always been)
sent a lily by an angel as a mark of her special favour.
It is difiicult to determine the exact date at which this
tradition was invented, but its accepted character may
be judged from the fact that it was solemnly advanced
by the French bishops at the Council of Trent in a
dispute as to the precedence of their sovereign. The old
legend as to Clovis would naturally identify the flower
with him, and it should be noted that the names Clovis,
Lois, Loys, and Louis are identical. "Loys" was the
signature of the kings of France until the time of Louis
XIII. It is worth the passing conjecture that what are
sometimes termed " Cleves lilies " may be a corrupted
form of Clovis lilies. There can be little doubt that the
term "fleur-de-lis" is quite as likely to be a corruption
of " fleur-de-lois " as flower of the lily. The chief point
is that the desire was to represent a Jioiver in allusion
to the old legend, witliout perhaps any very definite
certainty of the flower intended to be represented.
Philip I. on his seal (a.d. 1060) holds a short stafl'
terminating in a fleur-de-lis. The same object occurs
in the great seal of Louis VII. In the seal of his wife.
Queen Constance, we find her represented as holding in
either hand a similar object, though in these last cases
it is by no means certain that figures are not attempts
to represent the natural flower. A signet of Louis VII.
bears a single fleur-de-lis " ttorencee " (or flowered), and
in his reign the heraldic fleur-de-lis undoubtedly became
stereotyped as a symbolical device, for we find that
when in the lifetime of Louis VII. his son Philip was
crowned, the king prescribed that the prince should
wear "ses chausses appelees sandales ou bottines de
soye, couleur bleu azure semee en moult endroits de
fleurs-de-lys or, puis aussi sa dalmatique de memo
couleur et usuvre." On the oval counterseal of Philip
II. ('i. 1223) appears a heraldic fleur-de-lis. His great
seal, as also that of Louis VIII., shows a seated figure
crowned with an open crown of " fleurons," and holding
in his right hand a flower, and in his left a sceptre sur-
mounted by a heraldic fleur-de-lis enclosed within a
lozenge-shaped frame. On the seal of Louis VIII. the
conjunction of the essentially heraldic fleur-de-lis (within
the lozenge-shaped head of the sceptre), and the more
natural flower held in the hand, should leave little if
any doubt of the intention to represent flowers in the
French fleur-de-lis. The figure held in the hand repre-
sents a flower of five petals. The upper pair turned
inwards to touch the centre one, and the lower pair
curved downwards, leave the figure with a marKed
resemblance both to the iris and to the conventional
fleur-de-lis. The counter-seal of Louis VIII. shows a
Norman-shaped shield seme of fleurs-de-lis of the con-
ventional heraldic pattern. By then, of course, " Azure,
seme-de-lis or " had become the fixed and determined
arms of France. By an edict dated 1376, Charles V.
reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis in his shield to
three : " Pour symboliser la Sainte-Trinite."
The claim of Edward III. to the throne of France was
made on the death of Charles IV. of France in 1328,
but the decision being against him, he apparently
acquiesced, and did homage to Philip of Valois (Philip
VI.) for Guienne. Philip, however, lent assistance to
David II. of Scotland against King Edward, who imme-
diately renewed his claim to France, assumed the arms
and the title of king of that country, and prepared for
war. He commenced hostilities in 1339, and upon his
new Great Seal (made in the early part of 1340) we
find his arms represented upon shield, surooat, and
housings as : " Quarterly, i and 4, azure, seme-de-lis or
(for France) ; 2 and 3, gules, three lions passant guardant
in pale or (for England)" (Fig. 295). The Royal
Arms thus remained until 141 1, when upon the second
Great Seal of Henry IV. the fleurs-de-lis in England
(as in France) were reduced to three in number, and so
remained as part of the Royal Arms of this country
until the latter part of the reign of George III.
Fleurs-de-lis (probably intended as badges only) had
figured upon all the Great Seals of Edward III. On the
first seal (which with slight alterations had also served
for both Edward I. and II.), a small fleur-de-lis appears
over each of the castles which had previously figured on
either side of the throne. In the second Great Seal,
fleurs-de-lis took the places of the castles.
The similarity of the Montgomery arms to the
Royal Arms of France has led to all kinds of wild
genealogical conjectures, but at a time when the
arms of France were hardly determinate, the seal of
John de Mundegumbri is met with, bearing a single
fleur-de-lis, the original from which the arms of Mont-
gomery were developed. Other instances in which
fleurs-de-lis occur will be found in the arms of Brown
(Fig. 502), Bonython,' Balfour (Fig. 503), Lloyd-Owen
(Fig. 504), MacMicking,J and Chance (Fig. 169). Letters
of nobility and the name of Du Lis were granted by
Charles VII. in December 1429 to the brothers of Joan
of Arc, and the following arms were then assigned to
them : " Azure, a sword in pale proper, hilted and sup-
porting on its point an open crown or, between two
fleurs-de-lis of the last."
' Armorial bearings of Sir John Langdon Eonython ; Argent, a
chevron between three fleurs-de-lis sable. [These arms were granted
to the Bonythons of Bonython, in Cornwall, prior to the general use
of crests.] Motto : " In Deo spes mca."
.' Armorial bearings of Robert MacMicking : Azure, four fleurs-de-lis
in cross, the tops to the exterior of the shield or. Crest : a demi-
savage bearing in his dexter hand an arrow, at his back a quiver full
proper. Mottoes : " Ees non verba," and "We bae duue."
200
PLATE LXII.
;^>- LABOREET-CONSIL10-._7- '
(l) THE MARQUESS OF ELY.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF—
(2) K\RL BATHURST. {3) VISCOUNT HALIF.AX.
(4) LORD RENDEL.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The fleur-de-lis "florencee." or the "fleur-de-lis
flowered," as it is termed in England, is officially con-
sidered a distinct charge from the simple fleur-de-lis.
Eve employs the term " seeded," and remarks of it :
" This being one of the numerous instances of pedantic,
because unnecessary distinction, which showed marks
of decadence ; for both forms occur at the same period,
and adorn the same object, evidently with the same
intention."
The difierence between these forms really is that the
fleur-de-lis is "seeded" when a stalk having seeds at
the end issues in the upper interstices. In a fleur-de-
lis " florencee," the natural flower of a lily issues instead
of the seeded stalk. This figure formed the arms of
Florence, and will be seen on Plate CXXX.
Fig. 502.— Armorial bearings of James Millar Brown, B.L, : Parted per
fess or and sales, tkree fleurs-de-lis and in the £ess point a mallet,
all counterchanged. Mantling gules, doubled or; and upon a
wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a demi-lion rampant vert,
holding in his dexter paw a fleur-de-lis gold; with the motto,
" Floreat majestas."
Fig. 503.— Armorial bearings of Baltoai of Dawyok ; Parted per pale
argent and sable on a chevron '.between'; three fleurs-de-lis, all
counterchanged, an otter's head erased proper. Mantling sable,
doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest
a mermaid,''holding in her dexter hand an otter's head erased, and
in her sinister a comb all proper; with the motto, " Nil temere.
FIG ^04. -Armorial bearings of Einion ap Seisyllt, now borne by his
descendant David Charles Lloyd Owen, FE.C.S.: Argent, a hon
passant sable between three fleurs-de-lis gules.
Some of the many varied artistic forms of the fleur-
de-lis will be seen in Fig. 505, from a drawing by Miss
Helard who has very kindly collected for me the ditter-
ent examples there shown. Fleurs-de-hs, like aU other
Royal emblems, are frequently to be met with m the
arms of towns, e.g. in the arms of Lancaster, Mary-
borough Wakefield, and Great Torrmgton. Fleurs-de-
lis of rather elegant form occur m Fig. 506, which is
reproduced from Griinenberg's " Book of Ajnis. ihe
arms of Wareham afi'ord an instance ot fleurs-de-
lis reversed, and the Corporate Seals of Liskeard and
Tamworth merit reproduction, did space permit, from
the designs of the fleurs-de-lis which there appear.
One cannot leave the fleur-de-lis without referring
to one curious development of it. viz. the leopard s
face iessant-de-lis, a curious charge which undoubtedly
oricrinated in the arms of the family of Cantilupe.
This charge is not uncommon, though by no means
so usual as the leopard's face (see the arms ot_ ierry,
Plate XXXIIL). Planche considers that it was ongmaUy
derived from the fleur-de-lis, the cfrcular boss which m
early representations so often figures as the centre of
the fleui-de-lis being merely decorated with the leopard s
face One can follow Planche a bit further by imagm-
in<J that this face need not necessarily be that ot a
leopard for at a certain period aU decorative art was
crowded with grotesque marks whenever opportumty
ofFered. The leopard's face jessant-de-Hs is now repre-
sented as a leopard's face with the lower part ot a
fleur-de-lis issuing from the mouth, and the upper part
risin<T from behind the head. Instances of this charge
occu? as early as the thfrteenth century as the arms_ ot
the Cantilupe family, and Thomas de Cantilupe haymg
been Bishop of Hereford 1275 to 1282, the arms of that
See have since been three leopards' faces jessant-de-hs
the distinction being that in the arms of the See ot
Hereford the leopards' faces are reversed.
201 ^°
Fig. 505. — Examples of vai-ying forms of fleurs-de-lis collectecl by Miss C. Helard.
202
PLATE LXIII.
4l <<^
JEPE/ldE
PUBLIC
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF SWINTON OF THAT ILK.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The origin may perhaps make itselt apparent when
we remember that the earliest form of the name was
Pears occur in the arms of AUcroft, of Stokesay
Castle, Ferryman (Plate XIX.), and Pirie (Fig. 508).
Fig. 506.
Cantelowe. Is it not probable that "lions'" faces {i.e.
head de leo) may have been suggested by the name ?
Possibly, however, wolf-heads may have been meant,
suggested by lupius, or by the same analogy which
gives us wolf-heads or wolves upon the arms of Low
Fig. 50S. — Armorial bearings of Gordon Pirie, Esq. : Or, a boar's head
erased sable, between three pears slipped vert, within a bordnre of
the last. Mantling sable, doubled or ; and on a wreath of his liveries
is set for crest a fawn's head, with the sprig of a pear-tree in its
mouth proper ; and in an escroll over the same this motto, " Virtnte
non astutia."
Oranges are but seldom met with in British heraldry,
but an instance occurs in the arms of Lord Polwarth,
who bears over the Hepburn quarterings an in-
escutcheon azure, an orange slipped and surmounted
by an imperial crown all proper. This was an augmen-
tation conferred by King William III., and a very
similar augmentation (in the ist and 4th quarters, azure,
three oranges sUpped proper within an orle of thistles
or) was granted to Livingstone, Viscount Teviot.
The Pomegranate, which dimidiated with a rose was
one of the badges of Queen Mary (Fig. 827), is not in-
frequently met with. It occurs in the arms of Perrins
(Fig. 509) and in the coat used by the town of Tregony.
The Pinea-pple in heraldry is nearly always the fir-
FiG. 507. — Armorial bearings of Joseph Horace Noble, M. A. : Ermine,
two chevronels gules, between three leopards' faces jessant-de-lis
sable. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colonrs, a leopard passant regardant sable, semd of annulets or,
holding in the dexter forepaw a battle-axe erect proper.
and Lowe. The arms of Noble (Fig. 507) are an
instance in which this charge occurs.
Fruit — the remaining division of those charges
which can be classed as belonging to the vegetable
kingdom — must of necessity be but briefly dealt
with.
Grapes perhaps cannot be easUy distinguished from
vines (to which refer, page 192), but the arms of Brad-
way of Potsclif, CO. Gloucester [' Argent, a chevron gules
between three bunches of grapes proper"] and of
Viscountess Beaconslield, the daughter of Capitain John
Viney Evans ["Argent, a bunch of grapes stalked
and leaved proper, between two flaunches sable, each
charged with a boar's head argent"] are instances in
point.
Apples occur in the arms of Robert Applegarth
(Edward III. Roll) ["Argent, three apples slipped
gules"] and " Or, a chevron between three apples gules "
is the coat of a family named Southbey.
Fig. 509.— Bookplate of Charles William Dyson Perrins, Esq. :
Gules, three piles, two in chief and one in base or, each charged
with a pomegranate slipped proper, on a chief ermine three
leopards' faces of the first. Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colonrs, a demi-talbot gorged with a collar nebuly
gules, charged on the shoulder with two annulets interlaced fess-
wise of the last, holdiug between the paws a pomegranate as in
the arms. Motto : " Perenne sub sole nihil."
203
THE ART OF HERALDRY
cone. In tlie arms of Pering, Bart. [" Argent, on a
chevron engrailed sable between three pineapples (fir-
cones) pendent vert, as many leopards' faces of the first.
Crest: on a mount a pineapple (fir-cone) vert "], and in the
crest of Parkyns, Bart. [" Out of a ducal coronet or, a
pineapple proper"], and also in the arms of Pyne [" Gules,
a chevron ermine between three pineapples or"] and
Parkin-Moore (Fig. 145), the fruit is the fir or pine
cone. Latterly the likelihood of confusion has lea to
the general use of the term " pine-cone " in such cases,
but the ancient description was certainly " pineapple."
The arms of John Apperley, as given in the Edward
III. Roll, are: "Argent, a chevron gules between three
pineapples (fir-cones) vert, slipped or."
The real pineapple of the present day does, however,
occur, e.g. in the arms of Benson, of Lutwyche, Shrop-
shire [" Argent, on waves of the sea, an old English
galley all proper, on a chief wavy azure a hand couped
at the wrist, supporting on a dagger the scales of Justice
between two pineapples erect or, leaved vert. Mantling
azure and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours,
a horse caparisoned, passant, proper, on the breast a
shield argent, charged with a pineapple proper. Motto :
' Leges arma tenent sanctas ' "]. Another instance is in
the arms of Chambers (see page 190).
Bean-Pods occur in the arms of Rise of Trewardreva,
CO. Cornwall [" Argent, a chevron gules between three
bean-pods vert "], and Pap worth mentions in the arms
of Messarney an instance of cherries ["Or, a chevron
per pale gules and vert between three cherries of the
second slipped of the third "]. Elsewhere, however,
the charges on the shield of this family are termed
apples. Strawberries occur in the arms and crest of
HoUist (Fig. 5 lo), and the arms of Dufiield are : " Sable,
a chevron between three cloves or." The arms of
the Grocers' Livery Company, granted in 1531-1532,
Fig. 510— Armorial bearings of Edward Ommanney Hollist, Esq. :
Sable, on a bend between a greyhound courant bendwise in chief
and a dolphin hauriant in base argent, three torteaus, on a chief
of the second, three sprigs of strawi^erry fructed proper. Mantling
sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of tlie colours, between
two sprigs of strawberry as in the arms, a dexter arm embowed
in armour, the hand within a gauntlet holding a sprig of holly
all proper. Mottoes: " Currendo," and over the crest, "Gardez
le Capron."
are : " Argent, a chevron gules between nine cloves,
three, three and three." The arms of Garwynton
are stated to be : " Sable, a chevron between three
heads of garlick pendent argent," but another ver-
sion gives the charges as pomegranates. " Azure, a
chevron between three gourds pendent, slipped or " is a
coat attributed to Stukele, but here again there is un-
certainty, as the charges are sometimes quoted as pears.
The arms of Bonefeld are : "Azure, a chevron between
three quinces or." The arms of Alderberry are naturally:
" Argent, three branches of alder-berries proper." The
arms of Haseley of Suffolk are : " Argent, a fess gules,
between three hazel-nuts or, stalks and leaves vert."
Papworth also mentions the arms of Tarsell, viz. :
" Or, a chevron sable, between three hazel-nuts erect,
slipped gules."
The fruit of the oak — the Acorn — has already been
incidentally referred to, but other instances occur in
the arms of Baldwin (Fig. 373), Stable (Plate XXVIIL),
and Huth (Fig. 511).
Fig. 511. — Armoiial bearings of Edward Huth, Esq., of Wykehurst
Park, Sussex; Argent, two chevronels gules, in chief a human
heart of the last, and in base a hat sable with an ostrich feather
proper ; and for crest, on a wreath of the colours, three sprigs of
oak erect proper, each bearing an acorn or ; with the motto,
"Animus non res."
Wheat and other grain is constantly met with in
Fig. 512. — Armorial bearings of George Clerk Cheape, Esq. : Argent,
three ears of wheat slipped in fess vert, and on an escutcheon of
pretence in right of his wife the arms of Hemming, namely :
argent, on a chevron engrailed azure, between three lions' heads
erased gules, an ostrich with wings endorsed of the first, holding
in the beak a key between two pheons or ; and for his crest, upon
a wreath of the colours, a garb or, banded vert ; with the motto,
" Ditat virtus."
204
PLATE LXIV.
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THE ART or HERALDRY
British armory. The arms of Bi^land [" Azure, two ears
of big wheat erect in fess and bladed or. Mantling azure
and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a lion passant
regardant gules, holding in his fore-paw an ear of big
wheat as in the arms"] and of Cheape (Fig. 512) are
examples, and others occur in the arms of Layland-
Barratt (Fig. 320), Cross (Fig. 513), and Rye [" Gules, on a
Fig. 513. — Armorial bearings of Alexander Cross, Esq. : Argent, an ear
of wheat proper, between four cross crosslets fitche sable, one, two,
and one, within abordure parted per pale of the second and or.
Mantling gales, doubled argent. Crest : upon a wreath of his
liveries, a grifUn segreant sable, armed, beaked, and winged or.
Motto: *'Sab cruce copia."
bend argent, between two ears of rye, stalked, leaved,
and slipped or,-three crosses cramponne sable "].
Oarbs, as they are invariably termed heraldically, are
sheaves, and are of very frequent occurrence. The
earliest appearance of the garb in English heraldry is
on the seal of Ranulph, Earl of Chester, who died in
1 232. Garbs therefrom became identified with the Earl-
dom of Chester, and subsequently " Azure, three garbs
or " became and still remain the territorial or possibly
the sovereign coat of that Earldom (Fig. 514). Garbs
Fig. 514. — Arms of the Earldom of Chester : Azure, three garbs or.
naturally figure, therefore, in the arms of many families
who originally held land by feudal tenure under the
Earls of Chester, e.g. the families of Chohnondeley
[" Gules, in chief two helmets in profile argent, and in
base a garb vert "] and Kevihoc [" Azure, six garbs,
three, two, and one or "]. Grosvenor [" Azure, a garb
or "] is usually quoted as another example, and possibly
correctly, but a very interesting origin has been sug-
gested by Mr. W. G. Taunton in his work " The Tauntons
of Oxford, by One of Them " : —
" I merely wish to make a few remarks of my own
that seem to have escaped other writers on genealogical
matters.
" In the first place. Sir Gilbert le Grosvenor, who is
stated to have come over with William of Normandy
at the Conquest, is described as nephew to Hugh Lupus,
Earl of Chester ; but Hugh Lupus was himself nephew
to King AVUliam. Now, William could not have been
very old when he overthrew Harold at Hastings. It
seems, therefore, rather improbable that Su* Gilbert le
Grosvenor, who was his nephew's nephew, could actually
have fought with him at Hastings, especially when
William lived to reign for twenty-one years after, and
was not very old when he died.
" The name Grosvenor does not occur in any of the
versions of the Roll of Battle Abbey. Not that any of
these versions of this celebrated Roll are considered
authentic by modern critics, who say that many names
were subsequently added by the monks to please am-
bitious parvenus. The name Venour is on the Roll,
however, and it is just possible that this Venour was the
Grosvenor of our quest. The addition of ' Gros ' would
then be subsequent to his fattening on the spoils of the
Saxon and cultivating a corporation. ' Venour ' means
hunter, and ' Gros ' means fat. Gilbert's uncle, Hugh
Lupus, was, we know, a fat man ; in fact, he was nick-
named ' Hugh the Fat.' The Grosvenors of that period
probably inherited obesity from their relative, Hugh
Lupus, therefore, and the fable that they were called
Grosvenor on account of their office of ' Great Hunts-
man ' to the Dukes of Normandy is not to be relied on.
" We are further on told by the old family historians
that when Sir Robert Grosvenor lost the day in that
ever-memorable controversy with Sir Richard le Scrope,
Baron of Bolton, concerning the coat of arms — ' Azure,
a bend or ' — borne by both families. Sir Robert Grosvenor
took for his arms one of the garbs of his kinsman, the
Earl of Chester.
" It did not seem to occur to these worthies that the
Earl of Chester, who was their ancestor's uncle, never
bore the garbs in his arms, but a wolf's head.
" It is true that one or two subsequent Earls of
Chester bore garbs, but these Earls were far too dis-
tantly connected with the Grosvenors to render it likely
that the latter would borrow their new arms from this
source.
" It is curious that there should have been in this
same county of Chester a family of almost identical
name also bearing a garb in their arms, though their
garb was surrounded by three bezants.
" The name of this family was Grasvenor, or Gravenor,
and, moreover, the tinctures of their arms were iden-
tical with those of Grosvenor. It is far more likely,
therefore, that the coat assumed by Sir Robert after
the adverse decision of the Court of Chivalry was taken
from that of Grasvenor, or Gravenor, and that the two
families were known at that time to be of common
origin, although their connection with each other has
subsequently been lost.
" In French both gros and gras mean fat, and we
have both forms in Grosvenor and Grasvenor.
" A chief huntsman to Royalty would have been
Grandvenor, not Grosvenor or Grasvenor.
" All these criticisms of mine, however, only affect the
origin of the arms, and not the ancient and almost Royal
descent of this illustrious race. Hugh Lupus, Earl of
Chester, was a son of the Duke of Brittany, as is plainly
stated Ln his epitaph.
" This connection of uncle and nephew, then, between
' Hugh the Fat ' and Gilbert Grosvenor implies a mater-
205
THE ART OF HERALDRY
" In virtue of their descent from an heii*ess of the
house of Grosvenor, it is only necessary to add the
Tauntons of Oxford are Grosvenors, heraldically speak-
ing, and that quartering so many ancient coats through
nal descent from the Dukes of Brittany for the first
ancestor of the Grosvenor family.
somewhat erratic. So I think there is some point in
my arguments regarding the coat assumed by Sir
Robert Grosvenor of Hulme."
Though a garb, unless quoted otherwise, is presumed
Fig. 515. — Armorial bearings of Lieut, -Colonel Johnston Shearer:
Gules, in chief two reaping-hooks proper, and in base a tower
triple-towered argent, masoned sable. Mantling gales, doubled
argent. Crest ; on a wreath of his liveries, a garb or, banded with
a serpent proper. Motto : " Vive ut postea vivas."
Fig. 517. — Armorial bearings of the late John Poison : Azure, a chevron
or between two bears' heads couped close argent, muzzled gules, in
chief and a cross moline of the third in base. Mantling azure and
or. Crest : upon a wreath of his liveries, a garb proper. Motto :
" In ardua tendit."
Fig. 516. — Armorial bearings of James Dunsmure, Gentleman, M.D. :
Vert, three garbs or, banded sable, within a bordure argent.
Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest : upon a wreath of his
liveries, an anchor or. Motto : " Spes anchora tuta."
Fig. 518.— Bookplate of Arobibald Kelso, Esq.
the Tanners and the Grosvenors with our brand-new
grant is like putting old wine into new bottles.
" Hugh Lupus left no son to succeed him, and the to be a sheaf of wheat, the term is not so confined. The
subsequent descent of the Earldom of Chester was arms of Comyii, which figure as a quartering in so many
206
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Scottish coats, are really of cummin, as presumably
are the garbs in the arms of Cummins "^ (Plate XXVI.).
When a garb is " banded " of a different colour this
should be stated, and Elvin states that it may be
"eared" of a different colour, though I confess I am
aware of no such in tance. Garbs will be found in the
arms of Shearer (Fig. 5 1 5), Dunsmure (Fig. 516), Poison
(Fig. 517), and Kelso (F-ig. 518).
"Argent, two bundles of reeds in fess vert" is the
coat ot Janssen of Wimbledon, Surrey (Bart., extinct),
and a bundle of rods occurs in the arms of Evans,'
can be found in the arms of Sykes (Fig. 520), Hulley,
and Hill (Fig. 521).
Fig. 519. — Armorial bearings of Alfred Harris, Esq. : Azure, on a
chevron ermine, between three hedgehogs or, as many wheatstalks
bladed vert, in the centre chief a faggot of the third banded of the
fourth. Mantling azure and argent ; and for his crest, upon a
wreath of the colours, in front of a demi-pelican displayed argent,
collared gemmel azure, and charged on the breast with three
gouttes- de-sang, a faggot fesswise proper, banded vert.
and the crest of Harris (Fig. 519), thougli in this case
it is termed a faggot.
Reeds also occur in the crest of Reade,™ and the
crest of Middlemore [" On a wreath of the colours,
a moorcock amidst grass and reeds proper "] furnishes
another example.
Bulrushes occur in the crest of Billiat (Plate XXV IL),
and in the arms of Scott [" Argent, on a mount of
bulrushes in base proper, a bull passant sable, a chief
pean, billette or"].
G-rass is natxu-ally presumed on the mounts vert which
are so constantly met with, but more definite instances
^ Armorial bearings of Major Henry Alfred Cummins, C.M.G. :
Azure, a chevron ermine, cotised argent, between three garbs or,
banded gules, on a canton of the third, a ship in full sail proper.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, two arms
embowed, vambraced, the hands proper, holdiag a garb as in the arms. ,
Motto: "Hinc garbae nostrae.'*
^ Armorialbearingsof Patrick Fleming Evans, Esq. : Per pale argent
and gules, a lion passant regardant between two fleurs-de-lis in chief
and in base a bundle of rods banded, all counterchanged. Mantling
gales and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a lion re-
gardant argent, the body charged with three crosses moline gules,
and resting the dexter paw upon a bundle of rods banded also gules.
Motto : " Libertas."'
™ Armorial bearings of Charles Darby Reade : Quarterly, i and 4,
argent, a saltire vaire, azure, and or, between four Cornish choughs
proper (for Reade) ; 2 and 3, erminois, on a chevron embattled gules,
three estoiles or, all within a bordure engrailed sable (for Revel!).
Mantling sable and argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a
mount vert, thereon between two reeds proper a Cornish chough wings
elevated also proper. Motto: " Cedant arma togse."
Fig, 520. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Henry Sykes, Esq. : Argent, on
a chevron sable, gutt^-d'eau, between three tufts of grass vert, as
many fountains proper. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, upon the trunk of a tree eradicted fesswise
and sprouting to the dexter, a swan, wings elevated argent, beaked
and legged sable, charged on the breast with a fountain proper.
Motto : " Puritas fons honoris."
Fig
. 521. — Armorial bearings of John HiU, Esq., of Saltburn : Ermine,
on a fess nebxdy per pale sable and azure, between three hillocks
vert, a castle triple-towered or, impaliug the arms of Kirk, namely :
o-ules, a chevron dovetailed ermiue. on a chief or, three dragons'
heads erased of the field. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, a castle triple-towered or, charged with an
escutcheon azure, thereon a rose argent, all between four ears
of wheat bladed and slipped or, two on either side. Motto :
" Avancez."
A. C. F-D.
207
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXIII
INANIMATE OBJECTS
IN dealing with those charges which may be classed
under the- above description, mention may, at the
outset, be made of those which are comprised of
certain letters of the alphabet. Instances of these are
scarcely common, but the family of Kekitmore may be
adduced as bearing ' Gules, three S's or," whDe Bridling-
ton Priory had for arms : " Per pale, sable and argent,
three B's counterchanged." Sir C. B. Rashleigh bears :
" Sable, a cross or, between in the first quarter a Cornish
chough argent, beaked and legged gules ; in the second
a text a; ; in the third and fourth a crescent all argent."
Fig. 522. — Bermondsey Arms,
Corporate arms (in England) aftbrd an instance of
alphabetical letters in the case of the B's on the
shield of Bermondsey (Fig. 522).
Tlte Anchor. — This charge figures very largely in
English armory, as may, perhaps, be looked for when
it is remembered that maritime devices occur more fre-
quently in sea-board lands than in continents. Anchors
occur in the arms of Oppenheimer (Plate XXVII.), and
a family of Chappell bears : " Or, an anchor sable."
The arms of the to^vn of Musselburgh are : " Azure,
three anchors in pale, one in the chief and two in the
flanks or, accompanied with as many mussels, two in
the dexter and two in the sinister chief points, and the
third in base proper." The Comtes de St. Cricq, with
" Argent, two anchors in saltire sable, on a chief three
mullets or," will be an instance in point as to France.
Annulets are of common occurrence both in English
and other armories. The family of Hutton (Fig. 234)
may be mentioned as an example, while for annulets
interlaced reference can be made to the crests of Athill
(Fig. 17) and Burton : "In front of two arms embowed
in armour, the hands proper, holding a fleur-de-lis
argent, six annulets interlaced fesswise, also aigent."
A further case of annulets gemmed may be seen in
the family of Eglinton, which has : " Gules, three gem-
rings (two and one) or," and in that of Montgomerie*
(Plate XXVIL).
Anvils. — These are occasionally met with, as in the
case of the Walkers of Yorkshire, who bear: "Argent,
on a chevron gules, between two anvils in chief and an
anchor in base sable, a bee between two crescents or.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the
colours, on a mount within a wreathed serpent a dove
all statant proper.
Fig. 523. — Armorial bearings of Sir Wroth Acland Lethbridge, 4t-h
Baronet : Argent, over water proper, a bridge of five arches em-
battled, on the centre arch a turret gules, in chief an eagle dis-
played sable, charged with a bezant. Upon the escutcheon, which
is charged with his badge of Ulster as a Baronet, is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and argent ;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, issuant from an
embattled arch gules, a demi-eagle displayed sable, the wings
erminois, charged on the breast with a leopard's face or. Mottoes :
''.Spes mea in Deo," and above the crest, " Truth."
^ Armorial bearings of Samuel Hynman Montgomerie, Esq.: Quar-
terly, I and 4, quarterly i. and iiii., aaure, three fieurs-de-lis or ; ii.
and iii., gules, three annulets or, stoned azure, all within a bordure
or, charged with a double tressure flory and counterflory gules, a
canton ermine for difference (for Montgomerie) ; 2 and 3, argent,
on a chevron engrailed azure, between three horses' heads erased gules,
as many crescents argent, a bordure of the second (for Allenby), and
upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Montgomerie, Earls of
Eglinton and Winton, namely : quarterly, i and 4, quarterly i. and
iiii., azure, three fleurs-de-lis or; ii. and iii.. gules, three annulets or,
stoned azure, all within a bordure or charged with a double tressure
flory and counterflory gules; 2 and 3. quarterly i. and iiii., azure,
three fleurs-de-lis or ; ii. and iii.. gules, three annulets or, stoned azure,
over all a sword in pale point upwards proper. Upon the escutcheon
is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and or;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a female figure (repre-
senting Hope) proper, vested azure, holding in the dexter hand an
anchor or, and in her sinister by the hair a human head also proper,
charged upon the breast with a cross crosslet for difference. Motto :
" Garde bien." [Owing to the detail the escutcheon of pretence is
omitted in the plate.]
208
PLATE LXV.
THE ARMS OF HAIG OF BEMERSYDE,
AS BORNE BY THE HEAD OF THAT HOUSE, AND AS DIFFERENCED FOR VARIOUS CADETS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Arches, castles, towers, and turrets may be exempli-
fied, amongst others, by the followmg.
The family of Lethbridge (Fig. 523) bears a Bridge.
Instances of Castles and Towers will be found in
Plate VII. Figs. 57 and 55, and in the arms of Carlyon''
(Plate XXXIV.), and Kelly (Fig. 524), and of the for-
The family of Plunkett (Fig. 526) supplies an instance
of a tower triple-towered.
Fig. 524.— Armorial bearings of Edward Festus Kelly, Esq., of Norther-
wood Park, Lyndhurst, Hants : Azure, two lions rampant com-
batant argent, chained or, supporting a tower with three turrets
of the second, in the centre chief point a mullet of the third.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours,
an enfield vert, charged on the shoulder with a mullet as in the
•arms. Motto : " Turris fortis mihi Dens."
mer fractured castles will be found in the shield of
Willoughby quartered by Bertie ; while an example of
a quadrangular castle may be seen in the arms of
Rawson (Fig. 525).
Fig. 525. — Armorial bearings of Arthur Pelham Eawson, Esq. : Per
fess wavy sable and azure, gutt^-d'or, a quadrangular ca.stle
with four towers argent, on a chief or, three ravens* heads erased
of the first. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, issuant from an annulet or, a raven's head erased
sable, gutte-d'or, holding in the beak an annulet gold. Motto:
" Laus virtutis actio."
** Armorial bearings of Carlyon : Sable, a plate between three castles
argent, each charged with a cross crosslet gules. Mantling sable and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a demi-lion rampant gules,
ducally crowned or, collared argent, holding between the paws a
bezant. Motto: "Turris tutissima virtas."
Fig, 520. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Luke Plunkett, Esq. : Sable, a
bend argent, in chief a tower triple-towered of the last, a bordure
gules.
An instance of a Fortification as a charge occurs in
the shield of Sconce : " Azure, a fortification (sconce)
argent, masoned sable, in the dexter chief point a
mullet of six points of the second."
Gabions were hampers filled with earth to form part
of fortifications and earthworks. They are of occasional
occurrence in English armory at any rate, and may be
seen in the shields of Christie (Fig. 321) and of Good-
fellow (Fig. 243).
The family of Liberty (Fig. 278) uses a Tower, both
as a charge and as a crest, while the arms of Banks
(Fig. 527) supply an instance of Arches. Mention may
here perhaps be made of William Arches, who bore at
the siege of Rouen : " Gules, three double arches arsent."
peRseveRjqNDO
Fig. 527. — Armorial bearings of Herbert Delamark Banks, Esq. :
Sable, on a cross between four fleurs-de-lis or, five arches of the
field, within the centre arch a fleur-de-lis of the last. Mantling
sable and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a mount
vert, a stone column of the Tuscan order fesswise thereon a stork
proper, the dexter claw resting on a fleur-de-lis or. Motto :
" Perseverando."
209 2d
THE ART OF HERALDRY
An Abbey occurs in the arms of Maitland of Dun-
drennan [*' Argent, the ruins of an old abbey on a piece of
ground all proper "], and a monastery in that of McLarty
[" Azure, the front of an ancient monastery argent "].
A somewhat curious instance of a Temple may be
seen in the shield of Templer*' (Plate XXXVIL).
A curious canting grant of arms may be seen in that
to the town of Eccles (Fig. 528), in which the charge is
an Ecclesiastical Building^ and similar though some-
what unusual charges figure also in the quartering for
Chappel [" Per chevron or and azure, in chief a mullet of
six points between two crosses patee of the last, and in
base the front elevation of a chapel argent"], borne by
Brown-Westbead, and in the arms of Wilson/'
Arrows, Pheons, cCc. — Instances of these charges are
very frequent, and an example of three of the former
may be seen in the arms of Hutchison (Fig. 529), while
Fig. 528. — Arms of Eccles ; Or, on a mount vert, an ecclesiastical build-
ing masoned proper, a chief azure, thereon between two sprigs of
the cotton-tree slipped and fructed of the third, a pale art^ent,
charged with a representation of a Nasmyth steam-hammer sable.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a rock surmounted by
a lighthouse a ship under sail to the sinister all proper. Motto :
" Lahore omnia florent."
*= Armorial bearings of John George Edmund Templer, Esq. : Quar-
terly, azure and gules, the perspective of an antique temple argenti,
on the pinnacle and exterior battlements a cross or ; in the first quarter
an eagle displayed ; in the second a stag trippant regardant of the
last. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
a mount vert, thereon a holy lamb argent, in the dexter foot a pennon
of the second, charged with a cross of St. George, the streamers wavy
azure and gules, the staff or, under an oak tree proper, fructed or.
Motto: " Nihil sine labore."
'• Armorial bearings of Gordon Chesney Wilson, Esq., M.V.O. ; Per
pale sable and gules, a wolf rampant or^ charged on the shoulder with
Fig. 529. — Armorial bearings of John William Hutchison, Esq. :
Argent, a fess azure, over all three arrows in point, points to the
base counterchanged, between a boar's head erased close in chief
sable, and two escallops in base ermines. Mantling gules, doubled
argent. Crest : A stag's head erased gules, attired or. Motto :
" Memor esto."
Fig. 530. — Armorial bearings of Captain Eli George Hales : Gules, a fess
embattled or, between three arrows erect, points downwards, in
chief of the last, flighted argent, and a spade palewise in base
proper. Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a dexter arm embowed in armour grasping a sword in
bend, a spade in bend sinister and an arrow in pale point upwards
all proper. Motto : " Vis unita fortior."
an estoile gules, between four mullets in cross of the third, on a chief
of the last, a representation of the end elevation of the Wilson Hall of
the Melbourne University between two salmon naiant proper. Mantling
sable and or ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a demi-
lion or, charged on the shoulder with an estoile gules, and resting the
sinister paw on an escutcheon per pale sable and gules, thereon a
wolf's head erased also or ; with the motto, " Semper vigilans."
210
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the shield of Inverarity (Fig. 478) also affords an
instance of their use.
The family of Hales (Fig. 530) supplies another ex-
ample- of this charge, while a bow — without the arrows
— may be instanced in the shield of Bowes : " Ermine,
three bows bent and stringed palewise in fess sable,"
and in the arms of Bowman (Plate XXXI.).
Arrow-Heads, too — or pheons — are of common usage,
and occur in the arms of Foster. Pheons, it may be
noticed in passing, are arrow-heads with an inner en-
grailed edge, while when depicted without this peculi-
arity they are termed " broad arrows." This is not a
distinction very stringently adhered to.
Instances of these mav be seen in the arms of Lowndes
(Plate XXXV.) and of Smith (Fig. 531).
Fig. 531. — Armorial bearings of Sidney Smith, Esq.: Gyronny of
eigiit gules and sable, four pheons in saltire points to the centre.
Crest : upon a wreath of the colours on a Roman fasces, a pheon
point upwards or, between two laurel-branches fructed proper.
"Motto : " Concedat laurea lingua."
Charges associated with warfare and military defences
are frequently to be found both in English and foreign
heraldry.
BaUle-Axes, for example, may be seen in the shield
of Firth and in that of Renty in Artois, which has :
" Argent, three doloires, or broad-axes, gules, those in
chief addorsed."
The somewhat infrequent device of a Battering-Ram,
is seen in the arms of Bertie, who bore : " Argent, three
battering-rams fesswise in pale proper, armed and
garnished or (azure ?) "
An instrument of military defence consisting of an
iron frame of four points, and called a Caltrap or
Galtrap (and sometimes a Cheval trap, from its use of
impeding the approach of cavalry), is found in the arms
of Trappe ["Argent, three caltraps sable"], Gilstrap"^
(Plate XXXII.) ; while French armory supplies us with
another example in the case of the family of Guette-
ville de GuenonvUle, who bore for arms : " D'argent,
semee de chausse-trapes de sable."
As the well-known badge of the Royal House of
Tudor, the Portcullis is well known to any one con-
versant with Henry VII.'s Chapel at Westminster Abbey,
"^ Armorial bearings of John MacRae-GHstrap, Esq., of BaUimore,
CO. Argyll; Quarterly, I and 4 (Gilstrap), argent, a chevron engrailed
vert between in chief two escutcheons gules, each charged with a
galtrap of the field, and in base a talbot's head erased of the third, and
for distinction, in the centre chief point a cross crosslet gules ; 2 and 3
(MacEae), argent, a fess azure between two mullets in chief and a lion
rampant in base gules, in chief point a crescent of the second for
difference. Mantling vert and argent. Crests : i. on a wreath of the
colours, upon a rock, a cubit arm erect in armour all proper grasping an
escutcheon gules, charged with a galtrap argent for distinction, the
arm charged with a cross crosslet gules (for Gilstrap) ; 2, on a wreath
of his Hveiies, an arm in armour embowed, holding a scimitar proper ;
and over the crest the mottoes, '• Candide secure" {for Gilstrap);
"Fortitudiue" (for MacEae) ; under the shield, "Nee euro nee care"
(for MacRae).
but it also appears as a charge in the arms of the family
of Wingate ["Gules, a portculhs and a chief embattled
or"] (Plate XXXIX.), where it forms an obvious pun on
the earliest form of the name, viz. Windygate, and in that
of Langman (Fig. 532), while it figures as the crest of the
IVSTVS
ESTO
,LT NON
METVE
lOnn lAWRENCE lANGilAH
^
Fig. 532. — Armorial bearings of John Lawrence Landman, Esq., Knight
of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in
England : Argent, on a pile engrailed sable, a water-bouget of the
first between two flaunches of the second, each charged with a
water-bouget also of the first. Mantling sable and argent ; and
for the crest, on a wreath of the colours, in front of a mount vert,
thereon a portcullis with chains sable, three water-bougets fess-
wise of the last. Motto : " Justus esto et non metue."
Dukes of Beaufort ["A portculKs or, nailed azure,
chained of the first "], and also as the crest in the
achievement of Porter (Fig. 533). A few other charges,
Fig. 533. — Armorial bearings of Henry Robert Mansel Porter, Esq. :
Quarterly, i and 4, per fess nebuly sable and ermine, a pale
coanterchanged and three bells argent (for Porter) ; 2 and 3, or, on
a fess dancette gules, between two escallops sable, a ducal coronet
of the first between two roses argent, barbed and seeded proper
(for Taylor). Mantling sable and argent. Crests: i. upon a
wreath of the colours, upon a mount vert, in front of a portcullis
with chains or, a tilting-spear fesswise proper (for Porter); 2.
upon a wreath of the colours, a derai-lion sable, gorged with a
collar and pendent therefrom an escutcheon or, charged with two
escallops palewise sable, and holding between the paws a ducal
coronet or (for Taylor). Motto : "Quod vult valde vult."
211
THE ART OF HERALDRY
directly or indirectly connected with military affairs,
may fitly, perhaps, find a place in this connection.
Beacons, for example — used, as is well known, as a
signal to call to arms, on the approach of a foe — occur
occasionally. In England examples are furnished by
the families of Buddicom, Compton, and in the arms of
Wolverhampton (Fig. 5330).
Bombs, Grenades, &c., figure in the shields of Vavas-
seur (Fig. 534) and Slade.*
— Y— mmrm/fA
£4.
Fig. 533«. — Arms of Wolverhamptou : Gules, a cross formee or, between
a pillar in the first quarter, a woolpack iu the second, an open book
in the third all argent, and in the fourth a padlock of the second.
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a beacon sable, fired
proper, two keys in saltire, wards upwards or. Motto: " Out of
darkness cometh light." [Granted December 31, 1S9S.]
Chains, though forming part of the collection of
objects which are rightly classed as pertaining to war,
are singularly scarce in armory, and indeed nearly
wholly absent as charges, usually occurring where they
do as part of the crest.
The English shield of Anderton, it is true, bears :
" Sable, three chains argent ; " while another one
(Duppa de Uphaugh) has : " Quarterly, i and 4, a lion's
paw couped in fess between two chains or, a chief
nebuly of the last, thereon two roses of the first, barbed
and seeded proper (for Duppa) ; 2 and 3, party fess
azure and sable, a trident fesswise or, between three
turbots argent (for Turbutt)."
Used as a part of a crest, the family of Slade affords
a case in point.
In Continental heraldry, however, chains are more
frequently met with. Principal amongst these cases
may be cited the arms of Navarre [" Gules, a cross
saltire and double orle of chains, linked together or"],
while many other instances are found in the armories of
Southern France and of Spain.
Fig. 534. — Armorial bearings of Josiah Vavasseur, Esq. : Party per
chevron and in chief two grenades, and in base, upon a mount
vert, a machine-gun upon a Vavasseur mounting, and below the
escutcheon his badge as a C.B. Crest; upon a wreath of the
colours, in front of a dexter cubit arm holding in the hand a ,
two swords in saltire proper. Motto: " Tout par faveur divine."
Among the more recent grants Cannon have figured,
as in the case of the Filter arms (Fig. 535) and in those
of the burgh of Portobello ; while its earlier counter-
part, in the form of a culverin, forms the charge of the
Leigh family : " Argent, a culverin in fess sable."
Fig. 535. — Armorial bearings of William Frederick Filter, Esq., C. B. : Per
chevron argent aud sable, two pelts (or hides) in chief of the last,
and a cannon mounted on its carriage in base proper. Mantling
sable and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of
a fleur-de-lis or, a dolphin naiant proper. Motto: "Fide patiente
labore."
f Armorial bearings of Slade : Party per fess argent and sable, a pale
counterchanged and three horses' heads erased of the second, on a
chief ermine, two bombs fired proper. Mantling sable and argent.
Crest: on a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, a horse's head
erased sable, within a chain in arch gold.
212
PLATE LXVI.
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THE ART OF HERALDRY
The Coluvm appeal's as a crest in the arms of Coles.^
Between two cross crosslets it occurs in the arms of
Adam of Maryburgh [" Vert, a Corinthian column with
capital and base in pale proper, between two cross
crosslets fitchee in fess or"], and also as forming part
of the crest of the family of Willey (Fig. 536); while
Fig. 536.— Armorial bearings of Heniy Alfred Willey: Sable, gutt(5-
d'eau, two antique lamps fired in chief all argent, and a sun in
splendour in base or. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, upon a column fesswise, the top to the
sinister sable, an antique lamp or, fired proper. Motto: " Lucet
et Incebit."
the arms of the See of Sodor and Man are blazoned :
" Argent, upon a pedestal the Virgin Mary with her
arms extended between two pillars, in the dexter hand a
church proper, in base the anns of Man in an escutcheon."
As a charge, the Majors, of Suffolk, bear : "Azure,
Fig. 537. — Armorial bearings of Edward Theodore Salvesen, Esq.: Or,
on a fess vert, between two esquires' helmets in chief and a water-
bouget in base gules, two battle-axes in saltire of the first.
Mantling vert, doubled or ; and upon a wreath of the liveries is set
for crest, a dragon ship vert, mast and tackling proper, flagged
gules. Motto: "Inveni portum."
E Armorial bearings of Ernest Harry Coles, Gentleman: Gules, three
bezants chevronwise within two chevronels or, between three lions'
heads erased erminiois. Mantling gules and or. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, upon a mount vert, a column erect entwined by a serpent
holding in the mouth a branch of olive all proper. Motto : " Perseverez. "
three Corinthian columns, each surmounted by a ball,
two and one argent."
As perhaps may be looked for in this connection.
Helmets figure frequently as charges, and an example
is afforded by the Salvesen arms (Fig. 537).
Scaling-Ladders (viz. ordinary shaped ladders with
grapnels affixed to the tops) are to be seen in the
English coats of D'Urban (Fig. 538) and Lloyd (Plate
XXX.), while the Veronese Princes della Scala bore the
Fig. 538. — Armorial bearings of William Stewart Mitchell D'Urban,
Esq. : Or, on a chevron between three mullets of six points sable,
a bombshell or, between two scaling-ladders, and as an honourable
augmentation, granted in 1S17 to Lt.-Gen. Sir Benjamin D'Urban,
G.C.B., K.C.H., K.C.T.S., on a canton gules, a representation
of the Military Gold Cross inscribed with the words Eusaco, Albu-
hera, Badajos, and Salamanca, pendent from a riband of the first,
fimbriated azure, with five gold clasps inscribed with the words
Vittoria, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, and Toulouse. Mantling sable
and or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a palm-tree,
a sphinx couchant. Motto: "Firme."
Ftg. 539. — Armorial bearings of Amherst: Gules, three tilting -spears
two and one or, headed argent. Mantling gules and or. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, on a mount vert, three like spears, one
erect and two in saltire, girt with a wreath of laurel proper.
Motto : " Constantia et virtute."
213
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ordinary ladder : " Gules, a ladder of four steps in pale
argent." A further instance of this form of the charge
occurs in the Swiss shield of Laiterberg : " Argent, two
ladders in saltire gules."
S}jears and Spear-Heads are to be found in the arms
of many families both in England and abroad ; at home
in the arms of Amherst (Fig. 539) and Lind (Plate
XXXIX.), while spear-heads are seen in the arms of
Edwards " (Plate XXIII.).
The Shakespeare arms (Fig. 540), too, are : " Or, on a.
more (Fig. 542), while the Polish Counts Brzostowski
bore : " Gules, a stirrup argent, within a bordure or."
Fig. 540. — Aims of WUliam Shakespeare (f/. 1616) : Or, on a bend sable,
a tilting-spear of the field.
bend sable a spear of the first; steeled (or pointed)
argent," while "Azure, a lance or enfiled at its point
by an annulet argent " represents the French family of
Danby.
Spurs occur in coat armour as such in the arms of
Harben (Plate XXIX.), and also occasionally " winged,"
as in the arms of Johnston (Plate XXVIII.).
An example of a spur-rowel is seen in the crest of
Jardine (Fig. 541).
Fig. 541. — Armorial bearings of David Jardine Jardine, Esq. : Parted
per pale argent and or, a saltire gules, on a chief of the third,
three mullets of the first. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and
upon a wreath of the colours is set for crest, a spur-rowel gules.
Motto: "Caveadsum."
B.\.amples of Stirrups are but infrequent, and the best-
known one (as regards English armory) is that of Scuda-
'' Armorial beariugs of Howell Powell Edwards, Esq., M.A., of
Novington Manor, Sussex : Sable, a chevron vair, in base a spear-head
or, embrued proper, ou a chief of the third, three spear-heads of the
first also embrued proper. Mantling sable and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a. dragon's head erased vert, gorged with a
collar vair and charged with two quatrefoils iu pale or, holding in the
mouth a dexter hand couped at the wrist distilling drops of blood
proper, between two spear-heads erect argent.
Fig. 542. — Armorial bearings of Edward Scudamore Lucas-Scudamore,
Esq. : Quarterly, I and 4, gules, three stirrups leathered and buckled
or (for Scudamore) ; 2 and 3, argent, a fess between si.x annulets
gules (for Lucas). Mantling gules and or. Crest : i. out of a
ducal coronet or, a bear's paw sable (for Scudamore) ; 2. upon a
wreatli of the colours, a demi-griffin argent, beaked and mem-
bered or.
Stones are even more rare, though a solitary example
is to be seen in the arms of Staniland [" Quarterly, i
and 4 [per pale or and vert, a pale counterchanged,
three eagles displayed two and one, and as many], flint-
stones one and two all proper (for Staniland) ; 2 and 3,
azure, an estoUe or between four bezants in saltire, in
each corner of the field a castle argent (for Stainbank)"].
The " vigilance " of the crane has been already alluded
to on page 179.
The mention of stones brings one to the kindred
subject of Catapults. These engines of war, needless to
say on a very much larger scale than the object which
is nowadays associated with the term, were also Itnown
by the mame halistie, and also by that of swepe. Their
occurrence is very infrequent, but for that very reason
one may, perhaps, draw attention to the arms of the
(English) family of Magnall : " Argent, a swepe azure
charged with a stone or."
Swords, differing in number, position, and kind are,
perhaps, of this class of charges the most numerous.
A smgle sword as a charge may be seen in the shield
of Dick of Wicklow,' and Macfie^ (Plate XXXVIIL),
and a sword entwined by a serpent in that of Maokesy.
Used in the crest it appears in the case of Brooke (Fig.
543), and broken off in that of Colby (Fig. 544). A flam-
ing sword occurs in the arms of Maddooks (Fig. 246). A
scimitar figures in the crest of Drummond (Plate XLV.).
Swords frequently figure, too, in the hands or paws of
supporters, accordingly as the latter are human figures
or animals, whilst they figure as the " supporters " them-
selves in the unique case of the family of Bastard (in
Breton), whose shield is cottised by " two swords, point
in base."
i Armorial bearings of Captjxin Quintin Dick Dick : Quarterly, I and
4, gules, a sword in pale point upwards proper, hilted and pommelled
or, between two mullets in chief of the last (for Dick) ; 2 and 3, vert,
a lion rampant argent (for Hume). Mantling gules and argent. Crest;
on a wreath of the colours, a leopard sejant proper. Motto ; " Semper
fidelis."
J Armorial bearings of John William Macfie, of Dreghorn and
Colinton, Esq., J.P. : Parted per fess nebuly azure and or, in chief a
sword argent point downwards, hilted and pommelled of the second,
and in base a lymphad sable under sail of the third, flags and pennons
Hying gules. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; aud on a wreath of his
liveries is set for crest, a demi-lion rampant proper ; and on an escroll
over the same this motto, " Pro Rege."
214
THE ART OF HERALDRY
A " seas " is the term employed to denote a curved
scimitar, or falchion, having a notch at the back of the
owing to this origin were included in the grant of
arms to the town of Ealing (Fig. 545).
JlCf. S43. — ^Armorial bearings of Sir Thomas BrookG, Bart., F.S.A. : Ar-
gent, a cross nebuly per pale gules and sable, in the first and fourth
quarters a boar's head erased of the last ; and for the crest, upon
a wreath of the colours, in front of a sword erect, the blade en-
twined by two serpents respecting each other proper, a boar's head
erased sable ; with the motto, " Est nee astu."
blade. In heraldry their use occurs fairly frequently,
though generally, it must be added, Lq shields of arms
Fig. 544. — Armorial bearings of the Rev. Samuel Reynolds Colby, A.K. C,
Clerk in Holy Orders : Azure, two chevronels between two escal-
lops in chief and as many palmers' staves saltirewise in base or, a
crescent for difference. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, between two pahn-branches, a dexter arm
embowed in armour, the hand in a gauntlet grasping a broken
sword proper, suspended from the hand a palmer's scrip or.
Motto : '* Non omnis frangar."
of doubtful authority. As such they are to be seen,
amongst others, in the reputed arms of Middlesex, and
Fig. 545. — Arms of Ealing : Party per chevron gules and argent, in chief
on the dexter side two swords in saltire proper, pommels and hilts
gold, and on the sinister side three seases barwise in pale of the
third, pommels and hilts to the dexter of the fourth, in base an
oak-tree fructed and eradicated also of the third.
Torches or Firebrands are depicted in the arms and
crest of Gillman (Fig. 195) and Tyson (Plate XV.).
Trumpets are not of frequent occurrence either in
English or Continental armory. As forming part of the
crest one occurs in the arms of Blackburne, and rather
as a bugle-horn or hunting-horn in the arms of
Hunter '' (Plate XXIII.), and in the impaled shield of
Scott-Gatty (Fig. 262).
Barnacles (or Breys) — horse curbs — occur in some of
the earlier coats, as in the arms of Wyatt [■' Gules, a
barnacle argent"], while another family of the same
name (or, possibly, Wyot) bore : " Per fess gules and
azure (one or) three barnacles argent "].
Bells are well instanced in the shield of Porter (Fig.
533), and the poet Wordsworth bore: "Argent, three
bells azure." It may be noted in passing that in Con-
tinental armory the clapper is frequently of a different
tincture to that of the bell. As, for instance, " D'Azur,
k la cloche d'argent, bataille [viz. with the clapper] de
sable " — the arms of the Comtes de BeUegarse.
Bridle-Bits are of very infrequent use, though they
may be seen in the achievement of the famUy of
MUner.
Blocks, too, are of about as rare occurrence as any
charge. They occur in the arms of Paynter (Fig. 236).
•^ Armorial bearings of Andrew Alexander Hunter, Esq., Eursar of
Cheltenham College : Argent, on a chevron azure, between three
hunting-horns vert, garnished and stringed gules, a crescent of the
first. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and on a wreath of his liveries
is set for crest, a stag's head caboshed or ; and in an escroU over the
same, this motto, " VigUantia, robur, voluptas."
215
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The unusual device of a block of granite is to be seen
in the Farren shield (Fig. 546).
(Fig. 431), and Joslin (Fig. 547), and also appears as
part of the crest of the Lumb family (Fig. 548).
Fig. 546. — Armorial bearings of George Farren, Esq. : Argent, on a pile
gules, between two blocks of dressed red granite proper, a lion
passant regardant of the first. Mantling gules and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, upon a block of dressed grey granite
proper, a lion passant regardant gules, resting the dexter forepaw
on a saltire or. Motto: " Perseverantia vincit."
Chaplets, Corcmets, and even the Torse (or wreath
surmounting the helm) occasionally figure as charges,
though in most cases they are themselves charged.
FA I R.£ - WON ■ DeVOl R.
Fig. 547. — Armorial bearings of Walter Joslin, Esq. ; Per chevron
azure and or, two tieurs-de-lis in chief of the last, and in base a
circular wreath sable and of the first, with four hawks' bells con-
joined thereto proper. Mantling azure and or. Crest : upon a
wreath of the colours, between two hawks' bells, a rock thereon a
falcon's leg erased at the thigh and belled, all proper. Motto:
" Faire mon devoir."
Such an instance may be seen in the shield of Berry
(Fig. 237).
The torse figures as a charge in the arms of Jocelyn
Fjg. 548. — Armorial bearings of James Lumb, Esq. : Or, three
escutcheons sable, each charged with a mullet pierced of the first,
a martlet for 'difference. Mantling or and sable. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a blackamoor's head in profile couped at the
shoulders proper, wreathed about the temples or and sable, and
charged on the neck with a mullet of six points gold, within a
wreath in arch or and sable. 3Iotto : " Respice finem."
Bowls may be seen in the Holding arms (Fig. 8g).
The Buckle. — This is a charge which is of much more
general use than those which we have recently been
surveying. It -appears very frequently both in English
and foreign heraldry — sometimes oval-.shaped, but more
generally lozengewise : especially is this the case in Con-
tinental arms. In a circular form they appear in the
arms of Stubbs (Plate XIV.), while a single buckle
(lozenge-shaped) appears on the shield of Ferguson'
(Plate XXXIII.).
A somewhat curious variation occurs in the arms of
the Prussian Counts Wallenrodt, which are : " Gules, a
lozenge-shaped buckle argent, the tongue broken in the
middle."
In the form of a Badge the buckle is used by the
Pelhams, Earls of Chichester and Earls of Yarborough.
The University of Aberdeen affords an instance of a
Pot of Lilies.
Though blazoned as a Cauldron, the de'vice occurring
in the crest of De la Rue may be perhaps as fittingly de-
scribed as an open bowl, and as such may find a place
in this classification : " Between two olive-branches
vert a cauldron gules, fired and issuant therefrom a
snake nowed proper."
The use of a Pitcher occurs in the arms of Bertrand
de Monbocher, who bore at the siege of Carlaverock :
" Argent, three pitchers sable (sometimes found gules)
withm a bordure sable bezante."
' Armorial bearings of George Bagot Ferguson, Esq., M.A., M.D. :
Azure, a buckle or, between three boars' heads erased argent, a bordure
of the second, seme of trefoils slipped vert. Mantling azure and
or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, on a thistle proper, passing
through a buckle or, a bee alighting of the last, winged azure, and on
an escroll above, " Dulcius ex asperis." Motto below the arms; " Ut
prosim aliis."
216
PLATE LXVII.
EXAMPLES OF "DIFFERENCED" COATS OF ARMS, &c.
Printed nt StnrtL,-!
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The somewhat singular charge of a Chart appears in
the arms of Chi'istopher (Fig. 2,77), and also as the crest
of the family of Cook (Fig. 549).
Fig. 549. — Armorial bearings of Henry Cook, Esq. : Gnles, on a bend
or, two cinquefoils azure, on a sinister canton argent, a cross
crosslet iitche issuing out of a crescent of the first, all within a
bordure of the second. Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest :
on a wreath of his liveries, a sea-chart proper. Motto : " Tutum
monstrat iter,"
Clifton College also affords a case of the use of Books
Fig. 550. — Anns of the Corporation of Clifton College: Argent, a
chevron between two trefoils slipped in chief and a garb in base
azure, a chief gules, thereon a ducal coronet or, between two
books argent clasped and garnished gold. Motto : ■' Spiritus
intus alit." [Granted April S, 1S95.]
(Fig- 550), while an open book forms part of the crest
of the Hutton family (Plate XVII.).
Chess-Rooks are somewhat favourite heraldic dejioes,
and are to be met with in the shield of Smith (Fig.551).
Fig. 551.— Armorial bearings of William Macadam Smith, Esq. :
Azure, in chief a drinking-cup and in base a chess-rook or, on a
chief engrailed of the last, a chess-rook of the first. Mantling
azure and or. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, in front of a
dolphin bauriant or, three chess-rooks azure. Motto : " Generosity
with Justice."
Cups (covered) appear in the Butler arms, and de-
rived therefrom in the arms of the town of Warrington
(Fig. 5 1 ). This charge is famUiar to both Scottish and
also foreign heraldry, the Lauries of Maxwelltown, for
example, using : " Sable, a cup argent, issuing there-
from a garland between two laurel-branches all proper,"
and the Veronese Bicchieri : " Ai-gent, a fess gules be-
tween three drinking-glasses half tilled with red wine
proper." The arms of the Neapohtan Princess Pignatelli
are : " Or, three pots with handles sable (those in chief
affrontes)." Another curious form of the German
heraldic cup occurs on Plate VII.
Uncovered cups occur in the arms ot Fox (Fig. 318),
and also in those of Smith (Fig 551). In this connection
we may note in passing the rare use of the device of a
Vase, which forms a charge in the coat of the town of
Burslem, whilst it is also to be met with in the crest of
the family of Doulton : " On a wreath of the colours,
a demi-lion sable, holding in the dexter paw a
cross crosslet or, and resting the sinister upon an es-
cutcheon charged with a vase proper." The motto is
perhaps weU worth recording : " Le beau est la splen-
dour de vrai."
Both the Crescent and the MuUet figure largely in all
armories, both as charges and (in English heraldry) as
difference marks.
In the more usual form the crescent may be seen
in the arms of Hutton (Fig. 234).
Variations, too, of the form of the crescent occur, such
as when the horns are turned to the dexter, when it is
termed " a crescent increscent," or when they are turned
to the sinister — when it is styled " decrescent." An
example of the latter wiU be found in the arms of
North (Plate XXIV.).
An instance of the crescent " reversed " may be seen
in the shield of the Austrian family of Puckberg, whose
blazon was : " Azure, three crescents, those in chief ad-
dorsed, that in base reversed."
217 2e
THE ART OF HERALDRY
In English " difference marks " the crescent is used
to denote the second son, but under this character it
will be discussed later.
Mullets (three) occur in the chief of the shield of
Wilson (Fig. 552), and pierced in that of the Lafone
family (Fig. 302).
Cushions, somewhat strangely, form the charges in
many British shields, occurring, for example, in the
Fig. 552. — Armorial bearings of Walter Henry Wilson, Esq. : Argent,
a chevron between three mullets gules. Mantling gules, doubled
argent. Crest : upon a wreath of his liveries, a demi-lion ram-
pant gules. Motto : ' ' Semper vigilans. "
In " differencing " the mullet is the mark of the third
son, and that also will be again referred to. The mullet
must be distinguished from the estoile (see pages 219
and 228). It may have any number of j)oints, but unless
the number is specified it must be represented with five.
Independent of its use in conjunction with ecclesiasti-
cal armory, the Crosier is not widely used in ordinary
achievements.
It does occur, however, as the principal charge, as in
the arms of Benoit (in Dauphiny) [" Gules, a pastoral
staff argent "], while as forming part of the crest it occurs
in the achievement of Alford,
The term " crosier " is synonymous with the pastoral
or episcopal staff, and is independent of the cross which
is borne before (and not hy) Archbishops and Metro-
politans.
The use of pastoral staves as charges is to be seen in
the shield of Were,"' while MacLaurin of Dreghorn
bears : " Argent, a shepherd's crook sable."
The palmer's stafi' has been introduced into many
coats of arms for families having the surname of
Palmer, as have also the palmer's wallet, whilst purses
occur in the arms of James " (Plate XXII.).
n' Armorial bearings of Were : Argent, on a bend vert, between six
crosses crosslet fitchi^ gules, three sheep-hooks or. Crest : a demi-lion
rampant proper, holding a cross crosslet fitche gules.
° Armorial bearings of Rev. Nicholas Hopkins James, D.D.: Party
per pale gales and azure, on a chevron engrailed between three lions
passant guardant or, as many purses sable. Mantling gules and or ;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a hart's head erased
proper, charged on the neck with a fleur-de-lis azure. Motto ; " J'aime
jamais."
Fig. 553. — Armorial bearings of Charles Thomas Brisbane, Esq. : Sable,
a chevron chequy or and gules between three cushions pendent by
the corners of the second, a chief of honourable augmentation em-
battled argent, thereon on waves of the sea a ship of war under
sail between two forts, the guns firing and on the battlements the
Dutch flag all proper. Above the shield is placed a helmet befitting
his degree, with a mantling gules, doubled argent ; and next the
same are set the two following crests, namely : upon the dexter side
the crest of honourable augmentation, that is to say, out of a
naval crown or, a dexter arm embowed in the uniform of a captain
of the Royal Navy, the hand grasping a cutlass proper, hilted and
pommelled or, and from the hand pendent by a ribbon argent,
fimbriated azure, a gold medal representing that given by His
Majesty to Sir Charles Brisbane ; and in an escroll over the same
this motto, "Curagoa " ; and upon the sinister side, on a wreath
of his liveries, the family crest, namely : a stork's head erased
holding in the beak a serpent writhing proper ; and in an escroll
over the same this motto, " Certamine summo " ; and on a com-
partment below the shield are placed for supporters two talbots
proper.
arms of the Brisbane (Fig. 553), and on the shield in the
Johnstone family (Fig, 554), In Scottish heraldry, in-
deed, cushions appear to have been of very ancient (and
general) use, and are frequently to be met with. The
Earls of Moray bore : " Argent, three cushions lozenge-
wise within a double tressure flory-counterflory gules,"
and the charge also occurs in the arms of Macdonald °
o Armorial bearings of Wm. Eae Macdonald, Esq., Carrick Pur-
suivant : Quarterly argent and or, in the first quarter a lion rampant
gules, armed and langued azure; in the second a dexter hand proper,
couped fesswise, holding a cross crosslet fitchee gules ; in the third a
lymphad, sails furled, and oars in saltire sable ; in the fourth a salmon
naiant proper ; over all, on a fess of the third, a cushion of the second.
Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a
mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest : a dexter hand holding a dirk
erect proper. Motto : " Nee tempore nee fato."
218
PLATE LXVIII.
De r honorable Chevalier ALEXANDRE FORRESTER
Cochrane Vice-Amiral de r Escadre blanche de
la flole de sa Majesle'Gouverneur de ITsIe de la
Guada loupe el Chevalier du tr6s honorable Ordre
I du BAIN. Inslalle le I^" jour de Juin MDCCCXII.
0 Q
THE STALL-PLATE OF ADMIRAL SIR ALEXANDER COCHRANE, K.I!
From the Plate i.v He.vry VII. 's Chapel in West.minster Abbey.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
(Plate XVII.), but an English example occurs in the The Shuttle occurs in the arms of Shuttleworth (Fi^
arms of Hutton 1' (Plate XVII.). 107), and in those of the town of Leigh (Fig. 556),
Fig. 554. — Armorial bearings oE Johnstone : Argent, a saltire sable, in
base a man's heart regally crowned all proper, on a chief gales,
three cushions or.
Tlie Distaff, which is supposed to be the origin of
the lozenge upon which a lady bears her arms, is
seldom seen in heraldry, but occasionally in English
armory it does occur. The family of Body, for instance,
bear one in chief, and three occur in the arms of a
family of Lees (Fig. 555). Abroad this charge is not
Fig. 555. — Armorial bearings of Joseph Lees, Esq. : Per chevron or and
gules, a chevron counterchanged between two roses in chief of the
second, barbed and seeded proper, and three distaffs, one in pale
and two saltirewise in base of the first. Mantling gules and or.
Crest ; on a wreath of the colours, in front of a cotton-hank f ess-
wise or, thereon an owl close, holding in the beak a branch of
cotton-tree, a distaff fesswise also proper. Motto : " Perge sed
caute."
to be met with, and it is somewhat surprising that in
German armory this domestic figure has no place.
P Armorial bearings of Arthur Edward Hill Hutton, Esq., of
Houghton Hall, co. Durham : Gules, on a fess between three cushions
argent, fringed or tasselled or, as many fleurs-de-lis of the field.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, on a
cushion gules placed lozengewise an open book, the edges gilt, with
the words " Odor vitje " inscribed. Motto : " Spiritus gladius."
Fig. 556. — Arms of Leigh : Quarterly gules and argent, a cross quarterly
counterchanged between a spear-head of the last in the first
quarter, a mullet sable in the second, a shuttle fesswise the thread
pendent of the last in the third, and a sparrow-hawk close proper
in the fourth ; and for the crest, on a wreath of the colours, the
battlements of a tower proper issuant therefrom a bear's paw gules,
holding a javelin erect or.
whUe the town of Pudsey (Fig. 557) affords an illustra-
tion of shuttles in conjunction with a woolpack.
The Escarhiincle (an illustration of which occurs on
Plate X. Fig. 57) is an instance of a charge having
become such as the evolution of an integral part of the
shield itself. In ancient warfare Shields were some-
times strengthened by being bound with iron bands
radiating from the centre, and these bands, from the
shape they assumed, became in course of time a charge
in themselves under the term escarbuncle. An example
may be seen in the three escarbuncles which form the
arms of the family of Boyce (Fig. 558).
The Estoile. — This charge, although so similar in
general design to the " star " proper, is yet not to be
confused with it.
219
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Most frequently the estoile has five (and occasionally
six) straight rays, and is not pierced, though usually
the rays are wavj'.
Sometimes, too, more points than even six are de-
FlG. 557. — Arms of Pudsey ; Argent, on a chevron vert, between two
pairs of shuttles saltirewise in chief and a woolpack in base proper,
three mullets pierced or, all within a bordure engrailed gules,
charged with eight roses of the field. Motto : " Be just and fear
not."
Fig, 558.— Armorial bearings of Robert Henry Boyce, Esq., C.B. : Per
chevron embattled or and azure, three escarbuncles counter-
changed. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, out of a tower proper, a demi-lion rampant gules, holding
between the paws an escarbuncle or. Motto: " Semper fidelis."
The Princes of Waldeck bear : " Or, an estoile of eight
points sable," while the Counts of Erpaoh show a shield
of " Per fess gules and argent, three estoiles of six points
counterchanged." The family of Ingleby bears as arms :
"Sable, an estoile argent," and three estoiles occur in
the arms of Langdale (Fig. 559). Reference should be
made to page 228.
picted, in which case the number of them should be
specified, as an estoile of . . . points.
Fig. 559. — Al'morial bearings of Henry Joseph Grattan Langdale, Esq. :
Sable, a chevron between three estoiles argent. Mantling sable
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, an estoile argent.
Motto : " Post tenebras lucem."
The Fanmakers' Company's crest is : " A hand couped
proper holding a. fan displayed," while the chief charge
in the arms is "... a fan displayed . . . the sticks
gules . . ." This, however, appears to be the only
case I can cite of this object.
The Fasces. — This charge, emblematic ot the Roman
magisterial symbol, is very frequently introduced in
grants of arms to Mayors and Lord Mayors, which no
doubt accounts for its appearance in the arms of Uurn-
ing-Lawrence,'i and Spokes (Fig. 560).
An instance of Fetterlocks occurs in the arms of
Kirkwood, and also in the coat of Lookhart.
Flavies of Fire are not frequently met with, but they
are to be found in the arms of Baikie (Fig. 561), and
as crests they figure in the achievements of Graham-
Wigan (Fig. 178), and also in conjunction with keys
^1 Armorial bearings of Sir Edward Durning-Lawrence, Bart. : Er-
mine, on a cross raguly gules between in the lirst and fourth quarters
a fasces erect, encircled by a wreath of oak proper, a pair of compasses
extended or. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a wolf's head erased argent, crusily, and charged with a pair
of compasses extended sable. Motto : " Per ardua stabilis."
220
PLATE LXIX
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE MOST NOBLE
ORDER OF THE GARTER.
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE MOST ANCIENT
AND MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE THISTLE.
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDER
OF THE MOST EMINENT ORDER OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE.
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE MILITARY
KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE MOST
HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE
BATH.
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE CIVIL
KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE MOST
HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE
BATH.
STAR OF THE KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE
BATH. — Military Division.
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE KNIGHTS GRAND
CROSS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER
OF SAINT MICHAEL AND SAINT
GEOKGE.
STAR OF THE KNIGHTS COMMANDERS
THE B.VI'H. — Civil Division. y^'^^'^'^-Oi T
PU B LI
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in that of Flavel ■• (Plate XXIII.).
certain other objects flames are
In connection with
common enousrh.
Fig. 560. — Bookplate of Bussell Spokes, Esq. : Azure, on a pile between
two fasces erect or, three Catherine-wheels, two and one gules, in
chief a martlet for difference. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
helmet befitting: his degree, with a mantling azure and or ; and for
his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a fasces erect between two
ostrich feathers ; with the motto : " Fiat justitia ruat coelum."
The phoenix always issues from flames, and a sala-
mander is always in the midst of flames (Fig. 155).
The flaming sword, a device, by the way, included
in the recent grant to Sir George Lewis, Bart., has
been already alluded to, as has also the flaming
brand. A notable example of the torch occurs in
the crest of Sir William Gull, Bart., no doubt an allusion
(as is his augmentation) to the skill by which he kept
Fig. 561. — Armorial bearings of Alfred Baikie, Esq.,
of Tankerness, Orkney.
the torch of life burning in the then Prince of Wales
during his serious illness in 1871. The same charge
occurs in the arms of Edward T. Tyson, Esq., ot
Wood HaU, Cockermouth (Plate XV.), the blazon of
which is : " Vert, gutte-d'eau, three lions rampant argent,
each holding in the dexter paw a torch erect, tired
proper. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a demi-lion
rampant vert, gutte-d'eau, holding in the dexter paw a
torch as in the arms, and resting the sinister upon a
rose gules, barbed and seeded proper. Motto : ' Fortiter
et vigilanter.' " A flaming mountain occurs as the crest
of several families of the name of Grant.
A curious instrument now known nearly exclusively
in connection with its use by farriers, and termed a
Fleam, occurs on the chief of the shield of Moore. A
fleam, however, is the ancient form and name of a
surgeon's lancet, and some connection with surgery
may be presumed when it occurs. It is one of the
charges on the arms recently granted to Sir Frederick
Treves, Bart.
Furisons. — Two of these singular charges are de-
picted in the shield of Black (Fig. 562), and also in
Fig. 562. —Armorial bearings of William George Black : Argent, a saltire
sable, on a chief of the last, a wolf's head erased of the first, in the
flanks two furisons azure. Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest:
on a wreath of his liveries, a demi-lion gules, armed and langued
azure, and in an escroU over the same, this motto, " Non crax sed
lus."
that of Steel.^ They were apparently the instru-
ments by which fire was struck by flint stones. The
German form of this charge .wUl be found on Plate
X. Fig. 66.
Charges in connection with music and musical instru-
ments do not occur very frequently, though the heraldic
use of the Clarion and the Hai~p may, perhaps, be
mentioned.
The Human Heart, which should perhaps have been
more correctly referred to in an earlier chapter, is a
charge which is well known in heraldry, both English
and foreign. A family of Adams bears this device as a
"■ Armorial bearings of Sidney Flavell, Esq., J. P., of Leamington:
Argent, a maunch gnles, bezantee. between three keys wards upwards,
over all, a chevron azure. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, two keys
in saltire, wards upwards, in front of flames of fire proper. Motto ;
*• Ttt Dens ale fiammam."
s Armorial bearings of the late John James Steel ; Or, on a bend
sable, between two furisons azure, a book expanded argent. Mantling
sable, doubled or ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a
lion's head erased gules ; and in an escroU above this motto : " Ferro
non furto. "
221
THE ART OF HERALDRY
charge, while it also figures in the arms and crest of
Corfield (Fig. 563).
I^ERVA FlDEM
Fig. 563. — Armorial bearings ot Frederick Channer Corfield, Esq. : Per
chevron gules and argent, in chief two escutcheons of the second,
and in base an escutcheon ermine, each charged with a heart of the
iirst, and impaling the arms of Alleyne, namely : per chevron gules
and ermine, in chief two lions" heads erased or. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a cubit arm
erect, the hand grasping two palm-branches in orle all proper, a
heart as in the arms. Motto : " Serva fidem."
Fig. 564. — Armorial bearings of Benjamin Minors Woollan, Gentleman :
Per chevron per pale azure and gules and argent, gutte-de-pois,
two ingots of gold fesswise in chief and a fleece in base proper.
Mantling azure and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours,
in front of a palm-tree on a rock proper, a lion couchant regardant
per pale indented azure and gules, supporting with the dexter fore-
paw an ingot of gold erect. Motto: " Laborare ettempusaucupari."
A turther, and perhaps the best known, example of
the heart ensigned with a crown is seen in the shield
of Johnstone (Fig. 554). The legend whicli accounts
for the appearance of this charge in the arms of Douglas
is too well known to need repetition.
Money, Coins, &c., deserve a passing notice, although
the instances of devices connected therewith are but
few. This usually takes the form of tlie Bezant.
The well-known heraldic term " bezante " is, of
course, a field covered with bezants, or metal discs —
representing coins — and probably taking their origin
from the size, &o., of the coins current in Byzantium.
Bezants themselves frequently figure as charges, as in
Fig. 565. — Armorial bearings of John Gibsone, Esq., of Pentland:
Gules, three keys fesswise in pale, wards downwards, or. Mantling
gules, doubled argent. Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a
pelican vulning herself and feeding her young proper. Sup-
porters : two angels with wings expanded proper. Motto :
" Pandite ccelestes portse."
the family of Murray, who bore: "Azure, a bezant
between three mullets argent (another for difference)."
" Azure, a chevron or between three bezants " is the
shield of Hope (Fig. 231).
Impersonal arms in this connection afford an in-
stance of ingots of silver, as seen in the shield of St.
Helen's, whilst the family of Woollan (Fig. 564) go one
better by bearing ingots of gold.
Keys may be seen in many coats of Gibson (Fig.
565), and they also — naturally — figure largely in
ecclesiastical armory. York, Exeter, and Winchester,
among Home Dioceses, bear this charge on the shield,
while abroad it is unnecessary to add that two keys,
in conjunction with the tiara, form the charges of
Papal arms, and " Gules, the papal tiara proper " is
the canting coat of the Dutch family of Pabst.
A Maunch, which is a well-known heraldic term for
Fig.
566. — Arms of William de Hastings, Lord Hastings (rf. 14S3) :
Argent, a maunch sable. (From his seal, 1468.)
the sleeve, is, as it is drawn, scarcely recognisable as
such. Nevertheless its evolution can be clearly traced.
Figs. 40 and 1023 show the sleeve worn, and it again
appears distinctly as a sleeve'on Plate LXXXII. In a
less recognisable form it will be seen in Figs. 124, 125,
222
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and 230. The maunch — which, of course, as a heraldic
charge, originated in the knightly " favour " of a lady's
sleeve — was borne from the earliest periods in different
tinctures by the three historic families of Conyers,
Hastings (Fig. 566), and Wharton (Fig. 567). Another
Fig. 567. — Armorial bearings of William Henry Anthony Wharton,
Esq. : Sable, a maunch argent. Upon the escutcheon is placed a
helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable and argent ;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a bull's head
erased argent, armed or, crined sable.
instance of its use will be found in the arms of Flavel
(Plate XXIII.). Other garments have been used as
heraldic charges ; gloves in the arms of Fletcher and
Barttelot (Fig. 259); stockings in the arms of Hose
(Plate LXXXV.): a boot in the crest of Hussey (Fig.
261), and a hat in the arms of Huth (Fig. 798). Armour
is frequently met with, a cuirass appearing in the crest
of Somers (Fig. 475), helmets in the arms of Salvesen
(Fig. 537), Trayner, Roberton, and many other families,
and a morion in the crest of Pixley (Plate XVIII.). The
Fig. 56S. — Armorial bearings of Samuel Milne Milne, Gentleman:
Argent, a millrind gules within an orle of eight millrinds sable.
Mantling gules and argent. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours.
a millrind fesswise sable, thereon a lion rampant argent, hold-
ing between the paws a miUrind gules. Motto: " Quserito
sapientiam."
Garter is, of course, due to that Order of knighthood ;
and the Blue Mantle of the same Order, besides giving
his title to one of the Pursuivants of Arms, who uses it
as his badge, has also been used as a charge.
The Mill-'riiul or Fer-de-moline is, of course, as its
name implies, the iron from the centre of a grindstone.
It is depicted in varying forms, the most usual being
shown in the arms of Milne (Fig. 568) and Elgood (Fig.
569).
Fig. 569. — Armorial bearings of Edgar J. Elgood, Esq., J.P., of The
Manor Honse, Sidcup, Kent : Or, on a rock in base proper, a orey-
hound current sable, a chief azure, thereon a key wards upwards
between two fers-de-moline erect of the first. Mantling sable and
or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a mount vert,
thereon a greyhound current sable, holding in the mouth a key in
bend, wards upwards or, a pile of sis pellets, one, two, and three ;
with the motto, " Tenas propositi."
Mirrors occur almost exclusively in crests and in
connection with mermaids who, a^ a general rule, are
represented as holding one in the dexter hand with
Fig. 570. — Armorial bearings of Robert Edward Bredon, Esq. : Gules, a
lion rampant or, within a bordure invected of the last, charged
with ten passion-nails proper. Mantling gules and or. Crest :
upon a wreath of the colours, a demi-lion rampant argent, holding
in the dexter paw a cross patee fitchee gules, the sinister paw
resting on a passion-nail or. Motto : " Vincit Veritas."
223
THE ART OF HERALDRY
a comb in the sinister. The crest of Rutherford (Fig.
202) will give an illustration of this.
Very occasionally, however, mirrors appear as charges,
an example being that of the Counts Spiegel zum
Desenberg, who bore : " Gules, three round mirrors
argent in square frames or."
Symbols connected with the Sacred Passion — other
than the cross itself — are not of very general use in
armory, though there are instances of the Passion-Nails
being used, as, for example, in the shield of Bredon
(Fig. 570). NaUs are also to be found in the arms of
iproctor, viz. : " Or, three passion-nails sable."
Pelts, or Hides, may be seen in the shield of Filter
Fig. 571. — Armorial bearings of Sir Jotin Joseph Grinlinton : Azure, a
sword in bend proper, pommel and hilt or, surmounting a pen in
bend sinister argent, in f ess two spurs of the last. Mantling azure
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a sword erect
proper, pommel and hilt gold, surmounting a pen fesswise argent,
interlaced by a spur or. Motto : " Fide et fortitndine."
(Fig. S3 5); and the Fleece has been mentioned under
the division of Rams and Sheep. A Pen in that of
Billiat (Plate XXVIL), and also in the crest of Gilmour
(Fig. 4S6); while the shield of Grinlinton (Fig. 571)
shows a use ot a pen saltirewise with a sword.
Fig. 572. — Armorial bearings of the late Sir John Stainer : Per chevron
gules and or, in base a stork proper, a chief of the second, thereon
two branches of laurel saltirewise and slipped between two reed-
pipes proper. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in front of a
cubit arm erect, the hand holding a reed-pipe in bend sinister, a
wreath of laurel all proper. Motto : " Onerari est honorari."
Two Plummets (or Sinkers used by masons) form
the charges in the arms of Jennings,' quartered by
Lingard-Monk.
A solitary instance, too, of Reed-Pipes occurs in the
accompanying shield of Stainer (Fig. 572).
Fig. 573. — Arms of Todmorden : Or, on a fess wavy azure, between a
rose gules in chief and a rose argent in base, both barbed, seeded,
and slipped proper, a shuttle in bend sinister of the first, and a
spindle in bend of the fourth. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
upon a mount vert, an obelisl: proper. Motto : " By industry we
prosper."
An instance of a Pyramid is met with in the crest
of Malcolm, Bart., and an Obelisk in that ot the town
of Todmorden (Fig. 573).
The shield of Crookes (Fig. 157) affords an example
of two devices ot very rare occurrence, viz. a Prism and
a Radiometer.
Water, lakes, ships, &c., are constantly met with in
armory, but a few instances must suffice. The various
methods of heraldically depicting water have been
already referred to (page 54).
t Or, a chevron azure between two plummets in chief of the last, and
a saltire couped gules in base (for Jennings).
224
PLATE LXX.
STAR, COLLAR, AND BADGE OF THE MOST
ILLUSTRIOUS ORDER OF ST. PATRICK.
BADGE OF THE ORDER OF THE
HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN OF
JERUSALEM IN ENGLAND.
BADGE OF ALL CLASSES.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Three Wells figure in the arms of Hodsoll (Fig. 574), The shields of Stourton (Fig. 227) and Mansergh
and a masoned well in that of Camberwell (Fig. S75). (Fig. 394) supply instances of Fountains.
A Tai'^i, or Loch, occurs in the shield of the family of
C7BmGI€R-Ii€DR0IG
Fig. 574. — Armorial bearings of Hodsoll : Azure, a fess wavy between
three stone fountains argent. Mantling azure and argent. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, a fountain argent. Motto: " Maintien
le droit. "
Fig. 576. — Armorial bearings of Harry Holmes-Tarn ; Parted per saltire
or and gules, two terns naiant in tarns or lochs undy proper, one in
chief and one in base. Mantling gules, doubled or. Crest : on a
wreath of his liveries, on a garb fesswise, a raven all proper ; and
on an escroll over the same this motto, " Vixet in gsternum."
Tarn (Fig. 576), while Lord Loch bears: "Or, a saltire
engrailed sable, between in fess two swans in water
proper, all within a bordure vert."
^^G. 575 — Arms of Camberwell : Quarterly, gules and argent, a cross
quarterly between a well in the first and fourth quarters, a chevron
couped between three cinquefoils in the second, and a lion rampant
in the third, all counterchanged. Crest : in front of a crosier erect
gules, a hind lodged argent, gutt^-de-sang and pierced through
the neck with an arrow fesswise sable. Motto : *' All's well."
Fig. 577. — Armorial bearings of Frederick Burnington Fellows, Gentle-
man : Per fess or and azure, in chief two reindeer heads erased
proper, and in base, on the base thereof barry wavy of four argent
and of the second, an ancient ship of three masts, sails furled also
proper. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, in front of a lion's head erased proper, crowned with a
crown vallery of the first, holding in the mouth an antler of a
reindeer also proper. Motto : " Fac et spera."
In this connection we may note that Drops [of water]
are of very frequent occurrence in all armories. They
225
2f
THE ART OF HERALDRY
have been already alluded to (page 54), as has also
Fig. 578.— Arms of Sir Arthur Macphersoa, K.C.I.E.: Azure, a lymphad
or, sail furled and oars in action, mast and tackling all proper,
flags Hying of the field, each charged with a saltire argent, on a
chief indented of the last a hand fesswise, coaped, grasping a
dagger point upwards on the dexter, and on the sinister a cross
crosslet fitchde of the first, the escutcheon being surrounded by
the ribbon and pendent the badge of a K.O.I.E. Abore the shield
is placed a helmet befitting his degree ; with a mantling azure,
doabled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest,
a cat rampant guardant proper ; and in an escroll over the same
this motto, "Touch not the cat but a glove."
the isolated case of a Whirlpool in the shield of
Gorges (or Gurges), which is: "Argent, a whirlpool
azure." This, as also the heraldic " fountain," will be
found to be dealt with more fully under the term
Roundel. The fountain in the form in which this word
is now used occurs in the arms of Lopes and in the
crest of Brunner.
The term " gutte " implies being sprinkled with drops
of any liquid, and the nature of that liquid is aifixed to
the word " gutte," such as : " gutte-de-l'armes," sprinkled
with tears [which are depicted azure] ; " gutte-de-l'eau,"
sprinkled with water [argent] ; and " gutte-de-sang,"
sprinkled with blood [gules]. Gutte reversed is, of course,
with the drops " upside down."
The use of Ships may be instanced by the shield of
Fig. 579. —Armorial bearings of Conder, of Terry Bank, co. Westmor-
land : Argent, on a bend wavy azure, between two lymphads sable,
sails furled, flags flying, and oars in motion, also sable, an anchor
entwined with a cable or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, in
front of a lymphad as in the arms, an anchor fesswise, the flukes
to the dexter or; with the motto, " Je conduis."
Fig. 580. — Arms of- Oban : In the waves of the sea proper, a lymphad
sable, oars in action, with a beacon on the top of the mast proper ;
in base a salmon naiant argent ; on a chief parted per pale dexter,
azure, a lion rampant argent, sinister gyronny of eight or and
sable ; and on an escroll below this motto, " Air aghart."
Fellows (Fig. 577), Brown, of Bonnytoun (Plate XXVI.),
and of Raid (Fig. 136), while a Galley or Lymphad
occurs in that of Macpherson (Fig. 578), and in the
arms of Conder (Fig. 579), Campbell (Figs. 54 and
187), Macdonald (Plate XXXVIII.), Galbraith (Plate
XLV.\ Dewar (Plate XLV.), Macfie (Plate XXXVIII.),
and also in the arms of Oban (Fig. 580).
Another instance of a coat of arms in which a galley
appears will be found in the arms recently granted to the
burgh of Alloa (Fig. 581), while Wandsworth (Fig. 582)
and Lerwick each afford instances of a Dragon Ship.
A modern form of ship in the shape of a Yacht may
226
THE ART OF HERALDRY
be seen in the arms of Ryde ; while two Scottish of Chorleywood. Lastly, we may note the appropriate use
families afford instances of the use of the Ark. of a Steamer in the arms of Barrow-in-Furness. The
" Argent, an ark on the waters proper, surmounted of curious figure of the lion dimidiated with the hulk of a
a dove azure, bearing in her beak an olive-branch vert," ship which is met with in the arms of several of the
Fig. 5S1. — Arms of Alloa: Argent, on the wave-s of the sea an ancient galley sable, in
fnll sail, the sail charged with the arms of the Earls of Mar and KeUie, pennon
gules, flag of the field, charged with a pale of the second, on a chief vert, in the
dexter a garland, the dexter half hops, the sinister barley all or, and in the sinister
a golden fleece. Above the shield is placed a helmet befitting their degree, with
a mantling sable, doubled argent ; and on a wreath of their liveries is set for
crest, a griffin gules, winged armed and beaked or, langued azure, and on an escroll
over the same this motto, "In the forefront." (From the painting by Mr.
Graham Johnston in Lyon Register.)
are the arms borne by Gellie of Blackford ; and "Argent,
an ark iu the sea proper, in chief a dove azure, in her
beak a branch of olive of the second, within a bordure
of the third " are quoted as the arms of Primrose Gailliez
towns of the Cinque Ports has been referred to on
page 128.
The Prow of a Galley appears in the arms of Pitcher
(Kg. 583)-
227
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Astronomical
forins.
An heraldic representation
Plate X. Fig. 45.
charges likewise take many different
of a Comet occurs in
" Gules, a chief nebuly argent, the rays of the sun
issuing therefrom or."
The Rainbow (Plate X. Fig. 47), though not in
itself a distinctly modern charge, for it occurs in the
crest of Hope (Fig. 231), has been of late very frequently
granted as part of a crest. Instances occur in the crest
of the family of Pontifex, and again in that of Thurston,
and of Wigan (Fig. 476). It use as a part of a crest is to
be deprecated, but in these days of complicated armory
it might very advantageously be introduced as a charge
upon a shield.
An imusual device, the Thv/nderbolt, is that of the
crest of Carnegy (Fig. 407).
The arms of the German family of Donnersperg very
appropriately are : " Sable, three thunderbolts or issuing
5^ \\\\\^
* * *
O
&
h
6
h
h
6
&
k. .M
&
&
ti • 0 » «l» «
o
,^^ ^^
Fig. 582. — Arms of Wandsworth ; Per fess nebuly chequy azure and
or, each of the last charged with a goutte of the first, and sable,
in base five estoiles, four and one of the second, all within a bordure
argent charged with eight crosses couped gules. Crest : an ancient
ship having a dragon-head at the prow sable, five oars in action,
the like number of shields resting against the bulwarks, and
suspended from the stem and stern an anchor, all or, mast and
rigging proper, with a flag flying to the dexter gules, the sail
azure, charged with a wyvern, wings elevated, within eight gouttes
in orle argent. Motto: "We serve."
Clouds (Plate VII. Fig. 46) form part of the arms of
Lord Milltown, the second quarter (for Leeson) being :
i. 583. — Armorial bearings of Colonel Buncan
George Pitcher, Indian Staff Corps: Per chevron
ermine and azure, in chief two acorns slipped
proper, in base the prow of an antique galley
argent. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, a griffin's head couped,
gorged with a wreath of oak proper between two
wings each charged with a bezant. Motto :
'* Perseverentia et labore."
from a chief nebuly argent, in base a moimt of three
coupeaux of the second."
Blackpool furnishes an instance of a thunderbolt in
dangerous conjunction with windmill sails (Fig. 584).
Stars, a very common charge, may be instanced by
the Scottish shield of Alston (Fig. 585).
There has, owing to their similarity, been much con-
fusion between stars, estoiles, and mullets. The diffi-
culty is increased by the fact that no very definite lines
have ever been followed officially. In England stars
under that name are practically unknown. When the
rays are wavy the charge is termed an estoile, but when
they are straight the term mullet is used. That being
so, these rules follow : that the estoile is never pierced
(and from the accepted method of depicting the estoile
this would hardly seem very feasible), and that unless
the number of points is specified there will be six (see
Fig. 559). Other numbers are quite permissible, but
the number of points (more usually in an estoile termed
" rays ") must be stated. The arms of Hobart, for
228
PLATE LXXI.
(putrre be gian^i-cC- gnnJC bt b'<w>ng-1^gkrb ^ ulflwb
B«pgiiaft gixurf •
Rcfiar^ (r>ftnf> ^QtUonjfigereT- > g«tW) bgbafrr;a--Foggl'be C\\mcvj> -tfitfi^elA^cf^^
jSbt^vlmv \g rcvV .'^m^
-P^Jfter'Sclo'lTxt
(Tiutfebglevceftrfc (guittt ^rtjjm";^;^^'^!^^"^^^^ bdCfer-
AN EARLY ENGLISH ROLL OF ARMS.
flf-s^iescx
-^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
example, are : " Sable, an estoile of eight rays or,
between two flaunches ermine." An estoile of sixteen
being in England a mullet, it naturally follows that the
English practice permits a mullet to be plain or pierced.
They are occasionally met with pierced of a colour
other than the field they are charged upon. According
to the English practice, therefore, the mullet is not
represented as pierced unless it is expressly stated to be
so. The mullet both in England and Scotland is of five
points unless a greater number are specified. But
mullets pierced and unpierced of six or eight points are
frequent enough in English armory.
The Scottish practice diti'ers, and it must be admitted
that it is more correct than the English, though,
strange to say, more complicated. In Scottish armory
Fig. 584. — Anns of Blackpool : Barry wavy of eight sable and or, a
seagull volant proper, on a chief argent, a thunderbolt also proper,
between a iiear-de-lis and a lion rampant both gales. Crest :
upon a wreath of the colonrs, on the battlements of a tower or,
the sails of a windmill saltirewise proper, sormonnted in the
centre by a rose gnles, barbed and seeded also proper. Motto :
"Progress."
rays is used by the town of Ilchester, but the arms are
not of any authority. Everything with straight points
Fig. 585. — Armorial bearings of Charles Henry Alston,
Esq. : Azure, ten stars of six points or, four,
three, two, and one, within a bordnre wavy of
the last, charged with three fleurs-de-lis gules.
Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest. ; upon
a wreath of the liveries, a demi-eagle rising
proper, on each wing a crescent reversed gales.
Motto : *^ In aitum."
they have the estoile, the star, and the mullet. As to the
estoile, of course, their practice is similar to the English.
But in Scotland a straight-pointed charge is a mullet if it
be pierced, and a star if it be not. As a mullet is really
the " molette " or rowel of a spur, it certainly could not
exist as a fact unpierced, so that the Scottish practice
is doubtless the more correct. Nevertheless it is by no
means stringently adhered to in that country, and they
make confusion worse confounded by the frequent
use of the additional name of " spur-rowel," or " spur-
revel " for the pierced mullet. The mullet in the arms
of Vere, which was also their badge, is seen in Figs. 586
and 587. The part this badge once played in history is
well known. Had the De Veres worn another badge
229
THE ART OF HERALDRY
on that fatal day the course of "English History" and added developments of those ideas from the East
might have been changed. and in traversing the range of armory where crowns and
^
^
^
Fig. 5S6 — Arms of Aubrey
de Vere. Earl ot Oxford :
Quarterly gules and or,
in the first quarter a
mullet argent. (From
his seal. 1378.)
Fig. 5S7.— Arms of John de
Vere, Earl of Oxford {d.
1513) : Quarterly, i and
4, De Vere ; 2 and 3,
gules, a bend between
sis cross crosslets fitched
argent. (From his seal,
1509.)
The six-pointed mullet pierced occurs in the arms of
De Clinton (Fig. 588).
Fig. 5S8. — Arms of William de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon (rf. 1354) :
Argent, sis cross crosslets fitched sable, on a chief azure, two
(sometimes three) mullets or. (From his seal, 1340.)
The Sun in Splendour is depicted in Plate X. Fig.
41, and occurs in the arms of Hurst, and many otlier
families, while the family of Warde-AIdham affords an
example of the Rays of the sun alone.
The town of Porto-Rico (Fig. 589) instances the some-
what infrequent variation of tne Rising Sun.
A Crescent Moon is shown in Plate X. Fig. 42, and
a Moon reversed in Fig. 43. A Scottish coat, that ot
BaUlie of Walstoun, has " Azure, the moon in her com-
plement, between nine mullets argent, three, two, three
and one." The term " in her complement " signifies
that the moon is full, but with the moon no raj's are
shown, in this of course differing from the sun in
splendour. The face is usually represented in the full
moon, and sometimes in the crescent moon, but the
orescent moon must not be confused \nXh the ordinary
heraldic crescent as in the arms of Bartlett (Plate
XXXVIII.) and KUpin (Fig. 590).
In concluding this class of charges, we may fitly do
so by subjoining the shield of Sir William Herschel
(Fig. 591), with its appropriate though clumsy device of
a Teleacope.
As may be naturally expected, the insignia of sover-
eignty are of very frequent occurrence in all armories,
both English and foreign. Long before the days of
heraldrj'. some form of decoration for the head to indi-
cate rank and power had been in vogue amongst, it is
hardly too much to say, all nations on the earth. As in
most things, Western nations have borrowed both ideas,
230
Fig. 5S9.— Arms of Porlo Rico
Fig. 590.— Armorial bearings of Ernest Fuller Kilpin, Esq., C.M.G. :
Per fess argent and or, three crescents fesswise azure, between
two oak-trees eradicated in pale proper. Crest: upon a wreath
of the colours, in front of an oak proper, charged with a pheon
or, a mount vert, thereon a saltire azure. Motto: "Firmus in
firm us.''
THE ART OF HERALDRY
coronets appear in modern Western heraldry, we find a
large proportion of these devices are studiously and of
purpose delineated as being Eastern.
One may notice in passing that unlike what, from the
legend itself, one would expect, these crowns are not of
Eastern design, but of a class wholly connected with
heraldry itself. The legend and device, however, are
both much older than these modem minutiae of
detail.
Ecclesiastical Sees figure to some extent as possessing
Royal Crovnis as part of their armorial bearings.
The Archbishopric of York has the well-known coat :
" Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a regal crown
proper."
The reputed arms of St. Etheldreda, who was both
Queen, and also Abbess of Ely, find their perpetuation
in the arms of that See, which are : " Gules, three ducal
(an early form of the Royal) crowns or;" while the
recently-created See of St. Alban's affords an example of
a celestial crown: "Azure, a sal the or, a sword in pale
proper; in chief a celestial crown of the second." The
Celestial Crown is to be observed in the arms of the
Borough of Kensington (Fig. 593) and as a part of the
crest of Dunbar (Plate XXXIV.). The See of Bristol
bears: "Sable, three open crowns in pale or." The
Royal or Imperial Crown occurs in the crest of Eye,
while an Imperial Croicn is seen in the crest sur-
mounting the shield of Lane (Fig. 57).
The family of Douglass (Fig. 155 and 592) affords an
instance of a crown ensigning a human heart. Abroad
the Royal Arms of Toledo afford a case in this con-
nection, i.e. : ' Azure, a Royal Crown or " (the cap being
gules).
Here one may, perhaps, draw attention to what is not
generally known, i.e. that the crimson velvet cap inside
Fig. 591. — Armorial bearings of Sir William James Herschel, Baronet :
Argent, on a mount vert, a representation of the forty-feet re-
fleeting telescope with its apparatus proper, a chief azure, thereon
the astronomical symbol of Uranus, or the Georgium Sidus
irradiated or ; the escutcheon charged with his badge of Ulster as
a Baronet. Mantling vert and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a demi-terrestrial sphere proper, thereon an eagle, wings
elevated or. Motto : " Coelis exploratis."
With crowns and coronets as symbols of rank I am
not now, of course, concerned, but only with those cases
which may be cited as supplying examples where the
different kinds of crowns appear either as charges on
shields, or as forming parts of crests.
Crowns, in heraldry, may be differentiated under
the Royal or the Imperial, the Eastern or antique, the
Naval, the Mural, and with the Crowns Vallery and
PaUsado are all known to heralds. Some modem grants
of crowns of Eastern character are seen in connection
with valuable service performed in the East by the re-
cipient of the grant (e.g. the Eastern Crown in the
grant to Sir Abraham Roberts, G.C.B., the father of
Field-Marshal Earl Roberts, K.G.), while other cases
are those of local tradition, or of legendary connection.
In order of antiquity one may best perhaps at the
outset aUude to the arms borne by the seaport towns
of Boston, and of Eangston-on-Hull [or " Hull "], inas-
much as a tradition has it that the three crowns which
figure on the shield of both these towns originate from
a recognised device of merchantmen who, travelling be-
yond and likening themselves to the Magi, in the
Bethlehem visit, adopted these crowns as the device or
badge of their business. The same remarks apply to
the arms of Cologne : " Argent, on a chief gules, three
crowns or " (Plate CXXIV.).
From this fact (Lf it be one) to the development of
the towns with which they traded adopting the same
device is not a far step.
Fig. 592. —Armorial bearings of John 'William Edward James Douglass,
Esq. : Quarterly, I and 4, ai^ent, a heart imperially crowned proper,
on a chief azure, three mallets of the field ; 2. argent, three piles
gnles, on a chief of the last two mullets of the fii-st ; 3. argent,
three mascles sable, on a chief of the last, as many lions passant
guardant of the first. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a
wreath of the colours, a dexter hand issuing from clouds holding
a sword erect proper. Motto (over the crest) : " God for us."
Supporters : two savages wreathed head and middle with a gar-
land of oak-leaves, each with a club in bis exterior hand resting on
his shoulder proper.
state crowns is in reality the " cap of maintenance," the
ermine border of the crown being, strictly speaking, the
turned-up ermine edge of the cap itself.
Antique Croimis — as such — appear in the arms of
231
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 593. — Ai-ms of Kensington: Quarterly, gules and or, a celestial
crown in chief and a fleur-de-lis in base of ttie last ; in the dexter
canton a mullet argent in the first quarter ; a cross flory between
four martlets sable in the second ; a cross botony gules between
four roses of the last, stalked and leaved proper, in the third ; a
mitre of the second in the fourth ; all within a bordure quarterly,
also or and sable. Motto : " Quid nobis ardui."
Fig. 594. — Armorial bearings of Robert Whitgreave, Gentleman : Azure,
on a cross quarterly pierced or, four che^Tons gules, with an
honourable augmentation, a chief argent, thereon a rose gules,
irradiated gold, within a wreath of oak proper. Mantling azure
and or. Crests; out of a ducal coronet gules, a demi-antelope or;
and another of augmentation, namely : out of a ducal coronet a
sceptre in pale or, surmounted by a branch of oak proper, and a
rose gules, slipped in saltire also proper. Motto : " Regem
defendere victum."
Fraser (Fig. 494), and also in the arms of Grant " (Plate
XLV.).
Eastern Croimis, which are of the identical form of
Antique Crowns, figure in the shields of Benyon and
Seccombe, while the crest of Sir Richard Wellesley
Barlow is : " Out of an Eastern crown a demi-lion argent,
the paws supporting a cross crosslet fitohee azure, issu-
ing from the crown on the dexter side of the lion a
branch of olive, and on the sinister another of palm,
both proper."
The crest of the Marquess of Ripon supplies an unusual
variation, inasmuch as it issues from a coronet composed
of fleurs-de-lis.
The other chief emblem of sovereignty — the Sceptre —
is occasionally met with, as in the Whitgreave crest of
augmentation (Fig. 594).
The Marquises of Mun bear the Imperial orb :
" Azure, an orb argent, banded, and surmounted by
the cross or." The reason for the selection of this
particular charge in the grant of arms to Mr. H. E.
Moss (Fig. 595), of the Empire Theatre in Edinburgh
Fig. 595. — Armorial bearings of Horace Edward Moss, Esq. : Azure,
on a fess or, a horse courant gules, between three orbs gold,
banded of the third. Mantling azure and or. Crest: on a
wreath of his liveries, a dove holding in its beak a sprig of
olive proper. Motto: " Peace with Power."
and the London Hippodrome, mil be readily guessed,
though I am puzzled to account for it in the arms of
Lament (Fig. 205).
Under the classification of tools and implements the
Pick may be noted, this being depicted in the arms of
Mawdsley (Fig. 596), and a pick and shovel in the arms
of Hales (Fig. 530).
The arms of Crawshay (Fig. 346) supply an instance of
a Plough — a charge which also occurs in the arms of
Waterlow, but is otherwise of very infrequent occur-
rence.
Scythes, or, as they are sometimes termed, Sneds, will
rightly be placed in this connection, though Polish wars
have seen them used by the peasantry with great execu-
tion, and on that account they may be reckoned as
weapons of war. In English armory their use is but
occasional, though, as was only to be expected, this
" Armorial bearings of Francis James Grant, Esq., Lyon Clerk : Gules,
three antique crowns or, within a bordure of the second and first, charged
with three crescents azure. Mantling gules, doubled or. Crest: on a
wreath of his liveries, a demi-savage proper ; and on an escroU above
this motto, " I'll stand sure."
232
PLATE LXXII.
S-ct^wV^^Wl^ow Pan Hcr^anc<^.(r;:bcMr Se"^ -Ccpctc^CV^cUrl^ic^^V^ (t^olcf.ilSart.K- *^^^^*^^
'^vlUtrrtiara ^yZlA. U^v)Si'h^oZVia. cfomxTif :&nr
4-. ?.
]^u^TO^^cnoui(t
7. 8. 9. 40.
S^at'a<:4rcy ^^£^i<^ jm^^c^eyot.^^ 6tr«. ff^fffUnm, ^c^ty^ap^toztttu
^^Scc^e/toK^ -|^^.>Wf^fe ^^-^^g^^^^
Drawn- by MATTHE^v Paris, &c.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
device appears in the Sneyd coat, as follows : " Argent,
a scythe, the blade in chief, the sned in bend
sinister sable, in the fess point a ileur-de-lis of the
second." In Poland, where their use is not frequent, the
Counts Jezierski bore : " Gules, two sc3'the-blades in
oval, the points crossing each other argent, and the ends
in base tied together or, the whole surmounted in chief
in some cases the arms are far from being of assured
authority.
Fig. 596. — Armorial bearings of James Piatt Mawdsley, Gentleman :
Sable, two che^Tonels argent between as many hammers in chief
and a fleur-de-lis in base of the last ; and for his crest, on a wreath
of the colours, an eagle displayed sable, seme of annulets argent,
and holding in the beak a hammer as in the arms ; with the motto,
"Conatu."
by a cross-patriarchal-patee, of which the lower arm on
the sinister side is wanting."
Two sickles appear in the arms of Shearer (Fig. 515),
while the Hungerford crest in the case of the Holdich-
Hungerford family is blazoned : " Out of a ducal
coronet or, a pepper garb of the first between two sickles
erect proper."
A Balance forms one of the charges of the Scottish
Corporation of the Dean and Faculty of Advocates :
" Gules, a balance or, and a sword argent in saltire, sur-
mounted of an escutcheon of the second, charged with
a lion rampant within a double tressure flory oounter-
flory of the first," but it is a charge of infrequent
appearance. It also figures in the arms of the Institute
of Chartered Accountants (Plate CXXL).
Bannerman of Elsick bears a Banner for arms :
" Gules, a banner displayed argent and thereon on a
canton azure a saltire argent as the badge of Scotland."
A variation of this blazon may be seen in the arms of
Bruce Bannerman ^ (Plate XVIII.).
A Book or Books are, however, of more frequent
use. The family of Rylands, to whose generosity
Manchester owes the Rylands Library (Fig. 597), af-
fords a case in point, and such charges occur in
many university and collegiate achievements, though
' Arms of William Bruce Bannerman, F.S.A., and F.S.A. Scot. :
Gnles, a fess between two boars' heads erased or in chief, and a
banner displayed bendwise in base argent, thereon a canton azure,
charged with a saltire of the third. Mantling gules, doubled or.
Crest : on a wreath of his liveries, a demi-man in armour affronte,
bis dester hand grasping a sword all proper, and his sinister hand
holding a banner displayed as in the arms. Motto: "Propatria."
Fig. 597. — Armorial bearings of Mrs. Enriqueta Augustina Rylands
of Longford Hall : Azure, a cross patonce or, on a chief of
the last, an open book proper, and impaling the arms of Tennant,
namely : argent, gutte-de-pois, two bars invected per pale sable
and gnles, each bar charged with three bezants.
Buckets and Water-hoihgets can claim a wider use.
In English armory Pemberton has three buckets (Fig.
598), and water - bougets appear in the well-known
Fig. 598. — Armorial bearings of the Rev. Thomas Percy Pemberton, M.A. :
Quarterly, I and 4, argent, a chevron between three buckets sable,
with hoops and handles or ; 2 and 3. argent, three dragons' heads
erect sable, couped and langued gules, and (for distinction) in the
centre of the quarters a cross patee gules. Mantling sable and
argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a dragon's head erect
sable, couped and langued gules, and (for distinction) charged with
a cross patee argent. Motto: " Nee temere nee timide."
Fig. 599, — Arms of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex,
I and 4, argent, a cross engrailed gules, bet
bougets sable (for Bourchier) ; 2 and 3 gules,
argent (for Louvaiu). (From his seal.)
233
K.G. : Quarterly,
ween four water-
billette or, a fess
2g
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arms of Bourchier (Fig. 599) and in
Heard (Fig. 600).
the coat of stall : " Sable, three wool-oombs argent," while the
Russian Counts Anrep-Elmpt use : " Or, a comb in bend
azure, the teeth downwai-ds."
As a charge an Ermine Sjwt or Spots do not figure
very frequently, though cases are to be found instancing
their occasional use. The famil}' of Bury (Fig. 603)
affords a case of a single ermine spot. Charged upon
another charge they appear in the shield of Stone"'
(Plate XX.), but instances of such use are very rare.
Fig. 600. — Armorial bearings of Samuel Thomas Heard, Esq. : Argent
on a chevron gules, between three water-bougets sable, as many
crescents or. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, a demi-antelope proper, ducaUy gorged or, and charged
on the shoulder with a water-bouget as in the arms. Motto :
" Audior."
Water-bougets, which are really the old form of water-
bucket, were leather bags or bottles, two of which were
carried on a stick over the shoulder. The heraldic
water-bouget represents the pair. The shield of Fairlie
(Fig. 601), and of Islington (Fig 602), will afford illus-
tration of the shape of these charges.
Fig. 601. — Arms of James Ogilvy Fairlie. Esq., of Mynes Castle, Fife-
shire : A chevron between three water-bougets sable, within a
bordure engrailed ermines, charged with as many lions' heads
affronte gules, imperially crowned proper. Upon the escutcheon
is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable,
doubled argent ; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest,
a lion's head couped gules ; and in an escroll over the same this
motto, " Tak' thocht."
The use of Comhs is infrequent, though as regards
English arms the instance of Ponsonby, Earls of Bess-
borough, may be cited. They also figure in the delight-
fully punning Scottish coat for Rocheid.
Generally when they do occur in heraldry they repre-
sent combs for carding wool, as in the shield of Tun-
^5^^^»^>^C^5®g|^>
Fig. 602. — Arms of Isliogton : Per fess gules and argent, a cross counter-
changed between a cross potent or in the first quarter, a lion ram-
pant argent in the second quarter, an eagle displayed in the third,
and a water-bouget in the fonrth, both sable. Crest ; in front of
a water-bouget sable, a long bow stringed fesswise, and an aiTOw
erect proper.
Coloured ermine spots occur in the arms of Maynard
(Fig. 256).
Escallops may perhaps be allowed to rank as one of
the most widely used heraldic charges both in English
and other armories. They figured in early days outside
the limits of heraldry as the badge of pilgrims going to
the Holy Land, and may be seen on the shields of many
families at the period of the Crusades. Many other
families have adopted them in the hope of a similar
^' Armorial bearings of Robert Sidney Stone, Esq., Barrister-at-Law:
Gules, a chevron ermine between three lozenges or, each charged with
an ermine spot sable. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befit-
ting his degree. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the
colours, a horse courant sable, bridled, crined, and hoofed or. Motto :
" Quid merui meum est."
234
PLATE LXXIII.
I^etnod) -w IMtingm-
U B Lie
ARMS FROM THE WEIXGARTXER AND HEIDELBERG SOXG BOOKS.
Primed at Stutlpart.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
interpretation being applied to the appearance of The Scottish family of Pringle, of Greenknowe, sup-
them in the arms of their o\Yn faiBilies. Indeed, so plies an instance in : " Azure, three escallops or withm
numerous are the cases in which they occur that a bordure engrailed of the last ; " while the Irisk Earls
Fig. 603. — Armorial bearings of William Pennefather Arthur Forbes
Phineas Bury : Vert, a cross orosslet or, on a canton argent, an
ermine spot sable. Mantling vert and or. Crest : on a wreath of
the colours, a boar's head or, couped at the shoulder, pierced at
the neck with a spear embrued proper. Motto : " Virtus sub cruce
crescit."
a few representative ones must suffice, e.cj. the arms
of Fletcher (Fig. 604), Foster (Fig. 605), and the
shield of the University Extension College at Reading
(Fig. 606).
Fig. 604. — Armorial bearings of the Rev. William Dadley Saul Flet-
cher, Clerk in Holy Orders, B.D. : Per bend sable and gules, a
cross flory quarter-pierced argent, between four escallops or.
Mantling sable and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours,
a demi-talbot rampant gnles, ducally gorged and charged with an
escallop or. Motto: " Dieu pour nous."
i DCCITAHI • MOM ■ HEBESCEREj
Fig. 605. — Armorial bearings of William Henry Foster, Esq., M.P. :
Party per pale argent and sable, on a chevron a pheon between
two escallops, in chief as many pheons and in pale two escallops,
all counterchanged, and impaling the arms of Pakenham-Mahon,
namely : quarterly, i and 4, or, a lion rampant azure, armed and
langued gules ; 2 and 3, quarterly, or and gules, in the first quarter
an eagle displayed vert. Mantling sable and argent. Crest ; on
a wreath of the colours, in front of an antelope's bead erased
proper, gorged with a collar vair, ringed and lined or, an escallop
between two pheons fesswise of the last. Motto: " Excitari non
hebescere."
Fig. 606. — Arms of the University Extension College at Reading : Per
fess gules and sable, in chief three escallops fesswise or, and in
base on a cross engrailed argent, a rose of the first, barbed
and seeded proper.
They also occurred in the arms of the Lords Dacre, of Bandon bore : " Argent, on a bend azure three es-
who bore: "Gules, three escallops argent;" and an callops of the field."
escallop argent was used by the same family as a badge. In this connection we may notice the appearance of
235
THE ART OF HERALDRY
HENSVSWAINSON COWPER.,ESrjL.|
HAWKSHEAD.
Fig. 607. — Arms of Hammersmith ; Party per pale azure
and gules, on a chevron between two cross crosslets
in chief and an escallop in base argent, three horse-
shoes of the first. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
upon the battlements of a tower, two hammers in
saltire all proper. Motto; " Spectemur agendo."
Fig. 609. — Bookplate of Henry Swainson Cowper,
Esq., F.S.A. : Or, two barrulets wavy azure,
between two borse-shoes in chief sable and a
lantern in base proper, a crescent for distinc-
tion. Mantling azure and or. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, a cubit arm erect, vested gules,
cuff argent, holding in the hand a lantern
suspended to a staif proper. Motto : " Conduce."
Fig. 60S. — Arms of Swindon: Quarterly per fess nebuly azure and gules, a pile argent, thereon three crescents of
the second in the first quarter; three castles, one and two, of the third in the second; a mitre or in the
third ; a winged wbeel of the last in the fourth ; and a chief also of the third, thereon a locomotive engine
proper. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a dexter arm embowed proper, grasping two hammers in saltire
or. Motto : "Salubritas et industria."
236
PLATE LXXIV.
•HJ«BSP;
^§^
mm
EXAMPLES FROM THE ZURICH " WAPPENROLLE.'
Printed ai SiuUgnrt.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Whelk-Shells in the arms of Storey " (Plate XV.) ; while
Whitby aftbrds a variety of a shell bearing some re-
semblance to a cornucopia. This coat, however, has no
authority.
Hammers figure in the arms of Hammersmith
(Fig. 607) and of Swindon (Fig. 608).
(Fig. 609), and the arms of the town of Hove (Fig. 610)
attbrds the absolutely unique instance of the use of
Leg-Irons.
Three towns — Eccles (Fig. 528), Bootle, and Ramsgate
— supply cases in which Lighthouses are depicted, and
these would appear, so far as can be ascertained, not
Fig. 610. — Arms of Hove : Per chevron, the chief per pale or and gules, on the dexter a saltire azure surmounted by
another argent, and on the sinister two pairs of leg-irons, one chevronwise, the other reversed and interlaced of
the lirst ; the base chequy azure and or, three martlets one and two of the last, all within a bordure ermine
charged with sis martlets also or. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, on a mount of shingle, an ancient
ship proper, with the sail displayed azure, seme of cross crosslets or, and on a banner gules, flying from the
masthead to the dexter, a martlet as in the arms. Motto : " Floreat Hova,"
A Lantern is depicted in the shield of Cowper
^ Armorial bearings of Herbert Lushington Storey, Esq. : Per fess
indented argent and gules, a pale with three whelk-shells, two and one,
and as many storks, one and two, all counterchanged. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, upon a rock proper, a
whelk-shell fesswise gules, thereon a stork argent. Motto: " Deficiam
aut efiiciam."
only to be restricted to English armory, but to the
three towns now named.
Locomotives appear in the arms of Swindon (Fig. 608)
and the Great Central Railway (Fig. 611).
Of a similar industrial character is the curious coat
of arms granted at his express wish to Mr. Samson
Fox, which contains a representation of the Corrugated
237
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Boiler-Flue which formed the basis of his fortune are thus blazoned : " Vert, a sand-glass running argent.
(Fig. 612). and in chief the Holy Bible expanded proper." This
charge is also met with in the arms of White-Thomson
(Fig.^498).
Fig. 611. — Arms of the Great Central Railway: Argent, on a cross
gules, voided of the field, between two wings in chief sable and
as many daggers erect in base of the second, in the fess point a
morion winged of the third, on a chief also of the second a pale
of the first, thereon eight arrowy saltirewise banded also of the
third, between on the dexter side three bendlets enhanced and on
the sinister a fleur-de-lis or. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
a representation of the front of a locomotive engine proper, be-
tween two wings or. [The grant is dated February 25, 1898.]
Fig. 5i2. — Armorial bearings of the late Samson Fox, Esq. : Argent, a
representation of a corrugated boiler-flue fesswise proper, between
two foxes courant gules, each holding in its mouth a trefoil slipped
vert. Crest : upon a wreath of the colours, a representation of a
corrugated boiler-flue as in the arms and thereupon a fox gules,
resting the dexter paw upon a trefoil slipped vert ; with the motto,
" Forti nihil diflicile."
Fig. 613. — Armorial bearings of Henry Hargreaves Bolton, Esq.: Per
pale argent and gules, two bii-d-bolts in saltire, sormounted in the
centre by a tun between three roses all counterchanged. Mantling
gules and argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, three bird-
bolts, two in saltire and one in fess proper, thereon a falcon
close, belled and jessed or. Motto : " Sursum corda."
A Scottish corporation, too, supplies a somewhat un-
usual charge, that of Scissors : " Azure, a pair of scissors
or" (Incorporation of Tailors of Aberdeen); though
a Swabian family (by name Jungingen) has for its
arms: "Azure, a pair of scissors open, blades upwards
argent."
An instance of the use of a Sand-Glass occurs in the
arms of the Scottish family of Joass of Collinwort, which
238
Fig. 614. — Armorial bearings of John Robert Carter, Esq. : Per chevron
or and purpure, two taus in chief and a cartwheel of eight spokes
in base all counterchanged. Mantling purpure and or. Crest :
on a wreath of the colours, in front of a tau purpure, a demi-
cartwheel or. Motto : " In hoc signo vinces."
Barrels and Casks, which in heraldry are always
known as " tuns," naturally figure in many shields
where the name lends itseU* to a pun, as in the arms
of Bolton (Fig. 613).
Viols are depicted in the shield of Suttie ["Azure
THE ART OF HERALDRY
three viols argent, stringed sable"], though these
should more accurately have been classified with the
musical instruments which have been already alluded to.
Wheels occur in the shield of Oldtield and Turner
[" Argent, gutte-de-sang, a wheel of eight spokes sable,
on a chief wavy azure, a dolphin naiant of the first "] and
Carter (Fig. 614), and also in the arms of Gooch.
The list of heraldic charges is very far from being
exhausted. The foregoing must, however, suffice, as
there does not appear to be any good purpose served
by turning a heraldic work into a general encyclopaedia
or a trade catalogue. Those who are curious to pursue
the subject further should examine the arms, both
ancient and modern, of towns and trade companies.
A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER XXIV
THE HERALDIC HELMET
SINCE one's earliest lessons in the rules of heraldry,
we have been taught, as one of the fundamental
laws of the achievement, that the helmet by its
shape and position is indicative of rank ; and we early
learnt by rote that the esquire's helmet was of steel, and
was placed in profile, with the visor closed ; the helmet of
the knight and baronet was to be open and affronte ; that
the helmet of the peer must be of silver, guarded by grills
and placed in profile ; and that the royal helmet was of
gold, with grills, and ati'ronte. Until recent years certain
stereotyped forms of the helmet for these varying cu'cum-
stances were in use, hideous alike both in the regularity
of their usage and the atrocious shapes into which they
had been evolved. These regulations, like some other
adjuncts of heraldic art, are comparatively speaking of
modern origin. Heraldry in its earlier and better days
knew them not, and they came into vogue about the
Stuart times, when heraldic art was distinctly on the
wane. It is puzzling to conceive a desire to stereotype
these particular forms, and we take it that the fact,
which is undoubted, arose from the lack of heraldic
knowledge on the part of the artists, who, having one
form before them, which they were assured was correct,
under the circumstances simply reproduced this par-
ticular form in facsimile time after time, not knowing
how far they might deviate from the lines they copied
and still remain correct. The knowledge of heraldry
by the heraldic artist was the real point underlying the
excellence of mediaeval heraldic art, and underlying the
excellence of much of the heraldic art in the revival of
the last few years. As it has been often pointed out,
in olden times they " played " with heraldry, and therein
lay the excellence of that period. The old men knew
the lines within which they could "play," and knew
the laws which they could not transgress. Their
successors, ignorant of the laws of arms, and afraid of
the hidden meanings of armory, had none but the
stereotyped lines to foUow. The result was bad. Still
later followers, ignorant alike of the laws and the
meaning of heraldry, made hash of both arts and laws.
Let us first consider the development of the actual
helmet, and then its application to heraldic purposes
will be more readily followed.
To the modern mind, which grumbles at the weight
of present-day head coverings, it is often a matter of
great wonder how the knights of ancient days managed
to put up with the heavy weight of the great iron
helmet, with its wooden or leather crest. A careful
study of ancient descriptions of tournaments and battle
will supply the clue to the explanation, which is simply
that the helmet was very seldom worn. In ceremonial
purposes and occasions it was carried by a page, and in
actual use it was carried slung at the saddle-bow until
the last moment, when it was donned for action as
blows and close contact became imminent. Then, by
the nature of its construction, the weight was carried
by the shoulders, the head and neck moving freely
within necessary limits inside. All this will be more
readily apparent when the helmet itself is considered.
Our present-day ideas of helmets — their shape, their
size, and their proportions — are largely taken from the
specimens manufactured (not necessarily in modern
times) for ceremonial purposes ; e.g. for exhibition as
insignia of knighthood. By far the larger proportion of
the helmets now to be seen were purposely made (cer-
tainly at remote dates) not for actual use in battle or
tournament, but for ceremonial use, chiefly at funerals.
Few, indeed, are the examples still existing of helmets
which have been actually used in battle or tournament.
Why there are so few remaining to us, when every
person of position must necessarily have possessed one
throughout the Plantagenet period, and probably at any
rate to the end of the reign of Henry VII., is a mystery
which has puzzled many people — for helmets are not,
like glass and china, subject to the vicissitudes of
breakage. The reason is doubtless to be found in the
fact that at that period they were so general, and so
little out of the common, that they possessed no greater
value than any other article of clothing ; and whilst the
real helmet, lacking a ceremonial value, was not pre-
served, the sham ceremonial helmet of a later period,
possessing none but a ceremonial value, was preserved
from ceremonial to ceremonial, and has been passed on
to the present day. But a glance at so many of these
helmets which exist will plainly show that it is quite
impossible for any man's head to have gone inside
them, and the sculptured helmets of what may seem to
us uncouth shape and exaggerated size, which are occa-
sionally to be found as part of a monumental effigy, are
the size and shape of the helmets that were worn in
battle. This accounts for the much larger-sized helmets in
Eroportion to the size of shield which will be found in
eraldic emblazonments of the Plantagenet and Tudor
periods. The artists of those periods were accustomed to
the sight of real helmets, and knew and drew the real
proportion which existed between the fighting helmet
and the fighting shield. Aitists of Stuart and Georgian
days knew only the ceremonial helmet, and conse-
quently adopted and stereotyped its impossible shape,
and equally impossible size. Victorian heraldic artists,
ignorant alike of the actual and the ceremonial, reduced
the size even further, and until the recent revulsion in
heraldic art, with its reversion to older types, and its
copying of older examples, the helmets of heraldry had
reached the uttermost limits of absurdity.
The recent revival of heraldry is due to men with
accurate and extensive knowledge, and many recent
examples of .heraldic art well compare with ancient
types. One happy result of this revival is a return to
older and better types of the helmet. But it is little
239
THE ART OF HERALDRY
use discarding the " heraldic " helmet of the stationer's
shop unless a better and more accurate result can be
shown, so that it will be well to trace in detail the pro-
gress of the real helmet from earliest times.
In the Anglo-Saxon period the common helmet was
merely a cap of leather, often four-cornered, and with a
serrated comb (Figs. 615 and 616), but men of rank had
Fig. 615.
riG. 616.
a conical one of metal (Fig. 617), which was frequently
richly gilt. About the time of Edward the Confessor a
small piece, of varying breadth, called a " nasal," was
added (Fig. 618), which, with a quilted or gamboised
Fig. 617.
Fig. 618.
hood, or one ot mail, well protected the face, leaving
little more than the eyes exposed ; and in this form the
helmet continued in general use until towards the end
of the twelfth century, when we find it merged into or
Fig. 619.
supplanted by the " chapelle-de-fer," which is first
mentioned in documents at this period, and was shaped
like a flat-topped, cylindrical cap. This, however, was
soon enlarged so as to cover the whole head (Fig. 6 1 9), an
Fig. 620.
Fig. 621.
opening being left for the features, which were some-
times protected by a movable " aventaille," or visor,
instead of the "nasal." This helmet (which was adopted
by Richard I., who is also sometimes represented with
a conical one) was the earliest form of the large war an
tilting " heaume " (or helm), which was of great weight
and strength, and often had only small openings or shts
for the eyes (Figs. 620 and 621). These eyepieces were
either one wide slit or two, one on either side. The
former was, however, sometimes divided into two by an
ornamental bar or buckle placed across. It was after-
wards pointed at the top, and otherwise slightly varied
in shape, but its general torm appears to have been the
Fig. 622.
Fig. 623.
same until the end of the fourteenth century (Figs. 622,
623, and 642 to 645).
Plate L. Fig. i is a representation of a helmet of this
character from a carving in the St. Maurice Chapel in
the Cathedral at Constance, and the date of it is 1218.
This type of helmet is usually known as the " pot-
shaped." The helmets themselves were sometimes
painted, and Fig. 624 represents an instance which is
Fig. 624. — Painted "Fot-Helmet," c. 1241.
painted in green and white diagonal stripes. The illus-
tration is from a parchment MS. of about 1241 now in
the Town Library of Leipzie, Fig. 625 shows another
Fig. 625. — "Pot-Helmet," from the Encit of Heinrich von Veldeke.
German example of this type, being taken from the
Eneit of Heinrich von Veldeke, a MS. now in the Royal
Library in Berlin, belonging to the end of the twelfth
century. The crest depicted in this case, a red lion,
must be one of the earliest instances of a crest. These
are the helmets which we find on early seals and effigies,
as will be seen from Figs. 626 to 635.
240
•PLATE LXXV.
EXAMPLES FROM THE ZURICH "WAPPEXROLLE/^
Printed «t Stnttgirt
THE ART OF HERALDRY
A
4
Fig. 626. — Helmet of Hamelin,
Earl of Surrey and Warenne
(rf. 1202). (From MS. Cott.,
Julius, C. vii)
Fig. 627. — From the seal of
William de Fortis, Earl of Albe-
marle {d. 1242).
Fig. 62S. — From the seal of
Richard de Clare, Earl of Glou-
cester and Hertford {d. 1262).
Fig. 629.— From the seal of
Hash de Vera, Earl of Oxford
{rf.1263).
Fig. 630.— From the seal of Gil-
bert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester
and Hertford [d. 1295).
Fig. 631. — From the seal (1231-
1240) of Roger le Bigod, Earl of
Norfolk.
Fig. 632 — From the seal of
Richard Plantagenet, Earl of
Cornwall, King of the Romans
id. 1272).
Fig. 633. — From the seal of
Robert de Ferrars, Earl of
Derby {d. before 1279).
Fig. 634. — From the seal of John
de Warenne, Earl of Surrey [d.
1305)-
241
Fig. 635. — From the seal (1315)
of John de Bretagne, Earl of
Richmond.
2h
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The cylindrical or " pot-shaped " helmet of the
Plantagenets, however, disappears in the latter part of
the thirteenth century, when we first find mention of the
" bascinet " (from Old French for a basin). Figs. 636
to 641. This was at first merely a hemispherical steel
Fig. 636.
Fig. 637.
Fig. 63S.
cap, put over the coif of mail to protect the top of
the head, when the knight wished to be relieved from
the weight of his large helm (which he then slung at
his back or carried on his saddlebow), but stUl did not
consider the mail coif sufficient protection. It soon be-
came pointed at the top, and gradually lower at the
back, though not so much as to protect the neck.
In the fourteenth century the mail, instead of being
Fig. 640.
Fig. 641.
carried over the top of the head, was bung to the
bottom rim of the helmet, and spread out over the
shoulders, overlapping the cuirass (Figs. 636 to 641).
This was called the " oamail,'' or " curtain of mail." It
is shown in Figs. 637 to 639 fastened to the bascinet by
a lace or thong passing through staples.
The large helm, which throughout the fourteenth
century was still worn over the bascinet, did not fit down
Fig. 642.
Fig. 643.
closely to the cuirass (though it may have been fastened
to it with a leather strap), its bottom curve not being
sufficiently arched for that purpose ; nor did it wholly
rest on the shoulders, but was probably wadded inside
so as to fit closely to the bascinet.
It is doubtful if any actual helm previous to the four-
teenth century exists, and there are very few of that
period remaining. In that of the Black Prince at
Canterbury (Fig. 264) the lower, or oyUndrioal, portion
is composed of a front and back piece, riveted together
at the sides, and this was most likely the usual form of
construction ; but in the helm of Sir Richard Pem-
bridge (Figs. 642 and 643) the three pieces (cy Under,
conical piece, and top piece) of which it is formed are
fixed -svith nails, and are so welded together that no
trace of a join is visible. The edges of the metal,
Fig. 644.
Fig. 645.
turned outwards round the ocularium, are very thick,
and the bottom edge is rolled inwards over a thick
wire, so as not to cut the surcoat. There ai-e many
twin holes in the helmet for the aiglets, by which the
crest and lambrequin were attached, and in front, near
the bottom, are two -|- shaped holes for the T bolt,
which was fixed by a chain to the cuirass.
The helm of Sir Richard Hawberk (Figs. 644 and 645),
(Side.)
(Top.)
Figs. 646 and 647.— The " Linz " Pot-Helmet.
who died in 1417, is made of five pieces, and is very
thick and heavy. It is much more like the later form
adapted for jousting, and was probably only for use in
the tUt-yard ; but, although more firmly fixed to the
cuirass than the earlier helm, it did not fit closely down
to it, as all later helms did.
Singularly few examples of the pot-helmet actually
exist. The " Linz " example (Figs. 646 and 647), which
is now in the Franoisco-Carolinum Museum at Linz, was
dredged out of the Traun, and is unfortunately very
much corroded by rust. The fastening-place for the
crest, however, is well preserved. The example belongs
to the first half of the fourteenth century.
The so-called " Pranker-Helm " (Plate L. Fig. 2, and
242
PLATE LXXVl.
lOff
ARMS f-ROM GELRE'S " WAPEXBOECK."
Primed nt Stutt^Hrt
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Plate L. Fig. 3, see also Fig. 648), from the chapter of
Seckau, now in the collection of armour in the Historical
Court Museum at Vienna, and belonging to the middle
of the fourteenth centurj-, could only haVe been used for
tournaments. It is made of four strong hammered
Fig. 64S.— Praaker-Helm.
sheets of iron 1-2 millimetres thick, with other strength-
ening plates laid on. The helmet by itself weighs 5
kilogrammes 357 grammes. The crest depicted upon
the helmet in Plate L., viz. two golden horns with
sUver combs, which is made, as were most crests, of
stiflened leather, certainly belongs to the same family
(Prank of Styria), but not to the same helmet; for whilst
the latter belongs to the middle of the fourteenth cen-
tury, the crest only originated at the beginning of the
fifteenth century. The crest itself weighs r kilogramme
409 grammes.
The custom of wearing the large helm over the basci-
net being clumsy and troublesome, many kinds of visor
were invented, so as to dispense with the large helm,
except for jousting, three of which are represented in
Figs. 636, 640, and 641. In the first a plate shaped
somewhat to the nose was attached to the part of the
cam ail which covered the mouth. This plate, and the
mail mouth-guard, when not in use, hung downwards
towards the breast : but when in use it was drawn up
and attached to a staple or locket on the front of the
bascLnet. This fashion, however, does not appear to
have been adopted in England, but was peculiar to
Grermany, Austria, &c. None of these contrivances
seem to have been very satisfactory, but towards the
end of the fourteenth century the large and salient
Fig. 649.
Fig. 650.
beaked visor was invented (Fig. 649). It was fixed to
hinges at the sides of the bascinet with pins, and was
removable at will. A high collar of steel was next
added as a substitute for the camail. This form of
helmet remained in use during the first half of the
fifteenth century, and the large helm, which was only
used for jousting, took a different form, or rather
several different forms, which may be divided into
three kinds. In this connection it should be re-
membered that the heavy jousting helmet to which
the crest had relation was probably never used in
actual warfare. The first was called a bascinet, and was
used for combats on foot. It had an almost spherical
crown-piece, and came right down to the cuirass, to
which it was firmly fixed, and was, like all large helms
of the fifteenth century, large enough for the wearer to
move his head about freely inside. The helm of Sir
Giles Capel (Fig. 650) is a good specimen of this class : it
has a visor of great thickness, in which are a great
number of holes, thus enabling the wearer to see in
every direction. The " barbute," or ovoid bascinet,
with a chin-piece riveted to it, was somewhat like this
helm, and is often seen on the brasses of 1430- 1450 ;
the chin-piece retaining the name of " barbute," after the
bascinet had gone out of fashion.
The second kind of large helm used in the fifteenth
century was the "jousting-hebn," which was of great
strength, and firmly fixed to the cuirass. One from the
Brooas Collection (Figs. 651 and 652, date about 1500)
Fig. 651. " Fig. 652.
is perhaps the grandest helm in existence. It is formed
of three pieces of different thicknesses (the front piece
being the thickest), which are fixed together with strong
iron rivets with salient heads and thin brass caps sol-
dered to them. The arrangements for fixing it in front
and behind are very complete and curious.
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, on Plate L. are four dift'erent views
of the jousting or tilting helmet, and are reproduced
from a model specially made for this purpose from a
good original. The shape and style correspond to the
second half of the fifteenth century. The manner in
which the helmet was connected with the rest of the
armour is shown in Fig. 653, which is a representation of
a German suit of tilting armour of the period about
1480, now in the collection of armour at the Royal
Museum in Vienna. The illustration was made
and is reproduced by the courtesy of Herr Director
Boheim.
A custom, peculiar apparently to Germany, was the
wearing of the " monile," sometimes termed a neck
crest. This, suspended by a chain round the neck,
was usually the badge of a tournament association or
league of knights, occasionally a personal " favour " or
badge of high service. These have sometimes been
243
THE ART OF HERALDRY
introduced into heraldic achievements, and are doubt-
less the origin of collars and badsfes of knisrhthood.
Fig. 653.
-German Tiltinii: Armour, 14S0, from the Collection in
the Museum at Vienna.
The Emperor Maximilian commissioned Albrecht
Dtirer about the year 1514 to design and prepare
sketches of armour, in which the Gothic design of
the armour of the period should be brought into har-
mony with the artistic taste of the Renaissance. Figs.
8 and 9 on Plate L. are representations of two helmets
according to his designs. The sheet from which these
two figures are taken is to be found in the collection of
Leon Bonnat Ln Paris (compare the two figures, Figs. 1
and 2, on Plate XCIIL).
Of the same character but of a somewhat different
shape is the helmet (Fig. 654) of Sir John Gostwick,
^V~-
Fig. 654. — Tilting-Helmet of Sir John Gostwick, 1541.
who died in 1541, which is now in Willington Church,
Bedfordshire. The illustration here ffiven is taken from
" The Portfolio," No. 33. The visor opening on the right
side of the helmet is evidently taken from an Italian
model.
The third and last kind of helm was the " tournament
helm," and was similar to the first kind, and also called
a " bascinet " ; but the visor was generally barred, or,
instead of a movable visor, the bars were riveted on
the helm, and sometimes the face was only protected by
a sort of wire-work, like a fencing-mask. It was only
used for the tourney or melee, when the weapons were
the sword and mace.
The " obapelle-de-fer," which was
in use in the thirteenth, fourteenth,
and fifteenth centuries, was a light
iron head-piece, with a broad, fiat
brim, somewhat turned down. Fig.
655 represents one belonging to the
end of the fifteenth century, which
is one of the few remaining, and is delicately forged
in one piece of thin, hard steel.
During the fourteenth century a new kind of helmet
arose, called in England the " sallad," or " sallet." The
word appears to have two derivations, each of which
was applied to a different form of head-piece. First, the
Italian " celata " (Fig. 656), which seems originally to
have been a modification of the bascinet. Second, the
German " schallern," the form of which was probably
suggested by the chapelle-de-fer. Both of these were
called by the French " salade," whence our English
Big. 655.
Fig. 656.
Fig. 657.
" sallad." The celata came lower down than the basci-
net, protected the back and sides of the neck, and,
closing round the cheeks, often left only the eyes, nose,
and mouth exposed. A standard of mail protected the
neck if required. In the fifteenth century the celata
ceased to be pointed at the summit, and was curved
outwards at the nape of the neck, as in Fig. 657.
The " schallern " (from shale, a shell, or bowl) was
Fig. 65S.
Fig. 659.
really a helmet and visor in one piece ; it had a slit for
the eyes, a projecting brim, and a long tail, and was
completed by a chin-piece, or " bavier " (Eng. " beaver "),
which was strapped round the neck. Fig. 658 shows a
German sallad and a Spanish beaver. The sallad was
244
PLATE LXXVII.
::3
tmttfd VtHt poH*»lvH-^
ARMS FROM THE ST CHRISTOPHER AM ARLBERG REGISTER.
['rinl«d nt Stultf;nrt
THE ART OF HERALDRY
much used in the fifteenth century, during the latter
half of which it often had a visor, as in one from Rhodes
(Fig. 659), which has a spring catch on the right side to
hold the visor in place when down. The rivets for its
lining-cap have large, hollow, twisted heads, which are
seldom found on existing sallads, though often seen in
sculpture.
The schale, schallern (seTielei-n). or sallad, either with
Fig. 660. — Schailem, with Crest of Bavaria {X)nke Ladwig
of Bavaria, 1449).
or without a visor, is very seldom seen in heraldic
use. An instance, however, in which it has been made
use of heraldically will be found in Fig. 660, which is
from a pen and ink drawing in the Fest-Buch of Paulus
Kel, a MS. now in the Royal Library at Munich. This
shows the schallern with the slit for seeing through,
and the fixed neck-guard. The " bart," " baviere," or
beaver, for the protection of the under part of the face.
Fig. 661. — Schallern (end of lifteentli centary).
is also visible. It is not joined to the helmet. The
helmet bears the crest of Bavaria, the red-crowned
golden lion of the Palatinate within the wings of the
curiously disposed Bavarian tinctures. Fig. 661 is a
very good representation of a schallern dating from the
latter part of the fifteenth century, with a sUding neck-
guard. It is reproduced from the Deutscher Herold,
1S92, No. 2.
Until almost the middle of the fifteenth century all
helmets fitted on the top of the head, or were put right
over ; but about 1440 the Italians made a great improve-
ment by inventing the " armet," the lower part of which
opened out with hinges, so that when put on it enclosed
the head, fitting closely round the lower part of it, while
its weight was borne by the steel collar, or "gorget."
The Italian armet had a roundel or disc to protect the
opening at the back of the neck, and a bavier strapped
on in front to cover the joining of the two cheek-pieces,
The earlier armets, like the beaked basoinet,had a camail
attached by a row of staples (Fig. 662), which was con-
tinued later, but then fixed either to a metal band or
leather strap and riveted to the base of the armet.
This form of helmet was not in common use in England
until about 1 500.
Fig. 662 shows the earliest form of Italian armet, with
Fig. 662.
Fig. 663.
a reinforcing-piece on the forehead, and a removable
visor. Date 1450-14S0. Fig. 663 represents an armet of
very fine form (probably Italian), which is a nearer ap-
proach to the close-helmet of the sixteenth century, as
the visor cannot be removed, and the eye-sUt is in the
visor instead of being formed by the space between it
and the crown-piece, and there is also no reinforcing-
piece in the crown. Date 1480-1500. Fig. 664 is stUl
more like the sixteenth-century helmet, for it opens
down the sides instead of down the chin and back, and
the same pivot which secures the visor also serves as a
hinge for the crown and chin-piece. The small men-
FlG. 664.
Fig. 665.
tonniere, or bavier, is equal on both sides, but it was
often of less extent on the right. Date about 1 500.
Fig. 665 shows a German fluted helmet, of magnificent
form and workmanship, which is partly engraved and
gilded. Date 1 5 10- 1 525. It opens down the chin, like
the early armets, but the tail-piece of the crown is much
broader. The skill shown in the forging of the crown
and the fluting of the twisted comb is most remarkable,
and each rivet for the lining-strap of the cheek-pieces
forms the centre of an engraved six-leaved rose. A
grooved rim round the bottom of the helmet fitted
closely on a salient rim at the top of the steel gorget, or
hause-col, so that when placed on its gorget and closed, it
could not be wrenched oft', but could yet be moved round
245
THE ART OF HERALDRY
freely in a horizontal direction. The gorget being arti-
culated, the head could also be raised or lowered a little,
but not enough to make this form of joint very desirable,
and a looser kind was soon substituted. Fig. 666 gives a
front view of a German helmet much Uke the last, ex-
cept as regards the visor. Date about 1520. Fig 667 is
Fig. 666.
Fig. 667.
Date
a very small, but prettily-shaped, ItaUan helmet.
1 5 20-1 540.
Fig. 668 shows what is perhaps the most perfect type
of close helmet. The comb is much larger than was
the custom at an earlier date, and much resembles
those of the morions of this period. The visor is formed
of two separate parts ; the upper fits inside the lower,
and could be raised to facilitate seeing without unfixins;
Fig. 66S.
Fig. 669.
the lower portion. It is engraved ^vith arabesques, and
is probably Italian. Date 1 550-1 570. Fig. 669 is an
English helmet, half-way between a close helmet and a
" burgonet." It is really a " casque," with cheek-pieces
to meet in front. The crown-piece is joined down the
middle of the comb. This helmet was probably made
for the Earl of Leicester. Date about 1590.
The word " burgonet " first appeared about the be-
FlG. 670.
Fig. 671.
ginning of the fifteenth century, and described a form
of helmet like the " celata," and called by that name in
Italy. It was completed by a " bufie," or chin-piece,
similar to the bavier. Fig. 670 is an Italian example.
the form of which is particularly graceful and classic.
Date I :; 30-1 540.
During this century the " morion " (Fig. 67 1 ), really an
improved " chapelle-de-fer," was much in use. It had
a curved top, surmounted by a comb and a broad,
turned-iip brim, and was often elaborately engraved
and gilt. The ' cabasset " (Fig. 672) was a similar head-
piece, but had a peaked top, surmounted by a small
spike turned backwards, and generally a flatter, nar-
rower brim than the morion. These three forms of
helmet were all called casques. Early in the seven-
teenth century the pikeman's helmet (Fig. 673) shows a
revival of almost the exact shape of the chapelle-de-fer
of the fifteenth (Fig. 655), but the workmanship is very
inferior.
Fig. 674 shows a close helmet (probably French) with
a wide gorget. It has strong reinforcing-pieoes on the
Fig. 672
Fig. 673
Fig. 674.
crown, which is very thick, the visor being thin. It
is very heavy, the total weight being 10 lbs., and was
probably meant for siege operations. It is of inferior
workmanship. Date 1600-1610. In the latter part of
the sixteenth century and later the tUting-helm was no
longer used, but a heavy plate of metal was fixed in
front of the helmet, which must have made it impossible
for the wearer to move his head.
The barred or grilled helmet owed its introduction to
Fig. 675. — "Grid-iron" Helmet (fifteenth century).
tournaments with swords and clubs, which necessitated
better opportunities of vision than the earlier tUting-
helm aftbrded, suflicient though that was for encounters
with the tilting-spear. The earliest form of this type of
helmet will be seen in Fig. 675, which is termed a " grid-
iron" helmet, developing shortly afterwards into the
form of Fig. 6^6, which has a lattice-work visor. The
former figure, the " grid-iron " helmet, is a representatior-
taken from an original now in the possession of Count
246
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Hans Wilczek, of Vienna. Fig. 676, tiie helmet with
the latticed visor, is from an example in the German
with many others of the same character, in the pageant
of the funeral procession of the Emperor Frederick III.
(IV.) in 1493. The helmets were made of leather, and
Fig. 676. — Helmet, with Latticed Visor (end of fifteenth century).
National Museum at Nilrnberg. Neither of these types
of helmet appears to have been regularly adopted into
heraldic art. Indeed they are seldom, if ever, to be
found in heraldic emblazonment. For pictorial and
artistic purposes they seem to be entirely supplanted in
paintings, in seals, and in sculpture by the "grilled"
helmet or " buckler." Whether this helmet, as we find
it depicted in paintings or on seals, was ever really worn
in battle or tournament seems very doubtful, and no
actual instance appears to have been preserved. On
the other hand, the so-called " Prunkhehne " (pageant
helmet) bucklers, frequently made of gUded leather
and other materials, are extant in some number. It is
evident from their nature, however, that they can only
have been used for ceremonial or decorative purposes.
Fig 677 shows one of these buckled " pageant " helmets
Fig. 678.-
-Pageant Helmet, with the Crest of Austria (ancient)
or Tyrol.
gilded, the two crests being carved out of boards
and painted. The Burgau wings, which are
inclined very far forward, are : " Bendy of six
argent and gules, charged with a pale or." In
their normal position the wings are borne up-
right. The second crest, which is 86 cm. in
height, is black, and adorned on the outside
ttdth eared pegs 4 cm. long, from which gold
linden-leaves hang. These helmets and crests,
which were formerly in St. Stephen's Cathedral,
are now in the Vienna Historical Museum.
Fig. 679 is another, and a rather interesting
Fig. 677.— Pageant Helmet with the Crest of Burgau. yje_ 679._pageant Helm, second half of the fifteenth century
(Sigmaringen).
surmounted by the crest of the Margraviate of Burgau.
Fig. 678 shows another of these pageant helmets, with the example, of these ceremonial helmets, and is constructed
crest of Austria (ancient) or of Tyrol. These were borne, of leather and linen, covered with a gilded design. The
247
THE ART OF HERALDRY
twig-shaped grills can surely never have had a counter-
part in actual armour. The height is about 38 cm.
During the seventeenth century the close helmet
often had a barred visor, and the face was gradually
more and more exposed.
The helmet of the Emperor Charles V. (Figs. 680
and 681) is a most magmficent example of this type.
Fig. 6S0. Fig. 6S1.
At the beginning of the seventeenth century the
workmanship became inferior, and beauty of line was
no longer sought after. Shortly afterwards helmets
ceased to be worn outside the regular army, and with
the subsequent evolution of military head coverings
heraldry has no concern. As a part of a heraldic
achievement the helmet is not so old as the shield. It
was not until the introduction of the crest that any one
thought of depicting a helmet with a shield. They
then bore no further relation to one another than did
the cuirass and the shield.
A careful and attentive examination of the early
" RoUs of Arms," and of seals and other ancient
examples of heraldic art and handicraft, will at once
make it plainly apparent that the helmets heraldically
depicted were in close keeping and of the style then
actually in use for warfare or tournament at the period.
This is particularly noticeable in the helmets shown
upon the stall plates of the Knights of the Garter in
St. George's Chapel at Windsor. The helms on the
early stall plates, though far from being identical in
shape, all appear to be of the same class or type of
tilting-helm drawn in profile. Amongst the early plates
only one instance (Richard, Duke of Gloucester, elected
1475) can be found of the barred helmet. This is the
period when helmets actually existed in fact, and were
actually used, but at the end of the sixteenth and the
beginning of the seventeenth centuries, when the
helmet was being fast relegated to ceremonial usage
and pictorial emblazonment, ingenious heralds began
to evolve the system by which rank and degree were
indicated by the helmet.
Before proceeding to consider British rules concerning
the heraldic helmet, it may be well to note those which
have been accepted abroad. In Germany heraldry has
known but two classes of helmet, the open helmet
guarded by bars (otherwise buckles or grills), and the
closed or " visored " helmet. The latter were the
helmets used by the newly ennobled, the former by the
older families of higher position, it being originally held
that only those families whose birth qualified them to
tilt were permitted to use this buckled helmet. Tourna-
ments were of course always conducted on very strict
lines. Woodward reprints in his " Treatise on Heraldry "
the "Tourney Regulations for the Exposure of Arms
and Crest, drawn up by Rene, Duke of Anjou, King of
Sicily and Jerusalem," from Menetrier's L'Origin des
Armoiries. The rules to be complied with are there
set out. Fig. 13 herein is a representation of a
" Helmschau," where this examination is being carried
on. It is interesting to notice therein that the whole
of the helmets without exception have the grilles.
Germany was perhaps the earliest country to fall from
grace in the matter, for towards the end of the fifteenth
century the buckled helmet is found with the arms of
the lower Briefadels (those ennobled by patent), and
the practice continued despite the violent protests of
the tournament families, who considered then pre-
rogative had been infringed. The closed helmet con-
sequently sank gradually in Germany to the grade of
a mere burgess's helmet, and as such became of little
account, although in former times it had been borne by
the proudest houses.
Similarly in France the " buckled " helmet was con-
sidered to be reserved for. the military noblesse, and
newly ennobled families were denied its use until the
third generation, when they became hons gentil-
hommes. Woodward states that when "in 1372
Charles V. conferred on the bourgeoisie of Paris the
right to use armorial bearings, it was strenuously
denied that they could use the timbred helm. In
1568 an edict of Charles IX. prohibited the use of
armoiries timhrees to any who were not noble by
birth." The grilles of the helmet produced with the
old French heralds the opportunity of a minutire of
I'ule which, considering the multitude of rules fathered,
rightly or wrongly, upon British heraldry, we may be
devoutly happy never reached our shores. 'They
assigned different numbers of grilles to different ranks,
but as the writers differ as to the varying numbers,
it is probable that such rules were never officially
accepted even in that country. In France the rule
was, much as in this country, a gold helmet for the
Sovereign, silver for princes and great nobles, steel for
the remainder. It is curious that though the timbred
helm was of course known in England whilst the con-
troversy as to its heraldic use was raging in France
and Germany, no heraldic use of it whatever occurs
till the beginning of the seventeenth century. From
Royalty to the humblest gentleman, all used for heraldic
purposes the closed or visored helms.
The present rules concerning helmets which hold in
Great Britain are that the helmet of the Sovereign and
the Royal princes of this country shall be of gold, placed
in an affronte position, and shall have grilles. The
helmet of a peer shall be of silver, shall be placed in
profile, and shall have golden grilles, frequently stated
to be five in number, a detail not stringently adhered
to. The helmet of a knight or baronet shall be of steel,
placed full faced, and shall be open, whilst the helmet
of an esquire or gentleman shall be of steel and in
profile, with the visor closed. Within these limits con-
siderable latitude is allowed, and even in official grants
of arms, which, as far as emblazonment goes, are very
much of a stereotyped style, actual unvarying adherence
to a particular pattern is not insisted upon.
There is not much latitude in the helmet of a peer,
but the arms of the Marquess of Ailsa, as shown in
Fig. 206, and the helmet of the Duke of Fife (Fig. 251),
are both good renderings of the heraldic helmet of a
peer as ordinarily depicted.
From the artistic point of view, surely nothing could
be uglier than the helmet assigned to the peer and
baronet. Fig. i, which represents the arms of Sir
Edward Malet, G.C.B., and Fig. 65, which gives the
arms of Sir Robert Gresley, Bart., afford two good ex-
amples of the open and full-faced helmet. Other artists
248
PLATE LXXVIII.
ARMS FROM THE ' ST CHRISTOPHER AM ARLBERG REGISTER.
Printed at Stattgart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
have expressed their ideas of the definition somewhat
differently, as will be seen from Figs. 117, 157, 169, 170,
187, 222, 255. 298. 316, and 333.
The methods of rendering the closed profile helmet of
an esquire or gentleman are legion. The helmets in the
illustrations of the arms of Mr. AV. G. Taunton (Fig.
6S0), Burnard (Fig. 94), and Warrington (Fig. 51) are
examples of the present official types. But other accep-
table and accurate examples will be found in Figs. 84,
91. 92, 93, 98, 100, 1 14, 127, 132, and 165.
Typically weak and impossible helmets of the regu-
lation style adopted by heraldic stationers will be found
in the reproductions of the bookplates in Figs. 89, 126,
and in Fig. 50.
The earliest instance amongst the Garter plates in
which a helmet with grilles is used to denote the rank
Fig. 6S0. — ^Armorial bearings of William Garnett Tannton, Esq.:
Quarterly of twenty-five, namely: i and 25, or, on a chevron
cottised gales, between three Cornish choughs proper, five lozenges
of the field (for Taunton) ; 2. argent, on a chief sable, three Moors'
heads or, wreathed gules (for Tanner) ; 3. argent, a chevron be-
tween three escallops sable (for Tregarthyn) ; 4. azure, a lion
rampant within an orle of eight escallops or (for Hender) ; 5.
argent, a lion rampant gules, within a bordure engrailed sable,
charged with eight bezants (for Cornwall) ; 6. argent, on a bend
sable, five bezants (for Chamberlayne) ; 7. argent, on a chevron
gules, three fleurs-de-lis or (for Fever) ; S. azure, a garb or, between
three bezants (for Grosvenor) ; 9. azure, a garb or (for Grosvenor) ;
10. azure, a bend or (for Grosvenor) ; ri. argent, two cbevronels
gules, on a canton of the last a cross crosslet fitchee or (for Mober-
ley) ; 12. azure, a stag lodged argent {for Downes) ; 13. sable, a
cross patonce argent {for Pulford) ; 14. azure, three pheasants or
(for Fesant) ; 15. argent, a cross patee flory sable, on a canton
gules, a wolf's head erased of the field (for Pershall) ; 16. argent,
a cross patee flory charged with an escutcheon sable (for Pershall) ;
17. vert, two lions passant in pale or (for Knighton); iS. azure,
fretty argent, a fess gules (for Caverswell) ; 19. azure, a chevron
between three mullets or (for Chetwynd) ; 20. gules, three pheons
argent (for Malpas) ; 21. gules, a scythe, the blade in chief and
the handle in bend sinister within a bordure argent (for Praers) ;
22. argent, a Moor's head in profile couped at the neck proper (for
Blackenhall) ; 23. gules, two scythes in saltire, the blades in chief
argent (for Prayers) ; 24. gules, two lions rampant combatant ar-
gent (for Winstanton) ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, five lozenges conjoined fesswise or, thereon a Cornish
chough proper ; with the motto, *' Virtus non stemma."
249 2 1
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of a peer is the stall plate of Lord Knollys in 1615. In
the Visitations but few instances can be found in which
the arms of peers are included. Peers were not com-
pelled to attend and enter their arms and pedigrees at
Visitations, doubtless owing to the fact that no Garter
King of Arms ever made a Visitation, whilst it has been
the long-asserted prerogative of Garter to deal with
peers and their arms by himself. At the same time,
however, there are some number of instances of peers'
arms and pedigrees in the Visitation Books, several
occurring in the 15S7 Visitation of Yorkshire. In these
cases the arms of peers are set out with supporters and
mottoes, but there is no difference between their helmets
and what we should now term the helmet of an esquire
or gentleman. This is all the more curious because
neither helmet nor motto is found in the tricks given of
the arms of commoners. Consequently one may with
certainty date the introduction of the helmet with grilles
as the distinguishing mark of a peer in this country
between the years 15S7 and 161 5. The introduction of
the open full-faced helmet as indicative of knight or
baronet is knoivn to date from about the period of the
Kestoration.
Whilst these fixed rules as to helmets are still scrupu-
lously adhered to by English heralds, Lyon King of Arms
would seem to be inclined to let them quietly lapse into
desuetude, and the illustration of the arms of Sir
George Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar, Bart., which will be
found in the chapter on supporters (Fig. 812), and
which was reproduced by photography from the paint-
ing made in the Lyon Register at the recent rematri-
culatiou of the arms, affords an instance in which the
rules have been ignored.
Some of the objections one hears raised to official
heraldry wUl not hold water when all facts are known ;
but one certainly thinks that those who object to the
present helmet and its methods of usage have ample
reason for such remarks as one frequently sees in prmt
upon the subject. To put it mildly, it is absolutely
ridiculous to see a helmet placed aflronte, and a lion
passant looking out over the side of it ; or to see a
helmet in profile with the crest of a man's head affronte
placed above it, and as a consequence also peeping over
the side. The necessity for providing a resting-place
for the crest other than unoccupied space has also led
to the ridiculous practice of depicting the wreath or
torse in the form of a straight bar balanced upon the
apex of the helmet. The rule itself as to the positions
of helmets for the varying ranks is officially recognised,
and the elaboration of the rule with regard to the
differing metals of the Royal helmet and the helmets
of peers and knights and baronets is officially followed ;
though the supposed regulation, which requires that the
helmet of an esquire or gentleman shall be of steel
alone is not, inasmuch as the helmet painted upon a
grant is alivays ornamented with gold.
These rules in England only date from the times of
the Stuarts, and they cannot be said to be advantageous
from any point of view; they are certainly distinctly
harmful from the artistic standpoint. It is plainly utterly
impossible to depict some crests upon a profile helmet,
and equally impossible to display others upon an affronte
helmet. In Scotland the crests do not afford quite such
a regular succession of glaring examples for ridicule as
is the ease in England. No need is recognised in Scot-
land for necessarily distinguishing the crest of one family
from that of another, though proper differences are
rigidly adhered to with regard to the coats of arms.
Nevertheless, Scotland provides us with many crests
which it is utterly impossible to actually carry on an
actual helmet, and examples of this kind can be found
in the rainbow which floats above the broken globe of
the Hopes (Fig. 231), and the coronets in space to which
the hand points in the crest of the family of Dunbar of
Boath, with many other similar absurdities.
In England an equal necessity for difference is insisted
upon in the crest as is everywhere insisted upon with
regard to the coat of arms ; and it is now rapidly be-
coming almost impossible to obtain a new crest which
has not got a row of small objects in front of it, or else
two somethings, one on either side. If a crest is to be
depicted between two ostrich feathers, for example, it
stands to reason that the central object should be placed
upon the centre of the helmet, whilst the ostrich feathers
would be one on either side — that is, placed in a position
slightly above the ears. Yet, if a helmet is to be rigidly
depicted Ln profile, with such a crest, it is by no means
inconceivable that the one ostrich feather at the one
side would hide both the other ostrich feather and
the central object, leaving the crest to appear when
properly depicted (for example if photographed from
a profile view of an actual helmet) as a single
ostrich feather. Take, for instance, the Sievier crest,
which is an estoUe between two ostrich feathers. If
that crest were properly depicted upon a profile
helmet, the one ostrich feather would undoubtedly
hide everything else, for it is hardly likely that the
estoile would be placed edge-forwards upon an actual
helmet ; and to properly display it, it ought to take its
place upon an affronte helmet. Under the present
rules it would be officially depicted with the estoile
facing the side, one ostrich feather in front over the
nose, and the other at the back of the head, which of
course reduces it to an absurdity. To take another
example, one might instance the crest of Sir William
Crookes (Fig. 157). It is hardly to be supposed that a
helmet would ever have been borne into a tournament
surmounted by an elephant looking out over the side ;
it would most certainly have had its head placed to
the front ; and yet, because Sir William Crookes is a
knight, he is required to use an affronte helmet, with
a crest which most palpably was designed for use in
profile. The absurd position which has resulted is
chiefly due to the position rules and largely a conse-
quence of the hideous British practice (for no other
nation has ever adopted it) of depicting, as is so
often done, a coat of arms and crest without the inter-
vening helmet and mantling; though perhaps another
cause may have had its influence. I allude to the
fact that an animal's head, for example, in profile, is
considered quite a diflerent crest to the same animal's
head when placed affronte ; and so long as this idea
holds, and so long as the rules concerning the position
of the helmet exist, for so long shall we have these
glaring and ridiculous anomahes. And whilst one
generation of a family has an affronte helmet and
another using the same crest may have a profile one, it
is useless to design crests specifically to fit the one or
the other.
Mr. G. W. Eve, who is certainlj' one of the most accom-
plished heraldic artists of the present time, has adopted
a plan in his work which, whilst conforming with the rules
to which I have referred, has reduced the peculiarities
resulting from their observance to a minimum. His
plan is simple, inasmuch as, with a crest which is
plainly affronte, and has to be depicted upon a profile
helmet, he slightly alters the perspective of each, twist-
ing round the helmet, which, whilst remaining slightly
in profile, more nearly approaches the affronte position,
and bringing the crest slightly round to meet it. In
this way he has obtained some very good results from
awkward predicaments. Mr. Joseph Foster, in his
" Peerage and Baronetage," absolutely discarded all
rules affecting the position of the helmet ; and though
250
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the artistic results may be excellent, his plan cannot be
commended, because whilst rules exist they ought to be
adhered to. At the same time, it must be frankly ad-
mitted that the laws of position seem utterly unneces-
sary. No other country has them — they are, as has
been shovi'n, impracticable from the artistic standpoint ;
and there can be very little doubt that it is highly de-
sirable that they should be wholly abolished.
It is quite proper that there should be some means
of distinction, and it would seem well that the helmet
with grilles should be reserved for peers. In this we
should be following or closely approximating to the
rules observed formerly upon the Continent, and if all
questions of position are waived the only difficulty
which remains is the helmet of baronets and knights.
The full-faced open helmet is ugly in the extreme —
anything would be preferable except an open helmet in
profile, and probably it would be better to wipe out the
rule on this point as well. Knights of any Order have
tlie circle of that order within which to place theu-
shields, and baronets have the augmentations of their
rank and degree. The knight bachelor would be the
only one to suffer. The gift of a plain circlet around
the shield or (following the precedent of a baronet), a
spur upon a canton or inesoutcheon, could easily remove
any cause of complaint.
But whilst one may think it well to urge strongly the
alteration of existing rules, it should not be considered
permissible to ignore rules which undoubtedly do exist
whilst those rules remain in force.
The helmets of knights and baronets and of esquires
and gentlemen, in accordance with present official
practice, are usually ornamented with gold, though this
would not appear to be a fixed and unalterable rule.
When two or more crests need to be depicted, various
Fig. 68i. — Armorial bearings of James Andrew ColviUe Wedderburn-
Maswell, Esq. : Quarterly, I and 4, argent, a saltire sable, in chief
a mullet gules, within a bordure azure (for Maxwell) ; 2 and 3,
argent, a chevron between three roses gules, barbed vert (for
Wedderbum). Mantling gules and argent. Crests: i. on a wreath
of his liveries, a stag lodged in front of a holly-tree proper (for
Maxwell) ; 2. on a wreath of bis liveries, an eagle's head erased
proper (for Wedderbum). Mottoes : " Reviresco " (for Maxwell) ;
*' Non degener " (for Wedderbum).
expedients are adopted. The English official practice is
to paint one helmet only, and Fig. 553, which represents
the arms of Brisbane of that Ilk, or Fig. 300, will show
the official English method of depicting two crests. The
same plan was adopted in Scotland, and Fig. 681, the
arms of J. A. C. Wedderburn-Maxwell, Esq., is a repro-
duction from an official Scottish emblazonment. The
dexter crest is naturally the more important and the
principal one in each case. By using one helmet only
the necessity of turning the dexter crest to face the
sinister was obviated.
The present official method adopted in England of
depicting three crests is to use one helmet only, and
all three crests face to the dexter. The centre one,
which is placed on the helmet, is the principal or first
crest, that on the dexter side the second, and the
one on the sinister the third.
In Germany, the land of many crests (no less than
thirteen were borne above the shield of the Markgraves
of Brandenburg-Anspach), there has from the earliest
times been a fixed invariable practice of never dissociat-
ing a crest from the helmet which supported it, and
consequentlj' one helmet to every crest has long been
the oruy recognised procedure. In this country and all
others duphcation of crests is quite a modern practice.
Amongst the Plantagenet Garter plates there is not a
single example to be found of a coat of arms with more
than a single crest, and there is no ancient British
example of more than one helmet which can be referred
to for guidance. The custom originated in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries in Germany. This point is
more fully dealt with in the chapter devoted to the
consideration of crests, but it may be here noted that
in Austria a knight may place two and a baron three
helmets over his shield. The Continental practice is as
follows : " When the number of the helms is even, they
are arranged so that all look inwards towards the centre
line of the escutcheon, half being turned to the dexter,
half to the sinister If the number be uneven, the
principal helm is placed in the centre affironte, the
others with their crests being turned towards it ; thus,
some face to the dexter, some to the sinister. The
crests are always turned with the helmets. In Scan-
dinavia the centre helm is afironte ; the others, with
their crests, are often turned outwards.
English officialism, whilst confining its own emblazon-
ments to one helmet only, has never sought to assert
that the use of two or more was either incorrect or
faulty heraldry, and particularly in these later days of
the revival of heraldic art in this country, aU heraldic
artists of the present day, following the German ex-
ample, are inclined to give each crest its own helmet.
This practice has been adopted during the last few years
by Lyon King of Arms, and now all paintings of arms
in Lyon Register which have two crests have the same
number of helmets. Some of the Bath Stall plates in
Henry VII.'s chapel in Westminster Abbey also dis-
play two helmets (see Plate LXVIII.).
When two helmets are used, it has been customary,
stUl following the German model, to turn them to face
each other, except in the cases of the full-faced helmets
of a knight or baronet, and (with the same exception)
when three helmets have been employed the outer ones
have been placed to face the centre, whilst the centre
one has been placed in profile, as would be the case
were it standing alone. But the multiplication of
English crests in number, all of which as granted are
required to differ, has naturally resulted in the stereo-
typing of points of difference in attitude, &c., and the
inevitable consequence is unfortunately that without
sacrificing this character of differentiation it is impossible
to allow the English heraldic artist the same latitude
and freedom of disposition with regard to crests that his
German confrere enjoys. These remarks apply solely
to English and Irish crests, for Scottish practices, re-
quiring no differentiation in the crests, have left Scot-
tish crests simple and unspoiled. In England the result
is that to " play " with the position of a crest frequently
results in an entire alteration of its character, and con-
251
THE ART OF HERALDRY
sequently, as there is nothing whatever in the nature of
a law or of a rule to the contrary, it is quite as usual to
now find that two profile helmets are both placed to
face the dexter as placed to face each other. Another
point seems also in England to have been lost sight of
in borrowing our methods from Germany. They hold
themselves at hberty to, and usually do, make all their
charges on the shield face to the centre. This is never
done in England, where all face to the dexter. It seems
therefore to me an anomaly to applj' one rule to the
shield and another to the helmet, and personally I prefer
that both helmets and all charges should face the dexter.
As instances of the use of two or more helmets, the
following representations of armorial bearings are in-
cluded : Atkin-Roberts (Fig. 1 54) ; Parkin-Moore (Fig.
145); Graham-Wigan (Fig, 178); Vipont (Fig. 216);
Lawlor-Huddleston (Fig. 223); Ross-of-Bladensburg
(Fig. 175); Meade-King (Plate XXV.); Ghaworth"-
Musters (Fig. 682); Baron de Hochepied (Fig. 683);
present day, and at all times previously, after the grant-
ing of crests had become usual, contains the grant of
the crest and the emblazonment shows the helmet.
Fig. 682. — Armorial bearings of John Patricius Chaworth-Musters,
Esq. : Quarterly, i and 4, argent, on a bend gules, a lion passant
guardant or, within a bordure engrailed of the second (for Musters) ;
2 and 3, barry of ten argent and gules, three martlets two and one
sable, within a bordure engrailed ermines (for Chaworth). IVIant-
ling gules and argent. Crests: i. upon a wreath of the colours, a
lion sejant guardant or, supporting with the forepaws a shield of
the arms (for Musters) ; 2. upon a wreath of the colours, a tower
argent, charged with a bendlet wa\y gules, thereon a lion passant
or, issuant from the battlements an ostrich feather sable between
four others of the first (for Chaworth).
Crisp-Molineux-Montgomerie (Fig. 684); Shaw-Lefevre-
St.-John-Mildmay (Fig. 685) ; and Mainwaring-Ellerker-
Onslow (Fig. 686).
In British heraldry (and in fact the rule is universal)
no woman other than a reigning Sovereign is permitted
to surmount her arms by a helmet.
" Many writers have denied the right of ecclesiastics
(and, of course, of women) to the use of helmet and
crest. Spener, the great German herald, defends their
use by ecclesiastics, and says that, in Germany at any
rate, universal custom is opposed to the restriction.
There the prelates, abbots, and abbesses, who held
princely fiefs by military tenure, naturally retained
the full knightly insignia."
In official English heraldry, there is a certain amount
of confirmation and a certain amount of contradiction
of this supposed rule which denies a helmet to an
ecclesiastic. A grant of arms to a clergyman at the
Fig. 683 — Armorial bearings of John Melvill de Hochepied-Larpent, 9th
Baron De Hochepied (1704), a Baron and Magnate of Hungary:
Per pale argent and azure, on the dexter a chevron gules between
three crescents sable, and on the sinister a dexter hand expanded
- issuant from the sinister in bend, and beneath a pair of manacles,
the chains broken proper. Crests: I. out of a ducal coronet or, a
crescent sable ; 2. out of a ducal coronet or, a dexter hand issuant
proper. Motto: " Optivo cognomine crescit."
Fig. 684. — Armorial tbeariugs of CecU Thomas Crisp-Molineux-Mont-
gomerie, Esq. : Quarterly, i and 4, quarterly i. and iiii., azure, a
branch of palm-tree in bend sinister between three fleurs-de-lis or;
ii. and iii., gules, three rings or, each enriched with a sapphire (for
Montgomerie) ; 2, quarterlj', azure and or, a cross moline counter-
changed (for Molineux) ; 3, per pale argent and sable, on a chevron
five horse-shoes all couuterchanged (for Crisp), impaling the arms
of Lascelles, namely : sable, a cross patonce within a bordure or.
Mantling azure and or. Crests: l. on a wreath of the colours, a
palm-branch proper (for Montgomerie) ; 2. upon a wreath of the
colours, in front of two peacock's feathers in saltire, a cross moline
or (for Molineux) ; 3- upon a wreath of the colours, a mount vert,
thereon a camelopard argent, armed and unguled or, seme of pellets
and hurts alternately, collared and line reflexed over the back gules
(for Crisp). Motto : " Procedamus in pace."
liut the grant of arms to a bishop is different. The
emblazonment of the arms is surmounted by a mitre.
252
PLATE LXXIX.
I
^'S^^ff
(hrffiu> iMcU^«r^t alt
fSa^ ^Mwlfnyw ^sbttt aU lav- Mi\ <t
Printad at gtuK^rl.
ARMS FROM THE ST CHRISTOPHER AM ARLBERG REGISTER.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and the crest is depicted in the body of the patent awaj'
from and distinct from the emblazonment proper in the
margin. But the fact that a crest is granted proves
that there is not any disability inherent in the ecclesias-
tic which debars him from the possession of the helmet
and crest, and the rule which must be deduced, and
which really is the definite and accepted rule, is that a
mitre cannot be displa3'ed together with a helmet or
crest. It must be one or other, and as the mitre is
indicative of the higher rank, it is the crest and helmet
which are discarded.
There are few rules in heraldry to which exceptions
cannot be found, and there is a painting now pre-
served in the College of Arms, which depicts the arms
of the Bishop of Durham surmounted by a helmet, that
in its turn being surmounted bj' the mitre of episcopal
rank. But the Bishopric of Durham was, in addition to
Fig. 6S5. — Armorial bearings of G. A. Shaw Lefevre St. John Mildraay :
Quarterly, I and 4, argent, three lions rampant aznre, armed and
langaed gules (for ilildmays; 2. sable, a chevron argent, between
two trefoils slipped in chief and a bezant in base surmounted by a
cross patee or (for Lefevre) ; 3. argent, a chevron invected ermines,
on a chief sable, two talbots' heads erased or (for Shaw), impal-
ing the same arms of Mildmay, namely : argent, three lions ram-
pant azure. Mantling azure and argent. Crests: i. on a wreath
of the colours, a lion rampant guardant azure (for Mildmay) ; 2.
on a wreath of the colours, sis arrows interlaced saltirewise three
and three proper within an aimulet or {for Lefevre) ; 3. on a wreath
of the colours, a talbot ermine, charged on the body with two
cross crosslets fesswise or, holding in the mouth a cross crosslet
fitchee sable, and resting the dexter foreleg on an escutcheon of
the arms of Shaw. Motto : " Alia ta Hara."
its episcopal character, a temporal Palatinate, and the
arms of the Bishops of that See therefore logically pre-
sent many differences and exceptions from established
heraldic rules.
The rules with regard to the use of helmets for the
coats of arms of corporate bodies are somewhat vague
and vary considerably. All cities and towns, and all
corporate bodies to whom crests have been granted in
England, have the ordinary closed profile helmet of an
esquire or gentleman. No grant of a crest has as 3'et
been made to an English county or universit}', so that
it is impossible to say that no helmet would be allowed,
or if it were allowed what it would be. For some reason
the arms of the City of London are always depicted with
the helmet of a peer, but as the crest is not officially
recorded, the privilege necessarily has no official sanction
or authority.
In Scotland the helmet painted upon a grant of arms
to town or city is always the open full-faced helmet of
a knight or baronet (Fig. 581). But in the grant of
arms to a county where it includes a crest, the helmet
is that of an esquire, which is certainly curious.
In Ireland no helmet at all was painted upon the
patent granting arms to the city of Belfast, in spite of
the fact that a crest was included in the grant, and the
present Ulster King of Arms informs me he would not
allow a helmet to any impersonal ai-ms.
Care should be taken to avoid errors of anachronism
when depicting helmet and shield. The shapes of these
should bear some approximate relation to each other in
point of date. It is preferable that the helmet should
be so placed that its lower extremity reaches somewhat
over the edge of the shield. The inclined position of the
shield in emblazonment is borrowed from the natural
order of things, because the shield hanging by its chain
Fig. 686. — Armorial bearings of Charles Vere Townshend Mainwaring-
Ellerker-Onslow, Esq. : Quarterly of S, quarterly, i. and iiii., argent,
a fess gules between six Cornish choughs proper {for Onslow); ii..
azure, a fret and chief argent, a canton of the first for distinction
(for EUerker) ; iii., argent, two bars gules {for Mainwaring) ; 2.
gules, seven mascles conjoined, three, three and one or, a canton
ermine {for Ferrers of Groby) ; 3. aznre, a chevron ermine between
three escallops argent {for Townshend) ; 4. sable, a lion passant
guardant or, between three esquires' helmets argent (for Compton) ;
5. paly of sis or and azure, a canton ermine (for Shirley) ; 6. ar-
gent, a fess gules, in chief tliree torteaux (for Devereux) ; 7, argent,
a cross engrailed gules, between four water-bougets sable {for
Eourchier) ; 8. quarterly, i. and iiii., azure, three fleurs-de-lis or
(for France); ii. and iii., gules, three lions passant guardant in
pale or (for England), all within a bordure argent (for Thomas
Plantagenet of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of King Ed-
ward III.). Mantling gules and argent. Crests: i . upon a wreath
of the colours, an eagle sable, preying on a partridge or (for
Onslow) ; 2. (on the dexter side) a dolphin hatiriant and a sea-
dragon or, emitting flames of fire proper, embowed and ad-
dorsed. and enfiled by a ducal coronet, charged (for distinction)
with a roundel counterchanged (for Ellerker) ; 3. (on the sinister
side) out of a ducal coronet or, an ass's head proper {for Mainwar-
ing). Motto: " Festina lente."
or shield-Strap (the guige), which was so balanced that
the shield should most readily fall into a convenient
253
THE ART OF HERALDRY
position when sluug on the rider's shoulders, would
naturally retain its equilibrium only in a slanting
direction. Figs. 687 and 688 are good examples of the
correct proportions of helmets (of those particular
shapes) and shields, and of the angle at which the
shield may be tilted.
Fig. 687. — Arms of the Herren von Stein (Swabia) : Or, the "wolf-
claws " (a German implement used in forestry) inverted sable.
Mantling sable and or. Crest: a "wolf-claw" sable, the points
adorned with peacock feathers.
Fig
, 68S. — Arms of the Freiheiren von Miinsterol (Montreux) : Or,
a lion rampant sable, within a bordure engrailed gules.
Mantling sable and or. Crest : a lion statant sable. The striking
disposition of the lion in the crest merits attention.
\_TIie ha^is of the foregoing chapter is an article by Mr. F. R. Earles imhlished in the " Genealogical Magazine."^
CHAPTER XXV
THE CREST
IF uncertainty exists as to the origin of arms, it is
as nothing to the huge uncertainty that exists
concerning the beginnings of the crest. Most
wonderful stories are told concerning it ; that it meant
this and meant the other, that the right to bear a crest
was confined to this person or the other person. But
practically the whole of the stories of this kind are
either wild imagination or conjecture founded upon
insufficient facts.
The real facts — which one may as well state first as a
basis to work upon — are very few and singularly uncon-
vincing, and are useless as original data from which to
draw conclusions.
First of all we have the definite, assured, and certain
fact that the earliest known instance of a crest is in
1 198, and we find evidence of the use of arms before
that date.
The next fact is that we find infinitely more variation
in the crests used by given families than in the arms,
and that whilst the variations in the arms are as a rule
trivial, and not affecting the general design of the shield,
the changes in the crest are frequently radical, the crest
borne by a family at one period having no earthly
relation to that borne by the same family at another.
Again, we find that though the occasional use of a
crest can (by isolated instances) be taken back, as
already stated, to a fairly early period, the use of crests
did not become general until very much later.
Another fact is that, except perhaps in the persons of
sovereigns, there is no oflScial instance, nor any other
authentic instance of importance, in which a crest
appears ever to have been used by a woman untU these
recent and unfortunate days when unoHicial examples
can be found of the wildest ignorance of all armorial
rules.
The foregoing may be taken as general principles
which no authentic instance known can be said to refute.
Bearing these in mind, let us now see what other
results can be obtained by deduction from specific in-
stances.
The earliest form in which anything can be found in
the nature of a crest is the lion upon the head-dress of
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (Fig. 41). This has been
already referred to.
The helmet of Philippe D' Alsace, Count of Flanders
{c. 1 181 ), has painted upon the side the same figure of a
lion which appears upon his shield.
What is usually accepted as the earliest authenticated
instance of a regular crest is that attbrded by the Great
Seal of King Richard I. of England, which shows over
the helmet a lion passant painted upon the fan-shaped
ornament which surmounts the helmet.
If one accepts — as most people nowadays are inclined
to do — the Darwinian theory of evolution, the pre-
sumption is that the development of the human
being, through various intermediate links including the
ape, can be traced back to those cell-like formations
which are the most " original " types of life which are
known to us. At the same time one is hardly disposed
to assert that some antediluvian jellyfish away back in
past ages was the first human being. By a similar, but
naturally more restricted argument, one cannot accept
these paintings upon helmets, nor possibly can one
accept paintings upon the fan-like ornaments which
surmounted the helmet, as examples of crests. The
rudiments and origin of crests doubtless they were.
Crests they were not.
We must go back, once again, to the bed-rock of the
peacock-popinjay vanity ingrained in human nature.
The same impulse which nowadays leads to the
decoration of the helmets of the Life Guards with
horsehair plumes and regimental badges, the cocked
hats of field-marshals and other oflicers with waving
plumes, the kepis of commissionaires, and the smasher
254
THE ART OF HERALDRY
hats of Colonial irregulars with cock's feathers, the hat of
the poacher and gamekeeper with a pheasant's feather,
led unquestionably to the " decoration " of the helmets
of the armoured knights of old. The matter was just a
combination of decoration and vanity. At first (Fig.
624) they frequently painted their helmets, and as with
the gradual evolution and crystallisation of armory a
certain form of decoration (the device upon his shield)
became identified with a certain person, that particular
device was used for the decoration of the helmet and
painted thereupon.
Then it was found that a fan-shaped erection upon
the helmet improved its appearance, and, without add-
ing greatly to its weight, advantaged it as a head
protection by attracting the blow of an opponent's
sword, and lessening or nullifying its force ere the blow
reached the I'.ctual crown-plates of the helmet. Possibly
in this we see the true origin (as Ln the case of the
scalloped edges of the mantling) of the serrated border
which always appears upon these fan-shaped erections.
But this last suggestion is no more than a conjecture of
my own, and may not be correct, for human nature has
always had a weakness for decoration, and ever has
been agreeable to pay the extra penny m the " tup-
pence" for the coloured or decorated variety. The
many instances which can be found of these fan-shaped
ornaments upon helmets in a perfectly undecorated
form leads me to unhesitatingly assert that they origi-
nated not as crests, nor as a vehicle for the display of
crests, but as an integral and protective part of the
helmet itself The origin of the crest is due to the
decoration of the fan. The derivation of the word " crest,"
from the Latin crista, a cock's comb, should put the
supposition beyond any doubt.
Disregarding crests of later grant or assumption, one
can assert with confidence that a large proportion of
those — particularly in German armory, where they are
so frequent — which we now find blazoned or depicted as
wings or plumes, carrying a device, are nothing more
than developments of or derivatives from these fan-
shaped ornaments.
These fans being (from other reasons) in existence, of
course, and very naturally, were painted and decorated,
and equally of course such decoration took the form of
the particular decoration associated with the owner,
namely, the device upon the shield. It seems to me,
and for long has so seemed, essentially strange that no
specialist authority, writing upon armory, has noticed
that these " fans " (as I will call them) are really a part,
though possibly only a decorative part, of the helmet
itself. There has always in these matters been far too
great a tendency on the part of writers to accept con-
clusions of earlier authorities ready made, and to simply
treat these fans as selected and chosen crests. Figs.
689-693 are instances of helmets having these fans.
All are taken from seals, and it is quite possible that
the actual fans upon the seal helmets had some device
painted upon them which it was impossible by reason
of the size to represent upon the seal. As has been
already stated, the great seal of Richard I. does show
a lion painted on the fan.
There are many examples of the heraldic develop-
ment of these fans, — for their use obtained even in this
country long after the real heraldic crest had an assured
footing — and a typical example occurs in Fig. 701, but
probably the best-known instance, one which has been
often illustrated, is that from the eifigy of Sir Geoffrey
de Luttrell (c. 1340), which shows a fan of this
character upon which the entire Luttrell arms are
depicted.
A much later instance in this country will be found
in the seal (dated 1539) of the City of London, which
shows upon the helmet one of these fan-shaped orna-
ments, charged with the cross of the City arms
(Fig. 694).
Fig. 6S9.— From the seal (1301)
of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lin-
coln.
Fig. 690. — From the seal (1301)
of Richard FitzAlan, Earl of
Arundel.
Fig. 691. — From the seal (1301)
of Humphrey de Bohm, Earl
of Hereford.
Fig. 692. — From the seal (1305)
of Edward of Carnarvon, Prince
of Wales.
Fig. 693. — From the seal (1322) of Henry de Beaumont,
Earl of Buchan.
The arms of the City of London are recorded in the
College of Arms (Vincent) without a crest (and by the
way without supporters), and this seal affords a curious
but a very striking and authentic instance of the ex-
treme accuracy of the records of the College of Arms.
There being no crest for the City of London at the
time of the preparation of this seal, recourse was had
255
THE ART OF HERALDRY
to the ancient practice oi depicting the whole or a part
(in this case a part) of the device of the shield upon a
fan surmounting the helmet. In course of time this
fan, in the case of London, as in so many other cases,
has through ignorance been converted or developed
into a wing, but the '■ rays " of the fan in this instance
are preserved in the " rays " of the dragon's wing
(charged with a cross) which the crest is now supposed
to be.
Whilst dealing with the ai-ms of London, one of the
favourite " flaring " examples of ancient but unrecorded
arms often mentioned as an instance in which the
Records of the College of Arms are at fault, perhaps I
may be pardoned for adding that the shield is recorded.
The crest and supporters are not. The seeming omission
as to the crest is explained above. The real supporters
Fig. 694.
-Modern xeverse of the Common Seal of the
City of London (1539).
of the City of London, to which a claim by user could
(even now) be established (they are two lions, not
dragons), had, with the single exception of their use
upon the Mayor's seal, which use is continued to the
present day, been practically discarded. Consequently
the lions as supporters remained unclaimed, and there-
fore are not recorded.
The supporters now used (two dragons) are raiv
neto adornments, of which no example can be found
before the seventeenth century. Those naturally, being
" assumed " without authority at so recent a date, are
not recorded, which is yet another testimony to the
impartial accuracy of the Heralds' College Records.
The use of the fan-crest has long been obsolete in
British armory, in which it can hardly ever be said to
have had a very great footing, unless such use was
prevalent in the thirteenth century ; but it still survives
in Germany at the present day, where, in spite of the
fact that many of these fans have now degenerated into
reduplications of the arms upon wings or plumes of
feathers, other crests to a considerable number are
still displayed upon " fans."
Many of the current practices in British armory are
the culmination of long-continued ignorance. Some,
mayhap, can be allowed to pass without comment, but
others deserve at any rate their share of criticism and
remark. Amongst such may be included the objec-
tionable practice, in the grants of so many modern
crests, of making the crest itself a shield carrying a
repetition of the arms or some other device, or of intro-
ducing in the crest an escutcheon. To the resuscita-
tion of these " fan " repetitions of the shield device there
is not, and cannot be, any objection. One would even, in
these days of the multiplication of differentiated crests,
recommend this as a relief from the abominable rows of
assorted objects nowadays placed (for the purposes of
differentiation) in front of so many modern crests. One
would gladly see a reversion to the German develop-
ment (from this source) of wings charged with the arms
or a part of the armorial device ; but one of the things
a new grantee should pray to be absolved from is an
escutcheon of any sort, shape, or form in the crest
assigned to him.
To return, however, to the "fans" upon the early
helmets. Many of the examples which have come down
to us show the fan of a rather diminutive height but (in
the form of an arc of a much enlarged circle) projected
far forward beyond the front of the helmet, and carried
far back, apparently as a safeguard from blows which
would otherwise descend upon the neck. (A survival
of the fan, by the way, will be found in the dragoon
helmets of the time of the Peninsular War, in the fire-
men's helmets of to-day, and in the helmets now worn
by different regiments in the Italian army.) The very
shape of these fans should prove they were originally a
protective part of the helmet. The long low shape,
however, did not, as a general circumstance, lend itseK
to its decoration by a duplication thereupon of the
whole of the arms. Consequently these fans will nearly
always be found simply adorned with one figure from
the shield. It should not be forgotten that we are now
dealing with a period in armory when the charges
were very much, as far as number and position are con-
cerned, of an indeterminate character. If they were
indeterminate for the shield, it evidences that there
cannot have been any idea of a necessity to repeat the
whole of the device upon the fan. As there was seldom
room or opportunity for the display of the whole device,
we invariably find that these fan decorations were a dupli-
cation of a distinctive part, but not necessarily the whole
of the device ; and this device was disposed in the most
suitable position which the shape of the fan would
accommodate. Herein is the explanation of the fact
that whilst the arms of Percy, T'albot, and Mowbray
wei'c all, in varying tinctures, a lion rampant, the crest
in each case was a lion passant or statant. In short,
the fan did not lend itself to the representation of a lion
rampant, and consequently there is no early instance of
such a crest. Perhaps the insecurity of a large and
heavy crest balanced upon one leg may be an added
reason.
The next step in the evolution of the crest, there can
be little doubt, was the cutting of the fan into the out-
line of the crest, and though I know of no instance of
such a crest on any effigy, there can be no reasonable
doubt on the point, if a little thought is given to the
matter. Until a very much later period, we never
find in any heraldic representation that the helmet or
crest are represented in an affronte position. Why ?
Simply because crests at that period were merely pro-
file representations.
In later days, when tournament crests were made of
leather, the weight even of these was very considerable,
but for tournament purposes that weight could be en-
dured. Half-a-dozen courses down the barriere would be
a vastly different matter to a whole day under arms in
actual battle. Now a crest cut out from a thin plate of
metal set on edge would weigh but little. But perhaps
the strongest proof of all is to be found in the construc-
tion of so many German crests, which are adorned down
the back with a fan.
Now it is hardlj' likely, if the demi-lion in relief had
been the earliest form, that the fan would have been
subsequently added to it. The fan is nothing more
than the remains of the original fan-shaped ornament
left when the crest, or most likely only the front outline
of it, had been cut out in profile from the fan. We
256
PLATE LXXX.
ARMS FROM THE ST CHRISTOPHER AM ARLBERG REGISTER.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
have no instance until a very much Liter period of
a crest which could not be depicted in profile, and
in the representations of crests upon seals we have
no means of forming a certain judgment that these
representations are not of profile crests, for the very
nature of the craft of seal-engraving would lead the
engraver to add a certain amount of relief, even if this
did not actually exist. It is out of the question to
suppose, by reason of their weight, that crests were
made in metal. But if made of leather, as were the
tournament crests, what protection did the crest add to
the helmet ? The fact that wreaths and coronets did
not come into use at the earliest advent of crests is
confirmatory evidence of the fact that modelled crests
did not exist, inasmuch as the fan prolonged in front
and prolonged behind was narrowed at its point of
contact with the helmet into such a diminished length
that it was comparatively easy to slip the mantling
by means of a slit over the fan, or even drape it
round it.
Many ot the old illustrations of tournaments and
battles which have come down to us show no crests on
the helmets, but merely plumes of feathers or some fan-
shaped erection. Consequently it is a fairly safe con-
clusion that for the actual purposes of warfare modelled
crests never had any real existence, or, if they had any
such existence, that it was most limited. Modelled
crests were tournament crests. The crests that were
used in battle must have been merely cut out in profile
from the fan. Then came the era, in Plantagenet
times, of the tournament. We talk glibly about tourna-
ments, but few indeed really know much about them.
Trial by combat and the real tournament a I'outrance
seldom occurred, and though trial by combat remained
upon the statute books until the 59 Geo. III., it was
seldom invoked. Tournaments were chiefly in the
nature of athletic displays, taking the place of our
games and sports, and inasmuch as they contributed
to the training of the soldier, were held in the high
repute that polo, for example, now enjoys amongst the
upper and military classes. Added to this, the tourna-
ment was the essential climax of ceremony and cere-
monial, and in all its details was ordered by such strict
regulations, rules, and supervision that its importance
and its position in the public and official estimate was
far in advance of its present-day equivalents.
Thejoust wasfought with tilting-spears, the "tourney"
with swords. The rules and regulations for jousts
and tournaments drawn up by the High Constable of
England in the reign of Edward IV. show clearly that
in neither was contemplated any risk of life.
In the tourney the swords were blunted and without
points, but the principal item was always the joust,
which was fought with tUting-spears and shields. Many
representations of the tourney show the participants
without shields. The general ignorance as to the
manner in which the tilt was run is very widespread.
A- strong barrier was erected straight down the centre of
the lists, and the knights were placed one on either side,
so that by no possible chance could the two horses come
into contact Those who will read Mallory's " Morte
d' Arthur" carefully — bearing in mind that Mallory
described legendary events of an earlier period clothed
in the maimers and customs of his own day (time of
Edward IV.), and made no attempt to reproduce the
manners and customs and real atmosphere of the
Arthurian times, which could have had no relation to
the manners and proceedings which Sir Thomas Mallory
employs in telling his legends — will notice that, when
it came to jousting, some half-dozen courses would be
all that were run between contending knights. In fact
the tournament rules above referred to say, for the
tourney, that two blows at passage and ten at the
joining ought to suffice.
The time which this would occupy would not exceed
the period for which any man could easily sustain the
weight of a modelled crest. Another point needs
to be borne in mind. The result of a joust depended
upon the points scored, the highest number being
gained for the absolute unhorsing of an opponent.
This, however, happened comparatively seldom, and
points or " spears " were scored for the lances broken
upon an opponent's helmet, shield, or body, and the
points so scored were subject to deduction if the op-
ponent's horse were touched, and under other circum-
stances. The head of the tilting-spear which was used
was a kind of rosette, and heraldic representations are
really incorrect in adding a point when the weapon
is described as a tilting-spear. Whilst a fine point
meeting a wooden shield or metal armour would stick
in the one or glance off' the other, and neither result
in the breaking of the lance nor in the unhorsing of
the opponent, a broad rosette would convey a heavy
shock. But to effect the desired object the tilting-
spear would need to meet resistance, and little would be
gained by knocking off an opponent's ornamental crest.
Certainly no prize appears to have been allotted for the
performance of this feat (which always attracts the
imagination of the novelist), whilst there was for strik-
ing the " sight " of the helmet. Consequently there was
nothing to be gained from the protection to the helmet
which the fan of earlier date afforded, and the tendency
of ceremonial led to the use in tournaments of helmets
and elaborate crests which were not those used in battle.
The result is that we find these tournament or ceremonial
crests were of large and prominent size, and were carved
in wood, or built up of leather. But I firmly believe
that these crests were used only for ceremonial and
tournament purposes, and were never actually worn in
battle. That these modelled crests in relief are the ones
that we find upon efhgies is only natural, and what one
would expect, inasmuch as a man's effigy displayed his
garments and accoutrements ia the most ornate and
honourable form. The same idea exists at the present
day. The subjects of modern effigies and modern por-
traits are represented in robes, and with insignia which
are seldom if ever worn, and which sometimes even have
no existence in fact. In the same way the ancient effigies
are the representations of the ceremonial dress and not
the everyday garb of those for whom they, stand. But
even allowing all the foregoing, it must be admitted that
it is from these ceremonial or tourn.ament helmets and
crests that the heraldic crest has obtained its import-
ance, and herein lies the reason of the exaggerated size
of early heraldic crests, and also the unsuitability of
some few for actual use. Tournaments were flourishing
in the Plantagenet, Yorkist, and Lancastrian periods, and
ended with the days of the Tudor dynasty: and the
Plantagenet period witnessed the rise of the ceremonial
and heraldic crest. But in the days when crests had
any actual existence they were made to fit the helmet,
and the crests in Figs. 695 to 699 show crests very
much more naturally disposed than those of later
periods. Crests appear to have come into wider and
more general use in Germany at an earlier period than
is the case in this country, for in the early part of the
thirteenth century seals are there to be met with having
only the device of helmet and crest thereupon, a proof
that the "oberwappen" (helmet and crest) was then
considered of equal or greater value than the shield.
The actual tournament crests were made of light
material, pasteboard, cloth, or a leather shell over a
wood or wire framework filled with tow, sponge, or
sawdust. Fig. 264, which shows the shield, helmet,
257 2 k
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and crest of the Black Prince undoubtedly contem-
porary, dating from 1376, and now remaining in Canter-
bury Cathedral, is made of leather and" is a good
example of an actual crest, but even this, there can be
Uttle doubt, was never carried in battle or tournament,
and is no more than a ceremonial crest made for the
funeral pageant.
Fig. 695.
-Crest of Roger de Quincey, Earl of Winchester
(d. 1264). (From his seal.)
Fig. 696.— Crest of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. (From his seal, 1301.)
Fig. 697. — Crest of John de
Warenne, Earl of Surrey.
(From his seal, 1329.)
Fig. 698. -Crest of William de
Montagu, Earl of Salisbury
((/. 1344). (From his seal.)
Actual crests were fastened to the helmets they sur-
mounted by means of ribbons, straps, laces (which
developed later into the fillet and torse), or rivets, and
in Germany they were ornamented with hanging and
tinkling metal leaves, tiny bells, buffalo horns, feathers,
and projecting pieces of wood, which formed vehicles for
still further decorative appendages.
The heraldic wings which are so frequently met with
in crests are not the natural wings of a bird, but are
a development from the fan, and in actual crests were
made of wooden or basket-work strips, and probably at
an earlier date were not intended to represent wings,
but were mere pieces of wood painted and existing for
the display of a certain device. Their shape and position
led to their transition into " wings," and then they were
covered with dyed or natural-coloured feathers. It was
the art of heraldic emblazonment which ignored the
practical details, that first copied the wing from nature.
Then comes the question, what did the crest signify ?
Many have asserted that no one below the rank of a
knight had the right to use a crest ; in fact some writers
have asserted, and doubtless correctly as regards a
certain period, that only those who were of tournament
Fig. 699. — Crest of Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, and
Earl Marshal. (From a drawing of his seal, 1389 : MS. Cott.,
Julius, C. vii.
rank might assume the distinction, and herein lies an-
other confirmation of the supposition that crests had a
closer relation to the tournament than to the battle-field.
Doubts as to a man's social position might disqualify
him from participation in a tournament — hence the
" helme-schau " previously referred to — but they cer-
tainly never relieved him from the obligations of warfare
imposed by the tenure under which he held his lands.
There is no doubt, however, that whatever the regula-
tion may have been — and there seems little chance of
our ever obtaining any real knowledge upon the point —
the right to display a crest was an additional privilege
and honour, something extra and beyond the right to a
shield of arms. For how long any such supposition held
good it is difficult to say, for whilst we find in the latter
part of the fourteenth century that all the great nobles
had assumed and were using crests, and whilst there is
but one amongst the Plantagenet Garter plates without
a crest where a helmet has been represented above the
shield, we also find that the great bulk of the lesser
landed gentry bore arms, but made no pretension to a
crest. The lesser gentry were bound to fight in war,
but not necessarily in the tournament. Arms were
a necessity of warfare, crests were not. This con-
tinued to be the case till the end of the sixteenth
century, for we find that at one of the Visitations
no crests whatever are inserted with the arms and
pedigrees of the families set out in the Visitation Book,
and one is probably justified in assuming that whilst
this state of feeling and this idea existed, the crest was
highly thought of, and valued possibly beyond the
shield of arms, for with those of that rank of life which
aspired to the display of a crest the right to arms would
be a matter of course. In the latter part of the reign
of Queen Elizabeth and in Stuart days the granting of
crests to ancient arms became a widespread practice.
Scores upon scores of such grants can be referred to,
and I have myself been led to the irresistible conclusion
258
PLATE LXXXI.
v>
THE GARTER STALL PLATE OF SIR GILBERT TALBOT, K.G., LORD TALBOT.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
that the opportunity afforded by the grant of a crest was
urged by tne heralds and officers of arms, in order to give
them the opportunity of confirming and recording arms
which they knew needed such confirmation to be rendered
legal, without giving offence to those who had borne
these arms merely by strength of user for some prolonged
but at the same time insufficient period to confer an un-
questioned right. That has always seemed to me the
obvious reason which accounts for these numberless
grants of crests to apparently existing arms, which arms
are recited and emblazoned in the patents, because there
are other grants of crests which can be referred to,
though these are singularly few in number, in which
the arms are entirely ignored. But as none of these
grants, which are of a crest only, appear to have been
made to families whose right to arms was not absolutely
beyond question or dispute, the conclusion above
recited appears to be irresistible. The result of these
numerous grants of crests, which I look upon as carry-
ing greater importance in the sense that they were
also confirmations of the arms, resulted in the fact that
the value and dignity of the crest slowly but steadily
declined, and the cessation of tournaments and, shortly
afterwards, the marked decline Ln funereal pageantrjf
no doubt contributed largely to the same result.
Throughout the Stuart period instances can be found,
though not very frequently, of grants of arms with-
out the grant of a crest being included Ln the patent ;
but the practice was soon to entu-ely cease, and
roughly speaking one may assert that siuce the begin-
ning of the Hanoverian dynasty no person has ever
been granted arms without the corresponding grant of
a crest, if a crest could be properly borne with the arms.
Now no crest has ever been granted where the right to
arms has not existed or been simultaneously conferred,
and therefore, whUst there are still many coats of arms
legally in existence without a crest, a crest cannot exist
without a coat of arms, so that those people, and they
are many, who vehemently assert a right to the " crest
of their family," whilst admitting they have no right to
arms, stand self-convicted heraldically both of having
spoken unutterable rubbish, and of using a crest to which
they can have no possible right. One exception, and one
only, have I ever come across to the contrary, and very
careful inquiry can bring me knowledge of no other.
That crest is the crest of a family of liuckworth, now
represented by Sir Charles Buckworth-Herne-Soame,
Bart. This family at the time of the Visitations
exhibited a certain coat of arms and crest. The coat
of arms, which doubtless interfered with the rights of
some other family, was respited for further proof; but
the crest, which did not, appears to have been allowed,
and as nothing fin-ther was done with regard to the
arms, the crest stood, whilst the arms were bad. But
even this one exception has long since been rectified,
for when the additional name and arms of Soame were
assumed by Royal License the arms which had been
exhibited and respited were (with the addition of an
ermine spot as a charge upon the chevron) granted as
the arms of Buckworth to be borne quarterly with the
arms of Soame.
With the cessation of tournaments, we get to the
period which some writers have stigmatised as that of
" paper " heraldry. That is a reference to the fact that
arms and crests ceased to be painted upon shields or
erected upon helmets that enjoyed actual use in battle
and tournament. Those who are so ready to decry
modern heraldry forget that from its very earliest
existence heraldry has always had the same significance
as a symbol of rank and social position which it now
enjoys and which remains undiminished in extent,
though doubtless less potent in effect. They forget
also that from the very earliest period armory had
three uses — viz. its martial use, its decorative use, and
its use as a symbol of ownership. The two latter uses
stUl remain in their entirety, and whilst that is the case,
armory cannot be treated as a dead science.
But with the cessation of tournaments the decorative
became the chief use of arms, and the crest soon ceased
to have that distinctive adaptability to the purpose of a
helmet ornament. Up to the end of the Tudor period
crests had retained their original simplicity. Animals'
heads and animals passant, human heads and demi-
animals, comprised the large majority of the early
crests. Scottish heraldry in a marked degree has re-
tained the early simplicity of crests, though at the
expense of lack of distinction between the crests of
different families. German heraldry has to a large
extent retained the same character as has Scottish
armory, and though many of the crests are decidedly
elaborated, it is noticeable that this elaboration is
never such as to render the crest unsuitable for its true
position upon a helmet.
In England this aspect of the crest has been almost
entirely lost sight of, and the large proportion of the
crests in modern English grants are utterly unsuitable
for use in relief upon an actual helmet. Our present
rules of position for a helmet, and our unfortunate
stereotyped form of wreath, are largely to blame, but
the chief reason is the definite English rule that the
crests of separate English families must be differentiated
as are the arms. No such rule holds good in Scotland,
hence their simple crests.
Whether the rule is good or bad it is diflScult to say.
When all the pros and cons have been taken into con-
sideration, the whole discussion remains a matter of
opinion, and whilst one dislikes the Scottish idea under
which the same identical crest can be and regularly is
granted to half-a-dozen people of as many different
surnames, one objects very considerably to the typical
present-day crest of an English grant of arms. Whilst
a collar can be put round an animal's neck, and whilst
it can hold objects in its mouth or paws, it does seem
ridiculous to put a string of varied and selected objects
"in front" of it, when these plainly would only be
visible from one side, or to put a crest "between"
objects if these are to be represented "fore and aft,"
one toppling over the brow of the wearer of the helmet
and the other hanging down behind.
The crests of the present day are the crying grievance
of modern Enghsh heraldry, and though a large propor-
tion are far greater abortions than they need be, and
though careful thought and research even yet will
sometimes result in the grant of at any rate a quite un-
objectionable crest (see Figs. 330 and 394, both of which
are quite modern grants), nevertheless we shall not
obtain a real reform, or attain to any appreciable im-
provement, until the " position " rule as to helmets is
abolished, or until the extreme differentiation insisted
upon between crests is somewhat modified. Some of
the crests mentioned hereunder are typical and awful
examples of modern crests.
Crest ot Bellasis of Marton, Westmoreland: A mount vert, thereon
a lion couchant gnardant azure, in front of a tent proper, lined gules.
Crest of Hermon of Preston, Lancashire, and Wyfold Court, Check-
endon, Oxon. : In front of two palm-trees proper, a lion couchant
guardant erminois, resting the dexter claw upon a bale of cotton
proper. Motto: " Fido non timeo."
Crest of James Harrison, Esq., M.A., Barrister-at-Law : In front of a
demi-lion rampant erased or, gorged with a collar gemelle azure, and
holding between the paws a wreath of oak proper, three mascles inter-
laced also azure. Motto : " Pro rege et patria."
Crest of Colonel John Davis, F.S.A., of Bifrons, Hants : A lion's head
erased sable, charged with a caltrap or, upon two swords in saltire
proper, hilted and pommelled also or. Motto : ■' Ne tentes, aut perBce."
259
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Crest of the late Sir Saul Samuel, Bart., K.C.M.G. : Upon a rock in
front of three spears, one in pale and two in salf.ire, a wolf current
sable, pierced in tlie breast by an arrow argent, flighted or. Motto :
*' A pledge of better times."
Crest of Johnson of Kennal Manor, Chislehurst, Kent: In front of a
dexter arm embowed in armour proper, the hand also proper, grasping
a javelin in bend sinister, pheoned or, and entiled with a chaplet of
roses gules, two branches of oak in saltire vert.
Crest of C. E. Lamplugh, Esq. : In front of a cubit arm erect proper,
encircled about the wrist with a wreath of oak and holding in the hand
a sword also proper, pommel and hilt or, an escutcheon argent, charged
with a goat's head couped sable. Mottoes: " Through," and " Provi-
dentia Dei stabiliuntur familife."
Crest of Glasford, Scotland: Issuing from clouds two hands con-
joined grasping a caduceus ensigned with a cap of liberty, all between
two cornucopije alt proper. Motto: "Prisca fides."
We now come to ihe subject of the inheritance of
crests, concerning which there has been much dift'erence
of opinion.
It is very usually asserted that until a comparatively
recent date crests were not hereditary, but were assumed,
discarded, and changed at pleasure. Like many other
incorrect statements, there is a certain modicum of
truth in the statement, for no doubt whilst arms them-
selves had a more or less shifting character, crests were
certainly not " fixed " to any greater extent.
But I think no one has as yet discovered, or at any-
rate brought into notice, the true facts of the case, or
the real position of the matter, and I think I am the
first to put into print what actually were the rules which
governed the matter. The rules, I believe, were un-
doubtedly these : —
Crests were, save in the remote beginning of things
heraldic, definitely hereditary. They were hereditary
even to the extent (and herein lies the point which has
not hitherto been observed) that they were transmitted
by an heiress. Perhaps this heritability was limited to
those cases in which the heiress transmitted the de
facto headship of her house. We, judging by present
laws, look upon the crest as a part of the mie heraldic
achievement inseparable from the shield. What proof
have we that in early times any necessary connection
between arms and crest existed ? We have none. The
shield of arms was one inheritance, descending by
known rules. The crest was another, but a separate
inheritance, descending equally through an heir or
coheir-general. The crest was, as an inheritance, as
separate from the shield as were the estates then.
The social conditions of life prevented the possibility
of the existence or inheritance of a crest where arms
did not exist. But a man inheriting several coats of
arms from different heiress ancestresses could marshal
them all upon one shield, and though we find the heir
often made selection at his pleasure, and marshalled the
arms in various orders, the determination of which was
a mere matter of arbitrary choice, he could, if he
wished, use them all upon one shield. But he had
but one helmet, and could use and display but one
crest. So that, if he had inherited two, he was forced
to choose which he would use, though he sometimes
tried to combine two into one device. It is question-
able if an instance can be found in England of the
regular display of two helmets and crests together,
surmounting one shield, before the eighteenth century,
but there are countless instances of the contemporary
but separate display of two different crests, and the
Visitation Records afford us some number of instances
of this tacit acknowledgment of the inheritance of more
than one crest.
The patent altering or granting the Mowbray crest
seems to me clear recognition of the right of inheritance
of a crest passing through an heir female. This, how-
ever, it must be admitted, may be really no more than
a grant, and is not in itself actual evidence that any
crest had been previously borne. Fig. 699 would seem,
however, to decide the point. My own opinion, how-
ever, is that it is fair presumptive evidence upon the
point, and conveys an alteration and not a grant.
The grant or confirmation in question (Patent Roll
339, 17 Ric. II. pt. I, memb. 2) is as follows: " P'
Thoma Comite Marescallo 't Notyngh'. " R' Om'ibz ad
quos 'tc' sal't'm. Sciatis q'd cum dil'c'us 't fidelis Con-
sanguineus n'r Thomas Comes marescallus 't Notyngh'
h'eat iustu' titulu' hereditatiuu' ad portand' p' cresta
sua vnu' leopardum de auro cum vno labello albo qui
de iure esset cresta filii n'ri primogeniti si quem pro-
creassem'. Nos ea considerac'o'e concessim' p' nob' 't
heredibz n'ris eidem Thome 't heredibz suis q'd ip'i p'
differencia in ea p'te deferre possint 't deferant vnu leo-
pardum 't in loco labelli vna' coronam de argento absqz
impedimento n'ri vel heredu' n'ror sup'd'c'or'. In cuius
'tc. T. R. apud Westm. xii die Januar [17 Ric. II.].
P' br'e de priuato sigUlo."
The translation of the foregoing is as follows : " The
King to all to whom, &c.. Greeting, Know that whereas
our well-beloved and faithful kinsman, Thomas, Earl-
Marshal and Earl of Nottingham, has a just hereditary
title to bear for his crest a leopard or with a white label,
which should be of right the crest of our eldest son if we
had begotten a son. We, for this consideration, have
granted for us and our heirs to the said Thomas and his
heirs that for a difference in this crest they shall and
may bear a leopard, and in place of a label a crown
argent, without hindrance from us or our heirs aforesaid.
— In witness, &c. Witness the King at Westminster,
the 1 2th day of January [17 Ric. II.]. By writ of Privy
Seal."
Cases will constantly be found in which the crests
have been changed. I necessarily totally exclude from
consideration crests which have been changed owing to
specific grants, and also changes due to the discarding
of crests which can be shown to have been borne with-
out right. Changes in crests must also be disregarded
where the differences in emblazonment are merely
differences in varying designs of the same crest. Neces-
sarily from none of these instances can a law of inherit-
ance be deduced. But if other changes in the crests of
important families be considered, I think it will be very
evident that practically the whole of these are due to
the inheritance through heiresses or ancestresses of an
alternative crest. It can be readily shown that selection
played an important part in the marshalling of quar-
terings upon an escutcheon, and where important
quarterings were inherited they are as often as not
found depicted in the first quarter. Thus the Howards
have borne at different periods the wings of Howard ;
the horse of Fitzalan ; and the Royal crest granted to
the Mowbrays with remainder to the heir general ; and
these crests have been borne, as will be seen from the
Garter plates, quite irrespective of what the surname in
use may have been. Consequently it is very evident
the crests were considered to be inherited with the re-
presentation of the different families. The Stourton
crest was originally a stag's head, and is to be seen
recorded in one of the Visitations, and upon the earhest
seal in existence of any member of the family. But
after the inheritance through the heiress of Le Moyne,
the Le Moyne crest of the demi-monk was adopted.
The Stanleys, Earls of Derby, whatever their original
crest may have been, inherited the well-known bird and
bantling of the family of Lathom. The Talbot crest was
originally a talbot, and this is still so borne by Lord
Talbot of Malahide : it was recorded at the Visitation
of Dublin; but the crest at present borne by the Earls
of Shrewsbury is derived from the arms inherited by
descent from Gwendolin, daughter of Rhys ap Griffith.
260
PLATE LXXXII.
•o..iA.ot— «T^^ve^^
DESIGN FOR A TALBOT BANNER.
THE ART OF HERALDRT
r
The Nevill crest was a bull's head as it is now borne by
the Marquess of Abergavennj^ and as it will be seen on
the Garter plate of Williaiu Nevill, Lord Fauconberg.
An elder brother of Lord Fauconberg had married the
heiress of the Earl of Salisbury, and was summoned to
Parliament in her earldom. He quartered her arms,
which appear upon his Garter plate and seal, in the
first and fourth quarters of his shield, and adopted her
crest. A younger son of Sir Richard Nevill, Earl of
Salisburj^ bore the same crest ditferenced by two annu-
lets conjoined, which was the difierence mark added to
the shield. The crest of Bourchier was a soldan's head
crowned, and with a pointed cap issuing from the
crown, but when the liarony of Bourchier passed to
the family of Robsart, as will be seen from the Garter
plate of Sir Lewis Robsart, Lord Bourchier, the crest of
Bourchier was adopted with the inheritance of the
arms and Barony of Bourchier.
I am aware of no important case in English heraldry
where the change has been due to mere caprice, and
it would seem therefore an almost incontrovertible
assertion that changes were due to inheritance, and
if that can be established it follows even more strongly
that untd the days when armory was brought under
rigid and official control, and even untO a much later
date, say up to the beginning of the Stuart pericrd,
crests were heritable through heiresses equally with
quarterings. The fact that we find comparatively few
changes considering the number of crests in existence
is by no means a refutation of this theory, because a man
had but one helmet, and was forced therefore to make a
selection. Unless, therefore, he had a very strong in-
clination it would be more likely that he would select
the crest he was used to than a fresh one. I am by no
means certain that to a limited extent the German
idea did not hold in England. - This was, and is, that
the crest had not the same personal character that
was the case with the arms, but was rather attached
to or an appanage of the territorial fief or lord-
ship. By the time of the Restoration any idea of the
transmission of crests through heiresses had been aban-
doned. We then find a Royal License necessary for the
assumption of arms and crests. Since that date and at
the present time it is stringently held, and is the official
rule, that no woman can bear or inherit a crest, and that
no woman can transmit a right to one. Whilst that is
the official and accepted interpretation of heraldic law
upon the point, and whilst it cannot now be gainsaid, it
cannot, however, be stated that the one assertion is the
logical deduction of the other, for whilst a woman can-
not inherit a lordship of Parliament, she undoubtedly
can transmit one. together with the titular honours, the
enjoyment of which is not denied to her.
In Scotland crests have always had a very much
less important position than in England. There has
been little if any continuity with regard to them, and
instances of changes for which caprice would appear
to be the only reason are met with in the cases of
a large proportion of the chief families in that king-
dom. To such a widespread extent has the permissive
character been allowed to the crest, that many cases
will be found in which each successive matriculation
for the head of the house, or for a cadet, has pro-
duced a change in the crest, and instances are to be
found where the different crests are the only existing
ditierences in the achievements of a number of cadets
of the same family. At the present time, little if
any objection is ever made to an entire and radical
change in the crest — if this is wished at the time of a
rematriculation — and as far as I can gather such changes
appear to have always been permitted. Perhaps it may
be well here to point out that this is not equivalent to
permission to change the crest at pleasure, because the
patent of matriculation until it is superseded by another
is the authority, and the compulsory authority, for the
crest which is to be borne. In Germany the crest has
an infinitely gi'eater importance than is the case with
ourselves, but it is there considered in a large degree a
territorial appanage, and it is by no means unusual in a
German achievement to see several crests surmounting
a single coat of arms. In England the Royal coat of
arms has three crests, which, it may be noted, are aU in
a manner territorial ; but the difierence of idea with
which crests are regarded in Germany may be gathered
from the fact that the King of Saxony has five, the
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin five, the Grand
Duke of Saxe-Meiningen six, the Grand Duke of Saxe-
Altenburg seven, the Duke of Anhalt seven, the Duke
of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha sis, the Prince of Schwartz-
burg-Sondershausen six, the Prince of Schwartzburg-
Rudolstadt six, the Priace of Waldeck-Pyrmont five,
the Prince of Lippe five, the Duke of Brunswick five,
and instances can be quoted of sixteen and seventeen.
Probably Woodward is correct when he says that each
crest formerly denoted a noble fief, for which the pro-
prietor had a right to vote in the " circles " of the
Empire, and he instances the Margraves of Bradenburg-
Anspach, who were entitled to no less than thirteen
crests. In France the use of crests is not nearly so
general as in England or Germany. In Spain and
Portugal it is less frequent stiU, and in Italy the use of
the crest is the exception.
The German practice of using horns on either side of
the crest, which the ignorance of English heralds has
transformed into the proboscides of elephants, is dealt
with at some length on page 152. The horns, which
are termed buffalo's or bull's horns until the middle of
the thirteenth century, were short and thick-set. It is
difficult to say at what date these figures came to be
considered as heraldic crests, for as mere helmet orna-
ments they probably can be traced back very far beyond
any proof of the existence of armory. In the fourteenth
century we find the horns curved inwards like a sickle
i^^.
Fig. 700.— From the back of the mint seal of King Christopher II.
of Denmark, 1321.
(Fig. 700), but later the horns are found more erect, the
points turning outwards, slimmer in shape, and finally
they exhibit a decidedly marked double curve. Then
the ends of the horns are met with open, like a trumpet,
the fact which gave rise to the erroneous idea that they
represented elephant's tusks. The, horns became orna-
mented with feathers, banners, branches of leaves, balls,
&c., and the orifices garnished ivith similar adornments.
In England, crests are theoretically subject to marks
of cadency and difierence. This is not the case, how-
ever, in any other country. In Germany, in cases
where the crests reproduce the arms, any mark of
cadency with which the arms are distinguished will of
261
THE ART OF HERALDRY
course be repeated ; but in German heraldry, doubtless
owing to the territorial nature of the crest, a change in
the crest itself is often the only mark of distinction
- €j^**
Z(€fR'
Fig. 701.— Arms of the family of Schaler (Basle) : Gules, a bend of
lozenges argent. (From the Zurich RoU of Arms.)
between dift'erent branches of the same family, and in
Siebmacher's Wajypenbiich thirty-one different branches
of the Zorn family have diiferent crests, which are the
sole marks of difference in the achievements.
But though British crests are presumed to be sub-
ject to the recognised marks of cadency, as a matter of
fact it is very seldom indeed that they are ever so
marked, with the exception that the mark used (usually
a cross crosslet) to signify the lack of blood relation-
ship, when arms are assumed under a Royal License, is
compulsory. Marks of distinction added to simify
illegitimacy are also compulsory and perpetual. What
these marks are will be dealt with in a subsequent
chapter upon the subject. How very seldom a mark of
diii'erence is added to a crest may be gathered from
the fact that with the exception of labels, chiefly upon
the Royal crest, one crest only amongst the Plan-
tagenet Garter plates is differenced, that one being
the crest of John Neville, Lord Montague. Several
crests, however, which are not Roj'al, are differenced by
similar labels to those which appear upon the shields ;
but when we find that the diiference marks have very
much of a permissive character, even upon the shield,
it is not likely that they are perpetuated upon the
crest, where they are even less desirable. The arms
of Cokayne, as given in the funeral certificate of Sir
William Cokayne, Lord Mayor of London, show upon
the shield three crescents, sable, or, and gules, charged
one upon the other, the Lord Mayor being the second
son of a second son of Cokayne of Sturston, descending
from William, second son of Sir John Cokayne of Ash-
borne. But, in spite of the fact that three difference
marks are charged upon the shield (one of the quarter-
ings of which, by the way, has an additional mark), the
crest itself is only differenced by one crescent. These
difference marks, as applied to arms, are in England
(the rules in Scotland are utterly distinct) practically
permissive, and are never enforced against the wish of
the bearer except in one circumstance. If, owing to
the grant of a crest or supporters, or a Royal License, or
any similar opportunity, a formal exemplification of the
arms is entered on the books of the College of Arms,
the opportunity is generally taken to add such mark of
cadency as may be necessary ; and no certificate would be
officially issued to any one claiming arms through that
exemplification except subject to the mark of cadency
therein depicted. In such cases as these the crest is
usually differenced, because the necessity for an ex-
emplification does not often occur, except owing to
26
the establishment of an important branch of the family,
which is likely to continue as a separate house in the
future, and possibly to rival the importance of the chief
of the name. Two examples will show my meaning.
The crest of the Duke of Bedford is a goat statant
argent, armed or. When Earl Russell, the third son of
the sixth Duke of Bedtbrd, was so created, the arms,
crest, and supporters were charged with a muUet argent.
When the first Lord Ampthill, who was the third son
of the father of the ninth Duke of Bedford, was so
created, the arms of Russell, with the crest and sup-
porters, were charged with mullets, these being of
different tinctures from those granted to Earl Russell.
The crest of the Duke of Westminster is a talbot statant
or. The first Lord Stalbridge was the second son of the
Marquess of Westminster. His arms, crest, and sup-
porters were charged with a crescent. Lord Ebury was
the third son of the first Marquess of Westminster. His
arms, crest, and supporters were charged with a mullet.
In cases of this kind the mark of difference upon the
crest would be considered permanent ; but for ordinary
purposes, and in ordinary circumstances, the rule may
be taken to be that it is not necessary to add the mark
of cadency to a crest, even when it is added to the
shield, but that, at the same time, it is not incorrect to
do so.
Crests must nowadays always be depicted upon either
a wreath, coronet, or chapeau ; but these, and the rules
concerning them, will be considered in a more definite
and detailed manner in the separate chapters in which
those objects are discussed.
Crests are nowadays very frequently used upon livery
buttons. Such a usage is discussed at some length in
the chapter on badges.
When two or more crests are depicted together, and
when, as is often the case in England, the wreaths are
depicted in space, and without the intervening helmets,
the crests always all face to the dexter side, and the
stereotyped character of English crests, perhaps more
than any other reason, has led of late to the depicting of
English helmets all placed to face in the same direction
to the dexter side. But if, as will often be found, the
two helmets are turned to face each other, the crests
also must be turned.
Where there are two crests, the one on the dexter
side is the first, and the one on the sinister side is the
second. When there are three, the centre one comes
first, then the one on the dexter side, then the one on
the sinister. When there are four crests, the first one
is the dexter of the two inner ones ; the second is the
sinister inner one; the third is the dexter outer, and
the fourth the sinister outer. When there are five (and
I know of no greater number in this country), they run
as follows: (i) centre, (2) dexter inner, (3) sinister iimer,
(4) dexter outer, (5) sinister outer.
A very usual practice in official emblazonments in
cases of three crests is to paint the centre one of a larger
size, and at a slightly lower level, than the others. In
the case of four, Nos. i and 2 would be of the same size,
Nos. 3 and 4 slightly smaller, and slightly raised.
It is a very usual circumstance to see two or more
crests displayed in England, but this practice is of com-
paratively recent date. How recent may be gathered
from the fact that in Scotland no single instance can be
found before the year 1809 in which two crests are
placed above the same shield. Scottish heraldry, how-
ever, has always been purer than English, and the
practice in England is much more ancient, though I
question if in England any authentic official exemplifi-
cation can be found before 1700. There are, however,
many cases in the Visitation Books in which two crests
are allowed to the same family, but this fact does not
2
THE ART OF HERALDRY
prove the point, because a Visitation record is merely
an otfioial record of inheritanoe and possession, and not
necessarily evidence of a regulation permitting tlie
simultaneous display of more than one. It is of course
impossible to use two sets of supporters with a single
shield, but there are many peers who are entitled to
two sets ; Lord Ancaster, I believe, is entitled to three
sets. But an otiicial record in such a case would pro-
bably emblazon both sets as evidence of right, by paint-
ing^ the shield twice over.
During the eighteenth century we find many instances
of the grant of additional crests of augmentation, and
many exemplifications under Royal License for the use
of two and three crests. Since that day the correctness
of duplicate crests has never been questioned, where the
right of inheritance to them has been established. The
right of inheritance to two or more crests at the present
time is only officially allowed in the following cases.
If a family at the time of the Visitations had two
crests recorded to them, these would be now allowed.
If descent can be proved from a family to whom a
certain crest was allowed, and also from ancestoi^s at
an earlier date who are recorded as entitled to bear a
different crest, the two would be allowed unless it was
evident that the later crest had been granted, assigned,
or exemplified in lieu of the earlier one. Two crests
are allowed in the few cases which exist where a family
has obtained a grant of arms in ignorance of the fact
that they were then entitled to bear arms and crest of
an earlier date to which the right has been subsequently
proved, but on this point it should be remarked that if
a right to arms is known to exist a second grant in
England is point-blank refused unless the petition asks
for it to be borne instead of, and in lieu of, the earlier
one : it is then granted in those terms.
To those who think that the Heralds' College is a
mere fee-grabbing institution, the following experience of
an intimate friend of mine may be of interest. In plac-
ing his pedigree upon record it became evident that his
descent was not legitimate, and he therefore petitioned
for and obtained a Royal License to bear the name and
arms of the family from which he had sprung. But the
illegitimacy was not modern, and no one would have
questioned his right to the name which all the other
members of the family bear, if he had not himself raised
the point in order to obtain the ancient arms in the
necessarily differenced form. The arms had always
been borne with some four or five quarterings and with
two crests, and he was rather annoyed that he had
to go back to a simple coat of arms and single crest.
He obtained a grant for his wife, who was an heiress,
and then, with the idea of obtaining an additional
quartering and a second crest, he conceived the brilliant
idea — for money was of no object to him — of putting
his brother forward as a petitioner for arms to be
granted to bim and his descendants and to the other
descendants of his father, a grant which would of course
have brought in my friend. He moved heaven and
earth to bring this about, but he was met with the direct
statement that two grants of arms could not be made to
the same man to be borne simultaneously, and that if
he persisted in the grant of arms to his brother, his
own name, as being then entitled to bear arms, would
be specifically exempted from the later grant, and the
result was that this second grant was never made.
In Scotland, where re-matriculation is constantly
going on, two separate matriculations to the same line
would not confer the right to two crests, inasmuch as the
last matriculation supersedes everything which has pre-
ceded it. But if a cadet matriculates a different crest, a/ad
suhseqiiently succeeds to the representation under an
earlier matriculation, he legally succeeds to both crests.
and incidentally to both coats of arms. As a matter of
ordinary practice, the cadet matriculation is discarded.
A curious case, however, occurs when after matriculation
by, a cadet there is a latei- matriculation behind it, by
some one nearer the head of the house to which the first-
mentioned cadet succeeds; in such an event selection
must be brought into play, when succession to both
occurs. But the selection lies only between the two
patents, and not from varied constituent parts.
Where as an augmentation an additional crest is
granted, as has been the case in many instances, of
course a right to the double crest is thereby conferred,
and a crest of augmentation is not granted in lieu, but
in addition.
A large number of these additional crests have been
granted under specific warrants from the Crown, and
in the case of Lord Gough, two additional crests were
granted as separate augmentations and under separate
patents. Lord Kitchener recently received a grant of
an additional crest of augmentation.
The other cases in which double and treble crests
occur are the results of exemplifications following upon
Royal Licences to assume name and arms. As a rule,
when an additional surname is adopted by Royal License,
the rule is that the arms adopted are to be borne in
addition to those previously in existence ; and where a
name is adopted instead of another the warrant very
frequently permits this, and at the same time permits
or requires the new arms to be borne quarterly with
those previously possessed, and gives the right to two
crests. But in cases where names and arms are assumed
by Royal License the arms and crest or crests are in
accordance with the patent of exemplification, which, no
matter what its terms (for some do not expressly ex-
clude any prior rights), is always presumed to super-
FiG. 70Z. — Arms of the late Kev. Andrew Wallis Milroy, M.A. : Per
fess, in chief cheqny or and vert, in base gnles, the latter charged
with a lion rampant argent, on a canton of the fourth a rose of the
third, barbed of the second, and on an escutcheon of pretence
the arms of Kosher, namely : quarterly, I and 4, per chevron
engrailed ermine and erminois, three crosses patee azure, each
charged with an estoile or (for Hosher) ; 2 and 3, per pale gules
and azure, a fess ermine between two fleurs-de-lis in chief argent
and a serpent erect in base or (for Burch) ; and for his crests, I.
upon a wreath of the liveries, an ostrich proper, with the motto,
" Esperance " (for Milroy) ; 2. upon a wreath of the liveries, an
elephant's head couped ermine, between two elephants' probosces
or, with the motto, " Consider the end " (for Rosher).
sede everything which has gone before, and to be the
authority by which the subsequent bearing of arms is
regularised and controlled. Roughly speaking, under a
Royal License one generally gets the right to one crest for
every surname, and if the original surname be discarded
263
THE ART OF HERALDRT
7
in addition a crest for every previous surname. Thus
Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow (Fig. 686) lias three crests,
Wyndham-Cam])beIl-Ple3'dell-Bouverie has four, and
the last Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. who held
the record, had one for each of his surnames, namely,
Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. In addi-
tion to the foregoing, there are one or two exceptions
■which it is difficult to explain. The Marquess of Bute
for some reason or other obtained a grant, in the year
1822, of the crest of Herbert. The late Lord Liverpool
obtaiaed a grant of an additional crest, possibly an
augnientation, and his present representative, Lord
Hawkesbury, for some reason or other which I am quite
at a loss to understand, obtained a grant of a crest very
simOar to that of Lord Liverpool to commemorate the
representation which had devolved upon him. Sir
Charles Young, Garter King of Arms, obtained the
grant of a second crest, and a former Marquess of
Camden did the same thing ; Lord Swansea is another
recent case, and though the right of any person to ob-
tain the grant of a second crest is not officially admitted,
and is in fact strenuously denied, I cannot for the life
of me see how in the face of the foregoing precedents
any such piivUege can be denied. Sir William Woods
also obtained the grant of a second crest when he was
Garter, oblivious of the fact that he had not really
established a right to arms. Those he used were
certainly granted in Lyon Office to a relative, but no
matriculation of them in his own name was ever
registered. Another instance of the possession of two
crests is the case of Milroy (Fig. 700), but this is a
result of a Scottish matriculation. A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER XXVI
CROWNS AND CORONETS
THE origin of the crown or coronet is, of course,
to be met with in the diadem and fillet. In
one of the Cantor Lectures delivered by Mr.
CyrU Davenport, F.S.A., in February 1902, on "The
History of Personal Jewellery from Prehistoric Times,"
he devoted considerable attention to the development
of the diadem, and the following extracts are from the
printed report of his lecture : —
" The bandeau or fillet tied round the head was pro-
bably first used to keep long hair from getting into the
eyes of primitive man. Presently it became specialised,
priests wearmg one pattern and fighting men another.
" The soft band which can be seen figured on the
heads of kings in early coins, is no doubt a mark of
chieftainship. This use of a band, of special colour, to
indicate authority, probably originated in the East. It
was adopted by Alexander the Great, who also used the
diadem of the King of Persia. Justinian says that
Alexander's predecessors did not wear any diadem.
Justinian also tells us that the diadems then worn were
of some soft material, as in describing the accidental
wounding of Lysimachus by Alexander, he says that the
hurt was bound up by Alexander witli his oivn diadem.
This was considered a lucky omen for Lysimachus,
who actually did shortly afterwards become King of
Thrace.
" In Egypt diadems of particular shape are of very
ancient use. There were crowns for Uf per and Lower
Egypt, and a combination of both for the whole
country. They were also distinguished by colour. The
Uraeus or snake worn in the crowns and head-dresses
of the Pharaohs was a symbol of royalty. Representa-
tions of the Egyptian gods always show them as wearing
crowns.
" In Assyrian sculptures deities and kings are shown
wearing diadems, apparently bands of stuff or leather
studded with discs of repoihss4 work. Some of these
discs, detached, have actually been found. Similar
discs were plentifully found at Mycena;, which were
very likely used in a similar way. Some of the larger
ornamental head-dresses worn bj' Assyrian kings appear
to have been conical-shaped helmets, or perhaps crowns ;
it is now difficult to say which, because the material of
which they were made cannot be ascertained. If they
were of gold, they were probably crowns, like the
wonderful openwork golden Scythian headdress found
at Kertch, but if of an inferior metal they may have
been only heknets.
" At St. Petei'sburg there is a beautiful ancient Greek
diadem representing a crown of olive. An Etruscan
ivy wreath of thin gold still encircling a bronze helmet,
is in the British Museum.
" Justinian says that Morimus tried to hang himself
with the diadem, evidently a ribbon-like bandeau, sent
to him by Mithridates. The Roman royal diadem was
originally a white ribbon, a wreath of laurel was the
reward of distinguished citizens, while a circlet of
golden leaves was given to successful generals.
" Ceesar consistently refused the royal white diadem
which Antony offered him, preferring to remain per-
petual dictator. One of his partisans ventured to
crown Caesar's bust with a coronet of laurel tied with
royal white ribbon, but the tribunes quickly removed
it and heavdy punished the perpetrator of the offence.
"During the Roman Empire the prejudice against
the white bandeau remained strong. The emperors
dared not wear it. Caligula wished to do so, but was
dissuaded on being told that such proceeding might
cost his life. Eliogabalus used to wear a diadem
studded with precious stones, but it is not supposed
to have indicated rank, but only to have been a rich
lady's parure, this emperor being fond of dressing
himself up as a woman. Caracalla, who took Alexandra
the Great as his model as far as possible, is shown on
some of his coins wearing a diadem of a double row of
pearls, a similar design to which was used by the kings
of Parthia. On coins of Diocletian, there shows a
double row of pearls, sewn on a double band and tied
in a knot at the back.
"Diadems gradually closed in and became crowns,
and on Byzantine coins highly ornate diadems can be re-
cognised, and there are many beautiful representations
of them in enamels and mosaics, as well as a few actual
specimens. At Ravenna, in mosaic work in the church
of San Vitale, are crowned portraits of Justinian and his
Empress Theodosia ; in the enamel portrait of the
Empress Irene in the Pal d'Oro at Venice, can be seen
a beautiful jewelled crown with hinged plaques, and the
same construction is used on the iron crown of Lom-
bardy ; the sacred crown of Hungary, and the crown of
264
PLATE LXXXIII,
^■^a^Cf*- fy ^{Pr oA«'
.ok^'
-^A.
A<-f--
DESIGN FOR A TALBOT BANNER.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Charlemagne, all most beautiul specimens of jewellers'
work.
" On the plaques of the crown of Constantine Mono-
machos are also fine enamel portraits of himself and his
queen Zoe, wearing similar crowns. The cataseistas, or
jewelled chains, one over each ear and one at the back,
which occur on all these crowns, may be the survival of
the loose ends of the tie of the original fillet.
"In later times of Greece and Rome, owing to the
growth of republican feeling the diadem lost its political
significance, and was relegated to the ladies.
" In the middle ages the diadem regained much of its
earlier significance, and ceased to be only the simple
head ornament it had become. Now it became special-
ised in form, reserved as an emblem of rank. The
forms of royal cro^vns and diadems is a large and fasci-
nating study, and where original examples do not now
exist, the development can often be followed in sculp-
ture, coins, or seals. Heraldry now plaj's an important
part. Diadems or circlets gradually give way to closed
crowns, in the case of sovereigns possessing independent
authority."
But to pass to the crown proper, there is no doubt
that from the earliest times of recorded history
crowns have been a sign and emblem of sovereignty.
It equally admits of no doubt that the use of a
crown or coronet was by no means exclusive to a
sovereign, but whilst our knowledge is somewhat cur-
tailed as to the exact relation in which great over-
lords and nobles stood to their sovereign, it is difficult
to draw with any certainty or exactitude definitive con-
clusions of the sj'mbolism a crown or coronet conveyed.
■Throughout Europe in the eleventh, twelfth, and
thirteenth, and well into the fourteenth centuries, the
great territorial lords enjoyed and exercised many — in
fact most — of the attributes of sovereignty, and in Eng-
land especially, where the king was no more than the
first amongst his peers, the territorial earls were in
much the position of petty sovereigns. It is only
natural, therefore, that we should find them using this
emblem of sovereignty. But what we do find in Eng-
land is that a coronet or fillet was used, apparently
without let or hindrance, by even knights. It is, how-
ever, a matter for thought as to whether many of these
fiUets were not simply the turban or " puggaree " folded
into the sha-pe of a fillet, but capable of being unrolled
if desired. What the object of the wholesale wearing
of crowns and coronets was, it is difficult to conjecture.
The development of the crown of the English sover-
eigns has been best told by Mr. Cyril Davenport in his
valuable work on " The English Regalia " (Kegan Paul,
Trench, Trubner & Co.). Mr. Davenport, whose know-
ledge on these matters is probably unequalled, may best
be allowed to tell the story in his own words, he and
his publishers having very kindly permitted this course
to be taken : —
THE CROWN OF GREAT BRITAIN
By Cveil Davenport, F.S.A.
" Crowns appear to have been at an early period worn
by kings in battle, in order that they might be easily
recognised; and although it is quite possible that this
outward sign of sovereignty may have marked the
wearer as being entitled to special protection by his own
men, it is also likely that it was often a dangerous sign
of importance. Upon the authority of their coins,
the heads of the earlj' British kings were adorned
with variously formed fillets and ornamental wreaths.
Helmets are also evidently intended to be shown, and
on some of the coins of Athelstan the lielmet bears
upon it a crown of three raised points, with a single
pearl at the top of each (Fig. 703). Other coins bear the
crown with the three raised points without the helmet
(Fig. 704). This crown of three points, bearing some-
times one and sometimes three pearls at the top of
each, continued to be used by all the sole monarchs
until Canute, on whose head a crown is shown in which
the three points develop into three clearly-marked
trefoils (Fig. 705). On the great seal of Edward the
Fig. 703.
LLJ
Fig. 704.
Fig. 705.
Confessor the king is wearing an ornamental cap, which
is described by Mr. Wj'on in his book about the Great
Seals as bearing a crown with three points trefoiled ;
but the impressions of this Great Seal that I have been
able to see are so indistinct in this particular that I do
not feel justified in corroborating his opinion. On some
of the coins, however, of Edward the Confessor, an
arched crown is very clearly shown, and this crown has
depending from it, on each side, tassels with ornamental
ends (Fig. 706).
" In the list of the English regalia which were
destroyed under the Commonwealth in 1649 is found
an item of great interest, viz. " a gold wyer work
crown with little bells," which is there stated to have
belonged to King Alfred, who appears to have been the
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Fig. 706.
Fig. 707.
Fig. 708.
first English king for whom the ceremony of coronation
was used ; and it is remarkable that on several of the
crowns on coins and seals, from the time of Edward the
Confessor until Henry I., little tassels or tags are shown
which may indeed represent little bells suspended by a
ribbon.
" On King Alfred's own coins there is unfortunately
nothing which can be recognised as a crown.
" On the coins of Henry II. a crown is shown with
arches, apparently intended to be jewelled, as is also the
rim. There are also tassels with ornamental ends at the
back of the crown (Fig. 707).
" William I. on his Great Seal wears a crown with three
points, at the top of each of which are three pearls (Fig.
70S), and on some of his coios a more ornamental form
4h
Fig. 709.
Fig. 710.
Fig. 711.
of crown occurs having a broad jewelled rim and two
arches, also apparently jewelled, and at each side are
two pendants with pearl ends (Fig. 709). William II. on
his Great Seal has a crown with five points (Fig. 7 10), the
centre one being slightly bigger than the others, and at
the top of each a single pearl. At each side of the
crown are pendants having three pearls at the ends.
■' On some of the coins of Stephen a pretty form of
crown is seen. It has three fleurs-de-lis and two
jewelled arches (Fig. 711). The arches disappear from
26c
THE ART OF HERALDRY
this time until the reign of Edward IV. On the Great
Seal of Henry I. the king wears a simple crown with
three fleurs-de-lis points, and two pendants each with
three pearls at the ends (Fig. 7i2),_ and after this the
pendants seem to have been discontinued.
■■ On the first Great Seal of Henry III. a crown with
three fleurs-de-lis is shown surmounting a barred helmet
(Fig. 713), and Edward I. wore a similar crown with three
fleurs-de-lis, but having supplementary pearls between
each (Fig. 714), and this form lasted for a long time, as
I'IG. 712
FiCx. 713.
Fig. 714.
modifications of it are found on the coins of all the
kings till Henry VII. On the third Great Seal of
Edward IV. the king wears a crown with five fleurs-de-
lis, the centre one being larger than the others, and the
crown is arched and has at the top an orb and cross
(Fig. 715). Henry VI. on his first seal for foreign atiairs,
on which occurs the English shield, uses above it a
crown with three orosses-patee and between each a
pearl (Fig. 716), this being the first distinct use of the
cross-patee on the English crown ; and it probably was
used here in place of the fleurs-de-lis hitherto worn in
order to make a clear distinction between it and the
French crown, which has the fleurs-de-lis only and sur-
mounts the coat of arms of that country. The king
think, a natural e.N;pansion of form, and does not appear
to have had anything to do with the French fleur-de-lis,
which was adopted as an heraldic bearing for an entirely
diflferent reason. The Royal coat of arms of England did
bear for a long time in one of its quarterings the actual
fleurs-de-lis of France, and this, no doubt, has given
some reason to the idea that the fleurs-de-lis on the
crown had also something to do with France ; but as a
matter of fact they had existed on the crown of England
long anterior to our use of them on the coat of arms, as
well as remaining there subsequently to their discon-
tinuance on our Royal escutcheon.
"The cross-pat(3e itself may possibly have been
evolved in a somewhat similar way from the three
pearls of William I., as we often find the centre trefoil,
into which, as we have seen, these three points eventu-
ally turned, has a tendency to become larger than the
others, and this difference has been easily made more
apparent by squaring the ends of the triple leaf. At
the same time it must not be forgotten that the cross-
patee was actually used on the sceptre of Edward the
Fig. 715.
Fig. 716.
Fig. 717.
himself wears an arched crown, but the impressions are
so bad that the details of it cannot be followed.
" Henry VII. on his Great Seal uses, as ornaments for
the crown, orosses-patee alternately with fleurs-de-lis, and
also arches with an orb and cross at the top (Fig. yT-?)'
and, on some of his coins, he reverts to the three fleurs-
de-lis with points between them, arches being still
used, with the orb and cross at the top (Fig. 718). An
ornamental form of crown bearing five ornamental
leaves alternately large and small, with arches, orb,
and cross at the top (Fig. 719), occurs on the shillings of
Henry VII. On the crowns of Henry VIII., as well as
upon his Great Seals, the alternate crosses-patee and
Fig. 719.
fleurs-de-lis are found on the rim of the crown, which is
arched, and has an orb and cross at the top, and this is
the form that has remained ever since (Fig. 720). So we
may consider that the growth of the ornament on the
rim of the crown has followed a regular sequence from
the points with one pearl at the top, of iEthelstan, to
the trefoil of Canute ; the arches began with Edward
the Confessor, and the centre trefoil turned into the
cross-patee of Henry VI. The fact that the remaining
trefoils turned eventually into fleurs-de-lis is only, I
Fig. 720.
Fig. 721.
Fig. 722.
Confessor, so it is just possible it may have had some
specially English significance.
" I have already mentioned that as well as the official
crown of England, which alone I have just been de-
scribing, there has often been a second or State crown,
and this, although it has in general design followed the
pattern of the oflioial crown, has been much more
elaborately ornamented, and in it has been set and
reset the few historic gems possessed by our nation.
The fact that these State crowns have in turn been
denuded of their jewels accounts for the fact that the
old settings of some of them still exist.
" Charles II.'s State Crown is figured in Sir Edward
Walker's account of his coronation, but the illustration
Fig. 723.
Fig. 724.
of it is of such an elementary character that little
reliance can be placed on it ; the actual setting of this
crown, however — which was the one stolen by Colonel
Blood on May 13, 1671 — is now the property of Lord
Amherst of Hackney, and the spaces from which the
great ruby and the large sapphire — both of which are
now in King Edward's State Crown — have been taken
are clearly seen (Fig. 721). James II.'s State Crown,
which is very accurately figured in Sandford's account
of his coronation, and pieces of which are still in the
Tower, also had this great ruby as its centre ornament
(Fig. 722). In Sir George Nayler's account of the
coronation of George IV. there is a figure of his so-
called " new crown," the arches of which are composed
of oak-leaf sprays with acorns, and the rim adorned
with laurel sprays (Fig. 723). The setting of this crown
also belongs to Lord Amherst of Hackney, and so does
another setting of a small State queen's crown, the
266
PLATE LXXXIV.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ownership of which is doubtful. William IV. appears
to have had a very beautiful State crown, with arches of
laurel sprays and a cross at the top with large diamonds.
It is figured in Robson's 'British Herald,' published in
1830 (Fig. 724).
" There is one other crown of great interest, which,
since the time of James Sixth of Scotland and First of
England, forms part of our regalia. This is the crown
of Scotland, and is the most ancient piece of State
jewellery of which we can boast.
"Edward I., after his defeat of John Baliol in 1296,
carried off the crown of Scotland to England, and
Robert Bruce had another made for himself. This in
its turn, after Bruce's defeat at Methven, fell into
Edward's hands. Another crown seems to have been
made for Bruce in 1314, when he was established in the
sovereignty of Scotland after Bannockburn, and the
present crown probably consists largely of the material
of the old one, and most likely follows its general
design. It has, however, much French work about it,
as well as the rougher gold work made by Scottish
jewellers, and it seems probable that the crown, as it
now is, is a reconstruction by French workmen, made
under the care and by order of James V. about 1540.
It was with this crown that Queen Mary was crowned
when she was nine months old.
" In 1 66 1 the Scottish regalia were considered to be in
danger from the English, and were sent to Dunottar
Castle for safety. From 1 707 until 1 8 1 8 they were locked
up in a strong chest in the Crown-Room of Edinburgh
Castle, and Sir Walter Scott, in whose presence the box
was opened, wrote an account of them in 1810. The
crown consists of a fillet of gold bordered with flat wire.
Upon it are twenty-two large stones set at equal
distances, i.e. nine carbuncles, four jacinths, four
amethysts, two white topazes, two crystals with green
foil behind them, and one topaz with yellow foil.
Behind each of these gems is a gold plate, with bands
above and below of white enamel with black spots, and
between each stone is a pearl. Above the band are ten
jewelled rosettes and ten fleurs-de-lis alternately, and
between each a pearl. Under the rosettes and fleurs-
de-hs are jewels of blue enamel and pearls alternately.
The arches have enamelled leaves
of French work in red and gold
upon them, and the mount at the
top is of blue enamel studded with
gold stars. The cross at the top is
black enamel with gold arabesque
patterns ; in the centre is an
amethyst, and in this cross and in
the corners are Oriental pearls set
in gold. At the back of the cross are the letters
I. R. V. in enamel-work. On the velvet cap are four
large pearls in settings of gold and enamel (Fig. 725).
" Generally, the Scottish work in gold is cast solid and
chased, the foreign work being thinner and repov.ssi.
Several of the diamonds are undoubtedly old, and are
cut in the ancient Oriental fashion ; and many of the
pearls are Scottish. It is kept in Edinburgh Castle
with the rest of the Scottish regalia. None of the other
pieces at all equal it in interest, as with the exception
of the coronation ring of Charles I. they are of foreign
workmanship, or, at all events, have been so altered that
there is little or no original work left upon them."
Very few people are aware, when they speak of the
crown of England, that there are two crowns. The
one is the official crown, the sign and symbol of the
sovereigns of England. This is known by the name of
St. Edward's Crown, and is never altered or changed.
As to this Mr. Cyril Davenport writes : —
" St. Edward's Crown was made for the coronation of
Fig. 725.
Charles II. in 1662, by Sir Robert V3mer. It was
ordered to be made as nearly as possible after the old
pattern, and the designs of it that have been already
mentioned as existing in the works of Sir Edward
Walker and Francis Sandford show that in a sensual
form it was the same as now ; indeed, the existing crown
is in all probability mainly composed of the same
materials as that made by Sir Robert. The crown
consists of a rim or circlet of gold, adorned with rosettes
of precious stones surrounded with diamonds, and set
upon enamel arabesques of white and red. The centre
gems of these rosettes are rubies, emeralds, and sapphires.
Rows of large pearls mark the upper and lower edges of
the rim, from which rise the four crosses-patee and four
fleurs-de-lisalternately, adorned with diamonds and other
gems. The gem clusters upon the crosses are set upon
enamel arabesques in white and red, of similar workman-
ship to that upon the rim. From the tops of the crosses
rise two complete arches of gold crossing each other, and
curving deeply downwards at the point of intersection.
The arches are considered to be the mark of independ-
ent sovereignty. They are edged with rows of large
pearls, and have gems and clusters of gems upon them
set in arabesques of red and white, like those upon the
crosses. From the intersection of the arches springs a
mound of gold, encircled by a fillet from which rises a
single arch, both of which are ornamented with pearls
and gems. On the top of the arch is a cross-patee of
gold, set in which are coloured gems and diamonds.
At the top of the cross is a large spheroidal pearl, and
from each of the side arms, depending from a little gold
bracelet, is a beautifully formed pear-shaped pearl.
The crown is shown in the Tower with the crimson
velvet cap, turned up with miniver, which would be
worn with it.
" This crown is very large, but whether it is actually
worn or not it would always be present at the corona-
tion, as it is the ' official ' crown of England."
St. Edward's Crown wOl be found represented on
Plate XV. Fig. 10, but it should be noticed that this
illustration does not show the pearl which surmounts
the orb upon the cross, nor the two smaller pearls
which depend from the arms of the cross.
St. Edward's Crown is the crown supposed to be
heraldically represented when for State or official pur-
poses the crown is represented over the Royal Arms or
other insignia. In this, it will be noticed, the fleurs-
de-lis upon the rim are only half fleurs-de-lis. This
detail is scrupulously adhered to, but during the reign
of Queen Victoria many of the other details were very
much "at the mercy" of the artist. Soon after the
accession of King Edward VII. the matter was brought
under consideration, and the opportunity afforded by
the issue of a War Office Sealed Pattern of the Royal
Crown and Cypher for use in the army was taken
advantage of to notify his Majesty's pleasure, that for
official purposes the Royal Crown should be as shown
in Fig. 726, which is a reproduction of the War Office
Sealed Pattern already mentioned. It should be noted
that whilst the cap of the real crown is oi purple velvet,
the cap of the heraldic crown is always represented as
of crimson.
The second Crown is what is known as the " Imperial
State Crown." This is the one which is actually- worn,
and which the Sovereign after the ceremony of his coro-
nation wears in the procession from the Abbey. It is
also carried before the Sovereign at the opening of
Parliament. Whilst the gems which are set in it are
national property, the crown is usually remade for each
successive sovereign. The following is Mr. Davenport's
description of Queen Victoria's State Crown, which is
illustrated on Plate LII. Fig. 1 1 : —
267
THE ART OF HERALDRY
" This beautiful piece of jewellery was made by Roun-
dell & Bridge in 1838. Many of tbe gems in it are old
ones reset, and many of them are new. The entire
weight of the crown is 39 ozs. 5 dwts. It consists
of a circlet of open work in silver, bearing in the front
the great sapphire from the crown of Charles II. which
was bequeathed to George III. by Cardinal York, with
other Stuart treasure. At one end this gem is partly
pierced. It is not a thick stone, but it is a fine colour.
points of emeralds encircled with diamonds, and a
large pearl above each. On these festoons are set
alternately eight crosses-patee, and eight fleurs-de-lis of
silver set with gems. The crosses-patee are thickly set
with brilliants, and have each an emerald in the centre,
except that in front of the crown, which contains the
most remarkable jewel belonging to the regalia. This
is a large spinal ruby of irregular drop-like form,
measuring about 2 ins. in length, and is highly polished
Fig. 726. —The New Royal Cypher. (From a War Office sealed pattern.)
Opposite to the large sapphire is one of smaller size.
The remainder of the rim is filled in with rich jewel
clusters having alternately sapphires and emeralds in
their centres, enclosed in ornamental borders thickly
set with diamonds. These clusters are separated from
each other by trefoil designs also thickly set with
diamonds. The rim is bordered above and below with
bands of large pearls, 1 29 in the lower row, and 11 2 in
the upper. [The crown as remade for King Edward
VII. now has 139 pearls in the lower row, and 122 in
the upper.] Above the rim are shallow festoons of
diamonds caught up between the larger ornaments by
on what is probably its natural surface, or nearly so.
Its irregular outline makes it possible to recognise the
place that it has formerly occupied in the older State
crowns, and it seems always to have been given the
place of honour. It is pierced after an Oriental fashion,
and the top of the piercing is filled with a supplementary
ruby set in gold. Don Pedro, King of Castille in 1367,
murdered the King of Granada for the sake of his
jewels, one of wliich was this stone, and Don Pedro is
said to have given it to Edward the Black Prince
after the battle of Najera, near Vittoria, in the same
year. After this, it is said to have been worn by Henry V.
268
PLATE LXXXV
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ARMS FROM A MANUSCRIPT AT THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.
TEMP. HENRY VI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in his crown at A^incourt in 1415, when it is recorded
that the King's lite was saved from the attack of the
Due D'Aleu(,-on, because of the protection afforded him
by his crown, a portion of which, however, was broken
off. It may be confidently predicted that such a risk
of destruction is not v«ry likely to happen again to the
great ruby.
" In the centre of each of the very ornamental fleurs-
de-lis is a ruby, and all the rest of the ornamentation
on them is composed of rose diamonds, large and small.
From each of the crosses-patee, the upper corners of
which have each a large pearl upon them, rises an arch
of silver worked into a design of oak-leaves and acorn-
cups. These leaves and cups are all closely encrusted
with a mass of large and small diamonds, rose brilliant,
and table cut ; the acorns themselves formed of beautiful
drop-shaped pearls of large size. From the four points
of intersection of the arches at the top of the crown
depend large egg-shaped pearls. From the centre of
the arches, which slope slightly downwards, springs a
mound with a cross-patee above it. The mound is
ornamented all over with close lines of brilliant
diamonds, and the fillet which encircles it, and the
arch which crosses over it, are both ornamented with
one line of large rose-cut diamonds set closely together.
The cross-patee at the top has in the centre a large
sapphire of magnificent colour set openly. The outer
lines of the arms of the cross are marked by a row of
small diamonds close together and in the centre of each
arm is a large diamond, the remaining spaces being
filled with more small diamonds. The large sapphire
in the centre of this cross is said to have come out of
the ring of Edward the Confessor, which was buried
with him in his shrine at Westminster, and the posses-
sion of it is supposed to give to the owner the power of
curing the cramp. If this be indeed the stone which
belonged to St. Edward, it was probably recut in its
present form of a 'rose' for Charles II., even if not
since his time.
" Not counting the large ruby or the large sapphire,
this crown contains : Four rubies, eleven emeralds,
sixteen sapphires, two hundred and seventy - seven
pearls, two thousand seven hundred and eighty-three
diamonds. [As remade for King Edward VII. the crown
now has 297 pearls and 2818 diamonds.]
"The large ruby has been valued at £1 10,000.
" When this crown has to take a journey it is provided
with a little casket, lined with white velvet, and having
a sliding drawer at the bottom, with a boss on which the
crown fits closely, so that it is safe from slipping. The
velvet cap turned up with miniver, with which it is
worn, is kept with it."
This crown has been recently remade for King Edward
VII., but has not been altered in any essential details.
The Ulustration of it in Plate LI. is reproduced from a
photogi-aph taken after its alteration for King Edward.
This plate has been very kindly presented to the
present work by Messrs. R. & S. Garrard & Co., of
the Haymarket, S.W. The cap of the real crown is of
purple velvet as shown in the plate.
Fig. 727 represents the crown of the Queen Consort
with which Queen Alexandra was crowned on August 9,
1902. It will be noticed that, unlike the King's crowns,
this has eight arches. The circlet which forms the
base is il inches in height. The crown is entirely
composed of diamonds, of which there are 3972, and
these are placed so closely together that no metal
remains visible. The large diamond visible in the
illustration is the famous Koh-i-noor. Resting upon
the rim are four crosses patee, and as many fleurs-de-lis,
from each of which springs an arch.
There is yet another crown, probably the one with
which we are most familiar. This is a small crown
entirely composed of diamonds : and the earliest heraldic
use which can be found of it is in the design by Sir
Edgar Boehm for the 1887 Jubilee coinage. Though
effective enough when worn, it does not, from its small
size, lend itself effectively to pictorial representation, and
as will be remembered, the design of the 1 887 coinage was
soon abandoned. This crown was made at the personal
expense of Queen Victoria, and under her instructions,
owing to the fact that her late Majesty found her " State "
Crown uncomfortable to wear, and too heavy for pro-
longed or general use. It is understood, also, that the
Queen found the regulations concerning its custody both
inconvenient and irritating. During the later part of
her reign this smaller crown was the only one Queen
Victoria ever wore. By her will the crown was settled
as an heuioora upon Queen Alexandra, to devolve
Fjg. 727.
upon future Queens Consort for the time being. This
being the case, it is not unlikely that in the future
this crown may come to be regarded as a part of the
national regalia, and it is as well, therefore, to reiterate
the remark, that it was made at the personal expense
of her late Majesty, and is to no extent and in no way
the property of the nation.
OTHER EUROPEAN CROWNS
The crowns used by other ruling European sovereigns
will be found on Plate LII. In order to facilitate refer-
ence thereto, they are here referred to and arranged
according to the countries to which they belong, and
not in the order in which they stand upon the plate.
AUSTEIA-HUNGARY
Fig. I. Austrian Imperial Crown. — The Emperor
Rudolph II. had this admirable piece of the goldsmith's
art made in the year 1602. The crown was probably
made by the Augsburg goldsmith David Attemstetter,
who was appointed goldsmith to the Crown. It is
supposed to have cost 700,000 thalers. (A thaler is a
little less than 3s.) On the point or summit of the
269
THE ART OF HERALDRY
cross upon the crown is an uncut sapphire, and the
golden, dome-like, upper pieces show coronation pictures
in embossed work. The Imperial crown of Frederick
III., on his monument in St. Stephen's Cathedral,
Vienna, probably served as a model (Fig. 728). In the
year 1804, on the raising of Austria into an Empire,
Fig. 72S. — Imperial Crown of Frederick III. (IV.), {d. 1493).
this crown was declared the Imperial crown of Austria.
The gold-fringed, blue crown-ribbons which appear in
the representation of the crown in the arms of Austria
are not present in the real crown.
Fig. 6 (Plate LII.). Boliemian Royal Crown, also
called W enzeh-crown. — In the year 1347, Blanche of
Valois, wife of the Emperor Charles IV., had a Bohemian
Royal Crown made after the pattern of the old French
Royal Crown, using the materials of the Bohemian
Ducal Crown of the time of St. Wenzel (St. Wenceslaus).
It consists of four parts, fastened together by hinges.
In the cross, a relic, a thorn from the crown of Christ,
is introduced. The cap inside was not added until later.
The crown remains amongst the Crown treasures at St.
Veit's, Prague.
Fig. 13 (Plate LII.). Austrian Archducal Groxvn
(or Cap). — A cherry-red velvet cap, turned up with
ermine, scalloped into rounded pieces, is the founda-
tion for a clasp, or buckle crown, and is so arranged
that the spikes of the circlet are visible between
the rounded points of the ermine. The arches of
the crown are four-sided, and set with pearls and
rubies. A lentiform or ball-shaped sapphire serves
Fig. 729.— Styrian Ducal Hat.
as the Imperial orb. The Archducal Crown was
deposited for safe keeping with the Monastery of
Klosterneuberg on November 27, 1616, by the Arch-
duke Maximilian III., Grand Master of the Teutonic
Order of Knightood, where it still remains, in the
treasure-chamber. A much older Austrian Ducal Crown
is to be found in the Landhause (the house where the
States of a country meet) at Graz, and is called the
Styrian Ducal Hat (Fig. 729). It is the crown of Duke
Ernest der Eiserne (Ernest the Iron), died 1424, in
which he appears crowned on his monument in the
Monastery of Reun, near Graz. In the time of Maria
Theresa the frame-work of the crown was readjusted,
the tips of the crown points set with pearls, and the
inner cap bordered with ermine, but unfortunately in-
correctly placed. The original in the proper shape is
shown in the crown of Duke Max, the son of Frederic
III. (Fig. 730), ia the Wappenhuch filr die oster-
reichischen Herzoge (" Book of Arms for the Austrian
Dukes"), 1445. (See Plate XXVIII.) It is to be met
with in precisely the same shape over the five-eagle
shield on the monument of the Emperor Frederick III.
in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna.
Fig. 730. — Maximilian's Ducal Hat, 1445.
Fig. 4 (Plate LII.). Hungarian Crown of St.
Stephen. — This national relic of the Magyars is made out
of two different crowns. The two hoops crossing one
another and the cap itself, consisting of thin sheet-gold,
belong to the Latin crown which King Stephen I. is
said to have received from Pope Sylvester II. on his
conversion to Christianity in the year 1000. The
second Byzantine or Greek crown consists of a circlet
which is adorned in front with nine ornamental pedi-
ments. At the back the circlet is set with pearls.
This second crown was a gift of the East Roman
Emperor, Michael Dukas, who sent it to Duke Geysa
in 1705. The cross is a later addition, and is fastened
on without regard for the enamelled pictures on the
hoops or rings of the crown. In course of time the
sheets of gold, to which the new ornament had been
somewhat carelessly attached, got loose, and the cross
lost its stability.
Very similarly composed to the Byzantine part of
Fig. 731.
-Crown sent by the Emperor Monomachos to
King Andreas of Hungary.
St. Stephen's crown is the crown which King Andreas
of Hungary received about the middle of the eleventh
270
THE ART OF HERALDRY
century from tlie Emperor Constantine Monomachos as
a present. In i860 and 1861 the plates of this crown
(Fig. 731) were turned up by the plough near Nyitra
Jvanka (Neutraer Comitat).
Transylvania (Siebenburgern), united to Hungary in
1688, was raised to a Grand Duchy by Diploma, by
Maria Theresa on November 2, 1765, and received a new
cro'ivn invented for the purpose (Fig. 732). This Grand
Fig. 732. — Crown of Transylvania.
Ducal Crown of Transylvania shows two hoops, spanning
from front to back, and a purple cap, covered with a
golden network.
German Empire
Fig. 2 (Plate LII.). German Imperial Crown. — This
crown, which has no actual existence apart from
heraldry, is that of the New German Empire, and
shows four larger and four smaller plates or medal-
lions of gold placed octagonally side by side; these
medallions are rounded at the top and bordered with
diamonds. The larger medallions each show a large
cross that has two smaller crosses in the corners below
it: the small medallions each contain an eagle, with
an eight-raj'ed star suspended over its head. On the
large medallions rest richly ornamented golden hoops
or arches, which at the summit of the crown spread
out into a leaf-shaped ornament which supports a blue
Imperial orb adorned with precious stones. The crown
is lined with gold, and encloses a low cap of gold
brocade which is diapered with Imperial eagles and
crowns. If the crown is represented suspended, gold
crown-ribbons are added.
The crown of the Roman-GerTnan Empire, wrongly
but universally called "the crown of Charlemagne"
(Fig. 733), served as model for the one which has just
Fig. 733.
-Crown of the Roman-German Empire, wrongly known
as the crown of Charlemagne.
been described. It was a Southern Italian piece of work
of the eleventh century, and until the year 1796 was
preserved with the other Imperial jewels in the Church
of the Holy Ghost at Ntirnberg; at the present time,
however, it is in the Imperial treasure-chamber at
Vienna. This crown, as a crown of sovereignty, has
played but a small heraldic role with the exception of
a short interval from 1804 to 1S06, when it appeared
suspended over the newly-formed Austrian coat of arms.
But as the charge upon the smaller inescutcheon
superimposed upon the quartering or inescutcheon of
Hanover on the arms of Great Britain, it figured as
the emblem of the oiEce of Treasurer of the Holy
Roman Empire from the accession of George I. to the
close of the reign of George IV.
Fig. 5 (Plate LIL). Crown of the German Empress.
— The same is adorned with rubies and diamonds, lined
with gold, and provided with a cap of gold brocade.
Fig. 8 (Plate LIL). Croivn of the German Crown
Prince. — The circlet bears, alternately, four crosses
and four eagles, composed of brilliants. Under the
hoops appears a red velvet cap with lining of the same
colour.
Fig. 7 (Plate LIL). Prussian Royal Crown. — This
is composed of a gold circlet adorned with diamonds.
The eight lower ends of the four intersecting arches,
each of which is adorned with ten brilliants, are
covered by fieurons, each of four diamonds, between
which rise up spikes, each surmounted by a pearl. A
large sapphire appears on the top as the Imperial orb.
lig. g (Plate LIL). Royal Crown of Bavaria. — This
crown is of the usual shape of a Royal crown, only the
golden hoops are not adorned with pearls, but with
precious stones. The crown of Bavaria, through the
means of the court jeweller Borgnis, at Frankfort-on-
the-Main, was in the beginning of this century designed
and made in the same Parisian workshop as the crown
and insignia of Napoleon I. It is preserved in the
treasure-chamber of the Royal residence at Miinich.
In the arms of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin there has appeared, since, 1884, the so-called
" Wendische Krone " (Fig. 734), a green - enamelled
Fig. 734. — " Wendische Krone " of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
hinged ring, adorned with an emerald, the shape of
which was copied from a bronze ring dug up near
Treehow. This is believed to belong to the later period
of the Bronze Age.
Russia .
Fig. 3 (Plate LIL). Russian Emperor's Crown. —
This is entirely made of diamonds (5012), and is sur-
mounted by a large (399 carat) ruby. The crown was
made in the time of the Empress Catherine II., by the
celebrated Genoese jeweller Panzie. When heraldicaUy
represented, blue crown ribbons are added.
Fig. 735. — Crowu of the Empress of Russia.
The Crown of the Empress is similarly shaped (Fig.
735). Both crowns are imposing, more from their
colossal value than from their artistic composition.
Far more interesting are the reaUy national crown-
271
THE ART OF HERALDRY
caps of the kingdom of Kasan (Fig. 736) and Astraohan
(Fig. 737), which are erected in the shape of the old
Here of the Order of the Annimoiation, bears alternately
leaves set with precious stones, and Savoy crosses.
The Crown Princes Crown is similar to that of the
Fig. 736 — Crown of Kasao.
Fig. 737. — Crown of Astracban.
BLnjasen caps, while the crown of the Tsarina Anna,
borne for the kingdom of Poland (Fig. 738), is of the West
European type. Of national make again are the crowns
of the kingdom of Siberia (Fig. 739) and of the Taurian
Fig. 743. — Crown of the Italian Crown Prince.
king, but it only possesses half the number of hoops
(Fig. 743)-
The new State coat of arms of Italj', of the year 1 890,
shows on the Royal helmet the Iron Crowm (Fig. 744), a
broad band in six pieces, which, enamelled green, shows
twenty-two stones. The circlet bears on the inner side
a narrow iron ring, which is supposed to have originally
Fig. 73S. — Crown of Poland.
Fig. 739. — Crown uf Siberia (1684).
Fig. 744. — The Iron Crown of Lombardy.
Chersonesus (Fig. 740). The crown of the kingdom of been a nail from the cross of Christ, hence its name.
Georgia or Grusinien, on the contrary, is an ordinary The Iron Crown was considered the old crown of the
Koyal crown of well-known pattern. kingdom of Lombardy, and Napoleon I. had himself
crowned King of Italy with this crown at Milan in 1805.
Fig. 740. — Crown of Taurien.
Fig. 741. — Crown of Kiew.
Fig. 745. — The Crown of Tuscany.
The united Grand Duchies of Kiew, VLadimar, and xhe crown is preserved in the Cathedral treasures at
Novgorod received under Peter the Great a crown Monza.
(Fig. 741) copied from the Taurian crown-cap. Uniquely Tlie Croivn of the Grand Dxichy of Tv^cany also be-
made is the crown of the Grand Duchy of Finland,
Fig. 742.— Crown of Finland.
which was united by personal imion to Russia (Fig.
742) ; this crown is borne in the great coat of arms of
Russia.
Italy
Fig. 12 (Plate LIL). Italian Royal Croivn. — The
crown is an eight-hooped crown with a low purple
cap. The circlet, which is decorated with the corde-
FlG. 746.
-The Cap of the Doge
of Venice.
Fig. 747. — The Crown of the
Kepublic of San Marino.
longs to the Italian crowns (Fig. 745), and was worn by
the Medicis, Dukes of Florence. It is a crown with
points, adorned in the middle of the front with the
tigure of the Florentine coat of arms, the " florenced "
fleur-de-lis. In old representations, the leaves on the
sides are not to be met with.
Fig. 746 shows the Venetian Doge's Cap, which, it is
C(i^A^~
PLATE LXXXVI.
\\yc^vl^C^ycS
Q^)cKVix^t)pqo^ Mp^
(\\:l/lA
'fn
(l^^^divp^^
i^^H^rr^
Cxif (|xVUO^<>cJtV!J^C
1/bj3^^C.<fli?KC
ARMS FROM A MANUSCRIPT AT THE COLLEGE OF ARMS.
TEMP. HENRY VI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
true, disappeared from history with the last Doge of
Venice, Ludovico Manin, 12th May 1797, but was borne
later by a few noble Venetian families (Giustiniani,
Manin Sagredo, Vendrami, and others) in their arms.
It is of the shape ot a fisherman's cap, with a circlet
richly set with pearls and precious stones, which is
occasionally made like a foliage crown. Here belongs
finally, also, the crown of the little Italian Free State of
San Marino (Fig. 747). It is a spiked crown (David's
crown) with four hoops, and a low pui'ple cap.
Sweden
Fig. 14 (Plate LII.). Crown of the Grown Prince
of Sweden, Duke of Vermland. — The circlet bears eight
high points with pearls on the tips, between them
similar but lower ones are visible. On the front, in
place of the lower points, the armorial charge of the
House of AVasa, a sheaf or fascine (Was.ti.r), is introduced.
The blue cap is diapered with gold crowns, the armorial
bearings of the kingdom of Sweden. The Dukes (of
Vestergotland, Nerike, von Schoonen, Sodermanland,
and Vestmanland) bear a similar crown, only, instead
of the lower points, the black sheaves continue all the
way round (Fig. 748). Of the King's crown, a Dutch
Fig. 748. — Crown of the Dukes of Sweden.
piece of work of the time of King Erich IV., which is
very richly elaborated, it was unfortunately not possible
to obtain any sufficiently clear description or repre-
sentation.
ROUMANIA
Fig. 15 (Plate LIL). Plevna Crown. — The Royal
crown of Roumania was made by the officers of the
ArtUlery of the Aisenal at Bucharest, after the Royal
Proclamation of March 26, 1881, from the material of
an iron cannon captured by the Roumanians at Plevna.
It is independent of any gilding or any jewelled orna-
ments.
Bulgaria
Tlie Crown of Prince Ferdino/nd of Bvlgaria, (elected
July 7, 1887, by the Sobranie) was designed in 1891 by
Huyer von Rosenfeld, and shows a circlet with lily-
FlG. 749.— Crown of Prince Ferdinand of Bolgaria.
shaped points, behind which eight hoops arch over a low
purple cap (Fig. 749). The gold-fringed white-crown
ribbons are edged with red and green. (White, green,
and red are the national colours of Bulgaria.)
France
The different French dynasties (Bourbon, Orleans,
Napoleonic) likewise bore crowns of their own, but the
representation of them seems unnecessary.
The closed crown is said to have been assumed by
Charles VIII. in 1495, but it does not appear upon the
Great Seal of any of the French sovereigns until
it is found on that of Henry II. in 1547. The Royal
Crown of France was a circlet of gold surmounted
by eight demi-fleurs-de-lis and closed by eight pearled
bands uniting and terminating in a fleur-de-lis. The
Imperial Crown of France, first adopted by the Emperor
Napoleon, was a golden circlet adorned with gems, sup-
porting (see Woodward, p. 621) " and completely closed
in by eight Imperial eagles whose elevated wings were
united with alternate conventional palm-branches rising
from Greek honeysuckle floriations, to support the orb
and the cross."
EXOTIC CROWNS
Amongst other crowns which will have interest may
be mentioned the Crown of the Khedive of Egypt
(Fig. 750). It is a hooped crown, lined with purple,
the Imperial orb being replaced by a crescent and
star.
Fig. 750.-
-Crown of the Khedive
of Egypt.
Fig. 751. — Crown of the
Shah of Persia.
27ie Crown of the Shah of Persia (Fig. 751), and
the Chvlah Crovm. of Siam (Fig. 752), which is the
crown of the King of Cambodia (Kambodscha), show
quite an Oriental type, whereas the Crown of the
Fig. 752. — Crown of Siam.
Fig. 753. — Crown of the Sultan
of Johore.
273
Sultan of Johore (Fig. 753) seems to be an imitation of
the European shape of crown.
CORONETS OF RANK
In spite of various Continental edicts, the heraldic
use of coronets of rank, as also their actual use, seems
elsewhere than in Great Britain to be governed by no
2m
THE ART OF HERALDRY
such strict regulations as are laid down and conformed
to in this country. For this reason, no less than for
the greater interest these must necessarily possess for
readers in this country, English coronets will first
claim our attention. It has been already observed
that coronets or jewelled fillets are to be found upon
the helmets even of simple knights from the earliest
periods. They probably served no more than deco-
rative purposes, unless these fillets be merely turbans, or
Fig. 754. — Coronet of Thomas FitzAlan. Earl of Arundel.
{From his monument in Arundel Church, 1415.)
suggestions thereof. As late as the fifteenth century
there appears to have been no regularised form, as will
be seen from Fig. 754, which represents the coronet as
shown upon the effigy of Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of
Arundel, in Arundel Church (141 5). A very similar
coronet surmounts the head-dress of the effigy of
Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, at the same period. In
his will, Lionel, Duke of Clarence (1368), bequeaths
" two golden circles," with one of which he was created
duke. It is of interest to compare this with Fig. 755,
Fig. 755. — Crown of King Henry IV. (1399-1413}. (From his
monument in Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral. )
which represents the Crown of King Henry IV. as re-
presented on his effigy. Richard, Earl of Arundel, in his
will (December 5, 1375) leaves his " melieure coronne"
to his eldest son Richard, his " second melieure coronne "
to his daughter Joan, and his " tierce coronne " to his
daughter Alice. Though not definite proof of the point,
the fact that the earl distributes his coronets amongst
his famOy irrespective of the fact that the earldom (of
which one would presume the coronets to be a sign)
would pass to his son, would seem to show that the
wearing of a coronet even at that date was merely indi-
cative of high nobility of birth, and not of the possession
of a substantive Parliamentary peerage. In spite of the
variations in form, coronets were, however, a necessity.
When both dukes and earls were created they were in-
vested with a coronet in open Parliament. As time went
on the coronet, however, gradually came to be considered
the sign of the possession of a peerage, and was so borne ;
but it was not until the reign of Charles II. that coronets
were definitely assigned by Royal Warrant (February 19,
1660) to peers not of the Blood Royal. Before this date
a coronet had not (as has been already stated) been used
heraldically or in fact by barons, who, both in armorial
paintings and in Parliament, had used a plain crimson
cap turned up with white fur.
The coronet of the Prince of Wales is exactly like the
official (St. Edward's) crown, except that instead of two
intersectmg arches it has only one. An illustration of
this is given in Fig. 756 (this being the usual form in
which it is heraldically depicted), and it also appears
on Plate LIII. Fig. i and on Plate LVL, which repre-
sents the armorial bearings of King Edward VII. and
Queen Alexandra as Prince and Princess of Wales. It
should be noticed, however, that this coronet belongs
to the Prince as eldest son of the Sovereign and heir-
apparent to the Throne, and not as Prince of Wales.
It was assigned by Royal Warrant 9th February, 13
Charles II. The coronet of the Princess of Wales, as
such, is heraldically the same as that of her husband.
'C'W
Fig. 756.
-Coronet of the Prince
of Wales.
Fig,
757. — Coronet
ciiildren of the
of the younger
Sovereign.
but in Plate LVI. the coronet shown over the personal
shield of her present Majesty (to which she was entitled
in her own right, and not by marriage), is her coronet
as a Princess of Denmark.
The coronets of the sons and daughters or brothers
and sisters of a sovereign of Great Britain (other than a
Prince of Wales) is as in Fig. 757 and Plate LIII. Fig. 2,
that is, the circlet being identical with that of the Royal
Crown, and of the Prince of Wales' coronet, but with-
out the arch. This was also assigned in the warrant of
9th February, 1 3 Charles II. Officially this coronet is
described as being composed of crosses-patee and fleurs-
de-lis alternately.
The grandchildren of a sovereign being sons and
daughters of the Prince of Wales, or of other sons of
the sovereign, have a coronet in which strawberry
leaves are substituted for the two outer crosses-patee
appearing at the edges of the coronet, which is officially
described as composed of crosses-patee, fleurs-de-lis, and
strawberry leaves (Plate LIII. Fig. 3).
Princes of the English Royal Family being sons of
younger sons of a sovereign, or else nephews of a sove-
reign being sons of brothers of a sovereign, and having
the rank and title of a duke of the United Kingdom,
have a coronet composed alternately of crosses-patee
and strawberry leaves, the latter taking the place of
the fleurs-de-lis upon the circlet of the Royal Crown.
This coronet was also assigned in the warrant of 9th
February, 1 3 Charles II. (Plate LIII. Fig. 4).
It will be observed by those who compare one heraldic
book with another that I have quoted these rules dif-
ferently from any other work upon the subject. A
moment's thought, however, must convince any one of
the accuracy of my version. It is a cardinal rule of
armory that save for the single circumstance of attainder
no man's armorial insicrnia shall be degraded. Whilst
274
PLATE LXXXVIT.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
any man's status may be increased, it cannot be lessened.
Most heraldic books quote the coronet of crosses-patee,
fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves, as the coronet of the
"grandsons " of the sovereign, whilst the coronet of crosses
patee and strawberry leaves is stated to be the coronet
of " nephews " or cousins of the sovereign. Such a state
of affairs would be intolerable, because it would mean the
liability at any moment to be degraded to the use of a
less honourable coronet. Take, for example, the case of
Prince Arthur of Connaught. During the lifetime of
Queen Victoria, as a grandson of the sovereign he would
be entitled to the former, whereas as soon as King Edward
ascended the throne he would have been forced to re-
linquish it in favour of the more remote form. Take
the case of the Duke of Cambridge. He was certainly
the nephew of the sovereign for the time being when
the coronet of crosses-patee and strawberry leaves was
assigned to him by Royal Warrant in the reign of King
William IV., but he is also the grandson of George III.,
and he has ceased to be the nephew, of the sovereign for
the time being to a no greater extent than he has ceased
to be the grandson of the sovereign for the time being.
The real truth is that the members of the Royal
Family do not inherit these coronets ipso facto or as a
matter of course. They technically and in fact have no
coronets untU these have been assigned by Royal Warrant
with the arms. When such warrants are issued, the
coronets assigned have up to the present time conformed
to the above rules. I am not sure that the " rules "
now exist in any more potent form than that up to the
present time those particular patterns happen to have
been assigned in the circumstances stated. But the
warrants (though they contain no hereditary limitation)
certainly contain no clause limiting their operation to
the lifetime of the then sovereign, which they certainly
would do if the coronet only existed whilst the particular
relationship continued.
The terms " grandson of the sovereign " and " nephew
of the sovereign," which are usually employed, are not
correct. The coronets only apply to the children of
■princes. The children of princesses, who are un-
doubtedly included in the terms "grandson" and
" nephew," are not technically members of the Royal
Family, nor do they inherit either rank or coronet
from their mothers.
By a curious fatality there has never, since these
Roj'al coronets were differentiated, been any male
descendant of an English sovereign more remotely
related than a nephew, with the exception of the
Dukes of Cumberland. Their succession to the
throne of Hanover renders them useless as a precedent,
inasmuch as their right to arms and coronet must be
derived from Hanover and its laws, and not from this
country. The Princess Frederioa of Hanover, however,
uses an Enghsh coronet and the Royal Arms of England,
presumably preferring her status as a princess of this
country to whatever cle jure Hanoverian status might
be claimed. It is much to be wished that a Royal
Warrant should be issued to her which would decide
the point — at present in doubt — as to what degree of
relationship the coronet of the crosses-patee and straw-
berry leaves is available for, or failing that coronet what
the coronet of prince or princess of .this country might
be, he or she not being child, grandchild, or nephew or
niece of a sovereign.
The unique use of actual coronets in England at the
occasion of each coronation ceremony has prevented
them becoming (as in so many other countries) mere
pictured heraldic details. Consequentl}' the instructions
concerning them which are issued prior to each corona-
tion will be of interest. The following is from the
London Gazette of October i, 1901 : —
"Bahl Marshal's Office,
Norfolk House, St. James's Square, S.W.,
October I, 1901.
"The Earl Marshal's Order concerning the Robes,
Coronets, &c., which are to be worn by the Peers at the
Coronation of Their Most Sacred Majesties King Edward
the Seventh and Queen Alexandra.
" These are to give notice to all Peers who attend at
the Coronation of Their Majesties, that the robe or
mantle of the Peers be of crimson velvet, edged with
miniver, the cape furred with miniver pure, and
powdered with bars or rows of ermine {i.e., narrow
pieces of black fur), according to their degree, viz. :
" Barons, two rows.
" Viscounts, two rows and a half.
" Earls, three rows.
" Marquesses, three rows and a half.
" Dukes, four rows.
" The said mantles or robes to be worn over full Court
dress, uniform, or regimentals.
" The coronets to be of sUver-gilt ; the caps of crimson
velvet turned up with ermine, with a gold tassel on the
top ; and no jewels or precious stones are to be set or
used in the coronets, or counterfeit pearls instead of
silver balls.
" The coronet of a Baron to have, on the circle or rim,
six silver balls at equal distances.
" The coronet of a Viscount to have, on the circle,
sixteen silver balls.
" The coronet of an Earl to have, on the cu'cle, eight
silver balls, raised upon points, with gold strawberry
leaves between the points.
" The coronet of a Marquess to have, on the circle, four
gold strawberry leaves and four silver balls alternately,
the latter a little raised on points above the rim.
" The coronet of a Duke to have, on the circle, eight
gold strawberry leaves.
" By His Majesty's Command,
" Norfolk, Earl Marshal."
"Eael Marshal's Office,
Norfolk House, St. James's Square, S.W.,
October I, rgoi.
"The Earl Marshal's Order concerning the Robes,
Coronets, &c., which are to be worn by the Peeresses at
the Coronation of Their Most Sacred Majesties King
Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra.
" These are to give notice to all Peeresses who attend
at the Coronation of Their Majesties, that the robes or
mantles appertaining to then- respective ranks are to be
worn over the usual full Court dress.
" That the robe or mantle of a Baroness be of crimson
velvet, the cape whereof to be furred with miniver pure,
and powdered with two bars or rows of ermine {i.e.
narrow pieces of black fur) ; the said mantle to be edged
round with miniver pure 2 inches in breadth, and the
train to be 3 feet on the ground ; the coronet to be
according to her degree — viz. a rim or circle with six
pearls (represented by silver balls) upon the same, not
raised upon points.
"That the robe or mantle of a Vicountess be like
that of a Baroness, only the cape powdered with two
rows and a half of ermine, the edging of the mantle
2 inches as before, and the train i\ yards; the coronet
to be according to her degree — viz. a rim or circle with
pearls (represented by silver balls) thereon, sixteen in
number, and not raised upon points.
" That the robe or mantle of a Countess be as before,
only the cape powdered, with three rows of ermine, the
edging 3 inches in breadth, and the train i\ yards; the
coronet to be composed of eight pearls (represented by
silver balls) raised upon points or rays, with small
strawberry leaves between, above the rim.
275
THE ART OF HERALDRY
"That the robe or mantle of a Marchioness be as
before, only the cape powdered with three rows and a
half of ermine, the edging 4 inches in breadth, the train
if yards ; the coronet to be composed of four strawberry
leaves and four pearls (represented by sUver balls) raised
upon points of the same height as the leaves, alternately,
above the rim.
" That the robe or mantle of a Duchess be as before,
only the cape powdered with four rows of ermine, the
edging 5 inches broad, the train 2 yards ; the coronet to
be composed of eight strawberry leaves, all of equal
height, above the rim.
" And that the caps of all the said coronets be of
crimson velvet, turned up with ermine, with a tassel of
gold on the top.
" By His Majesty's Command,
"Norfolk, Earl Marshal."
The Coronation Kobe of a peer is not identical with
his Parliamentary Robe of Estate. This is of fine
scarlet cloth, lined with taii'eta. The distinction be-
tween the degrees of rank is effected by the guards or
bands of fur. The robe of a duke has four guards of
ermine at equal distances, with gold lace above each
guard and tied up to the left shoulder by a white riband.
The robe of a marquess has four guards of ermine on
the right side, and three on the left, with gold lace above
each guard and tied up to the left shoulder by a white
riband. An earl's robe has three guards of ermine and
gold lace. The robes of a viscount and baron are identi-
cal, each having two guards of plain ivhite fur.
By virtue of various warrants of Earls Marshal, duly
recorded in the College of Arms, the use or display of
a coronet of rank by any person other than a peer is
stringently forbidden. This rule, unfortunately, is too
often ignored by many eldest sons of peers, who use
peerage titles by courtesy.
Thfe heraldic representations of these coronets of rank
are as follows: —
The coronet of a duke shows five strawberry leaves (see
Plate LIII. Fig. 5). This coronet should not be confused
with the ducal crest coronet.
The coronet of a marquess shows two balls of silver
technically known as " pearls," and three strawberry
leaves (Plate LIII. Fig. 6).
The coronet of an earl shows five " pearls " raised on
tall spikes, alternating with four strawberry leaves
(Plate LIII. Fig. 7).
The coronet of a viscount shows nine " pearls," all
set closely together, directly upon the circlet (Plate
LIII. Fig. 8).
The coronet of a baron shows four " pearls " upon the
circlet (Plate LIII. Fig. 9). This coronet was assigned
by Royal Warrant, dated 7th August, 12 Charles II., to
Barons of England and to Barons of Ireland by warrant
1 6th May, 5 James II.
All coronets of degree actually, and are usually repre-
sented to, enclose a cap of crimson velvet, turned up
with ermine. None of them are permitted to be jewelled,
but the coronet of a duke, marquess, earl, or viscount is
chased in the form of jewels. In recent times, however,
it has become very usual for peers to use, heraldically,
for more informal purposes a representation of the
circlet only, omitting the cap and the ermine edging.
The crown or coronet of a king of arms is of silver-gilt
formed of a circlet, upon which is inscribed part of the
first verse of the 51st Psalm, viz.: "Miserere mei Deus
secundum magnam misericordiam tuam." The rim is
surmounted with sixteen leaves, in shape resembling the
oak-leaf, every alternate one being somewhat higher than
the rest, nine of which appear in the profile view of it or
in heraldic representations. The cap is of crimson satin,
closed at the top by a gold tassel and turned up with
ermine.
Fig. 758.
This can be seen in Figs. 19, 20, 21, and in
I'lt;. 75S.— Sir Artbur Vicars, K.C.V.O., Ulster King of Arms.
(From a photograph by Cliancellor, Dublin.)
Anciently, the crown of Lyon King of Arms was, in
shape, an exact replica of the crown of the King of Scot-
land, the only difference being that it was not jewelled.
Coronets of rank are used very indiscriminately on
the Continent, particularly in France and the Low
Countries. Their use by no means implies the same
as with us, and frequently indicates little if anything
beyond mere " noble " birth.
The remaining coronets of which illustrations are
given are those of other countries.
The Kronevfilhrung (List or Guide of the Crowns)
proposed for Germany by Count Eudolf von StiU-
fried-Rattonitz and Aleantara, President of the Royal
Prussian Heraldic Office in Berlin, in spite of its recog-
nised suitability and opportuneness, .has not been
consistently adopted in those cases indicated by the
use of square brackets. The majority of these coronets
having no actual existence, and being merely heraldic
representations, in the counting of the points of the
coronets and the pearls, only those visible in a drawing
are specified, and not the presumed number in the whole
circumference of the circlet. The following, Nos. i to
40, relate exclusively to Plate LIV-.
Fig. I. Royal Crown. — A crown with five arches,
This crown is borne over their shields by the Austrian
Archdukes, the Royal Princes of Prussia, Bavaria,
Saxony, and Wilrtemberg, the Princes of Baden, Hesse,
Mecklenburg, Saxe-Weimar, and Saxe-Altenburg. The
State coats of arms of Baden, Greece, Hesse, Mecklen-
burg, the Netherlands, Oldenburg, Roumania, Saxony,
Saxe - Altenburg, Saxe - Weimar, Servia, Spain, and
Wilrtemberg show the same crown. Originally, a Royal
or king's crown only consisted of a circlet with leaf and
pearl points (Fig. 755). AVith few exceptions, the crowns
" enclosed " at the top by arches are only occasionally
to be found in the course of the fifteenth century.
There are instances, however, of the use of the closed
276
PLATE LXXXVIII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
crown in England at a much earlier date, as has been
noted in the previous chapter.
Fig. 2. Grand Du-cal Crown [Crown Prince's Crown].
— A coronet with eight arches and a low purple cap.
This crown is borne b}' many states — Belgium, Den-
mark, Portugal, Sweden, and Norway — and also as a
Royal crown. We tind it, besides, in the State coats
of arms of Anlialt, Brunswick, Bulgaria, Luxembourg,
Monaco, Reuss ii. u. j. Linie (Reuss itlterer und jilngerer
Linie), Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Fig. 3. Ducal Ci-oii:n [Crown of the Princes of Royal
Houses and of Hereditary Grand Dukes]. — This shows
the same formation as the last, only the space under
the buckles is entirely tilled up by the cap. Of equal
authorit}', but older, is the Ducal Hat (Fig, 759). The
Fig. 759. — Ducal Cap.
circlet is here replaced by an ermine brim, scalloped out
in circular form. This hat was formerly also worn as
an " Electoral Hat." An older shape of Elector's hat is
shown in Fig. 760, the very old shape in Fig. 761. The
Electors Bonnet.
Fjg. 761. — Ancient form of
the Electoral Hat.
ducal crown is nowadays only used in a State coat of
arms by Schaumburg-Lippe, but it may also be observed
on a seal of the Prince von Waldeck-Pyrmont. The
electoral "bonnet," as it is termed in England, was
borne upon the Royal Arms, over the inesoutcheon
of Hanover for a short time during the reign of
George III., viz. from 1801 untU Hanover was erected
into a kingdom. A crown was then substituted.
Fig. 4. Ducal Coronet in Belgium and the Nether-
lands.— ^The purple cap, ornamented with a golden
tassel on the top, is enclosed in a circlet on which stand
three leaves and two pearl-points.
Fig. 5. DvxaX Coronet in FroMce, Italy, Spain, and
Portugal. — A simple circlet with five leaf-points, small
Fig. 762.— Old Spanish Dncal Coronet.
points being inserted between. The old Spanish Ducal
Coronet is shown in Fig. 762.
Fig. 6. Coronet of an English Dulce.
Fig. 7. Landgrave's Crown [Crown of the Princes of
Grand-Ducal Houses, of Dukes, of the Dukes of Bavaria
and Wilrtemberg]. — Circlet with five leaf and four
pearl points, surmounted by four arches.
Fig. 8. [Crown of the Hereditary Princes of Ducal
Houses]. — The same crown as in Fig. 7, but provided
with a low purple cap.
Fig. 9. Coronet of Princes in Italy and Principes
in Spain. — This is very like Fig. 4, only here there are
five leaf and four pearl points on the circlet. Spanish
'■ principes " sometimes bear the circlet alone.
Fig. 10. Coronet of a Princc[Suist — this word should
be distinguished from " Prinz." The latter is apphed to
a Prince of Royal buth, the former is a rank created]
in Belgium and the Netherlands. — This shows the
same cap as the last figure, but the enclet bears five
leaves only. Instead of the tassel, occasionally an
imperial globe and cross appear.
Fig. II. Prince's Crown [Crown of the Princes of
Ducal Houses]. — It is shaped the same as crowns 7 and
8, but in this case there is a high purple cap, which
entirely fills the space under the four arches. Besides
Germany and Denmark, it is used in Russia, even by
the Princes with the title of " Highness " or " Serene
Highness." It may be seen in the State coat of arms
of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and in the " Privy-Seal " of
the Prince von Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
Fig. 12. Crown of the Russian Princes intk the title
of " Highness." — It is similar to the last, but the circlet
is replaced by a turned-up brim of ermine.
Fig. 13. Prince's Hat {yom. by the Sovereigns and
Princes of Sovereign Princely Houses, the mediatised
Dukes and Princes, as also their Princes]. — It is dis-
tinguished from the Prince's Crown (No. 11) by the
scalloped ermine brim, which replaces the circlet. It
is borne in Austria, Germany, France, and Belgium. It
may be seen on the State coat of arms of Lichtenstein,
Lippe, Montenegro, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and
Waldeck-Pyrmont.
Fig. 14. Coronet of a Marquis. — The circlet of this
crown consists of three leaf and two pearl points, the
latter bearing three pearls each. This shape of coronet
is used in Denmark, Italy, France, and Spain. The old
French Marquis's Coronet shows three plain pearl-
points between each leaf. The latter form, therefore,
has these thi-ee points united in one.
Fig. 15. Coronet of a Marquis in Belgium and the
Netherlands [Crown of the younger sons of mediatised
countly families, formerly ruling States of the Empire].
— The circlet has five leaf-points. It is known in
Germany, Austria, Sweden, and Norway as the old
Count's Crown.
Fig. 16. Coronet of an E'nglish Ma/rquess.
Fig. 17. Highness' Croum [Crown of the heads of
mediatised countly families, formerly ruling States of
the Emph-e, with the title of " Erlaucht " (Highness)]. —
The circlet boasts five leaf and four pearl points; the
purple cap is adorned on the top with a little ermine tail.
Fig. 18. Count's Coronet. — Cu-clet with nine pearl-
points. This shape is borne in Germanj', Austria,
France, Spain, Belgium, Russia (high and low points
alternately), and in Italy (low points). Occasionally the
pearls appear without points, placed du-ectly upon the
cu-clet, as in the coronet of a viscount in England.
Fig. 763. — Spanish Count's Coronet.
Fig. 763 shows a Spanish Count's Coronet. — It is
seldom borne, it is true, and it, moreover, as "Erlaucht-
277
THE ART OF HERALDRY
krone" (Highness' crown), was formerly used in Ger-
many. In France and Belgium, in earlier times, three
pearls were placed on the middle and the two side points
(Fig. 764).
a m
Fig. 764.
-Coronet of a Count, formerly used in
France and Belgium.
Fig. 19. Count's Coronet in Belgium. — The circlet
bears seven red-velvet plates or shields, set with
precious stones, rounded off at the top, each with a
pearl on the upper edge, and with the edges bound
with gold ; these surround a cap of gold brocade. This
peculiarly-shaped coronet is no longer in use.
Fig. 20. Coronei of an English Earl.
Fig. 21. Vidame's Coronet in France. — On the
circlet are placed three crosses, between which rise
pearl-points. The term Vidames is used for those
counts to whom was entrusted the protectorate over
the bishoprics.
Fig. 22. Viscount's Coronet. — The circlet bears three
large and two small pearl-points. This coronet is in use
in France and Spain. The Viconde crown in Portugal
is of the same sliape, only the low points have no pearls.
Fig. 23. Viscount's [or Burggrave's] Coronet in the
Netherlands. — The circlet is adorned with three pearl
and two leaf points.
Fig. 24. Viscount's Coronet in Italy. — The circlet
bears three large and two small pearls, without points.
Fig. 25. Viscount's Coronet in Belgium. — This shows
three points, each adorned with three pearls.
Fig. 26. English Viscount's Coronet.
Fig. 27. Freiherr's Coronet. — The circlet is set with
seven pearl-points. Occasionally the pearls are placed
directly on the circlet. This coronet is used in Ger-
many, Austria, Russia, Belgium, and in the Nether-
lands. An old form of this coronet is shown in Fig. 765.
Fig. 765. — Old Freiberr's (Baron's) Coronet.
Th«! circlet is set with five pearls, and wound round by
a string of pearls.
Fig. 28. Baron's Coronet [Freiherr's] in Belgium. —
The circlet encloses a red velvet cap, which is spanned
by four rows or arches of pearls The portions of the
cap thus partitioned are adorned with precious stones
and each bears a pearl on its summit.
Fig. 29. Baron's Coronet in Spain and Portugal. —
The circlet, wound round with a string of pearls, bears
four pearls without points. The old Spanish Baron's
Coronet was likewise a circlet wound round with a pearl
string, but had seven plain points (Fig. 766).
pearls. In Italy the string of pearls is generally placed
diagonally, but to the left.
Fig. 31. Baron's Coronet in Sweden and Norway,
Finland and the Baltic Provinces. — The circlet bears
three groups of pearls, three in each, and between each
of these groups is a solitary pearl.
Fig. 32. Coronet of an English Baron.
Fig. 33. Hereditary Knights in Italy. — The coronet
of hereditary knights [Chevalier hereditaire) consists of
a circlet on which are set three unmounted pearls.
Fig. 34. Chevalier's Coronet in Belgium. — The circlet,
wound round with a pearl-string, bears five pearl-points.
The " Bitter s" [Knight's] Coronets in the Nether-
lands is e-xaotly the same. The distinguishing mark
of the chevaHer in France consists, on the contrary,
of a wreath (tortillon) of two colours, with fluttering
ribbons (Fig. 767).
Fig. 767. — The Wreath of a French Chevalier.
Fig- 35. Caballe7-o's Coronet in Spain and Portugal.
— The circlet is adorned with three leaves and two
points, each with three pearls, between which four small
pearl-points emerge.
Fig. 36. Coronet of '■ Noble " Persons in Italy. — The
circlet bears five unmounted pearls.
Figs. 37 and 38. Coronets of " Noble " Persons in Ger-
many and Austria. — In Belgium and the Netherlands,
in Denmark, France, and Russia, as also in Sweden and
Norway, the coronet Fig. 38, which is identical with
the crest coronet, is borne as a coronet of " nobility "
or rank.
For the lower nobility [or gentry — knights and edel-
eute — people with the prefix -von and no other title]
coronets are not officially recognised, at any rate in
Germany and Austria as officially belonging; as,
according to the patent, only shield and helmet are
granted them. However, as can be understood, no
other prohibition or protest is raised against the use
of them, and Figs. 37 and 38 are the patterns usually
adopted.
Fig. 39. Coronet of a "Banneret^' in France. — This
consisted of a simple circlet, without pearls or points.
Fig. 40. "Patrician" Coronet in Italy.— The circlet
bears three spade-shaped points, between each of which
a pearl-point appears.
The cap introduced by Napoleon I., in the place of
the coronet of rank, and whicli had variously-coloured
brims or turned-up borders and feathers, had fortu-
nately, as indeed the whole of the heraldic regulation
invented by him, so short a lifetime that we can
certainly spare ourselves an enumeration and descrip-
tion of them.
In conclusion, a few crowns follow which certainly
cannot be regarded as coronets of rank, and have no
existence in fact, but yet must be mentioned here,
because they, and especially the " Mauerkrone " [mural
crown] are used in heraldry.
Fig. 766. — Old Spanish Baron's Coronet.
Fig. 768. — Antique Crown.
Fig. 30. Baron's Coronet in France and Italy. — A The Zaehen Croitm [notched, scalloped, sharply-
plain cu-clet, three times wound round with a string of pointed] (Fig. 768), also called the antique or heathen
27,8.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
crown, or David's crown, shows a circlet with twelve
sharp points round it, of which seven are visible. The
twelve sharp points have a symbolic significance, and
relate to the twelve rays [months] of the sun.
In the medium-sized coat of arms of Austria [these
states all seem to possess a bia;, little, and an intermediate
coat of arms] this crown rests upon the shield of the
kingdom of Illj'ria. In the arms of San Marino a
" Zacken " crown appears as circlet of the arched crown.
(See Plate LII. Fig. 38.)
The Mauerkrone [mural crown) (Fig. 769] is used in
Fig. 769. — Mural Crown.
Fig. 770. — Naval Crown.
Germany principally as an adornment to the arms of
towns. It is borne with three, four, or five battlemented
towers. The tincture, likewise, is not always the same :
gold, silver, red, or the natural colour of a wall being
variously employed. Residential [i.e. having a royal
residence] and capital toivns usually bear a Mauerkrone
with five towers, large towns one with four towers,
smaller towns one with three. Strict regulations in the
matter do not yet exist. It should be carefully noted
that this practice is peculiar to Germany and is quite
incorrect in Great Britain.
The Naval Crown [Schiffskrone] (Fig. 770), on the
circlet of which sails and sterns of ships are alternately
introduced, is very rarely used on the Continent. With
us it appears as a charge in the arms of the towns of
Chatham, Ramsgate, Devonport, &o. The Naval Coronet,
however, is more properly a crest coronet, and as such
will be more fully considered in the next chapter. It
had, however, a limited use as a coronet of rank at one
time, inasmuch as the admirals of the United Provinces
of the Netherlands placed a crown composed of prows
of ships above their escutcheons, as may be seen from
various monuments.
The crown of the Dauphin of France was a gemmed
circlet of gold supporting eight demi-fleurs-de-lis, and
arched in by four dolphins, heads downwards, the tails
uniting to support the fleurs-de-lis in which the coronet
terminated. The coronets used by the princes and
princesses of France, sons and daughters of the sove-
reign or the Dauphin, was a circlet supporting eight
demi-fleurs-de-lis, whilst other Royal princes and prin-
cesses placed upon the circlet four demi-fleurs-de-lis and
as many " strawberry leaves " alternately.
The Chancellor of France and the Premiers-Presi-
dents used, in lieu of a coronet, a " mortier," or cap
edged with gold. The various caps, or chapeaux, which
occur in heraldry have a chapter to themselves later,
and the Papal tiara, and the various forms of the eccle-
siastical hat, will be found dealt with subsequently.
A. C. F-D. AND H. S.
CHAPTER XXVII
CREST CORONETS AND CHAPEAUX
THE present oflSoial rules are that crests must be
upon, or must issue from, a wreath (or torse), a
coronet, or a chapeau. It is not at the pleasure
of the wearer to choose which he will, one or other
being specified and included in the terms of the grant.
If the crest have a lawful existence, one or other of
them will unchangeably belong to the crest, of which it
now is considered to be an integral part.
In Scotland and Ireland, Lyon King of Arms and
Ulster King of Arms have always been considered to
have, and still retain, the right to grant crests upon
a chapeau or issuing from a crest. But the power is
(very properly) exceedingly sparingly used ; and, except
in the cases of arms and crests matriculated in Lyon
Register as of ancient origin and in use before 1672, or
" confirmed " on the strength of user by Ulster King of
Arras, the ordinary ducal crest coronet and the chapeau
are not now considered proper to be granted in ordinary
cases.
Since about the beginning of the nineteenth century
the rules which follow have been very definite, and have
been very rigidly adhered to in the English College of
Arms.
Crests issuing from the ordinary " ducal crest coro-
net " are not now granted under any circumstances.
The chapeau is only granted in the case of a grant of
arms to a peer, a mural coronet is only granted to
officers in the army of the rank of general or above, and
the naval coronet is only granted to officers in his
Majesty's Royal Navy of the rank of admiral and above.
An Eastern coronet is now only granted in the case
of those of high position in one or other of the Imperial
Services, who have served in India and the East.
The granting of the other forms of crest coronets, the
" crown-vallary " and the " crown palisado," is always
discouraged, but no rule exists denying them to appli-
cants, and they are to be obtained if the expectant
grantee is sufficiently patient and pertinacious. Neither
form is, however, particularly ornamental, and both are
of modern origin.
There is still yet another coronet, the " celestial
coronet." This is not unusual as a charge (see Fig.
593), but as a coronet from which a crest issues I
know of no instance, nor am I aware of what rules, if
any, govern the granting of it.
Definite rank coronets have been in times past
granted for use as crest coronets, but this practice,
the propriety of which cannot be considered as other
than highly questionable, has only been pursued, even in
the more lax days which are past, on rare and very ex-
ceptional occasions, and has long since been definitely
abandoned as improper.
In considering the question of crest coronets, the
presumption that they originated from coronets of rank
at once jumps to the mind. This is by no means a
foregone conclusion. It is difficult to say what is the
earliest instance of the use of a coronet in this country
as a coronet of rank. When it is remembered that the
coronet of a baron had no existence whatever until it
was called into being by a warrant of Charles II. after
the Restoration, and that differentiated coronets for the
several ranks in the Peerage are not greatly anterior in
279
THE ART OF HERALDRY
date, the question becomes distinctly complicated. From certainly
the reign of Edward the Confessor the kings of England had
mi
FiGf. 771. — Various Crest Coronets taken from ancient examples.
worn crowns, and the great territorial earls, who it must be re-
membered occupied a position akin to that of a petty sovereign
280
(far beyond the mere high dignity ot a great
noble at the present day), from an early period
wore crowns or coronets not greatly differing
in appearance from the crown of the king.
But the Peerage as such certainly neither
had nor claimed the technical right to a
coronet as a mark of their rank, in the thir-
teenth and fourteenth centuries. But coronets
of a kind were used, as can be seen from early
effigies, long before the use of crests became
general. But these coronets were merely in
the nature of a species of decoration for the
helmet, many of them far more closely re-
sembling a jewelled torse than a coronet.
Parker in his " Glossary of Terms used in
Heraldry " probably correctly represents the
case when he states : " From the reign of
Edward III. coronets of various forms were
worn (as it seems indiscriminately) by princes,
dukes, earls, and even knights, but apparently
rather by way of ornament than distinction,
or if for distinction, only (like the collar of
SS) as a mark of gentility. The helmet of
Edward the Black Prince, upon his effigy at
Canterbury, is surrounded with a coronet
totally different from that subsequently as-
signed to his rank."
The instance quoted by Parker might be
amplified by countless others, but it may here
with advantage be pointed out that the great
helmet (or as this probably is the ceremonial
representation of it) suspended above the
Prince's tomb (Fig. 264) has no coronet, and
the crest is upon a chapeau. Of the fourteen
instances in the Plantagenet Garter plates in
which the torse appears, twelve were peers of
England, one was a foreign count, and one
only a commoner. On the other hand, of
twenty-nine whose Garter plates show crests
issuing from coronets, four are foreigners, seven
are commoners, and eighteen were peers. The
coronets show very great variations in form
and design, but such variations appear quite
capricious and to carry no meaning, nor does
it seem probable that a coronet of gules or of
azure, of which there are ten, could represent
a coronet of rank. The Garter plate of Sir
William De la Pole, Earl of (afterwards Duke
of) Suffolk, shows his crest upon a narrow
black fillet. Consequently, whatever may be
the conclusion as to the wearing of coronets
alone, it would seem to be a very certain
conclusion that the heraldic crest coronet
bore no relation to any coronet of rank or to
the right to wear one. Its adoption must have
been in the original instance, and probably
even in subsequent generations, a matter of
pure fancy and inclination. This is borne out
by the fact that whilst the Garter plate of
Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, shows
his crest upon a torse, his effigy represents
it issuing from a coronet.
Until the reign of Henry VIII., the Royal
crest, both in the case of the sovereign and all
the other members of the Royal Family, is
always represented upon a chapeau or cap of
dignity. The Great Seal of Edward VI. shows
the crest upon a coronet, though the present
form of crown and crest were originated by
Queen Elizabeth. In depicting the Royal
Arms, it is usual to omit one of the crowns,
and this is always done in the official warrants
PLATE LXXXIX.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
controlling the arms. One crown is placed upon the
helmet, and upon this crown is placed the crest
{Plate CXIV.), but theoretically the Royal achievement
has two crowns, inasmuch as one of the crowns is an
inseparable part of the crest. Plate CXIV. above re-
ferred to shows the usual form of depicting the Royal
crest. This plate is by Mr. G. W. Eve, but probably
the finest representation of the Royal crest which has
ever been done is the design for one of the smaller
bookplates for the Windsor Castle Library. This also is
by Mr. Eve, and a reproduction will be found herein
in a later chapter. It would be impossible to
imagine anything finer. Like the rest of the Royal
achievement, the Royal crest is of course not heredi-
tary, and consequently it is assigned by a separate
Royal Warrant to each male member of the Royal
Family, and the opportunity is then taken to substitute
for the Royal crown, which is a part of the sovereign's
crest, a coronet identical with whatever may be assigned
in that particular instance as the coronet of rank. In
the case of Royal bastards the crest has always been
assigned upon a chapeau.
The only case which comes to one's mind in which
the Royal crown has (outside the sovereign) been
allowed as a crest coronet is the case of the town of
Eye.
The Royal crown of Scotland is the crest coronet of
the sovereign's crest for the kingdom of Scotland. This
crest, together with the crest of Ireland, is never assigned
to any member of the Royal Family except the sovereign.
The crest of Ireland (which is on a wreath or and azure)
is by the way confirmatory evidence that the crowns in
the crests of Scotland and England have a duplicate
and separate existence apart from the crown denoting
the sovereignty of the realm.
The ordinary crest coronet or, as it is usually termed
in British heraldry, the " ducal coronet " (Ulster, how-
ever, describes it otficially as " a ducal crest coronet "), is
quite a separate matter from a duke's coronet of rank.
Whilst the coronet of a duke has upon the rim five
strawberry leaves visible when depicted, a ducal coronet
has only three. The "ducal coronet" is the conven-
tional "regularised" development of the crest coronets
employed in early times. Fig. 771 shows different vari-
ations of ancient examples of the crest coronet, but it
is now always officially depicted as in Figs. 81 and 550.
Unfortunately it has in many instances been depicted
of a much greater and very unnecessary width, the
result being inartistic and allowing unnecessary space
between the leaves, and at the same time leaving the
crest and coronet with little circumferential relation. It
should be noted that it is quite incorrect for the rim of the
coronet to bejewelled in colour though the outline of
jewelling is indicated.
Though ducal crest coronets are no longer granted
(of course they are still exemplified and their use per-
mitted where they have been previously granted), they
are of very frequent occurrence in older grants and con-
firmations.
It is quite incorrect to depict a cap (as in a coronet
of rank) in a crest coronet, which is never more than
the metal circlet, and consequently it is equally in-
correct to add the band of ermine below it which wUl
sometimes be seen.
The coronet of a duke has in one or two isolated
cases been granted as a crest coronet. In such a case
it is not described as a duke's coronet, but as a " ducal
coronet of five leaves." It so occurs in the case of
Ormsby-Hamilton.
The colour of the crest coronet must be stated in the
blazon. Crest coronets are of all colours, and will be
sometimes found bearing charges upon the rim (parti-
cularly in the cases of mural and naval coronets). An
instance of this will be seen in the case of Sir John W.
Moore, and of Mansergh (Fig. 772), the label in this case
Fig. 772. — Armorial bearings of Richard Southcote Mansergh, Esq. :
Argent, a bend raguly gules, between three arrows points down-
wards of the last, (lighted and barbed or (for Mansergh). Mantling
gules, doubled argent. Crest : out of a ducal crest coronet proper,
charged with a label of three points gules, a demi-lion rampant
argent, gorged with a collar raguly of the second, and holding in
the dexter paw an arrow point downwards of the last, flighted and
barbed or. Motto : " Tout jour pret."
being an unalterable charge and not the difference mark
of an eldest son. Though the tincture of the coronet
ought to appear in the blazon, nevertheless it is always
a fair presumption (when it is not specified) that it is
of gold, coronets of colour being very much less fre-
quently met with. On this point it is interesting to
note that in some of the cases where the crest coronet
is figured upon an early Garter plate as of colour, it is
now borne by the present descendants of the family
gold. For example on the Garter plate of Sir Walter
Hungerlbrd, Lord Hungerford, the crest [" A garb or,
between two silver sickles "] issues fi-om a coronet azure.
The various Hungerford families now bear it or. The
crest upon the Garter plate of Sir Humphrey Stafford,
Duke of Buckingham ["A demi-swan argent, beaked
gules "], issues from a coronet gules. This crest is now
borne (by the present Lord Stafford) : " Out of a ducal
coronet per pale gules and sable," &c.
Another instance of coloured coronets will be found
in the crest of Nicholson now borne by Shaw.=-
Probably, however, the most curious instance of all
will be found in the case of one of the coats of arms
reproduced from Gelre's "Armorial." Here the crest
coronet is of ermine (see Plate LXXVI.).
A very general misconception — which will be found
stated in practically every text-book of armory — is that
when a crest issues from a coronet the wreath must be
^ Armorial bearings of William Otho Nicholson Shaw, Esq. : Quar-
terly, I and 4, argent, two chevronels between three lozenges ermines
(for Shaw) ; 2 and 3, azure, two bars ermine, in chief three suns proper
(for Nicholson); and for his crests, I. upon a wreath of the colours, a
dove bendy sinister of sis argent and sable, holding in the beak an
olive-branch proper, the dexter leg resting on a lozenge as in the arms
(for Shaw) ; 2. out of a ducal coronet gules, a lion's head ermine (for
Nicholson) ; with the motto, " Per castra ad astra."
281
2n
THE ART OF HERALDRY
omitted. There is not and never has been any such
rule. The rule is rather to the contrary. Instances
where both occur are certainly now uncommon, and
the presence of a wreath is not in present-day practice
considered to be essential Lf a coronet occurs, but the
use or absence of a wreath when the crest issues
placed upon a torse argent and sable. Another instance
wUl be. found in the case of the grant of the crest of
Hanbury (Fig. 773).
A quite recent case was the grant by Sir Bernard
Burke, Ulster King of Arms, of a crest to Sir Richard
Quain, Bart., the blazon of which was : " On a wreath
v5
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Fig. 773. — Facsimile of a certificate by William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms, of the arms and crest of Hanbury.
from a coronet really depends entirely upon the
original grant. If no wreath is specified with the
coronet, none will be used or needed, but if both are
granted both should be used. An instance of the
use of both will be found on the Garter Hall plate of
Sir Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers. The crest (a
talbot's head silver) issues from a coronet or, which is
argent and azure, and out of a mural coronet proper a
demi-lion rampant or, charged on the shoulder with a
trefoil slipped vert, and holding between the paws a
battle-axe also proper, the blade gold."
Other instances are the crests of Hamilton of Sun-
ningdale (Fig. 774) and Tarleton (Fig. 775).
Another instance will be found in the grant to Ross-
282
PLATE XC
EXAMPLES FROM CONRAD GRUNENBERG'S WAPPENBUCH.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of-Bladensburg, a facsimile of which document appears
Fig. 774.— Armorial bearings of John Hamilton, Esq.: Gules, a spur-
rowel of six points or, between three cinquetoils argent, all within
a bordure engrailed erminois ; and impaling the arms of Crutchley,
namely: argent, a chevron gules, cottised azure, between three
torteanx, each encircled by two branches of oak proper. Mantling
gules, doubled argent. Crest : an oak-tree issuing from a ducal
coronet, having a saw across it all proper, the last having the word
" Through" upon the iron part of it as motto.
Fig. 775.— Armorial bearings of Alfred Henry Tarleton, Esq. : Quarterly,
I and 4, gules, a chevron erminois between three cinquefoils or
(for Tarleton) ; 2 and 3, argent, on a fess dancettij, between three
mullets azure, as many bezants (for Dimsdale), and impaling the
arms of Tennyson-D'Eyncourt, namely : quarterly, I and 4, azure,
a fe.ss dancette between ten billets or, four in chief and six in
base, three, two, and one (for D'Eyncourt) ; 2 and 3, gules, three
leopards' faces or, jessant-de-lis azure, over all a bend of the last
(for Tennyson). Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a mural crown,
thereon a leopard's face, all between two ostrich feathers proper.
Slotto: " Post nubila phcebus."
in Fig. 776. Possibly this blazon may be a clerical error
in the engrossment, because it Tvill be noticed that the
wreath does not appear in the emblazonment.
I wonder how many of the officers of arms are aware
of the existence of a warrant, dated in 1682, issued by
the Deputy Earl-Marshal to the Companies of Painters,
Stainers, and Coachmakers, forbidding them to paint
crests which issue out of ducal coronets without putting
them upon " wreaths of their coUours." The wording
of the warrant very plainly shows that at that date a
wreath was always painted below a crest coronet. The
warrant, however, is not so worded that it can be
accepted as determining the point for the future, or that
it would override a subsequent grant of a crest in con-
trary form. But it is evidence of what the law then was.
No crest is now granted without either wreath,
coronet, or chapeau.
An instance of the use of the coronet of a marquess
as a crest coronet will be found in the case of the
Bentinck crest.^
There are some number of instances of the use of an
earl's coronet as a crest coronet. Amongst these may
be mentioned the crests of Sir Alan Seton Steuart,
Bart. ["Out of an earl's coronet a dexter hand grasp-
ing a thistle all proper"], that granted to Cassan of
Sheffield House, Ireland [" Issuant from an earl's
coronet proper, a boar's head and neck erased or,
langued gules"], James Christopher Fitzgerald Kenney,
Esq., Dublin [" Out of an earl's coronet or, the pearls
argent, a cubit arm erect vested gules, cuffed also
argent, the hand grasping a roU of parchment proper "],
and Davidson [" Out of an earl's coronet or, a dove
rising argent, holding in the beak a wheat-stalk bladed
and eared all proper "].
I know of no crest which issues from the coronet of
viscount, but a baron's coronet occurs in the case of
Forbes of Pitsligo and the cadets of that branch of the
famUy : " Issuing out of a baron's coronet a dexter hand
holding a scimitar all proper."
Foreign coronets of rank have sometimes been
granted as crest coronets in this country, as in the
oases of Sir Francis George Manningham BoUeau, Bart.,
Norfolk [" In a nest or, a peUcan m her piety proper,
charged on the breast with a saltire couped gules, the
nest resting in a foreign coronet"], Henry Chamier,
Esq., Dublin [" Out of a French noble coronet proper,
a cubit arm in bend vested azure, charged with five
fleurs-de-lis in saltire or, cufi'ed ermine, holding in the
hand a scroll, and thereon an open book proper,
garnished gold"], John Francis Charles Fane De Salis,
Count of the Holy Eoman Empire [" i. Out of a
marquis' coronet or, a demi-woman proper, crowned or,
hair flowing down the back, winged in place of arms
and from the armpits azure ; 2. out of a ducal coronet
or, an eagle displayed sable, ducally crowned also or ;
3. out of a ducal coronet a demi-lion rampant double-
queued and crowned with a like coronet all or, brandish-
ing a sword proper, hilt and pommel of the first, the
lion cottised by two tilting-spears of the same, from
each a banner paly of six argent and gules, fringed also
or "], and Mahony, Ireland [" Out of the coronet of a
Count of France a dexter arm in armour embowed,
grasping in the hand a sword all proper, hilt and
pommel or, the blade piercing a fleur-de-lis of the last"].
A curious crest coronet will be found with the Sack-
ville crest. This is composed of fleurs-de-lis only, the
blazon of the crest being : " Out of a coronet composed
of eight fleurs-de-lis or, an estoile of eight points argent."
A curious use of coronets in a crest will be found in
the crest of Sir Archibald Dunbar, Bart. ['■ A dexter
hand apaumee reaching at an astral crown proper"]
(compare the arms of Dunbar on Plate XXXIV.),
^ Crest of Bentinck : Out of a marquess's coronet proper, two arms
counter-embowed, vested gules, on the hands gloves or, and in each
hand an ostrich feather argent.
283
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and Sir Alexander James Dunbar, Bart. [" A dexter
hand apaumee proper reaching to two earls' coronets
tied together"].
Next after the ordinary "ducal coronet" the one
most usually employed is the mural coronet, which
is composed of masonry. Though it may be and
often is of an ordinary heraldic tincture, it will usually
be found " proper." In the crest of Every-Halstead
[" Out of a mural coronet chequy or and azure, a demi-
eagle ermme beaked or"] it is chequy. Instances ot
it is becoming somewhat difficult to introduce differ-
ences in a stock pattern kind of crest, led to its very
frequent use in grants during the last hundred years.
Instances of its use will be found in the crests of Horn-
castle (Fig. 84), Ritson (Fig. 43°), Leigh (Fig. 556), and
Blackpool (Fig. 584).
Care should also be taken to distmguish between the
" battlements of a tower " and a crest issuing from " a
castle," as in the arms of Harley (Plate XII.): "a
tower," as in the arms of Boyce (Fig. 558) ; and upon
-■s»-" rT^'tyfr.^
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Fig. 776.
crests issuing from mural coronets wUl be found in the
crests of Tarleton (Fig. 775), Moore (Fig. 158), and
M'Cammond (Fig. 329).
Care should be taken to distinguish the mural crown
from the " battlements of a tower." This originated as
a modern " fakement " often granted to those who have
been using a mural coronet, and desire to continue
within its halo, but are not qualified to obtain in their
own persons a grant of it. It should be noticed that
the battlements of a tower must always be represented
upon a wreath. Its facility for adding a noticeable
distinction to a crest has, however, in these days when
the " capital of a column," as in the arms of Cowper-
Essex (Fig 777). ...
Abroad, e.g. in the arms of Pans, it is very usual to
place a mural crown over the shield of a town, and
some remarks upon the point will be found on page 279.
This at first sight may seem an appropriate practice to
pursue, and several heraldic artists have followed it and
advocate it in this country. But the correctness of such
a practice is, for British purposes, strongly and em-
phatically denied officially, and whilst we reserve this
privilege for army officers, it does not seem proper that
it should be available for casual and haphazard assump-
284
PLATE XCI.
^<znvm%:^{
eA.
9
c^:.s^i^4's^^^/^"'^x j^^v^
EXAMPLES FROM COXRAD GRUXENBERG'S WAPPENBUCH.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 777. — Armorial bearings of Thomas Christopher Cowper-Essex,
Esq. : Quarterly, i and 4, azure, within two chevronels or, a quatre-
foil of the last, between two griffins' heads couped ermine, the
whole between three eagles displayed of the second (for Essex) ;
2 and 3 or, two barrulets wavy azure between two horse-shoes in
chief sable, and a lantern in base proper (for Cowper). Crests ; i.
on a wreath of the colours, on the capital of an Ionic column a
griffin's bead couped sable, charged with two quatrefoils or (for
Essex) : 2. on a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm erect
vested gules, the cuff argent, holding in the hand a lantern sus-
pended from a staff proper {for Cowper) ; with the motto,
'* Conduco."
I .yfif. ^.u^rUs 7),y,i-ni:i,yy;//,-<';.-.y, yy^„,/,„y„„,y.y/y.y.v./yy,y. //„,.v,;,,/,^. 'y,„yyr„y/y,y//,y.;,,y.„/. 'y,... y.„J, '„/-,„/y^,„ yy,-
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■^ ' ■' ' ^„-',;,y,/,yy/„/ly;.//.
Fig. 77S.— Patent of Augmentation to Sii- Philip Bowes Vere Broke.
285
THE ART OF HERALDRY
lion by a town or city. That being the case, it should
be borne in mind that the practice is not permissible
in British armory.
The naval coronet (Fig. 770), though but seldom
granted now, was very popular at one time. In the
latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the
nineteenth centuries, naval actions were constantly being
fought, and in a large number of cases where the action
of the officer in command was worthy of high praise and
reward, part of such reward was usually an augmentation
of arms. Very frequently it is found that the crest of
augmentation issued from a naval ooi-onet (Fig. 778).
This is, as will be seen, a curious figure composed of
the sail and stern of a ship repeated and alternating
on the rim of a circlet. Sometimes it is entirely gold,
but usually the sails are argent. An instance of such
a grant of augmentation will be found in the crest of
augmentation for Brisbane ("Fig. 553) and in Fig. 778,
which is a reproduction of the patent granting a crest
of augmentation to Sir Philip Bowes Broke to com-
memorate his glorious victory in the Shannon over
the American ship Chesapeake.
Any future naval grant of a crest of augmentation
would probably mean, that it would be granted issuing
out of a naval coronet, but otherwise it is now confined
to those grants of arms in which the patentee is of tlie
rank of admiral. Instances of its use will be found in
coronet or, a dexter arm embowed proper, holding in
the hand a battle-axe argent, round tbe wrist a ribbon
azure."
The crest of Dakyns is chiefly memorable for the
Fig. 779. — Armorial bearings of Sir Arthur Farquhar, K.C.B. : Supporting
a sword erect proper, the blade encircled by a wreath of laurel also
proper, between three sinister hands couped gules, a chief wavy
azure, thereon out of waves of the sea a representation of a fortified
town of the third, and above the word " Gluckstadt" in letters of
pold, the escutcheon being surrounded by the ribbon of the Most
Honourable Order of the Bath, and pendent his badge as a Knight
Commander. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his
degree, with a mantling sable and or ; and for his crest, out of a
naval crown or, a sword as in the arms, and a flag flowing towards
the sinister in saltire azure, inscribed with the word "Acheron "
in letters of gold, surmounted by a dexter hand issuant gules ;
with the motto. " Sto cado fide et armis. "
the crests of Schomberg and Farquhar (Fig. 779), and
in the crest of Dakyns of Derbyshire : " Out of a naval
Fig. 7S0. — Armorial bearings of Robert Townley Caldwell, Esq.; Or,
three piles sable, each charged with a fountain ; in base four
barrulets wavy alternately gules and vert. Mantling sable and or.
Crest : out of an Eastern crown argent, the rim inscribed "Gooty"
in letters sable, a demi-lion rampant liolding in its dexter paw a
falchion proper, and supporting in its sinister paw an escutcheon
azure charged with a representation of the medal conferred upon
Sir Alexander Caldwell in commemoration of his services at the
siege of Seringapatam pendent from a riband tenne. Motto :
"Virtus et spes."
curious motto which accompanies it : " Strike, Dakyns,
the devil's in the hempe," of which no one knows the
explanation.
The crest of Lord St. Vincent [" Out of a naval
coronet or, encircled by a wreath of oak proper, a demi-
pegasus argent, maned and hoofed of the first, winged
azure, charged on the wing with a fleur-de-lis gold "] is
worthy of notice owing to the encircling of the coronet,
and in some number of cases the circlet of the coronet
has been made use of to carry the name of a captured
ship or of a naval engagement.
The Eastern Coronet is a plain rim heightened with
spikes. Formerly it was granted without restriction,
but now, as has been already stated, it is reserved for
those of high rank who have served in India or the
East. Instances of its occurrence will be found in the
arms of Lord Roberts, which were granted to his father.
Sir Abraham Roberts, G.C.B., and of Rawlinson, Bart.
[" Sable, three swords in pale proper, pommels and hilts
or, two erect, points upwards, between them one, point
downwards, on a chief embattled of the third an antique
crown gules. Crest : out of an Eastern crown or, a cubit
arm erect in armour, the hand grasping a sword in bend
sinister, and the wrist encircled by a laurel wreath
proper "], and in the crest of Caldwell (Fig. 780).
Of identically the same shape is what is known as
the " Antique Coronet." It has no particular meaning,
and though no objection is made to granting it in Scot-
land and Ireland, it is not granted in England. Instances
in which it occurs under such a description will be
286
THE ART OF HERALDRY
found in tlie cases of Lanigan O'Keefe (Fi^, 252) and
Matheson <= (Plate XXXIIL).
The Crown Vallary or Vallarj Coronet and the
Palisade Coronet were undoubtedly originally the same,
but now the two forms in Avhich it has been depicted
are considered to be different coronets. Each has the
rim, but the vallary coronet is now heightened only by
pieces of the shape of vair, whilst the palisado coronet
is formed by high " paiisadoes " affixed to the rim.
These two are the only forms of coronets granted to
ordinary and undistinguished applicants in England.
An example of the former will be found in the crests
of Scale (Fig. 781) and Bethell (Lord Westbury).
A recent instance of the grant of a palLsado coronet
will be found in the case of the town of Dukinfield
(Fig. 782).
The form of the Celestial Crown will be seen in the
arms of Dunbar-Dunbar'* (Plate XXXIV.) and in the
arms of Kensington (Fig. 593), but though one of the
regularly recognised heraldic crowns, I know of
instance in which a crest issues from one.
Fig. 7S1. — Armorial bearings of Sir John Henry Seale, Bart. : Or, two
barrolets azure, between three wolves' heads erased sable, in the
fess point a mural crown gules ; the escutcheon charged with his
badge of Ulster as a baronet. Mantling azure and or. Crest : out
of a crown vallery or, a wolf's head argent, the neck encircled with
a wreath of oak vert.
The circlet from the crown of a king of arms has
once at least been granted as a crest coronet, this being
in the case of Rogers Harrison.*'
^ Armorial bearings of Sir Kenneth Matheson, Bart.: Argent, three
dexter hands couped two and one gules, within a bordure of the second.
Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and for crest, issuing out of an
Eastern crown or, a dexter hand holding a scimitar in fess all proper.
Motto : ■'■ Fac et spera."
^ Armorial bearings of Rev. John Archibald Dunbar-Dunbar : Quar-
terly, I and 4, gules, a lion rampant argent, within a bordure of the
last, charged with eight roses of the first ; 2 and 3, or, three cushions
within a double tressure flory counterflorj gules, the whole within a
bordure invected and quartered azure and of the last ; in the centre of
the quarters a deer's head cabossed proper. Crest: on a wreath of his
liveries, a dexter hand apaumee reaching to an astral crown proper.
^ Armorial bearings of George Harrison Rogers Harrison, Esq.,
Windsor Herald: Quarterly, i and 4, azure, three demi-lions rampant
erased or, each crowned with an Eastern crown argent (for Harrison) ;
2 and 3, or, three stags trippant proper (for Rogers), in the centre chief
point on an inescutcheon gules a lion rampant argent (in allusion to
his office of Blanche Lion Pursuivant). Crests: i. out of a mural
coronet azure, a demi-lion issuant or, crowned as in the arms, and
holding between the paws a chaplet of roses proper; 2. on a ducal
coronet or, a lion rampant argent ; 3. on a chapeau gules, turned up
Fig. 782.— Arms of Dukinfield : Quarterly, azure and argent, a cross
pointed and voided quarterly of the last and sable, between in the
first quarter a raven close and in the fourth a garb, both or.
Crest : out of a crown palisado or, a cubit arm vested azure, cuffed
argent, the band proper, holding an escutcheon of the second,
charged with the sun in his splendour of the first between two
ostrich-feathers of the third. Motto : " Integrity."
THE CHAPEAU
Some number of crests will be found to have been
granted to be borne upon a " chapeau " in lieu of wreath
or coronet. Other names for the chapeau, under which
it is equally well known, are the " cap of maintenance "
or " cap of dignity."
There can be very little doubt that the heraldic
chapeau combines two distinct origins or earlier proto-
types. The one is the real cap of dignity, and the other
is the hat or " capelot " which covered the top of the
helm before the mantling was introduced, but from
which the lambrequin developed. The curious evolu-
ermine, a stag trippant proper gorged with a coronet of a king of arms,
therefrom a chain passing between the forelegs or ; 4. out of a coronet
composed of trefoils gold, a plume of five ostrich-feathers alternately
argent and or.
287
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tion of the ohapeau from the " capelot," which is so
marked and usual in Germany, is the tall conical hat,
often surmounted by a tuft or larger plume of feathers,
and usually employed in German heraldi-y as an oppor-
tunity for the repetition of the livery colours, or a part
of, and often the whole design of, the arms. But it
should at the same time be noticed that this tall conical
hat is much more closely allied to the real cap of main-
tenance than our pi'esent crest " chapeau."
Exactly what purpose the real cap of maintenance
served, or of what it was a symbol, remains to a certain
extent a matter of m)'stery. The "Cap of Maintenance"
— a part of the regalia borne before the sovereign at the
State opening of Parliament (but not at a coronation) by
the Marquesses of Winchester, the hereditary bearers of
the cap of maintenance — bears, in its shape, no relation
to the heraldic ohapeau. The only similarity is its
crimson colour and its lining of- ermine. It is a tall
conical cap, and is carried on a short stafi. Whilst
crest-coronets in early days appear to have had little
or no relation to titular rank, there is no doubt what-
ever that caps of dignity had. Long before, a coronet was
assigned to the rank of baron; in the reign of Charles II.
all barons had theh caps of dignity, of scarlet lined
with white fur; and in the old pedigrees a scarlet
cap with a gold tuft or tassel on top and a lining of fur
will be found painted above the arms of a baron. This
fact, the fact that until after Stuart days the chapeau
does not appear to have been allowed or granted to
others than peers, the fact that it is now reserved for
the crests granted to peers, the fact that the velvet cap
is a later addition both to the sovereign's crown and to
the coronet of a peer, and finally the fact that the cap
of maintenance is borne before the sovereign only in
the precmcts of Parliament, would seem to indubitably
indicate that the cap of maintenance was inseparably
connected with the lordship and overlordship of Parlia-
ment vested in peers and in the sovereign. In the
crumpled and tasselled top of the velvet cap, and in the
ermine border visible below the rim, the high conical
form of the cap of maintenance proper can be still
traced in the cap of a peer's coronet, and that the velvet
cap contained in the crown of the sovereign and in the
coronet of a peer is the survival of the old cap of
dignity there can be no doubt. This is perhaps even
more apparent in Fig. 783, which shows the crown of
Fig. 7S3.— The Crown of King Charles II.
King Charles II., than in the representations of the
Royal crown which we are more accustomed to see.
The present form of a peer's coronet is undoubtedly
the conjoining of two separate emblems of his rank.
The cap of maintenance or dignity, however, as repre-
sented above the arms of a baron, as above referred to,
was not of this high conical shape. It was flatter and
more like that represented in Pig. 761.
The high conical original shape is, however, preserved
in many of the early heraldic representations of the
chapeau, as will be noticed from an examination of the
ancient Garter plates or from a reference to Fig. 264,
which shows the helmet with its chapeau-borne crest of
Edward the Black Prince.
Of the chapeaus upon which crests are represented
in the early Garter plates the following facts may be
observed. They are twenty in number of the eighty-
six plates reproduced in Mr. St. John Hope's book. It
should be noticed that until the end of the reign of
Henry VIII. the Royal crest of the sovereign was always
depicted upon a chapeau gules, Uned with ermine. Of
the twenty instances in which the chapeau appears, no
less than twelve are representations of the Royal crest,
borne by closely allied relatives of the sovereign, so
that we have only eight examples from which to
draw deductions. But of the twenty it should be
pointed out that nineteen are peers, and the only re-
maining instance (Sir John Grey, K.G.) is that of the
eldest son and heir apparent of a peer, both shield and
crest being in this case boldly marked with the " label "
of an eldest son. Consequently it is a safe deduction
that whatever may have been the regulations and
custom concerning the use of coronets, there can be no
doubt that down to the end of the fifteenth century the
use of a chapeau marked a crest as that of a peer. Of
the eight non-Royal examples one has been repainted
and is valueless as a contemporary record. Of the re-
maming seven, four are of the conventional gules and
ermine. One only has not the ermine lining, that being
the crest of Lord Fanhope. It is plainly the Royal
crest "differenced" (he being of Royal but illegitimate
descent), and probably the argent in lieu of ermine
lining is one of the intentional marks of distmction.
The chapeau of Lord Beaumont is azure, seme-de-lis,
lined ermine, and that of the Earl of Douglas is azure
lined ermine, this being in each case in conformity with
the mantling. Whilst the Beaumont family still use
this curiously coloured chapeau with their crest, the
Douglas crest is now borne (by the Duke of Hamilton)
upon one of ordinary tinctures. Chapeaux, other than
of gules lined ermine, are but rarely met with, and
unless specifically blazoned to the contrary a cap of
maintenance is always presumed to be gules and
ermine.
About the Stuart period the granting of crests upon
chapeaux to others than peers became far from im-
usual, and the practice appears to have been frequently
adopted prior to the beginning of this century. Some
of these crest chapeaux, however, were not of gules.
An instance of this kind will be found in the grant in
1667 to Sir Thomas Davies, then one of the sheriffs of
the City of London, but afterwards (in 1677) Lord Mayor.
The crest granted was : " On a chapeau sable, turned
up or, a demi-lion rampant of the last." The reason
for the grant at that date of such a simple crest and the
even more astonishingly simple coat of arms [" Or, a
chevron between three mullets pierced sable"] has
always been a mystery to me.
The arms of Lord Lurgan (granted 1840) afford
another instance of a chapeau of unusual colour, his
crest being : " Upon a chapeau azure turned up ermine,
a greyhound statant gules, collared or."
There are some number of cases in which peers whose
ancestors originally bore theh crests upon a wreath have
subsequently placed them upon a chapeau. The
Stanleys, Earls of Derby, are a case in point, as are
also the Marquesses of Exeter. The latter case is
PLATE XCII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
curious, because although they have for long enough so
depicted their crest, they, only comparatively recently
(within the last few years) obtained the necessary
authorisation by the Crown. Their arms and crest (for
Cecil) are as the first and fourth quarters, with the
dexter crest as in the accompanying illustration of the
arms and crest of Lord John Pakenham Joioey-Cecil
(Fig. 784).
Fig. 7S4. — Armorial bearings of Lord John Pakenham Joicey-Ceoil ;
Quarterly, I and 4, bany of ten argent and azure, over all sis
escatcheons sable, three, two and one, each charged with a lion
rampant of the first (for Cecil) ; 2 and 3, argent, three torteaus
each charged with a lozenge in bend of the first between two
bendlets gules (for Joicey). Mantling azure and argent. Crests :
1. upon a cap of maintenance, a garb or, supported by two lions,
the dexter argent, the sinister azure (for Cecil) ; 2. upon a wreath
of the colours, a demi-man affronte in armour proper, the helmet
adorned wi£h three feathers gules, argent and azure, resting the
dexter hand on an escutcheon of the arms of Joicey, and support-
ing with the sinister a spiked mace also proper. Motto: "Cor
unum via una. "
At the present time the official form of the ehapeau
is as in Fig. 785 with the turn up split at the back into
sanctioned in England. The hat used is a fiat-topped
brown fur hat of the shape depicted in Fig. 787.
It is merely (in London) a part of the official uniform
or livery of the City sword-bearer. It does not even
appear to have been a part of the costume of the Lord
Mayor, and it must always remain a mystery why it was
Fig. 7S6. — Armorial bearings of Major Sir Claude Champion-de Cres-
pigny, Bart. : Quarterly, I and 4, argent, a lion rampant sable,
armed and langued gules, in the dexter base a fer-de-moulin
pierced of the second (for Champion-de Crespigny) ; 2 and 3, azure,
three bars argent (for Vierville de Vierville). Manlling sable,
lined with argent. Crest : on a ehapeau gules, turned up ermine,
a cubit arm in armour holding in the hand a broadsword proper ;
with the motto, " Mens sibi conscia recti."
ever adopted for heraldic use. But then the chain of
the Lord Mayor of London is generally called a Collar
of SS. London uses a Peer's helmet, a bogus modern
Fig. 7S5.— The Chapeau.
two tails. No such form can be found in any early
representation, and most heraldic artists have now re-
verted to the earlier type as in Fig. 786, which represents
the arms of Sir Claude Champion-de Crespigny, Bart.
Before leaving the subject of the cap of maintenance,
reference should be made to another instance of a curious
heraldic headgear often, but quite incorrectly, styled a
" cap-of-maintenance." This is the fur cap invariably
used over the shields of the cities of London, Dublin,
and Norwich. There is no English official authority
whatever for such an addition to the arms, but there
does appear to be some Uttle official recognition of it in
Ulster's Office in the case of the city of Dublin. Ulster
King of Arms states that he would, in the case of
Dublin, have no hesitation whatever in certifying the
right of the city arms to be so displayed (Fig. 787).
In the utter absence of anything in the nature of a
precedent, it is quite unlikely that the practice will be
Fig. 787.— Arms of the City of Dublin.
crest, and even more modern bogus supporters, so a few
other eccentricities need not in that instance cause
surprise. ^- ^- J^-D.
289
2o
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXVIII
THE MANTLING OR LAMBREQUIN
THE mantling is the ornamental design which in
a representation of an armorial achievement
depends from the helmet, falling away on either
side of the escutcheon. Many authorities have con-
sidered it to have been no more than a fantastic series
of flourishes, devised by artistic minds for the purpose
of assisting design and affording an artistic opportunity
of filling up unoccupied spaces in a heraldic design.
There is no doubt that its readily apparent advantages
in that character have greatly led to the importance
now attached to the manthng in heraldic art. But
equally is it certain that its real origin is to be traced
elsewhere.
The genesis of the heraldry of to-day was in the East
during the period of the Crusades, and the burning heat
of the Eastern sun upon the metal helmet led to the
introduction and adoption of a textile covering, which
would act in some way as a barrier between the two.
It was simply in fact and effect a primeval prototype of
the " puggaree " of Margate and Hindustan. It is plain
from all early representations that originally it was
short, simply hanging from the apes of the helmet to
the level of the shoulders, overlapping the textile tunic
or "coat of arms," but probably enveloping a greater
part of the helmet, neck, and shoulders than we are at
present (judging from pictorial representations) inclined
to believe.
Adopted first as a protection against the heat, and
perhaps also the rust which would follow damp, the
lambrequin soon made evident another of its advantages,
an advantage to which we doubtless owe its perpetua-
tion outside Eastern warfare in the more temperate
climates of Northern Europe and England. Textile
fabrics are peculiarly and remai-kably deadening to a
sword-cut, to which fact must be added the facility
with which such a weapon would become entangled in
the hanging folds of cloth. The hacking and hewing
of battle would show itself plainly upon the lambrequin
of one accustomed to a prominent position in the fore-
front of a fight, and the honourable record implied by a
ragged and slashed lambrequin accounts for the fact
that we find at an early period after their introduction
into heraldic art, that they are depicted cut and " torn
to ribbons." This opportunity was quickly seized by
the heraldic artist, who has always, from those very
earliest times of absolute armorial freedom down to the
point of greatest and most regularised control, been
allowed an entire and absolute freedom in the design to
be adopted for the mantling. Hence it is that we find
so much importance is given to it by heraldic artists, for
it is in the design of the mantling, and almost entirely
in that opportunity, that the personal character and
abilities of the artist have their greatest scope. Some
authorities have derived the mantling from the robe of
estate, and there certainly has been a period in British
armory when most lambrequins found in heraldic art are
represented by an unmutilated cloth, suspended from
and displayed behind the armorial bearings and tied
at the upper corners (Fig. 47). In all probability the
robes of estate of the higher nobility, no less than the
then existing and peremptorily enforced sumptuary
laws, may have led to the desire and to the attempt, at
a period when the actual lambrequin was fast disappear-
ing from general knowledge, to display arms upon some-
thing which should represent either the parliamentary
robes of estate of a peer, or the garments of rich fabric
which the sumptuary laws forbade to those of humble
degree. To this period undoubtedly belongs the term
"mantling," which is so much more frequently em-
ployed than the word lambrequin, which is really —
from the armorial point of view — the older term.
The heraldic mantling was, of course, originally the
representation of the actual " capeline " or textile cover-
ing worn upon the helmet, but many early heraldic re-
presentations are of mantlings which are of skin, fur, or
feathers, being in such cases invariably a continuation
of the crest drawn out and represented as the lambre-
quin. The plates in this book taken from early rolls
of arms afford numberless examples, and when the
crest was a part of the human figure, the habit in
which that figure was arrayed is almost invariably found
to have been so employed. The Garter plate of Sir
Ralph Bassett, one of the Founder Knights, shows the
crest as a black boar's head, the skin being continued as
the sable mantling.
Some Sclavonic families have mantlings of fur only,
that of the Hungarian family of Chorinski is a bear skin,
and by a study of the present volume countless other in-
stances can be found of the use by German families of a
continuation of the crest for a mantling. This affords
instances of many curious mantlings, this in one case in
the Zurich WappenroUe being the scaly skin of a salmon.
The mane of the lion, the crest of Mertz, and the hair and
beard of the crests of Bohn and Landschaden, are simi-
larly continued to do duty for the mantling. - This
practice has never found great favour in England, the
eases amongst the early Garter plates where it has
been followed standing almost alone. In a manuscript
(M. 3, 6jh) of the reign of Henry VII., now in the
College of Arms, probably dating from about 1 506, an
instance of this character can be found. It is a repre-
sentation of the crest of Stourton (Fig. 788) as it was
Fig. 7SS.— The Crest of Stourton.
borne at that date, and was a black Benedictine demi-
monk proper holding erect in his dexter hand a scourge.
Here the proper black Benedictine habit (it has of later
290
THE ART OF HERALDRY
years been corrupted into the russet habit of a friar) is
continued to form the mantling.
By what rules the colours of the mantlings were
decided in early times it is impossible to say. N"o rules
have been handed down to us — the old heraldic books
are silent on the point — and it seems equally hopeless to
attempt to deduce any from ancient armorial examples.
The one fact that can be stated mth certainty is that the
rules of early daj'S, if there were any, were not the rules
presently observed. Some hold that the coloiirs of the
mantling were decided by the colours of the actual
livery in use as distinct from the " livery colours " of the
arms. It is difficult to check this rule, because our
knowledge of the liveries in use in early days is so
meagre and limited ; but in the few instances of which
we now have knowledge we look in vain for a repetition
of the colours worn by the retainers as liveries in the
mantlings used. The fact that the livery colours are
represented in the background of some of the early
Garter plates, and that in such instances in no single
case do they agree with the colours of the mantling,
must certainly dissipate once and for all any such sup-
position as far as it relates to that period.
A careful study and analysis of early heraldic em-
blazonment, however, reveals one point as a dominating
characteristic. That is, that where the crest, by its
nature, lent itself to a continuation into the mantling it
generally was so continued. This practice, which was
almost universal upon the Continent, and is particularly
to be met with in German heraldry, though seldom
adopted in England, certainly had some weight in
Enghsh heraldry. In the recently published repro-
ductions of the Plantagenet Garter plates eighty-seven
armorial achievements are included. Of these, in ten
instances the mantlings are plainly continuations of
the crests, being " feathered " or in unison. Fifteen of
the mantlings have both the outside and the inside of
the principal colour and of the principal metal of the
arms they accompany, though in a few cases, contrary to
the present practice, the metal is outside, the lining being
of the colour. Nineteen more of the mantlings are of
the principal colour of the arms, the majority (eighteen)
of these being lined with ermine. No less than forty-
nine are of some colour lined with ermine, but thirty-
four of these are of gules lined ermine, and in the large
majority of cases in these thirty-four instances neither
the gules nor the ermine are in conformity with the
principal colour and metal (what we now term the
" livery colours ") of the arms. In some cases the
colours of the mantling agree with the colours of the
crest, a rule which will usually be found to hold good
in German heraldr}'. The constant occurrence of gules
and ermine incline one much to believe that the colours
of the mantling were not decided by haphazard fancy, but
that there was some law — possibly in some way connected
with the sumptuary laws of the period — which governed
the matter, or, at any rate, which greatly hmited the
range of selection. Of the eighty-seven mantlings, ex-
cluding those which are gules lined ermine, there are
four only the colours of which apparently bear no relation
whatever to the colours of the arms or the crests ap-
pearing upon the same Stall plate. In some number of
the plates the colours certainly are taken from a quar-
tering other than the first one, and in one at least of the
four exceptions the mantling (one of the most curious
examples) is plainly derived from a quartering inherited
by the knight in question though not shown upon the
Stall plate. Probably a closer examination of the re-
maining three instances would reveal a similar reason in
each case. That any law concerning the colours of their
mantlings was enforced upon those concerned would be
an unwarrantable deduction not justified by the instances
under examination, but one is clearly justified in draw-
ing from these cases some deductions as to the practice
pursued. It is evident that unless one was authorised by
the rule or reason governing the matter — whatever such
rule or reason may have been — in using a mantling of
gules and ermine, the dominating colour (not as a rule
the metal) of the coat of arms (or of one of the quarter-
ings), or sometimes of the crest if the tinctures of anns
and crest were not in unison, decided the colour of the
mantling. That there was some meaning behind the
mantlings of gules lined with ermine there can be httle
doubt, for it is noticeable that in a case in which the
colours of the arms themselves are gules and ermine,
the mantling is of gules and argent, as by the way in
this particular case is the chapeau upon which the crest
is placed. But probably the reason which governed
these mantlings of gules lined with ermine, as also the
ermine linings of other mantlings, must be sought out-
side the strict limits of armory. That the colours of
mantlings are repeated in different generations, and in
the plates of members of the same family, clearly de-
monstrates that selection was not haphazard.
Certain of these early Garter plates exhibit interest-
ing curiosities in the mantlings : —
1. Sir William Latimer, Lord Latimer, K.G., c. 1361-
13S1. Arms; gules a cross patonce or. Crest: a plume
of feathers sable, the tips or. Mantling gules with silver
vertical stripes, lined with ermine.
2. Sir Bermond Arnaud de Presac, Soudan de la
Tran, K.G., 1380-2^0.5^ 1384. Arms: or, a lion rampant
double-queued gules. Crest : a Midas' head argent.
Mantling sable, lined gules, the latter veined or.
3. Sir Simon Felbrigge, K.G., 1397-1442. Arms: or,
a lion rampant gules. Crest : out of a coronet gules, a
plume of feathers ermine. Mantling ermine, lined gules
(evidently a continuation of the crest).
4. Sir Reginald Cobham, Lord Cobham, K.G., 1352-
1361. Arms: gules, on a chevron or, three estoUes
sable. Crest : a soldan's head sable, the brow encircled
by a torse or. Mantling sable (evidently a continuation
of the crest), lined gules.
5. Sir Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of Powis,
K.G., 1406-7 to 1420-1. Arms: or, a lion rampant gules.
Crest : on a wreath gules and sable, two lions' gambs
also gules, each adorned on the exterior side with three
demi-fleurs-de-lis issuing argent, the centres thereof or.
Mantling: on the dexter side, sable ; on the sinister side,
gules ; both lined ermine.
6. Sir Hertong von Clux, K.G., 1421-1445 or 6.
Arms : argent, a vine branch couped at either end in
bend sable. Crest: out of a coronet or, a plume of
feathers sable and argent. Mantling: on the dexter
side, azure ; on the sinister, gules ; both lined ermine.
7. Sir Miles Stapleton, K.G. (Founder Knight, died
1364). Arms: argent, a lion rampant sable. Crest: a
soldan's head sable, around the temples a torse azure,
tied in a knot, the ends flowing. Mantling sable (pro-
bably a continuation of the crest), lined gules.
8. Sir Walter Hungerford, Lord BLungerford and
Heytesbury, K.G., 1421-1449. Arms: sable, two bars
argent, and in chief three plates. Crest : out of a
coronet azure a garb or, enclosed by two sickles argent.
Mantling (within and without) : dexter, barry of six
ermine and gules; sinister, barry of six gules and
ermine. (The reason of this is plain. The mother of
Lord Hungerford was a daughter and coheir of Hussey.
The arms of Hussey are variously given : " Barry of six
ermine and gules," or " Ermine, three bars gules.")
9. Sir Humphrey Stattbrd, Earl of Stafford, 1429-
1460. Arms: or, a chevron gules. Crest: out of a
coronet gules, a swan's head and neck proper, beaked
gules, between two wings also proper. Mantling: the
291
THE ART OF HERALDRY
dexter side, sable ; the sinister side, gules ; both lined
ermine. Black and gules, it may be noted, were the
livery colours of Buckingham, an earldom which had
devolved upon the Earls of Stafford.
10. Sir John Grey of Ruthin, K.G., 1436-1439. Arms:
quarterly, i and 4, barry of six argent and azure, in
chief three torteaux; 2 and 3, quarterly i. and iiii., oi', a
maunch gules ; ii. and iii., barry of eight argent and
azure, an orle of ten martlets gules ; over all a label of
three points argent. Crest : on a chapeau gules, turned
up ermine, a wyvern or, gorged with a label argent.
Mantling or, lined ermine.
11. Sir Richard NeviU, Earl of Salisbury, K.G., 1436-
1460. Arms : quarterly, i and 4, quarterly i. and iiii.,
argent, three lozenges conjoined in fess gules ; ii. and iii.,
or, an eagle displayed vert; 2 and 3, gules, a sal tire
argent, a label of three points compony argent and
(? sable or azure). Crest: on a coronet, a griffin sejant,
with wings displayed or. Manthng : dexter side, gules ;
the sinistei', sable ; both lined ermine.
12. Sir Gaston de Fois, Count de Longueville, &c.,
K.G., 1438-1458. Arms: quarterly, i and 4, or, three
pallets gules; 2 and 3, or, two cows passant in pale
gules, over all a label of three points, each point or, on
a cross sable five escallops argent. Crest : on a wreath
or and gules, a blackamoor's bust with ass's ears sable,
vested paly or and gules, all between two wings, each of
the arms as in the first quarter. Mantling paly of or
and gules, lined vert.
13. Sir Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoye, K.G., 1472-
1474. Arms: quarterly, i. argent, two wolves passant
in pale sable, on a bordure also argent eight saltires
couped gules (for Ayala) ; 2. or, a tower (? gules) (for
Mountjoy); 3. barry nebuly or and sable (for Blount);
4. vaire argent and gules (for Gresley). Crest : out of
a coronet two ibex horns or. Mantling sable, lined on
the dexter side with argent, and on the sinister with or.
14. Frederick, Duke of Urbino. MantUng or, lined
ermine.
In Continental heraldry it is by no means uncommon
to find the device of the arms repeated either wholly or
in part upon the mantling. In reference to this the
"Tournament Rules" of Rene, Duke of Anjou, throw
some Hght on the point. These it may be of interest to
quote : —
" Vous tous Princes, Seigneurs, Barons, Cheualiers, at Escuyers, qui
auez intention de tournoyer, vous estes tenus vous rendre es lae-
berges le quartrifeme jour deuan le jour du Tourney, pour faire de
vos Blasous fenestres, sur payne de non estre receus audit Tournoy.
Les armes seront celles-cy. Le tymbre doit estre sur vne piece de
cuir boUilly, la quelle doit estre bien faultree d'vn doigt d'espez,
ou plus, par le dedans : et doit contenir la dite piece de cuir tout
le somraet du beaulme, et sera couuerte la dite piece du lambre-
quin armoye des armes de celuy qui le portera, et sur le dit
lambrequin au plus haut du sommet, sera assis le dit Tymbre, et
autour d'iceluy aura vn tortil des couleurs que voudra le Tour-
noyeur.
*' Item, et quand tous les heaulmes seront ainsi mis et ordonnez pour
les departir, viendront toutes Dames et Damoiselles et tous Seig-
neurs, Cheualiers, et Escuyers, en les visitant d'vn bout h autre, la
present les Juges, qui meneront trois ou quatre tours les Dames
pour bien voir et visiter les Tymbres, et y aura vu Heraut ou
poursui%'ant, qui dira aux Dames selon I'endroit oil elles seront, le
Horn de ceux U qui sont les Tymbres, afin que s'il en a qui ait des
Dames medit, et elles toucbent son Tymbre, qu'il soit le lende-
main pour recommande." (Menetrier, VOriginc des Annoiries,
pp. 79-8I-)
Whilst one can call to mind no instance of im-
portance of ancient date where this practice has
been followed in this country, there are one or two
instances in the Garter plates which approximate
closely to it. The mantling of John, Lord Beau-
mont, is azure, semo-de-lis (as the field of his arms),
lined ernime. Those of Sir John Bourchier, Lord
Berners, and of Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, are
of gules, billette or, evidently derived from the quar-
tering for Louvaine upon the arms, this quartering
being : '■ Gules, billette and a fess or."
According to a MS. of Vincent, in the College of
Arms, the Warrens used a mantling chequy of azure and
or with their arms.
A somewhat similar result is obtained by the mant-
ling, " Gules, seme of lozenges or," upon the small plate
of Sir Sanchet Dabrichecourt. The mantling of Sir
Lewis Robessart, Lord Bourchier, is : " Azure, bezante,
lined argent."
" The azure mantling on the Garter plate of Henry V.,
as ■ Prince of Wales, is ' seme of the French golden
fleurs-de-lis.' . . . The Daubeny mantling is 'seme of
mullets.' On the brass of Sir John Wylcote, at Tew,
the lambrequins are chequy. . . . On the seals of Sir
John Bussy, in 1391 and 1407, the mantlings are barry,
the coat being ' argent, thi-ee bars sable.' "
There are a few cases amongst the Garter plates in
which badges are plainly and unmistakably depicted
upon the mantlings. Thus, on the lining of the mant-
ling on the plate of Sir Henry Bourchier (elected 1452)
will be found water-bougets, which are repeated on a
fillet round the head of the crest. The Stall plate of
Sii- John Bourchier, Lord Berners, above referred to
(elected 1459), is lined with silver on the dexter side,
seme in the upper part with water-bougets, and in the
lower part with Bourchier knots. On the opposite side
of the mantling the knots are in the upper part, and the
water-bougets below. That these badges upon the
mantling are not haphazard artistic decoration is proved
by a reference to the monumental effigy of the Earl of
Essex, in Little Easton Church, Essex. The difl'ering
shapes of the helmet, and of the coronet and the mant-
ling, and the different representation of the crest, show
that, although depicted in his Garter robes, upon his
efligy the helmet, crest, and mantling upon which the
earl's head there rests, and the representations of the
same upon the Garter plate, are not slavish copies of the
same original model. Nevertheless upon the efligy, as
on the Garter plate, we find the outside of the mant-
ling " seme of billets," and the inside " seme of water-
bougets." Another instance amongst the Garter plates
will be found in the case of Viscount Lovell, whose
mantling is strewn with gold padlocks.
Nearly all the manthngs on the Garter Stall plates
are more or less heavily " veined " with gold, and many
are heavily diapered and decorated with floral devices.
So prominent is some of this floral diapering that one
is incUned to think that in a few cases it may possibly
be a diapering with floral badges. In other cases it is
equally evidently no more than a mere accessory of
design, though between these two classes of diapering it
would be by no means easy to draw a line of distinc-
tion. The veining and "heightening" of a mantling
with gold is at the present day nearly always to be seen
in elaborate heraldic painting.
From the Garter plates of the fourteenth century it has
been shown that the colours of a large proportion of the
mantlings approximated in early days to the colours
of the arms. The popularity of gules, however, was
then fast encroaching upon the frequency of appear-
ance which other colours should have enjoyed; and in
the sixteenth century, in grants and other paintings of
arms, the use of a mantling of gules had become prac-
tically universal. In most cases the mantling of " gules,
doubled argent " forms an integral part of the terms of
the grant itself, as sometimes do the " gold tassels " which
are so frequently found terminating the mantlings of that
and an earlier period. This custom continued through
the Stuart period, and though dropped oflicially in
England during the eighteenth century (when the
mantling reverted to the livery colours of the arms,
292
PLATE XCIII.
THE WORK OF ALBRECHT DURER.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and became in this form a matter of course and so
understood, not being expressed in the wording of
the patent), it continued in force in Lyon Office in
Scotland until the year 1890, when the present Lyon
King of Arms (Sir James Balfour Paul) altered the
practice, and, as had earlier been done in England,
ordered that all future Scottish mantlings should be
depicted in the livery colours of the arms, but in Scot-
land the mantlings, though now following the livery
colours, are still included in the terms of the grant,
and thereby stereotyped. In England, in an official
" exemplitication " at the present day of an ancient
coat of arms (e.g. in an exemplification following the
assumption of name and arms by Royal License),
the mantling is painted in the liveiy colours, irre-
spective of any ancient patent in which "gules and
argent " may have been granted as the colour of the
mantling. Though probably most people will agree as
to the expediency of such a practice, it is at any rate
open to criticism on the score of propriety, unless the
new mantling is expressed in terms in the new patent.
This would of course amount to a grant overriding the
earlier one, and would do all that was necessary ; but
failing this, there appears to be a distinct hiatus in the
continuity of authority.
Ermine linings to the mantling were soon denied to the
undistinguished commoner, and with the exception of
the early Garter plates, it would be difficult to point to an
instance of their use. The mantlings of peers, however,
continued to be lined with ermine, and English instances
under official sanction can be found in the Visitation
Books and in the Garter plates until a comparatively
recent period. In fact the relegation of peers to the
ordinary livery colours for their mantlings is, in Eng-
land, quite a modern practice. In Scotland, however,
the mantlings of peers have always been lined with
ermine, and the present Lyon continues this whilst
usually making the colours of the outside of the
mantlings agree with the principal colour of the arms.
This, as regards the outer colour of the mantling is
not a fixed or stereotyped rule, and in some cases Lyon
has preferred to adopt a mantling of gules lined with
ermine as more comfortable to a peer's Parliamentary
Robe of Estate (see Plate LVIIL).
In the Deputy Earl-Marshal's warrant referred to on
page 283 are some interesting points as to the mantling.
It is recited that " some persons under y'= degree of y"
Nobilitie of this Realme doe cause Ermins to be De-
picted upon ye Lineings of those Mantles which are
used with their Armes, and also that there are some
that have lately caused the Mantles of their Armes to
be painted like Oistrich feathers as tho' they were
of some peculiar and superior degree of Honor," and
the warrant commands that these points are to be
rectified.
The Royal mantling is of cloth of gold. In the case
of the sovereign and the Prince of Wales it is lined with
ermine, and for other members of the Royal Family it
is lined with argent. Queen Elizabeth was the first
sovereign to adopt the golden mantling, the Royal
tinctures before that date (for the mantling) being
gules lined ermine. The mantling of or and ermine has,
of course, since that date been rigidly denied to all
outside the Royal Family. Two instances, however,
occur amongst the early Garter plates, viz. Sir John
Grey de Ruthyn and Frederick, Duke of Urbino. It is
sometimes stated that a mantling of or and ermine is a
sign of sovereignty, but our own sovereign is really the
only case in which it is presently so used.
In Sweden, as in Scotland, the colours of the mant-
ling are specified in the patent, and, unlike our own,
are often curiously varied.
The present rules for the colour of a mantling are as
follows in England and Ireland : —
1. That with ancient arms of which the grant
specified the colour, where this has not been
altered by a subsequent exemplification, the
colours must be as stated in the grant, i.e.
usually gules, lined argent.
2. That the mantling of the sovereign and Prince of
Wales is of cloth of gold, lined with ermine.
3. That the mantling of other members of the Royal
Family is of cloth of gold lined with argent.
4. That the manthngs of all other people shall be of
the livery colours.
The rules in Scotland are now as follows : —
1. That in the cases of peers whose arms were
matriculated before i8go the manthng is of
gules lined with ermine (the Scottish term for
" lined " is " doubled ").
2. That the mantlings of all other arms matriculated
before 1 890 shall be of gules and argent.
3. That the mantlings of peers whose arms have been
matriculated since 1890 shall be either of the
principal colour of the arms, lined with ermine,
or of gules lined ermine (conformably to the
Parliamentary Robe of Estate of a peer) as may
happen to have been matriculated.
4. That the mantlings of all other persons whose
arms have been matriculated since 1890 shall
be of the livery colours, unless other colours are,
as is occasionally the case, specified in the patent
of matriculation.
Whether in Scotland a person is entitled to assume
of his own motion an ermine lining to his mantling
upon his elevation to the peerage, without a rematricu-
lation in cases where the arms and mantling have been
otherwise matriculated at an earlier date, or whether in
England any peer may still line his mantling with
ermine, one hesitates to express an opinion.
When the mantling is of the livery colours the
following rules must be observed. The outside must be
of some colour and the lining of some metal. The
colour must be the principal colour of the arms, i.e. the
colour of the field if it be of colour, or if it is of metal,
then the colour of the principal ordinary or charge
upon the shield. The metal will be as the field, if the
field is of metal, or if not, it wiU be as the metal of the
principal ordinary or charge. In other words, it should
be the same tinctures as the wreath.
If the field is party of colour and metal {i.e. per pale,
barry, quarterly, &c.), then that colour and that metal
are " the livery colours." If the field is party of two
colours the principal colour {i.e. the one first mentioned
in the blazon) is taken as the colour, and the other is
ignored. The mantling is not made party to agree with
the field in British heraldry, as would be the case in
Germany. If the field is of a fur, then the dominant
metal or colour of the fur is taken as one component
part of the " livery colours," the other metal or colour
required being taken from the next most important
tincture of the field. For example, "ermine, a fess
gules " has a mantling of gules and argent, whilst " or, a
chevron ermines " would need a mantUng of sable and
or. The mantling for " azure, a lion rampant erminois "
would be azure and or. A field of vair has a mantling
argent and azure, but if the charge be vair the field will
supply the one, i.e. either colour or metal, whilst the
vair supplies whichever is lacking. Except in the cases
of Scotsmen who are peers and of the Sovereign and
Prince of Wales, no fur is ever used nowadays in Great
Britain for a mantling.
In cases where the principal charge is " proper," a,
certain discretion must be used. Usually the heraldic
293
THE ART OF HERALDRY
colour to which the charge approximates is used. For
example, "argent, issuing from a mount in base a tree
proper," &c., would have a mantling vert and argent.
The arms " or, three Cornish choughs proper," or
" argent, three negroes' heads couped proper," would
have mantlings respectively sable and or and sable and
argent. Occasionally one comes across a coat which
supplies an " impossible " mantling, or which does not
supply one at all. Such a coat would be " per bend
sinister ermine and erminois, a lion rampant counter-
changed." Here there is no colour at all, so the mant-
ling would be gules and argent. " Or, three stags trippant
proper" would have a mantling gules and argent. A
coat of arms with a landscape field would also probably
be suppUed (in default of a chief, e.g. supplying other
colours and tinctures) with a mantling gules and
argent. It is quite permissible to " vein " a mant-
ling with gold lines, this being always done in official
paintings.
In English official heraldry, where, no matter how
great the number of crests, one helmet only is painted,
it naturally follows that one mantling only can be
depicted. This is always taken from the livery colours
of the chief {i.e. the first) quartering or sub-quartering.
In Scottish patents at the present day in which a
helmet is painted for each crest the mantlings frequently
vary, being in each case in accordance with the livery
colours of the quartering to which the crest belongs.
Consequently this must be accepted as the rule in oases
where more than one helmet is shown.
In considering the fashionings of mantlings it must
be remembered that styles and fashions much overlap,
and there has always been the tendency in armory to
repeat earlier styles. Whilst one willingly concedes
the immense gain in beauty by the present reversion in
heraldic art to older and better, and certainly more
artistic types, there is distinctly another side to the
question which is strangely overlooked by those who
would have the present-day heraldic art slavishly
copied in all minutiie of detail (and even according to
some), in all the crudity of draughtsmanship from
examples of the earliest periods.
Hitherto each period of heraldic art has had its own
peculiar style and type, each within limits readily recog-
nisable. Whether that style and type can be considered
when judged by the canons of art to be good or bad,
there can be no doubt that each style in its turn has
approximated to, and has been in keeping with, the
concurrent decorative art outside and beyond heraldry,
though it has always exhibited a tendency to rather lag
behind. When all has been said and done that can be,
heraldry, in spite of its symbolism and its many other
meanings, remains but a form of decorative art; and
therefore it is natural that it should be influenced by
other artistic ideas and other manifestations of art and
accepted forms of design current at the period to which
it belongs. For, from the artistic point of view, the part
played in art by heraldry is so limited in extent compared
with the part occupied by other forms of decoration,
that one would naturally expect heraldry to show the
influence of outside decorative art to a greater extent
than decorative art as a whole would be likely to show
the influence of heraldry. In our present revulsion of
mind in favour of older heraldic types, we are apt to
speak of " good " or " bad " heraldic art. But art itself
cannot so be divided, for after all allowances have been
made for crude workmanship, and when bad or imperfect
examples have been eliminated from consideration (and
given always necessarily the essential basis of the rela-
tion of line to curve and such technical details of art),
who on earth is to judge, or who is competent to say,
whether any particular style of art is good or bad ? No
one from preference executes speculative art which he
knows whilst executing it to be bad. Most manifesta-
tions of art, and peculiarly of decorative art, are
commercial matters executed with the frank idea of
subsequent sale, and consequently with the subconscious
idea, true though but seldom acknowledged, of pleasing
that public which will have to buy. Consequently the
ultimate appeal is to the taste of the public, for art, if
it be not the desire to give pleasure by the representa-
tion of beauty, is nothing. Beauty, of course, must not
necessarily be confounded with prettiness ; it m.ay be
beauty of character. The result is, therefore, that the
decorative art of any period is an indication of that
which gives pleasure at the moment, and an absolute
reflex of the artistic wishes, desires, and tastes of the
cultivated classes to whom executive art must appeal.
At every period it has been found that this taste is
constantly changing, and as a consequence the examples
of decorative art of any period are a I'eflex only of
the artistic ideas current at the time the work was
done.
At all periods, therefore, even during the early Vic-
torian period, which we are now taught and believe
to be the most ghastly period through which English
art has passed, the art in vogue has been what the
public have admired, and have been ready to pay
for, and most emphatically what they have been
taught and brought up to consider good art. In
early Victorian days there was no lack of educated
people, and because they liked the particular form of
decoration associated with their period, who is justified
in saying that, because that peculiar style of decoration
is not acceptable now to ourselves, their art was bad,
and worse than our own ? If throughout the ages
there had been one dominating style of decoration
equally accepted at all periods and by all authorities
as the highest type of decorative art, then we should
have some standard to judge by. Such is not the case,
and we have no such standard, and any attempt to
arbitrarily create and control ideas between given parallel
lines of arbitrary thought, when the ideas are constantly
changing, is impossible and undesirable. Who dreams of
questioning the art of Benvenuto Cellini, or of describing
his craftsmanship as other than one of the most vivid
examples of his period, and yet what had it in keeping
with the art of the Louis XVI. period, or of the later art
of William Morris and his followers ? Widely divergent
as are these types, they are nevertheless all accepted
as the highest expressions of three separate types of
decorative art. Any one attempting to compare them,
or to rank these schools of artistic thought in order of
superiority, would simply be laying themselves open to
ridicule unspeakable, for they would be ranked by the
highest authorities of different periods in different
orders, and it is as impossible to create a permanent
standard of art as it is impossible to ensure a perman-
ence of any particular public taste. The fact that taste
changes, and as a consequence that artistic styles and
types vary, is simply due to the everlasting desire on the
part of the public for some new thing, and their equally
permanent appreciation of novelty of idea or sensation.
That master-minds have arisen to teach, and that they
have taught with some success their own particular
brand of art to the public, would seem rather to argue
against the foregoing ideas were it not that, when the
master-mind and the dominating influence are gone,
the public, desiring as always change and novelty, are
ready to fly to any new teacher and master who can
again afford them artistic pleasure. The influence of
William Morris in household decoration is possibly the
most far-reaching modern example of the influence of a
single man upon the art of his period ; but master-mind
294
THE ART OF HERALDRY
as was his, and master-craftsman as lie was, it lias
needed but a few years since his death to initiate the
undoing of much that he taught. After the movement
initiated by Morris and carried further by the Arts and
Crafts Society, which made for simplicity in structural
design as well as in the decoration ot furniture, we have
now fallen back upon the flowery patterns of the early
Victorian period, and there is hardly a drawing-room
in fashionable London where the chairs and settees are
not covered with early Victorian chintzes.
Ai'tistic authorities may shout themselves hoarse,
but the fashion having been set in Mayfair will be
inevitably followed in Suburbia, and we are doubtless
again at the beginning of the cycle of that curious
manifestation of domestic decorative art which was
current in the early part of the nineteenth century. It
is, therefore, evident that it is futile to describe varying
types of art of varying periods as good or bad, or to
differentiate between them, unless some such permanent
basis of comparison orstandard of excellence be conceded.
The differing types must be accepted as no more than the
expression of the artistic period to which they belong.
That being so, one cannot help thinking that the abuse
which has been heaped of late (by unthinking votaries
of Plantagenet and Tudor heraldry) upon heraldic art
in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries
has very greatly overstepped the true proportion of the
matter. Much that has been said is true, but what has
been said too often lacks proportion. There is conse-
quently much to be said in favour of allowing each period
to create its own style and type of heraldic design, in con-
formity with the ideas concerning decorative art which
are! current outside heraldic thought. This is precisely
what is not happening at the present time, even with
all our boasted revival of armory and armorial art. The
tendency at the present time is to slavishly copy ex-
amples of other periods. One much-advertised heraldic
artist at the moment is working by the aid of tracing-
paper and the craftsmanship of clever heraldic artists
who have predeceased him in the far distant past,
appearing to especially favour those whose work ex-
hibits that strange tendency to bad execution which
of necessity one must expect at the period when they
worked. There is another point which is usually over-
looked by the most blatant followers of this school of
thought. What are the ancient models which remain
to us ? The early Rolls of Arms of which we hear so
much are not, and were never intended to be, examples
of artistic execution. They are merely memoranda of
fact. It is absurd to suppose that an actual shield was
painted with the crudity to be met with in the Rolls
of Arms. It is equally absurd to accept as unimpeach-
able models. Garter plates, seals, or architectural ex-
amples unless the purpose and medium — wax, enamel,
or stone — in which they are executed is borne in mind,
and the knowledge used with due discrimination. Mr.
Eve, without slavishly copying, originally appears to
have modelled his work upon the admirable designs
and ideas of the " little masters " of German art in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He has since
progressed therefrom to a distinctive and very excellent
style of his own. Mr. Forbes Nixon and Mr. Graham
Johnson model themselves — or rather their work — upon
Plantagenet and Tudor examples. The work of Pere
Anselm, and of Pugin, the first start towards the present
ideas of heraldic art, embodying as it did so much of the
beauty of the older work whilst possessing a character
of its own, and developing ancient ideals by increased
beauty of execution, has placed their reputation far above
that of otliers, who, following in their footsteps, have not
possessed their abilities. Of the artists of the present day,
Mr. Eve affords the greatest promise, inasmuch as he has
added to the strength and virility of ancient examples
a most marvellous executive craftsmanship, and an
originality of design and character which place him
high in the scale. He has probably not yet reached the
highest point to which his work will attain, and his
further progress will be watched with deep interest by
many. But with regard to most of the heraldic design
of the present day as a whole it is very evident that we
are simply picking and choosing tit-bits from the work
of bygone craftsmen, and copying, more or less slavishly,
examples of other periods. This makes for no advance
in design either in its character or execution, nor will
it result in any peculiarity of style which it will be
possible in the future to identify with the present
period. Our heraldry, like our architecture, though it
may be dated in the twentieth century, will be a
heterogeneous collection of isolated specimens of Gothic,
Tudor, or Queen Anne style and type which surely is
as anachronistic as we consider to be those Dutch
paintings which represent Christ and the Apostles in
modern clothes.
Roughly the periods into which the types of mant-
lings can be divided, when considered from the stand-
point of their fashioning, are somewhat as follows. There
is the earliest period of all, when the mantling depicted
approximated closely if it was not an actual representa-
tion of the capelote really worn in battle. Examples
of this wUl be found in the Armorial de Gelre and the
Zurich Wa^ypenroUe. This style has been reproduced
in the illustration of the arms of Mr. W. Rae Macdonald,
Carrick Pursuivant of Arms (see Plate XVII). As
the mantling worn lengthened and evolved itself into
the lambrequin, the mantling depicted in heraldic art
was similarly increased in size, terminating in the long
mantle drawn in profile but tasselled and with the
scalloped edges, a type which is found surviving in
some of the early Garter plates. This is the transition
stage. The next definite period is when we find the
mantling depicted on both sides of the helmet and the
scalloped edges developed, in accordance with the ro-
mantic ideas of the period, into the slashes and cuts of
the bold and artistic mantlings of Plantagenet armorial
art.
Slowly decreasing in strength, but at the same time
increasing in elaboration, this mantling and type con-
tinued until it had reached its highest pitch of exuberant
elaboration in Stuart and early Georgian times. Of this
the arms of Scroop (Fig. 800) are a good example.
Side by side with this over-elaboration came the
revulsion to a Puritan simplicity of taste which is
to be found in other manifestations of art at the
same time, and which made itself evident in heraldic
decoration by the use as mantling of the plain uncut
cloth suspended behind the shield (Fig. 47). Originat-
ing in Elizabethan days, this plain cloth was much made
use of, but towards the end of the Stuart period came
that curious evolution of British heraldry which is
peculiar to these countries alone. That is the entire
omission of both helmet and mantling. How it origi-
nated it is difficult to understand, unless it be due to
the fact that a large number, in fact a large proportion,
of Enghsh families possessed a shield only and neither
claimed nor used a crest, and that consequently a large
number of heraldic representations give the shield only.
It is rare indeed to find a shield surmounted by helmet
and mantling when the former is not required to sup-
port a crest. At the same time we find, amongst the
official records of the period, that the documents of '
chief importance were the Visitation Books. In these,
probably from motives of economy or to save needless
draughtsmanship, the trouble of depicting the helmet
and mantling was dispensed with, and the crest is
295
THE ART OF HERALDRY
almost universally found depicted on the wreath, whicli
is made to rest upon the shield, the helmet being
omitted. That being an accepted official way of repre-
senting an achievement, small wonder that the public
followed, and we find as a consequence that a large pro-
portion of the bookplates during the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries had no helmet or mantling at all,
the elaboration of the edges of the shield, together with
the addition of decorative and needless accessories bear-
ing no relation to the arms, fulfilling all purposes of
decorative design. It should also be remembered that
from towards the close of the Stuart period onward,
England was taking her art and decoration almost
entirely from Continental sources, chiefly French and
Italian. In both the countries the use of crests was
very limited indeed in extent, and the elimination of
the helmet and mantling, and the elaboration in their
stead of the edges of the shield, we probably owe to the
effort to assimilate French and Italian forms of decora-
tion to English arms. So obsolete had become the
use of helmet and mantling that it is difficult to come
across sufficient examples that one can put forward as
manthngs typical of the period. Figs. 7S9 and 790
Fig. 789. — Armorial bearings of Hugh Aldersey, Esq. : Gules, on a
bend argent, between two cinquefoils or, three leopards* faces
vert, with many quarterings. Crest : on a wreath of the colours,
a demi-griffin segreant gules, beaked and armed, and issuing
from a plume of five ostrich feathers or. Motto: " Alnus semper
floreat."
. Fig. 790. — Armorial bearings of Ettrick of High Barnes, Co. Durham :
Quarterly, I and 4, argent, a lion rampant and a chief gules (for
Ettrick) ; 2 and 3, quarterly i. and iiii., paly of six argent and
vert ; ii. and iii., argent, a cockatrice with wings raised sable,
beaked and membered gules (for Langley of Higham Gobion).
Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a demi-Uon rampant gules, holding
in the dexter paw a marshal's staff sable, tipped at each end or.
are examples of the style of heraldic decoration then in
vogue.
Helmets and mantlings were of course painted upon
grants and upon the Stall plates of the knights of the
various orders, but whilst the helmets became weak,
of a pattern impossible to wear, and small in size, the
mantlings became of a stereotyped pattern, and of a
design poor and wooden according to our present ideas.
Fig. 90, which represents the arms of Haldane, shows
what had become the accepted official pattern in Scot-
land prior to 1890. Plate LXVIII., which represents
the Stall plate of Sir Alexander Cochrane, K.B., will
show an English example. A stereotyped pattern is
still adhered to in England for official purposes, and
will be found in Fig. 51, which is from a photograph
of the recent patent granting arms to the town of
Warrington.
Another variety of the official pattern will be found
in the arms of Burnard (Fig. 94).
Unofficial heraldry had sunk to an even lower style
Fig. 791. — Armorial bearings of Ealph Bagnall Bagnall-AVild, Esq.:
Quarterly, I and 4, ermine, a fess engrailed between in chief two
stags' heads erased, and in base an escallop all sable (for Wild) ; 2
and 3, or, two bars ermine, a lion rampant azure between two
flaunches of the last (for Bagnall) ; and for his crests: i. upon a
wreath of the colours, a demi-stag sable, gutt^-d'or, attired and
resting the sinister foot on an escallop or (for Wild) ; 2. upon a
wreath of the colours, upon the trunk of a tree fesswise eradicated
and sprouting proper, an heraldic antelope sejant azure, bezante,
gorged with a collar gemel and horned or (for Bagnall) ; with the
motto, *' SClr et loyal."
of art, and the regulation heraldic stationer's type of
shield, mantling, and helmet are awe-inspiring in their
ugliness, and are as represented in Figs. 791 and 792.
The term " mantle " is sometimes employed, but it
would seem hardly quite correctly, to the parhamentary
robe of estate upon which the arms of a peer of the
realm were so frequently depicted at the end of the
eighteenth and in the early part of the nineteenth
centuries. Its popularity is an indication of the ever-
constant predilection for somethmg which is denied to
others and the possession of which is a matter of
privilege. Woodward, in his " Treatise on Heraldry,"
treats of and dismisses the matter in one short sentence :
" In England the suggestion that the arms of peers
should be mantled with their Parliament robes was
never generally adopted." In this statement he is
quite incorrect, for as the accepted type in one par-
ticular opportunity of armorial display its use was
absolutely universal. The opportunity in question was
296
PLATE XCIV.
PANTA KAeAPA TOlS KAGAPOlX'*
OMNIAMVNDAMVNDIS
D.HECTORPOMERPREPOS. S. LAVR-
STEPHANVS ROSINVS CANONICVS PATAVIEN.
THE WORK OF ALBRECHT DURER AND HIS SCHOOL.
Printi:rj .it SlIitJK*"
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the emblazonment of arms upon carriage panels. In
the early part of the' nineteenth and; at the end of the
Fig. 792. — Armorial bearings of Francis Augustus Eevan, Esq. : Ermine,
a bull passant, between three annulets gules. Mantling gules and
aigent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a griffin passant or,
seme of annulets gules, holding in his dexter claw two annulets
interlaced also gules. Motto : " Deus presidium."
eighteenth centuries armorial bearings were painted of
some size upon carriages, and there were few such
paintings executed for the carriages, chariots, and state
coaches of peers that did not appear upon a background
of the robe of estate. With the modem craze for ostenta-
tious unostentation (the result, there can be Httle doubt,
in this respect of the wholesale appropriation of arms by
those without a right to bear these ornaments), the deco-
ration of a peer's carriage nowadays seldom shows more
than a simple coronet, or a coronetted crest, initial, or
monogram; but the State chariots of those who still
possess them almost all, without exception, show the
arms emblazoned upon the robe of estate. The Royal
and many other State chariots made or refurbished for
the recent coronation ceremonies show that, when an
Fig. 793.-
-Carriage Panel of Georgiana, Marchioness
of Cholmondeley.
opportunity of the fullest display properly arises, the robe
of estate is not yet a thing of the past. Fig. 793 is from
a photograph of a carriage panel, and shows the arms of
a former Marchioness of Cholmondeley displayed in this
manner. Incidentally it also shows a practice frequently
resorted to, but quite unauthorised, of taking one sup-
porter from the husband's shield and the other (when the
wife was an heiress) from the arms of her family. The
arms are those of Georgiana Charlotte, widow of George
James, first Marquess of Cholmondeley, and younger
daughter and coheir of Peregrine, third Duke of Ancaster.
She became a widow in 1827 and died in 1S38, so the
panel must have been painted between those dates.
The arms shown are : " Quarterly, i and 4, gules, in
chief two esquires' helmets proper, and in base a garb or
(for Cholmondeley) ; 2. gules, a chevron between three
eagles' heads erased argent ; 3. or, on a fess between two
chevrons sable, three cross crosslets or (for Walpole),
and on an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Bertie,
namely: argent, three battering-rams fesswise in pale
proper, headed and garnished azure." The supporters
shown are : " Dexter, a griffin sable, armed, winged, and
membered or (from the Cholmondeley achievement) ;
sinister, a friar vested in russet with staff and rosary or "
(one of the supporters belonging to the Barony of
WUloughby D'Eresby, to which the Marchioness of
Cholmondeley in her own right was a coheir until the
abeyance in the Barony was determined in favour of
her elder sister).
Another example of the use of a robe of estate as an
armorial accessory will be found in Plate LXVI., which
shows the arms of their Majesties King Edward VII.
and Queen Alexandra when Prince and Princess of
Wales. The arms of her Majesty are there depicted in
accordance with an official certificate transmitted from
Denmark to me as the editor of " Armorial FamiHes "
through the Danish Minister. The robe of estate was
also not infi-equently to be met with in this country
upon hatchments. Its employment abroad is, and has
always been, more general than has been the case in
this country.
" In later times the arms of sovereigns — the German
Electors, &c. — were mantled, usually with crimson velvet
fringed with gold, lined with ermine, and crowned ; but
the mantling armoye was one of the marks of dignity
used by the Pairs de France, and by cardinals resident
in France ; it was also employed by some great nobles
in other countries. The mantling of the Princes
and Dukes of Mirandola was chequy argent and azure,
lined with ermine. In France the mantling of the
Chancelier was of cloth of gold ; that of Presidents,
of scarlet, lined with alternate strips of ermine and
petit gris. In France, Napoleon I., who used a
mantling of purple seme of golden bees, decreed that
the princes and grand dignitaries should use an azure
mantling thus seme ; those of dukes were to be plain,
and lined with vair instead of ermine. In 1817 a mant-
ling of azure, fringed with gold and lined with ermine,
was appropriated to the dignity of Pair de France."
The pavilion is a feature of heraldic art which is
quite unknown to British heraldry, and one can call
to mind no single instance of its use in this country ;
but as its use is very prominent in Germany and other
countries, it cannot be overlooked. It is confined to the
arms of sovereigns, and the pavilion is the tent-Uke
erection within which the heraldic achievement is dis-
played. The pavilion seems to have originated in
France, where it can be traced back upon the Great
Seals of the kings to its earUest form and appearance
upon the seal of Louis XL In the case of the Kings of
France, it was of azure seme-de-lis or. The pavihon
used with the arms of the German Emperor is of gold
seme alternately of Imperial crowns and eagles dis-
played sable, and is hned with ei-mine. The motto is
carried on a crimson band, and it is surmounted by the
297
2p
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Imperial crown, and a banner of the German colours
gules, argent, and sable. The pavilion used by the
German Emperor as King of Prussia is of crimson,
seme of black eagles and gold crowns, and the band
which carries the motto is blue. The pavilions of the
King of Bavaria and the Duke of Baden, the King of
Saxony, the Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, the Duke of Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, the Duke
of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, the Duke of Saxe-
Altenburg, and the Duke of Anhalt are all of crimson.
In German heraldry a rather more noticeable dis-
tinction is drawn than with ourselves between the
lambrequin [Hehivdecke) and the mantle [Helm-
mantel). This more closely approximates to the robe
of estate, though the hehnmantel has not in Germany
the rigid significance of peerage degree that the robe of
estate has in this country. The German helmmantel
with few exceptions is always of purple lined with er-
mine, and whilst the mantle always falls directly from
the coronet or cap, the pavilion is arranged in a dome-
like form which bears the crown upon its summit. The
pavilion is supposed to be the invention of the French-
man Philip Moreau (1680), and found its way from
France to Germany, where both in the Greater and
Lesser Courts it was enthusiastically adopted. Great
Britain, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, and Wtirtem-
berg are the only Royal Arms in which the pavilion
does not fisrure. A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER XXIX
THE TORSE, OR WREATH
THE actual helmet, from the very earliest, heraldic
representations which have come down to us,
would appear not to have had any mantling, the
crest being affixed direct to the (then) flat top of the
helmet in use. But crests appear very early in the
existence of " ordered " armory, and at much about the
same time we find the " textile " covering of the helmet
coming into heraldic use. In the earhest times we find
that fi-equently the crest itself was continued into
the mantling. But where this was not possible, the
attaching of the crest to the helmet when the mantling
intervened left an unsightly joining. The unsighth-
ness very soon called forth a remedy. At first this
remedy took the form of a coronet or a plain fillet or
ribbon round the point of juncture, sometimes with and
sometimes without the ends being visible. If the ends
were shown they were represented as floating behind,
sometimes with and sometimes without a representation
of the bow or knot in which they were tied. The plain
fiillet stUl continued to be used long after the torse had
come into recognised use. The consideration of crest
coronets has been already included, but with regard to
the wreath an analysis of the Plantagenet Garter plates
wUl afi'ord some definite basis from which to start
deduction.
Of the eighty-six achievements reproduced in Mr. St.
John Hope's book, five have no crest. Consequently we
have eighty-one examples to analyse. Of these there are
ten Ln which the crest is not attached to the lambrequin
and helmet by anything perceptible, eight are attached
with fillets of varying widths, twenty-one crests are
upon chapeaux, and twenty-nine issue from coronets.
But at no period governed by the series is it possible
that either fillet, torse, chapeau, or coronet was in use
to the exclusion of another form. This remark applies
more particularly to the fillet and torse (the latter of
which undoubtedly at a later date superseded the former),
for both at the beginning and at the end of the series
referred to we find the fillet and the wreath or torse,
and at both periods we find crests without either coronet,
torse, chapeau, or fillet. The fillet must soon afterwards
(in the fifteenth century) have completely fallen into
desuetude. The torse was so small and unimportant a
matter that upon seals it would probably equally escape
the attention of the engraver and the observer, and
probably there would be little to be gained by a syste-
matic hunt through early seals to discover the date of
its introduction, but it will be noticed that no wreaths
appear in some of the early Rolls. Gerard Leigh says,
" In the time of Henry the Fifth, and long after, no man
had his badge set on a wreath under the degree of a
knight. But that order is worn away." It probably
belongs to the end of the fourteenth century. There
can be httle doubt that its twisted shape was an evolu-
tion from the plain fillet suggested by the turban of the
East. We read in the old romances, in Mallory's
" Morte d' Arthur " and elsewhere, of valiant knights who
in battle or tournament wore the favour of some lady, or
even the lady's sleeve upon their helmets. It always
used to be a puzzle to me how the sleeve could have
been worn upon the helmet, and I wonder how many of
the present-day novelists, who so glibly make their
knightly heroes of olden time wear the " favours " of
their lady-lovers, know how it was done ? The favour
did not take the place of the crest. A knight did not
lightly discard an honoured, inherited, and known crest
for the sake of wearing a favour only too frequently
the mere result of a temporary flirtation; nor to
wear her colours could he at short notice discard
or renew his lambrequin, surcoat, or the housings
and trappings of his horse. He simply took the
favour — the colours, a ribbon, or a handkerchief of the
lady, as the case might be — and twisted it in and out
or over and over the fillet which surrounded the joining-
place of crest and helmet. To put her favour on his
helmet was the work of a moment. The wearing of a
lady's sleeve, which must have been an honour greatly
prized, is of course the origin of the well-known
"maunch," the solitary charge in the arms of both
Conyers and Hastings. Doubtless the sleeve twined
with the fillet would be made to encircle the base of
the crest, and it is not unlikely that the wide hanging
mouth of the sleeve might have been used for the lam-
brequin. The dresses of ladies at that period were deco-
rated with the arms of their families, so in each case
would be of the "colours" of the lady, so that the
sleeve and its colours would be quickly identified, as it
was no doubt usually intended they should be. The
accidental result of twining a favour in the fillet, in
conjunction with the pattern obviouslj' suggested by the
turban of the East, produced the conventional torse or
wreath. As the conventional slashings of the lambre-
quin hinted at past hard fighting in battle, so did the
conventional torse hint at past service to and favour of
ladies, love and war being the occupations of the per-
fect knight of romance. How far short of the ideal knight
298
PLATE XCV.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of romance the knight of fact fell, perhaps the frequent
bordures and batons of heraldry are the best indication.
At first, as is evident from the Garter plates, the colours
of the torse seem to have had little or no compulsory-
relation to the " livery colours " of the arms. The in-
stances to be gleaned from the Plantagenet Garter plates
which have been reproduced are as follows : —
Sir John Bourchier, Lord Bourchier. Torse: sable
and vert. Arms : argent and gules.
Sir John Grey, Earl of Tankerville. Torse : vert,
gules, and argent. Arms : gules and argent.
Sir Lewis Kobsart, Lord Bourchier. Torse : azure, or,
and sable. Arms : vert and or. [The crest, derived
from his wife (who was a daughter of Lord Bourchier)
is practically the same as the one first quoted. It will
be noticed that the torse diii'ers.]
Sir Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of Powis.
Torse : gules and sable. Arms : or and gules.
Sir Gaston de Foix, Count de Longueville. Torse :
or and gules. Arms : or and gules.
Sir William Nevill, Lord Fauconberg. Torse : argent
and gules. Arms : gules and argent.
Sir Richard Wydville, Lord Rivers. Torse: vert.
Arms : argent and gules.
Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex. Torse : sable
and vert. Arms : argent and gules. [This is the same
crest above alluded to.]
Sir Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley. Torse : or and
azure. Arms : or and azure.
Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Torse : gules and
argent. Arms : argent and gules. [This is the same
crest above alluded to.]
Sir Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers. Torse: argent
and sable. Arms : argent and gules. [The crest really
issues from a coronet upon a torse in a previous case,
this crest issues from a torse only.]
Sir Francis Lovel, Viscount Lovel. Torse : azure and
or. Arms : or and gules.
Sir Thomas Burgh, Lord Burgh. Torse : azure and
sable. Arms : azure and ermine.
Sir Richard Tunstall, K.G. Torse : argent and sable.
Arms : sable and argent.
I can suggest no explanation of these differences un-
less it be, which is not unlikely^ that they perpetuate
" favours " worn, or perhaps a more likely supposition
is that the wreath or torse was of the " family colours," as
these were actually worn by the servants or retainers of
each person. If this be not the case, why are the colours
of the wreath termed the livery colours ? At the present
time in an English or Irish grant of arms the colours are
not specified, but the crest is stated to be " on a wreath of
the colours." In Scotland, however, the crest is granted
in the following words : " and upon a wreath of his
liveries is set for crest." Consequently, I have very little
doubt, the true state of the case is that originally the
wreath was depicted of the colours of the livery which
was worn. Then new families came into prominence and
eminence, and had no liveries to inherit. They were
granted arms and chose the tinctures of their arms as
their " colours," and used these colours for their per-
sonal Uveries. The natural consequence would be in
such a case that the torse, being in unison with the
hvery, was also in unison with the arms. The con-
sequence is that it has become a fixed, unalterable rule
in British heraldry that the torse shall be of the prin-
cipal metal and of the principal colour of the arms. I
know of no recent exception to this rule, the latest, as
far as I am aware, being a grant in the early years of
the eighteenth century. This, it is stated in the patent,
was the regranting of a coat of foreign origin. Doubt-
less the formality of a grant was substituted for the
usual registration in this case, owing to a lack of
formal proof of a right to the arms, but there is no
doubt that the peculiarities of the foreign arms, as
they had been previously borne, were preserved in the
grant. The pecidiarity in this case consisted of a
torse of three tinctures. The late Lyon Clerk once
pointed out to me, in Lyon Register, an instance of a
coat there matriculated with a torse of three colours,
but I unfortunately made no note of it at the time.
Woodward alludes to the curious chequy wreath on
the seals of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, in 1389.
This appears to have been repeated in the seals of his
son Murdoch.
The wreath of Patrick Hepburn appears to be of
roses in the Gehe " Armorial," and a careful examination
of the plates in this volume will show many curious
Continental instances of substitutes for the conventional
torse. Though by no means peculiar to British heraldry,
there can be no manner of doubt that the wreath in the
United Kingdom has obtained a position of legaUsed
necessity and constant usage and importance which
exists in no other country.
As has been already explained, the torse should fit
closely to the crest, its object and purpose being merely
to hide the joining of crest and helmet. Unfortunately
in British heraldry this purpose has been ignored.
Doubtless resulting first from the common practice of
depicting a crest upon a wreath and without a helmet,
and secondly from the fact that many English crests
are quite unsuitable to place on a helmet, in fact im-
possible to affix by the aid of a wreath to a helmet, and
thirdly from our ridiculous rules of position for a helmet,
which result in the crest being depicted (in conjunction
with the representation of the helmet) in a position
many such crests never could have occupied on any
helmet, the effect has been to cause the wreath to lose
its real form (which is as Fig. 767), which approximated
it to the helmet, and to become considered a straight
support for and relating only to the crest. When, there-
fore, the crest and its supporting basis is transferred
from indefinite space to the helmet, the support, which
is the torse, is still represented as a flat resting-place for
the crest, and it is consequently depicted as a straight
and rigid bar, balanced upon the apex of the helmet.
This is now and for long has been the only accepted
official way of depicting-a wreath in England. Certainly
this is an ungraceful and inartistic rendering, and a
rendering far removed from any actual helmet wreath
that can ever have been actually borne. Whilst one
has no wish to defend the "rigid bar," which has
nothing to recommend it, it is at the same time worth
while- to point out that the heraldic day of actual
helmets and actual usage is long since over, never to
be revived, and that our heraldry of to-day is merely
decorative and pictorial. The rigid bar is none other
than a conventionalised form of the actual torse, and is
perhaps little more at variance -with the reality than is
our conventionalised method of depicting a lambrequin.
Whilst this conventional torse remains the official
pattern, it is hopeless to attempt to banish such a
method of representation: but Lyon King of Arms,
happily, will have none of it in his official register or
on nis patents, and few heraldic artists of any repute now
care to so design or represent it. As always officially
painted it must consist of six links alternately of metal
and colour (the " livery colours " of the arms), of which
the metal must be the first to be shown to the dexter
side. The torse is now supposed to be and represented
as a skein of coloured silk interwined with a gold or
silver cord.
Figs. 51, 65, 94, and 104 show the conventional rigid
bar. Figs. 74, 91, 93, and 100 represent wreaths of the
better sort. A. C. F-D.
299
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXX
SUPPORTERS
IN this country a somewhat fictitious importance
has become attached to supporters owing to their
almost exclusive reservation to the highest rank.
The rules which hold at the moment will be recited
presently, but there can be no doubt that originally
they were in this country little more than mere decora-
tive and artistic appendages, beiug devised and altered
from time to time by diti'erent artists according as the
artistic necessaries of the moment demanded. The
subject of the origin of supporters has been very ably
dealt with in " A Treatise on Heraldry " by Woodward
and Burnett, and with all due acknowledgment I take
from that work the subjoined extract: —
" Supporters are figures of living creatures placed at
the side or sides of an armorial shield, and appearing to
support it. French writers make a distinction, giving
the name of Su2rports to animals, real or imaginary,
thus employed ; while human figures or angels similarly
used are called Tenants. Trees, and other inanimate
objects which are sometimes used, are called Soutiens.
" Menetrier and other old writers trace the origin of
supporters to the usages of the tournaments, where the
shields of the combatants were exposed for inspection,
and guarded by then- servants or pages disguised in
fanciml attire : ' C'est des Tournois qu'est venu oet usage
parce que les chevaliers y faisoient porter leurs lances,
et leurs ecus, par des pages, et des valets de pied,
deguisez en ours, en lions, en mores, et en sauvages '
( Usage des A rmoiries, p. 1 1 9).
" The old romances give us evidence that this custom
prevailed ; but I think only after the use of supporters
had already arisen from another source.
" There is really little doubt now that Anstis was quite
correct when, in his Aspilogia, he attributed the origin
of supporters to the invention of the engraver, who filled
up the spaces at the top and sides of the triangular
shield upon a circular seal ynXh foliage, or with fanciful
animals. Any good collection of mediaeval seals will
strengthen this conviction. For instance, the two
volumes of Laing's " Scottish Seals " afford numerous
examples in which the shields used in the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries were placed between two crea-
tures resembling lizards or dragons. (See the seal of
Alexander de Balliol, 1295. — Laing, ii. 74.)
"The seal of John, Duke of Normandy, eldest son
of the King of France, before 13 16 bears his arms
(France- Ancient, a bordure gules) between two hons
rampant away from the shield, and an eagle with ex-
panded wings standing above it. The secretuin of Isa-
belle de Flandres [c. 1308) has her shield placed
between three lions, each charged with a bend (Vree,
Gen. Com. Flanr., Plates XLIII,, XLIV., XCII.). In
1332 Aymox of Savoy places his arms (Savoy, with
a label) between a winged lion in chief and a lion
without wings at either side. Later, on the seal of
Amadeus VI., a lion's head between wings became the
crest of Savoy. In 1332 Amadeus bears SjVvoy on a
lozenge (vide p. 58) between in chief two eagles, in base
two lions. (CiEKARio, Nos. 61, 64; and Guichenon,
tome i. No. 130.) In Scotland the shield of Reginald
Crawford in 1292 is placed between two dogs, and
surmounted by a fox ; in the same year the paly shield
of Reginald, Earl of Athole, appears between two
lions in chief and as many griflins in flanks. — Laing,
i. 210, 761.
" The seal of Humbert II., Dauphin de Viennois in
1 349, is an excellent example of the fashion. The shield
of Dauphiny is in the centre of a quatrefoil. Two
savages mounted on griffins support its flanks ; on the
upper edge an armed knight sits on a couchant lion, and
the space in base is tilled by a human face between two
wingless dragons. The spaces are sometimes filled with
the Evangelistic symbols, as on the seal of Yolante de
Flandres, Countess of Bar (c. 1340). The seal of
Jeanne, Dame de Plasnes, in 1376 bears her arms en
banniere (p. 57) a quatrefoU supported by two kneel-
ing angels, a demi-angel in chief, and a lion couchant
guardant in base."
Corporate and other seals afford countless examples
of the interstices in the design being filled with the
figures similar to those from which in later days the
supporters of a family have been deduced. Before
passing to supporters proper, it may be well to briefly
allude to various figures which are to be found in a
position analogous to that of supporters. The single
human figure entire, or in the form of a demi-figure
appearing above the shield, is very frequently to be met
with, but the addition of such figures xuas and remains
purely artistic, and I know of no single instance in
British armory where one figure, animate or inanimate,
has ever existed alone in the character of a single sup-
porter, and as an integral part of the heritable armorial
achievement. Of course I except those figures upon
which the arms of certain families are properly displayed.
These will be presently alluded to, but though they are
certainly exterior ornaments, I do not think they can
be properly classed as supporters unless to this term is
given some elasticity or has added to it some qualifying
remarks of reservation. There are, however, many
instances of armorial ensigns depicted, and presum-
ably correctly, in the form of banners supported by
a single animal, but it will always be found that the
single animal is but one of the pair of duly allocated
supporters. Many instances of arms depicted in this
maimer will be found in "Prince Arthur's Book,"
from which Plate C. is reproduced. The same method
of display was adopted in some number of eases, and
with some measure of success, in Foster's " Peerage."
Single figures are very frequently to be met with in
German and Continental heraldry, but on these occa-
sions, as with ourselves, the position they occupy is
merely that of an artistic accessory, and bears no
inseparable relation to the heraldic achievement. The
single exception to the foregoing statement of which I
am aware is to be found in the arms of the Swiss
Cantons. These thirteen coats are sometimes quartered
upon one shield, but when displayed separately each
is accompanied by a single supporter. Zurich, Lucerne,
Uri, Unter-Walden, Glarus, and Basle all bear the sup-
porter on the dexter side ; Bern, Schweig, Zug, Freiburg,
and Soluthurn on the sinister. Schathausen (a ram)
and Appenzell (a bear) place their supporters in full
aspect behind the shield.
On the corbels of Gothic architecture, shields of arms
are frequently supported by Angels, which, however,
cannot generally be regarded as heraldic appendages —
being merely supposed to indicate that the owners have
contributed to tne erection of the fabric. Examples of
this practice will be found on various ecclesiastical
edifices in Scotland, and among others at Melrose Abbey,
St. Giles', Edinburgh, and the church of Seton in East
300
PLATE XCVI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Lotliian. An interesting instance of an angel supporting
a shield occurs on the beautiful seal of Mary of Gueldres,
Queen of James II. (1459); and the Privy Seal of
David II., a hundred years earlier, exhibits a pretty
design of an escutcheon charged with the ensigns of
Scotland, and borne by two arms issuing from clouds
above, indicative of Divine support."
Of instances of single objects from which shields
are found depending or supported the "Treatise on
Heraldry" states: —
"Allusion has been made to the usage by which on
vesica-shaped shields ladies of high rank are repre-
sented as supporting with either hand shields of
arms. From this probably arose the use of a single
supporter. Maegueeite de Couecelles in 1284, and
Alix de Veedun in 1311, bear in one hand a shield
of the husband's arms, in the other one of their
own. The curious seal of Muriel, Countess of Steath-
ERNE, in 12S4, may be considered akin to these. In it
the shield is supported partlj' by a falcon, and partly by
a human arm issuing from the sinister side of the
vesica, and holding the falcon by the jesses (Laing, i.
764). The early seal of Boleslas III., King of Poland,
in 1255, bears a knight holding a shield charged with
the Polish eagle (Vossbeeg, Die Siegel des Mittelalters).
In 1283 the seal of Florent of Hainaolt bears a
warrior in chain mail supporting a shield charged with
a Uon impaling an eagle dimidiated.
"On the seal of Humphrey de BoHu^f in 1322 the
guige is held by a swan, the badge of the Earls of
Hereford; and in 1356 the shield of the first Earl of
Douglas is supported by a lion whose head is covered
by the crested helm, a fashion of which there are many
examples. A helmed lion holds the shield of Magnus I.,
Duke of BEUNS'mcK, in 1326.
" On the seal of .Jean, Due de Berri, in 1 393 the
supporter is a helmed swan (compare the armorial slab
of Henet of Lancaster, in Boutell, Plate LXXIX.).
Jean IV., Comte d'AxENgoN (1408), has a helmed lion
sejant as supporter. In 1359 a signet of Louis van
Male, Count, of Flanders, bears a lion sejant, helmed
and crested, and mantled with the arms of Flanders
between two small escutcheons of Nevers, or the
county of Burgundy [" Azure, billetty, a hon rampant
or "], and Bethel [" Gules, two heads of rakes fesswise
in pale or"].
" A single lion sejant, helmed and crested, bearing oh
its breast the quartered arms of Burgundy between two
or three other escutcheons, was used by the Dukes up
to the death of Charles the Bold in 1475. In Litta's
splendid work, Famiglie celebri Italiane, the Blton-
AROTTi arms are supported by a brown dog sejant,
helmed, and crested with a pair of dragon's wings
issuing from a crest-coronet. On the seal of Thomas
Holland, Earl of Rent, in 1380 the shield is buckled
round the neck of the white hind lodged, the badge of
his half-brother Richard II. Single supporters were
very much in favour in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries, and the examples are numerous. Charles,
Dauphin de Viexnois (c. 1355), has his shield held by
a single dolphin. In 1294 the seal of the Dauphin
Jean, son of Humbert I., bears the arms of Dauphine
pendent from the neck of a griffon. The shields of
arms of Beetrand de Bricquebec, in 1325 ; Pierre de
Tochnebu, in 1339; of Charles, Count of Alencon, in
* Plate XI. Fig. lo, Laing's " Catalogue," No. 29. At each side of
the King's seated figure on the couuter-seal of Robert II. {1386) the
arms of Scotland are supported from behind by a skeleton within an
embattled buttress ("Catalogue," No. 34).
1356; and of Oliver de Clisson, in 1397, are aU
supported by a warrior who stands behind the shield.
In England the seal of Henry Percy, first Earl, in
1346, and another in 1345, have similar representations.
" On several of our more ancient seals only one
supporter is represented, and probably the earliest
example of this arrangement occurs on the curious seal
of William, first Earl of Douglas (c. 1356), where the
shield is supported from behind by a lion " sejant," with
his head in the helimet, which is surmounted by the crest.
" On the seal of Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas
(c. 1418), the shield is held, along with a club, in the
right hand of a savage erect, who bears a helmet in his
left; while on that of William, eighth Earl (1446), a
kneeling savage holds a club in his right hand, and
supports a couche shield on his left arm."
Some number of examples will be found on Plate LV.
in which human figures, single or double, appear to
have been introduced in the nature of supporters in
armorial designs. In practically all these instances the
human figures which a;ppear are in the nature of artistic
accessories, and form no official part of the heredi-
tary insignia of those individuals to whom the arms
appertain. The examples selected are all chosen
from the work of the old masters.
Fig. I on Plate LV. (the Nos. i to 9 which follow
relate exclusively to the figures on that plate), which
shows a single youth standing behind the shield, is the
publishing mark of the " FrateUi Bernardini " of Venice
(1498), known as "'The Albane-sotti."
Fig. 2, which shows two angels as supporters, and
behind the shield the mitred figure of a bishop, is
probably a design by Albrecht Glockenton. The shield
has the arms of the cathedral chapter of " Wurzburg,"
viz. : " Argent, a chief dancette gules." These arms are
taken from those of the Duchy of Franoonia. The
design dates from 1484.
Fig. 3 shows the single figure of a lady as a supporter.
In this design she hoick the helmet and crest, from the
former of which the shield is suspended by a strap.
Fig. 4 is a design very similar in its detail and
arrangement to the preceding one, both of which are
attributed to Egidius Stecher of Cologne, 1466.
Fig. 5, the date of which is i486, is from the Erfurt
University Register. The shield is that of Count
Friedrioh v. Beichhngen, namely: "Barry of foiu:
argent and gules." The mantling is of argent and
gules. The crest is a cap barry as the arms, and
thereupon five plumes of peacock feathers.
Fig. 6, which shows the arms of Ludovico Diedo, the
Venetian prstor of Zara, has on either side a child,
which supports the shield with one hand and a wand with
the other. These wands carry the two crested helmets.
Fig. 7 is an example of the use of the demi-figure of
an angel, of which many instances can be found, par-
ticularly, as has been already stated, in ecclesiastical
buildings. The design here reproduced shows the arms
of Sir Richard Nanfant, 1507. As here depicted they
are : " Quarterly, i and 4, sable, a chevron argent (pro-
perly ermine) between three wings inverted also argent ;
2. argent, three wolves azure ; 4. chequy argent and
sable, a chief of the first, gutte-de-sang, a crescent for
difference; impaling on the sinister side, argent, a
chevron sable between three stag-beetles volant."
Fig. 8, which is a printer's mark, shows the arms of
Loys M. Cruse of Geneva, 1480. In this case the two
negresses which figure as supporters partake of the
character of the arms, and very probably are intended
as part of the fixed heraldic achievement.
In Fig. 9 the single female figure is employed to
support both the shield and a banner. The achieve-
ment is that of Gebhard II., " Truchsess " of Waldburg,
301
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Elector and Archbisliop of Cologne. He died May 2 1 ,
1601. The banner and the inescutcheon both show the
arms of the Waldburgs, namely: "Or, three lions passant
in pale sable." The principal escutcheon is quarterly,
namely : " i . a cross sable (for the Ai-chbishopric of
Cologne) ; 2. gules, a horse springing argent (tor the
titular duchy of Westphalia) ; 3. gules, three sea-leaves
or (for the titular duchy of Eugern) ; 4. azure, an eagle
displayed argent (for the Countship of Arnsberg)."
This design is reproduced from Jost Amman's Wwppen
und Stammbucli. published at Frankfurt, 1589.
Fig. 794. — Arms of Sig^mund Hagelshaimer.
Another example by the same artist will be found in
Fig. 794. In this the figure partakes more of the char-
FlG. 795. — Arms of Vohlin of Augsberg.
acter of a shield guardian than a shield supporter. The
arms are those of " Herr Sigmund Hagelshaimer,"
otherwise " Helt," living at Ntirnberg. This design
has been appropriated by the publisher of Sigmund
Teyerabend's " Book of Arms." Tne arms are " Sable, on
a bend argent, an arrow gules." The crest is the head
and neck of a hound sable, continued into a mantling
sable, lined argent. The crest is charged with a pale
argent, and thereupon an arrow as in the arms, the
arrow-head piercing the ear of the hound.
Seated figures as supporters are rare, but oneoccurs
in Fig. 795, which shows the arms of the Augsberg
family (both merchant and patrician) of Vohlin. They
bear : " Argent, on a fess sable, three ' P's ' argent." The
wings which form the crest are charged with the same
device. This curious charge of the three letters is ex-
plained in the following saying : —
" Piper Peperit Pecuniam,
Pecunia Peperit Pompam,
Pompa Peperit Pauperiem,
Pauperies Peperit Pietatem."
Another pleasing example of the use of a single figure
as an " artistic accessory " will be found in 1 ig. 796.
This is a reproduction of a bookplate designed by Herr
Strohl for Alexander Freiherr von Dachenhausen. As
these armsj are a rather interesting example of a
Fig. 796. — Bookplate of Alexander von Dachenhausen.
"canting" coat, the blazon is appended. The name
"■Dachenhausen " is derived from dach (roof), and
/(.aits (house). The arms are : " Chequy argent and sable
(to typify the wall of the house), a chief gules (to
typify the roof)." The crest is a pair of wings, each
charged with the arms. To the dexter and sinister
appear the arms of the parents, viz. Dachenhausen and
Plathner, namely : " Argent, a bunch of grapes azure,
leaved vert."
Fig. ygy is a reproduction of the bookplate of Charles
Louis de Bourbon, designed by Aery of Paris. In this
302
THE ART OF HERALDRY
case the supporting
heraldic supporter.
ti^ure must be intended as a
Fig. 797.-
-Bookplate of Charles Louis de Bourbon,
Count of Villafranca.
Fig. I on Plate LVI. is an example of the use of a
" melusine " (or double-tailed mermaid), but in this case,
as also in Fig. 4 on the same plate, the figures are
merely artistic enrichment, and no part of the heritable
armorial bearings. At the present time one scarcely
ever sees such figures made use of in British armorial
design, doubtless owing to the customary more rigid
adherence to law and precedent in the matter of heraldic
supporters and their meaning, but an isolated example
may be found in the case of the bookplate of Frederick
Henry Huth, Esq. (Fig. 798J.
Fig. 79S. — Armorial bearings of Frederick Henry Huth, Esq. : Argent,
two chevronels gules, in chief a human heart of the last, and in
base a hat sable with an ostrich feather proper ; and for a crest,
three sprigs of oak erect proper, each bearing an acorn or. Motto :
" This too will pass."
There are, however, certain exceptions to the British
rule that there can be no single supporters, if the objects
upon which shields of arms are displayed are accepted
as supporters. It was always customary to display the
arms of the Lord High Admiral on the sail of the ship.
In the person of King William IV., before he succeeded
to the throne, the office of Lord High Admiral was vested
for a short time, but it had really fallen into desuetude
at an earlier date and has not been revived again, so
that to all intents and purposes it is now extinct, and
this recognised method of depicting arms is consequently
also extinct. But there is one other case which forms a
unique instance which can be classified with no others.
The arms of Campbell of Craignish are always repre-
sented in a curious manner, the gyronny coat of Camp-
bell appearing on a shield displayed in front of a
lymphad. What the origin of this practice is it would
be difficult to say ; probably it merely originated in the
imaginative ideas of an artist when making a seal for
that family, artistic reasons suggesting the display of
the gyronny arms of Campbell in front of the lymphad
of Lome. The family, however, seem to have uni-
versally adopted this method of using their arms, and
in the year 1875, when Campbell of InverneU matricu-
lated in Lyon Register, the arms were matriculated in
that form with the bordure azure of a cadet (see Plate
XXVIIL). In 1886 the head (James Campbell of
Blackerton, co. Devon) of that branch of the Campbell
famUy, technically Campbell of Craignish, matriculated
the undifi'erenced coat also displayed in front of a
lymphad. I know of no other instance of any such
coat of arms, and this branch of the Ducal House of
Campbell possesses armorial bearings which, from the
ofiicial standpoint, are absolutely unique from one end
of Europe to the other.
In Germany the use of arms depicted in front of the
eagle displayed, either single-headed or double-headed,
is very far from being unusual. Whatever may have
been its meaning originally in that country, there is no
doubt that now and for some centuries past it has been
accepted as meaning, or as indicative of, princely rank
or other honours of the Holy Eoman Empire. With
this meaning the use of the eagle has been frequently
employed in England, being found in the case of
Richard of Cornwall, who was elected King of the
Romans in 1256, and again in the case of his son
Edmund. About the same date the Earl of Menteith
placed his shield on the breast of an eagle, as did
Alexander, Earl of Ross, in 1338 ; and in 1394 we find the
same ornamentation in the seal of Euphemia, Countess
of Ross. The shield of Ross is borne in her case on the
breast of an eagle, while the arms of Leshe and Comyn
appear on its displayed wings.
On several other Scottish seals of the same era, the
shield is placed on the breast of a displayed eagle, as on
those of Alexander Abemethy and Alexander Ctmain of
Buchan (1292), and Sir David Lindsay, Lord of Crawford.
English heraldry supplies several similar examples, of
which we may mention the armorial insignia of Richard,
Earl of Cromwell, brother of Henry III. above mentioned,
and of the ancient family of Latham, in the fourteenth
century. A curious instance of a shield placed on the
breast of a hawk is noticed by Hone in his " Table Book,"
viz. the arms of the Lord of the Manor of Stoke-Lyne, in
the county of Oxford. It appears therefrom that when
Charles I. held his Parliament at Oxford, the offer of
knighthood was gratefully declined by the then Lord of
Stoke-Lyne, who merely requested, and obtained, the
Royal permission to place the arms of his family upon
the breast of a hawk, which has ever since been em-
ployed in the capacity of single supporter. What autho-
rity exists for this statement it is impossible to ascertain,
and one must doubt its accuracy, because in England at
any rate no arms, allocated to any particular territorial
estate, have ever received ofiicial recognition.
303
THE ART OF HERALDRY
In later years, as indicative of rank in the Holy
Roman Empire, the eagle has been rightly borne by
the first Duke of Marlborough and by Henrietta his
daughter, Duchess of Marlborough, but the use of the
eagle by the later Dukes of Marlborough would appear
to be entirely without authority, inasmuch as the
princedom, created in the person of the first duke,
became extinct on his death. His daughters, though
entitled of right to the courtesj^ rank of princess and its
accompanying privilege of the right to use the eagle dis-
played behind their arms, could not transmit it to their
descendants upon whom the title of Duke of Marlborough
was specially entailed by English Act of Parliament.
The Earl of Denbigh and several members of the
Fielding family have often made use of it with their
arms, in token of their supposed descent from the
Counts of Hapsburg, which, it correct, would apparently
confer the right upon them. This descent, however,
has been much questioned, and in late years the claim
thereto would seem to have been practically dropped.
Earl Co\vper, the only remaining Prince of the Holy
Roman Empire in the British Peerage, is entitled to use
the double eagle behind his shield, being the descendant
and rejjresentative of George Nassau Clavering Cowper,
thu-d Earl Cowper, created a Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire by the Emperor Joseph II., the patent being
dated at Vienna, 31st January 1778, and this being
followed by a Royal Licence from King George III. to
accept and bear the title in this country.
There are some others who have the right by reason
of honours of lesser rank of the Holy Roman Empire,
and amongst these may be mentioned Lord Methuen,
who bears the eagle by Royal Warrant dated 4th April
1775. Sir Thomas Arundel, who served in the Imperial
army of Hungary, having in an engagement with the
Turks near Strignum taken their standard with his own
hands, was by Rodolph II. created Count of the Empire
to hold for him and the heirs of his body for ever, dated
at Prague i4.th December 1595, Count of the Holy
Roman Empire. This patent, of course, means that
every one of his descendants in the male line is a Count
of the Empire, and that every daughter of any such
male descendant is a Countess, but this does not confer
the rank of count or countess upon descendants of the
daughters. It was this particular patent of creation
that called forth the remark from Queen Elizabeth
that she would not have her sheep branded by any
foreign shepherd, and we believe that this patent
was the origin of the rule in later times {temp. George
IV.), translated into a definite Royal Warrant, requiring
that no English subject shall, without the express
Royal Licence of the Sovereign conveyed in writing,
accept or wear any foreign title or decoration. No
Royal Licence was subsequently obtained by the
Arundel family, who therefore, according to British law,
are denied the use of the privileged Imperial eagle. Out-
side those cases in which the double eagle is used in this
country to denote rank of the Holy Roman Empire, the
usa^e of the eagle displayed behind the arms or any
analogous figure is in British heraldry most limited.
_ One solitary authoritative instance of the use of the
displayed eagle is found in British armory, this being
the coat of arms of the city of Perth. These arms
are recorded in Lyon Register, having been matricu-
lated for that Royal Burgh about the year 1672.
The oflicial blazon of the arms is as follows : " Gules
ane holy lambe passant regardant staff and cross argent,
with the banner of St. Andrew proper, all within a
double tressure counter-flowered of the second, the
escutcheon beinw surmounted on the breast of ane eagle
with two necks displayed or. The motto in ane Escroll,
' Pro Rege Lege et Grege.' "
Another instance of usage, though purely devoid of
authority, occurs in the case of a coat of arms set up on
one of the panels in the Banqueting-Hall of Lincoln's
Inn. In this case the achievement is displayed on the
breast of a single-headed eagle. What reason led to
its usage in this manner I am quite unaware, and I have
not the slightest reason for supposing it to be authentic.
The family of Stuart-Menteith also place their arms upon
a single-headed eagle displayed gules, as was formerly
to be seen in Debrett's Peerage, but though arms are
matriculated to them in Lyon Register, this particular
adornment forms no part thereof, and it has now dis-
appeared from the printed Peerage books. Occasionally
batons or wands or other insignia of office are to be found
in conjunction with armorial bearings, but these will be
more fuUy dealt with under the heading of Insignia of
Ofiice. Before dealing with the usual supporters, one
perhaps may briefly allude to " inanimate " supporters.
Probably the most curious instance of all will be
found in the achievement of the Earls of Errol as it
appears in the MS. of Sir David Lindsay. In this'two
ox-yokes take the place of the supporters (Fig. 799).
Fig. 799.-
-Tbe Arms of the Earl o£ Erroll. (From a MS. o£
Sir David Lindsay of The Mount.)
The curious tradition which has been attached to the
Hay arms is quoted as follows by Sir James Balfour
Paul, Lyon King of Arms, in his " Heraldry in relation to
Scottish History and Art," who writes : " Take the case ot
the well-known coat of the Hays, and hear the description
of its origin as given by Nisbet : ' In the reign of Kenneth
304
PLATE XCVII.
' A
THE ART OF HERALDRY
III., about the year 980, when the Danes invaded Scot-
land, and prevailing in the battle of Luncarty, a country
Scotsman with his two sons, of great strength and
courage, having rural weapons, as the yokes of their
plough, and such plough furniture, stopped the Scots in
their flight in a certain defile, and upbraiding them with
cowardice, obliged them to rally, who with them re-
newed the battle, and gave a total overthrow to the
victorious Danes ; and it is said by some, after the
victory was obtained, the old man lying on the ground,
wounded and fatigued, cried, " Hay, Hay," which word
became a surname to his posterity. He and his sons
being nobilitate, the King gave him the aforesaid arms
(argent, three escutcheons gules) to intimate that the
father and the two sons had been luckity the three
shields of Scotland, and gave them as much land in the
Carse of Gowrie as a falcon did fly over without light-
ing, which having flown a great way, she lighted on a
stone there called the Falcon Stone to this day. The
cu'cumstances of which story is not only perpetuated by
the three escutcheons, but by the exterior ornaments of
the achievement of the family of Errol ; having for
crest, on a wreath, a falcon proper ; for supporters two
men in country habits, holding the oxen-yokes of a
plough over their shoulders ; and for motto, " Serva
jugum.'"
" Unfortunately for the truth of this picturesque tale
there are several reasons which render it utterly in-
credible, not the least being that at the period of the
supposed battle armorial bearings were quite unknown,
and could not have formed the subject of a royal gift.
HUl Burton, indeed, strongly doubts the occurrence of
the battle itself, and says that Hector Boece, who re-
lates the occurrence, must be under strong suspicion of
having enthely invented it. As for the origin of the
name itself, it is, as Mr. Cosmo Innes points out in his
work on ' Scottish Surnames,' derived from a place in
Normandy, and neither it nor any other surname oc-
curred in Scotland till long after the battle of Luncarty.
I have mentioned this story in some detail, as it is a very
typical specimen of its class ; but there are others like
unto it, often traceable to the same incorrigible old liar.
Hector Boece."
It is not unlikely that the ox-yoke was a badge of
the Hays, Earls of Errol, and a reference to the varia-
tions of the original arms, crest, and supporters of Hay
will show how the changes have been rung on the
shields, falcon, ox-yokes, and countrymen of the legend.
Another instance is to be found in the arms of the
Mowbray family as they were at one time depicted with
an ostrich feather on either side of the shield (Fig. 823),
and at first one might be inclined to class these amongst
the inanimate supporters. The Garter plate, however,
of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (Plate CXXXII.),
probably supplies the key to the whole matter, for this
shows not only the ostrich feathers but also supporters
of the ordinary character in their usual position. From
the last-mentioned instance, it is evident the ostrich
feathers can be only representations of the badge, their
character doubtless being peculiarly adaptable to the
curious position they occupy. They are of course the
same in the case of the Mowbray arms, and doubtless
the ox-yoke of the Earl of Errol is similarly no more
than a badge.
A most curious instance of supporters is to be foimd
in the case of the arms of Viscount Montgomery.- This
occurs in a record of them in Ulster's Office, where the
arms appear without the usual kind of supporters, but
represented with an arm in armour on either side
issuing from clouds in base, the hands supporting the
shield.
When supporters are inanimate objects, the escut-
cheon is said to be cottised — a term derived from the
French word c6te (a side) — in contradistinction to
supported. An old Scottish term for supporters was
" bearers."
Amongst other cases where the shield is cottised by
inanimate objects may be mentioned the following. The
Breton family of " Bastard " depict their shield cottised
by two swords, with the points in base. The Marquises
Albert! similarly use two Ughted flambeaux, and the
Dalzells (of Binns) the extraordinary device of a pair
of tent-poles. Whether this last has been officially
sanctioned I am unaware. The " Pillars of Hercules "
used by Charles V. are, perhaps, the best known of this
group of supporters. In many cases (notably foreign)
the supporters appear to have gradually receded to the
back of the shield, as in the case of the Comte d'Erps,
Chancellor of Brabant, where two maces (or) are repre-
sented saltirewise behind the shield. Generally, how-
ever, this variation is found in conjunction with purely
official or corporate achievements.
A curious example of inanimate supporters occurs
on the English seal of William, Lord Botreaux (1426),
where, on each side of a couche shield exhibiting
a griffin "segreant" and surmounted by a helmet and
crest, a buttress is quaintly introduced, in evident allu-
sion to the owner's name. A somewhat similar arrange-
ment appears on the Scottish seal of William Ruthven
( 1 396), where a tree growing from a mount is placed on
each side of the escutcheon. Another instance is to be
found in the seal of John de Segrave, where a garb is
placed on either side of the shield. Perhaps mention
should here be made of the arms (granted in 1826) of
the National Bank of Scotland, the shield of which is
" surrounded with two thistles proper disposed in orle."
Heraldic supporters as such and not merely as
artistic accessories in England date from about the
beginning of the fourteenth century. Very restricted
in use at first, they later rapidly became popular, and
there were few peers who did not display tnem upon
their seals. For some reason, however, very few indeed
appear on the early Garter plates. It is a striking fact
that by far the larger number of the ancient standards
display as the chief device not the arms but one of
the supporters, and I am inclined to think that it is
quite possible the device for the standard is the older,
that being transferred to the seal, and not vice versa.
Even after the use of two supporters had become
general, a third figure is often found placed behind the
shield, and forms a connecting link with the old prac-
tice of filling the void spaces on seals, to which we have
already referred. On the seal of William Sterling, in
1292, two lions rampant support the shield in front of a
tree. The shield on the seal of Oliver Bouillon, in 1 376,
is supported by an angel, and by two demi- lions couchant-
guardant in base. That of Pierre Avoir, in 1378, is held
by a demi-eagle above the shield, and by two mermaids.
On many ancient seals the supporters are disposed so
that they hold the crested helm above a couche shield.
The counter - seals of Rudolf IV., Archduke of
Austria, in 1359 and 1362, afford instances in which a
second set of supporters is used to hold up the crested
helm. The shield of Austria is supported by two lions,
on whose volets are the arms of Hapsburg and Pfirt ;
the crested helm (coroneted, and having a panache of
ostrich feathers) is also held by two lions, whose volets
are charged with the arms of Stiria, and of Caeinthia
(HuEBER, Austria Ilhcstrata, tab. xviii.).
In 1372 the seal of Edmund Mortimer represents
his shield hanging from a rose-tree, and supported
by two lions couchant (of March), whose heads are
covered by coroneted helmets with a panache (azure)
as crest.
305
2 Q
THE ART OF HERALDRY
BouTELL directs attention to the fact that the shield
of Edmund de Aeundel (i 301- 13 26) is placed between
similar helms and panaches, without the supporting
beasts ("Heraldry: Historical and Popular," pp. 271-41 8).
Crested supporters have sometimes been misunder-
stood, and quoted as instances of double supporters — for
instance, by Lower, " Curiosities of Heraldry," who gives
(p. 144) a cut from the achievement of the French
D'Albrets as "the most smgular supporters, perhaps,
ia the whole cu'cle of heraldry." These supporters are
two lions couchant (or), each helmed, and crested with
an eagle au vol leva. These eagles certainly assist in
holding the shield, but the lions are its true supporters ;
nor is this arrangement by any means unique. The
swans which were used as supporters by Jean, Due de
Beeei, in 1386, are each mounted upon a bear. Two
wild men, each a cheval on a lion, support the escut-
cheons of Gerard D'Haechies (1476) and of Nicole
de Gieesme (1464). Two lions sejant, helmed and
crested (the crest is a human head with the ears of an
ass) were the supporters of Arnaud D' Albeey in 1 368.
Scotland, which is the home of curiosities of heraldry,
gives us at least two instances of the use of supporters
which must be absolutely unique — that is, the sur-
charging of an escutcheon with an inescutcheon, to the
latter ot which supporters are attached. The first in-
stance occurs in the oases of Baronets of Nova Scotia, a
clause appearing in all the earlier patents which or-
dained " that the Baronets, and their heirs-male, should,
as an additament of honour to their armorial ensigns,
bear, either on a canton or inescutcheon, in their option,
the ensign of Nova Scotia, being argent, a cross of St.
Andrew azure (the badge of Scotland counterchanged),
charged with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of Scot-
land, supported on the dexter by the Royal unicorn, and
on the sinister by a savage, or wild man, proper ; and
for crest, a branch of laurel and a thistle issuing from
two hands conjoined, the one being armed, the other
naked ; with the motto, " Munit hsBC et altera vincit."
The incongruity of these exterior ornaments within a
shield of arms is noticed by Nisbet, who informs us,
however, that they are very soon removed. In the year
1629, after Nova Scotia was sold to the French, the
Baronets of Scotland, and their heirs-male, were autho-
rised by Charles I. " to wear and carry about their
necks, in all time coming, an orange-tawny silk ribbon,
whereon shall be pendent, in a scutcheon argent, a
saltire azure, thereon an inescutcheon of the arms of
Scotland, with an Imperial crown above the scutcheon,
and encircled with this motto : ' Fax mentis honestas
gloria.' " According to the same authority, this badge
was never much used " about their necks," but was car-
ried, by way of canton or inescutcheon, in their armorial
bearings, without the motto, and, of course, since then
the superimposed supporters have been dropped.
The same peculiarity of supporters being surcharged
upon a shield will be found, however, in the matricula-
tion (1795) '° Cummmg-Gordon of Altyre. These
arms are depicted on Plate XIII. In this the entire
achievement (arms, crest, motto, and supporters) of
Gordon of Gordon is placed upon an inescutcheon
superimposed over the arms of Gumming.
In Scotland the arms, and the arms only, constitute
the mark of a given family, and whilst due difference is
made in the respective shields, no attempt is made as
regards crest or supporters to impose any distinction
between the figures granted to different families even
where no blood relationship exists. The result is that
whilst the same crests and supporters are duplicated
over and over again, they at any rate remain in Scotland
simple, graceful, and truly heraldic, even when judged
by the most rigid mediaeval types. They are, of course.
necessarily of no value whatever for identification. In
England the simplicity is relinquished for the sake of
distinction, and it is held that due distinction must be
made, both in regard to the crests and the supporters,
as is made between the shields of different families.
The result as to modern crests is truly appalling, and
with supporters it is almost equally so, for by their
very nature it is impossible to design adequate differ-
ences for crests and supporters, as can readily be done
in the charges upon a shield, without creating mon-
strosities. With regret one has to admit that the dang-
ling shields, the diapered chintz-like bodies, and the
fasces and other footstools so frequently provided for
modern supporters in England would seem to be pedan-
tic, unnecessary, and inartistic strivings after a useless
ideal.
In England the right to bear supporters is confined
to those to whom they have been granted or recorded,
but such grant or record is very rigidly confined to peers,
to Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and
to Knights Grand Cross, or Knights Grand Com-
manders (as the case may be) of other Orders. Before
the Order of the Bath was divided into classes. Knights
of the Bath had supporters. As by an unwritten but
nowadays invariably accepted law, the Orders of the Gar-
ter, Thistle, and St. Patrick are confined to members of
the peerage, those entitled to claim (upon their petition-
ing) a grant of supporters in England are in practice
limited to peers and Knights Grand Cross. In the cases
of peers, the grant is always attached to a particular
peerage, the " remainder " in the limitations of the grant
being to " those of his descendants upon whom the peer-
age may devolve," or some other words to this effect, in
the cases of life peers and Knights Grand Cross the
grant has no hereditary limitation, and the right to the
supporters is personal to the grantee. There is nothing
to distinguish the supporters of a peer from those of a
Knight Grand Cross. Baronets of England, Ireland,
Great Britain, and the United Kingdom as such are not
entitled to claim grants of supporters, but there are
some number of cases in which, by special favour of the
sovereign, specific Royal Warrants have been issued —
either as marks of favour or as augmentations of honour
— conveying the pleasure of the sovereign to the kings
of arms, and directing the latter to grant supporters
— to descend with the baronetcy. Of the cases of this
nature the following may be quoted : Guise (Royal
Warrant, dated July 12, 1863), Prevost (Royal War-
rant, October 1 8 1 6), Guimiess, now Lord Ardilaun (Royal
Warrant, dated April 15, 1867), Halford (Royal War-
rant, May 19, 1827), and Otway (Royal Warrant, June 10,
1845). These, of course, are exceptional marks of
favour from the sovereign, and this favour in at least
two instances has been extended to untitled families.
In 1 8 1 5 Mr. George Watson-Taylor, an especial intimate
of the then Prince Regent, by Royal Warrant dated Sep-
tember 28, 1 81 5, was granted the following supporters :
" On either side a leopard proper, armed and langued
gules, collared and chamed or." A more recent instance,
and the only other one within the knowledge of the
writer, is the case of the Speke '' arms (Plate XXXIX.).
b Armorial bearings of William Speke, Esq. : Argent, two bars azure,
over all an eagle displayed with two heads gules, and as an honour-
able augmentation (granted by Royal Licence, dated July 26, 1S67, to
commemorate the discoveries of the said John Hanning Speke), a chief
azure, thereon a representation of flowing water proper, superinscribed
with the word " Nile " in letters gold. Upon the escutcheon is placed
a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and argent ; and
for bis crests: i. (of honourable augmentation) upon a wreath of the
colours, a crocodile proper; 2. upon a wreath of the colours, a porcupine
proper ; and as a further augmentation for supporters (granted by
Royal Licence as above to the said William Speke, Esq. , for and during
his life) — on the dexter side, a crocodile ; and on the sinister side, a
hippopotamus, both proper ; with the motto, " Super lethera virtus."
306
PLATE XCVIII.
'^(^tt^tSl^oiSlwS
Ifittai^pccfa ^&^i^<^^S'
tea
Prinwd ftt Stottgart.
EXAMPLES FROM THE "KATZE" ROLL IN CONSTANCE.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
It is recited in tlie Royal Warrant, dated July 26, 1867,
that Captain John Banning Speke " was by a deplorable
accident suddenly deprived of his life before he had re-
ceived any mark of our Royal favour" in connection
with the discovery of the sources of the NOe. The
Warrant goes on to recite the grant to his father, William
Speke, of Jordans, co. Somerset, of the following aug-
mentations to his original arms (argent, two bars azure)
namelj' : on a chief a representation of flowing water
superinscribed with the word " Nile," and for a crest of
honoui'able augmentation a "crocodUe," also the sup-
porters following — that is to say, on the dexter side a
crocodile, and on the sinister side a hippopotamus.
Some number of English baronets have gone to the
trouble and expense of obtaining grants of supporters
in Lyon Office ; for example Sir Christopher Bajmes,
by grant dated June 10, 1805, obtained two savages,
wreathed about the temples and loins, each hold-
ing a club over the exterior shoulder. It is very
doubtful to what extent such grants in Scotland
to domiciled Englishmen can be upheld. Many
other baronets have at one time or another
assumed supporters without any official warrant
or authority in consequence of certain action
taken by an earlier committee of the baronetage,
but cases of this kind are slowly dropping out of
the Peerage books, and this, combined with the
less ostentatious taste of the present day in the
depicting of armorial bearings upon carriages and
elsewhere, is slowly but steadUy reducing the use
of supporters to those who possess official autho-
rity for their display.
Another fruitful origin of the use of unauthorised
supporters at the present day lies in the fact that
grants of supporters personal to the grantee for
his life only have been made to Knights Grand
Cross or to life peers in cases where a hereditary
title has been subsequently conferred. The limi-
tations of the grant of supporters having never
been extended, the grant has naturally expired
with the death of the life honour to which the
supporters were attached.
In addition to these cases there is a very
limited number of families which have always
claimed supporters by prescriptive right, amongst
whom may be mentioned Tichborne of Tichborne
(two lions guardant gules), De Hoghton of Hogh-
ton (two bulls argent), Scroope of Danby (two
choughs) (Fig. 800), and Stapylton. Concerning
such cases it can only be said that in England
no official sanction has ever been given to such
use, and no case exists of any official recognition
of the right of an untitled family to bear sup-
porters to their arms save those few exceptional
cases governed by specific Royal Warrants. In
many cases, notably Scroope, Luttrell, Hilton, and
Stapylton, the supporters have probably originated in
their legitimate adoption at an early period in connec-
tion with peerage or other titular distinction, and
have continued inadvertently in use when the titular
distinctions to which they belonged have ceased to
exist or have devolved upon other families. Possibly
their use in some cases has been the result of a claim,
to de jure honours. The cases where supporters are
claimed " by prescriptive right " are few indeed in
England, and need not be further considered.
Whilst the official laws in Ireland are, and have
apparently always been, the same as in England, there
is no doubt that the heads of the different septs assert
their claim to the right to use supporters. On this
point Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, wrote :
" No registry of supporters to an Irish chieftain appears
in Ulster's Office, in right of his chieftaincy only, and
without the honour of peerage, nor does any authority
to bear them exist." But nevertheless " The O'Donovan "
uses, dexter, a lion guardant, and sinister a griffin;
" The O'Gorman " uses, dexter, a lion, and sinister, a
horse; " The O'Reilly " uses two lions or. " The O'Connor
Don," however, is in the unique position of bearing
supporters by unquestionable right, inasmuch as the
late Queen Victoria, on the occasion of her last visit to
Dublin, issued her Royal Warrant conferring the right
upon him. The supporters granted to him were " two
lions rampant gules, each gorged with an antique crown,
and charged on the shoulder with an Irish harp or."
The right to bear supporters in Scotland is on a
widely different basis from that in any other country.
As in England and Ireland, peers and Knights Grand
« SevION ScROOPE,orDA>rBY SUPEE.YORE.IN CoM EBpRiSQias'.i
Is quarters as his Complclc Atctic-.-menl, by n^t of Descent from Hi-ufs ^
GreneraL,riiefc Tei
i^Ar.
KXHil'hiijm. 7jyWri.
•~llflk-n
Fig. 800. — The arms and quarterings of Simon Scroope ot Danby.
Cross are permitted to obtain grants of these distinctions.
But outside and beyond these there are many other
families who bear them by right. At the official
inquiry concerning the Lyon Office, the Lyon Depute,
Mr. George Tait, put in a Note of Persons whom he
considered might lawfully bear supporters under Scot-
tish Heraldic Law. The following is the text of the
note in question : —
" Note of Persons who are considered by Geoege Tait,
Esq., Lyon-Depute, to be entitled to supporters,
furnished to the Commissioners of Inquiry by
their desire, intimated to him at his examination
this day, June 27, 1821.
" I. Peer.s. — By immemorial usage. Peers have right
to supporters, and supporters are commonly inserted in
307
THE ART OF HERALDRY
modern patents of Peerage. This includes Peeresses in
their own right.
" 2. Ancient Usage. — -Those private gentlemen, and
the lawful heirs male of their bodies, who can prove
immemorial usage of carrying supporters, or a usage
very ancient, and long prior to the Act 1672, are en-
titled to have their supporters recognised, it being
presumed that they received them from lawful authority,
on account of feats of valour in battle or in tourna-
ments, or as marks of the Royal favour (see Mxin-ay of
Touchadam's Ca.se, June 24, 1778).
" 3. Barons. — Lawful heirs male of the bodies of the
smaller Barons, who had the full right of free barony
(not mere freeholders) prior to 15 87, when representa-
tion of the minor Barons was fully established, upon the
ground that those persons were Barons, and sat in
Parliament as such, and were of the same as the titled
Barons. Their right is recognised by the writers on
heraldry and antiquities. Persons having right on this
ground, will almost always have estabhshed it by ancient
usage, and the want of usage is a strong presumption
against the right.
"4. Chiefs. — Lawful heirs-male of Chiefs of tribes or
clans which had attained power, and extensive terri-
tories and numerous members at a distant period, or at
least of tribes consisting of numerous families of some
degree of rank and consideration. Such persons will in
general have right to supporters, either as Barons (great
or small) or by ancient usage. When any new claim
is set up on such a ground, it may be viewed with
suspicion, and it will be extremely difficult to establish
it chiefly from the present state of society, by which
the traces of clanship, or the patriarchal state, are in
most parts of the country almost obliterated ; and indeed
it is very diflicult to conceive a case in which a new
claim of that kind could be admitted. Mr. Tait has
had some such claims, and has rejected them.
" 5. Royal Coinmissions. — Knights of the Garter and
Bath, and any others to whom the King may think
proper to concede the honour of supporters.
" These are the only descriptions of persons who
appear to Mr. Tait to be entitled to supporters.
" An idea has gone abroad, that Scots Baronets are
entitled to supporters ; but there is no authority for this
in their patents, or any good authority for it elsewhere.
And for many years subsequent to 167^, a very small
portion indeed of their arms which are matriculated in
the Lyon Register, are matriculated with supporters ;
so small as necessarily to lead to this inference, that
those whose arms are entered with supporters had right
to them on other grounds, e.g. ancient usage, chieftain-
ship, or being heirs of Barons. The arms of few Scots
Baronets are matriculated during the last fifty or sixty
years ; but the practice of assigning supporters gradually
gained ground during that time, or rather the practice
of assigning supporters to them, merely as such, seems
to have arisen during that period ; and it appears to Mr.
Tait to be an erroneous practice, which he would not be
warranted in following.
" British Baronets have also, by recent practice, had
supporters assigned to them, but Mr. Tait considers the
practice to be unwarranted ; and accordingly, in a recent
case, a gentleman, upon being created a Baronet, applied
, for supporters to the King — having applied to Mr. Tait,
and been informed by him that he did not conceive
the Lord Lyon entitled to give supporters to British
Baronets.
" No females (except Peeresses in their own right)
are entitled to supporters, as the representation of
families is only in the male line. But the widows of
Peers, by courtesy, carry their arms and supporters ;
and the sons of Peers, using the lower titles of the
peerage by courtesy, also carry the supporters by
courtesy.
" Mr. Tait does not know of any authority for the
Lord Lyon having a discretionary power of granting
supporters, and understands that only the King has
such a power.
" Humbly submitted by
(Signed) "G. Tait."
Though this statement would give a good general
idea of the Scottish practice, its publication entails the
addition of certain qualifying remarks. Supporters
are most certainly not " commonly inserted in modern
patents of peerage." Supporters appertaining to peer-
ages are granted by special and separate patents. These
are now under the hand and seal of Garter alone. In
the event of a grant following upon the creation of an
Iri.sh peerage, the patent of supporters would be issued
by Ulster King of Arms. But it is competent to Lyon
King of Arms to matriculate the arms of Scottish peers
with supporters, or to grant these to such as may still
be without them. Garter claims the right to grant
supporters in all cases of Peerages of England, Great
Britain, or the United Kingdom, no matter what the
domicile of the grantee may be. In this I totally dis-
agree with him, though I do not flatter myself that my
opinion will have any eftect upon his contention. But
I consider it little short of an official scandal that a
Scotsman, bearing properly recorded supporters by
Scottish law, should have their validity questioned in
England. With regard to the second paragraph of
Mr. Tait's memorandum, there will be few families
within its range who will not be included within the
range of the paragraph which follows, and the pre-
sumption would rather be that the use of supporters
by an untitled family originated in the right of barony
than in any mythical grant following upon mythical
feats of valour.
Mr. Tait, however, is clearly wrong in his statement
that " no females (except peeresses m their own right)
are entitled to supporters." They have constantly been
allowed to the heir of line, and their devolution through
female heirs must of necessity presuppose the right
thereto of the female heir through whom the inherit-
ance is claimed. A recent case in point occurs with
regard to the arms of Hunter- Weston (Fig. 800a), matri-
culated in 1880, Mrs. Hunter- Weston bemg the heir of
line of Hunter of Hunterston. Widows of peers, pro-
viding they have arms of their own to impale with
those of their husbands, cannot be said to only bear
the supporters of their deceased husbands by courtesy.
With them it is a matter of right. The eldest sons of
peers bearing courtesy titles most certainly do not bear
the supporters of the peerage to which they are heirs.
Even the far more generally accepted " courtesy "
practice of bearing coronets is expressly forbidden by
an Earl-Marshal's Warrant.
Consequently it may be asserted that the laws con-
cerning the use of supporters in Scotland are as follows :
In the first place, no supporters can be borne of right
unless they have been the subject of formal grant or
matriculation. The following classes are entitled to
obtain, upon payment of the necessary fees, the grant or
matriculation of supporters to themselves, or to them-
selves and their descendants according as the case may
be : ( I ) Peers of Scotland, and probably other peers who
are domiciled Scotsmen. (This, however, raises a point
concerning which there is a conflict of authority, and
with the subject of jurisdiction as between the various
offices of arms I prefer not to deal.) (2) Knights of
the Garter, Knights of the Thistle, and Knights of
St. Patrick, being Scotsmen, are entitled as such to
308
PLATE XCIX.
1
T
a^Gvdckicv
-fuct ^^ 1^
:^yM
ARMS FROM "PRIN'CE ARTHUR'S BOOK.'
THE ART OF HERALDRY
obtain grants of supporters to themselves for use during
life, but as these three orders are now confined to
members of the peerage, the supporters used would be
probabh' those appertaining to their peerages, and it
IS unlikely that any further grants for life will be
made imder these circumstances. (3) Knights of the
Bath until the revision of the order were entitled to
obtain grants of supporters to themselves for use during
their lifetimes, and there are many instances in the
Lyon Register where such grants have been made. (4)
&aights Grand Cross of the Bath, of St. Michael and
St. George, and of the Royal Victorian Order, and
Knights Grand Commanders of the Orders of the Star
of India, and of the Indian Empire, are entitled to ob-
tain grants of supporters for use during their lifetimes.
(5) The lawful heirs of the minor barons who had the
And the result was the growth and acceptance of the
fixed idea that it was within the power of Lyon King
of Arms to grant supporters to any one whom he might
choose to so favour. Consequently many grants of sup-
porters were placed upon the records, and many untitled
families of Scotland apparently have the right under
these patents of grant to add supporters to tneir arms.
Though it is an arguable matter whether the Lord
Lyon was justified in making these grants, there can
be no doubt that, so long as they remain upon the
official register, and no official steps are taken to cancel
the patents, they must be accepted as existing by legal
right. Probably the most egregious instance of such a
grant is to be found in the case of the grant to the first
baronet of the family of Antrobus, who on purchasing
the estate of Rutherford, the seat of the] extinct Lords
Fig. Sooa. — Arms of Hunter- "Weston.
full right of free barony prior to 1587 may matriculate
supporters if they can show their ancestors used them,
or may now obtain grants. (Though practically the
whole of these have been at some time or other matricu-
lated in Lyon Register, there still remain a few whose
claims have never been ofiiciaUy adjudicated upon.
For example, it is only within the last few months
that the ancient Swinton supporters (Plate LXIII.)
have been formally enrolled on the official records.)
(6) There are certain others, being chiefs of clans
and the heirs of those to whom grants have been
made in times past, who also have the right, but as no
new claim is likely to be so recognised in the future, it
may be taken that these are confined to those cases
which have been already entered in the Lyon Register.
During the latter part of the eighteenth century, the
executive of Lyon Office had fallen into great disrepute.
The oflice of Lyon King of Arms had been granted to
the Earls of Kinnoul, who had contented themselves with
appointing deputies and drawing fees. The whole sub-
ject of armorial jurisdiction in Scotland had become lax
to the last degree, and very many irregularities had
crept in. One, and probably the worst result, had been
the granting of supporters in many oases where no valid
reason other than the payment of fees could be put
forward to warrant the obtaining of such a privilege.
Rutherford, obtained from the then Lyon King of Arms
a grant of the peerage supporters carried by the pre-
vious owners of the property.
With regard to the devolution of Scottish supporters,
the large proportion of those registered in Lyon Office
are recorded in the terms of some patent wljich specifies
the limitations of their descent, so that there are a
comparatively small number only concerning which
there can be any uncertainty as to whom the supporters
will descend to. The difficulty can only arise in those
cases in which the arms are matriculated with supporters
as borne by ancient usage in the early years of the Lyon
Register, or in the eases of supporters still to be matri-
culated on the same grounds by those families who have
so far failed to comply with the Act of 1672. Whilst
Mr. Tait, in a memorandum which has been previously
quoted, would deny the right of inheritance to female
heirs, there can be no doubt whatever that in many
cases such heirs have been allowed to succeed to the
supporters of their families. Taking supporters as an
appanage of right of barony (either greater or lesser),
there can be no doubt that the greater baronies, and
consequently the supporters attached to them, devolved
upon heirs female, and upon the heir of line inheriting
through a female ancestor ; and, presumably, the same
considerations must of necessity hold good with regard
509
THE ART OF HERALDRY
to those supporters which are borne by right of lesser
barony, for the greater and the lesser were the same
thing, difltering only in degree, until in the year 1587
the lesser barons were relieved of compulsory attendance
in Parliament. At the same time there can be no doubt
that the headship of a family must rest with the heir
male, and consequently it would seem that in those
cases in which the supporters are borne by right of
being head of a clan or chief of a name, the right of
inheritance would devolve upon the heir male. There
must of necessity be some cases in which it is impossible
to determine whether the supporters were originally
called into being by right of barony or because of
chieftainship, and the consequence has been that con-
cerning the descent of the supporters of the older un-
titled families there has been no uniformity in the
practice of Lyon Office, and it is impossible from the
precedents which exist to deduce any certain and
unalterable rule upon the point. Precedents exist in
each case, and the well-known case of Smith-Cunning-
ham and Dick-Cunningham, which is often referred to
as settling the point, did nothing of the kind, inasmuch
as that judgment depended upon the interpretation of
a specific Act of Parliament, and was not the determi-
nation of a point of heraldic law. The case, however,
afibrded the opportunity to Lord Jeffi'ey to make the
following remarks upon the point (see p. 355, Seton) : —
" If I may be permitted to take a common-sense view,
I should say that there is neither an inflexible rule nor
a uniform practice in the matter. There may be cases
where the heir of line will exclude the heir male, and
there may be cases where the converse will be held. In
my opinion the common-sense rule is, that the chief
armorial dignities should follow the more substantial
rights and dignities of the family. If the heir male
succeed to the title and estates, I thinJi it reasonable that he
should also succeed to the armoricd bearings of the head
of tlie house. I would think it a very difficult proposition
to establish that the heir of line, when denuded of
everything else, was still entitled to retain the barren
honours of heraldry. But I give no opinion upon that
point."
Mr. Seton, in his " Law and Practice of Heraldry in
Scotland," sums up the matter of inheritance in these
words (see p. 357) : " As already indicated, however, by
one of the learned Lords in his opinion on the case of
Cuninghame, the practice in the matter in question has
been far from uniform ; and accordingly we are very
much disposed to go along with his relative suggestion,
that ' the chief armorial dignities should follow the
more substantial rights and dignities of the family ' ;
and that when the latter are enjoyed by the female heir
of line, such heir should also be regarded as fairly en-
titled to claim the principal heraldic honours."
The result has been in practice that the supporters
of a family have usually been matriculated to whoever
has carried on the name and line of the house, unless
the supporters in question have been governed by a
specific grant, the limitations of which exist to be re-
ferred to ; but in cases where both the heir of line and
the heir male have been left in a prominent position,
the diflSculty of decision has in many cases been got
over by allowing supporters to both of them. The most
curious instance of this within our knowledge occurs
with regard to the family of Chisholm.
Chisholm of Erchless Castle appears undoubtedly to
have succeeded as head and chief of his name — "The
Chisholm " — about the end of the seventeenth cen-
tury. As such supporters were carried, namely : " On
either side a savage wreathed about the head and
middle with laurel, and holding a club over his exterior
shoulder."
At the death of Alexander Chisholm — "The Chis-
holm"— 7th February 1793, the chieftainship and the
estates passed to his half-brother William, but his heir
of line was his only child Mary, who married James
Gooden of London. Mrs. Mary Chisholm or Gooden in
1827 matriculated the tindifferenced arms of Chisholm
["Gules, a boar's head couped or"], without supporters,
but in 1 83 1 the heir male also matriculated the same
undifferenced arms, in this case with supporters.
The chieftainship of the Chisholm family then con-
tinued with the male line until the death of Duncan
Macdonell Chisholm — "The Chisholm" — in 1859, when
his only sister and heir became heir of line of the later
chiefs. She was then Jemima Batten, and by Royal
Licence in that year she and her husband assumed
the additional surname of Chisholm,becoming Chisholm-
Batten, and, contrary to the English practice in such
cases, the arms of Chisholm alone were matriculated
m i860 to Mrs. Chisholm-Batten and her descendants.
These once again were the undiffereyiced coat of Chis-
holm, viz. : " Gules, a boar's head couped or." Arms
for Batten have since been granted in England, the
domicile of the family being English, and the illustra-
tion of the arms of the present Mr. Chisholm-Batten
(Fig. 801), though including the quartering for Chis-
FlG. 801. — Armorial bearings of James Forbes Chisholm Chisholm-
Batten, Esq. : Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a chevron nebuly ermine
between three anchors erect, entwined by a cable or, a chief in
arch of the last (for Batten) ; 2 and 3, gules, a boar's head couped
or, langued azure (for Chisholm), impaling the arms of Utermarck,
namely : per fess or and azure, in chief a sprig of three rose-leaves
slipped vert, and in base a mullet of six points of the iirst, pierced
of the second. Crest (for Batten) : in front of the stump of an oak-
tree sprouting on either side proper, three roses argent, barbed
and seeded proper. [Under the Scottish matriculation for Chis-
holm. Mantling gules, doubled argent ; and for crest, on a
wreath of his liveries, a dexter hand erect holding a dagger pro-
per, on its point a boar's head erased or ; and on an escroll over
the same this motto, " Feros ferio."] Badge (for Chisholm): a
fern-leaf.
holm, is marshalled as allowed in the College of Arms
by English rules.
Though there does not appear to have been any
subsequent rematriculation in favour of the heir male
who succeeded as " The Chisholm," the undifferenced
arms were also considered to have devolved upon him
together with the supporters. On the death of the last
known male heir of the family, Roderick Donald
310
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Matteson Chisholm, The Chisholm in 1 887, Mr. James
Chisholm Gooden-Chisholm "^ claimed the chieftainship
as heir of line, and in that year the Gooden-Chisholm
arms -s-ere again rematrioulated. In this case sup-
porters were added to the again undifferenced arms of
Chisholm, but a slight alteration in the supporters was
made, the clubs being reversed and placed to rest on
the ground, as shown in Plate LVII.
Amongst the many other untitled Scottish families
who rightly bear supporters, may be mentioned Gibsone
of Pentland (Fig 565). Barclay of Urie, Barclay of Towie
(Fig. 802), Drummond of Megginch (Fig. 53) Maclachlan
Fig. S02. — Armorial beariflgs of Barclay of Towie (Charles A. Barclay,
Esq., of Aberdour Honse, Fraserburgh) : Azure, a chevron or, be-
tween three crosses patee argent. Mantling azure and or. Crest ;
on a wreath of his liveries, a hand holding a dagger proper.
Motto; "Aut ^ere aut moru" Supporters: two bounds argent,
collared gules.
of that ilk, "Cluny" Macpherson (Fig. 311), Cunning-
hame (Fig. 150&), and Brisbane of that Ilk (Fig. 553).
Armorial matters in the Channel Islands present a
verj' unsatisfactory state of aifairs. There never appears
to have been any Visitation, and the arms of Channel
Island families which officially pass muster must be
confined to those of the very few families (for example,
De Carteret, Dobree, and Tupper) who have found it
necessary or advisable on their own initiative to register
their arms in the official English sources. In none of
these instances have supporters been allowed, nor I be-
lieve did any of these families claim to use them, but
some (Lempriere, De Saumerez, and other families)
assert the possession of such a distinction by prescrip-
tive right. If the right to supporters be a privilege of
peerage, or if, as in Scotland, it anciently depended upon
the right of free barony, the position of these Channel
Island families in former days as seigniorial lords was
much akin. But it is highly improbable that the right
to bear supporters in such cases will ever be officially
recognised, and the case of De Saumerez, in which the
supporters were bedevilled and regranted to descend
with the peerage, will probably operate as a decisive
•^ Armorial bearings of Chisholm Gooden-Chisholm, Esq : Gules, a
boar's head erased or. langued azure. Mantling gules, doubled argent.
Crest: on a wreath' of his liveries, a dexter hand couped at the wrist,
holding a dagger erect on which is transiised a boar's head couped.
Motto : '* Feros ferio." Supporters : two savages wreathed about the
head and loins with lanrel, their clubs reversed and resting on the
ground.
precedent upon the point and against such a right.
There are some number of families of foreign origin
who bear supporters or claim them by the assertion of
foreign right. Where this right can be estabUshed
their use has been confirmed by Royal Licence in this
country in some number of cases ; for example, the cases
of Rothschild and De Salis. In other cases (for example,
the case of Chamier) no official record of the supporters
exists with the record of the arms, and presumably the
foreign right to the supporters could not have been
established at the time of registration.
With regard to impersonal arms, the right to sup-
porters in England is not easy to define. In the case of
counties, one can only say that no supporters have as
yet been granted to any count}" ; but comity grants have
been so very few in number that it is hardly safe to
draw the conclusion that they are not eligible to obtain
them if they choose to pay the necessary fees. No
English county has as yet obtained the grant of a crest,
but this has been due to the fact that those responsible
for the petitions have considered it an anomaly that a
crest should be granted to such a body, and it has yet
to be seen whether a crest would be refused if it were
asked for and insisted upon. It is to be hoped that the
next few grants to counties which may be issued will
be minus both crest and supporters, and that a pre-
cedent will thereby become stereotyped that a smeld
only shall be granted.
In the case of towns, the rule in England is that an
ordinary town may not have supporters but that a city
may, and instances are numerous where supporters have
been granted upon the elevation of a town to the dignity
of a cit}'. Birmingham, Sheffield, and Nottingham are
all recent instances in point. This rule, however, is not
absolutely rigid, and an exception may be pointed to
in the case of Liverpool, the supporters being granted
in 1797, and the town not being created a city until
a subsequent date. In Scotland, where, of course,
until quite recently supporters were granted practi-
cally to anybody who chose to pay for them, a grant
will be found for the county of Perth dated in 1800,
in which supporters were included. But as to towns
and cities it is no more than a matter of fees, any
town in Scotland eligible for arms being at liberty to
obtain supporters also if they are desired. In grants of
arms to corporate bodies it is difficult to draw the line
or to deduce any actual rule. In 23rd of Henry VIII.
the Grocers' Livery Company were granted "two
griffins per fess gules and or," and many other of the
Livery Companies have supporters to their arms.
Others, for no apparent reason, are without them.
The "Merchant Adventurers' Company or Hamburg
Merchants " have supporters, as had both the old and
the new East India Companies. The arms of Jamaica
and Cape Colony and of the British North Borneo
Company have supporters, but on the other hand no
supporters were assigned to Canada or to any of its
provinces. In Ireland the matter appears to be much
upon the same footing as in England, and as far as im-
personal arms are concerned it is very difficult to say
what the exact rule is, if this is to be deduced from
known cases and past precedents.
Probably the freedom — amounting in many cases to
great laxitj' — with which in English heraldic art the
positions and attitudes of supporters are changed, is the
one point in which English heraldic art has entirely
ignored the trammels of conventionalised officialism.
There must be in this country scores of entrance gates
where each pillar of the gateway is surmounted by a
shield held in the paws of a single supporter, and the
Governmental use of the Royal supporters in an amaz-
ing variety of attitudes, some of which are grossly un-
311
THE ART OF HERALDRY
heraldic, has not helped towards a true understanding.
The reposeful attitude of watchful slumber in which
the Royal lion and unicorn are so often depicted, may
perhaps be in the nature of submission to the biblical
teaching of Isaiah that the lion shall lie down with the
lamb (and possibly therefore also with the unicorn), in
these times of peace which have succeeded those earlier
days when " the lion beat the unicorn round and round
the town."
In official minds, however, the sole attitude for the
supporters is the rampant, or as near an approach to it
as the nature of the animal will allow. A human being,
a bird, or a fish naturally pan hardly adopt the attitude.
Fig. 803. — The Arms used by Kilmarnock, Ayrshire: Azure, a fess
chequy gules and argent. Crest: a dexter hand raised in benedic-
tion. Supporters : on either side a squirrel sejant proper.
In Scotland, the land of heraldic freedom, various ex-
ceptions to this can be found. Of these one can call to
mind the arms of Kilmarnock (Fig. 803), in which the
supporters, " squirrels proper," are depicted always as
sejant. These particular creatures, however, would
look strange to us in any other form. These arms
unfortunately have never been matriculated as the arms
of the town (being really the arms of the Boyd family,
the attainted Earls of Kilmarnock), and consequently
can hardly as yet be referred to as a definite precedent,
because official matriculation might result in a similar
"happening" to the change which was made in the
case of the arms of Inverness. In all representations of
the arms of earlier date than the matriculation, the
supporters, (dexter) a camel and (sinister) an elephant,
are depicted statant on either side of the shield, no
actual contact being made between the escutcheon and
the supporters. But in 1900, when in a belated com-
pliance with the Act of 1672 the armorial bearings of
the Royal Burgh of Inverness were matriculated, the
position was altered to that more usually employed for
supporters, as will be seen from Fig. 239.
The supporters always used by Sir John Maxwell
Stirling-Maxwell of PoUok are two lions sejant guardant.
These, as appears from an old seal, were in use as far
back as the commencement of the fifteenth century,
but the supporters officially recorded for the family are
two apes. In English armory one or two exceptional
cases may be noticed; for example, the supporters of
the city of Bristol, which are: "On either side, on a mount
vert, a unicorn sejant or, armed, maned, and unguled
sable." Another instance will be found in the supporters
of Lord Rosmead, which are : " On the dexter side an
ostrich and on the sinister side a kangaroo, both re-
gardant proper." From the nature of the animal, the
kangaroo is depicted sejant.
Supporters in Germany date from the same period as
with ourselves, being to be met with on seals as far back
as 1276. At first they were similarly purely artistic
adjuncts, but they have retained much of this character
and much of the purely permissive nature in Germany
to the present day. It was not until about the middle
of the seventeenth century that supporters were granted
or became hereditary in that country. Grants of sup-
porters can be found in England at an earlier date, but
such grants were isolated in number. Nevertheless
supporters had become hereditary very soon after they
obtained a regularly heraldic (as opposed to a decorative)
footing. Their use, however, was governed at that
period by a greater freedom as to alteration and change
than was customary with armory in general. Sup-
porters were an adjunct of the peerage, and peers were
not subject to the Visitations. With his freedom from
arrest, his high social position, and his many other
privileges of peerage, a peer was "too big" a person
formerly to accept the dictatorial armorial control of
the Crown enforced upon lesser people. Short of
treason, a peer in any part of Great Britain for most
practical purposes of social life was above the ordinary
law. In actual fact it was only the rights of one peer
as opposed to the rights of another peer that kept a
Lord of Parliament under any semblance of control.
When the great lords of past centuries could and did
raise armies to fight the King he was hardly likely to,
nor did he, brook much control, Of the development
of supporters in Germany Herr Strohl writes : —
" Only very late, about the middle of the seventeenth
century, were supporters granted as hereditary, but they
appear in the arms of burghers in the first half of the
fifteenth century, and the arms of many towns also
possess them as decorative adjuncts.
" The first supporters were human figures, generally
portraits of the arms-bearers themselves ; then women,
young men, and boys, so-called Schildbuhen. In the
second half of the fourteenth century animals appear :
lions, bears, stags, dogs, griffins, &c. In the fifteenth
century one frequently encounters angels with richly
curling hair, saints (patrons of the bearer or of the
town), then later, nude wild men and women ( Waldmen-
schen) thickly covered with hair, with garlands round
their loins and on their heads (Fig. 803(1 ; see also Plate
Fig. So3a.. — Arms of Holzhausen (Frankfort) : Sable, three roses argent,
seeded gules. (From Jost Amman's "Book of Arms and Gene-
alogy,"- 1589.
312
PLATE C.
^o^mi of, fcatunr
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DESIGNS FROM "PRINCE ARTHUR'S BOOK."
THE ART OF HERALDRY
XIII. Figs. 2 :md 3). The thick hairy covering of the
■ body in the case of women is only to be met with in the
very beginning. Later the endeavour was to approach
the feminine ideal as nearly as possible, and only the
garlands were retained to point out the origin and the
home of these figures.
"At the end of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth
century, there came into fashion lansquenets (Fig. 466),
huntsmen, pretty women and girls, both clothed and
unclothed." Speakino; of the present day, and from the
executive standpoint, he adds : —
"Supporters, with the exception of flying angels,
should have a footing on which they can stand in a
natural manner, whether it be grass, a pedestal, a tree,
or line of ornament, and to place them upon a ribbon
of a motto is less suitable because a thin ribbon can
hardly give the impression of a sufficiently strong
support for the invariably heavy-looking figures of the
men or animals. The supporters of the shield may at
the same time be employed as bearers of the helmets.
They bear the helmets either over the head (see Plate
LXI. Fig. 6) or hold them in their hands (see Plate
LV.). Figures standing near the shield, but not
holding or supporting it in any way, cannot in the strict
sense of the word be designated supporters ; such
figures are called Schildwdchter (shield-watchers or
guardians).
HUMAN FIGURES AS S-UPPORTERS
Of all figures employed as supporters probably human
beings are of most frequent occurrence, even when
those single and double figures referred to on an earlier
page, which are not a real part of the heraldic achieve-
FlG. S04. — Armorial bearings of Hugh Eobert Wallace, Esq. : Quar-
terly, I and 4, grand quarters, gules, a lion rampant argent within
a bordure compony of the last and azure (for Wallace of EUerslie) ;
2. grand quarter, quarterly i. and iiii. , gules, a lion rampant argent ;
il and iii., gules, a fess chequy argent and azure {for Wallace of
Craigie) ; 3. grand quarter, quarterly i. and iiii., argent, on a chief
gules, three lions' heads erased of the first ; ii. and iii., azure, a
crescent or between three cross crosslets argent (for Ritchie of
Craigton) ; over all an escutcheon of pretence gyronny of eight or
and sable, on a chief azure, a galley, oars in action, pennons fly-
ing, between two mallets of the first (for Campbell of Cammo).
Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crests : dexter, on a wreath of
the liveries, a dexter arm vambraced, the hand brandishing a
sword all proper; and in an escroU over same this motto, "Pro
libertate " (for Wallace of EUerslie) ; sinister, on a wreath of the
liveries, an ostrich head and neck couped, holding a horse-shoe in
his bealc all proper. Motto (over) :" Sperandum est." Supporters:
two savages wreathed about the head and middle with laurel,
each carrying over his exterior shoulder a club all proper.
ment, are excluded from consideration. The endless
variety of different figures perhaps gives some clue to
the reason of their frequent occurrence.
Though the human figure iii nudas Veritas appears
(male) upon the shield of Dalziel and (female) in the
crest of Ellis (Agar-Ellis, formerly Viscount Clifden),
Fig. S05. — Armorial bearings of Lord Moncrielf ; Quarterly, I and 4,
argent, a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure, a chief
ermine ; 2 and 3, argent, an oak-tree growing out of a well in base
both proper. Above the escutcheon, which is charged with his
badge of Ulster as a Baronet of the United Kingdom, and from
which is pendent by an orange-tawny ribbon his badge as a
Baronet of Nova Scotia, is placed the coronet of his rank, and
thereupon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules,
doubled ermine ; and upon a wreath of the liveries is set for crest,
a demi-lion rampant gules, armed and langued azxire. Supporters ;
on either side a man in armour, holding in the exterior hand a
spear resting on his shoulder all proper, the breastplate charged
with a crescent gules. Motto : " Sur esperance."
one cannot call to mind any instance of such an occur-
rence in the form of supporters, though possibly the
supporters of the Glaziers' Livery Company [" Two
naked boys proper, each holding a long torch inflamed
of the last "] and of the Joiners' Livery Company [" Two
naked boys proper, the dexter holding in his hand
an emblematical female figure, crowned with ■ a mural
coronet sable, the sinister holding in his hand a square "]
might be classed in such a character. Nude figures
in armory are practically always termed " savages," or
occasionally "woodmen" or " ^vildmen," and garlanded
about the loins with foliage. Figs. 2, 3, 5, and 6 on
Plate LVI. are excellent illustrations of such figures.
These were specially drawn for the present work by
Professor Emil Dopier.
With various adjuncts — clubs, banners, trees, branches,
&c. — Savages will be found as the supporters of the arms
of the German Emperor, and in the sovereign arms of
Prussia, Brunswick, Denmark, Schwarzburg-Sonders-
hausen, and Rudolstadt, as well as in the arms of the
province of Prussia. T'hey also appear in the arms
of the kingdom of Greece, though in this case they
313
2e
THE ART OF HERALDRY
should perhaps be more properly described as figures of
Hercules.
In British armory — amongst many other families — ■
two savages are the supporters of the Marquess of
Ailesbury, Lord Calthorpe, Viscount de Vesoi, Lord
Elphinstone, the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, the
Duke of Fife (Fig. 251), Earl Fitzwilliam (each holding
in the exterior hand a tree eradicated), Lord Kinnaird,
the Earl of Morton ; and amongst the baronets who
possess supporters, Menzies, Douglas of Carr, and
Williams-Drummond have on either side of their es-
cutcheons a "savage." Earl Poulett alone has both
man and woman, his supporters being: "Dexter, a savage
man ; sinister, a savage woman, both wreathed with
oak, all proper." As some one remarked on seeing a
representation of this coat of arms by Catton, K.A., the
blazon might more appropriately have concluded " all
improper."
Fig. 251 represents the achievement of the Duke and
Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife. This illus-
of a savage which I have seen, perhaps the finest
heraldic design he has produced, and probably one of
the best and freest examples of recent heraldic draughts-
manship.
Next after savages, the most favourite variety of the
human being adopted as a supporter is the Man in
Armour. If so described without any additional par-
ticularisation, the official type is usually in the form of
the supporters of Lord Moncrieff, as wUl be seen in
Fig. 805. This illustration is from a drawing by Mr.
Eve. Another representation of knights in armour as
supporters will be found in Fig. 806, which is a repre-
sentation of the arms of Count Lubienski.
Even as heraldic and heritable supporters angels are
not uncommon, and are to be met with amongst other
eases in the arms of the Marquess of Waterford, the
Earl of Dudley, and Viscount Dillon (Plate XXXVL).
It is rare to find supporters definitely stated to repre-
sent any specific person, but in the case of the arms of
Arbroath (Fig. 807) the supporters are "Dexter: 'St.
Fig. 806. — Armorial bearings of Count Louis Pomian Bodenham Lubienski: Quarterly of four, within a bordnre
or, I. gules, a wounded ram passant proper (for Bielinski) ; 2. or, a bison's head regardant transfixed with a
sword all proper (for Lubienski) ; 3. gules, an armed knight on a white horse (for Sanguszko) ; 4. tierced
in bend azure or and gules, on ilrst and third a stag courant proper, on second two roses of the third (for
Szembek). Over all an inescutoheon, Lubienski repeated. Crest: hand and arm armed, grasping a falchion
rising from a count's coronet.
tration is from a design by Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.,
and probably is the best possible example of savages
depicted " sans freedom " in the style adopted officially
in England.
The arms of Gooden-Chisholm (Plate LVII.) are
savages from the pencil of Mr. Graham Johnston.
The arms upon the patent of the matriculation which
Mr. Forbes Nixon emblazoned in 1 898, when the arms
of Wallace of EUerslie were rematriculated in Lyon
Register for Mr. Hugh Robert Wallace of Busbie, are
an example of that artist's work. His design was fac-
similed into the Lyon Register, from which Fig. 804
was reproduced. This is the finest example of his idea
Thomas a Becket,' and sinister, a Baron of Scotland."
Another instance, again from Scotland, appears in a
most extraordinary grant by the Lyon in 18 16 to Sir
Jonathan Wathen Waller, Bart., of Braywick Lodge,
CO. Berks, and of Twickenham, co. Middlesex. In this
case the supporters were two elaborately "harnessed"
ancient warriors, "to commemorate the surrender of
Charles, Duke of Orleans, at the memorable battle of
Agincourt (that word being the motto over the crest) in
the year 141 5, to Richard Waller of Groombridge in
Kent, Esq., from which Richard the said Sir Jonathan
Wathen Waller is, according to the tradition oi his
family, descended." This' pedigree is set out in Burke's
314
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Peerage, which assigns as arms to this family (
ofWaUer of Groombridge, with the augmentec
' the old coat
! augmented crest, viz. :
" On a mount vert, a walnut-tree proper, and pendent
therefrom an escutcheon of the arms of France with
a label of three points argent." Considerable doubt,
however, is thrown upon the descent by the fact that in
1 8 14, when Sir Jonathan (then Mr. Phipps) obtained a
Royal Licence to assume the name and arms of Waller, a
very ditferent and much bedevilled edition of the arms-
and not the real coat of Waller of Groombridge was ex-
Highlanders in modern costume figure as supporters
to the arms of Maconochie-Wellwood (Plate LIX.), and
in more ancient garb in the case of Cluny Macpherson
(Fig. 311), and soldiers in the uniforms of every regi-
ment, and savages from every clime, have at some time
or other been pressed into heraldic service as supporters ;
but a work on Armory is not a handbook on costume,
military and civil, nor is it an ethnographical directory,
which it would certainly become if any attempt were
to be made to enumerate the different varieties of men
Fig. S07. — Anns of Arbroath : Gules, a portcullis with chains pendent or. Motto : " Propter Libertatem." Supporters :
dester, St. Thomas Ji Backet in his archiepiscopal robes all proper ; sinister, a Baron of Scotland armed cap-h-pie,
holding in his exterior hand the letter from the Convention of the Scottish Estates, held at Arbroath in the
year 1320, addressed to Pope John XXII., all proper.
emplified to him. These supporters (the grant was quite
idtra vires. Sir Jonathan being a domiciled Englishman)
do not appear in any of the Peerage books, and it is not
clear to what extent they were ever made use of, but in
a painting which came under my notice the Duke of
Orleans, in his surcoat of France, could be observed
handing his sword across the front of the escutcheon
to Mr. (or Sir) Richard Waller. The supporters of the
Needlemakers' Company are commonly known as Adam
and Eve, and the motto of the Company [" They sewed
fig-leaves together and made themselves aprons "] bears
this supposition out. The blazon, however, is : " Dexter,
a man : sinister, a woman, both proper, each wreathed
round the waist with leaves of the last, in the woman's
dexter hand a needle or." The supporters of the Earl
of Aberdeen, " dexter an Earl and sinister a Doctor of
Laws, both in their robes all proper," are illustrated on
Plate LVIII., which is a facsimile of the painting in
Lyon Register. A scroll below the arms, carrying the
words " Ne nimium," has, however, been since added to
the arms in the Register. These additional words,
however, are always regarded as a part of the other
motto, and not as a second motto.
and women, clothed and unclothed, which have been
used for the purposes of supporters.
ANIMALS AS SUPPORTERS
When we turn to animals as supporters, we at once
get to a much wider range, but little can be said con-
cerning them beyond stating that though usually
rampant, they are sometimes sejant, and may be
guardant or regardant. One may, however, append
examples of the work of different artists, which will
doubtless serve as models, or possibly may develop
ideas in other artists. The Lion naturally first claims
one's attention. Fig. 808 shows an interesting and
curious instance of the use of a single lion as a sup-
porter. This is taken from a drawing in the possession
of the town library at Breslau {Herold, 1S88, No. i),
and represents the arms of Dr. Heinrich Rubische,
Physician to the King of Hungary and Bohemia. The
arms are, "per fesse," the chief argent, a "point" through-
out sable, cnarged with a lion's face, holding in the jaws
an annulet, and the base also argent charged with two
315
THE ART OF HERALDRY
bars sable. The mantling is sable and argent. Upon
the helmet as crest are two bufl'alo's horns of the
Fig. 80S. — Arms of Dr. Heinrich Rubische.
colours of the shield, and between them
appears (apparently as a part of the herit-
able crest) a lion's face holding an annulet
as in the arms. This, however, is the
face of the lion, which, standing behind
the escutcheon, is employed as the sup-
porter, though possibly it is intended that it
should do double duty. This employment
of one animal to serve a double armorial
purpose is practically unknown in British
armory, except possibly in a few early
examples of seals, but in German heraldry
it is very far from being uncommon.
Another instance of it will be found on
Plate LXI. Fig. 6. This represents the
arms of the Count Palatine Wolfgang bei
Rhein, Duke in Bavaria (born 1526, died
1569), of the House of Zweibrucken,
ancestor of all the later Counts Palatine.
The design is by Virgil Solis, 1559. The
arms are : " Quarterly, i and 4, sable, a
lion rampant or, armed and crowned gules
(for the County Palatine on the Rhine) ;
2 and 3, bendy lozengy argent and azure
(for the Duchy of Bavaria)" On an in-
escutcheon are the arms of the Countship
of Veldeny, namely: "Argent, a lion ram-
pant azure, crowned." The supporters
are two lions rampant or, but these are
depicted as wearing the two helmets upon
which the crests are displayed, the faces
of the lions being visible through the
visors of the helmets. Each crest issues
from a coronet, and is a lion sejant or,
armed and crowned gules, the dexter being
between two buffalo's horns, and the
sinister between two wings, both horns
and wings being of azure and argent as
the second quarter.
Two typical lions as supporters, drawn by Mr. J.
Forbes Nixon, will be found in Fig. 54, which repre-
sents the arms of his Grace the late Duke of Argyll,
K.G., K.T., and others by the same artist appear in
Plate LX., which shows the arms of Sir William
Ogilvy Dalgleish,! Bart.
1 Armorial bearings of Sir William Ogilvy-Dalgleish : Quarterly, i and
4, argent, a tree eradicated fesswise vert, between tliree pheoDS points
downwards azure (for Dalgleish) ; 2 and 3, quarterly, i. and iiii., argent,
a lion passant, guardant gules (for Ogilvy}; ii. and iii., or, three
crescents gules (for Edmonstone) ; over all dividing the coats a cross
engrailed sable (for Sinclair), all for Ogilvy of Boyne ; over all on an
escutcheon of pretence in right of his wife the arms of Mollinson,
namely : or, two cross crosslets fitche in chief and in base the attires
of a hart affixed to the scalp gules, a chief chequy of the second and
argent, in the fess point a crescent sable for difference. Above the
shield, which is charged with his badge of Ulster as a baronet, is
placed a helmet befitting his degree, mantled vert, doubled argent;
and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, the stump of an oak-
tree sprouting out branches and leaves proper ; and upon an escroll
above the crest this motto, " Revkescam " ; and for his supporters,
upon either side of the escutcheon a lion rampant or, charged upon
the shoulder with a pheon point downwards azure, such being personal
to the above-mentioned William Ogilvy-Dalgleish.
The arms of the Duke of Norfolk (Fig. 809) show
a good example of a lion as a supporter, from a draw-
ing by Mr. G. W. Eve.
Probably, however, the most characteristic and the
Fig. Sog. — Arms of the Duke of Norfolk, K.G., E.M. : Quarterly, l. gules, on a bend between
six cross crosslets fitchee argent, an escutcheon or, charged with a demi-lion rampant
pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a double tressure flory counterflory of
the first (for lloward) ; 2. gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of three points argent (for IJrotherton) ; 3. chequy or and azure (for Warren) ; 4. gules, a
lion rampant or (for Fitzalan), behind the shield two gold batons in saltire, enamelled
at the ends sable (the insignia of his office of Earl-Marslial). Mantling gules and argent.
Crests: I. on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a lion statant with tail extended or,
gorged with a ducal coronet argent ; 2. issuant from a ducal coronet or, a pair of wings
gules, each charged with a bend between six cross crosslets fitchee argent ; 3. on a mount
vert, a horse passant argent, holding in the mouth a slip of oak fracted proper. Sup-
porters : Dexter, a lion ; sinister, a horse, both argent, the latter holding in his mouth
a slip of oak vert, fructed proper. Motto : " Sola virtus invicta.'*
316
PLATE CI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
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THE AKT OF HERALDRY
best lion supporters which Mr. Eve has ever drawn are
in the largest of the Royal bookplates which he de-
signed for use in the Windsor Castle Library (Fig. 1098).
Fig. 810 is a reproduction of a bookplate by Mr.
Sherborn, and shows the arms as used by Sir Thomas
Dick-Lauder, Bart.
Fig. 811, which shows the achievement of the late
Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, and Fig. 812, which
shows the arms of Sir George Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar,
collared or." Two lions rampant double-queued, the
dexter or, the sinister sable, are the supporters of the
Duke of Portland, and the supporters of both the Earl
of Feversham and the Earl of Dartmouth afford in-
stances of lions crowned with a coronet, and issuing
therefrom a plume of ostrich feathers.
Sea-lions will be found as supporters to the arms of
Viscount Falmouth [" Two sea-lions erect on their tails
argent, gutte-de-l'armes"], and the Earl of Howth
Fig. 812. — Armorial bearings of Sir George Daff-Sutherland-Dunbar, 6tli Bart.; Quarterly, I. gules, a
lion rampant within a bordure argent, charged with eight roses of the field (for Dunbar) ; 2. gules,
three mullets or, a crescent of the last for difference (for Sutherland) ; 3. vert, on a fess dancette
ermine, between a buck's head caboshed in chief and two escallox^s in base or, a mullet of the first
for difference (for Duff) ; 4. or, three cushions within a double tressure fiory and counterflory gules
(for Pandolph) ; the whole within a bordure vairy or and gules. Mantling gules, doubled argent.
Crest: on a wreath of his liveries, a sword and key in saltire proper. Supporters: dexter, a lion
rampant argent ; sinister, a savage man holding a club over his shoulder proper. Motto (over the
crest) : " Sub spe."
afford examples of lion supporters from designs by Mr.
Graham Johnston.
Winged lions are not very usual, but they occur as
the supporters of Lord Braye : " On either side a lion
guardant or, winged vair." A winged lion is also one of
the supporters (the dexter) of Lorcl Leconfield, but this,
owing to the position of the wings, is quite unique.
The blazon is : "A lion with wintjs inverted azure.
bears : " Dexter, a sea-lion as in the crest ; sinister, a
mermaid proper, holding in her exterior hand a mirror."
The Heraldic Tiger is occasionally found as a sup-
porter, and an instance occurs in Fig. 81 1, just referred
to, in the arms of the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava.
It also occurs as the sinister supporter of the Duke of
Leeds, and of the Baroness Daroy de Knayth, and was
the dexter supporter of the Earls of Holderness. Two
318
THE ART OF HERALDRY
heraldic tigers are the supporters both of Sir Andrew
Noel Agnew, Bart., and ot the Marquess of Anglesey.
Of recent years the natural tiger has taken its place in
the heraldic menagerie, and iastances of its appearance
will be found in the arms of Sir Mortimer Durand, and
will be seen on Plate CXVIII., where it appears as one
of the supporters of the arms of the city ot Bombay.l
When occurring in heraldic surroundings it is always
termed for distinction a " Bengal tiger," and two Royal
Bengal tigers are the supporters of Sir Francis Outram,
Bart.: " On either side a Royal Bengal tiger guardant
proper, gorged with a wreath of laurel vert, and on the
head an Eastern crown or."
The G-riffi/n, is perhaps the next most favourite sup-
porter, and a good example of the official type of this
Mr. Eve. Male griffins are the supporters of Sir
George John Egerton Dashwood : " On either side a
male gryphon argent, gorged with a collar fiory counter-
flory gules."
Fig. 814, also by Mr. Eve, shows the arms of the Earl
of Mar.
Continental artists assume even a greater freedom
than our own in depicting their supporters. Plate LXI.
Fig. I represents the arms of his Apostolic Majesty the
Emperor Franz Joseph, King of Hungary. Tihe griffin
supporters are from a drawing by Herr Strohl (Strohl's
" Austro-Hungarian Roll of Arms," Vienna, 1895). The
shield shows the arms of Austria, the Collar of the
Golden Fleece, &c., but it is here introduced to show
the supporters, which are griffins per fess sable and
Fig. S [ 3, — Armorial bearings of the Earl of Mar and KeUie (Erskine) : Quarterly, I and 4, argent, a pale sable (for Erskine) ;
2 and 3, azure, a bend between sis cross crosslets fitche or (for Mar). Over all, on an escutcheon gules, the Imperial crown
of Scotland proper, within a double tressure flory counterflory or, ensigned with an Earl's coronet {for the Earldom of
Kellie), impaling the arms of Ashley-Cooper, namely : argent, three bulls passant sable, armed and nnguled or (for Ashley) ;
2 and 3, gules, a bend engrailed between sis lions rampant or (for Cooper). Above the escutcheon is placed the coronet
of his rank, and thereupon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable, doubled ermine ; and upon wreaths of
the proper liveries are set the two following crests : upon the dexter side, a dexter hand holding a Skene in pale argent,
hilted and pommelled or; and on an escroU over the same this motto, "Je pense plus" (for Erskine); and upon the
sinister side, a demi-lion rampant guardant gules, armed argent, and on an escroU over the same this motto, " Decori decus
addit avito " (for Kellie). Supporters : two griffins gules, armed, beaked, and winged or ; underneath this motto,
" Unione fortior."
animal occurs on Plate LXII., which shows the arms
of Viscount Halifax.* Fig. 813, which represents the
arms of the Earl of Mar and Kellie, is from a design by
d Armorial bearings of Viscount Halifax (Wood) : Azure, three naked
savages ambulant in fess proper, in the dexter hand of each a shield
argent charged with a cross gules, in the sinister a club resting on the
shoulder also proper, on a canton ermine, three lozenges conjoined in
fess sable, and upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Courtenay,
namely ; quarterly, I and 4, or, three torteaux surmounted by a label
of three points azore {for Courtenay) ; 2 and 3, or, a lion rampant azure
(for Redvers). Above the escutcheon, which is charged with his badge
or. The motto, "Viribus unitis," is the personal
motto of the Emperor.
A very curious supporter is borne by Mr. Styleman
Le Strange. Of course, as a domiciled English com-
moner, having no Royal Licence to bear supjjorters, his
of Ulster as a baronet, is placed the coronet of his rank, and there-
upon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and argent ;
and for his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a savage as in the arms,
the shield sable, charged with a griiHn's head erased argent. Sup-
porters : on either side a griffin sable, gorged with a collar and pendent
therefrom a portcullis or. Motto : " I like my choice."
319
THE ART OF HERALDRY
claim to these additions would not be recognised, but
their use no doubt originated in the fact that he repre-
sents the lines of several coheirships to different baronies
by writ, to some one of which, no doubt, the supporters
may have at some time belonged. The dexter supporter
in question is " a stag argent with a lion's forepaws and
tail, collared."
The supporters recently granted to Lord MUner are
two " springbok," and the same animal (an " oryx " or
" springbok ") is the sinister supporter of the arms of Cape
Colony (Plate LXI.).
Goats are the supporters of the Earl of Portsmouth
(who styles his " chamois or wild goats "), of Lord Bagot
and Lord Cranworth, and they occur in the achievements
of the Barony of Ruthven and the Marquess of Nor-
of Mowbray, but the sinister supporter still remained a
" sea-dog."
The Horse and the Pegasus are constantly met with
supporting the arms of peers and others in this country.
In Fig. 920 a bay horse regardant appears as the dexter
supporter of the Earl of Yarborough, and the horses
which support the shield of Earl Cowper are very speci-
fically detailed in the official blazon : " Two dun horses
close cropped (except a tuft upon the withers) and
docked, a large blaze down the face, a black list down
the back, and three white feet, viz. the hind-feet and
near fore-foot."
Fig. 809 represents the official type, and Fig. 58,
which is the coat of arms of Lord Newlands, is a charac-
teristic piece of work by Mr. Graham Johnston.
Fig. S14. — Armorial bearings of the Earl of Mar (Goodeve-Erskine) ; Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a bend between six
cross crosslets fitche or {for Mar) ; 2 and 3, argent, a pale sable (for Erskine). Above the escutcheon is placed the
coronet of his rank, and thereupon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling gules, doubled ermine ; and
upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a dexter hand proper, holding a cutlass argent, hilted and pommelled
or. Supporters : two griffins argent, armed, beaked, and winged or. Motto; " Je pense plus."
manby. The supporters of Viscount Southwell are two
" Indian " goats.
Raiiis are the supporters of Lord De Ramsey and
Lord Sherard. A ram is also one of the supporters
attached to the Barony of Ruthven, and one of the
supporters used by the town of New Galloway. These
arms, however, have never been matriculated, which on
account of the curious charge upon the shield is very
much to be regretted.
The supporters of Lord Mowbray and Stourton afford
an example of a most curious and interesting animal.
Originally the Lords Stourton used two antelopes azure,
but before the seventeenth century these had been
changed to two " sea-dogs." When the abeyance of the
Barony of Mowbray was determined in favour of Lord
Stourton the dexter supporter was changed to the lion
The arms of the City of London " are always used with
Dragons for supporters (Plate CXVI.), but these sup-
porters are not officially recorded. The arms of the
city of London are referred to at greater length else-
where in these pages. The town of Appleby uses
dragons with wings expanded (most fearsome creatures),
but these are not official, nor are the "dragons sejant
addorsed gules, each holding an ostrich feather argent
affixed to a scroll" which some enterprising artist de-
signed for Cheshire. Dragons will be found as suppor-
ters to the arms of the Earl of Enniskillen, Lord St.
•^ Ai-ms of the City of London: Argent, a cross gules in the first
quarter, a sword in pale point upwards of the last. Crest : a dragon's
sinister wing argent, charged with a cross gules. Supporters : on
either side a dragon with wings elevated and endorsed argent, and
charged on the wing with a cross gules. Motto : " Domine dirige
nos."
320
PLATE ClI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Oswald, the Earl of Castlestuart, and Viscount Arbutli-
nott.
The heraldic dragon is not the only form of the crea-
ture now known to armory. The Chinese dragon was
granted to Lord Gough as one of his supporters, and it
has since also been granted as a supporter to Sir Robert
Hart, Bart.
Wyverns are the supporters of the Earl of Meath and
Lord Burghclere, and the sinister supporter of both Lord
Raglan and Lord Lyveden.
The arms of the Royal Burgh of Dundee are quite
unique. The official blazon runs : " Azure, a pott of
growing lillies argent, the escutcheon being supported
bj' two dragons, their tails nowed together underneath
vert, with this word in an escroll above a lilie growing
out of the top of the shield as the former, ' Dei Donum.' "
Though blazoned as dragons, the creatures are undoubt-
edly wyverns, and a representation of this coat of arms
will be found on Plate LXI.
Wyverns when figuring as supporters are usually
represented standing on the one claw and supporting
the shield with the other, but in the case of the
Duke of Marlborough, whose supporters are two wyverns,
these are general^ represented sejant erect, supporting
the shield with both claws. This position is also adopted
for the \vyvern supporters of Sir Robert Arbuthnot,
Bart., and the Earl of Eglinton.
Two Cockatrices are the supporters of Lord Donough-
more, the Earl of Westmeath, and Sir Edmund Nugent,
Bart., and the dexter supporter of Lord Lanesborough is
also a cockatrice.
The Basilisk is the same creature as the cockatrice,
and Plate LXL, Fig. 4, which shows the arms of the
town of Basle (German Basel), is an example of a sup-
porter blazoned as a basilisk. The arms are : " Argent, a
crosier sable." The supporter is a basilisk vert, ai-med
and jelloped gules. The design, which is signed " D. S.,"
and which, as will be seen, is dated 1 5 1 1 , is really a
printer's mark. In a second design by the same artist,
and used for the same purpose, the basilisk is holding
the shield strap in its beak.
The peculiar shape of the Basle crosier, it may be here
noticed, is to be found on the Great Seal of the Council
of the town as early as the fifteenth century with the
legend : " ►{< S' Consvlvm Civitatis Basiliensis." The
figure is borrowed from the arms of the Bishopric of
Basle, which shows : " Argent, a crosier gules." The
crosier gules is also borne by the Province of Basle
(Basel-Landschaft). The canton since 1833 has been
composed of the town of Basle (Basel-Stadt) and Basel-
Landschaft, and the arms of the canton show both on
the one shield, but the red crosier has the addition of
a knob on the top, as it will be found on a fourteenth-
century seal of the little town of Liestal, now the prin-
cipal town of Basle- Province.
The supporters of the Plasterers' Company, which
were granted with the arms (January 15, 1556), are:
"Two opimaci (figures very similar to griffins) vert
pursted (? purfled) or, beaked sable, the wings gules."
The dexter supporter of the arms of Cape Colony is
a " gnu " (Plate LXL).
The zebra, the giraffe, and the okapi are as yet un-
claimed as supporters, though the giraffe, under the
name of the camelopard, figures in some number of
cases as a crest, and there is at least one instance
(Kemsley) of a zebra as a crest. The ass, though there
are some number of cases in which it appears as a crest
or a charge, does not yet figure anywhere as a supporter,
nor does the mule. The hyena, the sacred cow of
India, the bison, the giant-sloth, and the armadillo are
all distinctive animals which still remain to be with-
drawn from the heraldic " lucky bag " of Garter. The
mythical human-faced winged bull of Egyptian myth-
ology, the harpy, and the female centaur would lend
themselves well to the character of supporters.
Robertson of Struan has no supporters matriculated
with his arms, and it is difficult to say for what length
of time the supporters now in use have been adopted.
But he is chief of his name, and the representative
of one of the minor barons, so that there is no doubt that
supporters would be matriculated to him if he cared to
apply. Those supporters in use, viz. " Dexter, a serpent ;
sinister, a dove, the heads of each encircled with rays,"
must surely be no less unique than is the strange com-
partment, " a wild man lying in chains," which is borne
below the arms of Robertson, and which was granted
to his ancestor in 145 1 for arresting the murderers of
King James I.
The supporters belonging to the city of Glasgow ' are
also unique, being two salmon, each holding a signet-
ring in the mouth (Plate CXVIL).
the supporters of the city of Waterford, though not
recorded in Ulster's Office, have been long enough in
use to ensure their official " confirmation " if a request
to this effect were to be properly put forward. They
are, on the dexter side a lion, and on the sinister side
a dolphin. Two dolphins azure, finned or, are_ the
supporters of the Watermen and Lightermen's Livery
Company, and were granted 1655.
BIRDS AS SUPPORTERS
Whilst eagles are plentiful as supporters, nevertheless
if eagles are eliminated the proportion of supporters
which are birds is not great.
A certain variety and differentiation is obtained by
altering the position of the wings, noticeably in regard
to eagles, but these differences do not appear to be by
any means closely adhered to by artists in pictorial
representations of armorial bearings.
The arms of Nicolson (Fig. 815) afford a good example
of eagles " close." These are from a design by Mr. G.
W. Eve. The arms of the Bishop of Argyll and the
Isles (Fig. 816) afford examples of eagles with wings
inverted, from designs by Mr. J. Forbes Nixon.
Fig. 817 ought perhaps more properly to have been
placed amongst those eagles which, appearing as single
figures, carry shields charged upon the breast, but in
the present case, in addition to the shield charged upon
it in the usual manner, it so palpably supports the two
other escutcheons, that we are tempted to include it
amongst definite supporters. The figure represents the
arms "of the free city of Nllrnberg, and the design is
reproduced from the title-page of the German edition
of Andreas Vesili's Anatovvia, printed at Nilrnberg
in 1537. The eagle is that of the German Empire,
carrying on its breast the impaled arms of Castile
and Austria. The shields it supports may now be
said both to belong to NtU-nberg. The dexter shield,
which is the coloured seal device of the old Imperial city,
is : " Azure, a harpy (in German frauenacller or maiden
eagle) displayed and crowned or." The sinister shield
' Arms of Glasgow: Argent, on a mount in base Terl an oak-tree
proper, the stem at the base thereof surmounted by a salmon on its
back also proper, with a signet-ring in its mouth or, on the top of the
tree a redbreast, and in the sinister fess point an ancient hand-bell,
both also proper. Above the shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a
mantling gules, doubled argent; and issuing from a wreath of the
proper liveries is set for crest, the half-length figure of St. Kentigern
affronte, vested and mitred, his right hand raised in the act of bene-
diction, and having in his left hand a crosier, all proper On a com-
partment below the shield are placed for supporters, two salmon proper,
each holding in its mouth a signet-ring or, and in an escroll entwined
with the compartment this motto, " Let Glasgow flourish."
321
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THE ART OF HERALDRY
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PLATE cm.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
(which may more properly be considered the real arms
of Niirnberg) is : " Per pale or, a double-headed Imperial
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argent."
The supporters of Lord Amherst of Hackney are two
The city of Calcutta, to which arms and supporters
were granted in 1896, has for its supporters Adjutant
Birds (Fig. 818), which closely approximate to storks.
A. C. F-D. AND H. S.
323
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXI
THE COMPARTMENT
A COMPARTMENT is anything depicted below
the shield as a foothold or resting-place for the
supporters, or indeed for the shield itself.
Sometimes it is a fixed part of the blazon and a con-
stituent part of the heritable heraldic bearings. At
other times it is a matter of mere artistic fancy, and
no fixed rules exist to regulate or control nor even to
check the imagination of the heraldic artist. The fact
remains that supporters must have something to stand
upon, and if the blazon supplies nothing, the discretion
of the artist is allowed considerable laxity.
On the subject of compartments a great deal of
diversity of opinion exists. There is no doubt that in
early days and earlj' examples supporters were placed
to stand upon some secure footing, but with the de-
cadence of heraldic art in the seventeenth century came
the introduction of the gilded " freehand copy " scroll
with which we are so painfully familiar, which one
writer has aptly termed the heraldic gas-bracket.
Arising- doubtless from and following upon the earlier
habit of balancing the supporters upon the unstable
footing afforded by the edge of the motto scroll, the
"gas-bracket" was probably accepted as less open to
objection. It certainly was not out of keeping with the
heraldic art of the period to which it owed its evolution,
or with the style of armorial design of which it formed
a part. It still remains the accepted and " official "
style and type in England, but Scotland and Ireland
have discarded it, and " compartments " in those
countries are now depicted of a nature requiring less
gymnastic ability on the part of the animals to which
they afford a foothold. The style of compartment is
practically always a matter of artistic taste and design.
With a few exceptions it is always entirely disregarded
in the blazon of the patent, and the necessity of some-
thing for the supporters to stand upon is as much an
understood thing as is the existence of a shield whereon
the arms are to be displayed. But as the shape of the
shield is left to the fancy of the artist, so is the
character of the compartment, and the Lyon Register
nowadays affords examples of achievements where the
supporters stand on rocks and flowery mounds or issue
from a watery abiding-place. The example set by the
Lyon Register has been eagerly followed by most
heraldic artists.
It is a curious commentary upon the heraldic art of
the close of the eighteenth and the early part of the
nineteenth centuries that whilst the gymnastic capabili-
ties of animals were admitted to be equal to " tight-
rope " exhibitions of balaiioing upon the ordinary scroll,
these feats were not considered practicable in the case
of human beings, for whom little square platforms were
always provided. Fig. 813, which gives the arms of the
Earl of Mar and Kellie, is a good example of the official
" gas-bracket," and Fig. 8 1 9, which represents the sinister
supporter of Lord Scarsdale (viz. the figure of Liber-
ality represented by a woman habited argent, mantled
purpure, holding a cornucopia proper) shows the
method by which platform accommodation was pro-
vided for human figures when acting as supporters.
Fig. 812, which represents the achievement of Sir George
Duiif-Sutherland-Dunbar, is reproduced direct from the
painting in the Lyon Register, and is a good example of
the more rational treatment supporters now receive.
At the same time this greater freedom of design may
occasionally lead to mistakes in relation to English
supporters and their compartments. Following upon
the English practice already referred to of differentiat-
ing the supporters of different families, it has apparently
been found necessary in some cases to place the sup-
porters to stand upon a definite object, which object
Fig. 819.
is recited in tlie blazon and becomes an integral and
unchangeable portion of the supporter. Thus Lord Tor-
rington's supporters are each placed upon dismounted
ships' guns [" Dexter, an heraldic antelope ermine,
horned, tusked, nu^ned and hoofed or, standing on a
ship gun proper ; sinister, a sea-horse proper, on a like
gun "], Lord Hawke's "■ dexter supporter rests his sinister
foot upon a dolphin, and Lord Hersohell's supporters
each stand upon a fasces [" Supporters : on either side
a stag proper, collared azure, standing on a fasces or "].
The supporters of Lord Iveagh each rest a hind foot
upon an escutcheon [" Supporters : on either side a
stag gules, attired and collared gemel or, resting the
inner hoof on an escutcheon vert charged with a lion
rampant of the second "], whilst the inner hind foot of
each of Lord Burton's supporters rests upon a stag's
head caboshed proper. Probably absurdity could go no
further. But in the case of the supporters granted to
Cape Town (Fig. 820), the official blazon runs as follows :
" On the dexter side, standing on a rook, a female figure
proper, vested ai-gent, mantle and sandals azure, on her
head an estoile radiated or, and supporting with her
exterior hand an anchor also proper ; and on the sinister
side, standing on a like rock, a lion rampant guardant
gules." In this case it will be seen that the rocks form
■^ Supporters of Lord Hawke: Dexter, Neptune, bis mantle of a sea-
green colour, edged argent, crowned with an Eastern coronet or, his
dexter arm erect, darting downwards his trident sable, beaded silver,
resting his sinister foot on a dolphin, also sable ; sinister, a sea-horse
or, sustaining in his forefins a banner argent, the staff broken proper.
324
PLATE CIV.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
an integral part of the supporters, and are not merely
an artistic rendering of the compartment. The illustra-
tion, which was made from an official drawing supplied
from the Heralds' College, shows the curious way in
which the motto scroll is made to answer the purpose
of the compartment.
Occasionally the compartment itself — as a thing
apart from the supporters — receives attention in the
blazon, e.g. in the case of the arms of Baron de Worms,
which are of foreign origin, recorded in this country by
having the right to supporters, and doubtless those in
use have originated in the old artistic custom, previously
referred to, of putting escutcheons of arms under the
guardianship of angels. They may be so deciphered
upon an old stone carving upon one of the municipal
buildings in that city. The result has been that two
angels have been regularly adopted as the heraldic
supporters of the city arms. The point that renders
them worthy of notice is that they are invariably repre-
sented each standing upon its own little pile of clouds.
Fig. S20. — Arms of Cape Town : Or, an anchor erect sable, stock proper, from the ring a riband flowing
azure, and suspended therefrom an escocheon gules charged with three annulets of the field ; and for
the crest, on a wreath of the colours, upon the battlements of a tower proper, a trident in bend
dexter or, stu-mounted by an anchor and cable in bend sinister sable.
Koyal Warrant. His supporters are: "On a bronze
compartment, on either side a lion gold, collared and
chained or, and pendent from the compartment a
golden scroU, thereon in letters gules the motto,
' Viactus non victus.' "
In the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom the
motto " Dieu et mon Droit " is required to be on the
compartment below the shield, and thereon the Union
Badge of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock engrafted on
the same stem.
The city of Norwich is not officially recognised as
The arms of the Royal Burgh of Montrose (Forfar-
shire) aftbrd an official instance of another variety in
the way of a compartment, which is a fixed matter of
blazon and not depending upon artistic fancy. The
entry in Lyon Register is as follows : —
"The Royal Burgh of Montrose gives for Ensignes
Armoriall, Argent, a rose gules. The shield adorned
with helmet, mantling, and wreath suteable thereto.
And for a crest, a hand issuing from a cloud and reach-
ing down a garland of roses proper, supported by two mer-
maids aryseing from the sea proper. The motto, ' Mare
325
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ditat Rosa decorat.' And for a revers, Gules, St. Peter
on the cross proper, with the keyes hanging at his
girdle or. Which Arms, &c., Ext. Decern ber i6,
1694."
An English example may be found in the case of the
arms of Boston,'' which are depicted with the supporters
(again two mermaids) rising from the sea, though to
what extent the sea is a fixed and unchangeable part of
the achievement in this case is less a matter of certainty.
Probabl}' of all the curious "supporters" to be found in
British armory, those of the city of Southampton (Plate
LXIV.) must be admitted to^ be the most unusual. As
far as the actual usage of the arms by the corporation is
concerned, one seldom if ever sees more than the simple
shield employed. This bears the arms : " Per fess gules
and argent, three roses counterchanged." But in the
official record of the arms in onB of the Visitation
books a crest is added, namely : " Upon a mount vert, a
double tower or, and issuing from the upper battle-
ments thereof a demi-female affronte proper, vested
purpura, crined and crowned with an Eastern coronet
also or, holding in her dexter hand a sword erect point
upwards argent, pommel and hilt of the second, and in
her sinister hand a balance sable, the pans gold. The
shield in the Visitation book rests upon a mount vert,
issuing from waves of the sea, and thereupon placed
on either side of the escutcheon a ship of two masts at
anchor, the sails furled all proper, the round top or,
and from each masthead flying a banner of St. George,
and upon the stern of each vessel a lion rampant or,
supporting the escutcheon.
from the fact that in England the compartment is
so much a matter of course, it is scarcely ever alluded
to, and the term " Compartment " is practically one
peculiar to Scottish heraldry. It does not appear to be
a very ancient heraldic appendage, and was probably
found to be a convenient arrangement when shields
were depicted erect instead of couche, so as to supply a
resting-place (or standpoint) for the supporters. In a
few instances the compartment appears on seals with
couche shields, on which, however, the supporters are
usually represented as resting on the sides of the
escutcheon, and bearing up the helmet and crest, as
already mentioned. Sir George Mackenzie conjectures
that the compartment "represents the bearer's land and
territories, though sometimes (he adds) it is bestowed
in recompense of some honourable action." Thus the
Earls of Douglas are said to have obtained the privilege
of placing their supporters with a pale of wood wreathed,
because the doughty lord, in the reign of King Robert
the Bruce, defeated the English in Jedburgh Forest, and
" caused wreathe and impale," during the night, that
part of the wood by which he conjectured they might
make their escape. Such a fenced compartment appears
on the seal of James Douglas, second Earl of Angus,
" Dominus de Abernethie et Jedworth Forest" (1434),
on that of George Douglas, fourth Earl (1459), and also
on those of several of his successors in the earldom
(1511-1617). A still earlier example, however, of a
^ Arms of Boston : Sable, fcliree coronets composed of crosses patte
and fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest : A woolpack charged with a ram
couchant all proper, ducally crowned azure.
compartment " representing a park with trees, &c.,
enclosed by a wattled fence," occurs on the seal of
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl (e. 1430), where the
escutcheon is placed in the entrance to the park
between two trees. Nisbet refers to a seal of William,
first Earl of Douglas (1377), exhibiting a single sup-
porter (a lion) "sitting on a compartment like to a
rising ground, with a tree growing out of it, and seme
of hearts, mullets, and cross crosslets," these being the
charges of Douglas and Mar in the escutcheon.
According to Sir George Mackenzie, these compart-
ments were usually allowed only to sovereign princes ;
and he further informs us that, besides the Douglases,
he knows of no other subject in Britain, except the Earl
of Perth, whose arms stand upon a compartment. In
the case of the Perth family, the compartment consists
of a green hill or mount, seme of caltraps ■= (or cheval-
traps), with the relative motto, " Gang warily," above
the achievement. " Albeit of late," says Mackenzie,
" compartments are become more common, and some
families in Scotland have some creatures upon which
their achievement stand, as the Laird of Dundas,
whose achievement has for many hundreds of years
stood upon a salamander in flames proper (a device of
the kings of France), and Robertson of Struan has a
monstrous man lying under the escutcheon chained,
which was given him for his taking the murderer of
James I. . . ." Such figures, however, as Nisbet re-
marks, cannot properly be called compartments, having
rather the character of devices ; while, in the case of
the Struan achievement, the chained man would be
more accurately described as "an honourable supporter."
Sir George Mackenzie engraves " the coat of Denham
of ould," viz. a stag's head " caboshed," below a shield
couche charged with three lozenges, or fusils, conjoined
in bend. In like manner, Nisbet represents the crest
and motto of the Scotts of Thirlstane, " by way of
compartment," below the escutcheon of Lord Napier,
and a blazing star, with the legend, " Luceo boreale,"
under that of Captain Robert Seton, of the family of
Meldrum ; while in the case of the illumination which
accompanies the latest entry in the first volume of the
Lyon Register (1804), relative to the arms of John
Hepburn Belshes of Invermay, the trunk of an oak-
tree sprouting forth anew is placed on a compartment
under the shield, with the motto, " Revirescit."
Two other instances of regular compartments are
mentioned by Nisbet, viz. those carried by the Mac-
farlanes of that Ilk and the Ogilvies of Innerquharity.
The former consists of a wavy representation of Loch
Sloy, the gathering-place of the clan, which word is
also inscribed on the compartment as their cri de guerre
or slogan; while the latter is a "green hill or rising
terrace," on which are placed two serpents, "nowed,"
spouting fire, and the motto, "Terrena pericula
sperno." For some of the foregoing instances I am
indebted to Seton's well-known " Law and Practice of
Heraldry in Scotland."
A. C. F-D.
*= The caltrap was an instrument thrown on the ground to injure the
feet of horses, and consisted of four iron spikes, of which one always
pointed upwards.
326
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXII
MOTTOES
TO the uninitiated, the subject of the motto of a
family has a far greater importance than is con-
ceded to it by those who have spent any time in
the study of armory. Perhaps it may clear the ground
if the rules presently in force are first recited. It should
be carefully observed that the status of the motto is
vastly different in England and in other countries.
Except in the cases of impersonal arms (and not always
then), the motto is never mentioned or alluded to in
the terms of the patent in a grant of arms in England ;
consequently they are not a part of the " estate " created
by the Letters Patent, though if it be desired a motto
will always be painted below the emblazonment in the
margin of the patent. Briefly speaking, the position in
England with regard to personal armorial bearings is
that mottoes are not hereditary nor are they made the
subject of grant. No one is compelled to bear one,
nor is any authority needed for the adoption of a motto,
the matter is left purely to the personal pleasure of
every person ; but if that person elects to use a motto,
the of&cers of arms are perfectly willing to paint any
motto he may chose upon his grant, and to add it to
the record of his arms in their books. There is no
necessity expressed or implied to use a motto at all,
nor is the slightest control exercised over the selection
or change of mottoes, though, as would naturally be
expected, the officers of arms would decline to record
to any private person any motto which might have been
appropriated to the sovereign or to any of the orders of
knighthood. In the same way no control is exercised
over the position in which the motto is to be carried
or the manner in which it is to be displayed. In
Scotland, however, the matter is on an entirely different
footing. The motto is included within the terms of
the patent, and is consequently made the subject of
grant. It therefore becomes inalienable and unchange-
able without a rematriculation, and a Scottish patent
moreover always specifies the position in which the
motto is to be carried. This is usually " in an escroll
over the same" (i.e. over the crest), though occasion-
ally it is stated to be borne on " a compartment below
the arms." The matter in Ireland is not quite the
same as in either Scotland or England. Sometimes
the motto is expressed in the patent — in fact this is
the most usual alternative^but it is not a universal
rule, and to a certain extent the English permissive-
ness is recognised. Possibly the subject can be summed
up in the remark that if any motto has been granted
or is recorded with a particular coat of arms in Ireland,
it is expected that that shall be the motto to be made
use of therewith. As a general practice the use of
mottoes in England did not become general until the
eighteenth century — in fact there are very few, if any,
grants of an earlier date on which a motto appears.
The majority, well on towards the latter part of the
eighteenth century, had no motto added, and many
patents are still issued without such an addition. With
rare exceptions, no mottoes are to be met with in the
Visitation books, and it does not appear that at the
time of the Visitations the motto was considered to
be essentially a part of the armorial bearings. The
one or two exceptions which I have met with where
mottoes are to be found on Visitation pedigrees are in
every case the arms of a peer. There are at least two
such in the Yorkshire Visitation of 1587, and probably
it may be taken for granted that the majority of peers
at that period had begun to make use of these addi-
tions to their arms. Unfortunately we have no exact
means of deciding the point, because peers were not
compelled to attend a Visitation, and there are but few
cases in which the arms or pedigree of a peer figure
in the Visitation books. In isolated cases the use of
a motto can, however, be traced back to an even earlier
period. There are several instances to be met with
upon the early Garter plates.
Many writers have traced the origin of mottoes to
the "slogan" or war-cry of battle, and there is no
doubt whatever that instances can be found in which
an ancient war-cry has become a family motto. For
example, one can refer to the Fitzgerald " Crom-a-boo " :
other instances can be found amongst some of the
Highland families, but the fact that many well-known
war-cries of ancient days never became perpetuated as
mottoes, and also the fact that by far the greater majority
of mottoes, even at a much earlier period than the
present day, cannot by any possibility have ever been
used for or have originated with the purposes of battle-
cries, inclines me to believe that such a suggested origin
for the motto in general is without adequate founda-
tion. There can be little if any connection between
the war-cry as such and the motto as such. The real
origin would appear to be more correctly traced back
to the badge. As will be found explained elsewhere,
the badge was some simple device used for personal
and household purposes and seldom for war, except
by persons who used the badge of the leader they fol-
lowed. No man wore his own badge in battle. It gener-
ally partook of the nature of what ancient writers would
term " a quaint conceit," and much ingenuity seems to
have been expended in devising badges and mottoes
which should at the same time be distinctive and
should equally be or convey an index or suggestion of
the name and family of the owner. Many of these
badges are found in conjunction with words, mottoes,
and phrases, and as the distinction between the badge
in general and the crest in general slowly became less
apparent, they eventually in practice became inter-
changeable devices, if the same device did not happen
to be used for both purposes. Consequently the motto
from the badge became attached to the crest, and was
thence transferred to its present connection with the
coat of arms. Just as at the present time a man may
and often does adopt a maxim upon which he will model
his life, some pithy proverb, or some trite observation,
without any question or reference to armorial bearings
— so, in the old days, when learning was less diffuse
and when proverbs and sayings had a wider acceptance
and vogue than at present, did many families and many
men adopt for their use some form of words. We find
these words carved on furniture, set up on a cornice,
cut in stone, and embroidered upon standards and
banners, and it is to this custom that we should look
for the beginning of the use of mottoes. But because
such words were afterwards in later generations given
an armorial status, it is not justifiable to presume such
status for them from their beginnings. The fact that
a man put his badges on the standard that he carried
into battle, and with his badges placed the mottoes that
327
THE ART OF HERALDRY
thereto belonged, has led many people mistakenly to
believe that these mottoes were designed for war-cries
and for use in battle. That was not the case.
With regard to the mottoes in use at the moment,
some of course can be traced to a remote period, and
many of the later ones have interesting legends con-
nected therewith. Of mottoes of this character may
be instanced the " Jour de ma vie " of West, which was
formerly the motto of the La Warr family, adopted to
commemorate the capture of the King of France at the
battle of Poictiers. There are many other mottoes of
this character, amongst which may be mentioned the
" Grip fast " of the Leslies, the origin of which is well
known. But though many mottoes relate to incidents
in the remote past, true or mythical, the motto and
the incident are seldom contemporary. Nothing would
be gained by a recital of a long list of mottoes,
but I cannot forbear from quoting certain curious
examples which by their very weirdness must excite
curiosity as to their origin. A family of Martin
used the singular words, " He who looks at Martin's
ape, Martin's ape shall look at him," whilst the Curzons
use, "Let Curzon hold what Curzon helde." The Cranston
motto is still more grasping, being, " Thou shalt want
ere I want;" but probably the motto of Dakyns is the
most mysterious of all, " Strike Dakyns, the devil's in
the hempe." The motto of Corbet, "Deus pascit corvos,"
evidently alludes to the raven or ravens (corby crows)
upon the shield. The mottoes of Traffbrd, " Now thus,"
and " Gripe griffin, hold fast ; " the curious PUking-
ton motto, "Pilkington Pailedown, the master mows
the meadows;" and the "Serva jugum" of Hay
have been the foundation of many legends. The
"Fuimus" of the Bruce family is a pathetic allusion
to the fact that they were once kings, but the majority
of ancient mottoes partake rather of the nature of a
pun upon the name, which fact is but an additional
argument towards the supposition that the motto has
more relation to the badge than to any other part
of the armorial bearings. Of mottoes which have a
punning character may be mentioned "Mon Dieu est
ma roche," which is the motto of Roche, Lord Fermoy ;
" Cavendo tutus," which is the motto of Cavendish ;
" Forte scutum salus ducum," which is the motto of
Fortescue ; " Set on," which is the motto of Seton ; and
"Ver non semper veret," the well-known pun of the
Vernons. Another is the apocryphal " Quid rides "
which Theodore Hook sug^-ested for the wealthy and
retired tobacconist. This punning character has of late
obtained much favour, and wherever a name lends it-
self to a pun the effort seems nowadays to be made that
the motto shall be of this nature. Perhaps the best
pun which exists is to be found in the motto of the
Barnard family, who, with arms " Argent, a bear
rampant sable, muzzled or," and crest "A demi-bear as
in the arms," use for the motto, " Bear and Forbear," or
in Latin, as it is sometimes used, " Fer et perfer." Others
that may be alluded to are the " What I win I keep "
of Winlaw; the "Libertas" of Liberty; the " Ubi crux
ibi lux " of Sir William Crookes ; the " Bear thee well "
of Bardwell ; the " Gare le pied fort " of Bedford ; the
" Gare la bete " of Garbett ; and the " Cave Deus videt "
of Cave. Other mottoes — and they are a large pro-
portion— are of some saintly and religious tendency.
However desirable and acceptable they may be, and
however accurately they may apply to the first possessor,
they sometimes are sadly inappropriate to later and
more degenerate successors.
In Germany, a distinction appears to be drawn
between their " Wahlspruche " (i.e. those which are
merely dictated by personal choice) and the " armorial
mottoes" which remained constantly and heritably
attached to the armorial bearings, such as the "Gott
mit uns " (" God with us ") of Prussia and the " Nihil
sine Deus " of Hohenzollern.
The Initial or Riddle Mottoes appear to be peculiar
to Germany. Well-known examples of these curiosities
are the " W. G. W." (i.e. " Wie Gott will"— "As God
wills "), or " W. D. W." (i.e. " Wie du willst " — " As thou
wilt "), which are both frequently to be met with. The
strange but well-known alphabet or vowel -motto
" A. E. I. O. V " of the Emperor Frederick III. has been
variously translated, " Aquila Electa Juste Omnia
Vincit" ("The chosen eagle vanquishes all by right"),
" AUer Ehren 1st Oesterrich Voll " (" Austria is full
of every honour"), or perhaps with more likelihood,
" Austria Est Imperare Orbe Universo " (" All the earth
is subject to Austria").
The cri-de-guerre both as a heraldic fact and as an
armorial term, is peculiar, and exclusively so, to British
and French heraldry. The national cri-de-guerre of
France, " Montjoye Saint Denis," appeared above the
pavilion in the old Royal Arms of France, and probably
the English Royal motto, " Dieu et mon Droit," is
correctly traced to a similar origin. A distinction is
still made in modern heraldry between the cri-de-
guerre and the motto, inasmuch as it is considered
that the former should always of necessity surmount
the crest. This is very generally adhered to in Scot-
land in the cases where both a motto and a cri-de-
guerre (or, as it is frequently termed in that country,
a " slogan ") exist the motto, contrary to the usual
Scottish practice, being then placed below the shield.
It is to be hoped that a general knowledge of this fact
will not, however, result in the description of every
motto found above a crest as a cri-de-guerre, and
certainly the concentrated piety now so much in favovir
in England for the purposes of a motto can be quite
fitly left below the shield.
Artists do not look kindly on the motto for decora-
tive purposes. It is usually depicted in heraldic
emblazonment in black letters upon a white scroll,
tinted and shaded with pink, but with the present
revival of heraldic art, it has become more general
to paint the motto ribbon in conformity with the
colour of the field, the letters being often shown thereon
in gold. The colour and shape of the motto ribbon,
however, are governed by no heraldic laws, and except
in Scottish examples should be left as they are
purely unimportant accessories of the achievement,
wholly at the discretion of the artist.
A. C. F-D. AND H. S.
328
PLATE CV.
±_V
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXIII
BADGES
THE exact status of the badge in this country, to
which it is pecuhar, has been very much mis-
understood. This is probably due to the fact
that the evolution of the badge was gradual, and that
its importance increased unconscious^. Badges do not
appear to have ever been made the subjects of grants,
and the instances which can be referred to showing their
control, or attempted control, by the Crown are very
rare indeed. As a matter of fact, the Crown seems to
have perhaps purposel}' ignored them. They are not,
as we know them, found in the earhest times of heraldry,
unless we are to presume their existence from early seals,
many of which show isolated charges taken from the
arms; for if in the cases where such charges appear
upon the seals we are to accept those seals as proofs of
the contemporary existence of those devices as heraldic
badges, we should often be led into strange conclusions.
There is no doubt that these isolated devices which
are met with were not only a part of the arms, but in
many oases the origin of the arms. Devices possessing
a more or less personal possessive character occur in
many cases before record of the arms they later
developed into can be traced. This will be noticed in
relation to the arms of Swinton, to which reference is
made elsewhere. If these are badges, then badges go back
to an earlier date than arms. Such devices occur many
centuries before such a thing as a shield of arms existed.
The Heraldic Badge, as ive know it, came into general
use about the reign of Edward III., that is, the heraldic
badge as a separate matter having a distinct existence
in addition to concurrent arms, and having at the same
time a distinctly heraldic character. But long before
that date, badges are found with an allied reference
to a particular person, which very possibly are rightly
included in any enumeration of badges. Of such a
character is the badge of the broom plant, which is
found upon the tomb of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, from
which badge the name of the Plantagenet dynasty
originated (Plantagenet, by the way, was never a
personal surname, but was the name of the dynasty).
It is doubtful, however, if at that early period there
existed the opportrunity for the use of heraldic badges.
At the same time, as far back as the reign of Richard I.
— and some writers would take examples of a still more
remote period — these badges were depicted upon
banners, for Richard I. appears to have had a dragon
upon one of his banners.
These banner decorations, which at a later date have
been often accepted as badges, can hardly be quite pro-
perly so described, for there are many cases where no
other proof of usage can be found, and there is no doubt
that many such are instances of no more than banners
prepared for specific purposes ; and the record of such
and such a banner cannot necessarily carry proof that
the owner of the banner claimed or used the objects
depicted thereupon as personal badges. If they are to
Jdc so included some individuals must have revelled in
a multitude of badges.
But the difficulty in deciding the point very greatly
depends upon the definition of the badge; and if we
are to take the definition according to the manner of
acceptance and usage at the period when the use of
badges was greatest, then many of the earliest cannot
be taken as coming within the limits.
In later Plantagenet days, badges were of consider-
able importance, and certain characteristics are plainly
marked. They were never worn by the owner — in the
sense in which he carried his shield, or bore his crest ;
they were his sign-mark indicative of ownership ; they
were stamped upon his belongings in the same way in
which Government property is marked with the broad
arrow, and they were worn by his servants. They
were worn by his retainers and very probably worn
more or less temporarily by adherents of bis party if he
were big enough to lead a party in the State. At all
times badges had very extensive decorative use.
There was never any fixed form for the badge ; there
was never any fixed manner of usage. I can find no
fixed laws of inheritance, no common method of
assumption. In fact the use of a badge, in the days
when everybody who was anybody possessed arms, was
quite subsidiary to the arms, and very much akin to the
manner in which nowadays monograms are made use
of. At the same time care must be taken to distinguish
the " badge " from the " rebus," and also from the
temporary devices which we read about as having been
so often adopted for the purpose of the tournament
when the combatant desired his identity to be con-
cealed. Modern novelists and poets give us plenty of
illustrations of the latter kind, but proof of the fact
even that they were ever adopted in that form is by no
means easy to find, though their professedly temporary
nature of course militates against the likelihood of
contemporary record. The rebus had never an heraldic
status, and it had seldom more than a temporary exist-
ence. A fanciful device adopted (we hear of many such
instances) for the temporary purpose of a tournament
could generally be so classed, but the rebus proper has
some device, usually a pictorial rendering of the name of
the person for whom it stood. In such form would be
included printers' and masons' marks, but probably the
definition of Dr. Johnson of the word rebus, as a word
represented by a picture, is as good a definition and de-
scription as can be given. The rebus in its nature is a
different thing, and may best be described as a pictorial
signature, the most frequent occasion for its use being
in architectural surroundings, where it was frequently
introduced as a pun upon some name which it was
desired to perpetuate. The best-known and perhaps
the most typical and characteristic rebus is that of Islip,
the builder of part of Westminster Abbey. Here the
pictured punning representation of his name had
nothing to do with his armorial bearings or personal
badge; but the great difficulty, in deaUng with both
badges and rebuses, is the difficulty of knowing which is
which, for very frequently the same or a similar device
was used for both purposes. Parker, in his glossary of
heraldic terms, gives several typical examples of rebuses
which very aptly illustrate their status and meaning.
At Lincoln College at Oxford, and on other buildings
connected with Thomas Beckynton, Bishop of Bath and
Wells, will be found carved the rebus of a beacon issuing
from a tun. This is found in conjunction with the letter
T for his Christian name, Thomas, but this design was
not his coat of arms, and was not his crest, nor was it
his badge. Another rebus which is found at Canterbury
shows an ox and the letters N, E, as the rebus of John
Oxney. A rebus which indicates Thomas Conyston,
329
2 T
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Abbot of Cirencester, which can be fonud in Gloucester
Cathedral, is a comb and a tun, and the printer's mark of
Richard Griffon, which is a good example of a rebus and
its use, was a tree, or graft, growing on a tun. In none of
these cases are the designs mentioned on any part of the
arms, crest, or badge of the persons mentioned. Rebuses
of this character abound on all our ancient buildings, and
their use has lately come very prominently into favour in
connection with the many allusive bookplates, the design
of which originates in some play upon the name. The
words "device," "ensign," and "cognisance" have no
definite heraldic meaning, and are used impartially to
apply to the crest, the badge, and sometimes to the arms
upon the shield, so that they may be eliminated from
consideration. There remains therefore the crest and
the badge between which to draw distinctions. The crest
was the ornament upon the helmet, seldom if ever actually
used, and never used except by the person to whom it
belonged. The badge, on the other hand, was worn by
the servants and retainers, and was used right and left
on his belongings as a sign of ownership. So great and
extensive was the use of these badges, that they were far
more generally employed than either arms or crest, and
whilst the knowledge of a man's badges would be every-
day knowledge and common repute throughout the king-
dom, few people would know a man's crest, fewer still
would ever have seen it worn.
It is merely an exaggeration of the difficulty that we
are always in uncertainty whether any given device is
merely a piece of decoration borrowed from the arms or
crest, or whether it had continued usage as a badge. In
the same way many families who had never used crests,
but who had used badges, took the opportunity of the
Visitations to record their badges as crests. A notable
example of the subsequent record of a badge as a crest is
met with in the Stourton family. Their crest, origi-
nally a buck's head, but after the marriage with the
heiress of Le Moigne, a demi-monk, can be readily
substantiated, as can their badge of the drag or sledge.
At one of the Visitations, however, a cadet of the
Stourton family recorded the sledge as a crest. Un-
certainty also arises from the lack of precision in the
diction employed at all periods, the words badge, device,
and crest having so often been used interchangeably.
Another difficulty which is met with in regard to
badges is that, with the exception of the extensive
records of the Royal badges and some other more or
less informal lists of badges of the principal personages
at different periods, badges were never a subject of
official record, and whilst it is difficult to determine the
initial point as to whether any particular device is a
badge or not, the difficulty of deducing rules concerning
them becomes practically impossible, a,nd after most
careful consideration I have come to the conclusion
that there were never any rules relating to badges, that
they were originally and were allowed to remain
matters of personal fancy, and that although well-
known cases can be found where the same badge has
been used generation after generation, those cases are
perhaps the exception rather than the rule. Badges
should be considered and accepted in the general run
as not being matters of permanence, and as of little im-
portance except during the time from about the reign
of Edward III. to about the reign of Henry VIII.
Their principal use upon the clothes of the retainers
came to an end by the creation of the standing army in
the reign of Henry VIIL, and as badges never had any
ceremonial use to perpetuate their status, they practi-
cally ceased altogether at that period except as regards
the Royal family.
Speaking broadly, regularised and recorded heraldic
control as a matter of operative fact dates little if any
further back than the end of the reign of Henry VIII.,
consequently badges do not appear to have been taken
much cognisance of by the Heralds. Their use from
that period onwards rapidly declined, and now to all
intents and purposes is, and for the last two hundred
years has been, at an end.
Though the use of badges has become almost obsolete,
the]'e are still one or two occasions on which badges
are used as badges, in the style formerly in vogue.
Perhaps the one which is most familiar is the broad
arrow which is used to mark Government stores. It is a
curious commentary upon heraldic officialdom and its
ways that though, this is the only badge which has really
any extensive use, it is not a Crown badge in any degree.
It originated in the fact that one of the Sydney family,
when Master of the Ordnance, to prevent disputes as to the
stores for which he was responsible, marked everything
with his private badge of the broad arrow, and this
private badge has since remained in constant use. One
wonders at what date the officers of His Majesty will
observe that this has become one of His Majesty's recog-
nised badges, and will include it with the other Royal
badges in the warrants in which they are recited. Already
more than two centuries have passed since it first came
into use, and either they should represent to the Govern-
ment that the pheon is not a Crown mark, and that some
recognised Royal badge should be used in its place, or else
they should place its status upon a definite footing.
Another instance of a badge used at the present day in
the ancient manner is the conjoined rose, thistle, and
shamrock which is embroidered front and back upon the
tunics of the Beef-eaters. The crowned harps which are
worn by the Royal Irish Constabulary are another instance
of the kind, but though a certain number of badges are
recited in the warrant each time any alteration or con-
firmation of the Royal Arms occurs, their use has now
become limited to the last degree. Present badges are
the crowned rose for England, the crowned thistle for
Scotland, and the crowned trefoil and the crowned harp
for Ireland ; for the union there is the conjoined rose,
thistle, and shamrock under the crown, and the crowned
shield which carries the device of the Union Jack. The
badge of Wales, which has existed for long enough, is the
uncrowned dragon upon a mount vert, and the crowned
cyphers, one within and one without the Garter, are also
depicted upon the warrant. These badges, which appear
on the Sovereign's warrant, are never assigned to any
other member of the Royal Family, of whom the Prince of
Wales is the only one who rejoices in the possession of
officially assigned badges. The badge of the eldest son
of the Sovereign, as such, and not as Prince of Wales,
is the plume of three ostrich feathers, enfiled with the
circlet from his coronet (Plate LXVII. Fig. 34). Recently
an additional badge (on a mount vert, a dragon passant
gules, charged with a label of three points argent) has
been assigned to His Royal Highness. This action was
taken with the desire to in some way gratify the forcibly
expressed wishes of Wales, and it is probable that, the
precedent having been set, it will be assigned to all those
who may bear the title of Prince of Wales in future.
The only instances I am personally aware of in which
a real badge of "ancient origin is still worn by the
servants are the cases of the state liveries of the Earl of
Tarborough, whose servants wear an embroidered buckle,
and Lord Mowbray and Stourton, whose servants wear
an embroidered sledge. I believe the servants of Lord
Braye still weair the badge of the hemp-brake, and doubt-
less there are a few other instances. When the old
families were becoming greatly reduced in number, and
the nobility and the upper classes were being recruited
from families of later origin, the wearing of badges, like
so much else connected with heraldry, became lax in its
330
THE ART OF HERALDRY
practice, and the custom to all intents and purposes
has been at an end for the last two centuries.
The uniform of the Beef-eaters and Yeomen of the
Guard at the Tower of London is the best and, as far as
I know, the only instance of the use of a badge at the
present date in the style and manner in which badges
were originally worn. An examination of this old-world
uniform shows the rose, thistle, and shamrock conjoined
below the Royal crown, and embroidered of some con-
siderable size on the breast and on the back. The
servants of all the great nobles appear to have worn the
badges of their masters in such a manner, although
sometimes they were embroidered upon the sleeve ; and
the wearing of the badge by the retainers is the chief
and principal use to which badges were anciently put.
Nisbet alludes on this point to a paragraph from the
Act for the Order of the Riding of Parliament in 1681,
which says that "the noblemen's lacqueys may have
over their liveries velvet coats with their badges, i.e.
their crests and mottoes done on plate, or embroidered
on the back and breast conform to ancient custom."
A curious survival of these plates is to be found in the
large silver plaques worn by so many bank messengers.
Badges appear, however, to have been frequently de-
picted seme upon the lambrequins, as will be seen from
many of the old Garter plates ; but here, again, it is
not always easy to distinguish between definite badges
and artistic decoration, nor between actual badges
in use and mere appropriately selected charges from
the shield.
The water-bougets of Lord Berners, the knot of Lord
Staftbrd, popularly known as "the Stafford knot"; the
Harrington fret ; the ragged staff or the bear and the
ragged staff of Lord Warwick (this being really a con-
junction of two separate devices); the Rose of England,
the Thistle of Scotland, and the sledge of Stourton, the
hemp-brake of Lord Braye wherever met with are readily
recognised as badges, but there are many badges which
it is difficult to distinguish from crests, and even some
which in all respects would appear to be more correctly
regarded as coats of arms.
It is a point worthy of consideration whether or not
a badge needs a background ; here, again, it is a matter
most difficult to determine, but it is singular that in
any matter of record the badge is almost invariably
depicted upon a background, either of a banner or a
mantling, or upon the " field " of a roundel, and it may
well be that their use in such circumstances as the two
cases first mentioned may have only been considered
correct when the colour of the mantling or the banner
happened to be the colour of the background of the
badge.
Badges are most usually met with in stained glass
upon roundels of some colour, and though one would
hesitate to assert it as an actual fact, there are many in-
stances which would lead one to suppose that the back-
ground of a badge was usually the livery colour or
colours of its then owner, or of the family from which
it was originally inherited. Certain is it that there are
very few contemporary instances of badges v;fhich, when
emblazoned, are not upon the livery colours ; and if this
fact be accepted, we get at once a ready explanation on
several points which have puzzled antiquaries. The
name of Edward " the Black Prince " has often been
a matter of discussion, and the children's history books
tell us that the nickname originated from the colour of
his armour. This may be true enough, but as most
armour would be black when it was unpolished, and as
all armour was either polished or dull, the probabilities
are not very greatly in its favour. No one painted his
armour red or green. It seems to me far more probable
that black was the livery colour of the Black Prince,
and that his own retainers and followers wore the livery
of black. If that were the case, one understands at
once how he would obtain the nickname. Even if his
armour were enamelled black, it would be so usually
hidden by his surcoat that he is hardly likely to have
been nicknamed from it. The nickname is doubtless
contemporary. A curious confirmation of my supposi-
tion is met with in the fact that his shield for peace
was : " Sable, three ostrich feathers two and one, the
quill of each passing through a scroll argent." There
we get the undoubted badge of the three ostrich feathers
depicted upon his livery colour — black (Fig. 455). The
badges depicted in Prince Arthur's Book in the College
of Arms, an important source of our knowledge upon
the subject, are all upon backgrounds (see pages
429 and 430) ; and the curious divisions of the colours
on the backgrounds would seem to show that each
badge had its own background, several badges being
only met with upon the same ground when that
happens to be the true background belonging to
them. But in attempting to deduce rules, it should
be remembered that in all and every armorial matter
there was greater laxity of rule at the period of the
actual use of arms than it was possible to permit
when the multiplication of arms made regulation neces-
sary and more restrictive ; so that an occasional varia-
tion from any deduction need not necessarily vitiate
the conclusion, even in a matter exclusively relating to
the shield. How much more, then, must we remain in
doubt when dealing with badges which appear to have
been so entirely a matter of personal caprice. ,
It is a striking comment that of all the badges pre-
sently to be referred to of the Stafford family, each single
one is depicted upon a background. It is a striking
fact that of the eighteen ' " badges " exemplified as be-
longing to the family of Stafford, nine are upon party-
coloured fields, and whilst this is not an unreasonable
proportion if the fields are considered to be the livery
colours of the families from whom the badges were
originally derived, it is altogether out of proportion to
the number of shields in any roll of arms which would
have the field party per pale, or party in any other
form of division. With the exception of the second
badge, which is on a striped background of green and
white, all the party backgrounds are party per pale,
which was the most usual way of depicting a livery in
the few records which have come down to us of the
heraldic use of livery colours, and of the eighteen
badges, no less than eight are upon a party-coloured
field of which the dexter is sable and the sinister gules.
Scarlet and black are known to have been the livery
colours of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, who
was beheaded in 1521. The arms of the town of
Buckingham are on a field per pale sable and gules.
With regard to the descent of badges and the laws
which govern their descent stUl less is known. The
answer to the question, " How did badges descend ? "
is simple : " Nobody knows." One can only hazard
opinions more or less pious, of more or less value.
It is distinctly a point upon which it is risky to be
dogmatic. Whilst the secrecy of the records of the
College of Arms is so jealously presented it is impossible
to speak definitely, for an exact and comprehensive
knowledge of exact and authoritative instances of fact
is necessary before a decision can be definitely put
forward. Unless some officer of arms will carefully
collate the information which can be gleaned from the
records in the College of Arms which are relevant to
the subject, it does not seem likely that our knowledge
win advance greatly.
In recently reading through the evidence of the
Stafford Peerage Case, a certain document which was
331
THE ART OF HERALDRY
then put in evidence excited my curiosity, and I
have been at pains to procure a copy of the grant or
exemplification of the Stafford badges to the Earl of
Stafford, paternally and by male descent Howard,
but who was known by the name of Stafford-Howard,
and who was the heir-general of the Stafford family.
To make the matter complete, perhaps it will be well
to first reprint a certain clause in the Act of Re-
storation, I Edward VI., upon which was based the
necessity for action by the Crown : " And that the said
Henry and theu-s Males of his Bodye shall and may by
Auothoritie of this Acte be restored and inhabled from
hensfurthe to beare and give all and singuler suohe the
Armes of the Barons of Stafforde as the same Barons
and Ancesto'* to yo' saide Subgecte have doon and used
to doo in the tyme of your noble Progenit'' before theie
or anny of them were called or created Earles or Dukes
without chalenging bearing or giving any other Armes
that were of the said late Dukes his Father."
The Stafford Descent and Attainders with the Restora-
tions will be found detailed in the pages of the Genea-
logical Magazine, September and October igoo. Hero
it will be sufficient to point out that by restricting the
Act to the arms of the Barons Stafford, any claim to
the Royal Arms inherited after they became Earls of
Stafford was prevented. It is curious that, whilst the
heir-general was held to be debarred from succession
to the barony which tvas restored to the heir male, the
former was not debarred from succession to the Royal
quarterings which ivei-e specifically withheld from the
heir male. The " opinion " referred to subsequently
might throw some light upon the point were it avail-
able.
Suffice it to say that the following is a verbatim ex-
tract from the Stafford Minutes of Evidence :
" Mr. Adam, the Counsel for the Petitioner, stated,
they would next produce a Register in the College of
Arms of a Petitionary Letter dated the 26th April 1720
from William Stafford to Henry Bowes Howard Earl of
Berkshire, Deputy Earl Marshall, desiring to have as-
signed to him such Supporters as his Grandfather
WUliam the last Viscount Stafford used in his Life
Time, and that the Arms of Woodstock and Stafford
might be quartered with his Paternal Arms, and de-
picted in the Margin of the Grant with the Badges of
the Family of Stafford.
"Also the Register in the College of Arms of a
Warrant dated the 3rd of May 1720 from the Earl of
Berkshire to John Anstis Esquire Garter Principal King
of Arms, ordering him to grant Supporters and Arms
to the said Earl of Stafford ; also the Register in the
College of Ai-ms to the opinion of Nathaniel Pigot
Esquire, dated the 20th January 17 19, that the Heirs
general of the restored Henry Lord Stafford were not
affected by the Restriction in the Act of the ist of
Edward the 6th on the Heirs Male of the said restored
Henry Lord Stafford to the bearing of Arms ; and the
Register in the College of Arms dated the istof August
1720 of a grant of Supporters to William Stafford
Howard Earl of Stafford expressing that the Arms of
Thomas of Woodstock Duke of Gloucester were de-
picted in the Margin and quartered as the same were
borne by the Stattbrds, Dukes of Buckingham, with 18
Badges belonging to the Family of Stafford.
" Whereupon Feancis Townsend Esquire was again
called in, and producing a Book, was examined as fol-
lows : —
" ' What is that you have before you ? '
" ' It is a Book containing Entries of Grants of Coats
of Arms and Supporters ; it is the Seventh Volume of
a Series.'
" ' From whence do you bring it ? '
" ' From the Heralds' College.'
" ' Is that an official copy of the grant ? '
" ' It is an official record of the whole process relating
to it.'
" ' Turn to April 26, 1720, and read the entry.'
" ' Read the following entries in the same : ' —
" My Lord,
"Whereas his late Majesty King James the
Second was pleased by Letters Patents under the Great
Seal to create my late Uncle Henry Earl of Stafford
with remainder for want of Issue Male of him to John
and Francis his brothers and the heirs Male of their
Bodies respectively by means whereof the said Title is
now vested in me the Son and heir of the said John :
And it being an indisputable right belonging to the
Peers to have Supporters to their Arms and my said
Uncle having omitted to take any Grant thereof (as I
am informed is usually practised on such Occasions) I
desire y' Lo" would please to issue proper directions
for the assigning to me such Supporters as my Grand-
father the late Viscount Stafford used in his life time,
to be born by me and such on whom the said Honor is
settled.
" And whereas by my Descent from my Grandmother,
Mary late Countess of Stafford, I am intitled (as I am
advised by Council) to the Arms and Quarterings of
her Family, I desire the Arms of Woodstock and Staf-
ford may be quartered with my Paternal Arms and de-
picted in the Margin of the said Grant, together with
the Badges which have been born and used by the
Family of Stafford : This will extremely oblige
" Yo'' Lords'"
" most affectionate Kinsman
" and humble Servant
" Stafford.
" Ap. 26, 1720."
"Whereas the R' Hon"'" William Stafford Howard
Earl of Stafford hath by Letter represented unto me
that his late Majesty King James the Second was pleased
by Letters Patent under the Great Seal to create his
late Uncle Henry Earl of Stafford with remainder for
want of Issue Male of him to John and Francis his
Brothers, and the Heirs Male of their Bodies respec-
tively by means whereof the said Title is now vested in
him, the Son and Heu- of the said John ; and it being
an indisputable Right belonging to the Peers of the
Realm to have Supporters added to their Arms, and his
said Uncle having omitted to take any Grant as (he is
informed) is usually practiced on such occasions, has
therefore desired my Warrant for the assigning to him
such Supporters as his Grandfather the late Viscount
Stafford used in his life time to be born and used by him
and such on whom the said Honour is settled : And
whereas he hath further represented to me that by his
Descent from his Grandmother Mary late Countess of
Stafford he is entituled (as he is advised by Council) to
the Arms and Quarterings of her Family and has further
desired that the Arms of Woodstock and Stafford may
be quartered with his Paternal Arms and depicted in
the Margin of the said Grant together with the Badges
which have been born and used by the Family of Staf-
ford, I, Henry Bowes Howard Earl of Berkshire Deputy
(with the Royal Approbation) to the Most Noble
Thomas Duke of Norfolk Earl Marshal and Hereditary
Marshall of England, considering the Request of the
said Henry Stafford Howard Earl of Stafford, and also
the Opinion of Council learned in the Law hereunto
annexed, do hereby Order and Direct you to grant and
assign to him the same Supporters as his Grandfather
the late Viscount Stafford used in his life time; To be
332
PLATE CVI.
I l»U BLIC
EXAMPLES FROM THE " ARCHITECTVRA^' OF WEXDEL DIETTERLIN.
Printed at Stiiltgai
THE ART OF HERALDRY
born and used by him and such, on whom the said
Honour is setled ; and that you cause to be depicted in
the Margin of the said Grant the Arms of Thomas of
Woodstock Duke of Gloucester, and Stati'ord Quartered
with his Lordships Arms together with the Badges
which have been born and used by the said FamiLy of
Staftbrd ; Requiring you to take care that the said Letter,
these Presents, the said Opinion of Council and yo'
Grant be duely entered by the Register in the College
of Arms : For all which Purposes this shall be your
suificient Warrant.
" Given under my Hand Seal this third day of May
Anno Dni 1720.
"Berkshiee.
" To John Anstis Esq' Garter
" Principal King of Ai'uis.
" Then the Witness being about to read the Registry
of the Opinion of Counsel, as stated by Mr. Adam ;
" Mr. Attorney General objected to the same.
"Mr. Adam, Counsel for the Petitioner, waived the
Production of it.
" Read from the same Book the following Entry :
" To all and singular to whom these Presents shall
come, John Anstis Esq' Garter principal King of Arms,
sends greeting. Whereas his late Majesty King James
the Second by Letters Patents under the Great Seal,
did create Henry Stafford Howard to be Earl of Stafford,
to have and hold the same to him and the heirs males
of his body ; and for default thereof to John and
Francis his Brothers and the heirs males of their bodies
respectively, whereby the said Earldom is now legally
vested in the right Hon""'' WUliam Stafford Howard Son
and Heir of the said John ; And in regard that j" said
Henry late Earl of Stafford omitted to take any Grant
of Supporters, which the Peers of this Realm have an
indisputable Right to use and bear, the right Hon''''
Henry Bowes Howard Earl of Berkshire Deputy (with
the Royal Approbation) of his Grace Thomas Howard
Duke of Norfolk Earl Marshall and Hereditary Marshall
of England hath been pleased to direct me to grant to
the said right Hon''''' WilUam Stafford Howard Earl of
Stafford the Supporters formerly granted to y" late
Viscount Stafford, Grandfather to the said Earl ; as also
to order me to cause to be depicted in the Margin of
my said Grant y" Arms of Thomas of Woodstock Duke
of Gloucester quartered with the Arms of the said Earl
of Stafford, together with the Badges of the said Noble
Family of Stafford: Now these presents Witness that
according to the consent of the said Earl of Berkshire
signified under his Lordship's hand and seal I do by the
Authority and power annexed to my OiEce hereby grant
and assign to y" said Right Honourable William Stafford
Howard Earl of Stafford, the following Supporters which
were heretofore borne by the late Lord Viscount Stafford,
that is to say, on the Dexter side a Lion Argent, and on
the Sinister Side a Swan surgiant Argent Gorged with
a Ducal Coronet per Pale Gules and Sable beaked and
membered of the Second ; to be used and borne at all
times and upon all occasions by the said Earl of Stafford
and the heirs males of his body, and such persons to
whom the said Earldom shall descend according to the
Law and Practice of Arms without the let or interrup-
tion of any Person or Persons whatsoever. And in
pursuance of the Warrant of the said Earl of Berkshire,
The Arms of Thomas of Woodstock Duke of Gloucester,
as the same are on a Plate remaining in the Chapel of
S' George within y" Castle of Windsor, set up there for
his Descendant the Duke of Buckingham are depicted
in the Margin, and quartered in such place and manner
as the same were formerly borne by the Staffords Dukes
of Buckingham, together with Eighteen badges belong-
ing to the said most ancient and illustrious Family of
Stafford, as the same are represented in a Manuscript
remaining in the College of Arms. In AVitness whereof
I the said Garter have hereto subscribed my Name and
affixed the Seal of my Office this First Day of August
Anno Domini 1720.
" John Anstis Garter
" Principal King of Arms.
" The Witness was directed to withdraw."
It may be of interest to call attention to the fact that
the Royal Arms are displayed before those of Stafford
(Fig. 821). On the face of it, the document — as far as
it relates to the badges — is no more than a certificate or
exempUfication, in which case it is undoubted evidence
Fig S21. — The Stafford Arms and Supporters as exemplified in
1 720 to William Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford.
that badges descend to the heir-general as do quar-
terings ; but there is the possibility that the document
is a re-grant in the nature of an exemplification follow-
ing a Royal Licence, or a re-grant to remove uncer-
tainty as to the attainder. And if the document — as
far as its relation to the badges goes — has any of the
character of a grant, it can have but little value as
evidence of the descent of badges. It is remarkable
that it is absolutely silent as to the future destination
of the badges. The real fact is that the whole subject
of the descent and devolution of badges is shrouded in
mystery. Each of the badges (Fig. 822) is depicted
within a circle adorned with a succession of Stafford
knots, as is shown in the one instance at the head.
Five of these badges appear upon a well-known portrait
of Edward, Duke of Buckingham. The fact that some
of these badges are really crests depicted upon wreaths
goes far as an authority for the use of a crest upon
livery buttons for the purposes of a badge.
In ancient days all records seemed to point to the
fact that badges were personal, and that though they
were worn by the retainers, they were the property of
the head of the family, rather than (as the arms) of the
whole family, and though the information available is
meagre to the last degree, it would appear probable that
in all cases where their use by other members of the
333
THE ART OF HERALDRY
family than the head of the house can be proved, the
hkehhood is that the cadets would render feudal service
and would wear the badge as retainers of the man whose
banner they followed into battle, so that we should
expect to find the badge following the same descent as
the peerage, together with the lands and liabilities which
accompanied it. This undoubtedly makes for the in-
heritance of a badge upon the same line of descent as
a barony by writ, and such a method of inheritance
accounts for the known descent of most of the badges
heraldically familiar to us. Probably we shall be right
in so accepting it. This then gives us the badge, the
property in and of which would descend to the heir-
general, whilst it would be used in token of allegiance
Fig. 822. — The Stafford Badges as exemplified in 1720 to
William Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford.
or service, actual, quasi-actual, or sentimental, by the
cadets of the house and their servants ; for whilst the
use of the cockade is a survival of the right to be
waited on and served by a soldier servant, the use of a
badge by a cadet is a survival and reminder of the day
when (until they married heiresses and continued or
found other families) the cadets of a house owed and
gave military service to the head of their own family,
and in return were supported by him.
The use of badges at the present day is singularly
limited, though perhaps this is not a matter of surprise
when we remember how few indeed are the families
belonging to the days when badges were in use, of whom
there are now direct representatives. The absence of
rule and regulation leaves it very much a matter of
personal taste how badges, where they now exist, shall
be depicted, and perhaps it is better to leave their
manner of display to artistic requirements. The most
usual place is on either side of the crest, and they may
well be depicted in that position. Where they exist,
however, they ought undoubtedly to be continued in
use upon the liveries of the servants, and the present
practice is for them to be placed on the livery buttons,
and embroidered upon the epaulettes or on the sleeves
of state liveries. Undoubtedly the former practice of
placing the badge upon the servants' livery is the
precursor of the present vogue of placing crests upon
livery buttons, and many heraldic writers complain of
the impropriety of placing the crest in such a position.
I am not sure that I myself may not have been guilty
in this way, but when one bears in mind the number of
cases in which the badge and the crest are
identical, and when, as in the above instance,
devices which are undoubtedly crests are ex-
emplified as and termed badges, even as such
being represented upon wreaths, whilst in
other cases the action has been the reverse,
it leaves one under the necessity of being
careful in making dogmatic assertions. Now
that the wearing of crests upon helmets is
entirely at an end, and now that it is im-
possible to obtain a grant of a badge, it is
difficult to say why it should not be correct
to give to the crest the additional character
and usage of a badge, and use the same device
as a badge and term it both badge and crest.
If for the purposes of a badge the wreath be
omitted there can be no objection at all, and
my advice is that this should be done. The
■fi pity of such a suggestion is that so many of
the modern crests artistically prove quite un-
suitable for the purpose when this suggestion
is brought under consideration.
Having dealt with the laws (if there ever
were any) and the practice concerning the use
and display of badges, it will be of interest to
notice some of those which were formerly in use.
I have already referred to the badge of the
ostrich feathers. The old legend that the Black
Prince won the badge at the battle of Crecy by
the capture of John, King of Bohemia, together
with the motto " Ich dien," has been long since
exploded. Sir Harris Nicolas brought to notice
the fact that among certain pieces of plate be-
longing to Queen Philippa of Hainault was a
large silver-gilt dish enamelled with a black
escutcheon with ostrich feathers, "vuo scuch
nigro cum pennis de ostrich," and upon the
strength of that, suggested that the ostrich
feather was probably originally a badge of the
Counts of Hainault derived from the County of
Ostrevaus, a title which was held by their eldest sons. The
suggestion in itself seems probable enough and may be
correct, but it would not account for the use of the ostrich
feathers by the Mowbray family, who did not descend from
the marriage of Edward III. and Philippa of Hainault.
Contemporary proof of the use of badges is often difficult
to find. The Mowhrays had many badges, and certainly
do not appear to have made any very extensive use of the
ostrich feathers. But there seems to be very definite autho-
rity for the existence of the badge. There is in one of
the records of the College of Arras (R. 22, 67), which is
itself a copy of another record, the following statement: —
" The discent of Mowbray written at length in lattin
from the Abby booke of newborough wherein Rich 2
gaue to Thomas Duke of norff. & Erie Marshall the armes
of Saint Edward Confessor in theis words :
" Et dedit eidem Thome ad pertandum in sigillo et
vexillo quo arma S'' EdwardL Idcirco arma bipartata
334
THE ART OF HERALDRY
portavit scil' 't Sci Edwardi et domini marcialis anglias
cum duabiis pennis striitionis erectis et super crestam
leonem et duo parva scuta cum leonibus et utraq' parto
predictorum armorum."
Accompanying this is a rough-tricked sketoli of the
arms upon which the ilhistrntion (Fig. S23) has been
Fig. 823. — The arms granted by King Richard II. to Thomas de
Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and showing the ostrich feather
badges.
based. Below this extract in the College Records is
written in an another hand : " I find this then in ye
chancell window of Effingham by Bungay in the top of
the cot window with Mowbraye & Segrave on the side in
glass there."
Who the writer was I am unaware. He appends a
further sketch to his note, which slightly difFers. No
helmet or crest is shown, and the central shield has only
the arms of Brotherton. The feathers which flank it are
both enfiled below the shield by one coronet. Of the
smaller shields at the side, the dexter bears the arms of
Mowbray and the sinister those of Segrave.
An ostrich feather piercing a scroll was certainly the
favourite badge of the Black Prince and so appears on
several of his seals, and triplicated it occurs on his " shield
of peace" (Fig. 455 ; the illustration of this shield, Plate
LXVII. Fig. 30, unfortunately wrongly depicts the feathers
and scrolls gold instead of silver). The arms of Sir Roger
de Clarendon, the illegitimate son of the Black Prince
(Plate LXVII. Fig. 31), were derived from this "shield
of peace," which I take it was not a coat of arms but
merely the badge of the Prince depicted upon his livery
colour, and which might equally have been displayed upon
a roundle. In the form of a shield bearing three feathers
the badge occurs on the obverse of the second seal of
Heniy IV. in 141 1. A single ostrich feather with the
motto " Ich dien " upon the scroll is to be seen on the
seal of Edward, Duke of York, who was killed at the
battle of Agineourt in 141 5. Henry IV. as Duke of
Lancaster placed on either side of his escutcheon an
ostrich feather with a garter or belt carrying the motto
" Sovereygne " twined arov/nd the feather, John of Gaunt
used the badge with a chain laid along the quill, and
Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, used it with a garter and
buckle instead of the chain ; whilst John Beaufort, Duke
of Somerset, placed an ostrich feather on each side of his
shield, the quills in his case being compony argent and
azure, like the bordure round his arms (see Plate OXXXII.
Fig. I).
There is a note in Karl. MS. 304, folio 12, which, if it
be strictly accurate, is of some importance. It is to
the effect that the " feather silver with the pen gold is
the King's, the ostrich feather pen and all silver is the
Prince's (i.e. the Prince of Wales), and the ostrich feather
gold the pen ermine is the Duke of Lancaster's." That
statement evidently relates to a time when the three were
in existence contemporaneously, i.e. before the accession
of Henry IV. In the reign of Richard II. there was no
Prince of Wales. During the reign of Edward III. from
1 376 onwards, Richard, afterwards Richard II., was Prince
of Wales, and John of Gaunt was Duke of Lancaster
(so or. 1362). But John of Gaunt used the feather in
the form above stated, and to find a Duke of Lancaster
before John of Gaunt we must go back to before 1360,
when we have Edward III. as King, the Black Prince as
Prince, and Henry of Lancaster (father-in-law of John
of Gaunt) as Duke of Lancaster. He derived from Henry
III., and like the Mowbray s had no blood descent from
Philippa of Hainault. A curious confirmation of my sug-
gestion that black was the livery colour of the Black
Prince is found in the fact that there was in a window in
St. Dunstan's Church, London, within a wreath of roses
a roundle per pale sanguine and azure, a plume of ostrich
feathers argent, qnUled or, enfiled by a scroll bearing the
words "Ich dien.'-' Above was the Prince's coronet and
the letters E. & P., one on each side of the plume. This
was intended for Edward VI., doubtless being erected in
the reign of Henry VIII. The badge in the form in
which we know it, i.e. enfiled by the princely coronet
(Plate LXVII. Fig. 34), dates from about the beginning of
the Stuart dynasty, since when it appears to have been ex-
clusively reserved for the eldest son and heir-apparent to
the throne. At the same time the right to the display
of the badge would appear to have been reserved by the
Sovereign, and Woodward remarks : —
" On the Privy Seals of our Sovereigns the ostrich
feather is still employed as a badge. The shield of arms
is usually placed between two lions sejant guardant
addorsed, each holding the feather. On the Privy Seal
of Henry VIII. the feathers are used without the lions,
and this was the case on the majority of the seals of the
Duchy of Lancaster. On the reverse of the present seal
of the Duchy the feathers appear to be ermine."
Fig. 824 shows the seal of James II. for the Duchy of
Lancaster. The seal of the Lancashire County Council
shows a shield supported by two talbots sejant addorsed,
each supporting in the exterior paw an ostrich feather
seme-de-lis. It is possible that the talbots may be
intended for lions and the fleurs-de-lis for ermine spots.
On Plate LXVII. Fig. 32 will be seen the silver swan,
one of the badges of King Henry V., and used also
by Henry IV. It was derived from the De Bohuns,
Mary de Bohun being the wife of Henry IV. From
the De Bohuns it has been traced to the Mandevilles,
Earls of Essex, who may have adopted it to typify
their descent from Adam Pitz Swanne, temp. Conquest.
Fig. 33 on the same plate is the white hart of Richard II.
Although some have traced this badge from the white
hind used as a badge by Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, the
mother of Richard II., it is probably a device punning
upon his name, " Rich-hart." Richard II. was not the
heir of his mother. The heir was his half-brother,
Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, who did use the badge of
the hind, and perhaps the real truth is that the Earl of
Kent having the better claim to the hind, Richard was
under the necessity of making an alteration which the
335
THE ART OF HERALDRY
obvious pun upon his name suggested. There is no doubt
that the crest of Ireland (Plate CXV.) originated there-
from. The stag in this case was undoubtedly " lodged "
in the earliest versions, and I have been much interested
in tracing the steps by which the springing attitude has
developed owing to the copying of badly drawn examples.
reference should be made to Plate CXIV. Richard I.,
John, and Henry III. are all said to have used the device
Fig. 824. — Seal of King James II, for the Duchy of Lancaster.
Figs. 32 and 33 are taken from "Prince Arthur's Book,"
other examples therefrom being reproduced elsewhere in
the present volume. Amongst the many Royal and other
badges in this country there are some of considerable
interest. Fig. 825. represents the famous badge of the
"broom-cod" or "planta genista," from which the name
of the dynasty was derived. It appears to have been first
used by King Henry II., though it figures in the decora-
tion of the tomb of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. "Peas-
cod " Street in Windsor of course derives its name
therefrom. The well-known badges of the white and
red roses of York and Lancaster have been already re-
ferred to, and Fig. 826, the well-known device of the
Fig. 825.— Badge of
King Henry II.
Fig. 826.— Badge of
Edward IV.
" rose-en-soleil " used by King Edward IV., was really
a combination of two distinct badges, viz. " the blazing
sun of York " and the " white rose of York." The rose
again appears in Fig. 827, here dimidiated with the
pomegranate of Catharine of Aragon. This is taken from
the famous Tournament Roll (now in the College of
Arms), which relates to the Tournament, 13th and 14th
of February 1 5 10, to celebrate the birth of Prince Henry.
For the forms in which the rose still exists as a Royal badge
Fig. S27. — Compound Badge of Henry VIII. and Catharine of
Aragon. {From the Westminster Tournament RoU.)
of the crescent and star (Fig. 828). Henry VII. is best
known by his two badges of the crowned portcullis and
the " sun-burst " (Fig. 829). The suggested origin of
Fig. S28.— Badge of
Richard I.
Fig. 829. — Two badges of Henry
VII., viz. the ''sun-burst" and
the crowned portcullis.
the former, that it was a pun on the name Tudor (i.e. two-
door) is confirmed by the motto " Altera securitas" which
was used with it, but at the same time is rather vitiated
by the fact that it was also used by the Beauforts, who
had no Tudor descent. Save a very tentative remark
hazarded by Woodward, no explanation has as yet been
suggested for the sun-burst. My own strong conviction,
based on the fact that this particular badge was princi-
pally used by Henry VII., who was always known as
Henry of Windsor, is that it is nothing more than an
attempt to pictorially represent the name " Windsor " by
depicting " winds " of " or." The badge is also attributed
to Edward III., and he, like Henry VII., made his
principal residence at Windsor. Edward IV. also used
the white lion of March (whence is derived the shield of
Ludlow : " Azure, a lion couchant guardant, between
three roses argent," Ludlow being one of the fortified
towns in the Welsh Marches), and the black bull which,
though often termed " of Clarence," is generally associated
with the Duchy of Cornwall. Richard III., as Duke of
Gloucester, used a white boar.
The Earl of Northumberland used a silver crescent ;
the Earl of Douglas, a red heart ; the Earl of Pembroke,
a golden pack - horse with collar and traces ; Lord
Hastings bore as badge a black bull's head erased, gorged
with a coronet ; Lord Stanley, a golden griffin's leg,
erased ; Lord Howard, a white lion charged on the
shoulder with a blue crescent ; Sir Richard Dunstable
adopted a white cock as a badge ; Sir John Savage, a
sUver unicorn's head erased ; Sir Simon Montford, a
golden lily ; Sir William Gresham, a green grasshopper.
Two curious badges are to be seen in Figs. S30 and 83 1.
The former is an ape's clog argent, chained or, and was
used by William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk (d. 1450).
Fig. 831, " a salet silver " (MS. Coll. of Arms, 2nd M. 16),
is the badge of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk (d.
1 524). Various families used knots of different design, of
which the best known is the Stafford knot (Pig. S32).
The wholesale and improper appropriation of this badge
336
PLATE CVII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
with a territorial application has unfortunately caused it
to be very generally referred to as a " Staffordshire "
knot, and that it was the personal badge of the Lords
Stafford is too often overlooked. Other badge knots are
Fig. S30.-
-Badge of the Duke of
Suffolk.
Fig. 831. — Badge of Thomas
Howard, Duke of Norfolk.
but from that time forward the Royal badges obtained
a territorial character : the rose of England, the thistle
of Scotland, and the sliararock of Ireland. To these
popular consent has added the lotus-flower for India, the
Fig. S32. — Stafford Knot. Fig. 833. — Wake or Ormond Knot.
Fig. S34. — Bourchier Knot.
Fig. 835. — Heneage Knot.
the Wake or Ormonde knot (Fig. 833), the Bourchier
knot (Fig. 834), and the Heneage knot (Fig. 835). -
The personal badges of the members of the Royal
Family continued in use until the reign of Queen Anne,
maple for Canada, and in a lesser degree the wattle or
mimosa for Australia ; but at present these lack any
official confirmation. The two first named, nevertheless,
figured on the Coronation Invitation Cards.
A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER XXXIV
HERALDIC FLAGS AND BANNERS
WHEN it comes to the display of flags, the
British-born individual usually makes a hash
of the whole business, and flies either the
Sovereign's personal coat of arms, which really should
only be made use of over a residence of the Sovereign
when the Sovereign is actually there, or flown at sea
when the Sovereign is on board ; or else he uses the
national flag, colloquially termed the " Union Jack,"
which ought never to be made use of on land except over
the residence of the Sovereign in his absence, or on a
fortress or other Government building. The banner of
St. George, which is a white flag with a plain red cross
of St. George throughout, is now appropriated to the
Order of the Garter, of which St. George is the patron
saint, though I am by no means inclined to assert that
it would be incorrect to make use of it upon a church
which happened to be specifically placed under the
patronage of St. George.
The white ensign, which is a white flag bearing the
cross of St. George and in the upper quarter next to the
staff a reproduction of the Union device, belongs to the
Royal Navy, and certain privileged individuals to whom
the right has been given by a specific warrant. The blue
ensign, which is a plain blue flag with the Union
device on a canton in the upper corner next the staff,
belongs to the Royal Naval Reserve ; and the red ensign,
which is the same as the former, except that a red flag
is substituted for the blue one, belongs to the ships of
the merchant service. These three flags have been speci-
fically called into being by specific warrants for certain
purposes which are stated in these warrants, and these
purposes being wholly connected with the sea, neither the
blue, the red, nor the white ensign ought to be hoisted
on land by anybody. Of course there is no penalty for
doing so on land, though very drastic penalties can be
enforced for misuse of these ensigns on the water, a step
which is taken frequently enough. For a private person
to use any one of these three flags on land for a private
purpose, the only analogy which I can suggest to bring
home to people the absurdity of such action would be to
instance a private person for his own private pleasure
adopting the exact uniform of some regiment whenever
he might feel inclined to go bathing in the sea. If he
were to do so, he would find under the recent Act that he
had incurred the penalty, which would be promptly en-
forced, for bringing His Majesty's uniform into disrepute.
It is much to be wished that the penalties exacted for the
wrongful display of these flags at sea should be extended
to their abuse on shore.
The development of the Union Jack and the warrants
relating to it are dealt with herein by the Rev. J. R.
Crawford, M.A., in a subsequent chapter, and I do not
propose to further deal with the point, except to draw
attention to a proposal, which is very often mooted, that
some change or addition to the Union Jack should be
made to typify the inclusion of the colonies.
But to begin with, what is the Union Jack ? Probably
most would be inclined to answer, " The flag of the
Empire." It is nothing of the kind. It is in a way
stretching the definition to describe it as the King's flag.
Certainly the design of interlaced crosses is a badge of the
King's, but that badge is of a later origin than the fiag.
The flag itself is the fighting emblem of the Sovereign,
which the Sovereign has declared shall be used by his
soldiers or sailors for fighting purposes under certain
specified circumstances. That it is used, even officially,
in all sorts of circumstances with which the King's
warrants are not concerned is beside the matter, for it is
to the Royal Warrants that one must refer for the theory
of the thing.
Now let us go further back, and trace the " argent, a
cross gules," the part which is England's contribution to
the Union Jack, which itself is a combination of the
" crosses " of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick.
The theory of one is the theory of the three, separately
or conjoined.
"Argent, a cross gules" was never the coat of arms of
England (except under the Commonwealth, when its use
for armorial pui-poses may certainly be disregarded), and
the reason it came to be regarded as the flag of England
is simply and solely because fighting was always done
under the supposed patronage of some saint, and England
337
2u
THE ART OF HERALDRY
fought, nut under the arms of England, but under the flag
of St. George, the patron saint of England and of the
Order of the Garter. The battle-cry " St. George for
Merrie England ! " is too well known to need more than
the passing mention. Scotland fought under St. Andrew ;
Ireland, by a similar analogy, had for its patron saint
St. Patrick (if indeed there was a Cross of St. Patrick
before one was needed for the Union flag, which is a very
doubtful point), and the Union Jack was not the com-
bination of three territorial flags, but the combination of
the recognised emblems of the three recognised saints,
and though England claimed the sovereignty of France,
and for that reason quartered the arms of France, no
Englishman bothered about the patronage of St. Denis,
and the emblem of St. Denis was never flown in this
country. The fact that no change was ever made in
the flag to typify Hanover, whilst Hanover duly had its
place upon the arms, proves that the flag was recognised
to be, and allowed to remain, the emblem of the three
patron saints under whose patronage the British fought,
and not the badge of any sovereignty or territorial area.
If the colonies had already any saint of their own under
whose patronage they had fought in bygone days, or in
whose name they wished to fight in the future, there
might be reason for indiuling the cmhlem of that saint
upon the fighting flag of the Empire ; but they have no
recognised saintly patrons, and they may jnst as well
fight for our saints as choose others for themselves at so
late a day ; but having a flag which is a combination of
the emblems of three saints, and which contains nothing
that is not a part of those emblems to make any addition
heraldic or otherwise to it now, would in my opinion be
best expressed by the following illustration. Imagine
three soldiers in full and complete uniform, one English,
one Scottish, and one Irish, it being desired to evolve a
uniform that should be taken from all three for use by a
Union regiment. A tunic from one, trousers from another,
and a helmet from a third, might be blended into a very
efiiective and harmonious composite unifoj-m. Following
the analogy of putting a bordure, which is not the emblem
of a saint, round the recognised emblems of the three
recognised saints, and considering it to be in keeping
because the bordure was heraldic and the emblems
heraldic, one might argue, that because a uniform was
clothing as was also a ballet-dancer's skirt, therefore a
ballet-dancer's skirt outside the whole would be in keep-
ing with the rest of the uniform. For myself I should
dislike any addition to the Union device, as much as we
should deride the donning of tulle skirts outside their
tunics and trousers by the brigade of Guards.
The flag which should float from a church tower should
have no more on it than the recognised ecclesiastical
emblems of the saiut to whom it is dedicated : the keys
of St. Peter, the wheel of St. Catherine, the sword of
St. Paul, the cross and martlets of St. Edmund, the lily
of St. Mary, the emblem of the Holy Trinity, or whatever
the emblem may be of the saint in question. The flags
upon public buildings should bear the arms of the cor-
porate bodies to whom those buildings belong. The flag
to be flown by a private person, as the law now stands,
should bear that person's private arms, if he has any, and
if he has not he should be content to forego the pleasures
arising from the use of bunting. A private flag should
be double its height in length. The entire surface should
be occupied by the coat of arms.
These flags of arms are banners, and it is quite a
misnomer to term the banner of the Royal Arms the
Royal Standard. The flags of arms hung over the stalls
of the Knights of the Garter, St. Patrick, and the former
Knights of the Bath are properly, and are always termed
banners. A standard one never meets with nowadays.
The term properly refers to the long tapering flag used
in battle, and under which an overlord mustered his
retainers in battle. This did not display his armorial
bearings. Next to the staff came the cross of St. George,
which was depicted, of course, on a white field. This occu-
pied rather less than one-third of the standard. The
remainder of the standard was of the colour or colours of
the livery, and thereupon was represented all sorts of
devices, usually the badges and sometimes the crest; but
almost invariably the largest and most prominent object
on a standard was o^ic of the supporters. The motto was
usually on transverse bands, which frequently divided the
standard into compartments for the different badges.
These mottoes from their nature are not war-cries, but
undoubtedly relate and belong to the badges with which
they appear in conjunction. The whole banner was
usually fringed with the livery colours, giving the effect
of a bordure compony. These standards do not seem,
except for the ceremonial purposes of funerals, to have
survived the Tudor period, this doubtless being the result
of the creation of the standing army in the reign of
Henry VIII. The few exotic standards, e.g., remaining
from the Jacobite rebellion, seldom conform to the old
Fig. S36. — " ^Middle" arms of I he Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg.
(From StTohVs BeutscJie Wappcnrollc.)
patterns, but although the shape is altered, the artistic
character largely remains in the regimental colours of
the present day with their assorted regimental badges
and scrolls with the names of battle honours.
The armorial use of the banner in connection with the
display of heraldic achievements is very limited in this
country. In the cases of Cochrane (Plate LX VIII.) and the
Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (Fig. 811) the banner or
flag is an integral and unchangeable part of the heraldic
supporters, and in Ross-of-Bladensburg, e.g., it is similarly
an integral part of the crest. Other cases where arms
have been depicted on banners are generally no more than
matters of artistic design, but in the arms of Scotland as
matriculated in Lyon Register for King Charles II. the
supporters are accompanied by banners, the dexter being
of the arms of Scotland, and the sinister the banner of
St. Andrew. These banners possess rather a different
character, and approach very closely to the German use.
The same practice has been followed in the seals of the
Duchy of Lancaster, inasmuch as on the obverse of the
seal of George IV. and the seal of Queen Victoria the
Royal supporters hold banners of the arms of England
and of the Duchy (i.e. England, a label for difference).
James I. on his Great Seal had the banners of Cadwal-
lader (azure, a cross patte fitche or) and King Edgar (azure,
338
PLATE CVIII.
HBaoeHemKiimnopCL
Printed at SlDttgnrt.
HERALDIC \VOOD-CARVI.\(;S IX THE POSSESSION OF THE Al'STRIAN IMPERIAL FAMILY.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
a cross patonee between four martlets or), and on the Great
Seal of Charles I. the dexter supporter holds a banner of
St. George, and the sinister a banner of St. Andrew.
Of the heraldic use of the banner in Germany Herr
Strohl writes : —
" The banner appears in a coat of arms, either in the
hands or paws of the supporters (Fig. 836), also set up be-
hind the shield (see Plate CXVIII. Fig. 3). or the pavilion,
as, for instance, in the larger achievement of his Majesty
the German Emperor, in the large achievement of the king-
dom of Prussia, of the dukedom of Saxe-Altenburg, and
further in the Arms of State of Italy, Russia, Roumania, &o.
" Banners on the shield as charges, or on the helmet as
a crest (Plate LXXXVIII. Fig. 6), are here, of course,
not in question, but only those banners which serve as
Frachtstiicke (appendages of magnificence).
" The banners of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
are long and narrow, and frequently run in stripes, like
JftBd
Fig. S37. — Arms of Tetnang: Ar-
gent, an ecclesiastical banner
gules. (From the Zurich Wap-
penroUe. )
Fig. S38.— Arms o£
town of Tangermunde :
Argent, the eagle of
Brandenburg displayed
gules armed or, each
wing charged with a rose
of the field.
battlements (Plate CXXXVI. Fig. 3). Hojvever, in the
second half of the thirteenth century flags were also to
be met with, with the longer side attached to the stick
(Plates V. Fig. i, and CXXXVI. Fig. i). Later on the
banners became more square, and show on the top a long
strip, generally of another colour, the Schwenkd {i.e. some-
thing that flourishes, waves to and fro). Fig. I002 ; Plates
CXXXVI. Fig. 5 ; CXXXVII. Fig. 3. To bear a red
schwenhd was a special privilege, similar to the right of
sealing with red wax.
Fig. S39.
Fig. S40.
"The ecclesiastical banner has three points, and is
provided with rings on the top in order that it may be
fastened to the stick by them, in an oblique position
(Fig. 837; see also Plate CXXXIX. Fig. 18).
" The banner always represents the field of the shield,
and assumes accordingly its tincture. The charges of the
shield should be placed upon the banner without the
outline of a shield, and the edge against the flag-staff is
considered the dexter ; it follows from this that the
figure must be turned towards it (see Fig. 1002 and
Plate CXVIII. Fig. 3).
" For instance, if the shield bear the following arms,
argent an eagle gules (Fig. 838), the same figure, suited to
the size of the flag, appears on the banner, with its
head turned towards the staff (Fig. 839). If it be wished
to represent only the colours of the arms upon the flag,
that of the charge is placed above, and that of the
field below (Fig. 840). Thus, for example, the Prussian
Fig. 841.
Fig. 842.
flag is black and white, corresponding to the black
eagle on the silver field; the flag of HohenzoUern is
white and black, corresponding to their coat of arms,
quartered silver and black, because in the latter case, so
soon as a heraldic representation is available, from the
position of the coloured fields, the correct order of the
tinctures is determined.
" Where flags are used for purely decorative purposes,
one is no longer strictly tied down to the simple square
or rectangular shape ; some scope for fancy may be
accorded, but the cut of the flag must not interfere with
its clearness, and the heraldic character of the charge
must not be disturbed. A few examples of such different
shapes (Figs. 841, 842, and S43) will bring more nearly
before the eyes what has been mentioned."
H. S. AND A. C. F-D.
339
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXV
MARKS OF CADENCY
THE manner in which cadency is indicated in
heraldic emblazonment forms one of the most
important parts of British armory, but our own
intricate and minutely detailed systems are a purely
British development of armory. I do not intend by
the foregoing remark to assert that the occasional use,
or even, as in some cases, the constant use of altered
arms for purposes of indicating cadency is unknown on
the Continent, because ditferent branches of one family
are constantly found using, for the purposes of dis-
tinction, variations of the arms appertaining to the
head of the family; in France especially the bordure
has been extensively used, but the fact nevertheless
remains that in no other countries is there found an
organised system or set of rules for the purpose.
The obligation of cadet lines to diii'erence their arms
was recognised practically universally in the fourteenth
century ; and when, later, the systematic use of dif-
ferencing seemed in danger of being ignored, it was
made the subject of specific legislation. In the treatise
of Zypceus, de Notitia juris Belgici, lib. xii., quoted also
in Menetrier, Becherches du Blazon, p. 218, we find
the following: —
" Ut secundo et ulterius geniti, quinimo primogeniti
vivo patre, Integra insignia non gerant, sed aliqua nota
distincta, ut perpetuo Wms dignosci possint, et ex
qua quique descendant, donee anteriores defecerint.
Exceptis Luxenburgis et Gueldris, quibus non sunt ii
mores." (The exception is curious.)
The choice of these brisures, as marks of difference
are often termed, was, however, left to the persons con-
cerned ; and there is, consequently, a great variety of
differences or differentiation which seem to have been
used for the purpose. The term "brisure" is really
French, whilst the German term for these marks is
" Beizeichen."
British heraldry, on the contrary, is remarkable for
its use of two distinct sets of rules — the English and
the Scottish — the Irish system being identical with the
former. Nor is this idea of the indication of cadency
wholly a modern development, though some, in fact
most, of the rules presently in force are no doubt a
result of modern requirements, and do not date back
to the earliest periods of heraldry in this country.
To understand the question of cadency it is necessary
to revert to the status of a coat of arms in early periods.
In the first chapter we dealt with the origin of armory ;
and in a subsequent chapter with the status of a coat of
arms in Great Britain, and it will therefrom have been
apparent that arms, and a right to them, developed in this
country as an adjunct of, or contemporaneously with, the
extension of the feudal system. Every landowner was
at one time required to have his seal — presumably, of
arms — and as a result arms were naturally then con-
sidered to possess something of a territorial character.
I do not by this mean to say that the arms belonged to
the land and were transferable with the sale and pur-
chase thereof There never was in this country a period
at which such an idea held ; nor were arms originally
purely personal. They belonged rather to a position
half-way between the two. They were the arms of a given
family, originating because that family held land and
accepted the consequent responsibOities thereto belong-
ing, but the arms appertained for the time being to the
member of that family who owned the land, and that this
is the true idea of the former status of a coat of arms is
perhaps best evidenced by the Grey and Hastings con-
troversy, which engaged the attention of the Court of
Chivalry for several years prior to 1410. The decision
and judgment in the case gave the undifferenced arms
of Hastings to the heir-general (Grey de Ruthyn), the
heir-male (Sir Edward Hastings) being found only
capable of bearing the arms of Hastings subject to
some mark of difference.
This case, and the case of Scrope and Grosvenor, in
which the king's award was that the bordure was not
sufficient difference for a stranger in blood, being only
the mark of a cadet, show clearly that the status of a
coat of arms in early times was that it belonged to one
person only for the time being, and that person the
head of the family, though it should be noted that the
term " Head of the Family " seems to have been inter-
preted into the one who held the lands of the family —
whether he were heir-male or hen-general being appar-
ently immaterial.
Thus much being recognised, it follows that some
means were needed to be devised to differentiate the
armorial bearings of the younger members of the
family. Of course the earliest definite instances of any
attempt at a systematic "differencing" for cadency
which can be referred to are undoubtedly those cases
presented by the arms of the younger members of
the Royal Family in England. These cases, however,
it is impossible to take as precedents. Royal Arms have
always, from the very earliest times, been a law unto
themselves, subject only to the will of the Sovereign,
and it is neither safe nor correct to deduce precedents
to be applied to the arms of subjects from proved in-
stances concerning the Royal Arms.
Probably, apart from these, the earliest mark of
cadency which is to be met with Ln heraldry is the
label (Fig. 844) used to indicate the eldest son, and
\j "iym^mni
Fig. S44.— The label.
this mark of difference dates back far beyond any other
regularised methods applicable to "younger" sons.
The German name for the label is " Turnierkragen,"
i.e. Tournament Collar, which may indicate the origin
of this curious figure. Probably the use of the label
can be taken back to the middle or early part of the
thirteenth century, but the opportunity and necessity
of marking the arms of the heir-apparent temporarily,
he having the expectation of eventually succeeding
to the undifferenced arms, is a very different matter
to the other opportunities for the use of marks of
cadency. The lord and his heir were the two most
important members of the family, and all others sunk
their identity in then- position in the household of their
chief unless they were established by marriage, or
otherwise, in lordships of their own, in which cases
they are usually found to have preferred the arms of
the family from whom they inherited the lordships
they enjoyed ; and their identities being to such a
large extent overlooked, the necessity for any system
340
PLATE CIX.
V""^x
MANTLINGS OF THE XVI. AND XVII. CENTURIES.
Printed at Stuttgart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
of marking the arms of a younger son was not so early
apparent as the necessity for marking the arms of the
heir.
The lahel does not appear to have been originally
confined exclusively to the heir. It was at first the
only method of differencing known, and it is not there-
fore to be wondered at that we find that it was fre-
h IG. S45. — Arms of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln {d. 1 240) : Quarterly,
or and gules, a bend sable, and a label argent.
I^
\
TO
X
^
?^
W
Fig. S46. — Arms of John de la
Pole, Earl of Lincoln (son of
John, Duke of Suffolk), d. 14S7 :
Quarterly, I and 4, azure, a fess
between three leopards' faces
or; 2 and .1, per fess gules and
argent, a lion rampant queue
fourche or, armed and langued
azure, over all a label argent.
(From his seal.)
Fig. S47.— Arms of William Le
Scrope, Earl of Wiltes (rf. 1 399) ;
Quarterly, i and 4, the arms of
the Isle of Man, a label argent ;
2 and 3, azure, a bend or, a
label guies. (From Willement's
Roll, sixteenth century, )
quently used by other cadets, who used it with no other
meaning than to indicate that they were not the Head
of the House. It has, consequently, in some few cases
[for example, in the arms of Courtenay (Fig. 228),
Babington, and Barrington] become stereotyped as a
charge, and is continuously and unchangeably used as
such, whereas doubtless it may have been no more
originally than a mere mark of cadency. The label
was origmally drawn with its upper edge identical with
the top of the shield (Fig. 1 23 and Plate LXVII. Fig. 26),
but later its position on the shield was lowered. The
number of points on the label was at first without
meaning, a five-pointed label occurring in Fig. 1 23 and
a seven- pointed one in Fig. 218.
In the Roll of Caerlaverock the label is repeatedly
referred to. Of Sir Maueice de Berkeley it is
expressly declared that
". . . un label de asur avoit,
Porce qe ces peres vivoit."
Sir Patrick Dunbar, son of the Earl of Lothian
(i.e. of March), then bore arras similar to his father,
with the addition of a label " azure." On the other
hand. Sir John de Segrave is said to bear his deceased
father's arms undifferenced, while his younger brother
N1CHOLA.S carries them with a label " gules " ; and in
the case of Edmund de Hastings the label is also
assigned to a younger brother. Further proof of its
being thus borne by cadets is furnished by the evidence
in the Gray and Hastings controversy in the reign of
Henry IV., from which it appeared that the younger
line of the Hastings family liad for generations differ-
enced the paternal coat by a label of three points ; and.
as various knights and esquires had deposed to this
label being the cognisance of the nearest heir, it was
argued that the defendant's ancestors would not have
borne their arms in this way had they not been the
reputed next heirs of the family of the Earl of Pem-
broke. The label will be seen m Figs. 845, 846, and 847.
William Euthven, Provost of Perth, eldest son of
the Master of Ruthven, bore a label of four points in
1503, Two instances occur of a label borne by a power-
ful younger brother. One is Walter Stewart, Earl
of Menteith, the fourth High Steward, in 1 292 ; and
we find the label again on the seal of his son Alex-
ander Stewart, Earl of Menteith.
At Caerlaverock, Henry of Lancaster, brother and
successor of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster —
" Portait les amies son fiere
Au beau bastoun s;ins label,"
i.e. he bore the Royal Arms, differenced by a bendlet
" azure."
Jane FENTOUN,daughter and heir-apparent of Walter
Fentoun of Baikie, bore a label in 1448, and dropped it
after her father's death. This is apparently an instance
quite unique. I know of no other case where the label
has been used by a woman as a mark of difference.
In France the label was the chief recognised mode
of difference, though the bend and the bordure are
frequently to be met with.
In Germany, Spener tells us that the tise of the
label, though occasional, was not infrequent : " Sicuti in
Gallia vix alius discerniculorum modus frequentior est,
ita rariora exempla reperimus in Germania," and he
gives a few examples, though he is unable to assign the
reason for its assumption as a hereditary bearing. The
most usual method of differencing in Germany was by
the alteration of the tinctures or by the alteration of
the charges. As an example of the former method, the
arms of the Bavarian family of Parteneck may be in-
stanced (Figs. 848 to 852), all representing the arms of
Fig. S48.— Parteneck. FiG. 849.— Cammer. FiG. S50.— Cammerberg.
Fig. S51. — Hilgertshauser,
Fig, 852, — Massenhauser,
different branches of the same family. The arms of
the family of Freiberg are an instance of the change
of charges. The original family, who were settled
in Swabia, bore : " Per fesse argent and azure, three
Fig. S53, — Arms of Freiberg
(Swabia).
Fig. S54. — Arms of Freiberg
(Bavaria),
bezants" (Fig. 853); the bezants in this case being
intended to represent the yolks of eggs. A cadet
branch which settled in Bavaria changed the bezants
to stars (Fig. 854).
341
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Next to the use of the label in British heraldry came
the use of the bordure, and the latter as a mark of
cadency can at any rate be traced back as a well-estab-
lished matter of rule and precedent as far as the Scrope
and Grosvenor controversy in the closing years of the
fourteenth century.
At the period when the bordure as a difference is to be
found most frequently met with in English heraldry, it
never had any more definite status or meaning than a
sign that the bearer was not the head of the house, as in
the case of Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devonshire (Fig.
855), though one cannot but think that in many cases
Fig. S55. — Arms of Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devonshire {d. 1469) ;
Or, a chevron gules, a bordure engrailed sable. (From MS.
Harl. 6129.)
in which it occurs its significance is a doubt as to legiti-
mate descent, or a doubt of the probability of an as-
serted descent. In modern English practice the bordure
as a difference for cadets only continues to be used by
those whose ancestors bore it in ancient times. Its
other use as a modern mark of illegitimacy is dealt
with in the chapter upon marks of illesitimacy, and the
curious and unique Scottish system of cadency bordures
will be presently referred to. In Germany of old the
use of the bordure as a difference does not appear to
have been very frequent, but it is now used to dis-
tinguish the arms of the Crown Prince. In Italian
heraldry, although differences are known, there is no
system whatever.
In Spain and Portugal marks of cadency, in our sense
of the word, are almost unknown, but nevertheless the
bordure, especially as indicating descent from a maternal
ancestor, is very largely employed. The most familiar
instance is afforded by the Royal Arms of Portugal, in
which the arms of Portugal are surrounded by a
" bordure " of Castile.
Differencing, however, had become a necessity at an
earlier period than the period at which we find an
approach to the systematic usage of the label, bordure,
and bend, but it should be noticed that those who
wished, and needed, to difference were those younger
members of the family who by settlement, or marriage,
had themselves become lords of other estates, and
heads of distinct houses. For a man must be taken as
a " Head of a House " for all intents and purposes as
soon as by his possession of lands "held in chief" he
became himself liable to the Crown to provide stated
military service, and as a consequence found the
necessity for a banner of arms, under which his men
could be mustered. Now having these positions as
overlords, the inducement was rather to set up arms
for themselves than to pose merely as cadets of other
families, and there can be no doubt whatever that at
the earliest period differencing, for the above reason,
took the form of and was meant as a change in the
arms. It was something quite beyond and apart from
the mere condition of a right to recognised arms, with
an indication thereupon that the bearer was not the
person chiefly entitled to the display of that particular
coat. We therefore find cadets bearing the arms of
their house with the tincture changed, with subsidiary
charges introduced, or with some similar radical altera-
tion made. Such coats should properly be considered
essentially different coats, merely indicatmg in their
design a given relationship rather than as the same coat
differenced to indicate cadency. For instance, the three
original branches of the Conyers family bear : " Azure, a
maunch ermine ; azure, a maunch or ; azure, a maunch
ermine debruised by a bendlet gules." The coat
differenced by the bend, of course, stands self-confessed
as a differenced coat, but it is by no means certain, nor
is it known whether "azure, a maunch ermine," or
"azure, a maunch or" indicates the original Conyers
arms, for the very simple reason that it is now im-
possible to definitely prove which branch supplies the
true head of the family. It is known that a wicked
uncle intervened, and usurped the estates to the detri-
ment of the nephew and heir, but whether the uncle
usurped the arms with the estates, or whether the heir
changed his arms when settled on the other lands
to wnich he migrated, there is now no means of
ascertaining.
Similarly we find the Darcy arms ["Argent, three
cinquefoils gules," which is probably the oldest form],
" Argent, crusuly and three cinquefoils gules," and
" Azure, crusuly and three cinquefoils argent," and
countless instances can be referred to where, for tlie
purpose of indicating cadency, the arms of a family
were changed in this manner. This reason, of which
there can be no doubt, supplies the origin and the ex-
cuse for the custom of assigning similar arms when
the descent is but doubtful. Similarity originally,
though it may indicate consanguinity, was never in-
tended to be proof thereof.
The principal ancient methods of alteration in arms,
which nowadays are apparently accepted as former modes
of differencing merely to indicate cadencj^ may perhaps
be classified into : (a) Change of tincture ; (6) the
addition of small charges to the field, or to an ordinary ;
(c) the addition of a label or (rZ) of a canton or quarter ;
(e) the addition of an inescutcheon ; (/) the addition
(or change) of an ordinary; (g) the changing of the
lines of partition enclosing an ordinary, and perhaps
also (h) diminishing the number of charges; (i) a
change of some or all of the minor charges. At a
later date came (j) the systematic use of the label,
the bordure, and the bend ; and subsequently (k)
the use of the modern systems of "marks of cad-
ency." Perhaps, also, one should include (l) the addi-
tion of quarters, the use of (m) augmentations and
official arms, and (n) the escutcheon en surtout,
indicating a territorial and titular lordship, but the
three last-mentioned, though useful for distinction and
frequently obviating the necessity of other marks of
cadency, did not originate with the theory or necessities
of differencing, and are not properly marks of cadency.
At the same time, the warning should be given that it
is not safe always to presume cadency when a change
of tincture or other slight deviation from an earlier
form of the arms is met with. Many families when
they exhibited their arms at the Visitations could not
substantiate them, and the heralds, in confirming arms,
frequently deliberately changed the tinctures of many
coats they met with, to introduce distinction from other
authorised arms.
Practically contemporarily with the use of the bor-
dure came the use of the bend, then employed for
the same purpose. In the Armoinal de Gelre, one of
the earliest armorials now in existence which can be
referred to, the well-known coat of Abernethy is there
differenced by the bendlet engrailed, and the arms of
the King of Navarre bear his quartering of France
342
THE ART OF HERALDRY
differenced by a bendlet compony. These two instances
will be seen on Plate LXXVI., and amongst other in-
stances in which the bend or bendlet appears originally
as a mark of cadency, but now as a charge, may be men-
tioned the arms of Fitzherbert, Fulton, Stewart (Earl of
Gallowaj'), and others. It is a safe presumption with
regard to ancient coats of arms that any coat in which
the field is seme is in nine oases out of ten a difl'er-
enced coat for a junior cadet, as is also any coat in
which a charge or ordinary is debruised by another.
Of course in more modern times no such presumption
is permissible. An instance of a seme field for cadency
will be found in the case of the D'Arcy arms already
mentioned. Little would be gained by a long list of
instances of such difi'erenoes, because the most careful
and systematic investigations clearly show that in early
times no definite rules whatever existed as to the
assumption of differences, which largely depended upon
the pleasure of the bearer, and no system can be deduced
which can be used to decide that the appearance of any
given difference or kind of difference meant a given set
of circumstances. Nor can any system be deduced
which has any value for the purposes of precedents.
Certain instances are appended which will indicate
the style of differencing which was in vogue, but it
should be distinctly remembered that the object was not
to allocate the bearer of any particular coat of arms to
any specific place in the family pedigree, but merely to
show that he was not the head of the house, entitled
to bear the undift'erenced arms, if indeed it would not
be more accurate to describe these instances as simply
examples of different coats of arms used by members of
the same family. For it should be remembered that
anciently, before the days of " black and white " illus-
tration, prominent change of tincture was admittedly
a sufficient distinction between strangers in blood.
Beyond the use of the label and the bordure there does
not seem to have been any recognised system of differ-
encing until at the earliest the fifteenth century —
probably any regulated system does not date much
beyond the commencement of the series of Visitations.
Of the four sons of Gilles De Mailly, who bore,
" Or, three mallets vert," the second, third, and fourth
sons respectively made the charges " gules," " azure,"
and " sable." The " argent " field of the Douglas coat
was in some branches converted into " ermine " as early
as 1373 ; and the descendants of the Douglases of
Dalkeith made the chief " gules " instead of " azure."
A similar mode of differencing occurs in the Lyon
Kegister in many other families. The Mueeays of
Culbin in the North bore a " sable " field for their
arms in lieu of the more usual " azure," and there
seems reason to believe that the Southern Frasers
originally bore their field " sable," the change to
by the Earls of Warwick. Waleran, Earl of Warwick
(d. 1204), appears to have added to the arms of Warenne
(his mother's family) (Fig. 856) " a chevron ermine."
His son Henry, Earl of Warwick {d. 1229), changed the
chevron to a bend (Fig. 857), but Thomas, Earl of War-
wick (d. 1242), reverted to the chevron (Fig. 858), a
Fig. 856. — Arms of Warenne: Fig. 857. — Arms of Henry, Earl
Cliequy or and azure. of Warwick [d. 1229): Chequy
or and azure, a bend ermine.
(After Matthew Paris, MS.
Reg. 14, C. vii. folio 134.)
" azure " being an alteration made by those branches
who migrated northwai-ds. An interesting series of
arms is met with in the case of the differences employed
Fig. 858.— Arms of Thomas, Earl Fig. S59.— Arms of William de
of Warwick (rf. 1242): Che- Bohun, Earl of Northampton
quy or and azure, a chevron [d. 1360) ; Azure, on a bend ar-
ermine. (From MS. L. 14, gent, cottised, and between six
Coll. Arms.) lioncels rampant or, three mul-
lets gules, pierced vert. (MS.
Otho, D. IV. folio 93.)
form which was perpetuated after the earldom had
passed to the house of Beauchamp (Fig. 133). An
mstance of the addition of mullets to the bend in the
arms of Bohun (Fig. 265) is met with in the cadet line
created Earls of Northampton (Fig. 859).
The shield of William de Roumaee, Earl of Lin-
coln, who died in 11 98, is adduced by Mr. Planche
as an early example of differencing by crosses crosslet ;
the principal charges being seven mascles conjoined,
three, three, and one. We find in the Rolls of Arms
of the thirteenth and early part of the fourteenth
century many instances of coats crusily, billetty,
bezanty, and " pleyn d'escallops," fleurette, and " a
les trefoilles d'or." With these last Sir Edmond
Dacee of Westmoreland powdered the shield borne
by the head of his family : " Gules, three escallops or "
(Roll of Edward IL). The coat borne by the Actons of
Aldenham, " Gules, crusily or, two lions passant argent,"
is sometimes quoted as a gerated coat of Lesteange;
for Edwaed de Acton married the coheiress of Le-
steange (living 1387), who bore simply: "Gules, two
lions passant argent." That the arms of Acton are
derived fi-om Lestrange cannot be questioned, but the
probability is that they were a neiv invention as a
distinct coat, the charges suggested by Lestrange. The
original coat of the House of Berkeley in England
(Barclay in Scotland) appears to have been : " Gules,
a chevron or " (or " argent "). The seals of Robeet de
Beekeley, who died 4 Henry III., and Maueice de
Beekeley, who died 1281, all show the shield charged
with a chevron only. MoEis de Baekele, in the Roll
tew/p. Henry III., bears : " Goules, a cheveron argent."
But Thomas, son of Maurice, who died 1 5 Edwaed
II., has the present coat ; " Gules, a chevron between
ten crosses patee argent " (Fig. 860) ; while in the Roll
of Edward II., " De goules od les rosettes de argent et
un chevron de argent " is attributed to Sir Thomas de
Berkeley. In Leicestershire the Beekeleys gerated
with cinquefoils, an ancient and favourite bearing in
that county, derived of course from the arms or badge
of the Earl of Leicester. In Scotland the Baeclays
differenced by change of tincture, and bore : " Azure, a
chevron argent between (or in chief) three crosses patee
of the same" (Fig. 802). The same coat differenced
for a cadet (Mr. Charles Herbert Barclay) will be
seen on Plate XX. An interesting series of differ-
ences is met with upon the arms of Neville of Raby,
which are : " Gules, a saltire argent," and which were
343
THE ART OF HERALDRY
differeooed by a crescent "sable"; a martlet "gnles";
a mullet "sable" and a mullet azure (Fig. 86i); a
Fig. S6o. — Arms of Thomas, Lortl FlG. 86i. — Arms of William
Berkeley of Berkeley {d. 1321 ) ; Nevill, Lord Fauconberg and
Gules, a chevron between ten Earl of Kent : Quarterly, i and
crosses patee argent. (From 4, gules, a saltire argent, a mul-
his seal, 1301.) let of the field for difference
(Nevill) ; 2 and 3, argent, a lion
rampant azure (for Fauconberg,
this being however really the
coat of Bruce). (From MS.
Harl. 6163.)
" fleur-de-lis " ; a rose " gules " (Fig. 862 and Plate
LXVII. Fig. 29) ; a pellet, or annulet, " sable " (Plate
LXVII. Fig. 28), this being the difference of Lord
Latimer ; and two interlaced annulets " azure," all
Fig. S62. — Arms of Edward Ne- Fig. 863. — Arms of Richard Ne-
vill, Baron Bergavenny {d. 1476) : vill, Earl of Salisbury : Gules, a
Quarterly, i. and iiii., quarterly saltire argent, a label compony
I and 4, gules, a f ess between six argent and azure. (From his
cross crosslets or, a crescent seal, 1428.)
sable for difference ; 2 and 3,
chequy or and azure, ii. and
iii., gules, on a saltire argent, a
rose of the field for difference.
(From his seal.)
borne on the centre point of the saltire. The inter-
laced annulets were borne by Lord Montagu, as a
second ditt'erence on the arms of his father, Richard
Nevill, Earl of Salisbury (Fig. S63), he and his brother
the King Maker (Fig. 213) botJi using the curious com-
pony label of azure and argent borne ly their father,
which indicated their descent from John of Gaunt.
One of the best known English examples of differencing
by a change of charges is that of the coat of the Cob-
hams, " Gules, a chevron or," in which the ordinary was
charged by various cadets with three pierced estoiles,
three lions, three crossed crosslets, three "fleur-de-lis,"
three crescents, and three martlets, all of " sable."
The original Grey coat [" Barry of six argent and
azure "] is ditterenoed in the Roll of Edward L by a
bend gules for John de Grey, at Gaerlaverock this is
engrailed.
The Segkave coat [" Sable, a lion rampant argent "]
is differenced by the addition of " a bendlet or " ; or " a
bendlet gules " ; and the last is again differenced by
engrailing it.
The Leslies of Balquhain differenced the chief coat
of their family [" Argent, on a bend azure three buckles
or"] by turning the bend into a fess. A very early
cadet of the Graham family, Graham of Morphie,
adopted an unusually pronounced difl'erence, substituting
a chevron for the chief, and at the same time changing
the tinctures. The principal Graham coat is : " Or, on
a chief sable three escallops of the field " ; that of Mor-
phie : " Sable, a chevron between three escallops argent."
In the Calais Roll the arms of William de Warren
[■' Chequy or and azure "] are differenced by the addition
of a canton said to be that of Fitzalan (but really that
of Nerford).
Whilst no regular system of differencing has survived
in France, and whilst outside the Royal Family arms
in that country show comparatively few examples of
difference marks, the system as regards the French
Royal Arms was well observed and approximated closely
to our own. The Dauphin of France bore the Royal
Arms undifferenced but never alone, they being always
quartered with the sovereign arms of his personal
sovereignty of Dauphine : " Or, a dolphin embowed
azure, finned gules" (Plate LXVIL Fig. i ). This has been
more fully referred to on page 1 84. It is much to be
regretted that the arms of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales
do not include the arms of his sovereignty of the Duchy
of Cornwall, nor any allusion to his dignities of Prince
of Wales or Earl of Chester.
The arms of the Dukes of Orleans (Plate LXVII. Fig. 2)
show the arms of France differenced by a label argent.
This is to be observed, for example, upon the seal (Fig.
864) of the Duchess Charlotte Elizabeth of Orleans,
widow of Philip of Orleans, brother of King Louis XIV.
of France. She was a daughter of the Elector Charles
Louis. The arms of the old Dukes of Anjou were the
ancient coat of France (azure, seme-de-lis or) dift'erenced
by a label of five points gules, but the younger house of
Anjou bore the modern arms of France differenced by
a bordure gules (Plate LXVII. Fig. 3). The Dukes
d'Alencon also used the bordure gules, but charged this
with eight plates (Plate LXVII. Fig. 4), whilst the
Dukes de Berri used a bordure engrailed gules.
1 IG. S64. —Seal of Elizabeth, widow of Philip,
Duke of Orleans.
The Counts d'Angouleme used the arms of the Dukes
of Orleans, adding a crescent gules on each point of the
label (Plate LXVII. Fi^. 13), whilst the Counts d'Artois
used France (ancient) differenced by a label gules, each
point charged with three castles (towers) or.
Plate LXVII. Fig. 17 shows the shield of Pier de
Luxembourg, Count de St. Paul (rZ. 1433): "Argent,
a lion rampant double-queued gules, crowned or, differ-
enced by a label of three points argent."
The rules which govern the marks of cadency at
present in England are as follows, and it should be
carefully borne in mind that the Scottish system bears
no relation whatever to the English system. The eldest
son during the lifetime of his father differences his arms
by a label of three points couped at the ends. This is
placed in the centre chief point of the escutcheon. There
is no rule as to its colour, which is left to the pleasure of
the bearer; but it is usually decided as follows : (i)That
it shall not be metal on metal, or colour on colour ; (2)
344
PLATE ex.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
that it shall not be argent or white ; and, if possible, that
it shall difler from any colour or metal in which any com-
ponent part of the shield is depicted. Though anciently
the label was drawn throughout the shield, this does not
now seem to be a method officially adopted. At any rate
drawn throughout it apparently obtains no official coun-
tenance for the arms of subjects. The eldest son bears
this label during his father's lifetime, succeeding to the
undiii'erenced shield on the death of his father. His
children — being the grandchildren of the then head of
the house — dift'erence upon the label, but such difference
marks are, like then- father's, but contemporary with
the life of the grandfather, and, immediately upon the
succession of their father, the children remove the label,
and difference upon the original arms. The use of arms
by a junior grandson is so restricted in ordinary life that
to all intents and pm-poses this may be ignored, except
in the case of the heir apparent of the heir apparent, i.e.
of the grandson in the lifetimes of his father and grand-
father. In his case a label oifive points is used, and to
place a label upon a label is not correct when both are
marks of cadency, and not charges. But the grandson
on the death of his father, during the lifetime of the
grandfather, and when the grandson succeeds as heir
apparent of the grandfather, succeeds also to the label
of three points, which may therefore more properly be
described as the difference mark of the heu' apparent
than the difference mark of the eldest son. It is neces-
sary, perhaps, having said this, to add the remark that
heraldry knows no such thing as disinheritance, and heir-
ship is an inalienable matter of blood descent, and not
of worldly inheritance. Though now the number of
points on a label is a matter of rule, this is far from
having been always the case, and prior to the Stuart
period no deductions can be drawn with certainty from
the number of the points in use. It seems a very great
pity that no warrants were issued for the children of
the then Duke of York during the lifetime of Queen
Victoria, as labels for (/reai-grandchildren would have
been quite unique.
If the eldest son succeeds through the death of his
mother to her arms and quarterings during his father's
lifetime, he must be careful that the label which he
bears as heir apparent to his father's arms does not
cross the quartering of his mother's arms.
If his father bears a quarterly shield, the label is so
placed that it shall apparently debruise all his father's
quarterings, i.e. in a shield quarterly of four the label
would be placed in the centre chief point, the centre file
of the label being upon the palar line, and the other files
in the first and second quarters respectively, whilst the
colour would usually depend, as has been above indi-
cated, upon the tinctures of the pronominal arms. Due
regard, however, must be had that a label of gules, for
example, is not placed on a field of gules. A parti-
coloiured label is not nowadays permissible, though in-
stances of its use can occasionally be met with in early
examples. Supposing the field of the first quarter is
argent, and that of the second azure, in all probabihty
the best colour for the label would be gules, and indeed
gules is the colour most frequently met with for use in
this purpose.
If the father possess the quarterly coat of, say, four
quarterings, which are debruised by a label by the heir
apparent, and the mother die, and the heir apparent
succeed to her arms, he would of course, after his
father's death, arrange his mother's quarterings with
these, placing his lather's pronominal arms i and 4,
the father's quartering in the second quarter, and the
mother's arms in the third quarter. This arrangement,
however, is not permissible during his father's lifetime,
because otherwise his label in chief would be held to
debruise all the four coats, and the only method in
which such a combination could be properly displayed
in the lifetime of the father but after the death of his-
mother is to place the father's arms in the grand quarter-
ing in the first and fourth quarters, each being debruised
by the label, and the mother's in the grand quartering
in the second and third quarters without any inter-
ference by the label.
The other marks of difference are : For the second
son a crescent ; for the third son a muUet ; for the
fourth son a martlet ; for the fifth son an annulet ; for
the sixth son a fleur-de-lis ; for the seventh son a rose ;
^^^Ol^V©
Fig. 865. — The English marks of cadency.
for the eighth son a cross moHne ; for the ninth son a
double quatrefoil (Fig. 865).
Of these the first six are given in Bossewell's
" Workes of Armorie " (1572), and the author adds : " If
there be any more than six brethren the devise or
assignment of further difference only appertaineth to
the kingis of armes especially when they visite their
severall provinces ; and not to the father of the children
to give them what difference he list, as some without
authoritie doe allege."
The position of a mark of difference is in the centre
chief point, though it is not incorrect (and many such
instances will be found) for it to be charged on a
chevron or fess, on the centre point (Fig. 72). This,
however, is not a very desirable position for it in a
simple coat of arms. The second son of the second
son places a crescent upon a crescent, the third son
a muUet on a crescent, the fourth son a martlet on
a crescent, and so on; and there is an instance in the
Visitation of London in which the arms of Cokayne
appear with three crescents one upon another: this
instance has been already referred to on p. 262. Of
course, when the English system is carried to these
lengths it becomes absurd, because the crescents charged
one upon each other become so small as to be practically
indistinguishable. There are, however, very few cases
in which such a display would be correct — as will be
presently explained. This difficulty, which looms large
in theory, is very little in practical use, but it nevertheless
is the one outstanding objection to the English system
of difference marks. It is constantly held up to derision
by those people who are unaware of the next rule upon
the subject, which is, that as soon as a quartering comes
into the possession of a cadet branch — which quartering
is not enjoyed by the head of the house — all necessity
for any marks of difference at all is considered to be
ended, provided that that quartering is always dis-
played— and that cadet branch then begins afresh from
that generation to redifference.
Now there are few English famihes in whose pedigree
during three or four generations one marriage is not
with an heiress in blood, so that this theoretical diffi-
culty very quickly disappears.
No doubt there is always an inducement to retain the
quarterings of an historical or illustrious house which
may have been brought in in the past, but if the honours
and lands brought in with that quartering are wholly
enjoyed by the head of the house, it becomes, from a
practical point of view, mere affectation to prefer that
quartering to another (brought in subsequently) of a
family, the entire representation of which belongs to the
junior branch and not to the senior. If the old idea of
confining a shield to four quarters be borne in mind,
concurrently with the necessity — for purposes of distinc-
345
2x
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tion — of introducing new quarterings, the new quarter-
ings take the place of the old, the use of which is left to
the senior branch. Under such circumstances, and the
regular practice of them, the English system is seldom
wanting, and it at once wipes out the difficulty which is
made much of — that under the Enghsh system there is
no way of indicating the difference between the arms of
uncle and nephew. If the use of impalements is also
adhered to, the difficulty practically vanishes.
To difference a single coat the mark of difference is
placed in the centre chief point ; to difference a
quarterly coat of four quarters the same position on
the shield is most generally used, the mark being
placed over the palar line, though occasionally the
difference mark is placed, and not incorrectly, in the
centre of the quarterings. A coat of six quarters, how-
ever, is alwaj's differenced on the fess line of partition,
the mark being placed in the fess point, because if
placed in the centre chief point it would only appear as
a difference upon the second quartering, so that on all
shields of six or more quarterings the difference mark
must be placed on some line of partition at the nearest
possible point to the true centre fess point of the
escutcheon. It is then understood to difference the
whole of the quarterings over which it is displayed, but
directly a qiiartering is introduced which has been in-
herited subsequently to the cadency which produced the
difference mark, that difference mark must be either
discarded or transferred to the first quartering only.
The use of these difference marks is optional. Neither
officially nor unofficially is any attempt made to enforce
their use in England — they are left to the pleasure and
discretion of the bearers, though it is a weU-understood
and well-accepted position that, unless differenced by
quarterings or impalement, it is neither courteous nor
proper for a cadet to display the arms of the head of his
house : beyond this, the m atter is usually left to good taste.
There is, however, one position in which the use of
difference marks is compulsory. If under a Royal
Licence, or other exemplification — for instance, the
creation of a peerage — a difference mark is painted upon
the arms, or even if an exemplification of the arms
differenced is placed at the head of an official record of
pedigree, those arms would not subsequently be ex-
emplified, or their use officially admitted, without the
difference mark that has been recorded with them.
The differencing of crests for cadency is very rare.
Theoretically, these should be marked equally with the
shield, and when arms are exemplified officially under
the circumstances above referred to, crest, supporters,
and shield are all equally differenced, but the difficulty
of adding difference mark on difference mark when no
marriage or heiress can ever bring in any alteration to
the crest is very generally recognised and admitted,
even officially, and it is rare indeed to come across a
crest carrying more than a single difference mark.
The grant of an augmentation to any cadet obviates
the slightest necessity for any further use of diiference
marks inherited before the grant.
There are no difference marks whatever for daughters,
there being in the English law no seniority between the
different daughters of one man. They succeed equally,
whether heiresses or not, to the arms of their father for
use during their lifetimes, and they must bear them on
their own lozenges or impaled on the shields of their
husbands, with the difference marks which their father
needed to use. It would be permissible, however, to
discard these difference marks of their fathers if sub-
sequently to his death his issue succeeded to the
position of head of the family. For instance, suppose
the daughters of the younger son of an earl are under
consideration. They would bear upon lozenges the
arms of their father, which would be those of the earl,
charged with the mullet or crescent which he had used
as a younger son. If by the extinction of issue the
brother of these daughters succeed to the earldom,
they would no longer be compelled to bear their
father's difference mark.
There are no marks of difference between illegitimate
children. In the eye of the law an illegitimate person
has no relatives, and stands alone. Supposing it be
subsequently found that a marriage ceremony had been
illegal, the whole issue of that marriage becomes of
course illegitimate. As such, no one of them is entitled
to bear arms. A Royal Licence, and exemplification
following thereupon, is necessary for each single one.
Of these exemplifications there is one case on record
in which I think nine follow each other on successive
pages of one of the Grant Books: all differ in some
way — usually in the colour of the bordure ; but the
fact that there are illegitimate brothers of the same
parentage does not prevent the descendants of any
daughter quartering the differenced coat exemplified to
her. As far as heraldic law is concerned, she is the
heiress of herself, representing only herself, and con-
sequently her heir quarters her arms.
Marks of difference are never added to an exemplifica-
tion following upon a Royal Licence after illegitimacy.
Marks of difference are to indicate cadency, and there
is no cadency vested in a person of illegitimate birth —
their right to the arms proceeding only from the re-
grant of them in the exemplification. What is added in
lieu is the mark of distinction to indicate the bastardy.
The method of differencing the English Royal Arms
is quite unique, and has no relation to the method
ordinarily in use in this country for the arms of sub-
jects. The Royal Arms are not personal. They are the
sovereign arms of dominion, indicating the sovereignty
enjoyed by the person upon the throne. Consequently
they are in no degree hereditary, and from the earliest
times, certainly since the reign of Edwai'd I., the right
to bear the undifferenced arms has been confined
exclusively to the sovereign upon the throne. In early
times there were two methods employed, namely, the
use of the bordure and of varieties of the label, the
label of the heir apparent to the English throne being
originally of azure. The arms of Thomas of Woodstock,
the youngest son of Edward I., were differenced by a
bordure argent; his elder brother, Thomas de Brotherton,
having had a label of three points argent; whilst the eldest
son, Edward II., as Prince of Wales used a label of three
points azure. From that period to the end of the Tudor
period the use of labels and bordures seems to have
continued concurrently, some members of the Royal
Family using one, some the other, though there does
not appear to have been any precise rules governing a
choice between the two. When Edward III. claimed
the throne of France and quartered the arms of that
country with those of England, of course a portion of
the field then became azure, and a blue label upon a
blue field was no longer possible. The heir apparent
therefore differenced his shield by the plain label of
three points argent, and this has ever since, down to the
present day, continued to be the " difference " used by
the heir apparent to the English throne. A label of
gules upon the gules quartering of England was equally
impossible, and consequently from that period all labels
used by any member of the Roj'al Family have been
argent, charged with different objects, these being fre-
quently taken from the arms of some female ancestor.
Figs. 866 to 897 are a somewhat extensive collection of
variations of the Royal Arms, and reference may perhaps
be also made to Figs. 76, 123, 181, 189, 201, 251, 264,
295,303,455.635-
346
PLATE CXI.
^-^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. S66.— William FitzRobert,
Earl of Gloucester, rf. 11S3 (son
of Robert de Caen, natural son
of Henry I.). (From a drawing
of his seal, MS. Cott., Julius,
C. vii., f. 233.)
Fig. S67.— Kiug John, before his
accession to the throne. (From
MS. Cott., Julius, 0. vii.)
FiG.868.~Edmund ' 'Crouchback,"
Earl of Lancaster, second sou
of Henry III. (From his tomb.)
His arms are elsewhere given :
De goules ove trois leopardes
passantz dor, et lambel dazure
floret e d'or.
Fig. S69.— Thomas, Earl of Lan-
caster, c^. 1322 (son of preced-
ing) : England with a label
azure, each point charged with
three fleurs-de-lis. (From bis
seal, 1301.)
Fig. S70.— Henry of Lancaster,
1295-1324 (brother of preceding,
before he succeeded his brother
as Earl of Lancaster) : England
with a bend azure. (From his
seal, 1301.) After 1324 he bore
England witb a label as his
brother.
Fig. S71. — Henry, Duke of Lan-
caster, son of preceding. (From
his seal, 1358.)
Fig. S72. — Edward of Carnarvon,
Prince of Wales (afterwards
Edward II.), bore before 1307:
England with a label azure.
(From his seal, 1305.)
Fig. 873.— John of Eltham (second
son of Edward II.): England
with a bordure of the arms of
France. (From his tomb.)
Fig. S74. — Arms of Edmund of
Woodstock, Earl of Kent, 3rd
son of Edward I. : England
within a bordure argent. The
same arms were borne by his
descendant, Thomas deHoland,
Earl of Kent.
Fig. 875. — Arms of John de Hol-
and, Duke of Exeter (d. 1400) :
England, a bordure of France.
(From his seal, 1381.)
Fig. S76.— John de Holand, Duke
of Exeter, son of preceding.
Arms as preceding. (From his
seal. )
Fig. S77.— Henry de Holand, Duke
of Exeter, son of preceding.
Arms as preceding. (From his
seal, 1455.)
Fig. S78. — Thomas of Brotherton, Fig. 879. — Thomas de Mowbray, Fig.
Earl of Norfolk, second son of
Edward I. : Arms of England, a
label of three points argent.
Duke of Norfolk ,{d. 1400).
(From a drawing of his seal,
MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii., f. 166.)
Arms, see page 335.
). — John de Mowbray, Fig. SSi. — John de Mowbray,
Duke of Norfolk {d. 1432) :
Arms as Fig. 87S. {From his
Garter plate. )
Duke of Norfolk (d. 1461):
Arms as Fig. 87S. (From his
seal).
347
THE ART OF HERALDRY
i i\ ^ >^ ^li-r^r,-?.
Fig. SS2.— Edward the Black
Prince : Quarterly, i and 4
France (ancient) ; 2 and 3
England, and a label of three
points argent. (From his tomb.)
Fig. 8S3. — Kichard, Prince of
Wales (afterwards Richard II.),
son o£ preceding : Arms as pre-
ceding. (From his seal, 1377.)
Fig. SS5.— Richard, Duke of
York (sou of Edward, Earl of
Cambridge and Duke of York) :
Arms as preceding. (From his
seal, 1436).
Fig. SS4. — Edmund of Langley,
Duke of York, fifth son of Kiug
Edward III. : France (ancient)
and England quarterly, a label
of three points argent, each
point charged with three tor-
teaux. (From his seal, 1391).
His son, Edward, Earl of Cambridge, until he succeeded his father, i.e.
before 1462, bore the same with an additional difference of a bordure of
Spain (Fig. 303). Vincent attributes to him, however, a label as Fig. 886,
which possibly he bore after his father's death.
Fig. SS6.— Referred to under Fig.
Fig. SS7. — Thomas of Woodstock,
Earl of Buckingham, seventh
son of Edward III. : France
(ancient) and England quar-
terly, a bordure argent. (From
a drawing of his seal, 1391,
MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.).
Fig. SS8. — Henry of Monmouth,
afterwards Henry V. : France
(modern) and England quar-
terly, a label of three points
argent. (From his seal.)
Fig. 8S9.— Richard, Duke of Glou-
cester (afterwards Richard III.):
A label of three points ermine,
on each point a canton gales.
Fig. S91. — John de Beaufort, Earl
and Marquis of Somerset, son
of John of Gaunt. Arms sub-
sequent to his legitimation :
France and England quarterly,
within a bordure gobony azure
and argent. Prior to his legiti-
mation he bore : Per pale argent and azure (the livery colours of Lancaster),
a bend of England [i.e. a bend gules charged with three lions passant
guardant or) with a label of France.
Fig. 890. — Humphrey of Lancas-
ter, Duke of Gloucester, fourth
son of Henry IV.: France
(modern) and England quar-
terly, a bordure argent. (From
his seal.)
Fig. 892.— Thomas, Duke of
Clarence, second son of Henry
IV. France and England quar-
terly, a label of three points
ermine. (From his seal, 14 13.)
Fig. 893.— George Plantagenet,
Duke of Clarence, brother of
Edward IV.: France and Eng-
land quarterly, a label of three
points argent, each charged
with a canton gules. (From
MS. Harl. 521.)
45
fm
\^^^
Fig. 894. — John, Duke of Bed-
ford, third son of Henry IV. :
France and England quarterly,
a label of five points, the two
dexter ermine, the three sinister
azure, charged with three fleurs-
de-lis or. (From MS. Add.
18,850.)
Fig. S95.— Jasper Tudor, Duke of
Bedford : France and England
quarterly, a bordure azure,
chargedwith martlets or. (From
his seal.) Although uncle of
Henry VII., Jasper Tudor had
no blood descent whatever
which would entitle him to bear
these arms. His use of them
is very remarkable.
Fig. 896. — Thomas de Beaufort,
Earl of Dorset, brother of John,
Earl of Somerset (Fig. S91):
France and England quarterly,
a bordure compony ermine and
azure. (From his Garter plate.)
Fig. 897. — John of Gaunt, Duke
of Lancaster, bore : France
(ancient) and England quarterly,
a label of three points ermine
(i.e. each point charged with
three ermine spots).
348
PLATE CXII.
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF THE RT REV. .ENEAS CHISHOLM (Roman Catholic), Bishop or Aberdeen.
Reproduced from the Painting in Lvon Register bv Mr Graham Johnston.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, third son of
Edward III., bore: France (ancient) and England
quarterl}', a label of three points argent, and on each
point a canton gules.
The use of the bordure as a legitimate difference upon
the Royal Arms ceased about the Tudor period, and
dift'erencing between members of the Royal Family is
now exclusively done bj' means of these labels. A few
cases of bordures to denote illegitimacy can, however,
be found. The method of deciding these labels is
for separate warrants under the hand and seal of the
sovereign to be issued to the different members of the
Royal Family, assigning to each a certain coronet, and
the label to be borne over the Royal Arms, crest, and
supporters. These warrants are personal to those for
whom they are issued, and are not hereditary. Of late
their use, or perhaps may be their issue, has not been
quite so particularly conformed to as is desirable, and
at the present time the official records show the arms
of their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Fife, the
Princess Victoria, and the Princess Charles of Denmark,
still bearing the label of five points indicative of their
position as grandchildren of the sovereign, which of
course they were when the warrants were issued in the
lifetime of the late Queen Victoria, In spite of the fact
that the warrants have no hereditary limitation, I am
only aware of two modern instances in which a warrant
has been issued to the son of a cadet of the Royal House
who had previously received a warrant. One of these
is the present Duke of Cambridge. The warrant was
issued to him in his father's lifetime, and to the label
previously assigned to his father a second label of three
points gules, to be borne directly below the other, was
added. The label of the eldest son of the heir apparent to
the English throne is not, as might be imagined, a plain
label of five points, but the plain label of three points,
the centre point only being charged. The other case
was that of his cousin, afterwards Duke of Cumber-
land and King of Hanover.
The late Duke of Clarence charged his centre point
with a cross couped gules. After his death the Duke
of York relinquished the label of five points which
he had previously borne, receiving one of three, the
centre point charged with an anchor. In every other
case all of the points are charged. The following
examples of the labels in use at the moment will show
how the system now exists : —
Prince of Wales. — A label of three points argent (see
Plate LXVI.).
Princess Royal (Louise, Duchess of Fife). — A label of
five points argent, charged on the centre and outer points
with a cross of St. George gules, and on the two others
with a thistle proper.
Princess Victoria. — A label of five points argent,
charged with three roses and two crosses gules.
Princess Maud (Princess Charles of Denmark). — A
label of five points argent, charged with three hearts
and two crosses gules.
The Duke of Edinburgh (Duke of Saxe-Coburg and
Gotha). — A label of three points argent, the centre
point charged with a cross gules, and on each of the
others an anchor azure. His son, the hereditary Prince
of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who predeceased his father,
bore a label of five points, the first, thu-d, and fifth each
charged with a cross gules, and the second and fourth
each with an anchor azure (Fig. 898).
Fig. S98.-
-Label of the late Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha.
The Duke of Connaught. — A label of three pouits
argent, the centre point charged with St. George's
cross, and each of the other pouits with a fleur-de-lis
azure.
27(6 late Princess Royal (German Empress). — A
label of three points argent, the centre point charged
with a rose gules, and each of the others with a
cross gules.
Tlie late Grand Duchess of Hesse. — A label of three
points argent, the centre point charged with a rose
gules, and each of the others with an ermine spot
sable.
Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. — A label
of three points, the centre point charged with St.
George's cross, and each of the other points with a rose
gules.
Princess Louise (Duchess of Argyll). — A label of
three points, the centre point charged with a rose, and
each of the other two with a canton gules.
Princess Henry of Battenherg. — A label of three
points, the centre point charged with a heart, and each
of the other two with a rose gules.
The late Duke of Albany. — A label of three points, the
centre point charged with a St. George's cross, and each
of the other two with a heart gules.
The late Duke of Cavibridye. — A label of three points
argent. The centre point charged with a St. George's
cross, and each of the other two with tivo hearts in pale
gules. The warrant to the present Duke assigned him
the same label with the addition of a second label, plain,
of three points gules, to be borne below the former label.
The first Duke of Cumberland. — A label of three
points argent, the centre point charged with a fleur-de-
lis azure, and each of the other two points with a cross
of St. George gules.
Of the foregoing recently assigned labels all are borne
over the plain EngUsh arms (i and 4 England, 2 Scot-
land, 3 Ireland), charged with the escutcheon of Saxony,
except those of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
Cambridge, and Cumberland. In the two latter cases
the labels are borne over the latest version of the arms
of King George III., i.e. with the inesoutcheon of
Hanover, but, of course, neither the electoral bonnet
nor the later crown which surmounted the inesout-
cheon of Hanover was made use of, and the smaller
inescutoheon bearing the crown of Charlemagne was
also omitted for the children of George III., except in
the case of the Prince of Wales, who bore the plain
inesoutcheon of gules, but without the crown of Charle-
magne thereupon.
The labels for the other sons and daughters of King
George III. were as follows : —
Tlie Duke of Fo?'/c. — A label of three points argent,
the centre point charged with a cross gules. The Duke
of York bore upon an inesoutcheon argent (in the place
occupied in the Royal Arms by the inesoutcheon
charged with the crown of Charlemagne) charged with
a wheel of six spokes gules, for the Bishopric of Osna-
burgh, which he possessed.
Tlie Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.). — A
label of three points argent, the centre point charged
with a cross gules, and each of the others with an
anchor erect azure.
The Duke of Kent had his label charged with a cross
gules between two fleurs-de-lis azure.
Tlie Duke of Sussex. — The label argent charged with
two hearts in pale gules in the centre point between
two crosses gules.
TJie Princess Royal (Queen of Wilrtemberg). — A rose
between two crosses gules.
The Princess Augusta. — A like label, charged with a
rose gules between two ermine spots.
349
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Tlif Princess Elizabeth (Princess of Hesse-Homburg).
— A like label charged with, a cross between two roses
gules.
The Princess Mary (Duchess of Gloucester). — A like
label, charged with a rose between two cantons gules.
Tlie Princess Sopliia. — A like label, charged with a
heart between two roses gules,
Tlie Princess Amelia. — A like label, charged with a
rose between two hearts gules.
The Duhe of Gloucester (brother of George III.). — A
label of jive points argent, charged with a fleur-de-lis
azure between four crosses gules. His son (afterwards
Duke of Gloucester) bore an additional plain label of
three points during the lifetime of his father.
The foregoing labels are placed across the shield, on
the crest, and on each of the supporters. The crest
stands upon and is crowned with a coronet identical
with the cu-clet of any coronet of rank assigned in the
same patent ; the lion supporter is crowned and the
which the Royal Arms were quartered, were again the
arms of Saxony, these appearing in the second and
third quarters.
Abroad there is now no equivalent whatever to our
methods of differencing the Royal Arms. An official
certificate was issued to me recently from Denmark of
the undifierenced Royal Arms of Denmark certified
as correct for the " Princes and Princesses " of that
country. But the German Crown Prince bears his
shield within a bordure gules, and anciently in France
(from which country the English system was very pro-
bably originally derived) the difl'erencing of the Royal
French Arms for the younger branches seems to have
been carefully attended to, as has been already specified.
Differencing in Scotland is carried out on an entirely
different basis from differencing in England. In Scot-
land the idea is still rigidly preserved and adhered to that
the coat of arms of a family belongs only to the head of
the family for the time being, and the terms of a Scot-
^J ^J ^J rrTTj [jQj rpjgj l?S| [r-jl
Y Y ^ ^
^^^^S~51q] H gg [y] fy]
Fig. 899. — The scheme of Cadency Bordures devised by Mr. Stodart.
unicorn supporter is gorged with a similar coronet. It
may perhaps be of interest to note that no badges and
no motto are ever assigned in these Royal Warrants
except in the case of the Prince of Wales.
F.-M. H.S.H. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, the
Consort of H.R.H. the Princess Charlotte (only child of
George IV.), received by warrant dated Aprd 7, 1818,
the right "to use and bear the Royal Arms (without
the inescocheon of Charlemagne's crown, and without
the Hanoverian Royal crown) differenced vnth. a label
of five points argent, the centre point charged with a
rose gules, quarterly with the arms of his illustrious
House ['Barry of ten sable and or, a crown of rue in
bend vert'], the Royal Arms in the first and fourth
quarters."
By Queen Victoria's desire this precedent was
followed in the case of the late Prince Consort, the label
in his case being of three points argent, the centre
point charged with a cross gules, and, by a curious
coincidence, the arms of his illustrious House, with
tish grant are as follows : " Know ye therefore that we
have devised and do by these presents assign ratify and
confirm to the said and his descendants with
such congruent differences cls nuiy hereafter he vuUriou-
lated for them the following ensigns armorial." Under
the accepted interpretation of Scottish armorial law,
whilst the inherent gentdity conferred by a patent of
arms is not denied to cadets, no right to make use of
arms is conceded to them until such time as they shall
elect to matriculate the arms of their ancestors in their
own names. This point has led to a much purer system
of heraldry in Scotland than in England, and there is
far less heraldic abuse in that country as a result,
because the differences are decided not haphazardly by
the user himself, as is the case in England, but by a
competent officer of arms. Moreover the constant occa-
sions of matriculation bring the arms frequently under
ofiicial review. There is no fixed rule which decides
ip.se ftwto what difference shall be borne, and conse-
quently this decision has retained in the hands of the
350
THE ART OF HERALDRY
heraldic executive an amount of control which they
still possess far exceeding that of the executive in Eng-
land, and perhaps the best way in which to state the
rules which hold good will be to reprint a portion of
one of Sir James Balfour Paul's Ehind Lectures, which
is devoted to the point : —
" I have said that in Scotland the principle which
limited the number of paternal coats led to a careful
diflerenciag of these coats as borne by the junior
branches of the family. Though the English system
was sometimes used, it has never obtained to any great
extent in Scotland, the practice here being generally to
difference hj means of a bordure, in which way many
more generations are capable of being distinguished
than is possible by the English method. The weak
point of the Scottish system is that, whilst the general
idea is good, there is no definite rule whereby it can be
carried out on unchanging lines; much is left to the
discretion of the authorities.
" As a general rule, it may be stated that the second
son bears a plain bordure of the tincture of the principal
charge in the shield, and his younger brothers also bear
plain bordures of varying tinctures. In the next
generation the eldest son of the second son would bear
his father's coat and bordure without change; the
second son would have the bordure engrailed; the
third, invected ; the fourth, indented, and so on, the
other sons of the younger sons in this generation
differencing their father's bordures in the same way.
The junior members of the next generation might have
their bordures parted per pale, the following generations
having their bordures parted per fess and per saltire,
per cross or quarterly, gyronny or compony, that is,
divided into alternate spaces of metal or colour in a
single trace — this, however, being often in Scotland a
mark of illegitimacy — counter-compone or a similar
pattern in two tracts, or chequy with three or more
tracts.
" You will see that these modifications of the simple
bordure afford a great variety of differences, and when
they are exhausted the expedient can then be resorted
to of placing on the bordures charges taken from other
coats, often from those of a maternal ancestor ; or they
may be arbitrarily assigned to denote some personal
characteristic of the bearer, as in the case of James
Maitland, Major in the Scots regiment of Foot Guards,
who carries the dismembered lion of his family within
a bordure wavy azure charged with eight hand grenades
or, significant, I presume, of his military profession.
"You will observe that, with all these varieties of
differencing we have mentioned, the younger branches
descending from the original eldest son of the parent
house are still left unprovided with marks of cadency.
These, however, can be arranged for by taking the
ordinary which appears in their father's arms and modi-
iying its boundary lines. Say the original coat was
' argent a chevron gules,' the second son of the eldest
son would have the chevron engrailed, but without any
bordure ; the third, invected, and so on ; and the next
generations the systems of bordures accompanying the
modified chevron would go on as before. And when all
these methods are exhausted, differences can still be
made in a variety of ways, e.g. by charging the ordinary
with similar charges in a similar manner to the bordure
as Erskine of Shielfield, a cadet of Balgownie, who bore:
' Argent, on a pale sable, a cross crosslet fitchee or
within a bordure azure ' ; or by the introduction of an
ordinary into a coat which had not one previously, a bend
or the ribbon (which is a small bend) being a favourite
ordinary to use for this purpose. Again, we occasion-
ally find a change of tincture of the field of the shield
used to denote cadency.
" There are other modes of differencing which need not
be alluded to in detail, but I may say that on analysing
the earlier arms in the Lyon Register, I find that the
bordure is by far the most common method of indicating
cadency, being used in no less than 1080 cases. The
next most popular way is by changing the boundary
lines of an ordinary, which is done in 563 shields ; 233
cadets difference their arms by the insertion of a smaller
charge on the ordinary and 195 on the shield. A
change of tincture, including counterchanging, is carried
out in 155 coats, and a canton is added in 70 cases,
while there are 350 coats in which two or more of the
above methods are used. From these figures, which are
approximately correct, you will see the relative frequency
of the various modes of differencing. You will also note
that the original coat of a famQy can be differenced in
a great many ways so as to show the connection of
cadets with the parent house. The di-awback to the
system is that heralds have never arrived at a uniform
treatment so as to render it possible to calculate the
exact relationship of the cadets. Much is left, as I said,
to the discretion of the officer granting the arms ; but
still it gives considerable assistance in determining the
descent of a family."
The late Mr. Stodart, Lyon Clerk Depute, who was an
able herald, particularly in matters relating to Scotland,
Fig. goo.— Arms of Lieut.-Col. Arthur Balfour Haig, C.M.G., M.V.O.,
of Bemersyde : Azure, a saltire between two mullets in chief and
base, and a decrescent and an increscent in the flanks argent, a
bordure engrailed party per pale or and argent, charged with three
hedgehogs sable. Mantling azure, doubled argent; and upon a
wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a rock proper ; and in an
escroll over the same this motto, " Tyde what may."
had elaborated a definite system of these bordures for
differencing which would have done much to simplify
Scottish cadency. Its weak point was obviously this,
that it could only be applied to new matriculations of
arms by cadets; and so, if adopted as a definite and
unchangeable matter of rule, it might have occasioned
doubt and misunderstanding in future times with
regard to many important Scottish coats now existing,
without reference to Mr. Stodart's system. But the
scheme elaborated by Mr. Stodart is now accepted as
the broad basis of the Scottish system for matriculations
(Fig. 899).
351
THE ART OF HERALDRY
In early Scottish seals the bordures are to so large an
extent engrailed as to make it appear that the later and
present rule, which gives the plain bordure to immediate
cadets, was not fully recognised or adopted. Bordures
charged appear at a comparatively early date in Scot-
land. The bordure compony in Scotland and the
bordure wavy in England, which are now used to
signify illegitimacy, will be further considered in a
subsequent chapter, but neither one nor the other
originally carried any such meaning. The doubtful
legitimacy of the Avondale and Ochiltree Stewarts, who
bore the bordure compony in Scotland, along with its
during the first twenty years of the Lyon Register were
unquestionably legitimate, whilst others, as Scott of
Gorrenberry and Patrick Sinclair of Ulbester, were
illegitimate, or at best only legitimated. The light in
which the bordure compony had come to be regarded
is shown by a Royal Warrant granted in 1679 to John
LtjNDiN of that Ilk, allowing him to drop the coat which
his family had hitherto canned, and, as descended of a
natural son of William the Lion, to bear the arms of
Scotland within a bordure compony argent and azure.
The bordure counter-compony is assigned to fifteen
persons, none of them, it is believed, of illegitimate
HAIG OF BEMERSYDE
Arms : Azure, a saltire between two mullets in chief and base, and
a decrescent and an increscent in the flanks argent. Crest : a
rock proper. Motto: " Tyde what may. "
'* Tyde what may betyde
Haig shall be Haig of Bemersyde. "
GEORGE HAIG, of Newbigging,
Nr. Alloa
I
I
JoHK Haig
I
James Haig, of Alloa
Grandsons
A quo
AiEXANDEE Ritchie
Haig, of Charleston,
U.S.A., head of the
House of Haig of
Bemersyde (Plate
LXV. Fig. I).
James Haig,
of Blahhill
Gt, -Grandson
Alexander Price
Haig, of Blau--
hih (Plate LXV.
Fig. 2).
John Haig,
of Bonnington
Grandson
Lt. - Col. Arthur
Ealfoue Haig,
now of Bemersyde
(Fig. 900).
I
Robert Haig, of Roebuck
and Dodderbank
: I
William Haig,
Provost of St. Andrews
Grandson
Henry Alex-
anderHaig,
(Plate LXV.
Fig. 5)-
I
Son
George Augus-
tus Haig, of
Pen Ithon
(Plate LXV.
Fig. 6).
Grandsons
I
Hugh Veitch
Haig (Plate
LXV. Fig. 3).
I
George Ogilvy
Haig (Plate
LXV. Fig. 4).
use by the Beauforts in England, has tended latterly to
bring that difference into disrepute in the cadency of
lawful sons — yet some of the bearers of that bordure
Fig. 901. — Arms of Arthur Samuel Haigh, Esq., of Cat Cay, Bahamas :
Azure, on a saltire invected ermine, between two rocks in pale
proper and a decrescent and an increscent in f ess argent, an estoile
of the first. Mantling azure and argent. Crest; upon a wreath
of the colours, in front of a demi-man aifrontee proper holding in
the dexter hand a crescent or, a rock also proper. Motto: "Tyde
what may."
descent, and some expressly said to be "lineallie and
lawfulie descended " from the ancestor whose arms they
bore thus differenced. The idea of this bordure having
been at any time a mark of bastardy is a very modern
error, arising from a confusion with the bordure compony.
A very instructive series of bordures will be found
upon Plate LXV., which shows, with Fig. goo, some
number of variations upon the Haig coat of arms, and
above is a key pedigree showing the relationship of the
owners of the varj'ing differences.
Fig. 901 is also instructive, as it is an example of an
English grant of arms founded upon the old Scottish
coat for a family who, though they had long used the
same arms, could prove no descent from the Bemersyde
stock.
In conclusion, attention needs to be pointedly drawn
to the fact that all changes in arms are not due to
cadency, nor is it safe always to presume cadency from
proved instances of change. Instead of merely detailing
isolated instances of variation in a number of different
families, the matter may be better illustrated by closely
following the successive variations in the same family,
and an instructive instance is met with in the case of
the arms of the family of Swinton of that Ilk. This is
peculiarly instructive, because at no point in the descent
covered by the arms referred to is there any doubt or
question as to the fact of descent.
Claiming as they do a male descent and inheritance
from Liulf the son of Edulf, Vicecomes of Northum-
bria, whose possession before 1 1 00 of the lands of
Swinton is the earliest contemporary evidence which has
come down to us of landowning by a Scottish subject,
352
PLATE CXllI.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
it is unfortunate that we cannot with authority date
their armorial ensigns beiore the Later half of the
thirteenth century. Charters there are in plenty. Out
of the twenty-three earliest Scottish writings given in
the National MSS. of Scotland, nine, taken from the
Coldingham documents preserved at Durham, refer to
the village and lands of Swinton. Among these are
two confirmations by David I., i.e. before 1 153, of Swin-
ton "in hereditate sibi et heredibus" to "meo militi
Hernulfo" or "Arnolto isti meo Militi," the first ot
the family to follow the Norman fashion, and adopt
the territorial designation of de Swinton; while at
Durham and elsewhere, Cospatric de Swinton and his
son Alan and grandson Alan appear more than eighty
times in charters before 1250. But it is not till we
come to c. 1271 that we tiad a Swinton seal still
attached to a charter.
This is a grant by a third Alan of the Kirk croft of
Lower Swinton to God and the blessed Cuthbert and
the blessed Ebba and the Prior and Monks of Colding-
ham. The seal is of a very early form (Fig. 902), and
Fig. 903.— Seal of Henry
de Swinton, 137S.
I'IG. 902. — Seal of Alan de Swinton,
c. 1271.
may perhaps have belonged to the father and grand-
father of the particular Alan who uses it.
Of the Heiuy de Swinton who came next, and who
swore fealty to Edward the First of England at Berwick
in 1296, and of yet a fourth Alan, no seals are known.
These were turbulent days throughout Scotland: but
then we find a distinct advance; a shield upon a diapered
ground, and upon it the single boar has given place
to the three boars' heads which afterwards became so
common in Scotland. Nisbet lends his authority to the
tradition that all the families of Border birth who carried
them — Gordon, Nisbet, Swinton, Redpath, Dunse, he
mentions, and he might have added others — were origi-
nally of one stock, and if so, the probability must be
that the breed sprung from Swinton.
This seal (Fig. 903) was put by a second Henry de
Swynton to one of the family charters, probably of the
date of 1378, which have lately been placed for safe
keeping in the Register House in Edinburgh.
His successor, Sir John, the hero of Noyon in Picardy,
of Otterburn, and Homildon, was apparently the first
of the race to use supporters. His seal (Fig. 904) be-
longs to the second earliest ot the Douglas charters
preserved at Drumlanrig. Its date is 1389, and Sir
John de Swyntoun is described as Dominus de Mar, a
title he bore by right of his marriage with Margaret,
Countess of Douglas and Mar. This probably also ac-
coiints for his coronet, and it is interesting to note that
the helmet, coronet, and crest are the exact counterpart
of those on the Garter plate of Ralph, Lord Basset, in
St. George's Chapel at Windsor. It is possibly more
than a coincidence, for Froissart mentions them both
as fighting in France ten to twenty years earlier.
Ot his son, the second Sir John, "Lord of that Ilk,"
we have no seal. His lance it was that overthrew
Thomas, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Henry V.,
at Beauge in 1421, and he fell, a young man, three
years later with the flower of the Scottish army at
Fig. 904. — Seal of Sir John de Swinton, 13S9.
Verneuil; but in 1475 his son, a third Sir John, uses
the identical crest and shield which his descendants
carry to this day (Fig. 905). John had become a
common name in the family, and the same or a
similar seal did duty for the next three generations;
but in 1598 we find the great-great-grandson, Robert
Swinton of that Ilk, who represented Berwickshire in
the first regularly constituted Parliament of Scotland,
Fig. 905.— Seal of Sir John
de Swinton, 1475.
Fig. 906. — Seal of Eobert Swinton,
of that Ilk, 1598.
altering the character of the boars' heads (Fig. go6).
He would also appear to have placed upon the chevron
something which is difficult to decipher, but is pro-
bably the rose so borne by the Hepburns, his second
wife having been a daughter of Sir Patrick Hepburn
of Whitecastle.
Whatever the charge was, it disappeared from the
shield (Fig. 907) erected on the outer wall of Swinton
Fig. 907. — Arms of Swinton. (From Swinton Church, 163-.)
Church by his second son and eventual heir. Sir
Alexander, also member for his native county ; but
the boars' heads are turned the other way, perhaps in
imitation of those above the very ancient effigy of the
first Sir Alan inside the church.
Sir Alexander's son, John Swinton, "Laird Swin-
ton" Carlyle calls him, wrecked the family fortunes.
According to Bishop Burnet he was " the man of all
Scotland most trusted and employed by Cromwell," and
353
2 Y
THE ART OF HERALDRY
he died a Quaker, excommunicated and forfeited. To
tlie circumstance tliat wlien, in 1672, the order went out
that all arms were to be officially recorded, he was a
broken man under sentence that his arms should be
" laceret and delete out of the Heralds' Books," we pro-
bably owe it that until of late years no Swinton arms
appeared on the Lyon Register.
Then to come to less stirring times, and turn to book-
t-^^^J?i
Fig. goS. — Bookplate of Sir John Swinton of that Ilk, 1707.
plates. His son, yet another Sir John of that Ilk, in
whose favour the forfeiture was rescinded, sat for Ber-
wickshu'e in the last Parliament of Scotland and the
first of Great Britain. His bookplate (Fig. 908) is one
of the earliest Scottish dated plates.
Fig. 909. — Bookplate of Aichibalcl Swinton of Kimmerghame.
His grandson. Captain Archibald Swinton of Kim-
merghame, county Berwick (Fig. 909), was an ardent
book collector up to his death in 1 804, and Archibald's
great-grandson, Captain George C. Swinton (Fig. 910),
walked as March Pursuivant in the procession in West-
minster Abbey at the coronation of King Edward the
Seventh of England in 1902, and smote on the gate
when that same Edward as First of Scotland claimed
admission to his castle of Edinburgh in 1903.
The arms as borne to-day by the head of the family,
John Edulf Blagrave Swinton of Swinton Bank, a
lieutenant in the Lothians and Berwickshu-e Imperial
Yeomanry, are as given on Plate LXIII.
The heraldic use of party badges is unknown in
British armory. Elsewhere we have suggested that
perhaps the oinquefoil where it occurs in early coats
may be a perpetuation of the party badge of Simon
de Montfort, the great Earl of Leicester. Many of the
red roses and the white roses which survive in our
armory are doubtless due to the party badges of York
and Lancaster. The red rose for Lancashire grantees
_ LlBRlJ" li
CAPTfllliflEOMKiWlNTON^
MflRCilPUR$CJlYANT
il
li
Fig. 910. — Bookplate of Captain George S. Swinton,
March Pursuivant of Arms.
and the white rose for Yorkshire grantees, the thistle
for Scotsmen and the shamrock for Irishmen, all in a
way may approach the category, but the party badge
proper we have never known. It is really a peculiarity
of Italian heraldry, the result of the curious party strife
of the " Ghibellines " and the " Guelphs." 'The former
party bore on a chief the Imperial eagle, the latter a
chief of Anjou. On Plate LXVII. Fig. 23 will be seen
the Ghibellme badge over the arms of the Counts of
Gambara, Pralboina, and Verola-Nuova. These are :
" Or, a lobster erect gules, on a chief of the field the
crowned Imperial eagle displayed sable." The alternate
badge is represented in Fig. 24 on the same plate over
the arms of the Manfredi family. Papal Vicars, and
Lords of Faenza, Imola, Cesena, and lorli, then- arms
being quarterly argent and azure, and the Guelph
badge bemg the azure chief charged with the three
fleurs-de-lis or of France and the label gules of Anjou.
A. C. F-D.
354
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXVI
MARKS OF BASTARDY
IT has been remarked that the knowledge of "the
man in the street " is least incorrect when he
knows nothing. Probably the only heraldic know-
ledge that a large number possess is summed up in the
assertion that the heraldic sign of illegitimacy is the
" bar sinister."
No doubt it is to the novehsts — who, seeking to touch
lightly upon an unpleasant subject, have ignorantly
adopted a French colloquialism — that we must attribute
a great deal of the misconception which exists concern-
ing illegitimacy and its heraldic marks of indication.
I assert most unhesitatingly that there are not now
and never have been any unalterable laws as to
what these marks should be, and the colloquialism
which insists upon the " bar sinister " is a curiously
amusing example of an utter misnomer. To any one
with the most rudimentary knowledge of heraldry it
must plainly be seen to be radically impossible to
depict a bar sinister, for the simple reason that the
bar is neither dexter nor sinister. It is utterly impos-
sible to draw a bar sinister — such a thing does not
exist. But the assertion of many writers with a know-
ledge of armory that " bar sinister " is a mistake for
" bend sinister " is also somewhat misleading, because
the real mistake lies in the spelHng of the term.
The " barre sinistre " is merely the French trans-
lation of bend sinister, the French word "barre"
meaning a hencl. The French " barre " is not the
EngUsh bar.
In order to properly understand the true significance
of the marks of illegitimacy, it is necessary that the
attempt should be made to transplant oneself into
the environment when the laws, and rules of heraldry
were in the making. At that period illegitimacy was
of little if any account. It has not debarred the succes-
sion of some of our own sovereigns, although, from the
earliest times, the English have always been more
prudish upon the point than other nations. In Ireland,
even so late as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, it is a
strikLng genealogical difficulty to decide in many noble
pedigrees which if any of the given sons of any person
were legitimate, and which of the ladies of his house-
hold, if any, might be legally termed his wife. In
Scotland we find the same thing, though perhaps it is
not quite so blatant to so late a date, but considering
what are and have been the Scottish laws of marriage,
it is the fact or otherwise of marriage which has
to be ascertained ; and though in England the legal
status was recognised from an earlier period, the social
status of the oftsprLng of a given man depended
Uttle upon the legal legitimacy of birth, but rather
upon the amount of recognition the bastard received
from his father. If a man had an unquestionably
legitimate son, that son undoubtedly succeeded ; but
if he had not, any technical stain upon the birth of
the others had little effect in preventing their succes-
sion. A study of the succession to the Barony of Meinill
clearly shows that the illegitimate son of the second
Lord Meinill succeeded to the estates and peerage of his
father in preference to his legitimate uncle. There are
many other analogous cases. And when the Church
juggled at its pleasure with the sacrament of marriage
— dispensing and annulling or recognising marriages for
reasons which we nowadays can only term whimsical —
small wonder is it that the legal fact, though then ad-
mitted, had little of the importance which we now give
to it. When the actual fact was so little more than a
matter at the personal pleasure of the person most
concerned, it would be ridiculous to suppose that any
perpetuation of a mere advertisement of the fact would
be considered necessary, whilst the fact itself was so
often ignored ; so that until comparatively recent times
the Crown certainly never attempted to enforce any
heraldic marks of illegitimacy. Rather were these en-
forced by the legitimate descendants if and when such
descendants existed.
The point must have first arisen when there were
both legitimate and illegitimate descendants of a given
person, and it was desired to make record of the true
line in which land or honours should descend. To effect
this purpose, the arms of the illegitimate son were made
to carry some charge or alteration to show that there
was some reason which debarred inheritance by their
users, whilst there remained those entitled to bear the
arms without the mark of distinction. But be it noted
that this obligation existed equally on the legitimate
cadets of a family, and in the earliest periods of heraldry
there is little or no distinction either in the marks em-
ployed 'or in the character of the marks, which can be
drawn between mere marks of cadency and marks of ille-
gitimacy. Until a comparatively recent period it is abso-
lutely unsafe to use these marks as signifying or proving
either legitimate cadency or illegitimacy. The same
mark stood for both, the only object which any distinctive
change accomplished, being the distinction which it was
necessary to draw between those who owned the right
to the undifferenced arms, and owned the land, and
those who did not. The object was to safeguard the
right of the real possessors, and not to penalise the others.
There was no particular mark either for cadency or for
illegitimacy, the distinctions made being dictated by
what seemed the most suitable and distinctive mark
applicable to the arms under consideration.
When that much has been thoroughly grasped, one
gets a more accurate understanding of the subject. One
other point has to be borne in mind (and to the present
generation, which knows so well how extensively arms
have been improperly assumed, the statement may seem
startling), and that is, that the use of arms was formerly
evidence of pedigree. As late as the beginning of the
nineteenth century evidence of this character was sub-
mitted to the Committee of Privileges at the hearing of
a Peerage case. The evidence was admitted for that
purpose, though doubt (in that case very properly) was
thrown upon its value.
Therefore, in view of the two foregoing facts, there
can be very little doubt that the use of armorial
marks of bastardy was not invented or instituted, nor
ivere they enforced, as punishment or as a disgrace.
It is a curious instance how a careful study of words
and terms employed will often afford either a clue or
confirmation, when the true meaning of the term has
lona: been overlooked.
The official term for a mark of cadency is a " differ-
ence " mark, i.e. it was a mark to show the difference
between one member of a family and another. The
mark used to signify a lack of blood relationship, and a
mark used to signify illegitimacy are each termed a
\
355
THE ART OF HERALDRY
mark of distinction, i.e. a mai'k that shall make some-
thing plainly "distinct." What is that something?
The fact that the use of the arms is not evidence of
descent through which heirship can be claimed or
proved. This, by the way, is a patent example of the
advantage of adherence to precedent.
The inevitable conclusion is that a bastard was origi-
nally only required to mark his shield sufficiently to be
distinctly apparent that hehship would never accrue.
The arms had to be distinct from those borne by those
members of the family upon whom heirship might
devolve. The social position of a bastard as " belong-
ing " to a family was pretty generally conceded, there-
fore he carried their arms, sufficiently marked to show
he was not in the line of succession.
This being accepted, one at once understands the
great variety of the marks which have been employed.
These answered the purpose of distinction, and nothing
more was demanded or necessary. Consequently a
recapitulation of marks, of which examples can be
quoted, are largely Usts of isolated instances, and as
such are useless for the purposes of deduction in any
attempt to arrive at a correct conclusion as to what the
ancient rules were. In brief, there were no rules until
the eighteenth, or perhaps even until the nineteenth
century. The only ride was that the arms must be
sufficiently marked in some way. This is borne out by
the dictum of Menestrier.
Except the label, which has been elsewhere referred
to, the earliest marks of either cadency or illegitimacy
for which accepted use can be found are the bend and
the bordure ; but the bend for the purpose of illegitimacy
seems to be the earher, and a bend superimposed over a
shield remained a mark of illegitimate cadency until a
comparatively late period. This bend as a difference
naturally was originally depicted as a bend dexter, and
as a mark of legitimate cadency is found in the arms
of the younger son of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of
Lancaster, before he succeeded his elder brother.
There are scores of other similar instances which a
little research will show. Whether the term "left-
handed marriage " is the older, and the sinister bend is
derived therefrom, or whether the slang term is derived
from the sinister bend, it is perhaps not necessary to in-
quire. But there is no doubt that from an early period
the bend of cadency, when such cadency was illegitimate,
is frequently met with in the sinister form. But con-
currently with such usage instances are found in which
the dexter bend was used for the same purpose, and it
is very plainly evident that it was never at that date
looked upon as a penalty, but was used merely as a
distinction, or for the purpose of showing that the
wearer was not the head of his house or in possession
of the lordship. The territorial idea of the nature of
arms, which has been alluded to in the chapter upon
marks of cadency, should be borne in mind in coming
to a conclusion.
Soon after the recognition of the bend as a mark of
illegitimacy we come across the bordure ; but there is
some confusion with this, bordures of all kinds being
used indiscriminately to denote both legitimate and
illegitimate cadency. There are countless other forms
of marking illegitimacy, and it is impossible to attempt
to summarise them, and absolutely impossible to draw
conclusions as to any family fi-om marks upon its arms
when this point is under discussion. To give a list of
these instances would rather seem an attempt to deduce
a rule or rules upon the point, so I say at once that
there was no recognised mark, and any plain distinction
seems to have been accepted as sufficient ; and no dis-
tinction whatever was made when the illegitimate son,
either from failure of legitimate issue or other reason.
succeeded to the lands and honours of his father.
Out of the multitude of marks, the bend, and subse-
quently the bend sinister, emerge as most frequently in
use, and finally the bend sinister exclusively; so that
it has come to be considered, and perhaps correctly
at one period, that its use was equivalent to a mark of
illegitimacy in England.
Bat there has always remained to the person of bastard
descent the right of discarding the bastardised coat, and
adopting a new coat of arms, the only requirement as to
the new coat being that it shall be so distinct from the
old one as not to be liable to confusion therewith. And
it is a moot point whether or not a large proportion of the
instances which are tabulated in most heraldic works as
examples of marks of bastardy are anything whatever of
the kind. My own opinion is that many are not, and that
it is a mistake to so consider them, the true explanation
undoubtedly in some — and outside the Eoyal Family
probably in most — being that they are new coats of arms
adopted as new coats of arms doubtless bearing relation
to the old family coat, but sufficiently distinguished there-
from to rank as new arms, and were never intended to be
taken as, and never were bastardised examples of formerly
existing coats. It is for this reason that I have refrained
from giving any extensive list such as is to be found in
most other treatises on heraldry, for all that can be said
for such lists is that they are lists of the specific arms of
specific bastards, which is a very different matter from a
list of heraldic marks of illegitimacy.
Another objection to the long lists which most heraldic
works give of early instances of marks of bastardy as data
for deduction lies in the fact that most are instances of the
illegitimate children of Eoyal personages. It is singularly
unsafe to draw deductions, to be applied to the arms of
others, from the Eoyal Arms, for these generally have laws
unto themselves. The bend sinister in its bare simplicity
was seldom used, the more frequent form being the
sinister bendlet, or even the diminutive of that, the
cottise. There is no doubt, of course, that when a
sinister bend or bendlet debruises another coat that that
is a bastardised version of an older coat, but examples can
be found of the sinister bend as a charge which has no
reference whatever to illegitimacy. Two instances that
come to mind, which can be found by reference to any.
current peerage, are the arms of Shiffner and Burne-Jones.
Certainly in these cases I know of no illegitimacy, and
neither coat is a bastardised version of an older existing
coat. Anciently the bendlet was drawn across arms and
quarterings, and an example of a coat of arms of some
number of quarterings debruised for an illegitimate family
is found in the registration of a Talbot pedigree in one of
the Visitation Books. As a mark of distinction upon
arms the bend sinister for long past has fallen out of
use, though for the purpose of differencing crests a bend-
let wavy sinister is still made use of, and will be again
presently referred to.
Next to the bend comes the bordure. Bordures of all
kinds were used for the purposes of cadency from practi-
cally the earliest periods of heraldic differencing. But
they were used indiscriminately, as has been already stated,
both for legitimate and illegitimate cadency. John of
Gaunt, as is well known, was the father of Henry IV. and
the ancestor of Henry VII., the former being the issue of
his legitimate wife, the latter coming from a son who,
as one of the old chroniclers puts it, " was of double
advowtrie begotten." But, as every one knows, John of
Gaunt's children by Catherine Eoet or Swynford were
legitimated by Act of Parliament, the Act of Parliament
not excepting the succession to the Throue, a disability
later introduced in Letters Patent of the Crown when
giving a subsequent confirmation of the Act, but which,
nevertheless, they could not overrule. But taking the
356
PLATE CXIV.
THE ROYAL ARMS OF GREAT BRITAIN, AS DETERMINED BY THE WARR,AxN'T,
IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
sons of the latter family as legitimate, whioli (whatever
may have been the moral aspect of the case) they were
undoubtedly in the eyes of the common law after the
passing of the Act referred to, they existed concurrently
with the undoubtedly senior descendants of the first
marriage of John of Gaunt with Blanche of Lancaster,
and it was necessary — whether they were legitimate
or not — to distinguish the arms of the junior from the
senior branch. The result was that as legitimate
cadets, and not as bastards, the arms of John of Gaunt
were differenced for the line of the Dukes of Somerset by
the addition of the bordure compony argent and azure —
the livery colours of Lancaster.
The fight as to whether these children were legitimate
or illegitimate was, of course, notorious, and a matter of
history ; but from the fact that they bore a bordure com-
pony, an idea grew up both in this country and in Scotland
from the similarity of the cases of the doubtful legitimacy
of the Avondale and Ochiltree Stewarts, who both used
the bordure compony, that the bordure compony was a
sign of illegitimacy, whereas in both countries at an earlier
period it undoubtedly was accepted as a mark of legiti-
mate cadency.
As a mark of bastardy it had subsequently some
extensive use in both countries, and it still remains the
only mark now used for the purpose in Scottish heraldry.
Whether it was that it was not considered as of a fixed
nature, or whether it was that it had become notorious
and unacceptable, it is difiicult to say, though the officers
of arms have been blamed for making a change on the
assumption that it was the latter.
Some writers who clamour strongly for the penalising
of bastard arms, and for the plain and recognisable
marking of them as such (a position adopted rather
vehemently by Woodward, a singularly erudite heraldic
writer), are rather uncharitable, and at the same
time rather lacking in due observation and careful
consideration of ancient ideas and ancient precedents.
That the recognised mark has been changed at different
periods, and as a consequence that to a certain extent the
advertisement it conveys has been less patent is, of course,
put down to the " venality " of mediteval heralds (happily
their backs are broad) by those who are too short-sighted
to observe that the one thing an oflScial herald moves
heaven and earth to escape from is the making of a new
precedent ; and that, on the score of signs of illegitimacy,
the official heralds, when the control of arms passed into
their hands, found no established rule. So far from
having been guilty of venality, as Woodward suggests,
they have erred on the other side, and by having worked
only on the limited number of precedents they found
they have stereotyped the advertisement, and thereby
made the situation more stringent than they found it.
We have it from biblical sources that the sins of the
fathers shall be visited upon the children unto the third
and fourth generations, and this spirit has undoubtedly
crept into the views of many writers, but to get into the
true perspective of the matter one needs to consider the
subject from the point of view of less prudish days than
our own.
I have no wish to be misunderstood. In these days
much heraldic reviewing of the blatant and baser sort
depends not upon the value of the work performed, a
point of view which is never given a thought, but
entirely upon the identity of the writer whose work
is under review, and is largely composed of misquota-
tion and misrepresentation. It may perhaps be as
well, therefore, to state that I am not seeking to
condone illegitimacy or to combat present opinions
upon the point. I merely state that our present opinions
are a modem growth, and that in the thirteenth, four-
teenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, when the
fundamental principles of heraldry were in the making,
it was not considered a disgrace to have an illegitimate
son, nor to be of illegitimate birth.
At any rate, the fact remains that a new mark was
called into being in England about the year 1780 when
in a grant to Zachary to quarter the arms of Sacheverell,
from which family he was in the female line ille-
gitimately descended, the bordure wavy was first met
with as a sufficient and proper mark of illegitimacy.
The curious point is that before that date in Scotland and
in England the bordure wavy possessed nothing of this
character, and to the present day the bordure wavy in Scot-
land is undoubtedly nothing more than a legitimate mark of
legitimate cadency, for which mark Mr. Stodart provides
a place in the scheme of differencing which he tabulated
as the basis of cadency marks in Scotland (Fig. 899).
Since that date the bordure wavy has remained the mark
which has been used for the purpose in England, as the
bordure compony has remained the mark in Scotland.
Bearing in mind that the only necessity was some mark
which should carry sufficient distinction from the arms of
the family, it follows, as a natural consequence of human
nature, that as soon as any particular mark became
identified with Olegitimacy (after that was considered to
be a stigma), that mark was quietly dropped and some
other substituted, and no one would be surprised to find
the bordures wavy and compony quietly displaced by
something else. If any change is to be made it is to be
hoped that no existing mark will be adopted, and that the
marks in England and Scotland shall not conflict even if
they do not coincide.
The bendlet sinister, however, survives in the form of the
baton sinister, which is a bendlet couped placed across the
centre of the shield. The baton sinister, however, is a
privilege which is preserved, such as it is, for Royal bas-
tards. The latest instance of this was in the exemplifica-
tion of arms to the Earl of Mnnster and his brothers and
sisters early in the nineteenth century. Other surviving
instances are met with in the arms of the Duke of St.
Albans and the Duke of Grafton. Another privilege of
Royal bastards is that they may have the baton of inetal,
aprivilege which is, according to Berry, denied to those
of humbler origin. According to present law the posi-
tion of an illegitimate person heraldically is based upon
the common law of the country, which practically declares
that an illegitimate child has no name, no parentage,
and no relations. The illegitimacy of birth is an in-
superable bar to inheritance, and a person of illegitimate
birth inherits no arms at all, the popular idea that he
inherits a right to the arms subject to a mark of dis-
tinction being quite incorrect. He has none at all.
There has never been any mark which, as a matter of
course and of mere motion, could attach itself automati-
cally to a shield, as is the case with the English marks
of difference, e.g. the crescent of the second son or the
mullet of the third. This is a point upon which I have
found mistaken ideas very frequently held, even by those
who have made some study of heraldry.
But a very little thought should make it plain that by
the very nature of the fact there cannot be either a
recognised mark, compulsory^use, or an ipse facto sign.
Illegitimacy is negative, not positive — a fact which
many writers hardly give sufficient weight to. If any
one of illegitimate birth desires to obtain a right to arms
he has two courses open to him. He can either (not
disclosing the fact of his illegitimacy, and not attempting
to prove that he is a descendant of any kind from any one
else) apply for and obtain a new grant of arms on his own
basis, and worry through the College the grant of a coat
as closely following in design that of the old family as he
can get, which means that he would be treated and penal-
ised with such alterations (not "marks of distinction ") as
357
THE ART OF HERALDRY
would be imposed upon a stranger in blood endeavouring
to obtain arms founded upon a coat to whicli lie had no
right. The cost of such a proceeding in England is £y&,
los., the usual fees upon an ordinary grant.
The alternative course is simple. He must avow him-
self a bastard, and must prove his paternity or maternity,
as the case may be (for in the eye of the law — common
and heraldic — he bears the same relation, which is nil,
and the same right to the name and arms, which is nil, of
both his father and his mother).
Illegitimacy under English law affords one of the
many instances in which anomalies exist, for, strange as
the statement is, a bastard comes into the world without
any name at all.
Legally, at birth a bastard child has then no name at all,
and no arms. It must sabiequently acquire such rio-ht to a
name (whatever right that may amount to) as user of and
reputation therein may give him. He inherits no arms at
all, no name, and no property, save by specific devise or
bequest. The lack of parents operates as a chasm which
it is impossible to bridge. It is not a case of a peculiar
bridge or a faulty bridge ; there is no bridge at all.
Names, in so far as they are matters of law, are
subject to canon law ; at any rate, the law upon the
subject, such as it is, originated in canon law, and not
in statute or civil law. Canon law was made, and has
never since been altered, at a time when surnames were
not in existence. A bastard no more inherits the surname
of the mother than it does the surname of its father ; and
the spirit of petty officialism, so rampant amongst the
clergy, which seeks to impose upon a bastard nolens volens
the surname of its mother, has no justification in law or
fact. A bastard has precisely as little right to the sur-
name of its mother as it has to the surname of its father.
Obviously, however, under the customs of our present
social life, every person must have a surname of one kind
or another ; and it is here that the anomaly in the British
law exists, inasmuch as neither statute nor canon law
provide any means for conferring a surname. That the
King has the prerogative, and eSercises it, of conferring
or confirming surnames is, of course, unquestioned, but it
is hardly to be supposed that the King will trouble him-
self to provide a surname for every illegitimate child
which may be born ; and outside this prerogative, which
probably is exercised about once a year, there is no
method provided or definitely recognised by the law to
meet this necessity. To obviate the difficulty, the sur-
name has to be that which is conferred upon the child by
general custom ; and as an illegitimate child is in ninety-
nine cases out of a hundred brought up by its mother, it
is usually by the same custom which confers the surname
of its owner upon a dog in so many parts of the country
that a bastard child gets known by its mother's surname,
and consequently has that surname conferred upon it by
general custom. The only names that an illegitimate
child has inalienable right to are the names by which it
is baptized ; and if two names are given, and the child or
its guardians elect that it should be known only by those
baptismal names, and if common repute and general
custom, as would be probable, uses the last of those names
as a surname, there is no legal power on earth which can
force upon the child any other name ; and if the last of
the baptismal names happens to be its father's surname,
the child will have an absolute right to be known only by
its Christian names, which to all intents and purposes
wDl mean that it will be known by its father's surname.
In the same way that an illegitimate child inherits no
surname at all, it equally inherits no arms. Consequently
it has no shield upon which to cany a mark of bastardy,
if such a mark happened to be in existence. But if
under a will or deed of settlement an illegitimate child is
required to assume the name and arms of its father m- of
its mother, a Royal Licence to assume such name and arms
is considered to be necessary. It may be here noted that
voluntary applications to assume a name and arms in the
case of an illegitimate child are not entertained unless it
can be clearly shown (which is not always an easy matter)
what the parentage really was.
It will be noticed that I have said he will be required
to prove his paternity. This is vigorously insisted upon,
inasmuch as it is not fair to penalise the reputation of a
dead man by inflicting upon him a record of bastard de-
scendants whilst his own life might have been stainless.
An illegitimate birth is generally recorded under the name
of the mother only, and even when it is given, the truth of
any statement as to paternity is always open to grave sus-
picion. There is nothing, therefore, to prevent a person
asserting that he is the son of a duke, whereas his real father
may have been in a very plebeian walk in life ; and to put
the arms of the duke's family at the mercy of any father-
less person who chose to fancy a differenced version of
them would be manifestly unjust, so that without proof in
a legal action of the actual paternity, or some recognition
under a will or settlement, it is impossible to adopt the
alternative in question. But if such recognition or proof
is forthcoming, the procedure is to petition the Sovereign
for a Eoyal Licence to use (or continue to use) the name
desired and to bear the arms of the famOy. Such a peti-
tion is always granted, on proper proof of the facts, if
made in due form through the proper channels. The
Royal Licence to that effect is then issued. But the
document contains two conditions, the first being that the
arms shall be exemplified according to the laws of arms
" with due and proper marks of distinction," and that the
Eoyal Licence shall be recorded in the College of Arms,
otherwise "to be void and of none effect." The invariable
insertion of this clause puts into the hands of the College
one of the strongest weapons the officers of arms possess.
Under the present regime the due and proper marks of
distinction are, for the arms, a bordure wavy round the
shield of the most suitable colour, according to what the
arms may be, but if possible of some colour or metal
different from any of the tinctures in the arms. The
crest is usually differenced by a bendlet wavy sinister,
but a pallet wavy is sometimes used, and sometimes a
saltire wavy, couped or otherwise. The choice between
these 'marks generally depends upon the nature of the
crest. But even with this choice, the anomaly is fre-
quently found of blank space being carefully debruised.
Seeing that the mark of the debruising is not a tangible
object or thing, but a mark painted upon another object,
such a result seems singularly ridiculous, and ought to
be avoided. Whilst the ancient practice certainly ap-
pears to have been to make some slight change in the
crest, it does not seem to have been debruised in the pre-
sent manner. There are some number of more recent
cases where, whilst the existing arms have been charged
with the necessary marks of distinction, entirely new, or
very much altered crests have been granted without any
recognisable " marks of distinction." There can be no
doubt that the bendlet wavy sinister upon the crest is a
palpable penalising of the bearer, and I think the whole
subject of the marks of bastardy in the three kingdoms
might with advantage be brought under official considera-
tion, with a view to new regulations being adopted. A
bendlet wavy sinister is such an absolute defacement of a
crest that few can care to make use of a crest so marked.
It carries an effect far beyond what was originally the
intention of marks of distinction.
The last few bastardised exemplifications which have
issued from Ulster's Office have had the crest charged with
a baton couped sinister. The baton couped sinister has
always hitherto been confined to the arms of Royal
bastards, but there was no exclusive reservation of it to
358
THE ART OF HERALDRY
sucli circumstances. Of course no circumstances can be
conceived in which it is necessary to debruise sup-
porters, as under no cLrcumstanoes can these be the
subject of a Eoyal Licence of this character. They sig-
nify some definite honour which cannot ordinarily survive
illegitimacy.
The bordure wavy is placed round the pronominal arms
only, and no right to any quarterings the famUy may have
enjoyed previously is conferred, except such right to a
quarterly coat as might ensue through the assumption of
a double name. Quartering is held to signify representa-
tion which cannot be given by a Eoyal Licence, but a
quartering of augmentation or a duplicate coat for the
pronominal name which had been so regularly used with
the alternative coat as to constitute the two something
in the nature of a compound coat, would be exemplified
" all within a bordure wavy." Each illegitimate coat
stands on its own basis, and there is a well-known in-
stance in which a marriage was subsequently found to be
illegal, or to have never taken place, after which, I be-
lieve, some number of brothers and sisters obtained Eoyal
Licences and exemplifications. The descendants of one of
the brothers will be found in the current Peerage Books,
and those who know their peerage history well will recog-
nise the case I allude to. All the brothers and sisters had
the same arms exemplified, each with a bordure wavy of a
different eoloiiT. If there were descendants of any of the
sisters, those descendants would have been entitled to
quarter the arms, because the illegitimacy made each
sister an heiress for heraldic purposes. This is a curious
anomaly, for had they been legitimate the descendants
would have enjoyed no such right.
In Scotland the mark of Ulegitimaoy for the arms is
the bordure compony, which is usually but not always
indicative of the same. The bordure counter-oompony has
been occasionally stated to have the same character. This
is hardly correct, though it may be so in a few isolated
cases, but the bordure chequy has nothing whatever of an
illegitimate character. It will be noticed that whOst the
bordure compony and the bordure counter-compony have
their chequers or " panes," to use the heraldic term,
following the outUne of the shield, by lines parallel to
those which mark its contour, the bordure chequy is
drawn by lines parallel to and at right angles to the
palar line of the shield, irrespective of the outline. A
bordure chequy must, of course, at one point or another
show three rows of checks.
The bastardising of crests even in England is a com-
paratively modern practice. I know of no single instance
ancient or modern of the kind in Scottish heraldry,
though I could mention scores of achievements in which
the shields carry marks of distinction. This is valuable
evidence, for no matter how lax the official practice of
Scottish armory may have been at one period, the theory
of Scottish armory far more nearly approaches the ancient
practices and rules of heraldry than does the armory of
any other country. That theory is much nearer the ideal
theory than the English one, but unfortunately for the
practical purposes of modern heraldic needs, it does not
answer so well. At the present day, therefore, a Scottish
crest is not marked in any way.
Most handbooks refer to a certain rule which is sup-
posed to exist for the differencing of a coat to denote
illegitimacy when the coat is that of the mother and not
the father, the supposed method being to depict the arms
under a surcoat, the result being much the same as if the
whole of the arms appeared in exaggerated flaunohes, the
remainder of the shield being left vacant. As a matter
of fact only one instance is known, and consequently we
must consider it as a new coat devised to bear reference
to the old one, and not as a regularised method of differ-
encing for a particular set of circumstances.
In Ireland the rules are to all intents and purposes the
same as in England, with the exception of the occasional
use of a sinister baton instead of a bendlet wavy sinister
upon the crest. In Scotland, where Eoyal Licences are
unknown, it is merely necessary to prove paternity, and
rematriculate the arms with due and proper marks of
distinction.
It was a very general idea during a former period, but
subsequently to the time when the bendlet sinister and
the bordure were recognised as in the nature of the ac-
cepted marks of bastardy, and when their penal nature
was admitted, that whatever mark was adopted for the
purpose of indicating illegitimacy need only be borne for
three generations. Some of the older authorities tell us
that after that length of time had elapsed it might be
discarded, and some other and less objectionable mark
be taken in its place. The older writers were striving,
consciously or unconsciously, to reconcile the disgrace of
illegitimacy which they knew with heraldic facts which
they also knew, and to reconcile in certain prominent
families undoubted illegitimacy with unmarked arms, the
probability being that their sense of justice and regard
for heraldry prompted them to the remark that some other
mark of distinction oiLgkt to be added, whilst all the time
they knew it never was. The arms of Byron, Somerset,
Meiniil, and Herbert are all cases where the marks of
illegitimacy have been quietly dropped, entire reversion
being had to the undifferenoed original coat. At a time
when marks of illegitimacy, both in fact and in theory,
were nothing more than marks of cadency and difference
from the arms of the head of the house, it was no ven-
ality of the heralds, but merely the acceptance of current
ideas, that permitted them to recognise the undifferenced
arms for the illegitimate descendants when there were no
legitimate owners from whose claim the arms of the others
needed to be differentiated, and when lordships and lands
had lapsed to a bastard branch. To this fact must be
added another. The armorial control of the heralds after
the days of tournaments was exercised through the Visita-
tions and the Earl Marshal's Court. Peers were never
subject to the Visitations, and so were not under control
unless their arms were challenged in the Earl Marshal's
Court by the rightful owner. The cases that are notorious
are cases of the arms of peers.
The Visitations gave the officers of arms greater control
over the arms of Commoners than they had had thereto-
fore, and the growing social opinions upon legitimacy and
marriage brought social observances more into conformity
with the technical law, and made that technical law of no
inheritance and no paternity an operative fact. The re-
sult is that the hard legal fact is now rigidly and rightly
insisted upon, and the claim and right to arms of one of
illegitimate descent depends and is made to depend solely
upon the instruments creating that right, and the condi-
tions of "due and proper marks of distinction" subject
to which the right is called into being. Nowadays there
is no release from the penalty of the bordures wavy and
compony save through the avenue of a new and totally
different grant and the full fees payable therefor. But,
as the bearer of a bordure wavy once remarked to me, "I
had rather descend Olegitimately from a good family and
bear their arms marked than descend from a lot of
nobodies and use a new grant." But until the common
law is altered, if it ever is, the game must be played
fairly and the conditions of a Eoyal Licence observed,
for the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children.
Although I have refrained from giving any extended
list of bastardised coats as examples of the rules for in-
dicating illegitimacy, reference may nevertheless be made
to various curious examples.
The canton has occasionally been used. Sir John de
Warren, a natural son of John, Earl of Surrey, Sussex,
359
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and Warenne [d. 1 347), bore a canton of the arms of his
mother, Alice de Nerford [" Gules, a lion rampant
ermine"], over the chequy shield of Warren. A similar
instance can be found in modern times, the arms of
Charlton of Apley Castle, co. Salop, being bastardised
by a sinister canton which bears two coats quarterly,
these coats having formerly been quarterings borne in
the usual manner.
The custom of placing the paternal arms upon a bend
has been occasionally adopted, but this of course is the
creation of a new coat. It was followed by the Beauforts
(see page 356) before their legitimation, and by Sir Roger
de Clarendon, the illegitimate son of the Black Prince (see
page 182 and Plate LXVII. Fig. 31). The Somerset
family, who derived illegitimately from the Beauforts,
Dukes of Somerset, first debruised the Beaufort arms by
a bendlet sinister, but in the next generation the arms
were placed upon a wide fess, this on a plain field of or.
Although the Somersets, Dukes of Beaufort, have dis-
carded all signs of bastardy from their shield, the version
upon the fess was continued as one of the quarterings upon
the arms of the old Shropshire family of Somerset Fox.
One of the most curious bastardised coats is that of Henry
Fitz-Roy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate
son of Henry VIII. (Fig. 911). This shows the Royal
Arms within a bordure quarterly ermine and counter-
compony or and azure, debruised by a baton sinister
argent, an inescutcheon quarterly gules and vaire [doubt-
less hinting at the Blount arms of his mother, barry
nebuly or and sable], or and vert, over all a lion rampant
argent, on a chief azure a tower between two stags' heads
caboshed argent, attired or. The ownership of the arms
depicted on Plate XCIX. Fig. 10, described as the arms of
Fig. 911. — Arms of Henry FitzEoy,
Duke of Richmond.
the King's brother, and showing England debruised by an
escarbuncle azure, is an absolute mystery to me. The
esoarbuncle is attributed as a badge to Henry II., and
there is good reason to suppose he derived it from Anjou.
It is not unlikely it is intended for one of his sons, or for
one of the illegitimate sons of King John. It will be
seen (Fig. 41) on the shield of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou,
and appears as the sole charge on the arras of his natural
son Hamelin, Earl of Surrey and Warenne (Fig. 626), and
elsewhere herein as the crest of his descendant, John de
Warenne, Earl of Surrey.
Some Continental examples of arms, differenced either
for bastardy or cadency, are to be seen on Plate LXVII.
It will be seen therefrom that in France it is not always
possible to decide from the arms alone whether the line
be legitimate or illegitimate. Fig. 6 thereupon shows the
shield of the old Dukes of Bourbon, viz. France (ancient)
debruised by a bendlet gules. At a later date these
Bourbons (Conde Bourbons) shortened the bendlet to a
baton (see Fig. 7 on the same Plate), and it should be
noticed that the baton in France was depicted very much
smaller than was ever the case in this country. The
Princes of Bourbon Conti (cadets of the House of Cond^)
added the bordure gules as in Fig. 8. All these were
legitimate-
The Counts of Toulouse, whose line was illegitimate,
bore the same arms but with a sinister baton. How in-
significant was such a mark can be seen from Fig. gi2,
which represents the seal of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon,
Fig. 912. — Seal of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon,
Count of Toulouse.
Comte of Toulouse, Duke of Damville, Penthievre Chateau-
villain and Rambouillet, Peer of France, the natural son
of Louis XIV. and the Marquise de Montespan. The
arms of France, differenced as stated above, are sur-
rounded by the collars of the Orders of St. Michael and
of the Holy Ghost. The anchor upon which the shield is
displayed is the badge of his office of Lord High Admiral
of France.
Pig. 10 on Plate LXVII. shows the coat of the Dukes
of Montpensier, viz. the arms of France debruised by a
bend dexter gules, the upper part being charged with the
arms of Dauphine. The following shield (Fig. 1 1) is that
of the Due de Vendome, son of Heniy IV. by Gabrielle
d'Estr&s, and Fig. 12 on the same plate is the shield of
the Counts d'Evreux, who were legitimate, as were also
the Counts d'Etampes, who differenced (Fig. 15) by a
bordure compony ermine and gules. The Dukes of
Touraine bore a bordure engrailed compony gules and
argent (Fig. 16). Fig. 18, also on Plate LXVII., shows
the arms of John, the Bastard " de Luxembourg,"
Seigneur de Haubourdin (1457). Here a bendlet sinister
azure is the mark. The next shield is that of Joseph
Zabeltitz (natural sou of Prince Xavier of Saxony). Here
the shield of Saxony is debruised by a fess sable. Fig. 20
shows the arms of Francis Louis, Count of Holnstein,
illegitimate son of the Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria.
Here the curious coat of Bavaria is debruised by a baton
sinister gules. Plate LXVII. Fig. 2 1 depicts the coat of
John George, Count von Sontheim (1807), the natural
son of Duke Ludwig of Wiirtemberg, the arms of that
country being charged with a bendlet sinister gules.
The last example on that Plate (Fig. 22) shows the arms
of James Welser, natural son of James Welser of Num-
berg, legitimated by the Emperor Charles in 1545. Here
a sinister bendlet azure is employed.
A. C. F-D. AND H. S.
360
PLATE CXV.
P U S L I < ! j
Printed at SluKsdn.
ARMS OF SOVEREIGNTY, DOMINION, &C.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXVII
THE MARSHALLING OF ARMS
THE science of marshalling is the conjoining of two
or more coats of arms upon one shield for the
purpose of indicating sovereignty, dominion, alli-
ance, descent, or pretension, according to recognised rules
and regulations, by the employment of which the story
of any given achievement shall be readily translatable.
The methods of marshalling are (l) dimidiation, (2)
impalement, (3) quartering, (4) superimposition.
Instances of quartered shields are to be met with
possibly before impalements or dimidiation. The earliest
attempt at anything like a regularised method of pro-
cedure to signify marriage was that usually males
quartered the arms of their wives or ancestresses from
whom they acquired their lands ; whilst impaled coats
were to all intents and purposes the armorial bearings of
married women, or more frequently of widows who took
an immediate interest in their husbands' property. This
ancient usage brings home very forcibly the former
territorial connection of arms and land. The practice of
the husband impaling the wife's arms, whether heiress
or not, probably arose near the close of the fifteenth
century. Even now it is laid down that the arras of a
wife should not in general be borne upon the husband's
banner, surcoat, or official seal. But impalement as we
now know it was preceded by dimidiation.
Dimidiation, which was but a short-lived method, was
effected by the division of the shield down the centre. On
the dexter side was placed the dexter half of the husband's
arms, and on the sinister side was placed the sinister half
of the wife's arms. With some coats of arms no objection
could be urged against the employment of this method.
But it was liable to result {e.g. with two coats of arms hav-
ing the same ordinary) in the creation of a design which
looked far more like one simple coat than a conjunction
of two. The dimidiation of " argent, a bend gules " and
" argent, a chevron sable " would simply result in a single
coat " argent, a bend per pale gules and sable." This fault
of the system must have made itself manifest at an early
period, for we soon find it became customary to introduce
about two-thirds of the design of each coat for the sake of
demonstrating their separate character. It must soon
thereafter have become apparent that if two-thirds of the
design of a coat of arms could be squeezed into half of the
shield, there was no valid reason why the whole of the
design could not be employed. This therefore became
customary under the name of impalement, and the
practice has ever since remained with us. Few examples
indeed of dimidiation are to be met with, and as a practical
method of conjunction, the practice was chiefly in vogue
during the earlier part of the fourteenth century.
Occasionally quartered coats were dimidiated, in which
case the first and third quarters of the husband's coat were
conjoined with the second and fourth of the wife's. As far
as outward appearance went, this practice resulted in the
fact that no distinction existed from a plain quartered coat.
Thus the seal of Margaret of Bavaria, Countess of Holland,
and wife of John, Count de Nevers, in 1385 (afterwards
Duke of Burgundy), bears a shield on which is apparently
a simple instance of quartering, but really a dimidiated
coat. The two coats to the dexter side of the palar line are :
In chief Burgnndy-Modern (" France- Ancient, a bordure
compony argent and gules "), and in base Burgundy-
Ancient. On the sinister side the coat in chief is Bavaria
(•' Bendy-lozengy argent and azure ") ; and the one in base
contains the quartered arms of Flanders (" Or, a lion ram-
pant sable ") ; and Holland (" Or, a lion rampant gules ") ;
the pourfilar lines dividing these latter quarters being
omitted, as is usually found to be the case with this
particular shield.
Certain examples can be found amongst the Eoyal
Arms in England which show much earlier instances of
dimidiation. The arms of Margaret of France, who died
in 1319, the second queen of Edward I., remain on her
tomb in Westminster Abbey as an example of this method
of conjunction. The arms of England appear on the
dexter side of the escocheon ; and this coat undergoes a
certain amount of curtailment, though the dimidiation is
not complete, portions only of the hindmost parts of the
lions being cut ofE by the palar line. The coat of France,
on the sinister side, of course does not readily indicate the
dimidiation.
Boutell, in his chapter on marshalling in " Heraldry,
Historical and Popular," gives several early examples of
dimidiation. The seal of Edmond Plantagenet, Earl of
Cornwall (d. 1300), bears his arms (those of Eichard,
Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans) dimidiating
those of his wife, Margaret de Clare. Here only the
sinister half of his bordure is removed, while the Clare
coat (" Or, three chevrons gules ") is entirely dimidiated,
and the chevrons are little distinguishable from bends.
Both coats are dimidiated in other examples mentioned
by Boutell, viz. William de Valence and his wife, and Ali-
anore Montendre and her husband Guy Ferre. On the
seal of Margaret Campbell, wife of Alexander Napier, in
1 53 1, the shield shows upon the dexter side the arms of
Lennox, and on the sinister the dimidiated coat (the sinister
half of the quartered arms) of Campbell and Lorn. This
results in the galley of Lorn being in chief, and the
Campbell gyrons in base.
An early and interesting Irish example of this kind of
marshalling is afforded by a dimidated coat of Clare and
Fitzgerald, which now figures on the official seal of the
Provosts of Youghal (Clare : " Or, three chevrons gules."
Fitzgerald: "Argent, a saltire gules, with a label of five
points in chief.") Both these coats are halved. They
result from the marriage of Eichard Clare, Earl of Here-
ford, with Juliana, daughter and heir of Maurice Fitz-
Gerald, feudal lord of Inohiquin and Youghal.
An even more curious case of dimidiation comes to
light in the arms formerly used by the Abbey of St.
Etienne at Caen, in which the arms of England and those
attributed to the Duchy of Normandy (" Gules, two lions
passantgnardant or") were dimidiated,so that in the former
half three of the fore-quarters of the lions appear, while
in the sinister half only two of the hind- quarters are
represented.
Dimidiation was not always effected by conjunction
down the palar line, other partition lines of the shield
being occasionally, though very rarely, employed in this
manner.
Certain curious (now indivisible) coats of arms remain
which undoubtedly originated in the dimidiation of two
separate coats, e.g. the arms of Yarmouth, Sandwich,
Hastings, Eye, and Chester. In all cases some Eoyal
connection can be traced which has caused the Eoyal
Arms of England to be conjoined with the earlier devices
of fish, ships, or garbs which had been employed by the
towns in question. It is worth the passing thought, how-
361
2z
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ever, whether the conjoined lions and hulks used by the
Cinque Ports may not originally have been a device of the
Sovereign for naval purposes, or possibly the naval version
of the Royal Arms (see pages 128 and 129).
One other remainder from the practice of dimidiation
still survives amongst the presently existing rules of
heraldry. It is a rule to which no modern a\ithoritative
exception can be mentioned. When a coat within a
bordure is impaled with another coat, the bordure is not
continued down the centre of the shield, but stops short
at top and bottom when the palar line is reached (Figs.
165, 200, 260). This rule is undoubtedly a result of
the ancient method of conjunction by dimidiation, but
the curious point is that, at the period when dimidiation
was employed and during the period which followed, some
number of examples can be found where the bordure
is continued round the whole coat which is within it
(Pig. 201).
The arms of man and wife are now conjoined according
to the following rules : — If the wife is not an heiress the
two coats are impaled (Figs. 53, 65, 82, 96, lOOn, 108, 1 10,
255, 258, 262, 299, 305). If the wife be an heraldic heir
or coheir, in lien of impalement the arms of her family are
placed on an iaesoutcheon superimposed on the centre of
her husband's arms, the inescutcheon being termed an
escutcheon of pretence, because jure tixoris she being an
heiress of her house, the husband "pretends" to the re-
presentation of her family (Figs. 105, 129, 321, 436, 464,
and 512).
For heraldic purposes it therefore becomes necessary to
define the terms heir and heiress. It is very essential
that the point should be thoroughly understood, because
quarterings other than those of augmentation can only be
inherited from or through female ancestors who are in
themselves heirs or coheirs (this is the true term, or,
rather, the ancient term, though they are now usually re-
ferred to colloquially as heiresses or coheiresses) in blood,
or whose issue subsequently become in a later generation
the representatives of any ancestor in the male line of
that female ancestor. A woman is an " heir " or " heiress "
(l) if she is an only child ; (2) if all her brothers die with-
out leaving any issue to survive, either male or female ;
(3) she becomes an heiress " in her issue," as it is termed,
if she die leaving issue herself if and when all the de-
scendants male and female of her brothers become abso-
lutely extinct. The term "coheir" or "coheiress" is
employed in cases similar to the foregoing when, instead
of one daughter, there are two or more. The table on
page 363 may make things a little clearer.
No person can be " heir or "coheir " of another person
until the latter is dead, though he or she may be heir-
apparent or heir-presumptive. Though the word " heir "
is frequently used with regard to matei'ial matters, such
usage is really there incorrect, except in cases of intestacy.
A person benefiting under a will is a legatee of money, or
a devisee of land, and not an heir to either. In this
article intestacy is ignored, and the explanations apply
solely to heirship of blood.
Charles in the accompanying pedigree is, after 1800,
heir of David. Thomas is heir-apparent of Charles, being
a son and the eldest born. He dies v.p. (vita 2Mtris, i.e. in
the lifetime of his father) and never becomes heir. A
daughter can never become an heir-apparent, as there is
always, during the lifetime of her father, the possibility
of a son being born. Mary, Ellen, and Blanche are
coheirs of Thomas their father, whom they survive, and
they are also coheirs of their grandfather Charles, to
whom they succeed, and they would properly in a pedi-
gree be described as both. They are heirs-general of
Thomas, Charles, and David, and, being the heirs of the
senior line, they are heirs-general or coheirs-general of
their house. David being possessed of the barony " by
writ " of Cilfowyr, it would " fall into abeyance " at the
death of Charles between the three daughters equally.
In Scotland Mary, Ellen, and Blanche would be termed
" heirs portioners," and Mary, being an heiress and the
eldest born in the direct and senior line, would be termed
the " heir of line." David being possessed of an ancient
Scottish peerage not limited to males (the Earldom of
Edinburgh), Mary, the heir of line, would at once succeed
in her own right as Countess of Edinburgh on the death
of her grandfather Charles. If the family were an
untitled Scottish family entitled to supporters, these
would descend to Mary unless they had been specifically
granted with some other limitation.
At the death of Thomas in 1830 Edmond becomes heir
male apparent, and at the death of his father in 1840
Edmond becomes heir male of his house until his death.
David having been created a peer (Duke of London) with
remainder to the heirs male of his body, Edmond
succeeded as Duke of London at the death of Charles in
1840. Grace and Muriel are coheirs of Edmond after his
death. They are not either coheirs or heirs-general of
Charles, in spite of the fact that their father was his heir
male. At the death of Charles in 1840, when Edmond
succeeded as heir male, John succeeded as heir male pre-
sumptive to Edmond. He was not heir-apparent, because
a son might at any moment have been born to Edmond.
An heir-apparent and an heir-presumptive cannot exist
at the same time, for whilst there is an heir-apparent
there cannot be an heir-presumptive. John succeeded as
heir male of his house, and therefore as Duke of London,
in 1850, at the death of his elder brother Edmond; but,
though John was the "heir male" of his said elder
brother, he was not his " heir" (Grace and Muriel being
the coheirs of Edmond), nor was he the " heir male of the
body " of Edmond, not being descended from him. John,
however, was "heir male of the body" of Charles.
George is heir-apparent of John until his death in 1 870,
when George succeeds as " heir " of his father and heir
male of his house, and consequently Duke of London.
At his death in 1880 Dorothy becomes the "sole heir,"
or, more properly, the " sole heir-general," of her father
George ; but his kinsman Robert becomes his " heir male,"
and therefore Duke of London, in spite of the fact that
there was a much nearer male relative, viz. a nephew,
Arthur, the son of his sister. Robert also becomes the
heir male of the body of Owen and heir male of his house,
and as such Duke of London. He would also be generally
described as the heir male of the body of David.
At the death of Dorothy in 1885 her coheirs were her
aunt Alice and her cousin Arthur equally, and though
these really were the coheirs of Dorothy (the claims of
Alice and Annie being equal, and the rights of Annie
having devolved upon Arthur), they would more usually
be found described as the coheirs of George or of John.
Annie was never herself really a coheir, because she died
before her brother, but "in her issue" she became the
coheir of Dorothy, though she would, after 1 885, be
usually described as "in her issue " a coheir of George, or
possibly even of John, though this would be an inexact
description. Arthur was heir of his mother after 1 870, heir
of his father after 1872, and heir-apparent of his father
before that date; after 1885 he is a coheir of Dorothy,
and after 1887 sole heir of Dorothy and sole heir of Alice.
He would also be usually described as heir-general of
George, and heir-general of John. Let us suppose that
John had married Edith Torkington, an English baroness
{suo jure) by writ (Baroness Neville), who had died in
1862. At that date the barony would have descended to
her eldest son George until his death in 1880, when
Dorothy, suo jure, would have succeeded. At her death
in 1885 the barony would have fallen into abeyance
between Alice and Arthur. At the death of Alice in
362
PLATE CXVI.
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Liverpool.
Newcastle-on-Tyne.
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363
THE ART OF HERALDRY
1S87 the abeyance would be at an end, and the barony
in its entii-ety would have devolved upon Arthur, who
would have enjoyed it until at his death in 1888 the
barony would have again fallen into abeyance between
Maria, Jane, and Hannah equally. It is not unlikely
that Her Majesty might have " determined the abey-
ance," or "called the barony out of abeyance" (the
meanings of the terms are identical) in favour of Maria,
who would consequently have enjoyed the barony in its
entirety. At her death in 1889 it would again fall into
abeyance between Jane and Hannah. At Jane's death
in 1890 Hannah became sole heir, and the abeyance came
to an end when Hannah succeeded to the barony. At
her death it would pass to her aunt Lilian. Hannah
would usually be described as '' coheir and subsequently
sole heir of " Arthur. If the Baroness Neville had been
possessed of an ancient Scottish Peerage (the Earldom of
Torkington) it would have passed undividedly and in full
enjoyment to the heir of line, i.e. in 1862 to George,
1880 to Dorothy, 1885 to Alice, 1887 to Arthur, 1888 to
Maria, 18S9 to Jane, 1890 to Hannah, and 1896 to Lilian,
the last (shown on the pedigree) in remainder. Lilian does
not become an heiress until 1896, when the whole issue of
her brother becomes extinct. Irene and Isabel never
become heirs at all.
Robert, as we have seen, became heir male of his house
and Duke of London in' 1880. At his death (l8g6)
Harriet becomes sole heir of Eobert, but at her death in
1897 his niece Ada, the only child of his younger brother
Philip, who had predeceased him, would be usually
referred to as heir of Robert, whilst Cecil is heir male of
his house.
When the term " of the body " is employed, actual
descent from that person is signified, e.g. Arthur after
1885 is "collateral" heir-general of Dorothy, but heir-
general of the body of Edith Torkington.
An " heir of entail," or, to use the Scottish term, the
" heir of tailzie," is merely the person succeeding to
property under a specific remainder contained in a deed
of entaU. This has no relation to heirship in blood, and
the term, from an armorial point of view, might be
entirely disregarded, were it not that some number of
Scottish coats of arms, and a greater number of Scottish
supporters, are specifically granted and limited to the
heir of entail. There are a few similar English grants fol-
lowing upon Royal Licences for change of name and arms.
The term " heir in expectancy " is sometimes heard,
but it is not really a proper term, and has no exact or
legal meaning. When George was alive his daughter
Dorothy was his heir-presumptive, but supposing that
Dorothy were a Catholic nun and Alice a lunatic, in each
of which cases there would be very little likelihood of any
marriage ever taking place, Arthur would very generally
be described as the " heir in expectancy," for though he
was neither heir-apparent nor heir - presumptive, all
probability pointed to the eventual succession of himself
or his issue.
Anybody is said to be " in remainder " to entailed pro-
perty or a peerage if he is included within the recited
limits of the entail or peerage. The " heir in remainder "
is the person next entitled to succeed after the death of
the existing holder.
Thus (excluding heirs in expectancy and women who
are heirs- presumptive) a marriage with any woman who
is an heir or coheir results in her arms being placed upon
an escutcheon of pretence over the arms of the husband.
In the cases of all other women the arms are " impaled "
only. To " impale two coats " the shield is divided by a
straight line down the centre, the whole design of the
arms of the husband being placed on the dexter side of
the escutcheon, and the whole design of the wife's arms
being placed on the sinister side.
It may perhaps be as well to here exemplify the
different methods of the conjunction of the arms of man
and wife, arranging the same two coats in the different
methods in which they might be marshalled before re-
verting to ancient practices.
An ordinary commoner impales his wife's arms as in
Fig. 913. If she be an heiress, he places them on an
Jig. 913.
Fig. 914.
escutcheon of pretence as in Pig. 914. If the husband is
a companion of any order, this does not give him the
right to use the circle of his order round his arms, and
his badge is simply hung below the escutcheon, the arms
of the wife being impaled or placed on an escutcheon of
pretence thereupon as the case may necessitate. The wife
of a Knight Bachelor shares the state and rank with
her husband, and the only difference is in the helmet
(Figs. 396 and 91 5). But if the husband be a knight of any
Fig. 915.
order, the ensigns of that order are personal to himself,
and cannot be shared with his wife, and consequently two
shields are employed. On the dexter shield are the arms
of the husband with the circle of his order of knighthood,
and on the sinister shield are the arms of the husband
impaling the arms of the wife. Some meaningless decora-
tion, usually a wreath of oak-leaves, is placed round the
sinister shield to " balance " from the artistic point the
ribbon, or the ribbon and collar, as the case may be,
of the order of knighthood of the husband (Figs. 358,
498, and 916). A Knight Grand Cross, of course, adds
his collar to the dexter shield, and if he has supporters,
these are placed outside the tico shields (Fig. i).
A peer impales the arms of his wife as in the case of a
commoner, the arms of the wife being, of course, under
364
PLATE CXVII.
Glasgow.
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Bristou
COATS OF ARMS OF TOWNS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the protection of the supporters, coronet, and helmet
of the peer (Fig. 917). If, in addition to being a peer,
he is also a knight of an order, he follows the
rules which prescribe the use of two shields as
already described (Figs. 251 and 407).
Supposing the wife to be a peeress in her
own right, she cannot nowadays confer any
an artistic detaO, but it is a happy conceit in such an
instance to join together the compartments npon which
Fig. 91S.
the two pairs of supporters stand to emphasise the fact
that the whole is in reality but one achievement (Figs.
Fig. 916.
rank whatever upon her husband ; conse-
quently, if she marry a commoner, the hus-
band places her arms upon an escutcheon of
pretence surmounted by a coronet of her rank,
but the supporters belonging to her peerage
cannot be added to his shield. The arms of
the wife are consequently repeated alone, but
in this case upon a lozenge on the sinister
side of the husband's shield. Above this
lozenge is placed the coronet of her rank,
and the supporters belonging to her peerage
are placed on either side of the lozenge (Fig.
918). In the case of a peeress in her own right
marrying a peer, the arms of the peeress are placed upon
an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of the husband's
shield, the only difference being that this escutcheon of
Fig. 917.
pretence is surmounted by the coronet belonging to the
peerage of the wife ; and on the sinister side the arms of
the wife are repeated npon a lozenge with the supporters
and coronet belonging to her own peerage. It is purely
Fig. 919.
919 and 920). The former is imaginary, the latter is the
achievement of the Earl of Yarborough and his wife, who
is in her own right Baroness Fauconberg and Conyers.
Now, it is not uncommon to see an achievement dis-
played in this manner, for there have been several in-
stances in recent years of peeresses in their own right
who have married peers. Every woman who mherits a
peerage must of necessity be an heir or coheir, and, as
■ivill have been seen, the laws of armory provide for this
circumstance ; but supposing that the peeress were a
peeress by creation and were not an heiress, how would
her arms be displayed ? Apparently it would not be
permissible to place them on an escutcheon of pretence,
and consequently there is no way upon the husband's
shield of showing that his wife is a peeress in her own
right. Such an instance did arise in the case of the late
Baroness Stratheden, who was created a peeress whilst
not being an heiress. Her husband was subsequently
created Baron Campbell. Now, how were the arms of
Lord Campbell and Lady Stratheden and Campbell dis-
played ? I think I am correct in saying that not a single
textbook on armory recites the method which should be
employed, and I candidly confess that I myself am quite
ignorant upon the point.
All the foregoing are simply instances of how to display
the arms of man and wife, or, to speak more correctly,
they are instances of the methods m which a man should
hear arms for himself and his wife when he is married;
365
THE ART OF HERALDRY
for the helmet and mantliDg clearly indicate that it is the
man's coat of arms, and not the woman's. In olden days,
when the husband possessed everything, this might have
borne by her father (Fig. 922), or with the latter upon
an escutcheon of pretence if the widow be herself an
heiress (Fig. 923). The widow of a knight has no way
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been enough for all the circumstances which were likely
to occur.
A lady whilst unmarried bears arms on a lozenge
(Fig. 921), and upon becoming a widow, bears again upon
a lozenge the arms of her husband impaled with the arms
whatever of indicating that her husband was of higher
rank than an ordinary untitled gentleman. The widow
of a baronet, however, places the inescutoheon with the
hand of Ulster upon her husband's arms (Fig. 924). I
have often heard this disputed, but a reference to the
366
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Grant Books at the College of Arms {vide a grant of
arms some years ago to Lady Pearce) will provide the
Fig. 921.
Fig. 922.
necessary precedent. If, however, the baronetcy is of
Nova Scotia, this means of indicating the rank cannot be
Fig. 923.
Fig. 924.
employed. The widow of a peer (not being a peeress in
her own right) uses a lozenge of her husband's and her own
arms, with his supporters and his coronet (Fig. 925).
Fig. 925.
If a peeress, after marriage with a commoner, becomes
a widow she bears on the dexter side a lozenge of her late
husband's arms and superimposed thereupon her own on
an escutcheon of pretence surmounted by a coronet.
(The coronet, it should be noted, is over the escutcheon
of pretence and not above the lozenge.) On the sinister
side she bears a lozenge of her own arms alone with her
supporters and with her coronet above the lozenge. Fig.
926, which represents the arms of the Baroness Kinloss,
shows an example of such an arrangement, of two
lozenges, but as Lady Kinloss does not possess supporters
these additions could not be introduced.
Impalement is used occasionally in other circumstances
than marriage, i.e. to effect conjunction of official and
personal arms.
Fig. 926. — Armorial bearings of Baroness Kinloss : Upon two lozenges,
the dexter being the arms of Morgan-Grenville, namely : quarterly
I and 4, vert, on a cross argent five torteaus, and for distinction a
canton or (for Grenville) : 2 and 3, paly of six argent and or. a
lion rampant regardant sable, charged on the shoulder with a
cross crosslet of the second, between four quatrefoils saltirewise
of the third {for Morgan) and upon an escutcheon of pretence,
surmounted by the coronet of a Baroness, the arms of Temple-
Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, namely : quarterly 1 and 6,
vert, on a cross argent, five torteaux (for Grenville) ; 2. quarterly
i. and iiii., or, an eagle displayed sable; ii. and iij., argent, two
bars sable, each charged with three martlets or (for Temple) ;
3. ermine, two bars gules (for Nugent) ; 4. argent, on a cross sable,
a leopard's face or (for Brydges) ; 5. or, a pile gules (for Chandos),
and upon the sinister lozenge, which is surmounted by the coro-
net of a Baroness, the arms and quarterings of Temple-Nugent-
Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, namely : quarterly i and 8, the arms
of Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville as previously ; 2.
argent, on a cross sable, a leopard's face or (for Brydges, Dukes of
Chandos) ; 3. or, a saltire and a chief gules, on a canton argent,
a lion rampant azure (for Bruce, Earls of Elgin and Ailesbury) ; 4.
quarterly i. and iiii., or, on a pile gules, between six iieurs-de-lis
azure, three lions of England (being the coat of augmentation
granted by King Henry VIII. on his marriage with Lady Jane
Seymour) ; ii. and iii., gules, two wings conjoined in leure, points
downwards or (for Seymour, Dukes of Somerset); 5, harry of six
argent and azure, in chief three torteaux, a label of three points
ermine (for Grey, Duke of Suffolk and Marquess of Dorset) ; 6.
harry of ten argent and gules, a lion rampant or, ducally crowned
per pale of the first and second (for Brandon, Duke of Suffolk) ;
7. quarterly i. and iiii., azure, three fleurs-de-lis or (for France) ; ii.
and iii., gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or (for Eng-
land), being the arms of the Princess Mary (Tudor), younger dau.
and co-heir of King Henry VII. ; pendent from the lozenges is
the Badge of the Order of the Crown of India.
With rare exceptions, the official arms which exist are
those of Archiepiscopal and Episcopal Sees, of the Kings
of Arms (Figs. l'9 and 21), and for the Kegius Professors
at Cambridge. Here certainly, in the ecclesiastical cases,
the theory of marriage remains, the official arms being
placed on the dexter side and the personal arms on the
sinister, inasmuch as the laws of armory for ecclesiastics
were made at a time when the clergy were celibate. The
personal helmet and crest are placed above the impaled
coat, except in the cases of bishops and archbishops, who,
of course, use a mitre in place thereof. It is not correct
to impale the arms of a wife upon the same shield
which carries the impalement of an official coat of arms,
because the wife does not share the office. In such a
case it is necessary to make use of two shields placed
side by side, as is done in conjoining the arms of a knight
of any order with those of his wife.
In impaling the arms of a wife, it is not correct to
impale more than her pronominal coat. This is a definite
rule in England, somewhat modified in Scotland, as will
be presently explained. Though it has never been con-
sidered good form to impale a quartered shield, it is only
recently that the real fact that such a proceeding is
367
THE ART OF HERALDRY
definitely incorrect has come to light. It appears from
the State Papers, Domestic Series, Eliz. xxvi. 31,
1561 : —
"At a Chapitre holden by the Office of Armes at the
Embroyderers' Hall in London, anno 4° EeginiB Elizabeths
it was agreed that no inhiritrix eyther mayde wife or
widow should bear or cause to be borne any Creast or
cognizance of her Ancestors otherwise than as followeth.
If she be unmarried to bear in her ringe, cognizaunce or
otherwise, the first coate of her ancestors in a Lozenge.
And during her widdowhood to set the first coate of her
husbande in pale with the first coate of her Auncestors.
And if she mary on who is noe gentleman, then she to be
clearly exempted from the former conclusion."
Whilst this rule holds in England, it must, to a certain
extent, be modified in relation to the arms of a Scottish
wife. Whilst the inalienable right to quarter arms
derived from an heiress cannot be said to be non-existent
in Scotland, it should be noted that the custom of indis-
criminately quartering is much less frequent than in
England, and comparatively seldom adopted, unless
estates, or chief representation in an important or appreci-
able degree, follow the technical heraldic representation.
In England the claim is always preferred to quarter the
arms of an ancestress who had no brothers whether she
transmitted estates or not. Of course, technically and
theoretically the claim is perfectly correct, and cannot,
and should not, be denied. But in practice in England it
has in some cases reached a rather absurd extent, when a
man on marrying an only daughter of the youngest son
of the youngest branch of a family consequently acquires
the right to display with his own ensigns the full arms
and quarterings of the head of a house from which he
has inherited no lands, and which is still thriving in the
senior male line. In Scottish practice such an event
would be ignored, and in that country it is not usual to
add quarterings to a shield, nor are these officially
rceognised without a rematriculation of the arms. In
England it is merely a question of recording the pedigree
and proving heirship, and many quarterings are proved
and recorded that there is not the slightest intention
to use regularly. Rematriculation has a more permanent
character than mere registration, inasmuch as the coat
with its quarterings upon matriculation as far as usage
be concerned becomes indivisible, and, consequently,
for a Scottish wife the impalement should be of the
indivisible arms and quarterings matriculated to her
father in Lyon Register, with his bordure and other
" difference " marks.
All the old armorists provide ways of impaling at one
and the same time the arms of several wives, and con-
sequently the idea has grown up that it is permissible and
correct to bear and use the arms of two wives at the
same time. This is a mistake, because, strictly and
technically speaking, the right to impale the arms of a
wife ceases at her death. Impalement means marriage,
and when the marriage is dissolved the impalement be-
comes meaningless, and should be discontinued. A man
cannot be married to two people at one time, nor can he
as a consequence impale two coats of arms at the same
time.
The matter is more clearly apparent if the question of an
escutcheon of pretence be considered in place of an impale-
ment. The escutcheon of pretence means that the husband
pretends to represent the family of his wife. This jure
uxoris he undoubtedly does whilst she is alive, but the
moment she dies the actual representation of her family
passes to her son and heir, and it is ridiculous for her
husband to pretend to I'epresent when there is an un-
doubted representative in existence, and when the repre-
sentation, such as it was when vested in himself, has
come to an end, and passed elsewhere. If his heiress-
wife had been a peeress, he would have borne her escut-
cheon of pretence surmounted by her coronet ; but it is
ridiculous for him to continue to do so when the right to
the coronet and to the peerage has passed to his wife's
heir. The same argument holds good with regard to
impalement. That, of course, raises the point that in
every authority (particularly in those of an earlier period)
will be found details of the methods to be adopted for
impaling the arms of several wives. People have quite
failed to appreciate the object of these rules. Armory
from its earliest introduction has had great memorial use,
and when a monument or hatchment is put up to a man
it has been usual, prior to these utilitarian days of funeral
reform, to memorialise cdl the wives he has been possessed
of. In the same way, in a pedigree it is necessary to
enumerate the names and arms of all the wives of a man.
Consequently for tombs and pedigrees — when all being
dead, there is no reason to indicate any particular woman
as the present loife — plans have been devised for the
combination of several coats into one memorial achieve-
ment, plans necessitated by the circumstances of the
cases, and plans to which no objection can be taken.
Tombs, pedigrees, and other memorials are the usual form
in which the records of arms have chiefly come down to
us, and from the frequency in which cases of achieve-
ments with double impalements have been preserved, a
mistaken idea has arisen that it is correct to bear, and
actually use and carry, two impalements at one and
the same time. Outside memorial instances, I have
utterly failed to find any instance in former days of a
man himself using in his own lifetime two impalements,
and I believe and state it to be absolutely incorrect
for a man to use, say on a carriage, a bookplate, or
a seal, the arms of a deceased wife. Ton may have
been married to a presently deceased woman, therefore
impale her arms in a i-ecord or memorial ; but no one is
married to a deceased woman, therefore is it wrong
to advertise that you are married to her by impaling her
arms ; and as you cannot be married to two people at the
same time, it is illogical and wrong to nse or carry two
impalements. I know of no instance of a grant to a man
of arms to bear in right of a deceased wife. It is for
these occasions of memorial and record that methods
have been devised to show a man's marriage with several
wives. They certainly were not devised for the purpose
of enabling him to bear and use for contemporary pur-
poses the arms of a series of dead women, the representa-
tion of whom is no longer vested in himself.
WhUst admitting that for purposes of record or me-
morial rules do exist, it should at the same time be pointed
out that even for such occasions it is much more usual to
see two shields displayed, each carrying its sej^arate im-
palement, than to find two impalements on one shield.
The use of a separate shield for each marriage is the
method that I would strongly advocate, but as a know-
ledge of past observances must be had fully, if one is to
read aright the records of the tombs, I recite what the
rules are : — •
(1) To impale the arms of two wives. — Either the
husband's arms are placed in the centre, with the first
wife on the dexter and the second wife on the sinister, or
else the husband's arms are placed on the dexter side,
and the sinister side is divided in fess, the arms of the
first wife being placed in chief and those of the second in
base. The former method is the one more generally
employed of the two.
(2) Three wives. — Husband's arms in centre, first wife's
on dexter side, second wife's on sinister side in chief, and
third wife in base.
(3) Four ivires. — Husband's in centre, first and second
wives' in chief and base respectively on the dexter side,
and third and fourth similarly on the sinister.
368
PLATE CXVIII.
COATS OF ARMS OF TOWNS.
Printed ni S(nrtg»rt
THE ART OF HERALDRY
If one of two wives be an heiress her arms might be
found in pretence and the other coat or coats impaled, but
it is impossible in such a case to place a number to the
wife, and it is impossible to display an escutcheon of
pretence for more than one wife, as if the escutcheon of
pretence is removed from the exact centre it at once
ceases to be an escutcheon of pretence. Consequently, if
more than one wife be an heiress, separate escutcheons
should be used for each marriage. Plans have been
drawn up and apparently accepted providing for wives up
to nearly twenty in number, but no useful puq^ose will be
served by repeating them. A man with more than four
wives is unusual in this country.
Divorce nullifies marriage, and both husband and wife
must at once revert to bachelor and maiden achievements
respectively.
It is difficult to deduce any certain conclusions as to
the ancient rules connected with impalement, for a simple
reason which becomes very noticeable on an examination
of ancient seals and other armorial records. In early
times there can be no doubt whatever that men did not
impale, or bother about the arms of wives who were not
great heiresses. A man bore his own arms, and he left
his father-in-law, or his brother-in-law, to bear those of
the family with which he had matched. Of course, we
find many cases in which the arms of a wife figure upon
the husband's shield, but a careful examination of them
shows that in practically every case the reason is to be
found in the fact that the wife was an heiress. Husbands
were called to Parliament in virtue of the peerages vested
in their wives, and we cannot but come to the conclusion
that whenever one finds use in early times of the arms of a
wife, it is due to the fact that the husband was bearing them
not because of his mere marriage, but because he was en-
joying the estates, or peerage, of his wife.
For that reason we find in many oases the arms of the
wife borne in preference to the paternal arms of descent,
or meet with them quartered with the arms of the husband
frequently being given precedence over his own ; and on
the analogy of the coats of arms of wives at present borne
with the wife's surname by the husband under Royal
Licence, there can be little doubt that at a period when
Royal Licences had not come into regular vogue the
same idea was dominant, and the appearance of a wife's
coat of arms meant the assumption of those arms by the
husband as his own, with or without the surname of the
wife.
The connection between name and arms was not then
so stereotyped as it is at present ; rather was it a connection
between arms and land, and perhaps more pointedly of
arms and a peerage title where this existed, for there are
many points and many facts which conclusively show that
at an early period a coat of arms was often considered to
have a territorial character ; or perhaps it should be said
that, whilst admittedly personal, arms have territorial
attributes or connection.
This is borne out by the pleadings and details remain-
ing to us concerning the Grey and Hastings controversy,
and if this territorial character of a coat of arms is
admitted, together with another characteristic no less
important — and certainly equally accepted — that a coat of
arms could belong to but one person at the same time, it
must be recognised that the appearance of a wife's arms
on a husband's shield is not an instance of a sign of mere
marriage or anything analogous thereto. But when we
turn to the arms of women, the condition of affairs is
wholly reversed. A woman, who of course retained her
identity, drew her position from her marriage and from
her husband's position, and from the very earliest period
we find that whilst a man simply bore his own arms, the
wife upon her seal displayed both the arms of her own
family and the arms of her husband's. Until a much later
period it cannot be said to have been customary for the
husband to bear the arms of his wife unless she were an
heiress, but from almost the beginning of armory the wife
conjoined the arras of her husband and herself. But the
instances which have come down to us from an early period
of dimidiated or impaled coats are chiefly instances of the
display of arms by a widow.
The methods of conjunction which can be classed as
above, however, at first seem to have been rather varied.
Originally separate shields were employed for the
different coats of arms, then dimidiated examples occur ;
at a later period we find the arms impaled upon one
shield, and at a subsequent date the escutcheon of pre-
tence comes into use as a means of indicating that the
wife was an heiress.
The origin of this escutcheon is easy to understand.
Taking arms to have a territorial character — a point
which still finds a certain amount of acceptance in Scottish
heraldry — there was no doubt that a man, in succeeding
to a lordship in right of his wife, would wish to bear the
arms associated therewith. He placed them, therefore,
upon his own, and arms exclusively of a territorial
character have certainly very frequently been placed " in
pretence." His own arms he would look upon as arms
of descent; they consequently occupied the field of his
shield. The lordship of his wife he did not enjoy through
descent, and consequently he would naturally incline to
place it "in pretence," and from the constant occasions
in which such a proceeding would seem to be the natural
course of events (all of which occasions would be asso-
ciated with an heiress-wife), one would be led to the
conclusion that such a form of display indicated an
heiress-wife ; and consequently the rule deduced, as are all
heraldic rules, from past precedents became established.
In the next generation, the -son and heir would have
descent from his mother equally with his father, and the
arms of her family would be equally arms of descent to
him, and no longer the mere territorial emblem of a
lordship. Consequently they became on the same footing
as the arms of his father. The son would naturally,
therefore, quarter the arms. The escutcheon of pretence
being removed, and therefore having enjoyed but a
temporary existence, the association thereof with the
heiress - wife becomes emphasised in a much greater
degree.
11113 is now accepted as a definite rule of armory, but in
reciting it as a rule it should be pointed out, first, that no
man may place the arms of his wife upon an escutcheon of
pretence during the lifetime of her father, because whilst
her father is alive there is always the opportunity of a re-
marriage, and of the consequent birth of a son and heir.
No man is compelled to bear arms on an escutcheon of
pretence, it being quite correct to impale them merely
to indicate the marriage — if he so desires. There are
many cases of arms which would appear meaningless
and undecipherable when surmounted by an escutcheon
of pretence.
"Sometimes, also (says Guillim), he who marries an
heretrix may carry her arms in an inescutcheon upon his
own, because the husband pretends that his heirs shall
one day inherit an estate by her ; it is therefore called an
escutcheon of pretence; but this way of bearing is not
known abroad upon that occasion."
A man on marrying an heiress-wife has no great space
at his disposal for the display of her arms, and though it
is now considered perfectly correct to place any number
of quarterings upon an escutcheon of pretence, the oppor-
tunity does not in fact exist for more than the display of
a limited number. In practice, three or four are as many
as will usually be found, but theoretically it is correct to
place the whole of the quarterings to which the wife is
entitled upon the escutcheon of pretence.
369
3 a
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Two early English instances may be pointed out in the
fifteenth century, in which a husband placed his wife's
arms cnsurtout. These are taken from the Garter Plates
of Sir John Neville, Lord Montagu, afterwards Marquess
of Montagu (elected K.G. circa 1463), and of Kichard
Beauohamp, fifth Earl of Warwick and Albemarle (elected
K.Ct. circa 1400) ; but it was not until about the beginning
of the seventeenth century that the regular practice arose
by which the husband of an heiress places his wife's arms
in an escutcheon eti surtout upon his personal arms,
whether his coat be a quartered one or not. Another
early instance is to be found in Fig. 927, which is in-
FlG. 927.— Arms of John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, K.G. : Quarterly,
I and 4, gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or
(Talbot) ; 2 and 3, argent, two lions passant in pale gules (Strange) ;
impaling the arms of his first wife whose Peerage he enjoyed, viz. :
quarterly, i and 4, argent, a bend between six martlets gules
(Furnival) ; 2 and 3, or, a fret gules (Verdon) ; and upon an escut-
cheon of pretence the arms of the mother of his second wife (to
whom she was coheir, conveying her mother's Peerage to her son),
viz. ; I and 4. gules, a lion passant guardaut argent, crowned or
(Lisle) ; 2 and 3, argent, a chevron gules (Tyes). (From MS. Beg.
15, B. vi.)
teresting as showing the arms of both wives of the first
Earl of Shrewsbury. His first was suo jure Baroness
Furnivall. Her arms are, however, impaled. His second
wife was the daughter (but not the heir) of Richard
Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, but she was coheir of her
mother, the Baroness Lisle.
It should be borne in mind that even in England an
inescutcheon en surtout does not always mean an heiress-
wife. The Earl of Mar and Kellie bears (Fig. 813) an
inescutcheon surmounted by an earl's coronet for his
Earldom of Kellie, and other instances are to be found
in the arms of Cumming-Gordon (see Plate XIIL), and
Sir Hector Maclean Hay, Bart., thus bears his pronominal
arms (Fig. 194). Inescutcheons of augmentation occur
in the arms of the Dukes of Marlborough and Wellington,
Lord Newton, and on the shields of Newman, Wolfe, and
others.
Under the Commonwealth the Great Seals of Oliver
Cromwell and his son Richard, as Protectors, bear a shield
of arms : " Quarterly, i and 4, argent, a cross gules (for
England) ; 2. azure, a saltire argent (for Scotland) ; 3.
azure, a harp or, stringed, argent (for Ireland) ; " and upon
these quarterings en surtout an escutcheon of the personal
arms of Cromwell : " Sable, a lion rampant argent."
In the heraldry of the Continent of Europe it has long
been the custom for an elected sovereign to place his
hereditary arms in an escutcheon en surtout above those of
his dominions. As having obtained the crown by popular
election, the Kinps of the Hellenes also place en surtout
upon the arms of the Greek kingdom ("Azure, a Greek
cross couped argent ") an escutcheon of their personal arms.
Another instance is to be found in the arms of the Dukes
of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Whilst all the descendants
of the late Prince Consort (other than his Majesty King
Edward Vil.) bear in England the Royal Arms of this
country, differenced by their respective labels with an
escutcheon of Saxony en $U7-tout as Dukes and Duchesses
of Saxony, the late Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha bore
the arms of Saxony, placing the differenced Royal shield
of this couutiy en surtout.
We now come to the subject of quartering. Considering
the fact that every single text-book on armory gives the
ordinary rules for the marshalling of quarterings, it is
strange how many mistakes are made, and how extremely
funny are the ideas of some people upon the subject of
quartering. As has already been stated, the rules of
quartering are governed by the simple, but essential and
important fact, that every quartering exhibited means the
representation in blood of some particular person. Quar-
terings, other than those of augmentation, can only be
inherited from or through those female ancestors who are
in themselves heirs or coheirs in blood, or whose issue
subsequently become in a later generation the represen-
tatives of any ancestor in the male line of that said female
ancestor. Briefly speaking, a woman is an heiress, first,
if she is only child ; second, if all her brothers die without
issue in her own lifetime ; and third, if the entire issue,
male and female, of her brothers, becomes extinct in her
own lifetime. A woman becomes an "heiress in her
issue," as it is termed, if she die before her brothers, if and
when all the descendants of her brothers become abso-
lutely extinct. The following pedigrees may help to
explain : —
Behtram.
I
Alfred,
d.v.p.
Susan.
LonisA.
In this case Susan is the heir, vot Louisa.
Paul,
Died 1820.
Pe'l'ER,
Died 1S60.
I
Saul,
Died 1S50.
I
Benjamin,
Died 1 86 1.
I
I
Miriam, =Joel.
Died 1849.
I
I
Isaac, Reuben.
Died 1S63.
Timothy.
In this case Miriam becomes "in her issue" heir of
Paul at the death of Isaac in 1862, and Reuben and
Timothy would both quarter the arms of Paul.
If the wife be either an heir or coheir, she transmits
after her death to all her children the arms and quarter-
ings— as quarterings to add to their paternal arms, and as
such only — which she was entitled to place upon her own
lozenge.
The origin and theory of quartering is as follows : If the
daughter be an heiress or coheiress she represents either
wholly or in part her father and his branch of the family,
even if "his branch" only commenced with himself.
Now in the days when the science of armory was slowly
evolving itself there was no Married Women's Property
Act, and the husband ipso facto became to all intents and
purposes possessed of and enjoyed the rights of his wife.
But it was at the same time only a possession and enjoy-
ment by courtesy, and not an actual possession in fee, for
the reversion remained with the wife's heirs, and did not
pass to the heirs of the husband; for in cases where the
husband or wife had been previously married, or where
there was no issue of their marriage, their heirs would not
be identical. Of course during the lifetime of his wife he
could not actually represent his wife's family, and conse-
quently could not quarter the arms, but in right of his
wife he "pretended" to the representation of her house.
370
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and consequently the inescutoheon of lier arms is termed
an " escutcheon of pretence."
After the death of a wife her children immediately
and actually become the representatives of their mother,
and are as such entitled of right to quarter the arms of
their mother's family.
The earliest example which has been discovered at the
present time of the use of a quartered coat of arms is
afforded by the seal of Joanna of Ponthieu, second wife of
Ferdinand III., King of Castile and Leon, in 1272. This
seal bears on its reverse in a vesica the triple-towered
castles of Castile, and the rampant lion of Leon, repeated
as in the modern quarterings of Spain. There is, how-
ever, no separation of the quarters by a line of partition.
This peculiarity will be also noticed as existing in the
early quartered coats of Hainault a quarter of a century
later. The quartered coat of Castile and Leon remains
upon the monument in Westminster Abbey erected in
memory of Eleanor of Castile, who died in 1290, the first
wife of Edward I.
Providing the wife be an heiress — and for the remainder
of this chapter, which deals only with quarterings, this
will be assumed — the son of a marriage after the death
of his mother quarters her arms with those of his father,
that is, he divides his shield into four quarters, and places
the arms of his father in the first and fourth quarters,
and the arms of his mother in the second and third. That
is the root, basis, and original rule of all the rules of
quartering, but it may be here remarked, that no man
is entitled to quarter the arms of his mother whilst she is
family with which they originated. The matter was of
little consequence in the days when the " upper-class " and
arms-bearing families were few in number. Every one
Fig. 92S. — Arms of John de Welles, Viscount de Welles, son of Lionel,
Lord Welles, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir John Beau-
cbamp, Lord JBeauchamp : Quarterly, i and 4, or, a lion rampant
queue-fourche sable (for Welles) ; 2 and 3, gules, a fess dancett(5
between six cross crosslets or (for Beauchamp). (From MS. Harl.
6163.)
alive, inasmuch as she is alive to represent herself and her
family, and her issue cannot assume the representation
whilst she is alive. An example of such a simple quar-
tered coat occurs in Fig. 928.
But it should not be imagined that the definite rules
which exist at the moment had any such unalterable
character in early times. Husbands quartered the arms
of their wives if they were heiresses, and if important
lordships devolved through the marriage. Territorial arms
of dominion were quartered with personal arms as in Figs.
l8g and 929, quarterings of augmentation were granted,
and the present system is the endeavour to reconcile all
the varying circumstances and precedents which exist.
One point, however, stands out clearly from all ancient
examples, viz. that quartering meant quartering, and a
shield was supposed to have but four quarters upon it. Con-
sequently we find that instead of the elaborate schemes now
in vogue showing 10, 20, 50, or 100 quarterings, the shield
had but four ; and this being admitted and recognised, it
became essential that the four most important should be
shown, and consequently we find that quarterings were
selected in a manner which would seem to us haphazard.
Paternal quarterings were dropped, and the result has been
that many coats of arms are now known as the arms of a
family with quite a difierent surname from that of the
Fig. 929.— Arms of Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby, (d. 1572) ; Quar-
terly, I. quarterly, i. and iiij. , argent, on a bend azure, three
bucks' heads caboshed or (Stanley) ; ii. and iii., or, on a chief
indented azure, three bezants (Lathom); 2 and 3, gules, three
legs in armour conjoined at the thigh and flexed at the knee
proper, garnished and spurred or (for the Lordship of Man) ;
4. quarterly, i. and iiii., gules, two lions passant in pale
argent (for Strange) ; ii. and iii., argent, a fess and a canton gules
(for Wydeville). The arms on the escutcheon of pretence are
not those of his wife (Anne Hastings), who was not an heiress,
and they seem difficult to account for unless they are a coat for
Rivers or some other territorial lordship inherited from the Wyde-
ville family. The full identification of the quarterings borne by
Anthony, Lord Rivers, would probably help in| determining the
point.
knew how Stafford derived his Royal descent, and that
it was not male upon male, so that no confusion resulted
from the Earls of Buckingham giving the Royal coat
precedence before their paternal quartering of Stafford
(see Fig. 930), or from their using only the arms
of Woodstock ; but as time went on the upper classes
became more numerous, arms-bearing ancestors by the
succession of generations increased in number, and
while in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it
would be a physical impossibility for any man to have
represented one hundred different heiresses of arms-
bearing families, in later days such became the case. The
result has been the necessity to formulate those strict
and rigid rules which for modern purposes must be con-
formed to, and it is futile and childish to deduce a set
of rules from ancient examples originating in and suit-
able for the simpler genealogical circumstances of an
earlier day, and assert that it is equally permissible to
Fig. 930 — Arms of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (d. 1521):
Quarterly, I and 4, quarterly, i. and iiii., France ; ii. and iii.,
England, within the bordure argent of Thomas of Woodstock ;
2 and 3, or, a chevron gules (for Stafford). (From MS. Add.
22,306.)
adopt them at the moment, or to marshal a modern shield
accordingly.
The first attempt to break away from the four quar-
ters of a shield was the initiation of the system of grand
quarters (see Figs. 213, 926, 929, 931, and 932). By
this means the relative importance could roughly be
shown. Supposing a man had inherited a shield of
four quarters and then married a wife in whom was
vested a peerage, he naturally wished to display the
arms connected with that peerage, for these were of
371
THE ART OF HERALDRY
greater importance than his own four quarterings. The
problem was how to introduce the fifth. In some
cases we find it borne in pretence, but in other cases,
Fig. 931. — Arms of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk: Quarterly,
I and 4, b,irry of ten argent and gules, a lion rampant queue-
fourche or, crowned per pale of the second and first ; 2 and 3,
quarterly, i. and iiii., azure, a cross tuoline or (Bruyn) ; ii. and
iii., lozengy gules and ermine (Rokeley).
particularly in a later generation, we find that important
quarter given the whole of a quarter of the shield to
itself, the other four being conjoined together and dis-
played so as to occupy a similar space. These, therefore,
became sub-quarters. The system also had advantages,
because it permitted coats which by constant quartering
had become indivisible to be perpetuated in this form. So
definite was this rule, that in only one of the series of
Garter plates anterior to the Tudor period is any shield
found containing more than four quarters, though many
of these are grand quarters containing other coats borne
sub-quarterly. The one instance which I refer to as an
exception is the shield of the Duke D'Urbino, and it is
quite possible that this should not be quoted as an in-
stance in point. He appears to have borne in the ordi-
nary way four quarters, but he subsequently added thereto
two quarterings which may or may not have been one and
the same coat of arms by way of augmentation. These he
placed in pale in the centre of the others, thus making
the shield apparently one of six quarters.
But one is safe in the assertion that during the
Plantagenet period no more than four quarters were
usually placed upon a shield. Then we come to the
brief period of " squeezed-in " quarterings (Figs. 932
Fig. 932. — Arms of Henry Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland
((/. 1527); Quarterly, I. quarterly, i. and iiii., or, a lion rampant
azure (Percy) ; ii. and iii., gules, three lucies haurient argent (Lucy);
2. azure, five fusils conjoined in fess or (for Percy) ; 3. barry of
six or and vert, a bendlet gules (Poynings) ; 4. gules, three lions
passant in pale argent, a bendlet azure (FitzPayne), or three piles
azure (Brian).
and 933). In the early Visitations we get instances
of six, eight, and even a larger number, and the start
once being made, and the number of four relinquished,
there was of course no reason why it should not be
extended indefinitely. This appears to liave rapidly
become the case, and we find that schemes of quarterings
are now proved and recorded officially in England and
Ireland some of which exceed 200 in number. The
record number of officially proved and recorded quarter-
ings is at present held by Mr. Lloyd, of Stockton
in Chirbury, co. Salop (Fig. 934), but many of these
quarterings are mere repetition owing to constant inter-
marriages, and to the fact that a single Welsh line of male
descent often results in a number of different shields.
Welsh arms did not originally have the hereditay unchange-
ability we are accustomed to in English heraldry, and
moreover a large proportion are later inventions borne
to denote descent and are not arms actually used by
those they stand for, so that the quarterings of Sir. Money-
Kyrle (Fig. 935), or of the sister Countesses of Tarborough
and Powis, respectively Baroness Pauconberg and Conyers
and Baroness Darcy de Knayth (Pig. 936), are decidedly
more enviable. Nobody of course attempts to bear such a
number. In Scotland, however, even to the present day,
the system of four quarterings is still adhered to. The
result is that in Scotland the system of grand quarterings
is still pursued, whilst in England it is almost unknown,
except in cases where coats of arms have for some reason
or another become indivisible. This is a very patent diffi-
culty when it becomes necessary to marshal indivisible
Scottish coats with English ones, and the system of
cadency adopted in Scotland, which has its chief char-
acteristic in the employment of bordures, makes the matter
sometimes very far from simple. The system adopted at
the present time in the case of a Koyal Licence, for ex-
ample, to bear a Scottish name and arms in cases where
the latter is a coat of many quarterings within a bordure,
is to treat such coat as made indivisible by and according
Fig. 933.— Arms of George Nevill, Baron Abergavenny {d. 1535):
Quarterly, I. gules, on a saltire argent, a rose of the field (Nevill) ;
2. chequy or and azure (Warenne) ; 3. or, three chevrons gules
(Clare) ; 4. quarterly argent and gules, in the second and third
quarters a fret or, over all a bend sable (Le Despencer) ; 4. gules,
on a fess between six cross crosslets or, a crescent sable (for
(Beauchamp). (Add. MS. 22,306.)
to the most recent matriculation. That coat is then treated
as a grand quartering of an equivalent value to the pro-
nominal coat in England.
But reverting to the earlier chart, by the aid of which
heirship was demonstrated, the following were entitled to
transmit the Cilfowyr arms as quarterings. Mary, Ellen,
Blanche, Grace, Muriel, and Dorothy all had the right
to transmit. IBy the death of Dorothy v.p. Alice and
Annie both became entitled. Maria Jane and Hannah
would have been entitled to transmit Sherwin and
Cilfowyr, but not Cilfowyr alone, if there had been no
arms for Sherwin, though they could have transmitted
Sherwin alone if there had been arms for Sherwin and none
for Cilfowyr. Harriet would have transmitted the arms of
Cilfowyr if she had survived, and Ada would, each subject
to the differences as has been previously explained.
As has been already explained, every woman is entitled
to bear upon a lozenge in her own lifetime the arms,
quarterings, and difference marks which belonged to her
father. If her mother were an heiress she adds her
mother's arms to her father's, and her mother's quarter-
ings also, marshalling the whole into a correct sequence,
and placing the said sequence of quarterings upon a
lozenge. Such are the armorial bearings of a daughter.
If the said daughter be not an heraldic heiress in blood
she cannot transmit either arms or quarterings to her
descendants. Needless to say, no woman, heiress or non-
heiress, can now transmit a crest, and no woman can bear
372
PLATE CXIX.
ARMS GRANTED TO THE CARPENTERS COMPANY,
OF LONDON , 61" EDWARD VI, 1466.
ARMS GRANTED TO THE MASONS COMPANY.
OF LONDON, laTx EDWARD IV. 1+72-3,
ARMS OF THE SCULPTURES OR MARBLERS,
FROM THE GATESHEAD CHARTE R . 1671 .
ARMS OF THE FREE MASONS.
FROM THE GATESHEAD CHARTER. 1671.
ARMS OF CORPORATE BODIES.
-■e
THE ART OF HERALDRY
either crest helmet, mantling, or motto. A daughter not until arms are established for their fathers line, inasmuch
■being an heiress simply confers the right upon her as they can only inherit armorially from thkr mother
husband to impale upon his shield such arms and differ- through their father. In England it is always optional
Fig. 934.— Arms and Quarterings of Henry Crampton Lloyd, Esq.,
of Stockton in Chirbury, co. Salop.
ence marks as her father bore in his own right. If an for a man to have arms assigned to him to fill in any blanks
heiress possessing arms marry a man with illegal arms, which would otherwise mar his scheme of quartenngs.
or a man making no pretensions to arms, her children Let us now see how various coats of arms are mar-
have no arms at all, and really inherit nothing ; and the shalled as quarterings into one achievement,
rights, such as they are, to the arms of the mother as a The original theory of quartering upon which all rules
quartering remain, and must remain, dormant unless and are based is that after a marriage with an heiress, necessi-
373
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tating for the cliildren the combination of the two coats,
the shield is divided into fonr quarters. These four are
numbered from the top left-hand (the dexter) corner
(No. i) across towards the sinister (Xo. 2) side of the
shield ; then the next row is numbered in the same way
to) that places the arms of the father in the first and fourth
quarters, and the arms of the mother in the second and
thii'd ; such, of course, being on the assumption that the
father possessed only a simple coat without quarterings,
and that the mother was in the same position. The
^^^^g^
Fig. 935. — Arms and Quarterings of Audley Waller Wasbbourne Money-Kyrle,
of Homme House, Dymock, Gloucs.
(Nos. 3 and 4). This rule as to the method of numbering
holds good for any number of quarterings.
In allocating the position of the different coats to their
places in the scheme of quarterings, the pronominal coat
mast always be in the first quartering.
In a simple case (the exceptions will presently be referred
children therefore possess a coat of four quarters (Figs.
937 and 938). Suppose a son of theirs in his turn marries
another heiress, also possessing only a simple coat without
quarterings, the grandchildren descending from the afore-
said marriage put that last-mentioned coat in the third
quarter, and the coat, though still of only four quarters,
374
THE ART OF HERALDRY
is : I and 4, the pronominal coat ; 2. the first heiress ; 3.
the second.
If another single quartering is brought in, in a later
generation, that takes the place of No. 4 (Fig. 939).
So far it is all plain sailing, but very few text-books carry
one beyond this point. Another single quartering in-
herited gives five quarterings to be displayed on one shield.
The usual plan is to repeat the first quartering, when this
gives you six, which are then arranged in two rows of three.
they devolve (according to the pedigree and not necessarily
according to the date order in which they are inherited)
must be rigidly adhered to ; but a person is perfectly at
liberty (l) to repeat the first quartering at the end to
make an even number or not at his pleasure, but no more
than the first quartering must be repeated in such cases ;
(2) to arrange the quarters in any number of rows he
may find most convenient according to the shape of the
space the quarterings will occupy.
Fig. 936. — Arms and Quarterings of the late Sackville George Lane-Fox, Lord Darcy de
Knayth and Conyers {d. 18S8), which have now devolved upon his daughters and
coheirs, Marcia, Countess of Yarborough, Baroness Fauconberg and Conyers, and
Violet, Countess of Fowls, Baroness Darcy de Knayth.
If the shield be an impaled shield one sometimes sees
them arranged in three rows of two, but this is unusual
though not incorrect. But five quarterings are sometimes
arranged in two rows, three in the upper and two in the
lower, as in the illustration of the arms of Lloyd (Fig. 325).
and with a shield of this long pointed variety this plan
may be adopted with advantage. Subsequent quarterings,
as they are introduced by subsequent marriages, take their
places, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and so on ad infinitum.
In arranging them on one shield, the order in which
Upon the Continent it is usual to specify the number
and position of the lines by which the shield is divided.
Thus, while an English herald would say simply. Quarterly
of six, and leave it to the painter's or engraver's taste to
arrange the quarterings in three rows of two, or in two
rows of three, a French or German herald would ordi-
narily specify the arrangement to be used in distinct
terms.
If a man possessing only a simple coat of arms without
quarterings marry an heiress with a number {e.g. say
375
THE AKT OF HERALDRY
twenty) of quarterings, he places the arms and qnarterings
of his wife in pretence. Their children eventuall}^ as a
conseqaence, inherit twenty-one quarteiings. The iirst is
Fig. 937.— Arms of Fieniies, Lord Saye de Sele : Quarterly, I and
4, azure, three lions rampant or { Fiennes) ; 2 and 3, quarterly
or and gules (Saye).
the coat of their father, the second is the first coat of the
mother, and the remaining nineteen follow in a regular
sequence, according to their position upon their mother's
achievement.
To sum the rule up, it is necessary first to take all the
qnarterings inherited from the father and arrange them
Fig. 93S.— Arms of Richard Fitz AJan, Earl of Arundel, son of
Edmund Fitz Alan and Alice de Warenne : Quarterly, i and 4,
gules, a lion rampant or (Fitz-Alan) ; 2 and 3, chequy or and
azure (Warenne).
in a proper sequence, and then follow on in the same
sequence with the arms and quarterings inherited from the
mother.
The foregoing explanations should show how generation
by generation quarterings are added to a paternal shield,
but I have found that many of those who possess a know-
FlG. 939. — Arms of Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire {d. 1 509) :
Quarterly, I. or, three torteaux (Courtenay) ; 2. or, a lion rampant
azure, armed and langued gules (Reviers) ; 3. gules, a cross
patonce vair (De Fortis) ; 4. per pale dexter chequy or and azure,
sinister vert, over all two bars argent (stated to be for the Barony
of Okebampton, which is highly improbable).
ledge of the laws to this extent are yet at a loss, given
a pedigree, to marshal the resulting quarterings in their
right order.
Given your pedigree — the first quartering must be the
pronominal coat (I am here presuming no change of name
or arms has occurred), which is the coat of the strict male
line of descent. Then follow this male line back as far as
it is known. The second quartering is the coat of the
first heiress who married your earliest ancestor in the
male line who is known to have married an heiress.
Then after her coat will follow all the quarterings which
she was entitled to and which she has " brought in " to
your family. Having exhausted these, you then follow
your male line down to the next heiress, adding her arms
as a quartering to those already arranged, and following
it by her quarterings. The same plan must be pursued
until you arrive at your own name upon the pedigree.
Unless some exceptional circumstance has arisen (and
such exceptions will presently be found detailed at length),
all the quarterings are of equal heraldic value, and must
be the same size when displayed.
If after having worked out your quarterings you find
that you have more than you care to use, you are quite at
liberty to make a selection, omitting any number, hut it is
entirely wrong to display quarterings without those quar-
terings which brought them into the paternal line. Sup-
posing your name to be Brown, you must put the Brown
arms in the first quarter, but at your pleasure you can
quarter the arms of each single heiress who married an
ancestor of yours in the male line {i.e. who herself became
Mrs. Brown), or you can omit the whole or a part. But
supposing one of these, Mrs. Brown {nie Smith), was en-
titled to qnarter the arms of Jones, which arms of Jones
had brought in the arms of Robinson, you are not at
liberty to quarter the arms of Jones without quartering
Smith, and if you wish to display the arms of Robinson
you must also quarter the arms of Jones to bring in Robin-
son and the arms of Smith to bring in Robinson and Jones
to your own Brown achievement. You can use Brown
only : or quarterly, I and 4, Brown ; 2 and 3, Smith : or
I and 4, Brown ; 2. Smith ; 3. Jones : or quarterly, i.
Brown ; 2. Smith ; 3. Jones ; 4. Robinson ; but you are
not entitled to quarter': i and 4. Brown ; 2. Jones ; 3.
Robinson, because Smith, which brought in Jones and
Robinson, has been omitted, and there was never a match
between Brown and Jones.
Quarterings are not compulsory, and their use or disuse
is quite optional.
So much for the general rules of quartering. Let ns
now consider certain oases which require rules to them-
selves.
It is possible for a daughter to be the sole heir or co-
heir of her mother whilst not being the heir of her father,
as in the following imaginary pedigree :^
I si wife
(an heiress). ind vnfe.
Mart CosYEns=JoHN Daiicy= Margaret Fauconberg.
I I
Joan (only daughter),
heir of her mother
but not of her father.
Thomas.
I
Henry.
In this case Joan is not the heir of her father, inasmuch
as he has sons Thomas and Henry, but she is the heir of
her mother and the only issue capable of inheriting and
transmitting the Conyers arms and quarterings. Joan is
heir of her mother but not of her father.
The husband of Joan can either impale the arms of
Darcy as having married a daughter of John Darcy, or he
can place upon an escutcheon of pretence arms to indicate
that he has married the heiress of Conyers. But it would
be quite incorrect for him to simply place Conyers in
pretence, because he has not married a Miss Conyers.
What he must do is to charge the arms of Conyers with
a dexter canton of the arms of Darcy and place this upon
his escutcheon of pretence.' The children will quarter the
arms of Conyers with the canton of Darcy and inherit
likewise all the quarterings to which Mary Conyers suc-
ceeded, but the Conyers arms must be always thereafter
charged with the arms of Darcy on a canton.
• Arms borne on a sinister canton suggest illegitimacy.
376
PLATE CXX.
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5 P
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The following curious, but quite genuine case, which
was pointed out to me by Ulster King of Arms, presents
a set of circumstances absolutely unique, and it still re-
mains to be decided what is the correct method to adopt : —
jst unfe.
Lady Mart, dau. and = William St.
coheir of Thomas I Lawrence,
Bermingliani, Earl of 2nd Earl of
Louth. Married 1777, Howtli.
died 1793.
■ind wife.
Margaket,
dau. of William
Burke.
I I I
Tliree other daughters
and coheirs of their
mother.
I I
Thomas St. Other
Lawrence, issue.
3rd Earl of
Howth.
Lady Isabella St. Lawrence, inds
dau. and coheir of lier mother, but
not heir of her father, therefore
entitled to transmit the arms of
Bermingham with those of St.
Lawrence on a canton. First wife
of Earl Annesley. Married i S03,
died 1S27.
William ■■
Richard
Annesley,
3rd Earl of
Annesley.
Priscilla,
2nd dau. of
Hugh Moore.
William,
4th Earl
Annesley.
I
Hugh,
5 th Earl
Annesley.
William John M'Ghire
of Rostrevor.
Lady Mart Annesley, only child =
and sole heir of her mother and
sole heir of her grandmother, but
not heir of her father or of her
grandfather. She is therefore en-
titled to transmit the arms of Ber-
mingham with St. Lawrence on a
canton plus Annesley on a canton.
Married 182S.
How the arms of Bermingham are to be charged with
both St. Lawrence and Annesley remains to be seen. I
believe Ulster favours two separate cantons, dexter and
sinister respectively, but the point has not yet come
before him officially, and I know of no official decision
which affords a precedent.
The reverse of the foregoing affords another curious
point wheij a woman is the heir of her father but not the
heir of her mother : —
John Smith = Mart Jones.
\st liushanA. \ 2-nd husband.
John Williams = Ethel Smith, = Henet Roberts.
I only child and I
^1 heir. |
I '
Alice Williams, = Arthur Ellis.
only child and heir
of John Williams.
Theodore Ellis,
who claims to quarter :
I and 4, Ellis ; 2. Williams ; 3. Smith.
It is officially admitted (see the introduction to Burke's
"General Armory") that the claim is accurately made.
The process of reasoning is probably thus. John Williams
places upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Smith,
and Alice Williams succeeds in her own right to the arms
of her mother because the latter was an heiress, and for
herself is entitled to bear, as would a son, the arms of the
two parents quarterly ; and having so inherited, Alice
Williams being herself an heiress, is entitled to transmit.
At any rate Arthur Ellis is entitled to impale or place
upon his escutcheon of pretence Williams and Smith
quarterly. To admit the right for the descendants to
quarter the arms Arthur Ellis so bore is no more than a
logical progression, but the eventual result appears faulty,
because we find Theodore Ellis quartering the arms of
Smith, whilst the representation of Smith is in the line
Edwaud Roberts,
heir of his mother.
I
Issue.
of Edward Roberts. This curious set of circumstances,
however, is rare in the extreme.
It frequently happens, in devising a scheme of quarter-
ings, that a person may represent heiresses of several
families entitled to bear arms, but to whom the pedigree
must be traced through an heii'ess of another family which
did not possess arms. Consequently any claim to quarter-
ings inherited through the non-armorial heiress is dormant,
and the quarterings must not be used or inserted in any
scheme drawn up. It is always permissible, however, to
petition for arms to be granted to be borne for that non-
armorial family for the purpose of introducing the quarter-
ings in question, and such a grant having been made, the
dormant claim then becomes operative and the new coat
is introduced, followed by the dormant quartering in pre-
cisely the same manner as would have been the case if the
arms granted had always existed. Grants of this char-
acter are constantly being obtained.
When a Eoyal Licence to assume or change name and
arms is granted it very considerably affects the question
of quartering, and many varying circumstances attending
these Royal Licences make the matter somewhat intricate.
If the Royal Licence is to assume a name and arms in lieu
of those previously used, this means that for everyday use
the arms are chanf/ed, the right to the old arms lapsing ex-
cept for the purpose of a scheme of quarterings. The new
coat of arms under the terms of the Royal Licence, which
requires it first "to be exemplified in our Royal College of
Arms, otherwise this our Royal Licence to be void and of
none effect," is always exemplified, this exemplification
being from the legal point of view equivalent to a new grant
of the arms to the person assuming them. The terms of the
Royal Licence have always carefully to be borne in mind,
particularly in the matter of remainder, because frequently
these exemplifications are for a limited period or intended
to devolve with specified property, and a Royal Licence
only nullifies a prior right to arms to the extent of the
terms recited in the Letters Patent of exemplification.
In the ordinary way, however, such an exemplification is
equivalent to a new grant affecting all the descendants.
When it is assumed in lieu, for the ordinary purpose of
use the new coat of arms takes the place of the old one,
but the right to the old one remains in theory to a certain
extent, inasmuch as its existence is necessary in any scheme
of quartering to bring in any quarterings previously in-
herited, and these cannot be displayed with the new coat
unless they are preceded by the old one. Quarterings,
however, which are brought into the family through a
marriage in the generation in which the Royal Licence is
obtained, or in a subsequent generation, can be displayed
with the new coat without the interposition of the old one.
If the Royal Licence be to bear the name of a certain
family in lieu of a present name, and to bear the arms
of that family quarterly with the arms previously borne,
the quarterly coat is then exemplified. In an English or
Irish Royal Licence the coat of arms for the name assumed
is placed in the first and the fourth quarters, and the old
paternal arms figure in the second and third. This is
an invariable rule. The quarterly coat thus exemplified
becomes an indivisible coat for the new name, and it is
not permissible to subsequently divide these quarterings.
They become as much one coat of arms as " azure, a bend
or" is the coat of arms of Scrope. If this quarterly coat is
to be introduced in any scheme of quarterings it will only
occupy the same space as any other single quartering and
counts only as one, though it of course is in reality a
grand quartering. In devising a scheme of quarterings
for which a sub-quarterly coat of this character exempli-
fied under a Royal Licence is the pronominal coat, that
sub-quarterly coat is placed in the first quarter (Fig. 935)-
Next to it is placed the original coat of arms borne as the
pronominal coat before the Royal Licence and exemplified
377
3b
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in the second and third sub-quarters of the first quarter.
When here repeated it occupies an entire quarter. Next to
it are placed the whole of the quarterings belonging to the
family in the order in which they occur. If the family whose
name has been assumed is represented through an heiress
that coat of arms is also repeated in its proper position and
in that place in which it would have appeared if unaffected
by the Koyal Licence. But if it be the coat of arms of a
family from whom there is no descent, or of whom there is
no representation, the fact of the Royal Licence does not
give any further right to quarter it beyond its appearance
in the pronominal grand quartering. The exact state of
the case is perhaps best illustrated by the arms of Reid-
Cuddon. The name of the family was originally Reid,
and representing an heiress of the Cuddons of Shadding-
field Hall they obtained a Royal Licence to take the name
and arms of Uuddon in addition to the name and arms
of Eeid, becoming thereafter Reid-Cuddon. The arms
were exemplified in due course, and the achievement then
became: Quarterly, i and 4, Reid-Cuddon sub-quarterly,
2. the arms of Reed, 3. the arms of Cuddon. In Scotland
no such thing as a Royal Licence exists, the matter being
determined merely by a rematriculation following upon a
voluntary change of name. There is no specified order or
position for the arms of the different names, and the
arrangement of the various quarterings is left to be
determined by the circumstances of the case. Thus in
the arms of Anstruther-Dnncan the arms of Anstruther
are in the first quarter (Fig. 147), and the matter is
always largely governed by the importance of the re-
spective estates and the respective families. In England
this is not the case, because it is an unalterable rule that
the arms of the last or principal surname if there be two,
or the arms of the one surname if that be the case when
the arms of two families are quartered, must always go
in the ist and. 4th quarters. If three names are assumed
by Royal Licence, the arms of the last name go in the ist
and 4th quarters, and the last name but one in the second
quarter, and of the first name in the third (Figs. 684 and
686). These cases are, however, rare. But no matter
how many names are assumed, and no matter how many
original coats of arms the shield as exemplified consists
of, it thereafter becomes an indivisible coat.
When a Royal Licence is issued to an illegitimate
person to bear the name and arms of another family, no
right is conferred to bear the quarterings of that family
even subject to difference marks. The Royal Licence is
only applicable to whatever arms were the pronominal
coat used with the name assumed. Though instances
certainly can be found in some of the Visitation Books
and other ancient records of a coat with quarterings, the
whole debruised by a bendlet sinister, notably in the case
of a family of Talbot, where eight quarters are so marked,
the fact remains that this practice has long been de-
finitely considered incorrect, and is now never per-
mitted. If a Royal Licence is issued to an illegitimate
woman the exemplification is to herself personally, for in
the eyes of the law she has no relatives ; and though she
may be one of a large family, her descendants are entitled
to quarter the arms with the marks of distinction exempli-
fied to her because such quartering merely indicates the
representation of that one woman, who in the eyes of the
law stands alone and without relatives. In the case of a
Royal Licence to take a name and arms subject to these
marks of distinction for illegitimacy, and in cases where
the arms to be assumed are a sub-quarterly coat, the mark
of distinction, which in England is now invariably a bor-
dure wavy, will surround both quarterings, which remain
an indivisible coat. If an augmentation is granted to
a person whose pronominal coat is sub-quarterly, that
augmentation, whatever form it may assume, is super-
imposed upon all quarterings. Thus a chief of augmenta-
tion would go across the top of the shield, the four
quarters being displayed below, and the whole of this
shield would be only one quartering in any scheme of
quartering. An inescutcheon is superimposed over all.
If the augmentation take the form of a quartering, tlien
the pronominal coat is a grand quartering, equivalent in
size to the augmentation. If a person entitled to a sub-
quarterly coat and a double name obtains a Royal Licence
to bear another name and arms, and to bear the arms he
has previously borne quarterly with those he has assumed,
the result would be: Quarterly, .1 and 4, the new coat
assumed, quarterly 2 and 3, the arms he has previously
borne sub-quarterly. But it should be noticed that the
arrangements of coats of arms under a Royal Licence
largely depends upon the wording of the document by
which authority is given by the Sovereign. The wording
of the document in its terms is based upon the wording of
the petition, and within reasonable limits any arrange-
ment which is desired is usually permitted, so that care
should be taken as to the wording of the petition.
A quartering of augmentation is always placed in the
first quarter of a shield, but it becomes indivisible from
and is depicted sub-quarterly with the paternal arms; for
instance, the Duke of Westminster bears as an augmenta-
tion the arms of the city of Westminster in the ist and
4th quarters of his shield, and the arms of Grosvenor
in the 2nd and 3rd, but this coat of Westminster and
Grosvenor is an indivisible sub-quarterly coat which to-
gether would only occupy the first quarter in a shield of
quarterings. Then the second one would be the arms of
Grosvenor alone, which would be followed by the quar-
terings previously inherited.
If under a Royal Licence a name is assumed and the
Royal Licence makes no reference to the arms of the
family, the arms for all purposes remain unchanged and
as if no Royal Licence had ever been issued. If the
Royal Licence issued to a family simply exemplifies a
single coat of arms, it is quite wrong to introduce any
other coat of arms to convert this single coat into a sub-
quarterly one.
To all intents and purposes it may be stated that in
Scotland there are only four quarters in a shield, and if
more than four coats are introduced grand quarterings
are employed. Grand quarterings are very frequent in
Scottish armory. The Scottish rules of quartering follow
no fixed principle, and the constant rematrioulations make
it impossible to deduce exact rules ; and though roughly
approximating to the English ones, no greater generalisa-
tion can be laid down than the assertion that the most
recent matriculation of an ancestor governs the arms and
quartering to be displayed.
A royal quartering is never subdivided.
In combining Scottish and English coats of arms into
one scheme of quartering, it is usual if possible to treat
the coat of arms as matriculated in Scotland as a grand
quartering equivalent in value to any other of the English
quarterings (Fig. 684). This, however, is not always
possible in cases where the matriculation itself creates
grand quarterings and sub-quarterings ; and for a scheme
of quarterings in such a case it is more usual for the
Scottish matriculation to be divided up into its com-
ponent parts, and for these to be used as simple quar-
terings in succession to the English ones, regardless of
any bordure which may exist in the Scottish matricula-
tion. It cannot, of course, be said that such a practice is
beyond criticism, though it frequently remains the only
practical way of solving the difficulty.
Until comparatively recent times, if amongst quarter-
ings inherited the Royal Arms were included, it was con-
sidered a fixed, unalterable rule that these should be
placed in the first quarter, taking precedence of the
pronominal coat, irrespective of their real position accord-
378
PLATE CXXI.
Drapers' Company.
Bank of Scotland.
Institute of Chartered Accountants.
Mercers' Company.
Goldsmiths' Company.
COATS OF ARMS OF TRADE CORPORATIONS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ing to the date or pedigree place of introduction. This
rule, however, has long since been superseded, and Royal
quarterings now take their position on the same footing
as the others. It very probably arose from the mis-
conception of the facts concerning an important case
which doubtless was considered a precedent. The
family of Mowbray, after their marriage with the heiress
of Thomas de Brotherton, used either the arms of
Brotherton alone (Figs. 878, 879, 880, and 881), these
being England differenced by a label, ov else placed
them in the first quarter of their shield. Consequently
from this precedent a rule was deduced that it was per-
missible and correct to give a Eoyal quartering precedence
over all others. The position of the Mowbrays, Dukes of
Norfolk, as Earls Marshal no doubt led to their own
achievement being considered an exemplary model. But
it appears to have been overlooked that the Mowbrays
bore these Eoyal Arms of Brotherton not as an inherited
quartering but as a grant to themselves. Richard II.
apparently granted them permission to bear the arms
of Edward the Confessor impaled with the arms of
Brotherton, the whole between the two Royal ostrich
feathers (Eig. 823), and consequently, the grant having
been made, the Mowbrays were under no necessity to
display the Mowbray or the Segrave arms to bring in the
arms of Brotherton. A little later a similar case occurred
with the Stafford family, who became sole heirs-general of
Thomas of Woodstock, and consequently entitled to bear
his arms as a quartering. The matter appears to have
been settled at a chapter of the College of Arms, and the
decision arrived at was as follows : —
Cott. MS., Titus, C. i.fol. 404, in handivritmg of end
of sixteenth century.
[An order made for Henry Duke of Buckingham to heaie
the Armes of Thomas of Woodstock alone without
any other Armes to bee quartered therewith.
Anno 13 E 4.]
Memorandum that in the yeare of the Reigne of our Soveraign
Lord King Edward the iiij"", the Thuvtein in the xviij''"
day of ffeverir, it was concluded in a Chapitre of the
office of Armes that where a nobleman is descended
lenyalle Ineritable to iij. or iiij. Cotes and afterward is
ascended to a Cotte neir to the King and of his royall
bloud, may for his most onneur here the same Cootte
alone, and none lower Coottes of Dignite to be quartered
therewith. As my Lord Henry Duke of Buckingham,
Eirll of Harford, Northamton, and Stafford, Lord of
Breknoke and of Holdernes, is assended to the Coottes
and ayer to Thomas of Woodstoke, Duke of Glocestre and
Sonne to King Edward the third, hee may beire his Cootte
alone. And it was so Concluded by [Claurancieulx King
of Armes, Marclie King of Armes, Gyen King of Armes,
Windesor Herauld, Fawcon Herauld, Harfford Herald].
But I imagine that this decision was in all probability
founded upon the case of the Mowbrays, which was not
in itself an exact precedent, because with the Staffords
there appears to have been no such Royal grant as existed
with the Mowbrays. Other instances at about this period
can be alluded to, but though it must be admitted that
the rule existed at one time, it has long since been
officially over-ridden.
A territorial coat or a coat of arms borne to indicate
the possession of a specific title is either placed in the
first quarter or borne in pretence ; see the arms of the
Earl of Mar and Kellie (Fig. 813). A singular instance
of a very exceptional method of marshalling occurs in
the case of the arms of the Earl of Caithness. He bears
four coats of arms, some being stated to be territorial
coats, quarterly, dividing them by the cross engrailed
sable from his paternal arms of Sinclair. The arms of
the Earls of Caithness are thus marshalled : " Quarterly,
I. azure, within a Royal tressure a ship with furled sails
all or." Orkney : " 2 and 3, or, a lion rampant gules."
Spar (a family in possession of the Earldom of Caithness
before the Sinclairs) : " 4. Azure, a ship in sail or,
Caithness"; and over all, dividing the quarters, a cross
engrailed " sable," for Sinclair. The Barons Sinclair of
Sweden (so created 1766, but extinct ten years later)
bore the above quartered coats as cadets of Caithness,
but separated the quarters, not by the engrailed ci'oss
sable of Sinclair, but by a cross patee throughout ermine.
In an escutcheon en surtout they placed the Sinclair arms :
"Argent, a cross engrailed sable"; and, as a mark of
cadency, they surrounded the main escutcheon with " a
boi'dure chequy or and gules." This arrangement was
doubtless suggested by the Eoyal Arms of Denmark, the
quarterings of which have been for many centuries sepa-
rated by the cross of the Order of the Dannebrog:
" Argent, a cross patee throughout fimbriated gules." In
imitation of this a considerable number of the principal
Scandinavian families use a cross patee throughout to
separate the quarters of their frequently complicated
coats. The quarterings in these are often not indicative
of descent, but were all included in the original grant of
armorial bearings. On the centre of the cross thus used,
an escutcheon, either of augmentation or of the family
arms, is placed cji surlov.t.
The main difference between British and foreign usage
with regard to quartering is this, that in England quarter-
ings are usually employed to denote simply descent from
an heiress, or representation in blood ; in Scotland they
also implied the possession of lordships. In foreign coats
the quarterings are often employed to denote the possession
of fiefs acquired in other ways than by marriage (e.g. by
bequest or purchase), or the jus expectationis, the right
of succession to such fiefs in accordance with certain
agreements.
In foreign heraldry the base of the quartered shield is
not unfrequently cut off by a horizontal line, forming
what is known as a Champagne, and the space thus made
is occupied by one or more coats. At other times a pile
with curved sides runs from the base some distance into
the quartered shield, which is then said to be ente en
point, and this space is devoted to the display of one or
more quarterings. The definite and precise British regu-
lations which have grown up on the subject of the mar-
shalling of arms have no equivalent in the armorial laws
of other countries.
Very rarely quartering is affected per saltire, as in the
arms of Sicily and in a few other coats of Spanish origin,
but even as regards foreign armory the practice is so rare
that it may be disregarded.
The laws of marshalling upon the Continent, and par-
ticularly in Germany, are very far from being identical
with British heraldic practices.
The British method of impaling two coats of arms
upon one shield to signify marriage is now wholly dis-
carded, and two shields are invariably made use of.
These shields are placed side by side, the dexter shield
being used to display the man's arms and the sinister
those of the woman's family. The shields are tilted
towards each other (the position is not quite identical
with that which we term accolle). But — and this is a
peculiarity practically unknown in England — the German
practice invariably reverses the charges upon the dexter
shield, so that the charges upon the two shields " respect "
each other. This perhaps can be most readily understood
by reference to Figs. 940 and 941. The former shows
the simple arras of Von Bibelspurg, the latter the same
coat allied with another. Other examples of this practice
will be seen on Plate CXLIX. But it should be noted
that letters or words, if they appear as charges upon the
shield, are not reversed. This reversing of the charges is
379
THE ART OF HERALDRY
by no means an uncommon practice in Germany for
other purposes. For instance, if the arms of a State are
Fig. 940. — Arms of
Hans Wolf von
Bibelspurg.
Fig. 941. — Arms of Hans Wolf von Bibels-
purg and bis wife Catherina Waraus,
married in 1507 at Augsburg.
depicted surrounded by the arms of provinces, or if the
arms of a reigning Sovereign are grouped within a
bordure of the shields of other people, the charges on the
shields to the dexter are almost invariably shown in
reflection regarding the shield in the centre. This prac-
tice, resting only on what may be termed " heraldic
courtesy," dates back to very early times, and is met with
even in Rolls of Arms where the shields are all turned to
face the centre. Such a system was adopted in Sieb-
macher's " Book of Arms." But what the true position of
the charges should be when represented upon a simple
shield should be determined by the position of the helmet.
It may be of interest to state that in St. George's Chapel
at Windsor the early Stall plates as originally set up were
all disposed so that helmets and charges alike faced the
High Altar.
The conjunction of three coats of arms in Germany is
effected as shown in Fig. 942. Although matrimonial
alliance does not in Germany entail the conjunction of
different coats of arms on one shield, such conjunction does
occur in German heraldry, but it is comparable (in its
meaning) with our rules of quartering and not with onr
rules of impalement. No such exact and definite rules
exist in that country as are to be met with in our own to
determine the choice of a method of conjunction, nor to
indicate the significance to be presumed from whatever
method may be found in use. Personal selection and the
adaptability to any particular method of the tinctures and
the charges themselves of the coats to be conjoined seem
to be the determining factors, and the existing territorial
attributes of German armory have a greater weight in
Fig. 942.
Fig. 944. — ^Arms of Loschau
or Lesaw, of Augsburg.
v^
Fig. 943.
FIG. 945.
some of the various modes of conjunction which have been
or are still practised. These include impalement per pale
or per fess (Fig. 943) and dimidiation (Fig. 944), which
is more usual on the Continent than in these kingdoms.
The subdivision of the field, as with ourselves, is most
frequently adopted; though we are usually confined to
quartering, German armory knows no such restrictions.
The most usual subdivisions are as given in Fig. 945.
The ordinary quartered shield is met with in Fig. 946,
marshalling than the principle of heirship which is prac-
tically the sole governing factor in British heraldry. One
must therefore content oneself with a brief recital of
Fig. 946. — Arms of the Elector and Archbishop of Treves.
which represents the arms of James III., Von Eltz,
Elector and Archbishop of Treves (1567-1581), in which
his personal arms of Eltz (" Per fess gules and argent, in
chief a demi-lion issuing or ") are quartered with the
impersonal arms of his archbishopric, " Argent, a cross
gules." Another method of conjunction is superimposi-
tion, by which the design of the one shield takes the form
of an ordinary imposed upon the other (Fig. 947). _ A
curious method of conjoining three coats is by engrafting
the third in base (Fig. 948). The constant use of the
inescutcheon has been already referred to, and even early
English armory (Figs. 76 and 303) has examples of the
widespread Continental practice (which obtains largely in
Spanish and Portuguese heraldry) of surrounding one
coat with a bordure of another.
The German method of conjunction by incorporation
has been frequently pleaded in British heraldry, in efforts
to account for ancient arms, but with us (save for
occasional use for cadency differencing at an early and for
a limited period) such incorporation only results in and
signifies an originally new coat, and not an authorised
marshalling of existing arms of prior origin and authority.
The German method can best be explained by two ex-
FIG. 947
Fig. 94S.
amples. Let us suppose a coat " per fess argent and gules,"
with which another coat "gules, a fleur-de-lis argent,"
is to be marshalled. The result would be " per fess argent
and gules, a fleur-de-lis counterchanged." With smaller
objects a more usual method would duplicate the charges,
thus " per bend argent and azure," and " argent, a star
of six points azure " would result in " per bend argent
and azure, two stars of six points counterchanged" (Fig.
949). A. C. F-D. AND H. S.
380
PLATE CXXII.
Frinted m :5iiitt^iirl.
ARMS OF SOCIETIES AND CORPORATIONS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XXXVIII
THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF KNIGHTHOOD
IT hardly falls within the scope of the present work
to detail or discuss the various points concerning
the history or statutes of the different British
Orders of Knighthood, and still less so of the Foreign
Orders. The history of the English Orders alone would
make a bulky volume. But it is necessary to treat of
the matter to some limited extent, inasmuch as in modern
heraldry in every country in Europe additions are made
to the armorial achievement whenever it is desired to
signify rank in any of the orders of knighthood.
Though a large number of the early Plantagenet Garter
Stall-plates date as far back as the year 1420, it is evident
that nothing in the armorial bearings with which they are
emblazoned bears any relation to the order of knighthood
to which they belonged until the year 1469 or thereabouts,
when Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was elected
a Knight of the Garter. His Stall plate, which is of a
very exceptional style and character, is the first to bear
the garter encircling the shield. It is curious to notice,
by the way, that upon the privy seal of the Duke of
Burgundy, which shows the same arms depicted upon
his Garter plate, the shield is surrounded by the collar,
from which depends the badge of the Order of the
Golden Fleece, so that it is highly probable that the
custom of adding marks of knighthood to a shield came
to us from the Continent. The next Garter plate, which
shows the garter around the shield, is that of Viscount
Lovel, who was elected in 1483 ; and the shield of the
Earl of Derby, who was elected in the same year, also is
encircled by the garter. The Garter itself encircling the
shields of knights of that order remained the only mark
of knighthood used armorially in this country for a con-
siderable period, though we find that the example was
copied in Scotland soon afterwards with regard to the
Order of the Thistle. At the commencement of the pre-
sent Lyon Register, which dates from the year 1672, the
arms of the King of Scotland, which are given as such
and not as the King of England and Scotland, are de-
scribed as encircled by the collar of the Order of the
Thistle. This probably was used as the equivalent of
the garter in England, for we do not find the collar of the
Garter, together with the garter itself or the ribbon circle
of the Thistle, together with the collar of that order, until
a much later period. The use of collars of knighthood
upon the Continent to encircle coats of arms has been from
the fifteenth century very general and extensive ; examples
are to be found at an earlier date ; but the encircling of
arms with the garter carrying the motto of the order, or
with the ribbon (which is termed the circle) and motto of
any other order is an entirely English practice, which does
not appear to have been copied in any other country. It,
of course, arose from the fact that the actual garter as
worn by the knight of the order carried the motto,
and that by representing the garter round the shield,
the motto of the order was of necessity also added.
The Lyon Eegister, however, in the entry of record
(dated 1672), states that the shield is "encircled with
the Order of Scotland, the same being composed of
rue and thistles having the image of St. Andrew with
his Crosse on his brest y'unto pendent," and it is by
no means improbable that occasional instances of the
heraldic use of the collar of the garter might be dis-
covered at the same period. But it is not until the
later part of the eighteenth century that it obtained
anything like a regular use.
During the Hanoverian period it became customary to
encircle the shield first with the garter, and that in its
turn with the collar of the order whenever it was desired
to display the achievement in its most complete style ;
and though even then and at the present day for less
elaborate representations the garter only was used without
the collar, it still remains correct to display both in a full
emblazonment of the arms. An impetus to the practice
was doubtless given by the subdivision of the Order
of the Bath, which will be presently referred to. An
example of this will be found in Figs. 809 and 54,
which respectively represent the arms of the Duke of
Norfolk, K.G., and the late Duke of Argyll, K.G., K.T.
Pendent from the collar, it will be noticed, hangs
the badge of the order which is known as the Greater
George. In speaking of the garter, the opportunity
should be taken to protest strongly against the objec-
tionable practice which has arisen of using a garter to
encircle a crest or shield and to carry the family motto.
No matter what motto is placed upon the garter, it is both
bad form and absolutely incorrect for any one who is not
a Knight of the Garter to use a garter in any heraldic
display.
But to tabulate the existing practice the present rules
as to the display of the arms of knights of the different
orders are as follows : —
A Knight of the Garter encircles his escutcheon by a
representation of the garter he wears. This is a belt of
dark blue velvet edged with gold and ornamented with a
heavy gold buckle and ornament at the end. It carries
the motto of the Order, " Honi soit qui mal y pense," in
gold letters of plain Roman character. Anciently the
motto was spelled " Hony soit qy mal y pense," as may
be noticed from some of the early Garter plates, and
the style of the letter was what is now known as " Old
English." The-garter is worn buckled, with the end
tucked under and looped in a specified manner, which is
the method also adopted in heraldic representations (Fig.
809). It is quite permissible to use the garter alone, but
a Knight of the Order is allowed to add outside the garter
the representation of the collar of the order, as represented
in Fig. 809. This is of gold, consisting of twenty-six
buckled garters enamelled in the correct colour, each sur-
rounding a rose, the garter alternated with gold knots all
joined up by chain links of gold. From the collar depends
the "George," or figure of St. George on horseback en-
countering the dragon, enamelled in colours. In heraldic
representations it is usual to ignore the specified number
of links in the collar. A Knight of the Garter as such is
entitled to claim the privilege of a grant of supporters,
but as nowadays the order is reserved for those of the
rank of earl and upwards, supporters will always have a
prior existence in connection with the peerage.
Knights of the Thistle are entitled to surround their
arms with a plain circle of green edged with gold and
bearing the motto in gold letters, " Nemo me impune
lacessit." They are also entitled to surround their arms
with the collar of the order, which is of gold, and com-
posed of sprigs of thistle and rue (Andrew) enamelled in
their proper colours. From the collar the badge (the
figure of St. Andrew) depends (Figs. 251 and 407).
381
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Knights of St. Patrick are entitled to surround their
arms by a plain circle of sky-blue, edged with gold bear-
ing the motto, " Quis Separabit. M.D.C.C.LXXXIII," as enamel-
led on the star of the order. This is encircled by the
collar of the order, which is of gold, composed of roses
and harps alternately, tied together with knots of gold, the
said roses enamelled alternately, white leaves within red
and red leaves within white ; and in the centre of the said
collar shall be an Imperial crown surmounting a harp
of gold, from which shall hang the badge (Fig. 950).
people now imagine. There is nobody at the present
time who is entitled to use these letters. Upon those
of the Bath plates which now remain in the chapel
of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey, one of which is
represented on plate LXVIII., no instance will be found
in which the collar is represented outside the circle,
which is pretty good evidence that although isolated ex-
amples may possibly be found at an earlier date, it was
not the usual custom up to the end of the eighteenth
century to encircle a shield with a collar of knighthood.
Fig. 950. — Arms of Viscount Powerscourt, K.P. : Argent, on a bend gules, three pairs of
wings conjoined in lure of the field. The escutcheon is surrounded by the ribbon of
St. Patrick, and by the collar and pendent therefrom the badge of that Order; and
impaling upon a second escutcheon the arms of Coke, namely : per pale gules and azure,
three eagles displayed argent. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : upon a wreath of the
colours, a demi-eagle ri.-^ing, wings expanded argent, looking at the sun in its glory.
Supporters: two pegasi argent, winged, maned, and hoofed or. Motto: "Fidillite est
de Dieu."
Knights of the Thistle and St. Patrick are entitled as
such to claim a grant of supporters on payment of the
fees, but these orders are nowadays confined to peers.
The Order of the Bath. — Knights of the Bath who have
existed from a remote period do not appear as such to
have made any additions to their arms prior to the revival
of the order in 1725. At that time, similarly to the
Orders of the Garter and the Thistle, the order was of one
class only and composed of a limited number of knights.
Knights of that order were then distinguished by the
letters K.B., which, it should be noted, mean Knight
of the Bath, and not Knight Bachelor, as so many
These Knights of the Bath (K.B.), as they were termed,
surrounded their escutcheons with circlets of crimson
edged with gold, and bearing thereupon the motto of
the order, " Tria junota in uno," in gold letters. Plate
LXVIII. is a reproduction of a Stall plate now remain-
ing in the chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey,
and represents that of Admiral Sir Alexander Cock-
burn, K.B., and shows the arms: "Argent, a chevron
gules between three boars' heads erased azure, and as an
honourable augmentation, on a chief wavy azure, a sphinx
couohant argent. Crests: i. (of honourable augmentation)
out of a naval coronet or, a dexter arm embowed, vested
382
THE ART OF HERALDRY
aznre, cuffed argent, holding in the hand proper a flag-
staff in bend sinister of the last, therefrom floating to the
sinister a banner argent, charged with a cross gules, and
thereon in letters of gold the words ' St. Domingo ' ; 2.
on a wreath of the colours, a horse passant argent. Sup-
porters : on either side a greyhound argent, collared and
lined or, each supporting a flagstaff and banner as in the
crest. Motto : ' Virtute et labore.' "
Although at that time it does not appear that the collar
of the order was ever employed for armorial purposes,
instances are to be found in which the laurel wreath sur-
rounded the circlet with the motto of the order. The
collar at any rate does not appear upon any Stall plates.
In the year 1815, owing to the large number of oflicers
who had merited reward in the Peninsular Campaign, it
was considered necessary to largely increase the extent
Fig. 951.— Arms of General Sir Charles H. Brownlow, G.O.B. : Party
per pale or and argent, an inesoutcheon within an orle of martlets
sable. Upon the escutcheon, which is encircled by the ribbon of
the Order of the Bath, by a wreath of laurel, and by the collar
and pendent therefrom the badge of a G.C.B., is placed a helmet
befitting his degree, with a mantling sable and or ; and for his
crest, upon a chapeau azure, turned up ermine, a greyhound gules,
collared or.
and scope of the order. For this purpose it was divided
into two divisions — the Military Division and the Civil
Division — and each of these were divided into three
classes, namely. Knights Grand Cross (G.C.B.), Knights
Commanders (K.C.B.), and Companions (C.B.) The then
existing Knights of the Bath became Knights Grand Cross.
The existing collar served for all Knights Grand Cross,
but the old badge and star were assigned for the civil
division of the order, a new pattern being designed for
the military division. The number of stalls in Henry
VII. 's Chapel being limited, the erection of Stall plates
and the display of banners ceased ; those then in position
were allowed to remain, and still remain at the present
moment. Consequently there are no Stall plates to refer
to in the matter as precedents since that period, and the
rules need to be obtained from other sources. They are
now as follows : A Knight Grand Cross of the Order of
the Bath surrounds his arms with the circlet as was there-
tofore the case, and in addition he surrounds the circlet
by his collar, from which depends the badge (either mili-
tary or civil) of the division to which he belongs. The
collar is really for practical purposes the distinguishing
mark of a Knight Grand Cross, because although as such
he is entitled upon payment of the fees to claim a gj-ant
of supporters, he is under no compulsion to do so, and
comparatively but few avail themselves of the privilege.
All Knights of the Bath, before the enlargement of the
order, had supporters. A Knight Grand Cross of the
military division encircles his arms with the laurel
wreath in addition, this being placed outside the circlet
and within the collar of the order. The collar is com-
posed of gold having nine Imperial crowns and eight
devices of the rose, the thistle, and shamrock issuing
from a sceptre placed alternately and enamelled in their
proper colours, the links being connected with seventeen
knots enamelled white. The badges of the military and
civil divisions differ considerably, as may be seen from
Figs. 951 and i respectively.
Knights Commanders of the Bath have no collar and
cannot claim a grant of supporters, but they encircle their
shields with the circlet of the order, suspending their
badge below the shield by the ribbon from which it is
worn (Pigs. 333 and 358). Knights Commanders of the
military division use the laurel wreath as do Knights
Grand Cross (Pigs. 951, 333, and 779), but no members
of any class of the civil division are entitled to display it.
Companions of the Order (C.B.) do not use the helmet
of a knight as does a G.C.B. or a K.C.B. ; in fact, the
only difference which is permissible in their arms is that
they are allowed to suspend the badge of a C.B. from
a ribbon below their shields (Pigs. 243, 534, and 535).
They do not use the circlet of the order. Certain cases
have come under my notice in which a military C.B.
has added a laurel wreath to his armorial bearings, but
whether such a practice is correct I am unaware, but I
think it is not officially recognised.
The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (like the
Order of the Bath as at present constituted) is divided
into three classes, Knights Grand Commanders, Knights
Commanders, and Companions. Knights Grand Comman-
ders place the circlet of the order around their shields
(Pig. 953). This is of light blue inscribed with the motto,
" Heaven's light our guide." This in its tui'n is sur-
rounded by the collar of the order, which is composed of
alternate links of the Indian lotus flower, crossed palm-
branches, and the united red and white rose of England.
In the centre of the collar is an Imperial crown from
which depends the badge of the order, this being an onyx
cameo of the efBgy of her late Majesty Queen Victoria
within the motto of the order, and surmounted by a star,
the whole being richly jewelled. The surrounding of the
shield by the circlet of the order doubtless is a con-
sequence and follows upon the original custom of the
armorial use of the garter, but this being admitted, it is
yet permissible to state that that practice came from the
Continent, and there is little reason to doubt that the
real meaning and origin of the custom of using the circlet
is derived from the Continental practice which has for
long been usual of displaying the shield of arms upon
the star of an order of knighthood. The star of every
British order — the Garter included — contains the circlet
and motto of the order, and it is easy to see how, after
depicting the shield of arms upon the star of the order,
the result will be that the circlet of the order surrounds
the shield. No armorial warrant upon the point is ever
issued at the creation of an order ; the thing follows as a
matter of course, the circlet being taken from the star to
surround the shield without further authorisation. Upon
this point there can be no doubt, inasmuch as the garter
which surrounds the shield of a K.G. is in all authori-
tative heraldic paintings buckled in the peculiar manner
in which it is worn and in which it is depicted upon the
star. The Star of the Thistle shows the plain circlet, the
Star of St. Patrick the same, and the arms of a Knight of
St. Patrick afford a curious confirmation of my contention,
because whilst the motto of the order is specified to be,
383
THE ART OF HERALDRY
" Quis separabit," the circlet used for armorial purposes
includes the date (mdcclxxxiii.) as shown upon the star.
The Order of the Bath, again, has a plain circlet upon the
star, and the badges and stars of the military knights
have the laurel wreath represented in heraldic drawings,
the laurel wreath being absent from the stars and the
shields of those who are members of the civil division.
Now with regard to the Order of the Star of India the
motto on the star is carried upon a representation of a
ribbon which is tied in a curious manner, and my own
Fig. 953 — Arms of Lieiit.-Gen. Sir Richard Strachey, G.C.S.I. : Quar-
terly, I and 4, argent, a cross between four eagles displayed
gules (Strachey) ; 2 and 3, or, three crescents sable, on a canton
of the East, a ducal coronet of the first, and impaling the arms of
Grant, namely : quarterly I and 4, gules three antique crowns or
(for Grant) ; 2. or, a fess chequy azure and argent between three
wolves' heads couped sable (for Stewart of AthoU) ; 3. azure, a
dexter arm vambraced, grasping a sword erected in pale argent,
between three boars' heads couped or, langued gules (for Gordon),
all within a bordure wavy or. Upon the escutcheon, which is
surrounded by the ribbon and the collar of the Star of India,
from which is pendent his badge as a G.C.S.I., is placed a helmet
befitting his degree, with a mantling gules and argent : and for
his crest, upon a wreath of the colours, an eagle displayed gules,
charged on the breast with a cross pattSe fitchee argent.
opinion is that the circlet used to surround the shield of
a G.C.S.I. or K.C.S.I. should (as in the case of the garter)
be represented not as a simple circlet like the Bath or
Thistle, but as a ribbon tied in the curious manner re-
presented upon the star. This tying is not, however,
duplicated upon the badge, and possibly I may be told
that the circlet and its use are taken from the badge and
not from the star. The reply to such a statement is, first,
that there is no garter upon the badge of that order,
there is no circlet on the badge of the Thistle, and the
circlet on the badge of St. Patrick is surrounded by a
wreath of trefoils which in that case ought to appear round
the shield of a K.P. This wreath of trefoils is absent
from the K.P. star. Further, no Companion of an Order
is permitted to use the Circlet of the Order, whilst every
Companion has his badge. No Companion has a star.
Though I hold strongly that the circlet of the Star of
India should be a ribbon tied as represented on the star
of the order, I must admit I have never yet come across
an official instance of it being so represented. This, how-
ever, is a point upon which there is no definite warrant
of instructiou, and is not the conclusion justifiable that
on this matter the oflicers of arms have been led into a
mistake in their general practice by an oversight and
possible unfamiliarity with the actual star ? A Knight
Grand Commander is entitled to claim a grant of sup-
porters on payment of the fees. A Knight Commander
encircles his shield with the circlet of the order and hangs
his badge from a ribbon below (Fig. 963), a Companion
of the Order simply hangs the badge he wears below his
shield.
The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and, St.
George. — This order again is divided into three classes —
Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders, and Com-
panions. Knights Grand Cross place the circlet of the
order and the collar with the badge around their shields,
and, like other Knights Grand Cross, they are entitled to
claim a grant of supporters (Figs. 117 and 222). The
circlet of the order is of blue edged with gold, and bear-
ing in gold letters the motto of the order, " Auspioium
melioris a3vi." The collar is composed alternately of lions
of England, of Maltese crosses, and of the ciphers S.M.
and S.G., and haviug in the centre an Imperial crown
over two lions passant guardant, each holding a bunch of
seven arrows. At the opposite point of the collar are
two similar lions. The whole is of gold except the crosses,
which are of white enamel, and the various devices are
linked together by small gold chains. Knights Com-
manders of the Order encircle their shields with a similar
circlet of the order, and hang their badges below (Fig.
501). A Companion simply suspends his badge from a
ribbon below his shield (Fig. 954).
Fig. 954. — Arms of John Eoberts, Esq., C.M.G., of Littlebairn House,
Dunedin, New Zealand : Gules, a hawk's lure argent, between
two cushions or in chief, in base a ram's head proper, horned gold,
all within a bordure azure, and below the escutcheon his badge as
a C.M.G. Mantling gules, doubled argent. Crest: on a wreath
of his liveries, a demi-lion rampant azure, holding in the dexter
paw a fleur-de-lis or. Motto : " Industria et probitate."
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. — This
order is divided into three classes — Knights Grand
Commanders, Knights Commanders, and Companions.
Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders
encircle their shields with the circlet of the order, which
is of purple inscribed in letters of gold, with the motto of
384
PLATE CXXIII.
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Stationers' Company.
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North Borneo Company.
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COATS OF ARMS OF TRADE CORPORATIONS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the order, " Imperatricis auspiciis." The collar of the
order, which is used by the Knights Grand Commanders,
in addition to the circle, is composed of elephants, lotus
flowers, peacocks in their pride, and Indian roses, and in
the centre is an Imperial crown, the whole being linked
together by chains of gold (Fig. 955). Knights Com-
FlG. 955. — Arms of Sir Thomas Lawrence Seccombe, G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I.,
C.B. : Argent, on a fess gules, between three lions rampant sable,
a lotus-flower slipped and leaved proper, in the centre cliief point
an Eastern crown of the second, a bordure invected of the third.
Upon the escutcheon, which is surrounded by the ribbon of the
Order of the Indian Empire, and by the collar and pendent there-
from the star of a G-.C.I.E,, of a K.C.S.I., and the badge of a C.B.
(Civ. Div.), is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mant-
ling gules and argent ; and for his crest, upon a wreath of the
colours, a lion rampant sable between two elephants' proboscides
proper : with the motto, "Paratus et fidelis."
manders suspend their badges from their shields (Figs.
427 and 578). Companions are only permitted to suspend
their badges from a ribbon, and, as in the cases of the
other orders, are not allowed to make nse of the circlet of
the order (Fig. 390).
The Royal Victorian Order is divided into five classes,
and is the only British order of which this can be said.
There is no collar belonging to the order, so a G.C.V.O.
cannot put one round his shield. Knights Grand Cross
surround their shields with the circlet of the order, which
is of dark blue carrying in letters of gold the motto,
" Victoria." Knights Commanders also use the circlet,
with the badge suspended from the ribbon. Commanders
and members of the fourth and fifth classes of the Order
suspend the badge which they are entitled to wear below
their shields. The " Victorian Chain " is quite apart
from the Victorian Order, and up to the present time has
only been conferred upon the late Archbishop of Canter-
bury and Lord Curzon of Kedleston. It apparently exists
by the pleasure of His Majesty, no statutes having been
ordained.
The Distinguished Service Order (Fig. 964), the Imperial
Service Order, and the Order of Merit are each of but
one class only, none of them conferring the dignity of
knighthood. They rank heraldically with the Companions
of the other Orders, and for heraldic purposes merely
confer upon those people entitled to the decorations the
right to suspend the badges they wear below their shields
or lozenges as the case may be, following the rules observed
by other Companions. The Victoria Cross (Fig. 956), the
Albert Medal, the Conspicuous Service Cross, the Kaisar-i-
Hind Medal, the Royal Eed Cross, the Volunteer Officers'
Decoration (Fig. 127), and the Decoration of the League
of Mercy all rank as decorations. Though none confer
any style or precedence of knighthood, those entitled to
them are permitted to suspend representations of such
decorations as are enjoyed below their shields.
, The members of the Orders of Victoria and Albert and
of the Crown of India are permitted to display the
badges they wear below their lozenges.
Some people, notably in the early part of the nine-
teenth century, adopted the practice of placing war
medals below the escutcheons amongst other decorations.
It is doubtful, however, how far this practice is correct,
inasmuch as a medal does not technically rank as a
decoration or as a matter of honour. That medals are
"decorations " is not officially recognised, with the excep-
tion, perhaps, of the Jubilee medal, the Diamond Jubilee
medal, and the Coronation medal, which have been given
¥lG. 956. — Arms of Admiral Charles Davis Lucas, V.C. : Argent, a fess
between six annulets gules. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : on
a wreath of the colours, a demi-griffin argent, beaked and mem-
bered or ; with the motto, " Stat religione parentum."
a status more of the character of a decoration than of
simple medals.
Plate XXIII. Fig. 2 represents the arms of Sir Wood-
bine Parish, K.H., and illustrates the method of displaying
the arms of a Knight of the Royal Hanoverian Order.
The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in
Eiigland does not rank with other orders or decorations,
inasmuch as it was initiated without Royal intervention,
and carries no precedence or titular rank. In 1888, how-
ever, a Royal charter of incorporation was obtained, and
the distribution of the highest offices of the order in the
persons of the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and other
members of the Royal Family has of late years very
much increased its social status. The Crown is gradually
acquiring a right of veto, which will probably eventually
result in the order becoming a recognised honour, of
which the gift lies with the Crown. In the charter of
incorporation, Knights of Justice and Ladies of Justice
were permitted to place as a chief over their arms the
augmentation anciently used by knights of the English
language of the original Roman Catholic Celibate Order.
.385
30
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The chief used is: " Gules, charged with a cross through-
out argent, the cross embellished in its angles with lions
passant guardant and unicorns passanb alternately both
or," as in the cross of the order. The omission, which is
all the more inexplicable owing to the fact that the
present Garter King of Arms is the officer for the order,
that the heraldic provisions of this charter have never
been conveyed, as should have been the case, in a Royal
Warrant to the Earl Marshal, has caused some confusion,
for the officers of the College of Arms, when speaking
officially, decline to admit the insignia of the order in any
official emblazonment of arms. Lyon King of Arms has
been less punctilious, and Pig. 494, which represents the
arms of Mr. A. E. Eraser, a Knight of Justice of the
Order, shows his shield as now registered in Lyon Office
with the chief.
Knights of Justice, Knights of Grace, and Esquires of
the Orders all suspend the badges they wear from a black
watered-silk ribbon below their shields (Eig. 334), and
Ladies of Justice and Ladies of Grace do the same below
their lozenges. By the Statutes of the Order Knights of
Justice are required to show that alU their four grand-
parents were legally entitled to bear arms, but so many
provisions for the exercise of discretion in dispensing
with this requirement were at the same time created
that to all intents and purposes such a regulation might
never have been included. Some of the Knights of
Justice even yet have no arms at all, others are them-
selves grantees, and still others would be unable to show
what is required of them if the claims of their grand-
parents were properly investigated. Eigs. 957 and 958,
Fig. 957. — From the tomb of Sir Thomas Tresham, last Grand
Prior in England of the Knights Hospitallers.
which are taken from the effigy of Sir Thomas Tresham,
Last Grand Prior in England of the Knights Hospitallers,
now in All Hallows Church, Riishton, Northamptonshire,
represents the method in which the arms of the ancient
Order of St. John of Jerusalem were worn and borne.
Fig. 811, the achievement of the late Marquess of
DufPerin and Ava, shows a variety of such decorations
Fig. 95S. — Arms from the tomb of Sir Thomas Tresham.
added to a shield, as does the coat of Colonel John Alex-
ander Man Stuart, C.B., C.M.G. (Plate XVIII. Eig. i).
It should perhaps be stated that the supporters issued
to Knights Grand Cross are personal to themselves, and
in the patents by which they are granted the grant is
made for life only, no hereditary limitation being added.
Any person in this country holding a Royal Licence to
wear the insignia of any foreign order is permitted to
adopt any heraldic form, decoration, or display which that
order confers in the country of origin. Official recogni-
tion exists for this, and many precedents can be quoted.
The rules which exist in foreign countries concerning
heraldic privileges of the knights of different orders are
very varied, and it is impossible
to briefly summarise them. It
may, however, be stated that the
most usual practice is to display
the shield alone in the centre of
the star (Eig. 959). As with us,
the collars of the orders are
placed around the shields, and the
badges depend below, but the use
of the circlet carrying the motto of
the order is exclusively a British
practice. In the case of some of
the Orders, however, the official
coat of arms of the order is quar-
tered, impaled, or borne in pre-
tence with the personal arms, and
the cross pat^e of the Order of the
Dannebrog is to be met with placed in front of a shield of
quarteriugs, the charges thereupon appearing in the angles
of the cross. I am not sure, however, that the cases which
have come under my notice should not be rather con-
sidered definite and hereditary grants of augmentation,
this being perhaps a more probable explanation than that
such a method of display followed as a matter of course
on promotion to the order. The Grand Masters of the
Teutonic Order quarter the arms of that order with those
of their family. The Knights of the Order of St. Stephen
of Tuscany bear the arms of that order in chief over their
personal arms. Eig. 959 represents the manner in which
a " Bailli-prof&s " (Grand Cross) of the real Catholic and
Celibate Order of St. John of Malta places the chief of
the order on his shield, the latter being imposed upon a
Fig. 959.—" Bailli profis "
of the Catholic Order
of the Knights Hospi-
tallers or the Order of
Malta.
386
PLATE CXXIV.
JJieanms bcrru by
GRAND LOOCC OF ALL EHGLAHO
Circa 1125.
BRICKLAYERS AND TILERS.
from GatesTiead c?iarterl67I .
MASONS OF COLOGNE.
/rom seal 1396 f colours restortdj
ARMS OF MASONIC AND KINDRED BODIES.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Maltese star (this being white) and the badge of the order
depending below. The " Knight-profes " does not use
the chief of the order. In the German Protestant Order
of Malta (formerly Bailiwick of Brandenburg) the Com-
mendatories place the shield of their arms upon the Cross
of Malta, the Knights of Justice (" Riohtsritter ") on the
contrary assume the cross upon the shield itself (see
Plate LXV. Fig. 4), whilst the Knights of Grace suspend
it from the bottom of the shield. Other examples con-
cerning the German use of heraldic insignia of knight-
hood will be found on Plate CXXXIX. Figs. 4 and 16.
Anciently the heraldic emblems of an order were placed
in the dexter chief of the shield or simply near the
escutcheon (Plate LXXXIX.) ; in like manner would be
disposed the badges of a Society of Knights or other
Fraternity (Plates LXXVIII. Fig. i and LXXX. Fig. 4),
but in a few instances a closer connection may be observed
(Plate CXXVI. Fig. 4). The members of the ancient
Order of La Covdeliere formerly encircled their lozenges
with a representation of the Cordelifere, which formed
a part of their habit (Fig. 864) ; and the officers of the
Ecclesiastical Orders frequently surround their escutcheons
with rosaries from which depend crucifixes. Whether
this latter practice, however, should be considered merely
a piece of artistic decoration, or whether it should be
regarded as an ecclesiastical matter or should be included
within the purview of armory, I leave others to decide.
By a curious fiction, for the origin of which it is not
easy to definitely account, unless it is a survival of the
celibacy required in certain orders, a knight is not sup-
posed to share the insignia of any order of knighthood
with his wife. There is not the slightest doubt that
his own knighthood does confer upon her both pre-
cedence and titular rank, and why there should be any
necessity for the statement to be made as to the
theoretical position has long been a puzzle to me.
Such a theory, however, is considered to be correct,
and as a consequence in modern times it has become a
rigid rule that the arms of the wife of a knight must not
be impaled upon a shield which is displayed within the
circlet of an order. No such rule existed in ancient
times, and many instances can be found in which impaled
shields, or the shields of the wife only, are met with
inside a representation of the Garter. Nevertheless, the
modern idea is that when a Knight of any Order impales
the arms of his wife, he must use two shields placed
accolle, the dexter surmounting the sinister (Figs. 1, 251,
and 358). Upon the dexter shield is represented the
arms of the knight within the circlet, or the circlet and
collar, as the case may be, of his order ; on the sinister
shield the arms of the knight are impaled with those
of his wife, and this shield, for the pui-pose of artistic
balance, is usually surrounded with a meaningless and
inartistic floral or laurel wreath to make its size similar to
the dimensions of the dexter shield.
The widow of a knight is required at present to
immediately discontinue the use of the ensigns of the
order, and to revert to the plain impaled lozenge which
she would be entitled to as the widow of an undecorated
gentleman. As she retains her titular rank, such a regula-
tion seems absurd, but it undoubtedly exists, and until it
is altered must be conformed to.
Knights Grand Cross (Figs. I and 117) and Knight
Commanders (Pigs. 333 and 501), as also Knights.
Bachelors, use the open affront^ helmet of a knight.
Companions of any order, and members of those orders
which do not confer any precedence or title of knight-
hood, use only the close profile helmet of a gentleman
(Pigs. 243 and 558, and see the arms of Colonel Man
Stuart, Plate XVIII. Pig. i). A Knight Bachelor, of
course, is at liberty to impale the arms of his wife upon his
escutcheon without employing the double form (Fig. 396).
It only makes the use of the double escutcheon for Knights
of Orders the more incomprehensible.
Reference should also be made to the subject of impale-
ment, which will be found in the chapter upon Marshalling,
and to Fig. 811, which shows the simultaneous heraldic
use of several decorations. Baronetcies are not of course
knighthood, but it may be convenient here to refer to
Pigs. 350 and 523 as examples of the use of the badge of
Ulster for a Baronet of England, Ireland, Great Britain,
or the United Kingdom, and to Pig. 194, where the badge
of Baronet of Nova Scotia will be found.
A. 0. P-D.
CHAPTER XXXIX
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF A LADY
BEARING in mind that armory was so deeply inter-
woven with all that was best in chivalry, it is
curious that the armorial status of a woman
should have been left so undefined. A query as to how
a lady may bear arms will be glibly answered for her as
maid (Fig. 483) and as widow (Fig. 597) by the most
elementary heraldic text-book. But a little consideration
will show how far short our knowledge falls of a complete
or uniform set of rules.
Let what is definitely known be first stated. In the
first place, no woman (save the Sovereign) can inherit or
transmit crest or motto, and no woman may use a helmet
or mantling. All daughters, if unmarried, bear upo7i a
lozenge the paternal arms and qnarterings of their father,
with his difference marks. If their mother were an
heiress, they quarter her arms with those of their father.
In England (save in the Royal Family, and in this case
even it is a matter of presumption only) there is no
seniority amongst daughters, and the difference marks of
all daughters are those borne by the father, and none
other. There are no marks of distinction as between
daughters. In Scotland, however, seniority does exist,
according to priority of birth ; and, though Scottish
heraldic law provides no marks of cadency as between
sister and sister, the laws of arms north of the Tweed
recognise seniority of birth in the event of a certain set
of circumstances arising.
In Scotland, as doubtless many are aware, certain
untitled Scottish families, for reasons which may or may
not be known, have been permitted to use supporters to
their arms. When the line vests in coheirs, the eldest
born daughter, as heir of line, assumes the supporters,
unless some other limitation has been attached to them.
Scottish supporters are peculiar things to deal with, un-
less the exact terms of the patent of grant or matriculation
are known.
The lozenge of an unmarried lady is frequently sur-
mounted by a true lover's knot of ribbon, usually painted
blue (Fig. 483). It has no particular meaning and no
official recognition, though', plenty of official use, and
practically its status is no more than a piece of sup-
posedly artistic ornament.
387
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Concernino; the law for unmarried ladies, therefore,
there is neither doubt nor dispute. A widow bears arms
upon a lozenge, this showing the arms of her late husband
impaled with those of her own family (Fig. 597), or with
these latter displayed on an escutcheon of pretence if
she be an heir or coheir.
The other state in the progress of life in which a lady
may hope or expect to find herself is that of married life.
Now, how should a married lady display arms? Echo
and the text^books alike answer, " How ? " Does anybody
know ? This " fault," for such it undoubtedly is, is due
to the fact that the laws of arms evolved themselves in
that period when a married woman was little accounted of.
As an unmarried heiress she undoubtedly was a some-
body ; as a widowed and richly-jointured dowager she was
likewise of account, but as a wedded wife her identity was
lost, for the Married Women's Property Act was not in
existence, nor was it thought of. So completely was it
recognised that all rights and inheritance of the wife
devolved of right upon the husband, that formerly the
husband enjoyed any peerage honours which had de-
scended to the wife, and was summoned to Parliament as
a peer in his wife's peerage. Small wonder, then, that
the same ideas dominated the rules of armory. These
only provide ways and methods for the husband to bear
the wife's arms. This is curious, because there can be
no doubt that at a still earlier period the practice of im-
palement was entirely confined to women, and that, unless
the wife happened to be an heiress, the husband did not
trouble to impale her arras. But a little thought will
show that the two are not at variance, for if monuments
and other matters of record are ignored, the earliest ex-
amples of impalement which have come down to us are
all, almost without exception, examples of arms borne by
widows. One cannot get over the fact that a wife during
coverture had practically no legal status at all. The rules
governing impalement, and the conjunction of the arms
of man and wife, as they are to be borne by the husband,
are recited in the chapter upon Marshalling, which also
details the ways in which a widow bears arms in the
different ranks of life. Nothing would be gained by
repeating them here.
It may be noted, however, that it is not considered
correct for a widow to make use of the true lover's knot
of blue ribbon, which is sometimes used in the case of an
unmarried lady. A divorce puts matters in sfahi quo ante.
There still remains, however, the question of the bearing
of arms in her own right by a married woman under cover-
ture at the present day.
The earliest grant of arms that I can put my hands
upon to a woman is one dated 1558. It is, moreover, the
only grant of which I know to one single person, that
person being a wife. The grant is decidedly interesting,
so I print it in full : —
"To ALL AND SINGULAR as well kinges heraldesand officers
of armes as nobles gentlemen and others which these
presents shall see or here Wyllyam Hervye Esquire other-
wise called Clarencieus principall heralde and kinge of
armes of the south-east and west parties of England
findith due comendacons and greting fforasmuch as aun-
cientlye ffrom the beginnynge the valyant and vertuous
actes off excellent parsons have ben comended to the
worlde with sondry monumentes and remembrances off
theyr gnod desertes among the vfhich one of the chefist
and most usuall hath ben the beringe of figures and tokens
in shildes called armes beinge none other thinges then
Evidences and demonstracons of prowes and valoure diver-
selye distributed accordinge to the quallyties and desertes
of the parsons. And for that Dame Marye Mathew
daughter and heyre of Thomas Mathew of Colchester in
the counte of Essex esquire hath longe contynued in
nobylyte she and her auncestors bearinge armes, yet she
notwithstandinge being ignorant of the same and ffor the
advoydinge of all inconvenyences and troubles that dayleye
happeneth in suohe cases and not wyllinge topreiudyce
anye person hath instantlye requyred me The sayde
Clarencieux kinge of armes accordinge to my registers
and recordes To assigne and sett forthe ffor her and her
posterite The armes belonging, and descendinge To her
ffrom her saide auncesters. In consideracon whereof I
have at her ientle request assigned geven and granted
unto her and her posterite The owlde and auncient armes
of her said auncesters as followeth. That is to saye^ — partye
per cheveron sables and argent a Lyon passant in chefe
off the second the poynt goutey " of the firste as more
plainly aperith depicted in this margent. Which armes
The Saide Clarencieux kinge of Armes by powre and
authorite to myne office annexed and graunted By the
Queenes Majesties Letters patentes under The great Scale
of England have ratefyed and confirmed and By These
presentes do ratefye and confyrme unto and for the saide
dame marye Mathew otherwise called dame Mary Jude
wiffe to Sir Andrew Jude Knight late Mayor and Alder-
man off London and to her posterite To use bear and
shew for evermore in all places of honnor to her and theyr
wourshipes at theyr Lybertie and pleasur without impedi-
ment lett or interupcon of any person or persons.
"In witness whereof the saide Clarencieux Kinge of
Armes have signed these presentes with my hand and sett
thereunto The Scale off myne office and The Seale of myne
armes geven at London The x*^ daye off October in the
Yeare of owre Lord Godd 1558 and in the ffourth and
ffifth yeares off the reifrnes off owre Souereignes Lorde
and Layde Phellip and Marye by the grace of God Kinge
and Queene of England france both cycles Jerusalem
Irland deffendors of the faythe Archedukes of Austrya
Dukes of Burgoyne myllain & braband erles of haspurgie,
Flanders and Tyrrell.
" W. Hervey als Clarencieux
" King of Armes.
" Confirmation of Arms to Dame Mary Mathew, ' other-
wise called Dame Marye Jude, wyffe to Sir Andrew Jude,
Knight, Late Lord Mayor and Alderman off London,'
1558."
In this grant the arms are painted upon a shield. The
grant was made in her husband's lifetime, but his arms
are not impaled therewith. Evidently, therefore, the lady
bears arms vn. her own right, and the presumption would
seem to be that a married lady bears her arms without
reference to her hu.sband, and bears them upon a
shield. On the other hand, the grant to Lady Pearce,
referred to at an earlier page, whilst not blazoning
the Pearce arms, shows the painting upon the patent
to have been a lozenge of the arms of Pearce, charged
with a baronet's hand impaled with the arms then
granted for the maiden name of Lady Pearce. On the
other hand, a grant is printed in vol. i. of the Notes to the
"Visitation of England and Wales." The grant is to
Dame Judith Diggs, widow of Sir Maurice Diggs, Bart.,
now wife of Daniel Sheldon, and to Dame Margaret
Sheldon, her sister, relict of Sir Joseph Sheldon, Knight,
late Alderman, and sometime Lord Mayor of the City of
London, daughters and coheirs of Mr. George Rose, of
Bastergate. The operative clause of the grant is : " do by
these Presents grant and assign to y* said Dame Judith
and Dame Margaret the Armes hereafter mentioned Viz' ;
Ermine, an Eagle displayed Sable, membered and beaked
Gules, debruised with a Bendlet Coniponfe Or and Azure,
as in the margin hereof more plainly appears depicted.
To be borne and used for ever hereafter by them y* said
'^ Gntte-de-poix.
388
PLATE CXXV.
CARPENTERS
ANGERS
JOINERS
PERONNE
ARMS OF THE MASONS
GERMAN
irom an old drawina
AJ).15l5
(MeidelofT.J
--01NE RS
AMIENS
JOINERS L ONOON
StJ»- J6Jo
MARBLE RS
EQNBOU
Stow Jo 3 3
MASON'S COM PANV
L ON DON
Stovr 2633
CARPENTERS
LONDON
Stow 1635
MASON S COMPANY
EDINBURGH
SitrJie- f dascriptiai} i
ARMS OF MASONS, CARPENTERS, &C.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Dame Judith Diggs and Dame Margaret Sheldon and the
descendants of their bodies respectively, lawfully begotten,
according to the Laws, Kules and practice of Armes."
In each case it will be noted that the sisters were
respectively wife and widow of some one of the name of
Sheldon ; and it might possibly be supposed that these
were arms granted for the name of Sheldon. There
seems, however, to be very little doubt that these are the
arms for Rose. The painting is, however, of the single
coat of Rose, and one is puzzled to know why the arras
are not painted in conjunction with those of Sheldon.
The same practice was followed in the patent which was
granted to ISfelson's Lady Hamilton. This patent, which
both heraldically and historically is excessively interesting,
was printed in full on p. i68," vol. i. of the Genealogical
Magazine. The arms which in the grant are specifically
said to be the arms of Lyons (not of Hamilton) are painted
upon a lozenge, with no reference to the arms of Hamilton.
In each of these cases, however, the grantee of arms has
been an heiress, so that the clause by which the arms are
limited to the descendants does not help. An instance of
a grant to a man and his wife, where the wife was not an
heiress, is printed in " The Right to Bear Arms " ; and in
this case the painting shows the arms impaled with those
of the husband. The grant to the wife has no hereditary
limitations, and presumably her descendants would never
be able to quarter the arms of the wife, no matter even if
by the extinction of the other issue she eventually became
a coheir. The fact that the arms of man and wife are
herein granted together prevents any one making any
deduction as to what is the position of the wife alone.
There was a patent issued in the year 1784 to a Mrs.
Sarah Lax, widow of John Lax, to take the name and
arms of Maynard, such name and arms to be borne by
herself and her issue. The painting in this case is of the
arms of Maynard alone upon a lozenge, and the crest
which was to be borne by her male descendants is quite a
separate painting in the body of the grant, and not in
conjunction with the lozenge. Now, Mrs. Maynard was
a widow, and it is manifestly wrong that she should bear
the arms as if she were unmarried, yet how was she to
bear them ? She was bearing the name of Lax because
that had been her husband's name, and she took the name
of Maynard, which presumably her husband would have
taken had he been alive ; she herself was a Miss Jefferson,
so would she have been entitled to have placed the arms
of Jefferson upon an escutcheon of pretence, in the centre
of the arms of Maynard ? Presumably she would, because
suppose the husband had assumed the name and arms of
Maynard in his lifetime, he certainly would have been
entitled to place his wife's arms of Jefferson on an
escutcheon of pretence. On March 9, 1878, Francis
Cnlling Carr, and his second wife, Emily Blanche,
daughter of Andrew Morton Carr, and niece of the
late Field-Marshal Sir William Maynard Gomm, G.O.B.,
both assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname
and arms of Gomm. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Carr-Gomm
appear to have had any blood descent from the Gomm
famUy ; consequently the Gomm arms were granted to
both husband and wife, and the curious part is that they
were not identical, the marks (showing that there was no
-blood relationship) being a canton for the husband and a
cross crosslet for the wife. In this case the arms were
impaled. One is puzzled to know why the grant to the
wife was necessary as well as the grant to the husband.
In 1865 Mrs. Massy, widow of Hugh Massy, assumed
the name and arms of Richardson in lieu of Massy. Mrs.
Massy was the only child of Major Richardson Brady,
who had previously assumed by Royal Licence the arms of
Brady only. The painting upon the patent is a lozenge,
bearing the arms of Massy, and upon an escutcheon of
pretence the arms of Richardson. Of course, the arms of
Mrs. Massy, as a widow, previously to the issue of the
Royal Licence were a lozenge of the arms of Massy, and
on an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Brady.
A few years ago a Grant of Arms was issued to a Mrs.
Sharpe, widow of Major Sharpe. The arms were to be
borne by herself and the descendants of her late husband,
and by the other descendants of her husband's father, so
that there is no doubt whatever that these were the arms
of Sharpe. I have no idea who Mrs. Sharpe was, and I
do not know that she possessed any arms of her own. Let
us presume she did not. Now, unless a widow may bear
the arms of her late husband on a lozenge, whether she
has arms to impale with them or not, how on earth is she
to bear arms at all ? And yet the grant most distinctly
was primarily to Mrs. Sharpe.
After the death of General Ross, the victor of Bladens-
burg, a grant of an augmentation was made to be placed
upon the monument to the memory of the General
(Fig. 776). It will be seen that the grant also was for
the augmentation to be borne by his widow during her
widowhood. But no mention appears of the arms of
Mrs. Ross, nor, as far as I can ascertain, was proof
officially made that Mrs. Eoss was in her own right
entitled to arms ; consequently, whether she really was or
was not, we may assume that as far as the official authori-
ties officially knew she was not, and the same query for-
mulated with regard to the Sharpe patent holds good in
this case. The painting on the patent shows the arms
upon a shield, and placed above is a helmet surmounted
by the crest of augmentation and the family crest of Eoss.
So that from the cases we have mentioned instances
can be found of the arms of a wife upon a shield alone,
and of a widow having arms depicted upon a lozenge, such
arms being on different occasions the impaled arms of her
husband and herself, or the arms of herself alone or of her
husband alone ; and we have arms granted to a wife, and
depicted as an impalement or upon a lozenge. So that
from grants it seems almost impossible to deduce any
decided and unquestionable rule as to how wife or widow
should bear a coat of arms. There is, however, one other
source from which profitable instruction may be drawn.
I refer to the methods of depicting arms upon hatchments,
and more particularly to the hatchment of a married
woman. Now a hatchment is strictly and purely personal,
and in the days when the use of such an article was an
everyday matter, the greatest attention was paid to the
proper marshalling of the arms thereupon. There are so
many varying circumstances that we have here only space
to refer to the three simple rules, and these uncomplicated
by any exceptional circumstances, which governed the
hatchments of maid, wife, and widow. In the first case,
the hatchment of an unmarried lady showed the whole of
the background black, the paternal arms on a lozenge,
and this suspended by a knot of blue ribbon. In the
hatchment of a widow the background again was all
black, the arms were upon a lozenge (but without the
knot of ribbon), and the lozenge showed the arms of
husband and wife impaled, or with the wife's in pretence,
as circumstances might dictate. The hatchment of a wife
was entirely different. Like the foregoing, it was devoid,
of course, of helmet, mantling, crest, or motto ; but the
background was white on the dexter side (to show that
the husband was still alive), and black on the sinister (to
show the wife was dead). But the impaled arms were not
depicted upon a lozenge, but upon a shield, and the shield
was surmounted by the true lover's knot of blue ribbon.
I have already stated that when the rules of arms were
in the making the possibility of a married woman bearing
arms in her own right was quite ignored, and theoretically
even now the husband bears his wife's arms for her upon his
shield. But the arms of a man are never depicted sus-
pended from a true lover's knot. Such a display is distinctly
389
THE ART OF HERALDRY
femmine, and I verily believe that the correct way for
a married woman to use arms, if she desires the display
thereof to be personal to herself rather than to her husband,
is her husband's arms impaled with her own upon a shield
suspended from a true lover's knot, and without helmet,
mantling, crest, or motto. At any rate such a method of
display is a correct one, it is in no way open to criticism
on the score of inaccuracy, it has precedent in its favour,
and it affords a very desirable means of distinction. My
only hesitation is that one cannot say it is the only way,
or that it would be " incorrect " for the husband. At any
rate it is the only way of drawing a distinction between
the " married " achievements of the husband and the wife.
The limitations attached to a lady's heraldic display
being what they are, it has long been felt, and keenly
felt, by every one attempting heraldic design, that
artistic treatment of a lady's arms savoured almost of
the impossible. What delicacy of treatment can possibly
be added to the hard outline of the lozenge ? The sub-
stitution of curvilinear for straight lines in the outline,
and even the foliation of the outline, goes but a little way
as an equivalent to the extensive artistic opportunities
which the mantling affords to a designer when depicting
the arms of a man.
To a certain extent, two attempts have been made
towards providing a remedy. Neither can properly claim
official recognition, though both have been employed in a
quasi-official manner. The one consists of the knot of
ribbon ; the other consists of the use of the cordeliere.
In their present usage the former is meaningless and
practically senseless, whilst the use of the latter is
radically wrong, and in my opinion, little short of im-
posture. The knot of ribbon, when employed, is usually
in the form of a thin streamer of blue ribbon tied in the
conventional true lover's knot (Fig. 453). But the im-
becility and inconsistency of its use lies in the fact that
except upon a hatchment it has been denied by custom
to married women and widows, who have gained their
lovers ; whilst its use is sanctioned for the unmarried
lady, who, unless she be affianced, neither has nor ought
to have anything whatever to do with lovers or with their
knot. The women who are fancy-free display the tied-up
knot ; women whom love has fast tied up, unless the fore-
going opinion as to the correct way to display the arms
of a married lady which I have expressed be correct, must
leave the knot alone. But as matters stand heraldically
at the moment the ribbon is used with the lozenge of an
unmarried lady, and its artistic advantages are manifest
in Fig. 960, specially designed by Miss C. Helard. With
reference to the cordeliere some writers assert that its use
is optional, others that its use is confined to widow ladies.
Now as a matter of fact it is nothing whatever of the kind.
It is reallv the insignia of the old French Order of the
Fig. 960. — Armorial bearings of tlit- late Mis-< Emily Paynter : Upon a
lozenge, quarterly, I. azure, three blocks argent, each charged
with an annulet sable (for Paynter) ; 2. azure, three faggots argent
(for Antron) ; 3. argent, three bends gules (for Bodrugan) ; 4. ar-
gent, two chevronels nebuly gules, between three sheaves of as
many arrows sable, banded of the second (for Best).
Cordeliere, which was founded by Anne of Bretagne,
widow of Charles VIII., in 1498. its membership being
confined to widow ladies of noble family. The cordeliere
was the waist girdle which formed a part of the insignia
of the Order, and it took its place around the lozenges of
the arms of the members in a manner similar to the
armorial use of the Garter for Knights of that Order.
Though the Order of the Cordeliere is long since extinct,
it is neither right nor proper that any part of its insignia
should be adopted unaltered by those who can show no con-
nection with it or membership of it. A. 0. F-I).
CHAPTER XL
OFFICIAL HERALDIC INSIGNIA
THE armory of all other nations than our own is
rich in heraldic emblems of oflSce. In France this
was particularly the case, and France undoubtedly
for many centuries gave the example, to be followed by other
civilised countries, in all matters of honour and etiquette.
If English heraldry were entirely destitute of official
heraldic ensigns, perhaps the development elsewhere of this
branch of armory might be dismissed as an entirely foreign
growth. But this is far from being the case, as there are
some number of cases in which these official emblems do
exist. In England, however, the instances are governed
by no scale of comparative importance, and the appearance
of such tokens can only be described as capricious. That
a more extended usage might with advantage be made no
one can deny, for usage of this character would teach the
general public that armory had a meaning and a valne, it
would increase the interest in heraldry, and also assist
greatly in the rapidly increasing revival of heraldic know-
ledge. The existence of these heraldic emblems would
manifestly tend towards a revival of the old and interest-
ingly excellent custom of regularly setting up in appropri-
ate public places the arms of those who have successively
held various offices. The Inns of Court, St. George's
Chapel, the Public Office at the College of Arms, and the
halls of some of the Livery Companies are amongst the
few places of importance where the custom still obtains.
And yet what an interesting memorial such a series
always becomes ! The following list may not be entirely
complete, but it is fairly so as far as France is concerned,
and I think also complete as to England.
390
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The following are from the Royal French Court : —
The High Constable of France : Two swords held on
each side of the shield by two hands in armour issuing
from the clouds.
The Chancellor: In saltire behind his arms two great
maces, and over his helmet. a mortier or cap sable crossed
by two bands of gold lace and turned up ermine ; thereon
the figure of a demi-queen as an emblem of France, hold-
ing a sceptre in her right hand and the great seal of the
kingdom in her left.
The Marshal: Two batons in saltu-e behind the arms
azure, seme-de-lis or.
The Admiral : Two anchors in saltire behind the arms,
the stocks of the anchors in chief azure, seme-de-lis or.
The General of the Galleys: Two anchors in saltire
behind the arms.
Vice-Admiral : One anchor in pale behind the arms.
Colmul-General of the Infantry : Under his arms in sal-
tire sis flags, three on each side, white, crimson, and blue.
Colonel of the Cavcdry : Over the arms four banners of
the arms of France, fringed, &c., two to the dexter and
two to the sinister.
Grand Master of the Artillery : Two field-pieces of
ordnance under the arms, one pointing to the dexter and
one to the sinister.
The Superintendent of the Finance : Two keys imperially
crowned and endorsed in pale, one on each side of the
arms, the dexter or, the sinister argent.
Grand Master of the Household to the King : Two grand
batons of sUver gilt in saltire behind the arms.
Gi-a7id Almoner: Under his arms a blue book, on the cover
the arms of France and Navarre within the Orders of St.
Michael and the Holy Ghost, over the Orders the Crown.
Grand Chamberlain: Two keys, both imperially crowned
or, in saltire behind the arms endorsed, the wards-in-chief.
Grand Esquire: On each side of the shield a royal sword
erect, the scabbard azure, seme-de-lis, hilt and pommel or,
the belts folded round the scabbard azure, seme-de-lis or.
Grand Pannetier, who by virtue of his office had all the
bakers of Paris under his jurisdiction, and had to lay the
king's cover at his table, bore under his arms a rich cover
and a knife and fork in saltire.
Gra'/ul Butler or Cupbearer : On each side of the base
of the shield, a grand silver flagon gilt, with the arms of
the King thereon.
Gamekeeper to the King : Two bugle-horns appending
from the ends of the mantling.
Grand Falconer : Two lures appending from the ends
of the mantling.
Gi-and Wolf-hunter : On each side of the shield a wolf's
head caboshed.
Captain of the King's Guards : Two small batons sable,
headed gold, like a walking-cane.
Captain of the Hnndred Svnss Guards : Two batons Ln
saltire sable, headed argent, and under the arms two
black velvet caps with feathers.
First Master of the Household : Under his arms two
batons in saltire.
Grand Carver to His Majesty: Under his arms a knife and
fork iu saltire proper, the handles azure, seme-de-lis or.
Graml Provost of the Household : Under his arms two
Roman fasces or, corded azure.
Gra'iuL Quartermaster : A mace and battle-axe in saltire.
Captain of the Guards of the Gate : Two keys in pale,
crowned argent, one on each side the arms.
The President of the Parliament : On his helmet a
black cap with two bands of gold lace.
Under the Empire (of France) the Vice-Connetable
used arms holding swords, as had been the case with the
Constable of the Kingdom, but the swords were sheathed
and seme of golden bees. The Grand Chamberlain had
two golden keys in saltire, the bows thereof enclosing the
imperial eagle, and the batons of the Mareohaux de Finance
were seme of bees instead of fleurs-de-lis.
The Pope bears a cross with three arms, an archbishop
one with two arms, a bishop one with a single arm.
Besides this, two crossed keys appertain to the Pope, the
golden key to bind, in bend dexter, the silver key to
loose, in sinister bend (see Plate CXIII. Fig. i, and Plate
CXI. Fig. l). British archbishops and bishops will be pre-
sently referred to. Ecclesiastical princes, who were at the
same time sovereign territorial princes, bore behind their
shield a pedum or pastorale (crosier), crossed with the
sword of penal judicature (Plate CXIII. Fig. 4). A bishop
bears the crosier with an outward bend, an abbot with an
inward bend, thus symboKsing the range of their activity
or dominion. The arch and hereditary offices of the old
German Empire had also their own attributes : thus the
" Erztruchsess," Lord High Steward (Palatinate-Bavaria),
bore a golden Imperial globe, which arose from a misinter-
pretation of the double dish, the original attribute of this
dignity. The Lord High Marshal of the Empire (Saxony)
expressed his office by a shield divided " per fess argent
and sable," bearing two crossed swords gules. The
Hereditary Standard-Bearer (Wurtemberg) bore : Azure,
a banner or, charged with an eagle sable, the Lord
High Chamberlain (Brandenburg) : Azure, a sceptre or,
while the Hereditary Chamberlain (Hohenzollern) used :
Gules, two crossed sceptres or, as a distinction, &o.
In Italy the Duca de Savelli, as Marshal of the Con-
clave, hangs on either side of his shield a key, the cords
of which are knotted beneath his coronet.
In Holland Admirals used the naval Crown, and added
two anchors in saltire behind the shield.
In Spain the Admirals of Castile and of the Indies
placed an anchor in bend behind the shield.
The instances I am aware of which have official
sanction already in this country are as stated in the list
which follows : —
I have purposely (to make the list absolutely complete)
included insignia which may possibly be more properly con-
sidered ensigns of rank, because it is not particularly easy
always to distinguish offices from honours and from rank.
The Kings of Eiu/land (George I. to William IV.), as
Arch Treasurers of the Holy Roman Empire, bore :
Upon an inescutcheon gules, in the centre of the arms of
Hanover, a representation of the Crown of Charlemagne.
An Archbishop has : (l) His official coat of arms, which
he impales (placing it on the dexter side) with his
personal arms ; (2) his mitre, which, it should be noted,
is the same as the mitre of a Bishop, and 7iot having a
coronet ench'cling its band ; (3) his archiepiscopal stafi
(of gold, and with two transverse arms), which is placed
in pale behind his escutcheon : (4) two crosiers in saltire
behind the escutcheon. It is curious to note that the
pallium which occurs in all archiepiscopal coats of arms
(save that of York) is now very generally conceded to
have been more in the nature of an emblem of the rank
of Archbishop (it being a part of his ecclesiastical costume)
than a charge in a concrete impersonal coat of arms for
a defined area of archiepiscopal jurisdiction. In this
connection it is interesting to note that the Archbishops
of York anciently used the pallium in lieu of the official
arms now regularly employed.
A Bishop has: (i) His official coat of arms, (2) his
mitre, (3) two crosiers in saltii'e behind his escutcheon.
The Bishop of Durham' has: (i) His official coat of
arms, (2 ) his coronetted mitre, vjhich is peculiar to himself,
and (which is another privilege also peculiar to himself
alone) he places a svjord and a crosier in saltire behind his
arms. Reference should also be made to the chapter
upon Ecclesiastical Heraldry.
A Peer has : (i) His coronet, (2) his helmet of rank,
(3) his supporters, (4) his robe of estate.
91
THE ART OF HERALDRY
A Scottish Peer has, in addition, the ermine lining to
his mantling.
A Baronet of England, of Ireland, of Great Britain, or
of the United Kingdom has : ( i ) His helmet of rank, (2) his
badge of Ulster upon an inescutcheon or canton (argent,
a sinister hand erect, oouped at the wrist gules).
A Baronet of Nova Scotia has : (i) His helmet of rank,
(2) his badge (an orange-tawny ribbon, whereon shall
hang pendent in an escutcheon argent, a saltire azure,
thereon an inescutcheon of the arms of Scotland, with
an imperial crown over the escutcheon, and encircled with
this motto, " Fax Mentis Honestffi Gloria," pendent below
the escutcheon).
A Kiiirjht of the Garter has: (l) His Garter to encircle
the shield, (2) his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The
Prelate of the Order of the Garter (an office held by the
Bishops of Winchester) is entitled to encircle his arms
with the Garter. The Chancellor of the Order of the
Garter encircles his arms with the Garter. Formerly the
Bishops of Salisbury always held this office, but in 1836
when the county of Berks (which of course includes
Windsor, and therefore the chapel of the order) was
removed from the Diocese of Salisbury to the Diocese of
Oxford, the office of Chancellor passed to the Bishops of
Oxford. The Dean of Windsor, as Registrar of the Order,
displays below his shield the ribbon and badge of his
office.
A Knight of the Thistle has : (i) The ribbon or circlet of
the order, (2) his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The
Dean of the Chapels Eoyal in Scotland, as Dean of the
Order, used the badge and ribbon of his office.
A Knight of St. Patrick has : (l) The ribbon or circlet
of the order, (2) his collar and badge, (3) supporters.
The Prelate of the Order of St. Patrick was as such en-
titled to encircle his escutcheon with the ribbon or circlet
of that order, from which his official badge depends.
The office, of course, came to an end with the disestablish-
ment of the Irish Church. It was held by the Arch-
bishops of Armagh. The Chancellor of the Order of St.
Patrick is as such entitled to encircle his escutcheon
with the ribbon or circlet of that order, from which his
official badge depends. This office, formerly held by the
Archbishops of Dublin, has since the disestablishment
been enjoyed by the Chief Secretaries for Ireland. The
Deans of St. Patrick's were similarly Registrars of the
Order, and as such used the badge and ribbon of their
office.
Knights Grand Cross or Knights Grand Commanders of
the Orders of the Bath, the Star of India, St. Michael and
St. George, the Indian Empire, or the Victorian Order,
have: (i) The circlets or ribbons of their respective
orders, (2) their collars and badges, (3) their helmets of
degree, (4) supporters.
Knights Commanders of the aforesaid Orders have : (i)
The circlets or ribbons of their respective Orders, (2) their
badges pendent below the shield, (3) their helmets of
degree.
Companions of the aforesaid Orders, and Commanders
and members of the Victorian Order, as also members of
the Distinguished Service Order, the Imperial Service
Order, the Order of Merit, the Order of Victoria and
Albert, the Order of the Crown of India, and those
entitled to the Victoria Cross, the Albert Medal, the
Conspicuous Service Cross, the Kaisar-i-Hind medal, the
Royal Red Cross, the Volunteer Officers' Decoration,
and the Decoration of the League of Mercy, are entitled
to suspend their respective decorations below their
escutcheons. The officers of these orders of knighthood
are of course entitled to display their badges of office.
The Dean of Westminster is always Dean of the Order
of the Bath.
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders of the
Bath, if of the Military Division, are also entitled to place
a wreath of laurel round their escutcheons.
Knights of Justice of the Order of the Hospital of St. John
of Jerusalem in England are entitled to place upon their
escutcheons a chief of the arms of the Order (gules, a
cross throughout argent, embellished in the angles with a
lion guardant and a unicorn, both passant or).
Knights of Grace and other Members of the Order suspend
whatever badge they are entitled to wear below their shield
from a black watered-silk ribbon.
[Some members of the Order display their arms upon
the Cross of the Order, as was done by Knights of the
original Order, from which the present Order is copied,
but how far the practice is sanctioned by the Royal
Charter, or in what manner it is controlled by the rules
of the Order, I am not aware.]
The Lord High Constable of England is entitled to place
behind his escutcheon two batons in saltire similar to the
one which is delivered to him for use at the Coronation,
which is now the only occasion when the ofBoe is
enjoyed. As the office is only held temporarily, the
existing privilege does not amount to much.
The Lord High Constable of Scotland is entitled to place
behind his escutcheon, in saltire, two silver batons
tipped with gold at either end. The arms of the Earl
of Brrol (Hereditary Lord High Constable of Scotland)
have only once, at an early period, been matriculated
in Lyon Register, and then without any official insignia,
but there can be no doubt of the right to the crossed
batons.
The Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland (I am not sure
this office still exists) : Two golden keys in saltire behind
the escutcheon.
The Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England
places two batons of gold tipped with sable in saltire
behind his arms (Fig. 809).
[A Deputy Earl Marshal places one similar baton in
bend behind his shield.]
The Earl Marischal of Scotland (until the office was
extinguished by attainder) placed behind his shield two
batons gules, seme of thistles, each ensigned on the top
with an Imperial Crown or placed saltirewise.
The Hereditary Marshal of Ireland (an office long in
abeyance) used two batons in saltire behind his arms.
According to MS. Harl. 6589, f. 39:
" Les armes des office du Mares-
chall d'Ireland sent de Goulz et
cinque fucelles bendes d'Argent."
These certainly do not appear to
be the personal arms of those who
held the office, but there is other
record that some such coat was
used (Fig. 961).
The Hereditary Lord Great
Senesclml of Ireland (the Earl of
Shrewsbury) places a white wand
in pale behind his escutcheon.
The Duke of Argyll places in
saltire behind his arms : ( I ) In
bend dexter, a baton gules, sem6
of thistles or, ensigned with an Imperial Crown proper,
thereon the crest of Scotland (as Hereditary Great Master
of the Household in Scotland) ; (2) in bend sinister, a
sword proper, hilt and pommel or (as Hereditary Justice-
General of Scotland).
The Master-Genercd of the Ordnance (by Warrant of King
Charles II.) bears on each side of his arms a field-piece.
The Lord Justice-Clerk of Scotland places two swords in
saltire behind his shield.
The Lord Chief-Justice of England encircles his arms
with his Collar of SS.
The Walker Trustees place behind their shield two
KiG. 961. — Arm.=! of John
Marshal, Earl of War-
wick, Hereditary Mar-
shal of Ireland. (From
Charles' Roll, f. 20.)
392
PLATE CXXVr.
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THE ART OF HERALDRY
batons in saltire, each ensigned with a unicom salient
supporting a shield argent, the nnicorn horned or, and
gorged with an antique crown, to which is affixed a chain
passing between the fore-legs and reflexed over the back
of the last, for the office of Heritable Usher of the White
Eod of Scotland, now vested in the said Trustees. Before
the recent Court of Claims the claim was made to exercise
the office by deputy, and such claim was allowed.
The Master of the Bevels in Scotland has an official coat
of arms : Argent, a lady rising out of a cloud in the nom-
bril point, richly apparelled, on her head a garland of ivy,
holding in her right hand a poignard crowned, in her left
a vizard all proper, standing under a veil or canopy azure
garnished or, in base a thistle vert.
Serjeants-at-Arms encircle their arms with their Collars
of SS.
Garter King of Arms has : (i) His official coat of arms
(argent, a cross gules, on a chief azure, a ducal coronet
encircled with a Garter, between a lion passant guardant
on the dexter, and a fleur-de-lis on the sinister, all or) :
(2) his crown ; (3) his Collar of SS (the collar of a King of
Arms differs from that of a Herald, inasmuch as it is of
silver-gilt, and on each shoulder a portcullis is inserted) ;
(4) his badge as Garter pendent below his shield. His
sceptre of silver-gilt has been sometimes (and doubtless
correctly) placed in bend behind his escutcheon, but this
has not been regularly done, nor is it adopted by the
present Garter.
Lyon King of Arms has: (l) His official coat of arms
(argent, a lion sejant, erect and afFronte gules, holding in
his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister a
shield of the second, on a chief azure a St. Andrew's
cross — ie. a saltire — of the field) ; (2) his crown ; (3) two
batons, representing that of his office in saltire behind his
shield, these being azure semi^ of thistles and fleurs-de-lis
or, tipped at either end with gold ; (4) his Collar of SS. ;
(5) his triple chain of gold, from which depends his badge
as Lyon King of Arms.
Ulster King of Arms has: (l) His official coat of arms
(or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion of England
between a harp and a portcullis, all of the first) ; (2) his
crown ; (3) his Collar of SS ; (4) his two staves in saltire
behind the shield ; (5) his chain and badge as Ulster King
of arms ; (6) his badge as Registrar of the Order of St.
Patrick.
Clare'iueux King of Arms has: (i) His ofiicial coat of
arms (argent, a cross gules, on a chief of the second a lion
passant guardant or, crowned of the last) ; (2) his crown ;
(3) his Collar of SS.
Norroy King of Arms has : (i) His official coat of arms
(argent, a cross gules, on a chief of the second a lion of
England passant guardant or, crowned with an open
crown, between a fleur-de-lis on the dexter and a key on
the sinister of the last) ; (2) his crown ; (3) his Collar
of SS.
Bath King of Arms has : (i) His crown ; (2) his Collar
of SS.
I am not aware that any official arms have been assigned
to Bath up to the present time ; but if none exist, there
would not be the slightest difficulty in obtaining these.
An English Herald encircles his shield with his Collar
of SS.
A Scottish Herald is entitled to do the same, and has
also his badge, which he places below the escutcheon
pendent from a ribbon of blue and white.
The English Heralds and Fztrsuivants in some instances
use badges, but it is difficult to decide the exact status of
these. They are all royal badges, but it is not clear to me
whether they are used on the same footing as the Royal
Arms are in other Government offices, or whether they are
considered to be specifically allocated to the various offices.
Those now in use will be found on page 22.
The Regius Professors {or " Headers ") m the University
of Cambridge, for " Phisicke," " Lawe," " Devinity,"
" Hebrew," and " Greke," have official arms as follows
(see grant by Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, 1590, Genea-
logical Magazine, vol. ii. p. 125) : —
Of Phisicke : Azure, a fess ermines (? ermine) between
three lozenges or, on a chief gules a lion passant guardant
of the third, charged on the side with the letter M sable.
Crest : on a wreath or and azure, a quinquangle silyer,
called " simbolum sanitatis." Mantling gules and argent.
Of Laive : Purpure, a cross moline or, on a chief gules,
a lion passant guardant of the second, charged on the
side with the letter L sable. Crest : on a wreath
" purple and gold," a bee volant or. Mantling gules and
argent.
Of Devinity : Gules, on a cross ermine, between four
doves argent, a book of the first, the leaves or, charged in
the midst with the Greek letter 6 (Theta) sable. Crest :
on a wreath " silver and gules," a dove volant argent,
with an olive-branch vert in his beak. Mantling gules,
double argent.
Of Hebrew : Argent, the Hebrew letter j-) (Tawe) sable,
on a chief gules, a lion passant guardant or, charged on
the side with the letter H sable. Crest: on a wreath
" silver and sables," a turtle - dove azure. Mantling
gules, double argent.
Of Grehe : Per chevron argent and sable, in chief the
two Greek letters A (Alpha) and il (Omega) of the
second, and in base a " cicado " or grasshopper of the first,
on a chief gules, a lion passant guardant or, charged on
the side with the letter G sable. Crest : on a wreath
" silver and sables," an owl argent, legs, beak, and ears or.
Mantling gules and argent.
The following insignia of office I quote subject to the
reservation that I am doubtful how far they enjoy official
sanction : —
The Lord High Chanx:ellor of England : Two maces in
saltire or, one in pale behind the shield and the purse
containing the Great Seal below it.
The Lord High Chamberlain of England : Two golden
keys in saltire ; and
The Lord Chamberlain of the Household ■■ A golden key
in pale behind the shield.
At Exeter the Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, and
Treasurer have used official arms impaled with their own
insignia. These were : —
The Dean : Azure, a stag's head caboshed and between
the horns a cross patee fitch^e argent.
The Precentor : Argent, on a saltire azure a fleur-de-
lis or.
The Chancellor : Gules, a saltire argent between four
crosslets or.
The Treasurer : Gules, a saltire between four leopards'
heads or.
The Dean of the Chapel Royal, Savoy, may perhaps
employ the complicated coat of the chapel to impale his
personal arms, placing the escutcheon on the breast of an
eagle sable, crowned or.
Many English Deaneries claim to possess arms which
presumably the occupant may use to impale his own
coat withal, after the example of the Dean of Exeter.
Such are London, Winchester, Lincoln, Salisbury, Lich-
field, Durham, which all difference the arms of the see
with a letter D of gold or sable.
St. David's reverses the tinctures of the arms of the see.
Norwich and Carlisle carry : Argent, a cross sable. ,
Canterbury : Azure, on a cross argent the monogram X
sable.
York differences the arms of the see by changing the
crown into a mitre, and adding three plates in flanks and
base.
A. C. F-D.
393
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XLI
AUGMENTATIONS OF HONOUR
OF all heraldic distiuotions the possession of an
augmentation of honour is the one most prized.
The Sovereign is of course the fountain of honour,
and though ordinary grants of arms are made by Letters
Patent under the hands and seals of the Kings of Arms,
by virtue of the powers expressly and specifically con-
ferred upon them in the Letters Patent respectively
appointing them to their offices, a grant of arms is
theoretically a grant from the Crown. The privilege of
the possession of arms in the ordinary event is left in the
discretion of the Earl Marshal, whose warrant is a con-
dition precedent to the issue of a Grant. Providing a
person is palpably living in that style and condition
of life in which the use of arms is usual, subject always
to the Earl Marshal's pleasure and discretion, a Grant
of Arms can ordinarily be obtained upon payment of
the usual fees. The social status of present-day grantees
of arms is considerably in advance of the status of
grantees in the Tudor period. An augmentation of
arms, however, is on a totally and entirely different
footing. It is an especial mark of favour from the
Sovereign, and the effective grant is a Eoyal Warrant
under the hand and Privy Seal of the Sovereign. No
fees are paid by the recipient. The warrant, how-
ever, recites and requires that the augmentation granted
shall be exemplified and recorded in the College of
Arms. Augmentations have been less frequently con-
ferred in recent years than was formerly the case.
Technically speaking, a gift of arms by the Sovereign
direct where none previously existed is not an augmenta-
tion, though one is naturallv inclined to include such
grants in the category. Such an example is met
with in the shield granted to Colonel Carlos by King
Charles to commemorate their mutual adventures in the
oak tree (" Or, issuing from a mount in base vert, an oak-
tree proper, over all on a fess gules, three Imperial crowns
also proper)."
There are many gorgeous legends relating to augmenta-
tions and arms which are said to have been granted by
William the Conqueror as rewards after the Battle of
Hastings. Personally I do not believe in a single one.
There was a certain augmentation borne by the Dodge
family, which, if it be correct, dates from the thirty-fourth
year of Edward I., but whether this be authentic it is im-
possible to say. Most people consider the alleged deed of
grant a forgery, and if this be so, the arms only exist by
right of subsequent record and the question of augmen-
tation rests upon tradition. The curious charge of the
woman's breast distilling drops of milk to typify the
nourishment afforded to the king's army is at any rate
most interesting. The earliest undoubted one in this
country that I am aware of dates from the reign of
Edward III. Sir John de Pelham shared in the glory of
the Battle of Poictiers, and in the capture of the French
King John. To commemorate this he was granted two
round buckles with thongs. The Pelham family arms
were " Azure, three pelicans argent," and, as will be seen,
these family arms were quartered with the buckles and
thongs on a field gules as an augmentation. The quarterly
coat forms a part of the arms both of Lord Chichester and
of Lord Yarborough (Fig. 920) at the present day, and
"the Pelham buckle" has been the badge of the Pelham
family for centuries.
Piers Legh (Fig. 47) fought with the Black Prince and
took the Count de Tanquervil prisoner at the Battle of
Crecy, " and did valiantly rere and advance the said
princes Banner att the bataile of Cressy to the noe
little encouragement of the English army," but it was not
until the reign of Queen Elizabeth that the augmentation
to commemorate this was granted. The Patent will be
found on page 40.
The Battle of Flodden was won by the Earl of Surrey,
afterwards the Duke of Norfolk, and amongst the many
rewards which the King showered upon his successful
Marshal was the augmentation to his arms of " a demi-
FlG. 962. — Armorial bearings of Ross, now borne by Eev. J. Coulman
Ross, Vicar of Loversal, co. York : Gules, three estoiles in chevron
between as many lions rampant argent ; and for an honourable
augmentation a chief or, thereon a portion of the terrestrial globe
proper, the true meridian described thereon by a line passing
from north to south sable, with the Arctic circle azure within the
place of the magnetic pole in latitude 70° 5' 17" and longitude 96°
46' 45" west, designated by an inescutcheon gules, charged with
a lion passant guardant of the first ; the magnetic meridian shown
by a line of the fourth passing through the inescutcheon with a
correspondent circle, also gules, to denote more particularly the
said place of the magnetic pole ; the words following inscribed on
the chief, viz. " Arctseos Numine Fines." Mantling gules and ar-
gent. Crests ; I. on a wreath of the colours, on a rock a flagstaff
erect, thereon hoisted the Union Jack, inscribed with the date
June I, 1S31 (being that of discovering the place of the magnetic
pole), and at foot, and on the sinister side of the flagstaff, the
dipping needle, showing its almost vertical position, all proper ;
2. on a wreath of the colours, a fox's head erased proper. Motto :
" Spes aspera levat."
lion pierced in the mouth with an arrow, depicted on the
colours for the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland, which
the said James, late King of Scots, bore." According to
the Act of Parliament under which it was granted this
augmentation would seem now to belong exclusively to
Lord Mowbray and Stourton and Lord Petre, but it is
borne with official sanction by the Duke of Norfolk and
the rest of the Howard family.
The Battle of Agincourt is referred to by Shakespeare,
394
THE ART OF HERALDRY
who puts these words into King Henry's mouth on the
eve of that great battle (Act iv. sc. 3) : —
" We few, we happy few, we band of brothers ;
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother ; be he ne'er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition."
There is actual foundation in fact for these lines. For
in a writ couched in very stringent and severe terms
issued by the same king in after years decreeing penalties
for the improper assumption and use of false arms, specific
exception is made in favour of those " who bore arms with
us at the Battle of Aginoourt." Evidently this formed a
very extensive kind of augmentation.
The reign of Queen Elizabeth furnishes an interesting
example of the gift of a complete coat in the case of Sir
Francis Drake, who had been using the arms of an-
other family of the same name. The representative of that
family complained to the Queen that Sir Francis, whom
he styled an upstart, should take such liberties with his
arms ; whereupon the Queen said she would give Sir
Francis arms which should outrival those of his namesake.
At least, such is the legend, and though the arms them-
selves were granted by Clarenceux King of Arms, and I
have not yet found any Royal Warrant indicating that the
grant was made by specific Royal command, it is possible
the story is correct. The arms are : " Sable, a fess wavy
between two stars argent. Crest : a ship under reef,
drawn round a terrestrial globe with a cable by a hand
issuing from clouds all proper." The stars upon the
shield are the two pole stars, and the wavy band between
them typifies Drake's voyage round the world, as does
also the peculiar crest in which the Divine hand is shown
guiding his ship around the globe.
At the battle of Naseby Dr. Edward Lake fought
bravely for the King, and in the service of his majesty
received no less than sixteen wounds. At the end
of the battle, when his left arm was useless, he put
the bridle of his horse between his teeth and still fought
on. The quartering of augmentation given to him was :
" Gules, a dexter arm embowed in armour holding in the
hand a sword erect all proper, thereto afiixed a banner
argent charged with a cross between sixteen escutcheons
of the field, on the crest a lion of England." The sixteen
shields upon the banner typify his sixteen wounds.
After the Commonwealth was established in England,
Charles II. made a desperate effort to regain his crown,
an effort which culminated in his disastrous defeat at the
battle of Worcester. The King escaped through the gate
of the city solely through the heroic efforts of Colonel
Newman, and this is kept in remembrance by the in-
escutcheon of augmentation, viz. : " Gules, a portcullis
imperially crowned or." Every one has heard how the
Eang was accompanied in his wanderings by Colonel
Carlos, who hid with him in the oak tree at Boscobel.
Afterwards the King accompanied Mistress Jane Lane
on horseback as her servant to the coast, whence he fled
to the Continent. The reward of Colonel Carlos was the
gift of the entire coat of arms already referred to. The
Lanes (Fig. 57), though not until after some years had
passed and the King had come back to his own again, were
granted two remarkable additions to their family arms.
First of all " the canton of England " (that is, the arms of
England upon a canton) was added to their shield. They
are the only family to whom such an honour has been
given, and a most curious result has happened. When
the use of armorial bearings was taxed by Act of Parlia-
ment the Royal Arms were specially exempted, and on
account of this canton the Lane family claimed and
obtained exemption from the tax. A few years later a
crest was granted to them, namely, a strawberry-roan
horse, "couped at the flanks," holding in its feet the
Royal crown. It was upon a horse of this colour that the
King and Mistress Lane had escaped and thereby saved
the crown. Mr. Francis Wolfe, of Madeley, who also was
a party to the escape, received the grant of an inescutcheon
Fig. 963. — Armorial bearings of Sir Lepel Griffin, K.C.S.I : Argent, on
a chevron gules, between in chief two griffins segreant, and in
base a bull's head caboshed between two wings, a plate between
two ostrich feathers erect argent, the escutcheon being surrounded
by the circlet, and below the badge of a K.C.S.I. Crest : a griffin
segreant or, between two ostrich feathers argent. Motto: "Judge
not."
gulescharged with a lion of England. Another family
which bears an augmentation to commemorate King
Charles' escape is Whitgreave (Fig. 594).
The reign of Queen Anne produced in the . Duke of
Marlborough one of the finest generals the world has
ever seen ; and in the Battle of Blenheim one of its
greatest victories. The augmentation which commemor-
ates this is a shield bearing the cross of St. George and
in the centre a smaller shield with the golden lilies of
France.
In the year 1797 the Battle of Camperdown was
fought, when Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch Fleet
and was created Lord Camperdown. To his family arms
were added a naval crown and a representation of the
gold medal given by George III. to Lord Camperdown to
commemorate his victory.
The arms of Nelson are most interesting, inasmuch as
one version of the arms carries two separate and distinct
augmentations. It is not, however, the coat as it was
granted to and borne by the great Admiral himself.
After the Battle of the Nile he received the augmentation
on the chief, a landscape showing the palm-tree, the dis-
abled ship, and the battery in ruins. The one crest was
the plume of triumph given to the Admiral by the Sultan
Selim III., and his second crest, which, however, is not a
ci'est of augmentation, was the stem of the Spanish ship
San Josef. After his death at the Battle of Trafalgar his
brother was created Earl Nelson, and a second anementa-
395
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tion, namely, a fess wavy sable with the word " Trafalgar "
upon it in gold letters, was added to the arms. This,
however, has since been discontinued, except by Lord
Bridport, who quarters it, whilst the Nelson family has
reverted to the arms as they were borne by the great
Admiral.
After the death of Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar,
Lord Collingwood took command, and though naval
experts think that the action of Collingwood greatly
Fig. 964.— Armorial bearings of General Robert Harvey, C.B., D.S.O. :
Gules, on a bend erminois, three trefoils slipped vert, on a chief
argent, an eagle's head erased azure between two mullets of the
field. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree,
with a mantling gules and or ; and upon a wreath of his liveries
is set for crest, a cubit arm proper, issuing from a crescent or,
charged with an eagle's head as on the chief, the hand holding a
trefoil slipped vert.
minimised the number of prizes which would have
resulted from the victory, Lord Collingwood received for
an augmentation a chief wavy gules, thereon the lion of
England, navally crowned with the word "Ti-afalgar"
above the lion. He also received an additional crest,
namely, the stern of his ship, the Boycd Sovereign, between
a wreath of oak on the one side and a wreath of laurel on
the other.
The heroic story of the famous fight between the
Shannon and the Chesajjeake has been often told. Captain
Broke sent in a challenge to the Chesapeake to come out
and fight him, and, though a banquet was prepared by the
Mayor of Boston for that evening " to meet the English
offlcers," Captain Broke defeated the Chesapeake in an
engagement which only lasted a very short time. He
was granted an additional crest (Fig. 778), namely, an arm
holding a trident and issuing from a naval crown, together
with the motto, " Sfevumque tridentem servamus."
General Ross fought and won the Battle of Bladensburg,
and took the city of Washington, dying a few days after-
wards. The story is that the family were offered their
choice of a baronetcy or an augmentation, and they chose
the latter. The augmentation, which was specially granted
with permission for it to be placed upon the monument to
the memory of General Eoss (Fig. 776), consists of the arm
holding the flag of the United States with a broken flag-staff
which will be seen both on the shield itself, and as an
additional crest. The shield also shows the gold cross for
previous services at Corunna and in the Peninsula, The
family were also given the surname of " Eoss-of-Bladens-
burg."
The capture of Curaqoa by Admiral Sir Charles
Brisbane, K.C.B. (Fig. 553), is commemorated by the
representation of his ship passing between the two
Dutch forts ; and by the additional crest of an arm in a
naval oflScer's uniform grasping a cutlass. Admiral Sir
Robert Otway, for his distinguished services, was granted :
" On a chief azure an anchor between two branches of
oak or, and on the dexter side a demi-Neptune and
on the sinister a mermaid proper," to add to his shield.
Admiral Sir George Pocock, who captured Havannah,
was given for an augmentation : " On a chief wavy azure
a sea-horse " (to typify his naval career), between two
Eastern crowns (to typify his services in the East Indies),
with the word "Havanna," the scene of his greatest
victory.
Sir Edward Pellew, who was created Viscount Ex-
mouth for bombarding and destroying the fort and arsenal
of Algiers, was given upon a chief a representation of
that fort, with an English man-of-war in front of it, to
add to his arms. It is interesting to note that one of his
supporters, though not a part of his augmentation, re-
presents a Christian slave, in memory of those in captivity
at Algiers when he captured the city. A famous aug-
mentation occurs on the arms of Cochrane (Plate LXVIIL),
to which reference was made in a previous chapter.
There were several augmentations won at the Battle of
Waterloo, and the Waterloo medal figures upon many coats
of arms of Waterloo officers. Colonel Alexander Clark-
Kennedy, with his own hand, captured the French Eagle
of the 105th French Regiment. For this he bears a repre-
sentation of it and a sword crossed upon a chief over his
arms, and his crest of augmentation is a demi-dragoon
holding the same flag. Of the multitude of honours which
were showered upon the Duke of Wellington, not the
least was his augmentation. This was a smaller shield to
be superimposed upon his own, and charged with those
crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, which
we term "the Union Jack." Sir Edward Kerrison, who
distinguished himself so greatly in the Peninsula and
at Waterloo, was granted a sword with a wreath of laurel
and representations of his medals for Orthes and Water-
loo, and, for an additional crest, an arm in armour holding
a banner inscribed " Peninsula."
Sir Thomas Munro, who will be long remembeied as
the Governor of Madras, was rewarded for his capture
of Badamy by a representation of that hill-fort in India.
The augmentation of Lord Keane is very similar, being a
representation of the Fortress of Ghuznee in Afghanistan,
which he captured. Other instances of a similar character
are to be found in the arms of Cockburn-Campbell (Fig.
966) and Hamilton-Grace.
The arms of Lord Gough are most remarkable, inasmuch
as they show no less than two distinct and different aug-
mentations both earned by the same man. In 18 16, for
his services in the Peninsula, he received a representation
of the Spanish Order of Charles III., and on a chief the
representation of the Fortress of Tarifa, with the crest of
the arm holding the colours of his own regiment, the 87th,
and a French eagle reversed and depressed. After his
victories in the East, particularly at Goojerat, and for the
subjugation and annexation of the Punjab, he was granted,
in 1843, ^° additional quartering to add to his shield.
This has the Lion of England holding up the Union Jack
below the words "China" and "India." The third crest,
396
PLATE CXXVII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
which was then granted to him, shows a similar lion
holding the Union Jack and a Chinese flag. The Durban
augmentation has been already illustrated (Fig. S3 8).
Fig. 966. — Armorial bearings of Sir Alexander Thomas Coclcburn-
Campbell, Bart. : Quarterly, i and 4, quarterly, i. and iiii., gryronny
of eight or and sable ; ii., argent, a galley sable, sails furled and
oars in action; iii., or a fess chequy azure and argent; over
all on a chief argent a rock proper, superinscribed " Gibraltar,"
between two medals pendent by a ribbon gules, fimbriated, for
Seringapatam and Talavera (for Campbell) ; 2 and 3, quarterly, i.
and iiiL, argent, an ostrich feather ensigned with an imperial
crown proper, between two cocks in chief and a lion's head erased
in base gules; ii. and iii., gules, six mascles, three, two and one
or (for Cockburn), the escutcheon being charged with bis badge
of IJIster as a Baronet. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath
of the colours, a dexter hand holding a scimitar proper. Mottoes ;
" Without fear ; " "Forward."
Sir George Pollock, " of the Khyber Pass," Bart., earned
everlasting fame for himself in the first Afghan War, by
forcing the Khyber Pass and by the capture of Cabul.
For this he was given an Eastern crown and the word
"Khyber" on a chief as well as three cannon upon a
canton, and at the same time he was granted an ad-
ditional crest — a lion holding an Afghan banner with the
staff thereof broken. With him it seemed as if the
practice of granting augmentations for military services
had ceased. Lord Roberts has none, neither has Lord
Wolseley. But recently the old practice was reverted to
in favour of Lord Kitchener. His family arms were :
" Azure, a chevron cottised between three bustards," and in
the centre chief point a bezant ; with a stag's head for a
crest; but for "smashing the Khalifa" he has been given
the Union Jack and the Egyptian flag with the staves
encircled by a coronet bearing the word " Khartoum," all
on a pile superimposed over his family arms. He also
received a second crest of an elephant's head holding a
sword in its trunk issuing from a mural crown.
Two other very interesting instances of augmentation
of arms are worthy of mention.
Sir Ralph Abercromby, after a distinguished career,
fought and won the Battle of Aboukir Bay, only to die a
few days later on board H.M.S. Foudroyant of his wounds
received in the battle. But long before he had fought
and conquered the French at Valenciennes, and in 1795
had been made a Knight of the Bath. The arms which
are upon his Stall plate in Westminster Abbey include
his augmentation, which is an arm in armour encircled by
a wreath of laurel supporting the French Standard.
Sir William Hoste gained the celebrated victory over
the French fleet off the Island of Lissa in i8n, and the
augmentation which was granted was a representation of
his gold medal hanging from a naval crown, and an ad-
ditional crest, an arm holding a flag inscribed with the
word " Cattaro," the scene of another of his victories.
Peace has its victories no less than war, but there is
generally very much less fuss made about them. Con-
sequently, the augmentations to commemorate entirely
pacific actions are considerably fewer in number. The
Speke augmentation has been elsewhere referred to
(Plate XXXIX.), and reference may be made to the Ross
augmentation (Fig. 962) to commemorate the Arctic ex-
ploits of Sir John Ross.
It is a very common idea that arms were formerly to be
obtained by conquest in battle. Like many other heraldic
ideas, there is a certain amount of truth in the idea, from
which very erroneous generalisations have been made.
The old legend as to the acquisition of the plume of ostrich
feathers by the Black Prince no doubt largely accounts
for the idea. That legend, as has been already shown,
lacks foundation. Territorial or sovereign arms doubt-
less would be subject to conquest, but I do not believe
that because in battle or in a tournament a Vmitrance one
person defeated another, he therefore became entitled to
assume, of his own motion, the arms of the man he had
vanquished. The proposition is too absurd. But there
is no doubt that in some number of historic cases his
Sovereign has subsequently conferred upon the victor an
augmentation which has closely approximated to the arms
of his victim. Such cases occur in the arms of the
Clerkes, Barts., of Hitcham, Bucks, who bear : " On a
sinister canton azure, a demi-ram salient of the first, and
in chief two fleurs-de-lis or, debruised by a baton," to com-
memorate the action of Sir John Clerke of Weston, who
captured Louis D'Orleans, Duke of Longueville, at Borny,
near Terouenne, 5 Henry VIII. The augmentation con-
ferred upon the Duke of Norfolk at the battle of Flodden
has been already referred to, but Lloyd of Stockton (Fig.
325) carry a remarkable augmentation, inasmuch as they
are permitted to bear the arms of Sir John Oldcastle,
Lord Cobham, to commemorate his recapture at Bromarth
after his escape from the Tower.
Augmentations which have no other basis than mere
favour of kings, or consanguinity to the Royal Family, are
not uncommon. Richard II., who himself adopted the
arms of St. Edward the Confessor, bestowed the right to
bear them also upon Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
(Fig. 823). No difference was added to them in his case,
which is the more remarkable as they were borne by the
Duke impaled with the arms of England. In 1397 the
King conferred the same arms upon John de Holland,
Duke of Exeter, differenced by a label argent, and upon
Thomas de Holland, Duke of Surrey, within a bordure
ermine (Fig. 201). Richard II. seems to have been in-
clined to the granting of augmentations, for in 1386, when
he created the Earl of Oxford (Robert de Vere) Duke of
Ireland, he granted him as an augmentation the arms of
Ireland (" Azure, three crowns or ") within a bordure argent
(Fig. 967). The Manners family, who were of Royal
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Fig. 967. — Arms of Robert De Vere, Duke of Ireland and Earl of
Oxford : Qaarterly, i and 4 (of augmentation), azure, three crowns
or, within a bordure argent ; 2 and 3, quarterly gules and or, in
the first quarter a mullet argent.
397
THE ART OF HERALDRY
descent, but who, not being descended from an heiress,
had no right to quarter the Eoyal Arms, received the
grant of a chief " quarterly azure and gules, in the first
and fourth quarters two lieurs-de-lis, and in the second
and third a lion passant gaardant or." This precedent
might well be followed at the present day in the case of
the daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Fife. The
canton in Fig. 219, and the similar canton in the arms of
Caulfield, are doubtless augmentations. The Waller family,
of Groombridge, co. Kent, one of whom, Richard Waller,
captured Charles, Duke of Orleans, at the battle of Agin-
court, received as an augmentation the right to suspend
from the crest (" On a mount a walnut-tree proper") an
escutcheon of the arms of that Prince, viz. : " Azure, three
fleurs-de-lis or, a label of three points argent." Lord
Polwarth bears one of the few augmentations granted by
William III., viz. : " An inescutcheon azure charged with
an orange ensigned with an Imperial crown all proper,"
whilst the titular King James III. and VIII. granted to
John Gr£eme, Earl of Alford, a coat of augmentation, viz. :
" The Royal Arms of Scotland on the field and cross of
St. Andrew counterchanged," the date of the grant being
20th January 1734. Sir John Keith, Earl of Kintore,
Knight Marischal of Scotland, saved the regalia of Scot-
land from falling into the hands of Cromwell, and in
return the Keith arms (now quartered by Lord Kintore)
were augmented with " an inescutcheon gules, a sword
in bend sinister surmounted by a sceptre in bend dexter,
in chief an Imperial crown, the whole within an orle of
eight thistles."
The well-known augmentation of the Seymour family :
" Or, on a pile gules, between six fleurs-de-lis azure," is
borne to commemorate the marriage of Jane Seymour to
Henry VIII., who granted augmentations to all his wives
except Catherine of Arragon and Anne of Oleves. The
Seymour family is, however, the only one in which the
use of the augmentation has been continued. The same
practice was followed by granting the arms of England
to the Consort of the Princess Caroline and to the late
Prince Consort. See page 350.
The frequent grant of the Royal tressure in Scotland,
probably usually as an augmentation, has been already
referred to. King Charles I. granted to the Earl of
Kinnoull as a quartering of augmentation : " Azure, a
unicorn salient argent, armed, maned, and unguled or,
within a bordure of the last charged with thistles of Scot-
land and roses gules of England dimidiated." The well-
known augmentation of the Medicis family, viz. : " A
roundle azure, charged with three fleur-de-lis or" (Plate
XVII. Fig. 25), was granted by Louis XII. to Pietro de
Medicis. The Prussian Officers, ennobled on the i8th
of January 1896, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
foundation of the new German Empire, bears as a device
a chief purpure, and thereupon the Prussian sceptre and
Fig. 968. — Device from the chief of the '' Prussian
Sword Nobility."
a sword in saltire interlaced by two oak-branches vert
(Fig 968). The arms of Smyth (Fig. 501) show a curious
augmentation, and the late Right Hon. Sir Thomas
Thornton, G.C.B., received a Eoyal Licence to accept the
Portuguese title of Conde de Cassilbas and an augmenta-
tion. This was an inescutcheon (ensigned by his coronet
as a Conde) " or, thereon an arm embowed vested azure,
the cuif gold, the hand supporting a flagstaff therefrom
flowing the Royal Standard of Portugal." The same
device issuing from his coronet was also granted to him
as a crest of augmentation. Sir Woodbine Parish,
K.C.H., by legislative act of the Argentine Republic re-
ceived in 1839 a grant of the arms of that country, which
was subsequently incorporated in the arms granted to him
and registered in the Heralds' College in this country
(Plate XXIIL). He had been Consul-General and Charge
d' Affaires at Buenos Ayres, 1823-1832 ; he was appointed
in 1824 Plenipotentiary, and concluded the first treaty
by which the Argentine Republic was formally recog-
nised. Reference has been already made (page 306)
to the frequent grants of supporters as augmentations,
and perhaps mention should also be made of the ines-
cutcheons for the Dukedom of Aubigny, borne by the
Duke of Richmond and Gordon, and for the Duchy of
Chatelherault, borne by the Duke of Abercorn. Possibly
these should more properly be ranked as territorial arms
and not as augmentations. A similar coat is the ines-
cutcheon borne by the Earl of Mar and Kellie (Fig. 813)
for his Earldom of Kellie. This, however, is stated by
Woodward to be an augmentation granted by James VL
to Sir Thomas Erskine, one of several granted by that
King to commemorate the frustration of the Gowrie Plot
in 1600.
The Marquess of Westminster, for some utterly inex-
plicable reason, was granted as an augmentation the right
to bear the arms of the city of Westminster in the first
quarter of his arms. Those who have rendered very
great personal service to the Crown have been sometimes
so favoured. The Halford and Gull (see page 182) aug-
mentations commemorate medical services to the Royal
Family, and it is a matter of general surprise that no
augmentations have been conferred upon Sir Frederick
Treves or Sir Francis Laking in connection with His
Majesty's illness at the time of the Coronation.
The badges of Ulster and Nova Scotia borne as such
upon their shields by Baronets are, of course, aug-
mentations.
Two cases are known of augmentations to the arms of
towns. The arms of Derry were augmented by the arms
of the city of London in chief, when, after its fearful siege,
the name of Derry was changed to Londonderry to com-
memorate the help given by the city of London. The
arms of the city of Hereford had an azure bordure seme
of saltires couped argent added to its arms after it had
successfully withstood its Scottish siege, and this, by the
way, is a striking example of colour upon colour, the field
of the coat being gules.
There are many grants in the later part of the
eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries
recorded in Lyon Register which at first sight appear to
be augmentations. Perhaps they are rightly so termed,
but as the additions usually appear to be granted by the
Lyon without specific Royal Warrants, they are hardly
equivalent to the English ones issued during the same
period. Many ordinary grants made in England which
have borne direct reference to particular achievements
of the grantee have been (by the grantees and their
descendants) wrongly termed augmentations. A rough
and ready (though not a certain) test is to imagine the
coat if the augmentation be removed, and see whether it
remains a properly balanced design. Few of such coats
will survive the test. The additions made to a coat to
make it a different design, when a new grant is founded
upon arms improperly used theretofore, are not augmentar
tions, although departures from the truth on this detail
are by no means rare. A. C. P-D.
98
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XLII
THE UNION JACK
By Rev. J. R. CRAWFORD
NOMEXCLATUEE
ORDERS in Council and other ofBcial documents
refer to this flag as The Union Flag, The Union
Jack, Our Jack, The King's Colours, and The
Union Banner, which last title precise Heraldry usually
adopts. In patriotic songs it is toasted as " The Red,
White, and Blue," whilst in the Services men affection-
ately allude to it as "the dear old duster." But Britons
at large cling to the title wliich heads this chapter ; to
them it is '^The Union Jack."
MEANING OF THIS TITLE
Why Union? Obviously because it unites three emblems
of tutelar saints on one flag, and thereby denotes the
union of three peoples under one Sovereign. It is the
motto " T'l-ia juncta in Una " rendered in bunting.
TTJiy Jack ? Two theories are propounded, one fanciful,
the other probable. Some say "Jack "is the anglicised
form of "Jacques," which is the French signature of
James L, in whose reign and by whose command the first
Union Flag was called into being. Against this at least
three reasons may justly be urged: (i) The term "Jack"
does not appear — so far as we can discover — in any
warrant referring to the Jacobean Flag of 1606. It is
rather in later documents that this term occurs. (2) If
the earliest Union Flag be a "Jack" just because it is
the creation of James, then surely it follows that, to
be consistent, later Union Flags, the creations of later
sovereigns, should have borne those Sovereigns' names ;
for example The Union Anne, The Union George ! (3) The
English way of pronouncing "Jacques" is not, and pro-
bably never was Jack, but Jaihes. The other, and more
feasible theory, is as follows : The term " Jaque " (e.g.
jagxie de mailles) was borrowed from the French and
referred to any jacket or coat on which, especially,
heraldic emblems were blazoned. In days long prior to
those of the first Stuart king, mention is made of
"iufjBtte totjs Initl) rcD trofises iuom b? sij^ppEfimm
anU mm of rtjC mtt of ILonOon," from which sentence
we learn that the emblem of the nation's tntelar saint
was (as in yet earlier Crusaders' days) a fighter's emblem.
When such emblem or emblems were transferred to a
flag, the term Jaque may well, in course of time, have
been also applied to that flag, as previously to the jacket.
THE flag's OFFICIAL HISTORY
Glance now at the story of those Orders in Council
which created the various Union flags. The very union
of the two kingdoms of England and Scotland seems to
have accentuated the pettier national jealousies, so that
Southrons annoyed Northerners by hoisting the St. George
above the St. Andrew, and the Scotchmen retaliated by
a species of tn quoque. The King sought to allay these
quarrels by creating a British, as other than a purely
English or Scottish, flag. But let the Proclamation speak
for itself.
"By the King.
" Whereas, some differences ha.th arisen between Our
subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas,
about the bearing of their Flagges : For the avoiding of all
contentions hereafter. Wee have, with the aAvice of our
Councill, ordered : That from henceforth all our Subjects
of this Isle and Kingdome of Gi-eat Britaine, and all ottr
members thereof, shall beare in their main-ioppe the Bed
Crosse, commonly called Si. George's Crosse, and the Wliite
Crosse, commonly called St. Andrew's Crosse, joyned together
CKCording to the forme made by our heralds, and sent by Us
to our Admerall to be published to our Subjects : and in
their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall weare
the Red Crosse onely as they were loont, and our Subjects of
North Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely
as they were accustomed." — 1606.
This attempt at conciliating differences deserved but
did not win success. " The King's Owne Shipps " deemed
themselves slighted, since all vessels were treated alike
in this matter, and so persistent was the agitation that at
last, in Charles I.'s reign (1634), another Proclamation
was issued "for the honour of Oure Shipps in Oure Navie
Boyall," whereby those ships alone had the right of
hoisting " the Union Flagge." The days of the Common-
wealth brought another change, for with the King the
King's Flag disappeared. The Protector caused two new
flags to be made, viz. The Great Union (a flag little used,
however, although it figured at his funeral obsequies),
and which may be thus blazoned : Quarterly, i and 4, The
St. George ; 2. The St. Andrew ; 3. azure, a harp or, for
Ireland ; over all on an inescutcheon of pretence, sable, a
lion rampant or, for the Protector's personal arms, and
The Gommo7iwealth Ensigii, which latter Parliament
treated as the paramount flag. The most interesting
features of this flag are that it was of three kinds, one
red, one white, one blue, and that Ireland (but not
Scotland) had a place on its folds. When the King
came to his own again yet another change was witnessed.
By this Proclamation ships in the Navy were to carry
The Union, and all merchantmen The St. George, whilst
these latter vessels were also to wear " The Bed Ensign
with the St. George on a Canton." Passing on, we reach
the days of Queen Anne, who as soon as the union of
the two Parliaments was accomplished, issued a famous
Proclamation often quoted. Suffice it here to outline its
effect.
The two crosses of St. George and St. Andrew were —
as the Treaty of Union had agreed should be — " conjoyned
in such a manner as we should think fit" ; and what that
manner was is " described on the margent " in the shape of
a sketch. But further, in place of the St. George being
placed on the canton of the Bed Ensign of Charles II.
(itself T7ie Commonwealth Ensign, minus the harp) the
Proclamation ordered the "Union" as a canton, and
finally this new Red Ensign was confined to the merchant
ships, whilst " Our Jack " was reserved for the use of the
Navy, unless by particular warrant. Thus things con-
tinued until the union of Ireland with England and
Scotland. The Proclamation referring to this Act of
Union closes with the Herald's verbal blazon of the full
Union Flag: — " The Union Flag shall be Azure, the Crosses
Saltire of St. Andrew and St. Fatrick, Quarterly per saltire,
countercharged Argent and Gules, the latter fimbriated of the
secmid, surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the third,
fimbriated as the Saltire." Thus the Union, as displayed
in bunting, was perfected.
399
THE ART OF HERALDRY
THE FLAG VIEWED HEEALDICALL?
Our Union Flag is very remarkable, even amongst the
flags of Christendom, both as a blending of crosses, and
crosses only, and also as an emblem of the union
of two or more countries. Tet it is not unique, for the
flags of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway have a some-
what similar story to tell. The last two countries
separated at different dates from Denmark, and then
together formed a United Scandinavian Kingdom. In
separating, they each took to themselves a separate flag,
and again, in uniting, they called into being a Union
Banner. How they treated these changes Fig. 969
The Proclamation of James (1606). A high official of the
College of Arms informs us that neither verbal blazon
nor drawing of the first Union Flag is extant. On the
other hand, in the Proclamations of 1707 and 1801 we
have both blazon and drawing. The blazon has already
been given of the 1 80 1 flag (which is the one most need-
ing a verbal blazon), and the drawings of both flags we
here produce (Figs. 970 and 971). These drawings
GL
„;:.l
•1,
^1-
M
^
lii
111
1 III
1 lllli
11!
- — 1 r=
Dbit
si
SvycJhV
Fig. 969.
will illustrate. Notwithstanding these acts of union
both Scandinavians and Britons have had, and still
have, their differences over these Union Flags. Whilst,
however, they base their protests on the sentiment of
independence, we ground our grumblings on questions
of heraldic precedence, and of the interpretation of
verbal blazons. Leaving our neighbours to settle their
differences, let us examine our own. Take the subject
of precedence. Very early in the flag's history, Scotch-
men were indignant because the St. Andrew was not
placed over the St. George. All kinds of variations have
been suggested to lessen this crux of precedence, but
such attempts must plainly be in vain. Do what you
will, some kind of precedence is unavoidable. The St.
George, then, as representing the paramount partner,
occupies the centre of the flag, whilst the St. Andreiv, as
senior in partnership to the St. Patrick, is placed above
the St. Patrick in the first quarter, although throughout it
is counterohanged. The words underlined are important,
for when the order is reversed, then that particular flag
is flying upside down.
THE VERBAL BLAZON
The mode of procedure in creating flags has been
much the same from one reign to another. Briefly
it is this : The Sovereign seeks the advice of, and
receives a report from, the Lords of the Privy Council.
These councillors are " attended hy the King of Arms
and Heralds, with diverse drafts prepared hy them." A
decision being arrived at, an Order in Council, followed
by a Royal Proclamation, makes known the character
of the flag. In both Order and Proclamation it is
usual to make reference to the verbal blazon, and to
" the form inade hy our heralds." Thus there are three
agents recognised — (i) the Sovereign, the fountain of all
honours ; (2) the heralds, who authoritatively blazon, out-
line, and register all achievements ; and (3) the naval
authority, as that in which are vested the duty and the
power of seeing the actual bunting properly made up and
properly flown. In keeping with this, the general mode
of procedure, the Proclamations demand our attention.
Fig. 970. — The Union Flag of 1707.
— though slightly reduced in these pages — are most
careful copies of the signed copies supplied to us by the
official already alluded to. In forwarding them he writes :
"They are not drawn to scale;" and he adds, further
on, " they are exactly the same size as recorded in our books."
So then we have, in these two drawings, the heralds' in-
terpretation, at the time, of their own verbal blazon. Now
comes the Admiralty part of the work. In the Admiralty
Fig. 971.— The Union Flag of iSoi.
Regulations we have a " Memorandum relative to the origin
of the Union Flag in its present form." In this there is a
brief history of the changes made in the flag from time to
time, with quotations from the warrants, together with
the verbal blazon and two coloured drawings (Figs. 972
and 973 ). The Admiralty has also appended to the Memor-
andum the following interesting and ingeniously worked
out Table of Proportions, adapted for a flag 1 5 feet by
yh feet. Presumably this table forms the basis upon
which all Union Flags are made up under Admiralty
supervision : —
The + of
i St. George J
! Two borders J? each . fr .
together J | J ^ | J
' St. Patrick Jj
The X of <j Its border ^
. St Andrew . . . . ^
I togeth
er ,\i
\
The student of heraldry will observe that this table is
based on the proportions of the Ordinaries and Sub-
Ordinaries flguring on the flag, as those proportions are
400
PLATE CXXVIII.
'i^
THE ART OF HERALDRY
regulated by English Enles of Armory. These rules give
a cross as ^, a saltire as -J-, a fimbriation about ^V' "^ ^^^
flag's width. By the way, we notice here, yet only to
a
:p
A
\\^
^/^;;>
/^>^
^^.\-
1
Fig. 972. — Admiralty Pattern of 1707 Flag.
dismiss it as hypercritical, the objection taken to the em-
ployment (in the verbal blazon of 1801) of the term "/?n-
Tyricded." To our mind this objection seems a storm in a
teacup. Further, it is always admissible in armory to
lessen the size of charges when these crowd a field, and
although we are fully aware that the laws of armory are
not always nor all of them applied to flags, yet there is
sufficient evidence to show that the heralds and the
Admiralty did recognise the cases of shields and flags to be
^'KkijttC
B
proper national colours for all ships and boats hdonging to
any British subject, ecccept in the case of Her Majesty's ships
or boats, or in the case of any other ship or boat for tlie time
being allowed to wear any other national colours in pur-
suance of a warrant from Her Majesty or from the Admir-
alty. (2) If any distinctive national colours except such red
ensign, or except the Union Jack loith a ^ohite border, or if
any colours usually viorn by Ser Majesty's ships, &c. . . .
are or is hoisted on board any ship . . . icithout warrant
. . . for each offence ... a fine not exceeding five hundred
pounds.
SUMMARY AND REFLECTIONS
From all we have considered, we arrive at certain clear
conclusions, (i) Sentiment and Custom, when speaking
of The Union Flag as Tlie National Flag, are in error. (2)
In common with The Red Ensign, The Union Flag is a
National Flag. And (3) It is " the fighting emblem of the
Sovereign."
What remains to be said ? Have we then no flag which
we can fly as individual Sous of the Empire ? Have we
no Hag (we speak not of private and local banners) which,
as a loyal Corporation, or a king-revering Parish, we
can hoist over Town Hall or Church Tower and say :
"This we have a Royal Warrant for flying. It is our
flag as Britishers." The answer, at present, is plainly in
the negative. We have no such flag. That all kinds of
flags are hoisted, on all kinds of occasions, over all kinds
of places, gives not the least satisfaction to that increas-
ingly growing portion of the community who are really
interested in the story and meaning of flags. Many of
us want things done "decently and in order" (legally,
consistently, heraldically), and the Sovereign — following
in the footsteps of ancestors — would do great service if
by Order in Council and Royal Proclamation He should
grant to us. His subjects, a Warrant to fly a National
colour, which each one of us can proudly point to as
" QUE JACK." J. E. C.
Fig. 973. — Admiralty Pattern of 1801 Flag.
somewhat analogous. But there are two features in The
Admiralty pattern which cannot but arrest the attention of
aU those who have made a study of armory. The one is
that the sub-ordinaries, i.e. the fimbriations, have different
proportions given to them, although they are repetitions
of the same sub-ordinary, and also seem guarded against
such treatment by the very wording of the blazon, and by
the practice usual in such oases. And the other is that,
after counterchanging the saltires, the St. Patrick is
attenuated by having its fimbriation taken off its own
field, instead (as the common custom is) off the field of the
flag.
THE UNION JACK S PLACE AMONGST FLAGS
All Warrants dealing with flags provide for their being
flown a.t sea, (Queen Anne's Proclamation is apparently the
first that adds " and land "), and gradually reserve for the
Royal Navy — or fighting ships — the honour of alone bear-
ing the Union -Jack. The accompanying diagram shows
at a glance the changes made by the several Proclama-
tions. The latest word on this subject is "The Merchant
Shipping (Colours) Act of Queen Victoria, 1894." This
Act sets forth among other things that — (l) " The red
ensign usucdly v)orn by merchant ships, vjithout any deface-
•ment or inodAfkation whatsoever, is hereby declared to be the
POSTSCRIPT
Since going to press, much keen controversy has been
continued in the public papers — notably the Times — on
the right to fly flags, and on the heraldic character of
the Admiralty pattern of 1 80 1. This latter subject
directly concerns us here, and hence this postscript. la
the Heralds' Office drawing, illustrating their verbal
blazon, the counterchanged saltires are represented as
of equal width, the Irish fimbriation being taken off the
field and not off the saltire. This is assuredly in keeping
with the general rule and the very raison d'etre of counter-
changing. Again : there is no heraldic reason, quite the
reverse, why the English and Irish charges should not
be fimbriated alike, both as to metal and width. The
present extreme width of the Admiralty St. George's
edging makes the centre of the flag look as if it consisted
of "a %L'hitc cross vjith a red cross super-induced'.' For
such it has been frequently mistaken. Appended is a
flag whose proportions strictly follow the verbal blazon
of 1801, and also satisfy all heraldic rules. Worked into-
bunting it is an exceedingly handsome flag.
Flag yi by 15.
St. George 21
2 Fimbriations, each 4^ . . 9
St. Andrew and St. Patrick, each 6| . 1 3i ins.
St. Patrick's Fimbriations . . . 4! „
■ [• 30 ins., or \.
iS ins., or ^>
401
3e
PLATE CXXIX.
CHAPTER XLIII
THE ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF HERALDRY
IN the foregoing pages the attempt has been to trace
the evolution of armory from its scientific side, and,
though naturally it is impossible, even if it were
desirable, to wholly divorce the scientific point of view from
the artistic, in first treating of the subject in its scientific
aspect, nevertheless, there yet remains to be considered
the purely artistic development of armory. This can
best be traced by an examination of carefully selected and
typical examples of heraldic art. With few exceptions,
the selection has been entirely the work of Herrn Strbbl ;
in fact the various examples which follow comprise the
bulk of the Heraldischer Atlas, which is the foundation
of the present work. To Herrn Strohl's selection I have
added some number of additional English examples
which appeared well worthy of reproduction. In looking
through the chronologically arranged series of heraldic
examples which follows, it will be found, as would be
the case in examining any other chronological selection,
that heraldic art gradually and strikingly develops to a
very high degree of artistic excellence and merit, and
then as strikingly deteriorates.
With the exception of seals and efiigies and occasional
examples of sculpture, each of which has of necessity an
isolated character, one of the earliest collections of arms,
or the earliest heraldic monument of that nature on the
Continent, is, or rather was — for unfortunately since iS6l
the original has no longer been in existence — the decora-
tion in the House " Zum Loch " (Fig. 974), in what was
formerly called the Kilchgasse, but now the Romergasse
in Ztirich, a building which was probably originally
erected at the end of the twelfth, or at latest at the
beginning of the thirteenth century.
About 1306 the house was in the possession of the
family of Wisso, nobles of Zurich. On the oak beams
of the ceiling of the lower rooms were painted in water-
colour, on the upright sides, coats of arms from 24 to 30
centimetres high (roughly, from gi to 12 inches), which,
if somewhat roughly done, are of vast interest in the
History of Heraldry. Fortunately, before its demolition,
careful records were taken which rendered it possible to
place a copy of this ceiling in the new Swiss Museum of
Ziirich. For this reproduction we are indebted to the
kindness of Herrn K. Biihrer, editor of the newspaper
Die Schvjeiz (Switzerland).
From the fact of the presence of the arms of the
Bishopric of Eichstatt (red, a white crosier), and their
position near the Imperial eagle, and the Habsbourg
lion, the date of the decoration may be determined with
some degree of certainty. In the year 1306 King
Albrecht (Albert) was in Ziirich, where he was celebrating
the Karlstag (28th January) (Charles' Day — Charle-
magne ?), at which festival many noble gentlemen had
presented themselves. Albert's Chancellor and friend
was Johann, prefect of the canonry of the Grand
Cathedral at Zurich, who in 1305 was also Bishop of
Eichstatt, which bishopric, however, in 1306 he exchanged
for that of Strasbourg. The paintings, therefore, would
appear to have been placed there during the presence of
the King and his Chancellor. Pigs. 975-979 give ex-
amples of the designs.
Fig. 975. Arms of the Soman Kingdom : Or, an eagle
displayed sable.
Pig. 976. Arms of Von Schonenwerd, a family which
belonged to the Zurich nobility (their ancestral seat
was near Dietikon on the Limmat) : Per pale argent and
gules, on the dexter side a lion rampant sable.
Pig. 977. Arms of the Freiherren (Barons) von Eussegg,
of Lucerne : Argent — perhaps originally " or," as they
later used this colour also (see Plate XXXI. Fig. 6) — a
unicorn rampant sable.
Fig. 978. Arms of Maness von Manegg, Zurich nobles:
Gules, two warriors fighting. (See Plate XX. Fig. 4.)
Pig. 979. Arms of the Freiherren von Tuffen, of Zurich :
Gules, a helmet, and thereupon a demi-eagle issuant
argent.
Equally ancient are the shields on the brick friezes of
403
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 974. — Copy of the ceiling of tlie Armorial Room in the House
" Zum Loch." (Swiss Museum at Zurich).
Fig. 975. — Romisohes Fig. 976. — Schonenwerd. Fig. 977. — HUssegg. FiG. 978. — Manesse. Fig. 979. — TufEen.
Reich.
(a) Froburg. Qj) Strassberg-2fidau. (c) Bechburg. (d) Balm. (p) GrUnenberg.
Fig. 9S0.— The St. Urban Brick Frieze.
(/) Kien.
(g) ITtzingen.
(a) Thorberg. (li) Iffenthal. (c) Bllttikon. (d) Aarwangen. (c) Eptingen.
Fig. 981.— The St. Urban Brick Frieze.
404
(/) Eud.
(g) Kienberg.
PLATE CXXX.
Printed at Stnttgart.
EXAMPLES OF ITALIAN ARMORIAL SCULPTURE.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
St. Urban, a former Cistercian monastery, near Zofingen,
in the canton of Lucerne, which have now been similarly
placed under the protection of the Zurich Museum.
These exceedingly delicately executed terra-cotta examples
would seem to have been made at St. Urban's itself, as no
/. Arms of the Barons von Kien : Azure, two
eagles' claws in saltire argent, armed
sable.
g. Arms of Utzingen: Argent, a quatrefoil
vert.
Fig. 9S2.— Arms of the Duke
of Bavaria.
Fig 9S3. — Arms of the Land-
grave of Hesse.
Fig. 984. — Arras of the Count
Von der Mark.
other examples are to be found except in the near neigh-
bourhood of the monastery. The two friezes. Figs. 980
Fig. 9S5.— Arms of the Count of Holstein.
and 981, are examples of this unique and highly-developed
work. The arms illustrated are : —
Fig. 980. a. Arm's of the Counts von Frdburg : Or, an
eagle displayed ermine.
b. Arms of the Strassberg-Niddau family :
Gules, on a pale sable, three chevrons or.
c. Arms of the Barons von Bechhurg (Solo-
thurn) : Tierced in f ess gules, argent, and
sable. The last of this family fell at the
battle of Sempach in 1386.
d. Arms of the Barons von Balm (Solothurn) :
Per pale azure and argent, a lion ram-
pant gules. The colours of the field are
sometimes reversed, and a modern form
of the arms shows the field paly of sis.
«. Arms of the Barotis von Gi'iinenberg,
Burggraves of Eheinfelden.
Fig. 981. a. Arms of Thorherg : Gules, an open door
argent.
6. Arms of Ijfenihal: Or, a fess azure,
debruised by a lion rampant gules,
c. Arms of the von Biittilcons, Lords of
Schenkow : Bendy of six gules and
ermine.
d. Arms of Aarwaiigen : Per pale sable and
argent, on the sinister side a fess of the
first.
e. Arms of Eptingen of Basel : Or, an eagle
displayed fesswise sable, armed gules.
/. Arms of Eud. (Rued), servants of the
Habsbourgs : Azure, a rudder in bend
argent.
g. Arms of Kienherg (Solothurn) : Per bend
sable and gules, in chief a bend sinister
sable ; argent, six mounds in pyramid
and couped. This family became extinct
in 1450.
Other early examples of arms from German sources
will be found in Figs. 982-985.
PLATE LXXI
EAELY ENGLISH ROLLS OF ARMS
On the next page reference will be made to a col-
lection of armorial drawings by Matthew Paris, and to
another early roll of arms now in the possession of the
Society of Antiquaries in London. There is, however, in
the custody of the College of Arms a fragment of a roll
which some have considered to be the oldest collected
armorial record in existence. Doubtless a critical ex-
amination of the names might enable one'to arrive at an
approximately accurate date ; but I have had no such
opportunity of examination, though there can be little
doubt the fragment belongs. to the early part of the
thirteenth century.
405
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The roll, which was originally emblazoned upon parch-
ment, has been cat up at some period. The shields,
which are conjoined, appear to have been originally
painted conjoined in rows of sis. Each row has been
cut out, the outline of the shields being carefully followed,
and the rows are now fastened upon leaves of thick paper,
these being bound up with other matters in volume form.
The leaves to which these rows of shields are attached
are preceded by a painting or illumination, doubtless
belonging thereto, of some beauty in its execution and of
an ecclesiastical character. This would seem to suggest
that, like the paintings of Matthew Paris, these shields
represent the arms of the benefactors of some religious
foundation. Beyond the name which surmounts each
shield no writing or other descriptive matter remains
with the roll. Through the courtesy of Mr. C. H. Athill,
Richmond Herald, who has had paintings made which he
has certified for me, I am enabled to reproduce some of
the shields from this roll. Though these reproductions
are joined together, as are the shields in the original, it
should be noticed that the examples selected for repro-
duction do not consecutively follow each other in their
present order upon the original. Many — in fact a large
proportion — of the shields are badly damaged, some nearly
wholly obliterated. One very noticeable detail, however,
at once becomes apparent. Though identically in keeping
with the other heraldic work of the period, the paintings
seem to have been finished in a more careful manner,
and the shields lack much of the crudity of design and
draughtsmanship so often met with.
The following are the particulars of those selected. It
will be noticed that lines of division are wholly absent : —
1. Argent, a lion rampant sable (Count de Flandres).
2. Per pale argent and gules, an eagle displayed with
two heads per pale sable and of the first (Count de
B'goyns).
3. Sable, a cross engrailed argent (Robert de Ufford.)
4. Sable, a cross flory argent (Richard Syward).
5. Argent, a bear sable, muzzled argent (Reginald
Fitzurse).
6. Argent, sis eagles displayed, three, two, and one
(Richard Tany).
7. Argent, three fleurs-de-lis sable (Willem Peiferer).
8. Argent, a manuch gules (Henry de Hastings).
9. Argent, two lions passant in pale azure (Roger de
Somery).
10. Argent, three stockings, two and one gules (Nicholas
de la Hese).
11. Argent, a lion rampant gules, crowned (Ibew
D'Urberville).
12. Argent, two chevrons gules, a canton (or quarter)
of the last (Novreram de Oriel).
13. Argent, a sun in splendour gules (unnamed).
14. Vair (The Count of Gynes [Guisnes]).
15. Argent, a cross moline sable (the Prince of Moree).
16. Gules, a saltire vair (Rauf de Wiltun).
17. Argent, a griffin segreant azure, armed gules (the
King of ).
18. Argent, two ravens in pale sable (Roberd Corbet).
19. Argent, six lions rampant 3, 2, and i sable (Roger
de Leybume).
20. Gyronny of twelve argent and azure (. . . de
Bresum).
21. Per pale dancette argent and gules (the Earl of
Leicester).
22. Chequy argent and azure, a bordure ingrailed gules,
a quarter (or canton) ermine (the Earl of Richmond).
23. Gules, a cross patonce argent (the Earl of Albe-
marle).
24. Gules, a fleur-de-lis argent (Robert de Agulum).
25. Barry nebuly argent and gules (Philip Basser).
A. C. F-D.
PLATE LXXII
EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC DRAWINGS BY MATH^US
PARISIENSIS (MATTHEW PARIS)
(1244)
Some of the earliest drawings of arms, and possibly the earliest
example of anything in the nature of a collection or roll of arms, is
that of Matthew Paris.
Matthe\v Paris, one of the Lincolnshire family of that surname,
entered the Benedictine Monastery of St. Albans in 1217, and soon
began to play a very conspicuous part, not only as a scholar and
historian {Hidoria Anglorum, Chronica Major, &c.), but also as the
confidant and adviser of high personages, amongst whom were
Henry III. of England, Louis IX. of France, Hakon IV. of Norway,
and others.
The heraldic representations in his historical works are for the
most part by himself, and, on account of their great age, are highly
interesting. His teacher in the art of drawing was perhaps the
celebrated painter and sculptor, Walter of Colchester, sexton of St.
Albans, who worked in the cathedral in the time of the Abbot
William of Trumpington (1214-1235). Matthew Paris died at an
advanced age in the year 1259.
Plate XVIII. shows some of the most interesting coats of arms on
a sheet now in the British Museum, on which the arms are painted
on both sides. The work was probably done about the year 1244.
(They are reproduced from Wappen atis den Werken, des Matthias von
Parishy Pusikan, Berlin, 1881.) -According to Pusikan, the arms
depicted on the sheet from which the reproductions were made
ivere most probably those of the benefactors of the Cathedral of St.
Albans. The first side contains thirty-three shields, some of which
are unfinished, the other side seven rows of six each, thus forty-two
shields.
Above the shields stand the names of the respective owners of the
arms, and at the side of the blazoning of the shields. Those repro-
duced on Plate LXXII. are as follows: —
Fig. I . Scutum imperatoris Bomce (Frederick II., Roman Emperor) ;
Scutum aureum, aquila biceps nigra vel moniceps (Or, a double
eagle displayed sable with one or two heads).
Fig. 2. Scutiun regis Francoruvi (St. Louis IX., King of France) :
Scutum azureura VI gladioli iioris aurei (Azure, six fleurs-de-lis,
three, two, and one).
Fig. 3. Scutum regis ScoticB (Alexander II., King of Scotland, son
of William the Lion, 1214-1249. LTnder Alexander II. the
tressure flory, which is also painted double by Matthew Paris in
other places, was introduced into the arms of the kingdom) : Or, a
lion rampant within a tressure flory.
Fig. 4. Scutum ]>Jichol~de-Moles. The name has been inserted in-
correctly, and put right by a note on the upper edge of the sheet :
Hug de Baucei pictavensis. Hugo (or Hugh) de Baucey of Poitou.
Scutum aureum, ferrum molendinum de gules (Or, a cross moline
[or a fer-de-moline] gules).
Fig. 5. Scutum iV. de Kenetz. : Scutum de gules, caniculi de
argento. The painting of the shield is not finished. (Gules, three
talbots argent, two and one.)
On the first side, the foUow^ing coat of arms also appears in the
bottom row (Fig. 986) : Scutum regis Castellae et Leonum videlicet
rqrcu-iJ) ctTmlc X( . '—
v\?:
All?
Ito
df^^
Fig. 9S6. — Arms of the King of Castile and Leon.
moderni sed non partis, pater enim portavit scutum tale quale comes
Provinciai Raimundus (King Ferdinand III. of Spain) : i and 4,
Campus huius quartej-i rubens, castrum de auro-campus rubeus,
castrum de auro : 2 and 3, Campus huius qiiarteri albns, leo de
purpura-campus iste albus, leo de purpura (Quarterly, i and 4,
gules, a castle or [tor Castile] ; 2 and 3, argent, a lion purjjure [for
Leon]).
Alphonso IX., the father of King Ferdinand, bore the arms of
Aragon, like Count Raimund of Provence, because both were
descended from the Princes of Aragon. H. S.
406
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The Spanish coat of arms just given not only proves that in the
middle of the thirteenth century the quartering of a shield was
already customary in Spain, but also that purpure was an old
heraldic tincture, even if seldom made nse of.
Fig. 6. Willdmi Longaspata (William de Lougespee, Earl of
Salisbury), died 1257 : Scutum azureum, leones aurei (Azure, [six]
lions or).
Fig, 7. Johanis de Bellocampo (Beauchamp) : Scutum album,
aquila nigra (Argent, an eagle [displayed] sable, armed or).
Fig. 8. Comitis likurdi, comitis scilicet Pictavii (Earl Richard of
Cornwall and Poitou, died 1272, brother-in-law of the Emperor
Frederic II., elected King of the Eomans in 1257) : Scutum album
leo guleSj bordura nigra, besantes d'or (Argent, a lion gules
[crowned or], within a bordure sable bezantee). The arms of the
Duchy of Cornwall are still sable, fifteen bezants, five, four, three,
two, and one, and the family of Cornwall, baronets, still bear
arms very similar to those of the ancestor from whom they
(illegitimately) derive, namely : Argent, a lion rampant gules,
ducally crowned or, within a bordure engrailed sable.
Fig. g. Comitis de Legrecestria (Simon de Montfort, Earl of
Leicester, High Steward of England, died 1265 at the Battle of
Evesham in Worcestershire) : Scutum album leo gules (Argent, a
lion rampant [double-queued] gules) (see Plate T,X\T Fig. 21).
Fig. 10. Rieardi de Munjichet. (The Montfichets came over from
Normandy with William the Conqueror, but died out as early as
1 268. Richard was, in 1 2 1 5, one of the twenty-five barons appointed
to enforce the provisions of ilagna Charta) : Scutum d'or. III.
chevrons de gules, rastel d'azure, Y lambel (Or, three chevrons
gules, surmounted by a label of five points azure).
Fig. II. Siigonis de Novilti {B.ugh de Neville of Essex, who was
one of the favourites of King John, 121 1) : Anterior quartena cum
suo pari. . . (Quarterly indented gules and vert, a bend or).
Fig. 12. Johanis de Bassingeburne (John, Lord Bassingbourne, was
also one of the advisers of King John) : Scutum superius de gules
leo aureus, inferius scutum de albo fesse de gules, aves de gules
(Argent, a bend between six martlets gules, on a chief of the last, a
lion [passant guardant] or).
Fig. 13. Radulfi filii Nicholai (Ralpli Fitz Nicholas appears in
1250 as "domini regis senescallus ") : Scutum de gules, pentafolium
d'or, bordura escal d'argent (Gules, a cinquefoil or). Of the silver
border nothing is to be seen.
Fig. 14. Comitv; CestricB (Earl of Chester) : Scutum d'azuro
garbe d'or (Azure [three] garbs or).
These are still the arms used for and attributed to the Earldom of
Chester.
Fig. 15. Comitis Tholosim (Count Eaimund of Toulouse, who was
brother-in-law to King John) : Scutum de gules crux aurea (Gules,
a cross of Toulouse, voided or). The town of Toulouse still bears
the cross of Toulouse, with other figures, in her nrms.
SPECIMENS FROM AN ENGLISH ROLL OF ARMS
{About the Year 1300)
The remaining examples on Plate LXXII. are taken from a roll of
English origin, and of but little later date. It is in the possession
of the Society of Antiquaries in London, and is a parchment roll of
78 feet 6 inches long by 1 1 inches broad, with 486 shields upon it,
which are arranged in fifty-four rows of nine shields each. The
superscriptions are of later date, and the work of difl'erent hands.
The following specimens, which are taken therefrom, are repro-
duced from the Catalogue of the Heraldic Exhibition in London
in 1894, edited by Mr. St. John Hope, Assistant Secretary to the
Society of Antiquaries.
Fig. 16. Wat de Gey (Walter de Gey) : Argent, a bend gules, sur-
mounted by a lion rampant sable. The dexter forepaw is missing.
Fig. 17. Jon de Bruton (Jon de Brumton) : '' Or, a bend sable, sur-
mounted by two lions passant gules.
Fig. 18. Jon de Herondi: Gules, billettee d'or, three lions rampant
of the last.
Fig. 19. Gile Fisshman : Gules, a dolphin embowed or (? argent).
Fig. 20. Henry de Mortimer : Argent, a cross azure charged with
five escallops or.
Fig, 21. Joh^ U Fitz Marmanduc: Gules, a fess between three
popinjays argent.
Fig. 22. JViW Corbet (William Corbet) : Or, three ravens sable.
Fig, 23. IViW de Estokes (William de Estokes): Vair, a chief
gules.
Fig, 24. Joh' de Beneshale (Johan de Reveshale): Or, a cross gules
surmounted by a label of five points azure, each file charged with
three fleurs-de-lis or.
Fig. 25. WilV de Stephewe : Azure, a cross or, fretty gules.
H. S.
PLATE LXXIIl
EXAMPLES OF ARMS REPRODUCED FROM THE
"W^EINGARTNER" AND THE " HEIDELBERGER "
MINNESANGER-LIEDERHANDSCHRIFT
(The Nos. 1-18 eefeh to the FionEES on the Plate)
The Minnesingers anciently were wandering minstrels who sang
more especially of love — minne — but this word is not now used
except in this or similar connections.
WEINGAETNER BOOK OF SONGS (Figs. i-io).
This manuscript, now consisting of 158 sheets of parchment
(about 15.3 cm. high by 11.7 broad), was in the sixteenth
century in the possession of the Marx magistrate at Constance,
who relinquished it to the Benedictine Abbey of Weingarten
(hence its name), who still owned it in 1613. Since 1810 this
valuable manuscript has been in tlie possession of the Royal Select
Library (deposited in the Public Library) of Stuttgart {Poet.,
germ. i). It contains verses by thirty-one Minnesingers, with
twenty-five coloured pictures, of which twenty show coats of arms.
The style of these coats of arras (height of shield about 3 cm.), in
none of which is gold used at all, and silver only in Figs, i and 2,
corresponds to the closing years of the thirteenth century.
The shields and helmets, which are not always united in the
original, have been put together in heraldic manner in all the cases
here illustrated. The examples chosen are as follows : —
Fig. I, Burgrave v[on'] Riete[n]burg. Arms: or, on a bend argent,
three roses gules, seeded or. Crest : a rose gules, the stem between
two fish-houks or, adorned with peacock's feathers. (The Heidel-
berg manuscript has tliese arms : Or, on a bend gules, three roses
argent.) The ancestral seat of the Counts von Rietenberg was over
the Riedenburg market an der Altmlihl, in Bavaria.
Fig 2. Crave [Graf] Otte v[on2 Botenlauien. Arms : per fess or
and chequy argent and gules, in chief a demi-double-headed eagle
issuing sable. Crest : an eagle's claw erect or (Otto von Henneberg,
1 1 75?-i245, called himself after his estate, Bodenlaube bei Kissingen,
which, however, he sold again in 1234).
Fig. 3. H. Bliger v\on'\ Sainach (Herr Bligger von Stainach), Arms:
gules, a harp argent. Crest : two peacock's heads and necks ad-
dorsed proper. (The Heidelberg manuscript has these arms : Azure,
a harp or.) The ancestral castle was at Neckar-steinach, above
Heidelberg.
Fig. 4. H. Volrich ^[om] Munegur. Arms : per fess gules and
gyronny of six argent and sable. Crest : a thing similar to a wolfs
claw, or a harpoon, of gold, set round with peacock's feathers. The
Heidelberg MS. gives the tinctures of these arms as per fess or, and
gyronny argent and azure.
Fig 5, H. Siltebolt vlon] Swanegou (Schwangau). Arms : gules, a
swan argent, armed sable. Crest : a swan as in the arms. (The
Heidelberg MS. makes the swan beaked and legged or.) The
ancestral seat of this Swabian family stood where is now Hohen-
schwangau, in Upper Bavaria.
Fig. 6. H. Uolrich v[on] diote[7i]burg. Arms : or, a lion sable,
debruised by a fess gules. Crest : a lily stalked gules, between
two buffalo's horns or, each adorned with seven black reeds or
bulrushes. (The Heidelberg MS. shows the crest without the lily
being stalked, and makes the reeds like leaves.)
Fig. 7. Ber Truhsoeze v\oTi\ Singe\;ii^\er'^ (Ulrich von Singenberg
12 19, Trnchsess or High Steward to St. Gall). Arms : azure, a demi-
stag argent. Crest : a star of eight rays gules, each ray adorned
with a peacock's feather. (The star is divided in half, to facilitate
the fastening of it to the helmet. The Heidelberg MS. has a
golden star.) The seat of the Singenberg family lay on the right
bank of the Sitter, above Bischofszell, in 'Thurgau.
Fig. 8. H. Bemger v[on'] Horheini. Arms : gules, four lilies
argent, issuing from the edge of the shield and conjoined in
the centre, forming a cross. Crest: a circular hat barry of six
or and gules, on the points three peacock's feathers, the quills
gules. (The Heidelberg MS. makes the field azure with the same
cross of lilies in gold ; and the hat there is also gold.)
Fig. 9. H. Hartioig Raute. Arms : chequy or and sable, a cross
gules. Crest : a snail-shaped bouquetin's horn, alternately sable
and or, rising out of a helmet " bandeau " (fiUet or wreath), counter-
compony argent and azure (Heidelberg MS, : blue and gold striped
horn).
Fig, 10. Serr Waltlier von Mezze (Metz). Through a mistake of
the artist of the MS. this coat of arms was ascribed to Merre Rubin
(Schloss Rubein bei Meran), who, however, according to the Heidel-
berg MS., bears as arms : Azure, a ruby ring. The arms depicted
are : Gules, tw^o bars chequy sable and or. Crest : a pair of wings
proper (with red wing-bones) bordered with a gold curve ; issuing
from a helmet bandeait compony counter-compony sable and or.
(The Heidelberg MS. has the bars chequy argent and azure, the
wings azure, and the bones covered with two rows of red and yellow
407
THE ART OF HERALDRY
feathers.) The ancestral castle of the Metz family stood in the
Etschthale (Valley of the Etsch), between Botzen and Trient.
Two other armorial pictures from the Weingartner MS. are
given on Plate Y.
GREAT HEIDELBERG SONG-BOOK (Figs. ii-iS)
{Formerly called the ''Parisian" and also the '^ Manes$" MS.)
This manuscript, consisting of 346 sheets of parchment (height
35.5 cm., breadth 2.5 cm.), was foimd at the end of the six-
teenth century among the effects of the deceased Freiherr von
Hohensax auf Forsteck, who had borrowed it from the Elector of
the Palatinate. In 1607 the Eegister came back to Heidelberg.
In 1622, alter the conquest uf the town by Tilly, it was carried off
and was found at last among the effects of the Royal Librarian,
J. Dupuy, in Paris, who bequeathed it to the Royal Library in
spite of frequent attempts (1S15, 1823, 1871) to win the Register
for Germany once more. It was only in 1S88 that the Strassburg
bookseller, K. Triibner, succeeded in obtaining the manuscript in
exchange for valuable old French manuscripts, which he had
acquired from Lord Ashburnham for ^26,000 sterling. It came
back to Heidelberg on April 10, 1S88, and was entered in the
Library catalogue as " Codex Palatinus, germ. No. 848." The MS.
contains poems by 140 minnesingers, 137 coloured pictures, and a
pen-and-ink drawing. One hundred and twenty pages show coats
of arms, and ten, helmet- ornaments only. (Height of shields about
5-6 cm.). The claim that Riidiger (Roger) ilanesse of Ziirich was
the author of this collection of songs, is somewhat questionable.
The shield and helmets, which are emblazoned with gold and
silver in the original, have here been placed in conjunction, whereas
or fin gules, terminating in peacock's feathers. The family was
domiciled in Aargau, and was an offshoot of the Habsbourgs of the
thirteenth century, hence the arms, which, except as to the tincture of
the head, were exactly the same as those of the Habsbourgs who had
borne : Or, a lion gules.
Herr Wolfram von Eschenbach. (See Fig. 988.) Arms : gules, two
Fig. 9S7.
in the original they mostly appear separated, the helmets being
provided with hanging red cords (see Fig. 987). The lettering of
the names was copied from the original Register.
Fig. II. Berr lieinmar von Ziceter. Arms: gules, an eagle dis-
played argent, armed or, the wing-bones terminating in eagles'
heads respecting each other. Crest: a demi-eagle as in the arms.
He belonged to the Palatinate family of the Herren von Zuitem
(Zeutern, between Bruchsal and Heidelberg).
Fig. 12. Hcrr JValther von der Vogelweide. Arms: gules, a bird-
cage or, and within it a bird vert. Crest : a bird-cage and bird as
in the arras.
This celebrated minnesinger came of a family in the Southern
T}Tol, and lived from about 1 187-1227.
Fig. 13. Meist&r Heinrich Frauenlob. Arms: azure (in the Register
this nas turned a greenish tint), a woman's bust, cro'mied and
vested or, wearing a veil argent. Crest : a woman's bust as in the
arms, the habit continued to serve as the mantling. He died on the
29th of November 131 8, at Mayence, and was carried to his grave
by women {Fraue7iloh = 'W omen's praise.)
Fie. 14- Seinrich von Tettmgen. Arms : or, a sickle argent, the
handle gules. Crest : two sickles as in the arms. His home must
have been Dottigen, above Klingnau, in Aargau.
Fig. 15. JEndilhurt (Orendilhart) vo7i Adelburg. Arms: or, two
crab's claws in pale gules. Crest : two crab's claws erect gules. His
ancestral seat was Adelburg, on the Laber, to the north of Parsburg
(Bavarian Upper Palatinate).
Fig. 16. Herr Rdnwar der Alte. Arms: barry of eight or and
azure, a pale gules. Crest : a long pointed cap of the arms, sur-
mounted with a tassel of peacock's feathers. The Weingartner MS.
has the arms barry or and sable.
Fig. 17. Herr Heinrich von Morungen. Arms: azure, three
crescents argent, each horn terminating in a star of eight rays or.
Crest : a crescent as in the arms, resting on a cushion azure. The
ancestral seat was the castle of Morungen, near Sangershausen.
Fig. 18. Herr Hesse von Einach. Arms : or, a lion gules, the head
azure, collared or. Crest : a lion's head azure, adorned with a comb
408
I3 w'vpolftan'^on (SfclnTbacl).
Fig. 9SS.
^cr'^aril;uCer5
Fig. 9S9.
axes (?) argent. Crest : the charges as in the arms. Eschenbach is
situated near Ansbach, and there the poet, who died about 1220,
PLATE CXXXI.
a
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THE ART OF HERALDRY
was buried. The Esclienbaclis of the Upper Palatinate bore : Gules,
three knives argent.
Every one must be familiar with the name of Tannhduser, whose
arms will be found in Fig. 9S9. Shield : per fess sable and or.
Crest : two buffalo's horns conjoined to combs, the whole also per
fess as in tlie arms. Taunhauser's family is unknown.
Many of the coats of arms in both manuscripts were most likely
not real family arms, but merely fanciful inventions adopted by or
attributed to the Minnesingers. For instance, for those of Walther
von der Vogelweide, Frauenlob, Tannliauser, &c.
It is, of course, known that the first mentioned won, or assumed,
his surname, "Von der Vogelweide" ("Of the bird-meadow" —
only in its German form a little more poetic-sounding than when
Anglicised), because he sang of birds and fields and such things of
nature. H. S.
peacock's feathers proper, surmounted by a ball argent, ornamented
with a plume of peacock's feathers, also proper.
Fig. S. Bieiibvrg (No. 95) : Azure, a leopard or, armed gules.
Crest : two buffalo's horns gules, adorned with peacock's feathers
proper.
Fig. g. Wcdbvrg (No. 176) : Or, three leopards (lions passant
guardant) in pale sable. Crest : a cushion or, with tassels gules, and
thereupon a plume of peacock's feathers proper issuing from a
case or.
Fig. 10. Helfenstain in Swabia (from Ae!/anf= elephant) (No.
40) : Gules, on a quadruple mount couped or, an elephant statant
argent. Crest : two " combs "' or " fans " argent, adorned with
fan-crests of peacock's feathers.
Fig. II. Wvlfimjen (Wiilflingen of Ziirich) (No. 399) : Argent, on
two Unden-leaves the stalks conjoined and issuing from the base, a
wolf azure. Crest : a demi-wolf azure.
PLATE LXXIV
EXAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE "ZtJRICHER "VYAPPEN-
ROLLE" (ZURICH ROLL OE ARMS)
{First half of tlie Fourteenth Century)
Figs. 1-20 below relate to the Plate.
" He who has not studied thoroughly this oldest German Collection
of Arms has no idea at all of the heraldry of the Middle Ages,"
writes Prince Frederick Karl of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, in his
" History of the Flirstenberg Arms," and these words best denote
the value of this Register.
In the first half of the eighteenth century this Roll of Arms
was in the possession of the well-known naturalist, and lover of
armory, Joh. Jak. (Johaun Jakob) Scheuchzer, of Ziirich, and was
merely known under the name of Menibrana Heraldica; after his
death in the year 1733, it came into the possession of the Zurich
Town Library. The Roll is at the present time 400.5 centimetres
long, 12.5 centimetres broad, and consists of thirteen pieces of
parchment fastened together with thread. The Roll, which is
painted with coats of arms in two rows on both sides, was originally
longer, but fortunately the missing piece is available in the form of
a copy. The Roll, including this piece, contains five hundred and
fifty-nine coats of arms and twenty-eight episcopal banners. In
the year i860 the pictures of the Roll were published in colours
on twenty-five Plates by the Antiquarian Society of Ziirich, from
which publication the reproductions herein have been taken.
Fig. I. Bregen:: (No. 127 in the Roll) : " Kilrsch " a pale ermine ;
on the hebuet, a fur cap "turned inside out" and stuck round with
peacock's feathers. This is the coat of arms of the old Counts of
Bregenz, who died out in 11 57. Their crest appears here some-
what peculiarly drawn, a copy of the "Rblle," of the sixteenth
century, in the Library of Count Konigsegg at Aulendorf, shows
the fur cap more distinctly apparent. (The name seems to have
been preserved in the name of the town and lake of Bregenz (Ger.)
— usually called Brienz in French and English, in Switzerland).
Fig. 2. (?) (No. 24S) : Gules, three pieces of fur two and one ; on
the helmet as crest a youth's body gules charged with a fess vair,
the hood also gules edged with vair, the point of the hood adorned
with a bunch of black cock's feathers.
Fig. 3. Rotelen (No. 1 43): Vair, on a chief or, a d.emi-lion
issuant gules. Crest : a lion's head adorned with a comb or fan vair.
Fig. 4. Maness von Manegg (No. 234) : Gules, two knighta
combatant argent. On the helmet as crest the head of a knight
habited in mail and in a bassinet all proper.
The Ziirich Knight, Rlidiger Maness von Manegg (died 1304), was,
according to the opinion of some historians, the author both of the
Seidelberger Liederhandschrift (see Plate LXXIII.) and also of this
Roll, but the presumption that Constance was the birthplace of the
Roll seems to be more probable.
Fig, 5. Betler (Betler von Herderen in Thurgau) — No. 420 —
(Bei?er = beggar in old-fashioned spelling) ; Argent, a beggar habited
in sable, his shoes or, on his shoulder a bag or knapsack argent, sus-
pended by a cord gules and a pilgrim's staff in his sinister hand, and
in his dexter hand a dish, both gules. On the helmet as crest a
demi-beggar vested argent, the bag suspended from his shoulders
sable, the cord gules, and holding in both hands a bowl sable.
Fig. 6. Hahspvrg (No. 34) : Or, a lion rampant gules : on the
helmet as crest a demi-lion gules, with a comb argent, adorned with
peacock's feathers.
This is the earliest coat of arms of the Counts von Habsbourg, and
can be found on the seal of a document as far back as 1 1S6. The
crest, however, occurs only in 1259. Since about 1500 the lion has
been borne crowned.
Fig. 7, Eehherg (Rechberg of Swabia) (No. 403) : Argent, two
lions rampant and addorsed gules. Crest ; a demi-lion gules. The
tails of the lions are usually depicted intertwined, but they do not
so occur in the present instance.
Fig. 990. Geroldseck am JFasichen (No. 453): Argent, billettee
azure, a lion rampant gules, crowned or. Crest : a hat covered with
"WoiFvi
RT
Fig. 990.— Geroldseck.
Fig. 991.— Wolfnrt.
Fig. 991. Wolfvrt (No. 298) : Argent, in base water (furt^a ford),
two wolves current in pale azure. Crest : the head and neck of a
wolf azure. In the thirteenth century the Wolfurts bore ; Or, a
wolf azure.
Fig. 12. Bischach (B.eischB.ch. in Swabia) (No. 181): Or, a boar's
head couped at the neck sable, armed of the field, crined at the neck
argent. Crest : a boar's head and neck couped or, armed and crimed
at the neck argent.
Fig, i-i,. {Eethhenj im Entlebuch ?) (Eeh = Toe\ 6er(/ = mountain)
(No. 249) : Azure, a roe-buck or, climbing up the face of a rock
issuing from the dexter side of the escutcheon. Crest : the head
and neck of a stag or.
Fig. 14. Tierberg in Swabia (No. 165) : Azure, on a quadruple
mount couped argent, a hind statant or. Crest : the head and neck
of a hind or.
Fig. 15. Obaerloh (No. 114): Argent, a "bouquetin" sable.
Crest : a demi-bouquetin sable.
Fig. 16. (?) (No. 519): Gules, a bull sable, the nose-ring argent.
Crest : a cushion argent with tassels gules, and thereupon a bull as
in the arms.
Fig. 17. Eosnow (No. 47) : Or, a ram sable. Crest : the head
and neck of a ram or.
Fig. 18. Haimenhoven in Swabia (No. 205): Gules, a horse
salient argent, the saddle or, the bridle gules. Crest : the head
and neck of a horse argent, bridled gules.
Fig. 19. (?) (No. 375) : Argent, a mastiff [or hound] gules,
gorged with a spiked dog-collar sable. Crest : a conical hat gules,
and thereupon an annulet sable adorned around the outer edge with
leaves argent.
Fig. 20. Pfirt (No. 30) : Gules, two fish hauriant and addorsed
or. Crest ; two fish as in the arms. H. S.
PLATE LXXV
FURTHER EXAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE "ZURICHER
WAPPENROLLE ■' (ZURICH ROLL OF ARMS)
{First half of the Fourteenth Century)
Figs. 1-20 below eelate to the Plate.
Fig. I. Hvn (Hiin) (No. 404 of the RoU): Or, an eagle's head
erased sable. Crest : an eagle's head sable, armed or.
Fig. 2. Arbon in Thurgau (No. 48) : Argent, an eagle displayed
gules, armed or. Crest : a demi-eagle displayed as in tlie arms.
409
3f
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 3. {Heidegk in Swabia) (No. 527) : Gules, an ostrich [so de-
scribed in the German blazon] azure, armed or, holding in the beak
a horseshoe argent. Crest : an ostrich as in the arms. Without the
horseshoe the ostrich could hardly be recognised in this parrot-like
bird.
Fig. 4. Hvnrhvsen in Thurgau (No. 334) : Argent, a double-
headed cock sable, tlie feet, combs, and wattles gules. Crest : two
cock's heads and necks conjoined or, combed and wattled gules.
Fig. 5. {Freiherren von Hohenteafen in Zliricher Gebiet) (No. 369,
Barons von Hohenteufen, in Zilrich) : Gules, a swan argent, beaked
and legged sable. Crest: a swan's head and neck gules, adorned
with a fan-comb argent.
Fig. 6. Slat (Slatt of Zurich) (No. 318): Argent, a double-
headed eagle displayed azure, the claws gules. Crest: an eagle's
head argent, the head surmounted by a plume of cock's feathers
" sable.
Fig. 7. OUinger of Basle (No. 449) : Gules, a griffin segreant argent.
Crest : a demi-griffin as in the arms.
Fig. 8. Tengen in Switzerland (No. 149) : Gules, a unicorn rampant
argent. Crest: a demi-unicorn as in the arms.
Fig. 9. (Hockenberg) (No. 492) : Sable, a "panther" argent, armed
gules. Crest: a demi-**^ panther" as in the arms.
Fig, 10. Kilchain (No. 445): Argent, a wyvern gules. Crest : a
demi-wyvern as in the arms.
Fig. II. {Obrahoven in Sicit:cerla7id) (No. 443): Argent, a fleur-de-
lis gules. Crest : a derai-fleur-de-lis argent, and issuing from the
point thereof a plume of cock's feathers sable.
Fig. 12. Gvtmgen (Giittingeu in Thurgau) (No. 142): Argent, a
rose gules, seeded or, barbed and slipped vert Crest: (this defies
any attempt to render it in English blazon. The literal translation
is " a wliite ilitra, on the two side-edges of which are laid a red
rose with green stalk and yellow centre"). No. 213 of the KoU
also shows a coat of arms of the Guttingens, the same shield device,
but another crest.
Fig. 13. Roschach (Rorschach and Eosenberg in St. Gall) (No.
190) : Argent, issuing from a triple mount in base or, a " rose-bush "
vert, flowered gules. Crest : a plume of cock's feathers sable in a
case argent. The arms of the Rorschach family, which became ex-
tinct in 1470, appear in a MS. of the St. Gall Cathedral Library
(1520) in the same form, only the triple mount is there represented
vert, which would seem a more likely rendering.
Fig. 14. Ot a dem Rand (i?«7i(/e = turnip) (No. 427): Sable, a
turnip jjroper, leaved vert. Crest: a turnip as in the arms.
Fig. 15. Ciingen in Thurgau (No. 139): Or, an oak-tree issuing
from the base azure. Crest: an annulet gules, the outer edge
adorned with leaves argent. (Similar to the crest on Plate LXXIV".
Fig. 19.) No. 13S on the Roll also shows a coat of arms of the
Clingens, but with quite different charges.
Fig. 16. -SfoY/ejiftery ( = Leaf-mountain) (No. 311): Argent, a fess
gules, from which issue three " Bltitterberge " [or mountains of
leaves] vert. Crest : a linden-tree vert.
Fig. 17. Cera Tvrn (Cem Thurn in Wallis) (No. 92): Or, a battle-
mented tower sable. Crest : a pointed cap or, liaving a ball sable
on the point, and two others one on either side thereof.
Fig. iS. Eebnshoven (No. 106): Gules, a helmet or. Crest: a
helmet as in the arms.
Fig. 19. Phkgelberg (No. 299) : Gules, on a triple mount in base
vert, two threshing flails proper, the handles or. Crest : two flails
as in the arms. (i<7ff//eZ= flail ; &fT(/ = mount.)
Fig. 20. Grassoicer (No. 309): Gules, a "steel" [for striking fire]
argent. Crest : a devil's head with large ears sable, the crest en-
closing the helmet. (See Plate LXXX. Fig. 2.) The devil's head
seems later not to have been pleasing to the family, inasmuch as
later it gave place to a bear's head.
Fig. 992. Hennenherg in Thuringia (No. 43) : Or, on a triple mount
€inB€(
Fig. 992. — The Arms of
Hennenberg.
Fig. 993. — The Arms of
Werdenberg.
(see Strohl's Deutsche TFappenrolle, p. 35) ; the hen appears for the
first time on a seal of the year 1300.
Fig. 993. Werdenberg (No. 128) : Argent, an ecclesiastical banner
sable. Crest : a wing or. The AVerdenbergs belonged to the power-
ful dynastic family of the Herren von der Falme, a family which
in its many branches all bore the ecclesiasticiil banner, but this and
the field in varying colours. H. S.
PLATE LXXVI
SPECIMENS OUT OF GELRE'S
(1334-1372)
'WAPENBOECK"
in base couped or, a hen sable, with feet, comb, and wattles gules.
Crest: a fan-like object composed of white linden-twigs. {Henne —
hen). The Counts von Henneberg originally bore another device
Figs. 1-16 below relate to the Figures on the Plate.
The JVapenboeck ou armorial, of the herald von Geldreu
Heynen, surnamed "Gelre" (Geldern), who was born about 131 5
and died about 1372 (see Plate I. Fig. i), is now in the possession
of the Royal Library at Brussels, and was reproduced in a really
excellent manner by the French heraldic author Victor Bouton of
Paris. The fi.rst volume of the work appeared in iSSi, the third
volume in 18S3, the fourth volume in 1897. The second volume
has not yet appeared. Altogether the Wappenbuch is supposed to
contain over iSoo hand-coloured representations of coat-s of arms.
Monsieur V. Bouton (who died 1901) has been good enough to allow
the reproduction of some of the arms from his copy of the work.
Fig. I. Die Conine van Spaengen. (Ai-ms of the Spanish king
Don Pedro II. (the Cruel), rf, 1369): Quarterly, i and 4, gules, a
triple-towered castle or, the port and windows azure (Castile) ; 2
and 3, argent, a lion rampant purpure, crowned or (Leon). Crest:
a demi-dragon (a demi-griffin) continuing into the mantling. (The
metals are mostly replaced by yellow and white in this armoriid
register.)
Fig. 2. Gojsto de Moncada. (Arms of Don Gaston de Moncada,
Herren von Aytona, of a family in Aragon): Gules, eight bezants,
two, two, two, and two. Crest: a demi-swan argent ri.sing out of the
helmet crown, armed gules, the wings or. Mantling gules.
Fig. 3. G. t. de Moiret. (Arms of the Earl of Moray) : Argent,
within a double tressure flory and counterflory, three cushions
lozengewise gules. Crest: issuing from a ducal coronet a stag's
head and neck argent, collared and armed or. Mantling argent.
Fig. 4. (Arms of the Kingdom of Man): Gules, three legs con-
joined in triangle at the thigh in chain-mail argent, spurred and
buckled at the knee or. Crest : issuing from a coronet, a leg erect
as in the arms. The chain-mail is continued as the mantling.
Fig, 5. Die Conim: van [Nyivaerne. (Arms of King Charles II.
(the Bad) of Navarre, d. 13S7) : Quarterly, i and 4, gules, an
interwoven orle of coins or (Kingdom of Navarre) ; 2 and 3, azure,
seme-de-lis or, a bend compony argent and gules (Countship of
Evreux). Crest: issuing from a coronet ermine a peacock's tail
proper in a "quiver" or "case," this and the mantling repeating the
ae^i,ce of the shield.
Fig. 6. G. van TyroeL (Banner of the count--hip of Tyrol) :
Argent, an eagle displayed gules, armed and crowned, and charged
upon the wings with " buckles" or.
Fig. 7. Crayn. (Arms of the duchy of Krain) : Or, an eagle dis-
played azure, charged on the breast with a crescent (?a "buckle")
counter-compony gules and argent.
Fig. 8. Die He. v. Busseel. (Arms of tlie Lords Bourchier) :
Argent, a cross engrailed gules between four water-budgets [or
" bouses "] sable. Crest : a grey-bearded man's head with a golden
crown, inside of which is a pointed cap gules, striped with gold and
with a gold ball or tassel on the point. The mantling is gules.
[The blazon of this crest according to English authorities is a man's
head in profile proper with a pointed cap gules, and ducally
cro^vned or. ]
Fig. 9. C^. vayi Ceely. (Arms of the Counts von Cilly) : Azure,
three six-pointed mullets or. Crest : a wing charged with the arms.
Mantling azure, seme of mullets as in the arms.
Fig 10. Sijr Ale^cander St^l^caf•t. (Arms of Sir Alexander Stewart
of Buchan and Badenoch, d. 1404): Or, a fess chequy azure aud
argent Crest: a brown (probably black) demi-lion, issuing from a
crown gules and between two wings argent. Mantling brown (the
continuation of the lion's skin).
Fig. II. Luert a Sdon. (Arms of Lord Seton): Or, within a
double tressure flory aud counterflory, three crescents gules. Crest:
a goat's head ermine, armed and bearded or, tlie neck being con-
tinued into the mantling.
Fig. 12. Avanderdeel. (Arms of A nnandale, properly the arms of
Bruce, Lords of Annandale, Scotland) : Or, a saltire and a chief
gules. Crest : issuing from clouds proper, an arm enibowed, habited
gules, the thumb and first two fingei-s raised in benediction. On the
mantling the device of the shield is repeated. (It is not unlikely
that the "clouds" are an attempt to represent the wreath, which
is a British development, and might have been unfamiliar to a
foreign herald.)
410
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 13. SijrJoon Abb'tiatnij. (Arms of Sir John Abernethv of
Balgouy, Scotland) : Argent [properly or] a lion rampant gules!^ de-
bruised by a ribbon in bend engrailed sable. Crest : the heail and
neck of a grey camel proper, bridled vert, belled or, collared [vair ?].
Mantling per pale vert and sable.
Fig. 14. Die Conine van Cipeis. (Arms of the King of Cyprns) :
Qnarterly, i and 4, argent, a Jerusalem cross or (Jerusalem) ; 2 and
3, barry of ten azure and argent, a li.m rampant gules, crowned and
armed or (Lusignan). Crest : issuing from a mural crown or, a
conical hat argent, sem^ of crosses couped and surmounted by a
plume of cock's feathers also or. On the mantling the quarterly
device of the shield is repeated.
Fig. 1 5. Die G. v. Oeseiroert. (Arms of De Vera, Earls of Cxford) :
Quarterly gules and or, in the first quarter a mullet argent. Crest :
on a chapeau gnles, turned up ermine, a boar azure, armed and
bristled or. Mantling gules.
Fig. 16. Die Be. ran Cfiaestoc. (Arms of Fitz-Willlaui, Lord of
Greystook) : Barruly argent and azure, three chaplets [garlands of
flowers] gules. Crest : a flame gules, issuing out of a crown or.
On the mantling the device of the shield is repeated.
In conclusion we give the arms of tlie Austrian dukes (Fig. 994),
those of Bohemia (Fig. 995), as also of Mecklenburg (Fig. 996) and
Holstein (Fig. 997), of which the_illustrations will be found here in
Fig. 994. — The Arms of the
Austrian Dukes.
Fig. 995.— The Arms of
Bohemia.
the eagles (Figs. 6 and 7) show a form differing from the German
model. The arms of Tyrol and Kraiu are of great interest, especi-
ally for those interested in Austrian heraldry, on account of the
early appearance of the crown of the Tyrol eagle, and the gold field
on the arms of Krain.
It would be interesting to know from what sources Gelre obtained
Fig. 996. — The Arms of Mecklenburg.
the details of his arms. As concerns some of the British examples,
one is surprised at the accuracy of the detail when this is compared
with other earlier records of the achievements here shown. On the
the text. For Austria, Gelre gives the silver fess on a field of gules,
and for crest the peacock's tail as it has been borne since 1231.
Bohemia is represented by the well-known double-queued lion, and
as crest the old black wings, seme of golden linden-leaves. The
Mecklenburg arms are shown as the gold-crowned black bull's head,
with the skin of the neck erased on a gold field. The crest shown
is a screen in the colours of Schwerin (gules and or), striped palewise,
behind which rises a peacock's feather fan. Between this and the
screen a small escutcheon bearing the bull's head is placed. Judging
from the tinctures of the screen, the drawing must have been made
after 1358, because in December of that year the countship of
Schwerin was bought back by Mecklenburg. The Holstein coat of
arms shows the much-misunderstood charge, the so-called " Nessel-
blatt " (nettle-leaQ.
If Gelre's armorial drawings be minutely examined, it will be
noticed that a few striking differences occur between these coats of
arms and those from the almost contemporary Zurich Roll of Arms
(Plates LXXIY. and LXXV.). First and foremost, the dominating
position of the crest, which occasionally exhibits a quite unusual
development (see, for instance. Fig. 13, the camel's head, with the
hell dangling in front of the knighf s nose). The helmet-mantlings
are short, the greater number simply cut with a plain outline.
The eagles' wings without wing-bones (Figs, i, 2, and 10) drawn by
Gelre are characteristic of the style of West European arms. In
East European arms (Fig. 9), on the contrary, he draws the wings in
their uative conventional style ; but, opposed to this, the tails of
411
Fig. 997. — The Arms of Holstein.
other hand, surely this roll must be the only authority for the flame
as the crest of Greystock, the arm as the crest of Bruce, or the leg
as the crest of Man. H. S.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE LXXVII
EXAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE "SANCTI CHRISTO-
PHORI AM ARLBERG BRUDERSCHAFTS BUCHE "
(THE BOOK OF THE BROTHERHOOD OR FRATER-
NITY OF ST. CHRISTOPHER AM ARLBERG)
(071 the Arlherg Mt.)
The Sancii Clirisfophori am Arlherg Bruderschaft Buc1i€S,a. Register
of Arms of the very highest value, is now amongst tlie Imperial
Archives in Vienna, and contains on its 306 jjarchment leaves
Fig. 998. — ^Hospice of St. Christopher on the Arlberg.
(mostly painted on both sides) representations of arms ranging
through four centuries. (The pages are 24 cm. liigh and 16 cm.
broad.) From, page 5 to page 248 are found ancient, authentic, and
occasionally magnificently emblazoned coats of arms, but the re-
maining pages give representations in the general style and the usual
heraldic calibre of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The brotherhood at St. Christopher am Arlberg, under the
Bishopric of Brixen, was called into existence in the second half of
the fourteenth century by a poor shepherd, Heinrich der Findling
(Henry the foundling), also called Heinrich von Kempten, to pro-
vide and support a hospice for the protection of travellers on the
top of the Arlberg pass. The date of the pious establishment can
no longer be exactly determined, but the entry on page iog/2 gives
us a clue, though a weak one, which assists in the determination of
the time. Wolf von Zillenhart, who in 1375 became Landcomther of
the German orders of Ballei an der Etseh and im Gebirge, appears
registered as a simple knight of the order. The confirmation of the
Fig. 999.-
-The Arms of the Brotherhood. {From the
Brudersehafts Buche.)
establishment by Duke Leopold III. of Austria followed on the
27th December 1386.
Herr Georg von Zwingenstein was the first who thought of re-
cording coats of arms in the book. In the course of the sixteenth
century the brotherhood lost its attraction, and would probably
have died away altogether liad not the invasion of the Swedes in
1647 brought the hospice on the Arlberg, where many of the
Vorarlberg fugitives had found shelter, once more into remem-
brance. Ghristoph Reitterer, pastor at Zams, stood at that time
at tlie head of the pious society, aud he succeeded in bringing
the matter once more into the right course. The whole of the
archducal family, the town council of Innsbruck in a body, and
many nobles and burgesses enrolled themselves in the brotherhood,
but it was not long b&fore interest in it died out once more, until at
last the year 1786 brought its official dissolution.
The building with the little chapel still stands on the now isolated
highway, which, owing to the Arlberg tunnel, has lost all of its
ancient importance.
In 1647, at the time of the resuscitation of the brotherhood, the
leaves, which were then certainly loose, were boiind into a volume,
the binding being of red velvet with silver fastenings ; but unfor-
tunately the leaves were very much trimmed by the binder, quite
without regard to the writing or the emblazonments. Moreover,
the trouble had not been taken to arrange the leaves according to
tlie order in which they had been made, the sheets being bound up
without any attempt at chronological order.
Fig. I (page 69/2). Ott von Meissaw (Meissau) : Or, a unicorn
rampant sable. Crest : a mastiff's head and neck per pale chequy
azure and argent and or, these tinctures being continued into the
mantling. The mastiff is not the original crest of the Meissau
family, but that of the Burgrave von Gars. " Her Ott von Meissaw
geit all Jar einen halbii guldein vnd nach seiue tod einen guldeiii "
(Herr Otto v. Meissau gives every year half a gulden, aud after his
death a gulden).
Fig. 2 (page 49). Hertneyd von Potendorff: Azure, a demi-lion
argent, armed gules, rising out of the base gules. Crest : on the
dexter side a buffalo's horn argent, and on the sinister another gules,
each adorned with seven small flags of the same colours. Mantling :
dexter, argent, lined gules ; sinister, counterchanged. The device
of some society of nobles, viz. a white pike or sturgeon twined round
the neck of the helmet, is visible.
^^§- 3 (p^S^ 19/2). Perifliart von Pettaw: Gules, an anchor re-
versed argent. Crest : a wy vern sable, winged argent, each " rib "
of the wings garnished with a tuft of peacock's feathers. Mantling
azure and argent. (The shield is derived from the arms of the
Marshals von Treun, the crest from the arms of the Holenburgs.)
" Pernhart von Pettau in Steyr geit all Jar j g . . . seim tod vir
guldein . . . tag Anno etc, cccc. pnio." (1401) (Bernhart von
Pettau in Styria gives every year a groschen, after his death four
guldens . . . daj"- Anno, etc.).
Fig. 4 (page 41). Eivstach von Scherffenberg (Scharfenberg) ; Azure,
a crown or. Crest : a crown as in the arms, and issuing from each
leaf a'peacock's tail proper. Mantling azure lined gules. "Ewstach
von Scherffenberg geit all iar vier Grozz, vnd nach seinem tod ainen
guldein auf den Arlperge" (Eustace von Schjirffenberg gives every
year four Groschen, and after his death a gulden to the Arlberg).
H. S,
PLATE LXXVIII
FURTHER EXAMPLES OUT OF THE "STI. CHRISTO-
PHORI AM ARLBERG BRUDERSCHAFTS BUCHE"
Fig. I (page 86/2). Hans Laum (Laun) : Gules, a bend chevronny
of six argent and sable. Crest : a grey-bearded man's .head and
neck proper, habited in sable turned up or, and continuing into
the mantling of sable lined or, wreathed about the temples, the
ends flotant also or and sable, crowned or, and with a pointed cap
sable, surmounted by an ostrich feather argent. Accompanying
this achievement is the device of some society, viz. a silver loop
fringed with silver aud threaded with a green ribbon, ending in a
twisted knot, which is connected by means of a gold ring to a
similar knot, from which a black, white, and green tassel hangs.
Fig. 2 (page 53). Dorothe von totznbach (Totzenbach) : Gules, an
eagle displayed per pale azure and or, armed and crowned of the
last. Crest : an engle rising, crowned and per pale as in the arms.
Mantling : on the dexter side azure, gules, and or ; on the sinister
side or and azure. " Dorothe von totznpach geit aljag ain halbn
guldn vnd nach seim tod ain gantzn, &.c." (Dorothe von Totzenbach
gives yearly half a gulden and after his death a whole one.)
Dorothe a^ipears to have been a man.
Fig. 3 (page 17). Her . Johannes ^des . reichs . Bvrggraf ze . maidhurg
vnd Graf %e Hardegk (Herr Johannes, Imperial Burgrave of Magde-
burg and Count of Hardegk). Arms : per pale dexter, gules, an
eagle displayed, armed and crowned or, dimidiated with, on the
sinister side, barry of eight argent and gules. Crest : a wing harry
as in the arms, and issuing from a coronet or. Mantling gules
and argent.
Fig. 4. Gi-afen von Mdtsck (Vogte von Matsch) : Argent, three
wings azure. Crest : two buffalo horns, the dexter argent, the sinis-
ter gules, banded and tied counterchanged. The horns and their
tinctures are continued into the mantling. Tlie inscription
accompanying this shield is " vnd Fraw Methild sein gemehl
gebent all Jar ain guldein vnd nach irni tod zwen guldein" (And
Mistress Methild [Matilda] his wife gives every year a gulden, and
after her death two guldens). Both these last coats of arms are
joined to one another by a gold chain (as indicated), and appear on
a green ground ; tlie writing is laid on in gold with the exception
of the name "Grafen von Matsch," which was inserted much later.
The arms of Andre Gvuener ^e pazzaw (Andrew Griiner of Passau)
(Fig. 1000) also belong to the oldest entries. They are : Per fess
412
PLATE CXXXII.
EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH HERALDRY, XV. AND XVL CENTURIES.
Printed nt -Stnitgart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
argent and sable, a fess of the last, in chief issuing from the fess
two points reversed of the second. The wings on the helmet which
form the crest repeat the arms. The complete inscription runs :
side by side. The dexter bears as crest wings charged "with the
device as in the arms, and issuing from a wreath or and sable.
Mantling sable and or. The second helmet bears, issuing from a
coronet gules, a pyramid of lilies with yellow filaments, in three rows
of seven, six, and five. The red helmet-mantling ends in two yellow
tassels. With this coat of arms is connected a small shield by a
ring inserted through a corner of each shield. The arms upon the
smaller shield are : Azure, a patriarchal cross between an incres-
cent and a decrescent or. (This is probably the shield of Frau Anna
Jochling.) The badge of a society, viz. : Under a crown the con-
joined initials a and h (?) appear, but these are unpainted. Besides
this, there will be noticed the motto " Ich hoff" (" I hope "). The
shield, which in the original is cut away, is here shown completed.
The inscription is " Hanns Johling ann sein Hawsfraw gebnt all
Jar iiii g auf den adelsperkeh nach Jrem tod" (here the entry
lacks), " Anno Octam " (1408) (Hans Jochling and his wife [lit. house-
keeper] give every year 4 g. to the Arlberg, after their death . . .).
Fig. looi shows the coat of arms of an Anhalt prince, pro-
bably Woldemar (Vlman) V. {d. 1436), viz. : Party per pale,
dexter, argent, an eagle displayed gules, crowned and armed or,
and charged upon the wings with a golden clover-leaf buckle
(Brandenburg), dimidiated with, on the sinister side, barry of ten or
Fig. iooo. — Arms of Andrew Graener.
"Andre Grueiier ze pazzaw geit alle iar vier grozz : nach seinem
tod einen guldein ze sand Christoffen auf den arelperkch vnd die
vier . . . (Andrew Gruner of Passau gives every year four groschen :
after his death a gulden to St. Christopher on the Arlberg and the
four . . .)• H. S.
PLATE LXXIX
FURTHER EXAMPLES FROM THE "STI. CHRISTOPHORI
AM ARLBERG BRUDER3CHAFTS BUCHE"
Fig. I (page 139/2). Jacob r&inachher (Reinacher) : Argent, an
annulet gules, adorned ■with sis plumes of cock's feathers sable.
Crest : the device as in the arms, but without the undermost plume
of feathers. Mantling argent, lined gules. "Jacob reinachher git
alle iar ij gros nach sim dot ein guldin" (James Reinacher gives
every year two groschen, after his death a gulden ").
Fig. 2 (page 60). Eapold von Rosenhart : Argent, three roses gules,
barbed and seeded or. Crest : a cock's head and neck argent,
armed and eyed or, combed and wattled gules. Mantling argent
and gules. Traces of a gold helmet crown painted over it are appa-
rent. " Rapold von P,osenhart git alle iar iij groffs nach seine dot j
guldein " (Rapold von Rosenhart gives every year 3 groschen,
after his death i gulden). In the Lower Austrian Land-Archives is
to be found a grant of arms from King Weiiceslaus, dated at
Prague, December 23, 141 1, to Ruppen (Rapold) von Rosenhart,
which conferred on him the right to bear a helmet crown. From
that it follows that the coat of arras in the Bruderschafts Buche
was painted before i4ii,andin 1411, or later, the crown was added,
but the gold-leaf used in making the additions did not properly
adhere to the silver. The Rosenharts were an old Swabian family
whose ancestral seat of the same name lay not far from Ravens-
burg, in TTlirtemberg. Rapold died between 1444 and 1445 Jahr-
huch, ^^Adkr," 1875.
Fi^. 3 (page 127/2). Steffan (Stephen) pielaher (Pielacher) : Or, a
" miller's thumb " [a kind of fish,] in bend proper. Crest : the fish
as in the arms, pierced by a staff erect gules, and issuing from the
point thereof a plume of cock's feathers sable. Mantling gules
and or. The shield, which in the original has been cut away in
the binding at the bottom, is here completed. " Steffan pielaher
git all jar ij gross vnd nach sinem dot ain gvldin " (Stephen Pielaher
gives every year 2 groschen, and after his death a gulden).
- Fig. 4 (page 174). Banns Johling (Jochling) : Sable, a cross-bow
or ox-yoke in bend or. Upon the shield are placed two helmets
413
K^q^^
Fig. iooi. — Arms of the Prince of Anhalt.
and sable (Ballenstedt). Crest: two peacocks' tails in saltire issu-
ing from a coronet. Mantling sable and or. Inscription : " GmfF
Ulman, furst ze anhalt geytt ain halben guldein nach seine tod ain
gulden" (Count Ulman, Prince of Anhalt, gives a half-gulden,
after his death a gulden). H. S.
PLATE LXXX
FURTHER EXAMPLES FROM THE "STI. CHRISTOPHORI
AM ARLBERG BRUDERSCHAFTS BUCHE"
Fig. I (page 106/2). Hans von hahenwerchh (Hohenberg) : Sable,
a panther argent, horned or, vomiting flames out of the nostrils
gules. Crest: two wings gules, each charged with a bend or.
Mantling gules.
On page 40 the same arms appear (Herr Friedrich von Hohen-
werg), but the panther is there armed or.
Fig. 2 (page 30). Fridreich tiimritcser : Gules, a "a fire-steel" in
bend argent. Crest : a bear's head sable, the neck continuing into
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the mantling sable, lined gules. (Height of shield, 8.3 cm.) The
crest is here depicted as containing the helmet, the visor being
visible in the open mouth of the crest. *' Fridreich tumritezergeit
all iar ij gss nach seim tod ain gulden " (Friedrich tumritczer
gives every year 2 groschen, after his death a guldein.) The same
armorial bearings are also entered on page 292 of the Register for
Albrech Grassawer. (See also Plate LXXY. Fig. 20.)
Fig. 3 (page 34/2). Jorig Stoh-harn (Stockhorner von Starein) ;
Or, a crescent sable. Crest : a fox sejant or. Mantling gules and
Fig. 1002.
argent. (Height of shield, 5.2 cm.) The arms appear joined with
those of the wife, which, however, have not been reproduced here.
The complete inscription runs : "Jorig Stokcharn vnd sain Haws-
fraw gebnt all jar (0/4) grozz vnd nach yrn tod ij guldein " (Jorig
Stokcharn and his wife give every year 4 groschen, and after their
death 2 guldens).
Fig. 4 (page 42/2). v. Dach&perg (the name appeared in a later
handwriting) : Gules, a b;idger rampant argent, armed or. Crest : a
demi-badger as in the arms, the back adorned with a gold comb
ornamented with cock's feathers sable. Attached to the helmet by
a gold chain appears the badge of the Order of the Dragon (founded
by the Emperor Sigismund when King of Hungary). Another
badge of some society, depicted in conjunction with these armorial
bearings, consists of two arms descending from clouds or, the hands
clasped vested or, the sleeves ha\^ng pendent scalloped edges,
of which the dexter has a white border. (Height of shield,
9 era.) The inscription, not given here, runs: "... perig geit all
iar ain halben guldein vnd nach sein lod ain guldein" (. . .
perg gives every year a half-gulden, and after his death a gulden).
^^o- 5 (P^^ 190- Stejfel prenmr: Or, above flames issuing in base
gules, a salamander sable (? gules, in flames issuing from the chief
or, a salamandar sable). Crest : two dragon's wings or, each
charged with a bend gules, and thereupon three inescutcheons
argent. Mantling gules, linetl or, (Height of shield, 6 cm.) Ihe
complete inscription runs : " Steffel jirenner maler geit all jar ayn
grozz nch seinem tott iiii grozz" (Steffel Prenner (or Brenner),
jirtist (or painter), gives every year a groschen, after his death
4 groschen). Gules, three escutcheons argent are the arms sup-
posed to belong to the craft of shield-workers, painters, &c.
Fig. 6 (page 26). Wu-hart durr : Argent, a dragon's head and neck
issuing out of the base gules. Crest : a dragon's head and neck as in
the arms, continuing into the mantling, and on the head a plume of
cock's feathers sable, in a "case" or. (Height of shield, 6.5 cm.)
The inscription is : " Wichart durr all jar zwen gross nacli seinem
tod ainen guldein" (Wichart Durr, every year 2 groschen, after
his death a gulden).
An interesting drawing, two knights, full length, appears on
page 63 in the Brotherhood book. One of the two, Herr Jan von
Strolenburg, is shown in Fig. 1002. He is clad in silver armour
and a red tunic, and on his helmet, whicli has a mantling gnles,
is a golden coronet, out of which rise two wings or. Round the
neck he bears the badge of the Order of the " Fiirspanger" (founded
by Charles IV. at Kiirnberg), viz. a golden buckle-wreath. The
shield (6 cm. high) shows the arms : Or, a pheon azure, the staff
gules, flighted argent. The banner shows the same nrras. The in-
scription is : "Her Jan von Strolenburg gibt alle jar ein halben
guldu zu dem Gotes Haus der weil er lebt gen arlberg den ersten
suntag in der fasten" (Herr Jan (Johann) von Strolenburg gives
every year a half-gulden to the God's House the while he lives
on the Arlberg, the first Sunday in the fast). H. S.
PLATE LXXXI
THE EARLY ENGLISH GARTER PLATES
One of the most important series of English armorial
designs is to be found in the Stall plates of the Knights of
the Garter, set up in St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle,
which is the Sanctuary of the Order. Nowhere else in
Europe is an equivalent series to be found, and these Garter
Stall plates are both most excellent examples of contempor-
ary heraldry, and in a large proportion most superb pieces
of workmanship and design. The Order of the Garter
was founded in the year 1 348, and at this date one of the
chapels of Windsor Castle was fitted up as the chapel of
the order, and therein has been placed the helmet, crest,
and sword of every knight. The actual dates at which the
practice of setting up plates of the arms of the knights
commenced cannot be definitely fixed, but there is good
reason to believe that the practice was contemplated at the
foundation of the order, for the earliest copies of the statutes
extant require that as soon as one of the founder knights
should die a shield of his arms, made of metal, together
with his helmet, were to be fixed in the back of his stall,
and it was ordained that similar plates should be set up
for all other knights, though these were to be of a smaller
size than the plates of the founders. Many of the plates
of the founder knights still remain, and of the 800 or
more knights who have since been appointed to the order
very nearly 600 Stall plates remain. It is difficult to
account for the missing ones, but in all probability
attainder, with its penalties of defacement of arms, will
account for most of those lacking. In the early part
of the fifteenth century it became customary to set up
the Stall plates during the lifetime of the knights ; and
during the same century it became a matter of rule that
the plates should be set up within twelve months of the
ceremony of installation. The plates are of very diverse
sizes, ranging from a height of 4 to 15 inches ; the majo-
rity of the early ones, however, are from 6 to 8 inches.
The method of depicting the arms is equally varied ; a few
consist simply of the device upon the shield occupying the
whole quadrangular space of the plate, but the majority
show shield, helmet, crest, and mantling, and, with the
exception of the earliest, the name and style of the knight.
The shields are not found surrounded with the garter until
the reign of Henry VII., though one example (the plate
of Charles, Duke of Burgundy) is earlier than this. This
414
THE ART OF HERALDRY
is curious, because elsewhere the armorial use of the garter
had come into vogue somewhat earlier. The conservatism
with regard to matters of design is further illustrated by
the fact that long after the use of supporters bad become
universal in the peerage, the arms are depicted on the
Stall plates without these ornaments. The earliest Garter
plate to show supporters is that of John Beaufort, Duke of
Somerset, the grandfather of Henry VII. (Plate CXXXII.).
The early plates are almost without exception enamelled
upon gilded plates of copper, but the modern plates are
first engraved and then painted. The uniformity of design
to a certain extent robs the plates of scientific value as
contemporary evidence of armorial art, and in using these
plates as evidence it needs to be borne in mind that in
many points developments of heraldic law or practice are
of an earlier date than would be judged to be the case
from an examination of the plates. But allowance being
made of a sufficient margin to balance this, the value of
the plates as scientific evidence and as examples of art is
extreme. After the close of the Tudor period, in fact
rather earlier than this, the plates, in common with all
other heraldic art, deteriorate sadly both in boldness of
design and in beauty of execution, partaking entirely since
that date of the stereotyped lines adopted in official em-
blazonments.
The arms on Plate LXXXI. ai-e as they are depicted on
the Stall plate of Sir Gilbert Talbot, Lord Talbot, K.G.
(d. 1419). The arms are : " Gules, a lion rampant, within
a bordure engrailed or. Mantling gules, lined ermine.
Crest : on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a lion
statant tail extended or."
Fig. 1003 shows the arms of Stafford as they appear on
ii. and iii., barry of eight argent and azure, an orle of
martlets gules (for De Valence) ; over all a label of three
Fig. 1003.— From the Garter Stall Plate of Humphrey Stafford,
Earl of Stafford, K.G., and (later) Duke of Buckingham.
the Stall plate of Sir Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford
and Buckingham, and subsequently Duke of Buckingham,
K.G. (1429 to 1460). The arms are : " Or, a chevron gales.
Mantling : on the dexter side sable, and on the sinister
gules, both lined ermine. Crest : out of a coronet gules,
a swan's head and neck between two wings argent, beaked
gales.
Fig. 1004 represents the achievement on the plate of Sir
John Grey, K.G. (1436-1439), the eldest son and heir-
apparent of Reginald, Lord Grey de Ruthyn. The arms
in question are: " Quarterly, I and 4, barry of six argent
and azure, in chief three torteaux (for Grey) ; 2 and 3,
quarterly i. and iiiL, or, a maunch gules (for Hastings) ;
FlG.[ioo4,— From the Garter Stall Plate of Sir John Grey, K.G.
points throughout argent. Mantling : or, Hned ermine.
Crest : on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a wyvem
or, gorged with a label as in the arms.
Fig. 1005 shows the arms of John Mowbray, Duke of
Norfolk, K.G. These are : " Gules, three lions passant
gnardant in pale or, a label of three points argent.
Fig. 1005.
-From the Garter Stall Plale of John Mowbray,
Duke of Norfolk, K.G.
Mantling gnles and ermine. Crest : on a chapeau, a
lion statant guardant or, crowned and gorged with a
label argent."
The Garter plates of the Knights between the years
1348 and 1485 have been recently reproduced in facsimile
with very valuable notes, and an introduction by Mr. W.
415
THE ART OF HERALDRY
H. St. John Hope. However much one may disagree
with Mr. Hope's curious ideas on the subject of blazon,
one cannot with justice withhold from his book the high
praise which the admirable reproduction of this series of
plates richly deserves. A. C. P-D.
PLATES LXXXII. AND LXXXIII.
ENGLISH ARMORIAL PAINTINGS
{Early Fifteenth Century)
Bound up in the same volume with the early English
roll of arms in the custody of the College of Arms
described in Plate LXXI. are a few armorial paintings
which, being depicted not upon shields, but in a square
form, are probably designs for banners.
They very evidently have no connection whatever with
the armorial roll with which they are now bound up, nor
does it very plainly appear why they have been pre-
served. The Talbot arms appear in all the paintings,
which probably are a series of banner designs prepared
for the Talbot family. Earls of Shrewsbury. From the
quarterings exhibited, and from the date at which these
accrued in the Talbot family, it is evident that these
paintings cannot belong to a period earlier in date than
the end of the fourteenth century or possibly the be-
ginning of the fifteenth century. They are probably
even later. They are palpably all the work of the
same artist. From the point of design, but hardly of
execution, they may justly be considered as typical of the
very highest range of excellence reached by heraldic art
in this country. Executed in transparent water-colour
over a visible outline which has been allowed to remain,
the roughness of their execution, together with the
smallness of their number, gives them somewhat of the
appearance of trial sketches, preparatory to a more
elaborate piece of work, but there can be no question of
the ability of the artist or of the surpassing beauty of his
work. Their reproduction gives the opportunity for a
remark that modern artists might with advantage prefer
these paintings as models rather than older and cruder
forms. The name of the artist is unfortunately quite
unknown. The examples reproduced on Plates LXXXII.
and LXXXIII. are taken from certified copies which Mr.
0. H. Athill, Richmond Herald, has very kindly supplied
to me. The heraldic description is as follows : —
Plate LXXXII. : Quarterly, i and 4, gules, a lion ram-
pant within a bordure engrailed or (for Talbot) ; 2 and 3,
or, a chief azure, over all a hand fesswise in chief vested
in a maunch argent, lined ermine.
Plate LXXXIII. : Quarterly, i and 4, gules, a lion ram-
pant within a bordnre engrailed or (for Talbot) ; 2 and 3,
gules, a lion statant guardant argent, crowned or (for
Lisle ; see page 370). A. C. F-D.
PLATE LXXXIV
SPECIMENS OUT OF THE " SCHEIBLERSCHEN WAP-
PENBUCHE" (SCHEIBLER BOOK OF ARMS)
{First half of the Fifteenth Century)
There is in ihe possession of the baronial family of Scheibler-
Hiilhoven at Aix-la-Chai^elle a paper register with 343 leaves
(25 cm. high, 17 cm. broad) of wliicb 325 exhibit 450 paintings
of arms by a distinguislied South German artist. The remaining
leaves contain armorial rei^resentations of less value and of much
later date. The specimens on Plate LXXXIV. are reproduced from
copies made by tlie Court Heraldic Artist, E. Krahl.
Fig. I. Die Winter (Winter of Bolilanden) : Sable, billette or, a
violin in bend of the last, stringed gules. Crest : On a chapeau
argent, sem^ of linden-leaves or, a wing sable also seme of linden-
leaves or, and charged witli two violins as in the anus. Mantling
sable, seme of linden-leaves or.
Fig 3. Von G-iich. Franckhen: Argent, two pairs of sheep-shears
palewise in fess. Crest : a demi-swan argent, beaked gules, the
wings each charged with a pair of sheep-shears as in the arms.
Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 3. Specht von Bubejihain (Specht von Bubenheim, Rheinland).
Or, a fess sable, fretty argent, in the sinister chief point a wood-
pecker gules (Specht). Crest; a "player" seated upon the helmet,
the legs one on eitlier side, habited in ragged clothes, tearing his
hair with the dexter hand and holding in the sinister a board or
and thereujion three dice argent. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 4. Anneiihenj , Tyrol: Argent, a branch in bend throughout
^ules, and issuing therefrom in chief three roses of the last,
seeded or. Crest : two wings proper, bound with a iiUet gules,
tied in a knot, the ends pendent. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 5. Herzoge v. Lothrr/igen (Dukes of Lorraine) : Or, on a bend
gules, three alerions volant argent, the wings expanded and inverted.
Crest ; out of a coronet or, an eagle rising argent. Mantling gules
and argent. It was Planche who first pointed out that the word
"alerion" is a perfect anagram for the name "Lorraine."
Fig. 6. Graffen v. Nassau (Counts of Nassau) : Azure, sem6 of
seven diagonal billets or, a lion rampant of the last. Crest : two
wings argent, the pinion feathers sable, through which a yellow
cord is interwoven. Mantling azure and argent.
Fig. 7. Die Trauner . Bavaria : Quarterly, i and 4, gules a "bou-
quetin " rampant argent, unguled or ; 2 and 3, sable, two chevrons
conjoined in the fess point, one reversed issuing in chief and one
in base argent. Crest : a demi-bouquetin as in the arms. Mantling
gules and argent.
Fig. S. Die Kriipfner . Tyrol . (Kropfer) : Sable, the bust of a man
in profile couped proper, habited argent, banded about the temple
with a ribbon argent, the ends fiotant, the beard or and afflicted
with a large goitre. Crest ; the bust of a man as in the arms, the
habit continued into the mantling and lined sable. H. S.
PLATES LXXXV. AND LXXXVI.
AN ENGLISH ROLL OP ARMS
Temp. Henry VI.
There is in the possession of the College of Arms a
MS. volume of drawings of shields in trick which, from
the artistic point of view, must always remain one of the
most remarkable and at the same time one of the most
curious and noteworthy examples of heraldic design.
The MS. takes the form of a Roll of Arms, but is un-
accompanied by any explanation. As an armorial record
it would be readily possible to exaggerate its value, for
some number of the shields are plainly quite mythical, and
it is not an "official record " by which proof of arms can
be made. There is nothing to show why it was compiled,
nor that it ever had any official character, nor is it known
how it came into the possession of the College of Arms.
Its chief value is artistic, and for that reason it is a great
pity that the name of the artist is lost to us. One would
hesitate to put forward the examples in this roll as copies
for repetition in modern heraldic art. As a whole they
are out of keeping with any type of design outside the
volume in which they occur. But as examples of virile
work, as examples of the artistic capabilities of a coat of
arms, and as specimens of design exhibiting "grip" and
"go," they have never been surpassed and probably never
will. The forceful exuberance of their design compels
one's admiration. Mr. G. W. Eve in his "Decorative
Heraldry " places the date of this manuscript as between
1540 and 1560, and adds that it was "probably a copy,
with additions, of an earlier work." He writes concern-
ing it : " The lions are distinctly extraordinary, such as
are rampant having the thrown-back pose of the head
exaggerated to eccentricity. The guardant lions, both
rampant and passant, are without this peculiarity, but, like
the rest, are unsatisfactory in the way they fail to occupy
their field ; having indeed every appearance of being
removed from their original surroundings to be placed on
shields which were not designed to contain them. So
that the fault that may be said to characterise Stuart
and most subsequent heraldry, was not unknown in the
decorative Tudor time."
Mr. C. H. Athill, Richmond Herald, has very kindly
416
PLATE CXXXIII.
THE ARMS OF MAGDALENE OF FRANCE AND OF MARY OF LORRAINE.
From the MS. of Sir David Lindsay of The Mount.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
certified for me various selected examples which are
typical of the work of the master hand which drew them.
Unfovtuoately the artist's name is unknown. These are
reproduced herein.
These examples, though arranged in the style and form
of page adopted in the original, of which they are faithful
reproductions, are selected examples, and do not follow
each other in the original in the order here given. The
arms chosen are as follows : —
Plate LXXXV
1. Gule.s, three piles wavy in point argent, a borclure engrailed of
the last (Thomas Pyke).
2. Per chevron sable and argent, three stags rampant counter-
changed (Francis Herston).
3. (Gules), three legs in armour conjoined at tlie tliigli and flexed
at the knees (proper, garnished and spurrol or). [The arms of the
Isie of Man.] — '
4. Azure, three hares in triangle, their ears conjoined in the fess
point (Hiirewell).
5. Azure, three arms in armour enibowed, conjoined at the
shoulders in the fess point, the hands in gauntlets, each holding a
sword all argent (Sir Thomas Fyndarne).
6. Or, three hose palewise in less sable (Thomas House).
7. Giiles, a wyvern argent (Sir Robert Brentle).
8. Gules, a chief azure, a lion passant double-(^ueued over all or
(Sir Robert Hastinges). [A commenta,tor has added that the lion
should be rampant over all.]
9. Argent, a lion rampant double-queued and interlaced gules
(unnamed).
Plate LXXXVI
I. Gules, a unicorn rampant chequy argent and sable (Clare).
1. Argent, three toads sable (" Pharamond "). [This is the
mythical coat invented and attrilnited to Pharamond, in which
some old writers sought to find the origin of the arms of
France.]
3. Per pale gules and azure, a double-headed eagle displayed per
pale argent and or (Wantleyes).
4. Barry wavy azure and argent (Wesnan).
5. Azure, three horse-barnacles or, on a chief ermine, a demi-lion
issuant gnles (Earl Genewyle).
6. Vert, three griffins passant or (Sir Gawayne, the good knight).
7. Azure, seme-de-lis and a Hon rampant guardaiit argent (Sir
Thomas Holland of Thropwater).
8. Azure, a lion rampant or (Sir Edmond Darell).
9. Sable, a saltire flory argent, between tour lions passant
guardant or (William de Avne). A. C. F-D.
PLATE LXXXVII
SPECIMENS OF ARMOKIAL ART TAKEN FROM
HERALDIC BOOKS
{Fifteenth Century)
Fig. I is a representation of the arms of the Holy Roman-
German Empire, the arms depicted being ; Or, an eagle displayed
sable. The tilting-helmet, which is surmounted by the crown of
the sovereignty, bears as crest a black eagle, ready for flight,
crowned with a similar crown. The mantling, which has a gold
lining, is of black seme of yellow linden-leaves. Over the coat of
arms, which is placed on a background of red damask, framed
with white pearls, appear the golden letters A E I 0 V, and the
date 1446. The five letters form a kind of riddle-motto of King
Friedrich IV.'s, and allow of different readings. For instance,
"Austriie Est Imperare Orbi Universo," or " AUer Ehren 1st
Oesterreich Voll" (" Of-all-Honours-is- Austria-full ''), &c.
This reproduction is from the Hawhegv^iratur of King
Frederick IV. in the possession of the Royal and Imperial House
Court and State Archives in Vienna.
This register shows four magnificent paintings of arms, each
occupying a full page.
Fig. 2. — A liffeiLstain (Auf enstein, a family originally Tyi'olese, but
at a later date possessing large estates in Karnten) : Or, standing
on a stone sable, an owl proper armed or {(iuf=oy{\ ; .y^t;ni = stone).
The tilting-helmet, which has a black aud gold mantling, bears as
crest a yellow broad-brimmed hat, with two yellow tassels, and
thereon an owl as in the arms.
Fig. 3 is a nameless coat of arms, which, however, may be not
uninteresting on account of the curious crest, and the drawing of
the mantling.
Fig. ^. — Fomerania (?) : Argent, a griftin segreant gules, armed
or. The crowned helmet has a mantling of argent and gules, and
the crest a wing sable, seme of linden-leaves or..
Figs. 2-4 are taken from the OeMerreivhische Jf'appenbnch
(Austrian Book of Arms) in the possession of the Royal Family
Court and State Archives in Vienna. ■ The volume is also known
as the ll'a/>penbuch fii'r die oesten'&ichischen Bei'zoge (Book of
Arms for the Austrian Dukes), and is a parchment register (50
cm. high by 33 cm. broad) bearing the date 1445 on the first page.
Fig. 1006.
The greater number of the rather luxuriantly designed arms
herein are quite imaginary, attribute4 to fabulous Austrian lords
supposed to have existed in primitive times. (Compare Plate
XCII.) Amongst them, despite the sketchy handling of the
dra\ving, there is to be found much that is heraldically worthy of
notice ; see, for instance, Figs. 1006 and 1007, and especially the
beautifully conventionalised style in which the oak garland is
rendered in the latter.
Fig. 5. — Lihr dm. petri de Crmvar alias de Straznycz (Libris (?)
Fig. 1007.
of Peter de Crawar, alias de Strasnycz). The family of Ki-awar
were Moravian, later caUing themselves Tworkovsky, after the
estate of Tworkov. Gules, an arrowhead tied by a floating
kerchief argent. The silver tilting-helmet, with red mantling,
lined with ermine, bears as crest, two black on the outside and
gold on the inside, the wing-bones charged on the outside with
gold linden-leaves, in rows.
This coat of arms is interesting inasmuch as it explains a device
which appears in quite a series of arms (for the house of Odrowaz),
and is repeatedly and erroneously drawn and blazoned as an
"upper-lip and moustache, struck with an arrow" (refer to the
417 3g
THE ART OF HERALDRY
arms of the Counts Sedlnitzky and others). According to Pro-
fessor Dr. F. Piekosinski, the device may be traced back to the
very old flaj{-de\'ice (Stannize) of the PoHsh dynastic race of the
Odrowaze, composed of two Scandina\nan runes— -±^. (See more
in detail when treating the, subject under Plate CXXVI.)
The coat of arms as given in Fig. 4 is taken from a volume of
the Moravian Land-Register Books. The eighth book of the
Olmlitz Landtafel Quaterne for the years 1412 to 14 16, bears the
coat of arms given here, on the front side of the cover of the book.
On the covers of the registers the coat of arms of the head of
the pro\nncial board of finance for the time being alwaj's appears ;
thus, the first book (commenced in 1 348), and the second, third,
fourth, seventh, and eighth books all show the arms of Krawar.
Fig. iooS. — Sickingen.
Fig. 1009. — Honberg.
Fig. 1010.- Habsburg-
Laufenburg.
Fig. 101 1. — Habsburg.
Other characteristic coats of arms of this period, taken from
German sources, will be found in Figs. roo8, 1009, loio, and
loir. H. S.
PLATE LXXXVJII
REPRESENTATIONS OF ARMORIAL BEARINGS TAKEN
FROM THE WORK OF GERMAN MASTERS
(Fifteenth Centurt/)
Figs. 1-5.— Arms with supporters, engraved by Martin .Schon-
gauer, also called " Schon," from his own designation of himself on
a drawing : " Hipsch Martin Schongauer Maler, 1453." He was a
painter, engraver, and goldsmith ; bom at Colmar in 1420 (?), died
there in 1488.
Fig. I is probably the escutcheon of the family of Stein-
Kalltiijth : I'er fess vert and or, in chief a lion passant argent ;
but the remaining shields on the plate cannot be more exactly
determined, on account of the lack of tinctures. In Figs. 4 and 5
the supporters have been omitted. Below is an exquisitely
drawn figure of a lion, the symbol of St. Mark, which was de-
signed by the same master (Fig. 1012).
Fig. 1012.— The Lion of St. Mark.
Fig. 6 is a representation of the arms of the Prince-Bishop
Rudolph II. of Wiirzburg (1466-95), of the family of Scherenberg.
The engraver was probably Alhrecht Glovkenion (born 1432 at
Nlirnberg), who worked for a long time in Wiirzburg.
This figure shows the arms: Quarterly, i. argent, a chief
dancettt' gules (Franconia) ; 2 and 3, or, a pair of shears extended
gules (Scherenberg) (5(;/ie?-(,'= scissors) ; 4. azure, on a lance in
bend or, a banner quarterly gules and argent (Wiirzburg). The
crowned helmet with the Franconian horns, from the ends of each
of which the Wiirzburg banner is issuant, bears the Scherenberg
crest, a lion's head affront6 argent, crowned with a like coronet,
from which rises the three ostrich feathers azure, argent, and
gules, belonging to the Wiirzburg crest. The helmet manthng
here really deserves special attention, being exquisitely drawn.
Fig. 7. — Arms of the patrician family of Goldast (Gold branch),
of Constance, engraved by Bartiiolomseus Zeithlom at Ulm, born
J 440 (?), died between 1 516 and 1521. The arms are : Azure, the
branch of a tree or (Goldast). The helmet, which has a mantling
of azure and or, bears as crest a griffin, the upper part azure,
armed or, the hindquarters of the last. (Taken from a house-
keeping book of 1470 in the possession of Prince Waldburg-
Wolfegg-Waldsee.) (Compare Fig. 18, Plate XOVIH.)
The sallet or helmet which is here shown is of a form very
Fig. 1013.
seldom met with in heraldic representations, although it is heraldi-
cally correct. The manthng of the helmet is well drawn, but the
crest is somewhat large in proportion to the size of the helmet.
Fig. 8 shows arms, though to what family these may belong is
unknown. The design was engraved by Israel vmi Meckeiien, en-
418
THE ART OF HERALDRY
graver and goldsmith at Bocholt on the Aa, in WestphaUa, who
died 1503. The helmet is rather small in proportion to the shield,
but the mantUng is very beautifully designed. By the same
master is the amusing heraldic device which is here reproduced
(Fig. 1013).
Fi.L^ 1 01 4 shows the mark of the celebrated printer, Erhard
Ratdolt, of Augsburg, in the year 1 49 1 (14 cm. high). The escutcheon
is printed in two colours, black and red, and is one of the oldest
Fig. 1014.
examples of printing in colour. The arms are : Gules, the young
Hercules holding in his dexter hand the two snakes intertwined, and
with his sinister a six-rayed star gules in front of the lower part of
his body. The helmet, which has a mantling of gules and argent,
bears as crest : between two buffalo's horns guies, a star as in
the arms. This beautiful escutcheon was designed by Ratdolt
himself, as appears from the distich over an impression*of this coat
" Eriiardi Batdolt fcelici:i conspice signa
Testata artificem qua valet ipse manum." H. S.
PLATE LXXXIX
EXAMPLES REPRODUCED FROM CONRAD GRUNEN-
BERG'S " WAPPENBUCH "
(1483)
One of the finest emblazoned books of arms is Conrad Griinen-
berg's Wappenhuch^ which, according to a notice in Grlinenberg's
own hand, was completed in 1483. "Das buch ist voibrach am
Nunden tag des Abrellen Do man zalt Tusent vier hunder dru
vnd Achtzig Jar." Griinenberg belonged to a well-to-do burgher
family in Constance ; his father was burgomaster of the town
(1466-70), and filled from 1^41 till his death in 1494 the oftice of
architect to the parish church of St. Stephen at Constance. He
belonged, as a burgher, to the guilds, but, by a patent from
the Emperor, dated Saturday before vocem jucunditatis (May
19th) 1465, he was released from the guild and admitted into an
association of noble families called **' Zur Katze " (see Plate
XCVIH.). He appears as a knight after his return from
Jerusalem in i486.
On the title-page of his Book of Arms (which consists of 190
paper leaves) his own coat of arms is introduced (Fig. 1015) : Sable,
three mounds or, and issuant therefrom a like number. The crowned
helmet, with a mantling of black and gold, the former seme of
golden linden-leaves, bears as crest a plume of ostrich feathers
sable. By the side of the arms appear : on the dexter, the in-
signia of the Order of the Holy Grave (a cross of Jerusalem gules),
and of the Aragonese Order of the Pitcher (a golden pitcher with
three blue-bells, over a golden griffin, which bears a ribbon with
the inscription: "Por. Los. Amor''); on the sinister, the insignia
of the Order of St. Katherine of Mount Sion (a golden rose over a
sword with a handle gules, round this entwined a gold ribbon with
the inscription : "Por. Loyaltad jVIantenir"), and of the Socut// of
St. Georges Sliield (a shield of St. George, argent, a cross gules
ornamented with gold, from which is suspended the golden figure
of St. George slaying the dragon). The Griinenberg Book of
Arms was purchased by the Heroldsant (Heralds' Office) of BerUn
for 300 Friedrichs d'or. It was formerly in the possession of Dr.
Stanz of Bern, who had at an earlier date been settled in
Constance,
Besides the paper register there also exists a parchment register
(178 leaves), a more amplified but, at the same time, a not quite
complete copy of the first, without either date or the name of the
painter, which passed from the old Landshuter Library into the
Royal Library at Miinich. This has been published, appearing in
the year 1875, after an unsuccessful attempt made as early as
1840. It is printed in colours, and was edited by the Count of
Stillfried- Alcantara and M. Hildebrandt. The three specimen
plates here reproduced have been copied, on a reduced scale, from
this pubhcation.
Fig. I. — Der Kung von Behem des hailgen Romischen Richs ertz-
schen vnd Kiirfurst, cbc. (The King of Bohemia, of the Holy Roman
Empire, Chief Cup-bearer and Elector, &c.). The arms are :
Gules, a lion rampant doubled-queued, crowned, armed, and
langued or. The crowned helmet, which has a mantling of black
and gold, both seme of sjiots comiterchanged, bears as crest a
wing sable, seme of linden-leaves or. On both the dexter and the
sinister sides of the escutcheon, but unattached, is a symbolical
device or badge, namely ; issuing from clouds an arm, vested, hold-
ing in the hand a rod, and hanging from the sleeve an eagle
displayed and crowned, holding in its claws a motto scroll, thereon
" Duo Recht." The badge is entirely of gold.
Fig. 1015.— Tbe Arms of Conrad Griinenberg.
Fig. 2 has the following inscription above it : " Der Kaiser von
Trajipesod stost an Kriechen vnd an das Kaisseitum von Atlien Hat
yetzn der turgisch Kaiser gewunnen vnd den Kaiser gekdpft" (The
Emperor of Trebizond, next to Greece : the Einpiie of Athens
lias now overthrown the Turkish Emperor, and beheaded him).
David Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond, died 1462. The arms
are : Argent, a cockatrice or, armed, combed, and wattled gules. Tlie
crowned helmet, which has a mantling of gules and argent, bears as
crest the charge of the shiehl, i.e. a cockatrice as in the arms. By
the side of the acliievement, an arched crown of gold is depicted as
a symbolical badge or device. H. S.
PLATE XC
FURTHER EXAMPLES FROil CONRAD GRtJNEN-
BERG'S "WAPPENBUCH"
(1483. Height of Shields, 6-6.5 ^'"^■)
Fig. I. Fry (FieiheTTen) von Triviherg : Gules, a panther vomiting
flames of fire azure, armed of the last, the horns or. It is here
shown with divided hoofs on the hind feet, a peculiarity which is
only to be met with in the neighbourhood of Lake Constance. (See
also Fig. ioi7be]ow.) Crest: ademi-figureasintliearms. Mantling
gules and argent. The foregoing is practically a literal translation
of the German version, but the creature is most certainly not a
panther either of a heraldic or natural variety. It apparently had
better be left for some one to discover and name an animal with the
419
THE ART OF HERALDRY
horns and hind feet of the domestic cow and ihe claws of an ea^le.
The coat is not included in Rietstap. Attention may be directed to
a monograph on the panther, " Das Ladeswappen der Steierniark,"
by A. V. Siegenfeld (Graz, 1900).
Fig. 1016.
Fig. 2. Fry vovi Joch : Argent, three crossbow yokes fessewise in
pale sable (/or/t = yoke). Crest : two buflfalo's horns or, and issniiio;
from the ends plumes of cock's feathers sable. Mantling sable and
argent.
Fig.
azure,
azure.
Fig. 1017.
3. Fry von Lieyperfi : Gule.^, a leopard or, armed and laiigued
Crest : a leopard's head affronte, crowned and laiigued
Mantling gules and or.
Fig. 4. 1^07* Schopffla dn.^ zii der ri^hen ow litt (Isle of Reichenau :)
Argent, a cock sable with wings expanded, iirmed, crested, and
wattled gules. Crest : two cocks' heads and necks conjoined or,
armed, crested, and wattled gules. Mantling sable and or.
Fig. 5. Heren von Fanvk in Brabant (Parwyss, an old family in
the bishopric of Liege) : Or, a lion gules, debruised by a label of
three points iizure. Crest : issuant from a pointed cap ermine, a
peacock's tail. Mantling gules and or.
Fig. 6. Fry von Rii,^seg im aergoe (Russeck in Aargau) : Or, a
unicorn sable. Crest : a swan's head and neck or, beaked argent.
Mantling or and argent.
Fig. 1016 gives a capitiil representation of a so-called "klaufliigel"
(claw-wing), i.e. an eagle's wing conjoined to an eagle's talon, and
represents the arms of tlie "Grafen von Canisse" (Kanisay de
gi-nere Ost) in Hungary (founder of an alleged bishopric of Kanisse
or Kanisa). Tbe arms are blazoned : "Argent, a klaufliigel sable,
armed or," this being in English terms : Argent, an eagle's wing
expanded, cnnjoined to an eagle's claw sable, armed or. Crest : the
same figure. Mantling sable and argent.
Fig. 1017. Hern von Bernegk vom JVasen Jm Land. Stair (Herr von
Berneck of Wasa in Styria) : Or, a panther sabh^, vomiting flames
of tire miles. Crest : a demi-figure as in the arms, cnntinuing into
a mantling of sable and or. Note remarks above as to the panther.
Fig. 1018. J'on Bmnspenj vn von Bos^no : Or, a ram trippant sable.
Crest: issuing from a wreath gules and argent, a demi-ram or.
Mantling or and sable (see Plate LXXIV. Fig. 17). It will be
noticetl that this crest alone amongst all the examples given issues
from a wreath or torse, this being an ornament seldom met with
Fig. lOiS.
in German armory. The arms are evidently intended to pun
upon the name : " ram " in Middle High German having the same
meaning as in English. H. S.
PLATE xci
FURTHER EXAMPLES FROM CONRAD GRUNEN-
BERG'S "WAPPENBUCH"
(1483. Height of Shidfix, 6-6.5 <■'"•)
Fig. I. Hern roii llergo : Gules, a winged fish in bend argent.
Crest : a winged fish argent, liead downwards, continuing into a
mantling gult-s and argent.
Fig. 2. Frylier von Zimem mil Here zno moahirch (Belonging to
the Tournament Society " Falk und Fisch " — Falcon and Fish) :
Azure, a lion or, armed gules, holding in its paws a battle-axe argent,
the handle gules. Crest : a stag's head and neck gules, attired or.
Mantling red.
Fig. 3. Hereti ro Hofseiuloff (Hassendorf) : Or, a serpent Siible.
Crest : a demi-snake oi", combed or finned sable, the body continued
into a mantling of or and sable.
420
PLATE CXXXIV.
THE ARMS OF HAMILTON.
Fro.m the Hamilton aiS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 4. Von La7igenstain, Stiffler rfes tutschai (deutschen) Hmes tier
Maiijno (Meiiiau) (Och Stiffter ze sant Urban. Von Langenstaiii,
fuunder of the German House of Meinau, also founder of St.
[Fig, 1019.'
Urban's) : Argent, an eagle displayed gules, armed azure, the claws
supporting a triple mound of the last. Crest : issuing from a wreath
*?ules and argent, five swords sable, hilts and pommels or, points
do^^^lwa^ds. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 1020.
Fig. 5. Von Rottenstain : Argent, a bend gules, fimbriated and
fretty or. Crest : upon a circular peasant's hat sable, the brim
fimbriated or, a snowball proper. Mantling gules and or.
Fig. 6. Rud von Buttinen (Kuilt von Collenberg) : Gules, a
mastiffs head couped argent, gorged with a spiked collar sable, the
spikes argent. Crest : a mastiffs head as in the arms, continuing
into the white anil red mantling.
Fig. 7. Von Frmikenstain : Or, a throwing axe (?) in bend gules,
the edge upwards. Crest : two wings or, each charged with the
figure in the arms. Mantling gules and or.
Fig, 1019. Fi^ von WildenfeU in Bairn : Argent, a rose sable, seeded
or. Crest : on a pointed cap argent, a rose as in the arms, the cap
continuing into the mantling, which is argent and sable.
Fig. 1020. Berner van Bernnekg (Perner von Perneck in der
Elsenau) : Argent, a bear rampant sable, armed oi', collared and
chained of the last. Crest : a demi-bear as in the arms, con-
tinued into a mantling of sable and argent. The Perners of
Perneck sometimes, though probably only later, bore their arms
with the field or. The Perners zum Schachen (at Schachen), who
were akin to them, reversed the tinctures, i.e. on a field sable a bear
or, collared and chained argent.
Fig. 102 1.
Fig. 1021. Fucks Don Fuchsberg (Tyrol) : Or, a fox salient gules.
Crest : on a cap or cbapeau, turned np ermine, a fox sejant
gules. Mantling gules and or. This coat of arms is not depicted in
colour by Griinenberg. H. S. ,
PLATE XCII
HERALDIC DEAWINGS FROM CONRAD GRUNENBERG'S
"OESTERREICHISCHER CHRONIK"
(1452 to about 1484)
Among the MSS. in the k.u.k. Haus-, Hof- und Staats- Archives
in Vienna, there is a paper volume, a kind of Chronicle of Austria,
compiled by Conrad Griinenberg and emblazoned with coats of
arms. In the preface he says; —
" So hab Ich Cunrat Griineniberg Eiter mir fiirgesetzt, Etwas ze
arbaiten vnd zesamen zuo fassen, als ain Anlianger des siegraiffs,
dem Hochstamendesten adel Kaiser, Kung, Ertzhertzogen ^•nd
Fiirsten Oesterreich gebltitz damit Ich . . . och willen Erzoge,
vermainende hie mit der gedachtnnss der aller eltesten aUerdurch-
luchtigeste milt vnd giitligisten Herschafl't ain wenig zu geschiirt
haben. Bittende solich werkli lesend zu besichtigen, datu Sebastyani
Im LIZ (20 Januar 1452.")
("So 1, Conrad Griinenberg, knight, have determined to make
and put togetht^r something, as an Esquire to the most lofty, noble
Emperor, King, Archdukes and Princes of Austria, of blood, that
I . . . also the dukes, thinking here of the oldest and most serene,
mild and kind government may have helped to advance it a little.
Begging that such work may be looked at and read, dated St.
Sebastian's in 52 (20th January 1452)").
421
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Griiuenberg depicts the arms of the rulers of Austria from about
the year 850 after the Flood up to about 14S4 a.d. The greater part
of these arras (11 single coats of arms, 70 double or impaled escut-
cheons, and 14 triple shields) are naturally quite myihical, which
he^ must either have takeu from a book of arms (Oesterrekhisches
TFappenbufh, see page 417), likewise iu the possession of the
Staat5-Archives, or which come from the same source as that
from whicli the artist of the older Book of Arms derived his own.
He pandered in this book to the fashion much favoured in his
time, and even later, of carrying the histories of families back into
remote antiquity, and supplying the place of what was lacking in
historical truth by perfectly absurd imaginary tales, often childishly
naif.
Griiuenberg relates that in the land of Terra Amiratorum a
Count Sattau von Al^anianas was established, against whom a
knight of "discreet" family, Abraham von Demonaria, rebelled,
but got the worst of it. Abraham was consequently obliged to
wander away and settle down elsewhere. On the 12th June 850
after the Flood he established himself in a country which a Jew had
possessed before him and called " Judeisapta." Abraham built
himself a dwelling-place, and called it Arattim, which place was
later called Stockerau. Himself he signed "Abraham, a heathen
(or Gentile), Margrave of Judeisapta." He bore as arms a shield
striped vertically fifteen times black and white (one hesitates to
heraldically blazon it paly of fifteen sable and argent), and as a
crest on the lielmet a bearded giant's head per pale sable and
arL^ent. The arms of his wife Susanna, daughter of Tereman von
Riet, show a shield vert, within a bordure argent, and as crest, a
ball gules (or torteau) (Fig. i). Abraham conferred arms upon the
country: Sable, an eagle or. Crest: an eagle, the body or, the
wings sable. Mantling sable and or. It is not uninteresting to
notice that the original arms of tiie Austrian land, which he here
gives to the land of Judeisapta, were very well known to Griiuen-
berg.
Abraham's son called the country, later on, after the dwelling-
place, Arattim, but in course of time the name of the country was
rather frequently changed (Sauritz, Sannas, Pannans, Tantanio,
Mittenau, Fannau, Auarrata, Filia, Eattasama, Corodantia, Anara,
Osterland, Oesterreich). The armorial bearings were also altered.
Under the twentieth ruler, named Nonas, Duke of Pannans, the
device of the country was changed for the first time ; it then ap-
pears : Sable, an eagle displayed argent; and as crest, between two
wings argent, a naked youth per fess argent and gules, seated on the
helmet (Fig. 2. Here given as belonging to the twenty-second
ruler.) Wliile Fig. i does not appear in the 1445 register, the coat
with the youth as crest may be found as the arms of Pannans, but
the youth is standing, and clothed, and the mantling is dark red
and white.
Fig. 3 shows the arms under the twenty-seventh Lord Manay,
Duke of Tantanio. His wife was Sinna, Duchess of Bohemia,
whose coat is likewise duly given in the 1445 register, but in this
case not merely a woman's head but a woman's boay, clothed in red,
appears between the wings.
Fig. 4 gives the arms in the reign of Rolans " ain Jud Hertzog
zuo Eattasma." His wife was Sana, a princess of Hungary. The
older Register gives the same arms for " Rarasma," only the two
crowns are placed one al)ove another ; the arms with the scorpion
also appear, but the helmet has a black and white mantling.
Fig. 5 shows the arms of the country under the fifty-second ruler,
likewise the hereditary arms of Sapton, a prince of Bohemia,
husband of the Duchess Rachaim of Rattasma. The 1445 Register,
as may be seen from Fig. 1022, exhibits the same device (Arms of
Rattasma). The second coat of arms with the raven as crest is also
in the older register, but certainly not so well drawn as in Giiiuen-
berg's book.
Fig. 6 — Gules, an eagle quarterly argent and sable — is the coat
of Duke Ludwig of Austria ; his wife EUena being a princess of
Hungary. The older book does not give the eagle quarterly, but
simply per pale argent and sable, the eagle of the crest being there
continued in the yellow and white helmet mantling. The second
coat of arms with the dragon also appears to have been copied.
The princes of the country whose existence can really be histori-
cally substantiated prior to Griinenberg's day, form the conclusion
of the chronicle.
TJnfortuuately the last leaves of the book are very defective, of
many of them only a few small pieces are preserved, but we can
recognise which other alliances Griiuenberg had emblazoned. The
last emblazonment but one seems to have represented the Alliance
of the Emperor Friedrich IV. with Eleonora of Portugal (1452),
whilst the final page of the volume represents the Alliance of
Sigmund of Tyrol with Eleonora of Scotland (1469), and (as it
is probable that a triple shield was on the page) doubtless also for
his alliance with Katharine of Saxony (1484). Of the coat of arms,
there is certainly only a small portion of the Scottish tressure flory
preserved.
The unheraldic conjunction of tinctures in the imaginary arms, as
black and green, green and red, &c., was probably purposely selected
by Griiiienburg to characterise the pagan age. One peculiarity of
German heraldic art should be noticed. When the two shields are
placed accoUe, not only is the dexter crest helmet placed to face
the sinister, but the whole shield itself with its charges is reversed.
Thus in the dexter shield in Fig. 5 the bend is not a bend sinister,
and the eagle in No. 6 is really quarterly argent and sable, and not
fi}s^^'
Fig. 1022.
sable and argent, as might at first sight appear. This peculiarity was
not a feature of British armory at any period, though something of
the same nature occurs in a few of the early Garter plates in St.
George's Chapel, which, as originally set up, were arranged to face
the High Altar. Consequently those on the one side of the chapel
are turned to the sinister. H. S.
PLATE XCIIl
THE WORK OF ALBRECHT DURER
(First quarter of the Sixteenth Century)
Alhrecht Diirer^ the great painter, who was born at Nurnberg,
May 21, 1471, and died April 6, 152S. He was the son of a father
of many children, the goldsmith Albrecht Dlirer the elder, by his
marriage with Barbara Holper. (The Helpers bore for arms :
Azure, a ram argent.) Diirer the elder came originally from Ajtos,
near Grosswardein, in Hungary {Ajto = T}iure (doors), hence Diirer).
Diirer is not only one of the greatest paintei-s, but admittedly
occupies the very first rank as an heraldic artist.
Fig. I. The well-known "coat of arms with the cock" (perhaps De
Berglies in Holland) : Or, a lion rampant gules, armed and tongued
azure. Crest : a cock with outstretched wings or, combed and
wattled gules. This is one of the most beautiful of Diirer's
heraldic designs. It was executed about the year 151 1.
Fi^. 2. A fanciful shield to represent the arms of death, 1503.
On tue shield appears a skull, wliich is treated naturally, as are
the helmet wings which form the crest. The helmets in Figs, i and
2 both correspond exactly to the helmets 8 and 9 on Plate LI. A
lady in Niirnberg bridal costume who is being attacked by a wild
man is placed as a su]>porter to the shield.
Fig. 3. Arms of Diirer^ 1523 (height, 35.5 cm.) ; Gules, on
three mountains or (according to others vert), an open golden door
(according to some, with a silver roof). The tilting-helmet, with
mantling of gules and or and with a wreath of the same, bears as
crest between two wings or (some say argent) a demi-ne^ro without
arms, habited gnles, faced with or, and wearing a pointed cap gules,
the brim turned np or. The assertion that the Emperor Maxi-
milian I. made a grant of these arms to Diirer in 151 2 lacks
historical proof.
Fig. 4. Arms of the Warren von Eogendorf, 1520 (lieight, 62.5 cm.) :
Quarterly, i and 4, azure, on an embattled wall a star of six points
or (Rogendorf) ; 2 and 3, argent, on three mounds vert, superimposed
422
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in bend a lion mounting gules, crowned or (Wildliaus. Margaretha
V. Wildliaus, died 1492, was the wife of Kaspar v. Eogendorf, died
Fig. 1023. — From Diirer's Ehi-enpforte des Kaisers Maximilian I.
1506). The famOy came originally from Marburg in Styria.
Crest : a demi-lion as in the arms, between two horns per fess
embattled azure and or, and issuant therefrom peacock's feathers.
H. S.
A. Diirer, 1520 (25.5 cm. high). The shield shows a fess between
three lions' (or leopards') heads crowned. Crest : a demi-lion
crowned. Near the coat of arms, moreover, is the badge of some
society or order, viz. a flower-pot, held by two hands, within a
border of clouds.
Fig. 4. Arms of Stcplmn Bosinua^ Canon (or prebendary) of Passau.
School of A. Diirer, 1 520-1 525 (height about 25 cm.) : Dimidiated
per bend in chief an eagle displayed, and in base on a fess one (or
more) roses. Above the helmet is the crest, viz. : on a crown an
eagle displayed, charged on each of tlie wings with a fess and rose
as in the arms.
Fig. 1024 at the side shows the "Alliance Escutcheon" of the
Niirnberg families of Scheiirl and Tucker, and this also is a piece
of work which belongs to the school of Albrecht Diirer. To the
dexter appear the arms of Sclieurl, viz. : Gules, a panther argent,
and for the crest a demi-animal as in the arms. On the sinister are
HlCSCHEVRUNfl SimilVCHERINilQ SIQN3 REFVLGENT
Qy^E DOCTOR 6EM1N1 SCHEVRLE EgBENTJS M^BES
PLATE XCIV
Fig. 1024.
ALBKECHT DURER AND HIS SCHOOL
Fig. I. Arms of Hector Pomer, the last prefect of St. Lawrenct's,
in Niirnberg. (Died January 7, 1541.) By A. Diirer; engraved
by R[osch Hieronymus] A[nno] 1525. (Height, 29.5 cm.) This
engraving was used as a bookplate (ex lihris). The arms are :
Quarterly, i and 4 (St. Lawrence), gules, a ^Tidiron argent ;
2 and 3 (Pbmer), per bend in chief bendy gules and argent, in base
sable. Crest : a demi-moor without arms, habited in gules, the
hood argent, and wreathed gules and argent. St. Lawrence appears
as a supporter with the instrument of his martyrdom, the gridiron.
In the four corners various ancestral arms are introduced ; at the
top to the dexter Pomer, and to the sinister Rummel : Or, two hens
addorsed sable, combed and wattled gules. At the base are the
following arms : on the dexter side, Schmidmair : Per bend or and
gules, three roses in bend countercharged. On the sinister side
Ferhnaister : Azure, the heads and necks of two geese conjoined
and addorsed argent.
Fig. 2. Arms of Johann Stabiits (Imperial Historian, Poet and
Mathematician). He was born in Austria, and taught mathe-
matics in Vienna. He \vas living in 1512 at Niirnberg, and
died 1522. By A. Diirer, 1521 (27.5 cm. high) : Or, an eagle ^ules.
The helmet, which has a mantling of gules and or, bears as crest
upon an arch ducal crown an eagle as in the arms.
Fig. 3. A coat of arms with lions' heads (family unknown) by
the arms of Ttt^her^ which are ; Per fess in chief bendy of six sable
and argent, and in base or, the head and slioulders of a negro.
Crest : a demi-negro habited or, the habit continuing into the
helmet mantling of or and sable, and in place of arms two buffalo's
horns erect, each tierced in fess or, sable, and argent, H. S.
PLATE xcv
ALBRECHT DtJEER AND HIS SCHOOL
Fig. I. represents the arms of the Niirnberg councUlor Michael
Beliaim, and is by A. Diirer, being executed about 1509. The
Behaims of Schwarzbach (who were a Bavarian famOy) bore : On a
field per pale argent and gules, a bend sinister wavy sable. Crest :
on a wreath an eagle or sparrow-hawk rising argent, ducally gorged.
Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 2. Arms of Jolutnn Tschertte (Imperial Architect and Bridge-
builder at Vienna), by A. Diirer, 1521 : A satyr blowing a horn
(in Bohemian, Cert or Czeit), with two hounds in leash : in the
dexter canton a waning moon (or a decrescent) enclosing a human
face. Tlie tilting-helm bears as crest a demi-satyr, with horn and
leash, between two buifalo's horns.
423
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 3. Arms of Kress von Kressenstein. (The family came from
Kressenstein, between Eger and Asch.) (Diirer's school) : Gules,
a sword in bend or, hilt downwards. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : out of a crown, a bearded man's head, shoulders,
and body, without arms, liabited in gules, fastened at the neck
with two buttons argent, wearing a cap sable, the brim turned up
ermine. The man holds with two fan,i,'S of the lower jaw a sword
in fess, point to the dexter or, and behind the leaves of the crest
coronet, and above the brim of the caj) are placed five peacock's
feathers alternately large and small, which the Elress family
received as an armorial augmentation from Charles V. at Augsburg,
July 15, 1530.
Fig. 4. Arms of Johann Seglcer. (His seat was at Messen-
bach, near Lambrechten, in Upper Austria.) (School of Dtirer) ;
Azure, a ship or, without masts. Mantling azure and or. Crest :
issuing from a crown on a mast azure, a sail argent, distended
by the wind to the sinister, and flying from the mast a streamer
or pennon argent, charged witli a saltire gules.
Fig. 5. "Alliance" coat of arms of the Scheurl and, Geiidei-
families (Christopher Scheurl married Sabine Gender in 1560).
Diirer's school, probably dating between 1513 and 1535. On a
quatrefoil design are the two shields placed accoU^, and in the
four outer interstices are shields for the arms of the four grand-
parents, though three of these are blank. Scheurl : Gules, a panther
argent. Crest : a demi-panther as in the arms. (See Plate XXXV.
Fig. 5.) Gender : Azure, a triangular facetted stone argent, at each
corner a six-pointed star argent.
Fig. 6. represents the arms of the ArchduJce Charles of Austria
(afterwards Charles V.). Diirer's school (24 cm. high). The many-
quartered shield is surrounded by the collar of the Order of the
Golden Fleece, and surmounted by the old Archducal cap. The
shifld-quarterings as here given are marshalled in a peculiar
manner. On the honour point is an iiiescutcheon quartered with
the arms of Austria, Burgundy, Tyrol, and Flanders. The shield
behind is divided per pale and again per pale, in each case a point
being introduced at the base. Field I. contains the old Hungarian
coat; II. Bohemia; ill. Quartered, Castile, Leon, Styria, and
Carinthia ; lY. Quartered, Ari-agon with Granada_, Sicily, Carniola,
and Gorz introduced ; V. Burgau and Swabia in the curved point
Ffirt ; VI. Upper Alsatia (Alsace) and Kyburg, in the curved
point Cilli. The point is divided twice, and shows the arms of
Upper and Lower (Old) Austria and the Wend March territory.
H. S.
PLATE XCVI
COATS OF ARMS BY GERMAN ARTISTS
{First half of the Sixteenth Century)
Fig. I. Arms of Johann Vergenhans (alias Nau^lerus), first Hector
of the University of Tiibingen (died about 15 10), printed in his
MemwaMliurn omnis setatis chroni4:a commentarii, 15 16. Artist
unknown. The arms show the chronicler seated at the rudder,
two negroes working the ship. As crest we have a negro issuing
from a coronet adorned with a fillet, and holding oars in his hands.
Fig. 2. Arms of Sehastia7i (?) von Fegersheim, of an old Strassburg
family. This example is by ffaris Baldunij or " Grien," who was born
about 1475 at Weyersheim, near Strassburg, and died in 1545 at
Strassburg. He made many sketches for the heraldic decoration of
glass windows. The shield shows the arms : Gules, a fess or, within a
bordure argent. As crest : the crowned helmet bears a red pointed
hat, ending in a golden knob. Mantling gules and or. (The golden
fess on the hat, and the peacock's tail issuing out of the knob on
the hat, with which in other cases the arras of the Fei^ersheims are
always depicted, are not shown in this sketch.) In 1627, witli Cas-
par von Fegersheim, the family btcame extinct. They were of the
same stock and bore the same arms as the Herren von Rathsam-
hausen and the Weissbrotlins, who are also extinct. The "Weiss-
brotlins bore the same shield ; the Rathsamhausens had other
tinctures, bearing : Argent, a fess vert, within a bordure gules.
Fig. 3. Arms of Bmtus von Dunzenhcimy Magistrate of Strass-
burg. The sketch bears under the arms the inscription: "Bath
von Duntzenheim, 1542. Drawn by Hans Baldung, called Grien."
The shield shows the arms following, namely : Sable, a fess
between three roses argent, seeded or. The helmet has a mantling
of sable and argent, and the crest is two ass's ears sable. The
architectural setting of the arms which appears in the original is
here omitted. One branch of this family, which became extinct
in the last years of the sixteenth century, bore these arms with
difi^erent tinctures, viz. : Gules, a fess between three roses argent,
and in the crest the ears were one argent and one gules. Tne
mantling was gules and argent.
Fig. 4. Arms of Dr. Peter Apianns (properly Benneioitz), Geo-
grapher and Astronomer, and also an Imperial Count Palatine,
1540. This was drawn by Michael fMendorfer^ draughtsman and
painter at Regensburg, who died 1559- The shield shows the
arms : Or, within a circular wreath nebuly argent and azure
(probably an orle of clouds), a double-headed eagle sable, with each
head adorned with a nimbus. The helmet, which is crowned and
accompanied with a mantling sable and or, has thereupon as the
crest the device of the shield.
Fig, 5. Arms of King Siegmund August (Sigismund Augustus) of
Poland (i 548-1572), the last of the Jagiellos. By an unknown
artist. The illustration is taken from a woodcut in a Mainz book
printed about 1550. The arms are as follows; Argent, the Royal
eagle of Poland displayed gules, armed and crowned or, interlaced
round its body with the king's monogram. The curious arrange-
ment also found its way into the arms of the Duchy of Prussia,
in vassalage to Poland, and may still be seen in a similar form
in the Royal Arms of Prussia.
Fig. 6. Arms of 0. Brunfels, author of the Contrafayt Kr^uterhwrh,
which was issued at Strassburg in 1532 (25.6 cm. high). This de-
sign was probably drawn by Hans Weyditz (Guiditius), of whom
nothing further is known than his co-operation in the work of
Bnmfels. The shield shows a bend, and for the crest a pair of
wings each charged with the arms.
Fig. 7 — arms of Hans WUhehn von Louhemhergk (Laubenberg) of
Wagegg — is from an engraved portrait from Apianns' Instrumenten-
hucii, r 533, which the author dedicated to Laubenberg. The drawing
must have been by Hans Brosamer, who was born at Fulda 1506,
and died at Erfurt 1552. The arms are: Gules, three linden-
leaves in bend argent. The barred helmet has as crest between
two wings, the one gules and the other ardent, a pointed hat gules,
with a turned-up brim argent, and on the top a golden button.
Tlie mantling is gules and argent. The shield is covered with a
magnificent Renaissance diapering. H. S.
PLATE XCVIl
COATS OF ARMS BY GERMAN ARTISTS
(First half of the Sixteenth Century)
Fig. I. Arms of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. These were drawn
and engraved by Jeronymus (Hieronymus) Hopfer^ a copperplate
engraver at Augsburg, in 1 520. The shield shows the arms : Argent,
a snake azure, crowned or, devouring a human figure gules.
Fig. 2. A shield with a horse bridled and salient to the sinister.
This also was drawn and engraved by /. Hopfer. Both these coats
are to be found engraved (with twenty-two others) on one plate.
Fig. 3. Arms of Wolfstein, engraved by /. Hopfer. The arms are ;
Or, two lions passant in pale gules. The mantling is of sable and
or, and the crest is a wolfs head and neck sable continuing into the
mantling, and holding in its jaws a lamb or.
Fig. 4. Arms of Goler von Ravensburg (Rabensberg) of Frankfurt-
on-Maine, engraved by /. Hopfer. The shield shows the arms to be :
Argent, a raven rising sable. The crest is a demi-swan issuant, the
wings addorsed and seme of linden-leaves. (In Siebmacher's Book
of Arms, on the other hand, the raven is crowned, and the crest is a
demi-raven issuant sable, crowned and with a gold comb on the
back, this having peacock's feathers.) The mantling is sable and
argent.
Fig. 5 shows an imaginary coat of arms engraved by Haiis Sehald
Behani in 1544. He was a painter and copperplate engraver, was
born in 1500 (?) at Ntirnberg, and died at Frankfurt-on-Maine in
1550. The coat of arms bears a bantering inscription which
signifies, " By God's Grace Herr von Know not where settled in a
mean village." On the shield appears a lion rampant, and on the
helmet, wings.
Fig. 6. Arms of Hans SehaW Beham, 1544, engraved by himself.
The shield shows a chevron in point embowed between three
inescutcheons. Crest : two buffalo's horns, each charged with a
fess. The inescutcheons represent the badge of an artist (see Plate
CXXIl.). The inscription runs: "Seboldt Beham von Nvrmberg
Maler iecz wonhafter Burger zu Frankfurt" (Seboldt Beham of
Nlirnberg, Painter, now resident Burgher of Frankfurt).
Figs. 7 and 8 are imaginary arms devised by Hans Sebald Beluim^
1 543. The one bears the inscription : " Wer mich will hon, der
nem mich on" ("Who will have me, let him take me"), and
shows an eagle on the shield ; and as crest, an ostrich feather
between two bouquetin's horns. The other bears the inscription :
"A coat of arms for a seal " (" Ein Wapen zv einem Sigel "), and shows
a cock on the shield ; and for crest, a cock between two buffalo's
horns. Botli coats of arms are exquisitely finished examples of
heraldic engraving.
Fig. g. Arms of Johannts Saga7ita (1550), by Havs Burgkmair the
younger, of Augsburg, born iti 1 500, died 15 59. The shield is ; Party
per fess in chief or, a demi-double headed eagle displayed sable, with
the nimbus of the German Empire ; and the base, argent, a bend
gules, between in chief three birds vert and in base three toothed
sickles azure. Crest : the lieads and necks of two demi-snakes,
entwined and addorsed and issuing from a crown. The mantling is
hung with bells at the ends.
424
PLATE CXXXV.
FIGURES OF KING ROBERT BRUCE AND HIS SECOND QUEEN.
From a MS. in the Advocates' Library in Edinburgh.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. lo. Arms of the Altensteigs in Swabia, by Hans Barqkmair
the younger : Or, a saltii-e gules, over all an eagle displayed sable,
crowned or. The mantling is sable and or, and the crest, out of a
crown, a demi-eagle as in the arms, charged with a saltire gules.
Fig. 1025, which follows, was drawn by Rans Bm-gkmair the elder,
1473-1531, the father of the preceding. It shows Maximilian 1.
-MAXIMILIANVS-
seated on a throne, and at his feet an armorial shield, and thereupon
the Imperial eagle (with one head), bearing on its breast a shield con-
ta,iiiing the arms of Old Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, New Austria,
Old Burgundy, Styria, and Carinthia. Over the throne is siis-
pended Maximilian's badge or pictorial device ; between an Imperial
globe and a pomegranate, a wheel, with many knives attached to
it, referring to the many dangers to which he was exposed during
his life., (Usually this device will be found accompanied by the
motto : "Per tot discrimina.") The design is taken from a series of
pages on the "Genealogy of Maximilian." If the eagle in the coat
of arms of the Altensteigs is compared with that in Fig. 13, it will
be easily recognised that it is hardly possible to distinguish the
work of the two Burgkmairs.
Fig. II. Arms f)f Leo7i/iard Beckh von Bechstein (Beckenstein) of
Augsburg, 1544. Artist unknown. The shield is quarterly:
Fig. 1026. — The Arms of the Freiberren von Rindscheit.
I and 4, or, a goat sable, crowned ; 2 and 3, gules, a ]:ioint through-
out argent, three roses counterchanged. The dexter helmet has for
the crest, issuing from a crown, a demi-goat as in the arms, whilst
the crest upon the sinister helmet is a pair of wings issuing from a
crown, and each charged with the arms as in the t-econd and third
quarters. The mantlings are sable and or, nnd gules ami avent
respectively. "
^ Fig. 12. Anns of JFolf ReckUnger of Augsburg. Artist unknown.
Tlie shield is quarterly, the arms being : i and 4, azure, two points in
base argent, each surmounted by a rose, and another rose similarly
placed in base, all counterchanged ; 2 and 3, per pale argent and
sable, a fess dancette counterchanged. The shield is surmounted by
two helmets, each crowned. The crest upon ihe dexter is a pea-
cock's tail between two buffalo's horns azure, each showing a point
anient, surmounted by a rose, the dexter mantling being azure and
Fig. 1027.-
-The Arms of the Freiherren von Pogel of Eeiffenstein
and Aarberg.
argent. The crest upon tlie sinister helmet is a p.iir of wings, each
charged with the arms as in the 2nd and 3rd quarters. The sinister
mantling is sable and argent.
Figs. 1026 and 1027 are other very excellent and characteristic
examples of arms by German artists at about this period.
H. S.
PLATE XCVIII
EXAMPLES FROM THE ROLL OF ARMS OF THE
GESCHLECHTERGESELLSOHAFT "ZUR KATZE" IN
CONSTANCE
(1547)
The Meetings of the Patricians (the so-called honourable burghers,
probi cives) of the old, free city of Constance, on the Bodensee (Lake
of Constance), in whose hands was the government of the town,
were held in the old " Amlungsgasse," in the house '^' Zur Katze "
{i.e. at the sign of the Cat). Hence also the name of the Society.
In the year 1424 the Society sold their house to the Jew Abraham,
and purchased a new one in the Munstergasse (now Katzgasse No. 3),
to which the old name was transferred.
When in the year 1548 the town lost its freedom, the privileges of
the "Katze'^ also vanished. But when in the years immediately
following, the " Katze " brotherhood gradually resuscit-ated itself
once more, its political r61e had for ever finished. In course of
time the j^reater number of the families were ennobled, a part of
them died out, the other part was merged amongst the burghers, till,
at the end of the eighteenth century, the Society had completely
disappeared. In 1821 the house came into the possession of the
firm of Pecht, whose lithographic establishment is now settled in
the " Katze " house.
Two parchment rolls are in existence (both 63 cm. high by 75 cm.
broad), on which 153 coats of arms of the f;nnilies belonging to the
"Katze" in 1547 have been recorded, and both are now in the pos-
session of the town of Constance (Rosgartenmuseum). The contours
of the shields, the helmets, and the mantlings are drawn as if from
the same pattern, but only the first roll is completely finished ; on
425
3h
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the second only a few coats of aims are entered. The historian
Christophi^r Schultheiss asserts that in the year 1546 Michael von
Schwarzach (Fig. 102S) (SchwarzacU in Voi-arlberg) collected the
Fig. 102S.
arms of the Herren, of the Katze, and entered them in a book,
which collection probably served as a model for ihe rolls. The
first roll also shows the device of the Society (Fig. 1029) : Azure, a
Fin. 1029.
cat arj^ent, armed and crowned gold. On the white banner of the
supporter the black cross of Constance appe;irs.
Fig. I. Schwartzen: Or, a cock's head erased sable, combed and
wattled gules, the ears argent. Crest : a cock's head and neck as
in the arms, pierced by a yoke or, this being crowned on both sides,
and within the crowns bunches of cock's feathers sable. Mantling
sable and or.
Fig. 2. Von Niederwyh : Argent, on a mount in front of a tree
vert, an ass passant argent. Crest : the same device. Mantling
^-ert and argent.
Fig. 3. Von Kriltzlingen : Party per fess gules and or, in chief a
star of six points or, and in base a point sable. Crest : a bird's
head and neck argent, habited in a red cloth and gorged with a
belled collar or, on the head yellow curly hair bound round with a
red kerchief. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 4. Speclcer: Argent, a wyvern sable, vomiting fire, the feet,
legs, and unilerpurt of tlie ear gules. Crest : a demi-wyvern as in
the arms, but without wings. Mantling sable and argent. (On a
seal of "Cunrat Speker" of 1382 the same device appears.)
Fig. 5. Schwartzen unter den Suleii : Sable, an eagle displayed or.
Crest : a wing-shaped screen or fan sable charged with an eagle as
in the arms. Mantling sable and or.
Fig. 6. Bettwinger : Party per pale "Kursch"and gules. Crest:
a man's head and shoulders argent, crined or, habited and with a
cap per pale as the field, crined or. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 7. Hafen : Or, an earthen vessel {grapeii) azure. Crest : an
earthen vessel as in the arms. Mantling or and azure. (Hug der
Hafen, Stadtamnian [Magistrate] of Constance, bore the same figure
on his shield in 1350.)
Fig. 8. Von Rof : Argent, a devil's (?) head sable, armed and
langued gules, crowned or. Crest : a devil's head as in the arms,
and shoulders habited argent. {Heinrich von Hoff bore the same
arms on his seal in 141 1. ) Possibly the head may be that of a bull.
Fig. 9. Von Uoggioyl : Gyronny of eight argent and gules. Crest ;
a bolster or cushion of the arms, the two corners ending in a ball or
tassel or, and issuing from each a cock's feather sable. Mantling
gules and argent. (Ulrich von Roggwile bore the same shield upon
his seal in 1372.)
Fig. 10. Ueberlinger : Party per bend nebuly, in chief argent and
in base per fess gules and azure. Crest : the bead and neck of a
greyhound argent, about the neck a hood, gules and azure. Mant-
ling ardent. (In Siebmacher's old Wappenbucli V. Bd. fol. 192, two
shields of the Ueberlingers are given, the one party nebuly azure
and argent, and argent and gules.)
Fig. II. Schmijigg (Schantingen) ; Argent, si,x mounts vert, in-
fiamed proper and enibrasst^. Crest : the device as in the arms.
Mantling argent.
Fig. 12. Ma^gugg : Argent, on three mounds issuing in base or,
two "f "-shaped twigs gules. Crest; a demi-man habited gules,
crined or, holding his eyes wide open with his hands. Mantling
gules and argent.
Fig. 13. Rulu: Argent, a lion rampant azure. Crest: attached to
the ears and scalp gules, two stag's atiires argent, each tine adorned
with bunches of cock's feathers sable. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 14. Im Turn: Party per bend or and gules, a bend connter-
changed. Crest : a dog's head and shoulders argent, habited as the
arms, the hood or, the face surrounded by a fringed border gules.
Mantling or and gules.
Fig. 15. A-ppentegger : Argent, the head of a stag-beetle couped
gules. Crest : the same device. Mantling argent.
Fig. 16. Fryg : Party jjer pale sable and argent, two scythe-blades
counterchanged, points downwards. Crest : an indenled scythe- ■
blade argent, adorned on tlie back with three cock's leathers sable.
Mantling sable and argent.
Fig. 17. Blaurer (Blarer) : Argent, a cock gules. Crest : a cock's
head and neck gules. Mantling gules and argent. (Konrad Blaurer,
Platzvogt, of Constance, displayed this device on his seal in 1538.
The Blaurers played an important part in the history of Constance.)
Fig. 18. Goldast: Azure, a branch with leaves ur. Crest: i^suing
from a crown azure, a twig as in the arms argent. (Compare Plate
LXXXVIII. Fig. 7.)
Fig. 19. Havenshtirg : Gules, two bends argent, within a bordure
or, masoned compony and counter-compony. [The bordure may be
intended to represent a chain.] Crest : a bearded man's head proper,
crined or, habited bendy as the arms ; on his head a cap argent and
issuing therefrom ostricli feathers gules, ur, and argent ; a chain
terminating in a ring hangs from the neck.
Fig. 20. Siiui : Argent, a garland vert, adorned with roses gules.
Crest: a wing-shaped screen or fan argent, charged with a garland
as in the arms. Mantling argent.
Fig. 21. Hinter Sunt Johnns (this curious name is literally
"Behind St. Jobn''); Gules, a unicorn's head couped argent and
horned sable. Crest : a unicorn's head as in the arms. Mantling
argent and sable.
Fig. 1028. Von Schwarmch: Argent, on a pale wavy sable, three
fishes naiant of the field. Crest : on a wing-sliaped screen the same
device. (On seals of 15 14 and 1563 the same device occurs, but
instead of the wing-shaped screen, real wings are made use of to
carry tbe device.)
The arms from both parchment rolls have been reproduced on a
sciile of four-fifths their natural size.
H. S.
426
PLATE CXXXVI.
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THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATES XCIX., C, AND CI.
"PRINCE ARTHUR'S BOOK"
Amongst the manuscripts in the English College of
Arms, which is peculiarly rich in examples of heraldic art
of the Tudor period, is a book which is always known as
"Prince Arthur's Book." The tradition is that it was
expressly made for the purpose of teaching the laws of
armory, together with the arms in use in England, to
Arthur, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King Henry
A^II. It is a large folio volume on vellum, partaking
somewhat of the character of an " ordinary," The arms
of most families of importance in England and of many
of the principal personages of Europe are duly emblazoned
in the volume. In speaking of the tradition connected
with this MS., Mr. G. W. Eve remarks in his " Decor-
ative Heraldry": "Prepared for so distinguished a
purpose under the direction, perhaps by the hand of,
Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Wallingford Pursuivant to
Prince Arthur, and afterwards Garter King of Arms and
Secretary to Henry VIII., it is of exceptional interest as
a fine and careful work." Mr. Eve further remarks that
" the Prince's own arms impaled with those of Katharine
of Arragon fittingly appear on its first page, and these fix
the date of its production as 1 501-2. It is not, however,
all of that period, for it is clear from internal evidence
that it was added to from time to time during the first
half of the century, but the style throughout is to a large
extent the same." Whilst the accuracy of the tradition
concerning the MS. in no way affects any estimate of
its value from an artistic point of view (upon which basis
it is properly judged to be one of the finest pieces of
heraldic emblazonment now in existence), I am by no
means certain that this tradition of its origin, which is
generally accepted and which Mr. Eve repeats, is the
correct one. The MS., as a note inside the cover states,
was given and bequeathed to the Heralds' College by
Ralph Sheldon in 1684. That, of course^ definitely settles
the point that it is not an oflBcial MS., and it leaves its
origin a matter open for speculation ; for it must be very
evident that it had been in private custody for some con-
siderable period before it passed into the possession of
the College of Arms. Its name " Prince Arthur's Book "
is probably a modern description taken from the fact that
the painting on the first page bears the name "Prince
Arthur." This, however, needs some little consideration.
The painting as it at present stands exhibits the Royal
Arms of France and England quarterly, differenced by a
plain label of three points argent impaled with the coat
of Katharine of Arragon. The dexter supporter is the
guardant lion of England (here represented as proper and
not gold, as later it is more frequently found) with a similar
label, the sinister supporter being an eagle sable. The
name which is written above it is very evidently no part
of the original design, and is manifestly a later insertion,
as are many other manuscript notes which are to be met
with throughout the volume. For instance the mottoes
of some number of the peers are added to their supporters.
These mottoes are palpably later additions, and are in the
same handwriting as is the name " Prince Arthur."
If the painting upon the first page be carefully scrutin-
ised, it becomes clearly apparent that the shield loas
origiTudly surmounted by the Royal crovMi of England.
The cap and the arches of the crown have been deliber-
ately painted out, so as to leave remaining no more than
the simple circlet of crosses patee and fleurs-de-lis which
at the present day we should term the coronet of a
younger son of the Sovereign. I know of no other in-
stances where this coronet is heraldically assigned as a
coronet of rank at that period to the Prince of Wales,
though it is not unlikely that it was the one used by him.
It certainly appears in connection with the ostrich feather
badge. Therefore the original appearance of the cap
and arches of the crown shows clearly that the paint-
ing was originally made as an emblazonment of the arms
of King Henry VIII. and Queen Katharine. Throughout
the book there are various little instances, for example
the defacement of the cardinals' hats in some cases,
which lead one to the certain conclusion that the book
has been "gone over" at a later period by some one
" with views," and corrected in accordance therewith.
There are two reasons which may account for the
alteration having been made. It may have been a
conscientious protest against what many did and do
consider to have been the incestuous marriage of King
Henry, and that some one for that reason has deliberately
tried to convert the impaled arms of Henry VIII. and
Queen Katharine into the achievement of Prince Arthur,
of the legality of whose marriage with Katharine of
Arragon there never was any doubt. But there is
another reason, which perhaps is the more likely to have
been correct. Accusations of treason were lightly made
but ruthlessly punished in King Henry's reign, and the
execution of Sir Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, for the
treason contained in the use of those arms of St. Edward
the Confessor the right to bear which had been granted
to his ancestor, must have come to many people as a
sharp reminder of the possibilities of treason which might
lie hidden in a coat of arms. After the divorce of Queen
Katharine it is quite possible that the owner of the
manuscript, fearing he might lose his head by the owner-
ship or exhibition of the painting, altered the coat so
that it would suit Prince Arthur, for the same brush
which painted out the arches and the cap in the Royal
crown over the shield also painted out the arches and
cap in the crown on the lion supporter, and added to
that supporter and to the quarterly coat of France and
England a white label. Having painted out the dis-
tinctive portions of the crowns and painted in the labels,
the same hand perhaps has written in " Prince Arthur," so
that there should be no doubt on the point. But had the
book been originally intended for Prince Arthur, and had
it been the intention to put his name at the beginning,
we should not have found it scribbled in in small letters,
but properly illuminated, and the fact that the coat of
arms has been mtt out from a larger sheet and pasted on
to another only adds to the probability that the original
inscription bore the name of King Henry. Prince Arthur,
who was born in i486, was created Prince of Wales in
1489, so that he would never have been known as " Prince
Arthur " except in his early infancy ; certainly not during
the period after his marriage to Katharine of Arragon.
We should have found his name as Arthur, Prince of
Wales, and the description of the arms as those of
" Prince Arthur " was simply intended to emphasise the
fact that they belonged to him and not to the next
Prince of Wales, who eventually succeeded as Heniy VIII.
If the foregoing conclusions of mine are correct, the
volume must date between the years 1509 and 1533-
This point, however, has little concern with the value of
the MS. as a most valuable artistic monument of Tudor
armorial handicraft. As such it will be difficult ever to
rival, though it should be added that an appreciable
proportion of the emblazonment is by no means of equal
value with the finer work of the remainder, upon which a
judgment of the MS. is usually founded. As is so often
found to be the case in these early Rolls of Arms, many of
the coats of arms in it are purely fictitious, and it should be
noted that the MS. is not an official "record." But the
better portion of the work is a superlative example of
that high type of excellence both in design and execution
which characterised go much of the heraldic art of the
427
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Tudor period. Mr. C. H. Atliill, F.S.A., Richmond
Herald, has been kind enough to have certain of the
arms and other paintings copied, and has certified these
copies for me, and it is through his kindness that they
are reproduced in this volume.
On Plate XCIX. are reproduced a series of shields selected
as typical from those throughout the volume. These are : —
I. Argent, a'lion rampant azure, " Mods'' water Faucon-
10. Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or,over all
an escarbuncle azure. ('' The brother to the King." This
is probably intended for a bastardised version of the Royal
Arms, but it has not been possible to identify the owner.)
11. vSable, a saltire flory argent, between four lions
passant guardant or. (Here this coat is ascribed to
Pykot, but elsewhere [see Plate LXXXVI.] it appears as
the arms of Ayne.)
fe^^ f/ ^J"9
nnovxRi,
£
Hens
Fig. 1030.
Fig. 1031.
Fig. 1032.
Fig. 1033.
berge." The ownership of these arms is somewhat of a
mystery. Walter, Lord Fauconberg (the last lord of his
name) died in 1407. These are not the real arms of
Fauconberg, but the coat of Bruce, a quartering which
the Lords Fauconberg had inherited, and which they
appear to have frequently substituted for their own.
2. Or, a lion rampant double-queued sable (the Lord
de Welles).
3. Vert, a lion rampant guardant argent (Mons' Richard
de Shirburne).
4. Sable, two lions passant in pale paly of six argent
and gules (Sir James Strangwayes).
12. Argent, a fess nebuly sable, between three lozenges
gules, in the centre chief point a lion passant azure
(Robert Thorne).
1 3. Or, a double-headed eagle displayed sable (" The
Emperor.")
14. Gules, an eagle displayed barry of six or and vert,
langued azure (Coche).
15. Gules, on a fess engrailed or, between three boars'
heads couped argent, a mullet sable (Judde).
16. Azure, five fusils conjoined in fess argent, in chief
a label of as many points gules, and on the centre fusil a
crescent for difference sable (Dautrey).
■c<yYMA
-^ijfcfjjc.
FlG. 1034.
035-
Fig. 1036.
5. Gules, a lioQ statant argent (le S. de Shasta de
halghton).
6. Argent, a lion statant guardant gules (le S. de
Querleton).
7. Gules, a lion rampant guardant double-queued or
(Earl of Teyne).
8. Barry of ten argent and azure, a gryphon segreant
or (Sir John Ryseley).
9. Vert, a bicorporated lion sejant guardant within a
bordure engrailed argent (Attewater).
Fig. 1030. Barry wavy of six ermine and gules, on a
chevron between three "crevices" (crayfish) or, a rose
between two lilies stalked and leaved (William Att-
water, Dean of the Chapel Royal and of Sarum).
Fig. 1 03 1. (William of the Spicery.)
Fig. 1032. (Mons'' Amand Routhe.)
Fig, 1033. (Lucas.)
Figs. 1034, 1035, and 1036 are reproductions of crests
taken from a series depicted in the volume, these being,
however, strikingly fewer in number than the shields.
428
PLATE CXXXVII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 1034. On a wreath argent and gules, a demi-eagle
displayed vert, armed gules (Monthermer, Earl of Glou-
cester). The mantling is vert, lined with argent.
Fig. 1 03 5 . Out of a coronet or, an ostrich's head and wings
proper, holding in the beak gules (?) a carpenter's brace
and bit. The real crest holds a horse-shoe. The mantling
is azure lined with ermine (the King of Hungary).
Fig. 1036. On a wreath argent and sable, a dexter arm
embowed, habited in fur and tied with a ribbon argent, hold-
ing in the hand proper a lion's gamb erased sable, armed
gules. The mantling is gules, lined argent (Dunstanville,
Lord and Baron of Castlecombe).
Plate C. represents a curious decorative development
of heraldry in Tudor times. In such designs the sup-
porters, which are represented singly, are each depicted
supporting a banner. It was exceptional at that period
for the two supporters to differ. The instances chosen
for reproduction are as follows : —
I. "Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or," the arms on a banner
surmounted by a crown and supported by " a stag argent.
^^c Swc oft
axf'ic.K
Fig. 1037.
gorged with a coronet and winged, the inside of the wings
azure, seme-de-lis or" (the arms of the Realm of
France). The supporters of France are usually stated to
be angels, and it would be of no little interest to ascertain
the authority for this variation.
2. A banner per pale of blue and murrey (the livery
colours of the Duke of York — Edward IV.), charged with his
badge of a silver falcon within an open fetterlock of gold.
The banner is supported by the white lion of March.
3. A banner per pale, the dexter gules, two keys in
saltire argent, surmounted by a Eoyal crown or (the arms
of the See of York) ; the sinister sable, on a cross engrailed
argent, a lion passant guardant gules, between four
leopards' faces azure, on a chief or, a rose of the third,
between two Cornish choughs of the first, armed also of
the third. The banner-staff is surmounted by a cross,
and the banner by a scarlet cardinal's hat, though it may
be noticed that the tassels are fewer in number than
would now be the case. (Refer to the chapter on
Episcopal Heraldry.) The arms are, of course, those of
Cardinal Wolsey ("the lord thomas Wulcy "), Legate of the
Lateran. Archbishop of York, and Chancellor of England.
The fact that they are accompanied by a supporter is of
singular interest, though it would be of much advantage
if it were known whether the supporter belongs to the
princely rank of a cardinal, to the Archiepiscopal See of
York, or was personal to Cardinal Wolsey. The sup-
porter in question is a griffin per fess gules and argent,
armed and winged or, holding in the dexter claw a mace
or (presumably that of the Lord Chancellor).
4. The fourth figure upon this plate is even yet more
quaint. The arms upon the banner are : Sable, a chevron
engrailed argent between three plates, each charged with
a pallet gules. The arms are surmounted by the chief of
the Order of St. John, and the staff carries the double
ecclesiastical cross. The crest (on a wreath argent and
azure, a demi-lion rampant double-queued sable, gutte-
d'or, holding in the dexter paw a pallet as in the arms) is
made to answer the purpose of a supporter, although it
had no such intrinsic character. It is nevertheless a
quaint and pleasing example of artistic design. It will be
noticed that the wreath is not of the livery colours, but
that the banner is fringed with them — a very usual practice.
Fig. 103S.
The arms and crest are those of Sir Thomas Dockwra,
the last English Prior of the Knights of St. John.
The next figure (Fig. 1037) is a banner of the arms of
the Duke of Suffolk (Sir Charles Brandon, KG.), viz.:
Quarterly, i. and iiii., barry of ten argent and gules, a lion
rampant (sometimes represented queue - fourch^) or,
crowned per pale of the second and first (for Brandon) ;
ii. and iii., quarterly I and 4, azure, a cross moline or
(for Briiyn) ; 2 and 3, lozengy gules and ermine (for
Rokeley). The banner is surmounted by a coronet of
rank, an unusual circumstance at this period, and is sup-
ported by a falcon with wings displayed and inverted
argent, standing on a small bird of the same. As will be
seen from Fig. 931, which represents the arms of the
Duke as they appear on his seal, this drawing in " Prince
Arthur's book" differs from the usually accepted version
of the Brandon arms, which makes the lion queue-
fourche, and which makes the dexter supporter a lion or,
crowned per pale argent and gules, gorged with a plain
collar azure, the studs and chain of the last.
Fig. 1038 is a banner showing the badge of the sun in
splendour of King Richard II., supported by another of
his badges, the hart ducally gorged and chained.
429
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Plate CI. and Figs. 1039 and 1040 in the test are also
reproduced from "Prince Arthur's Book," and are from a
series of heraldic drawings illustrative of the snccessive
Royal badges. It should be carefully noted that these do
not represent either arms or banners, but are merely draw-
ings of badges arranged (presumably for artistic reasons)
within parallelograms, each badge presumably depicted on
the livery colours with which it was displayed. The one
penbuchlein of Virgil Soils, Niirnberg, 1555. [Recently republished
by Georg Hirtli in his Liebhaberbibliothelc alter Ulnstrat or cii (IsHmich,
1886)]. The tinctures are indicated by letters inserted by Virgil
Solis himself. Kingdom of Germanm : Or, an eagle displayed sable,
with the head set in a nimbus. Crest : an Imperial orb resting in
the coronet. Mantling sable and or. Kingdom of Hungary : Party
per pale, the dexter barry of eight argent and gules (old Hungarian
coat of arms), the sinister gules, on three mounds vert a patriarchal
cross argent (new Hungarian coat of arms). Crest : a denii- ostrich
with a horse-shoe in its beak issuing from the helmet crown (com-
FiG. 1039.
Fig. 1040.
figure on Plate CI. sbows the white rose of York en
soleil, the fleurs-de-lis from the Royal Arms, the white
lion of March, and the suns in splendour, all these being
badges used by King Edward IV. The blue and murrey
upon which the badges are depicted were his livery
colours.
The other figure on the same Plate shows the cross of
St. George and the Swan, the latter being a badge derived
from the Bohun family, the wife of Henry IV. being the
heiress of that family.
Fig. 1039 represents on the dexter side the well-
known "sunburst" badge, and the badge of the ostrich
feather.
Pig. 1040 shows the cross of St. George, the crowned
rose of York and Lancaster, the red dragon (of Wales),
the greyhound, the sunburst, and the crowned portcullis
— all these being badges used by Henry VIL The form
of the dragon should be carefully noted. As here de-
picted it may be taken to be the oldest and best form.
The shape of the head and tail and of the claws has
not gained artistically in later developments.
A. C. F-D.
PLATE CTI
ARMORIAL BEARINGS BY GERMAN ARTISTS
{Second, half of the Sixteenth Ge7ittiry)
Fig. I. Coat of arms of the year 1579. Tlie bearer of the arms
and the artist are alike unknown. The mantling and helmet are
peculiarly graceful.
Eigs. 2 and 3. Imaginary arms by Virgil Solis. Virgil Solis,
painter and copperplate engraver, was born at Niirnberg 1514, and
died there on August i, 1562. He was a very prolific artist, execu-
ting much heraldic work of noticeable beauty.
Figs. 4 and 5. "Germania" nud*'Hunger}i" (H.'[mgary)hom the JVap-
pare the crest in Fig. 1035). Mantling gules and argent. In both
these achievements the escutcheon is surrounded by the collar of
the Order of the Golden Fleece.
Fig. 6. Arms of ^^ Erasmvs Rauch<icJmahel" (1562), by Virgil Solis.
The arms are : Gules, issuing from a crown or, a demi-wild man
proper, the face showing the beak {schnabel) of a bird in place of
the nose and month, crowned also or, and carrying a club over his
dexter shoulder. The helmet, which has a mantling of gules and
or, bears the same figure as the crest. As supporters : dexter, a wild
man ; and sinister, a wild woman proper.
Fig. 7. Arms of Bernhard IVunnsei- von Schafftohheim, drawn by
Tobias Stimmer. (Taken from the second part of the book Liber
practicar. observationurn H. Kartmanni ab Eppingen^ printed by
Tliom. Gwarin, Basel, 1570.) Tobias Stimmer, painter and de-
signer, was born at Schaffhausen 1534, and dietl at Strasburg in
the last years of the sixteenth century. The shield is party per
fess sable and or, in chief two crescents argent. The helmet,
which has a mantling of sable and or, bears for crest, out of a
coronet or, a maiden's body, crowned with a like coronet, habited
with the device as in the arms, and in place of her arms two
buffalo's horns erect or. The original coat of arms (granted to
Bernhard Wormser of Strasburg by the Emperor Friedrich IV.,
Rome, April 8, 1452) shows the maiden dressed in black only. The
Schaddtolsheim. line became extinct in 1643.
Fig. 8. Arms of Duke Ulrich II. of Mecklenburg, 1552, drawn by
Lu^<is Granach the younger (properly "Muller," born at Witten-
berg 1 515, died there 1586), a pupil of his celebrated father,
Lucas Granach the elder. The shield is quartered, and charged
with an inesciitcheon. The inescutcheon shows tlie arms of the
Gountship of Sclucerin^ and is here party per fess or and gules (pro-
perly, gules and or). The arms are ; Quarterly, i. or, a bull's head
sable, crowned or, with the skin of the neck erased, and in the nose
a nose-ring argent (for tlie Dulcedom of Mecklenburg); 2. azure, a
griffin segreant or (for the Lordship of Rostock) ; 3. gules, a woman's
arm argent, a cloth tied roimd it of the same and floating, the hand
holding up a gem-ring or, set with a diamond (for the Lordship of
Stargard); 4. or, a bull's head caboshed in bend sable, crowned or
(for the Principality of Wend, Lordship of Werle). The shield is
surmounted by three crowned helmets ; the centre one shows the
crest of the Duchy of Mecklenburg, viz. a fan of peacock's feathers
behind five pointed pales respectively sable, gules, or, azure, and
argent, and within the pales a bull's head sable fesswise. Mantling
sable and or. (Compare Plate XXII. Fig. 19.) The helmet on the
dexter side bears the Schwerin crest — two buffalo's horns party per
fess or and gules. JIantling gules and or. The helmet on the
sinister side carries the Rostock crest, namely : two wings respectively
or and azure. Mantling azure and or. H. S.
430
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE cm
SPECIMENS OF ARMORIAL PAINTINGS IN THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
{Taken from an old Collection in tJie Adelsarchives at Vientui)
The "Adelsarchiv" in the office of the Royal and Imperial
Minister for the Interior contain two volumes of a collection, in
which projected armorial designs from old Government documents
no longer in existence have been cut out and pasted. The first
volume, entitled Wappenhuch /., 39 cm. wide by 41 cm. hiyh, and
containing 335 pages, consists of paintings of the sixteenth century.
The coats of arms are those submitted for approval, and the remarks
annexed to the proposed arms emanate from the most widely
different sources. They appertained in most cases to bourgeois
people, who received only a simple JVappenhrief ohne Nohiliiation
{i.e. grant of arms without nobility), and as :such were Wappen-
biirger. Consequently we find that the projected crowns on the
helmets, animals' heads, &c., were mercilessly vetoed by the
censor.
Fig. I. Hendelmayr {^age 175): Party per pale gules and or, a
grey-bearded demi-man issuing from the base, and crowned with
red roses, habited and the collar and cuffs counterchanged of the
field, resting the sinister hand on his hip and holding in the dexter a
pair of stay's attires proper. Tlie helmet has a mantling or and
gules on the dexter side, counterchanged on the sinister. The crest
is a demi-man as in the arms, issuing from a wreath gules and or,
" Hannss Hendelmayr Burg von Krainburg ussen landt." '' Allowed
iSth Jan. Ao. 61 " ("Hans Hendelniayr, burger of Krainburg").
Fig. 2. Geroldt (page 44) : Or, standing on a rock in base argent, a
white-bearded wild man proper habited round the waist by a band
also or, the ends flowing therefrom or and sable, the head adorned
with three cock's feathers, the outer ones sable, the interior one or,
holding in bend sinister, points downwards, a three-pronged iron
fork or trident, the shaft also or. The helmet in this case is
crowned, and has a mantling of sable and or. Crest : a demi-man
holding ;i trident in bend all as in the arms. " Balthaser Gerolt,
des Raths vnd Pawmaist mimchen pith vndthenigst vmt diss Wapp
\Tid Klainat rait dem Leh." (Lehen) "ist bewilliget mit der Cron
vnd lechenarticl zuo Prag den 3 januarii Anno 58.". ("Balthasar
Geroldl, Councillor and master builder at Miinicli, begs humbly
for this coat of arms and crest, with the investiture." "Is
allowed, with the crown and articles of investiture, at Prague the
3rd January 1558.")
Fig. 3. Degier (page 89) : Party per fess sable and or, in chief a
demi-lion issuant of the second, holding in his dexter paw an iron,
Dietrich (pick-lock) and in base, over tiiree mounds sable, issuant
from the base a falcon volant proper. Mantling sable and or.
Crest : on a wreath or and sable, a demi-lion as in the arms, " 1st
bewilliget sampt der Cron vnd lechenartikel zuo Prag den letzten
Dece'bris '58." " Is allowed, together with the crown and the appur-
tenances, at Prague the last of December '58." "Sol ain Cron
gestelt werd." "Dietrich Dewier sambt dem Lehenartiel" ("A
crown shall be added. Dietrich [pick-lock] Degier, together with
the appurtenances" [or investiture ?].)
This man, who reproduced his baptismal name of Dietrich in a
"canting" form in his arms, also had the helmet crown "allowed"
to him, although he, judging from the coat of arms drawn up, had
not thought of it.
Fig. 4. Leuhlin (page 172): Per fess sable and or, over all, and
standing upon three mounds in base vert, a lion rampant counter-
changed, holding in the dexter paw a linden slip of three leaves
vert. Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath or and sable, a
demi-Hon rampant or, holding a slip of linden-leaves as in the arms.
"Jacob leublin Gerichtschreiber zu Memmingen pittet vndthenigist
Im vnd seinen prueder Georg dises "Wapp Gmain zuverleih," —
"14**^ Dec. Ao. 67." ("James Leublin, Clerk of the Court of
Memmingen, begs humbly that this coat of arms may be granted
to him and his brother George in common. 14th Dec. 1567.")
Fig. 5. Kliuen (page 296) : Party per pale gules and argent, a
double rose cuunterchangcd, seeded or. Mantling and wreath gules
and argent. Crest: a pair of wings displayed, the dexter per bend
and the sinister per bend sinister gules and argent, each cltarged
with a rose as in the arms. " Georg Khuen ain Landtman in Tyrol "
— "ist bewilligt den 8 Januarii Ao. 46 Zu Wien" ("George
Khuon, a countryman in Tyrol" — "is allowed this the 8th January
1546 at Vienna").
Fig. 6. MittbUrger (page 176) : Gules, on a base vert, a town-gate
open and provided with a portcullis, flanked by two round towers
battlemented argent, and on each a cupola purpure. On the battle-
ments above the gateway a stork's nest, and therein a stork and
two young ones proper, the stork holding in its beak gules a snake,
also purpure. Mantling gules and argent. Crest : the stork and
nest as in the arms. "Hannss Mittbiirger, Bitrger zu Morspurg,
bitt Allervnderthenigst vmb diss Wapen vnd Klainot.— One lehen. "
*' Bewilligt II. July '65" (" Hans Mittbiirger, Biirger of Morspurg,
begs most humbly for this coat of arms and crest — without appur-
tenances.''— "Allowed July 11, '65'').
The stork on the town door is in a measure " Mittbiirger '' (co-
burgher) of the town.
Fig. 1041. Trantwein (page 321) : Azure, a bunch of grapes or.
Mantling azure and or. Crest : out of a crown or, a woman's body
Fig. 1041. — Trautwein.
without arms proper, vested azure, the dress cut very low, and
adorned with a gold border, crined also or, and about the head a
riband also azure. (Height, 13 cm.) "Haiurichen Trautweins von
houen Schofen^ zu Hagenaw vnderthenigst bitt ist Inre obbemelt
sein alt wappen mit der Cron zu verbes.^ern sambt ainen Adelsbrieff
zu vertigen " — " bewilligt die bosst-rung der chron sambt der Nobili-
tation, doch uusserhalb des Thurnirhelms" ("Heinrich Trautwein
of hohen Schofen at Hagenau begs humbly to augment his old arms
with the crown and a letter of nobility." — "Allowed the augmenta-
tion of the crown, and the grant of tl)e nobility in addition to the
tilting-helmet.") H. S,
PLATE CIV^
EXAMPLES FROM JOST AMMAN'S
UND STAMMBUCH"
'WAPPEN-
(1579 and 1589)
Jost (Jobst, Jodoc, Justus) Amman (Amann, Anian), who was
born at Ziirich 1539, and died at Niirnberg in March 1591, in
which town he had been occupied since 1560, was one of tlie niost
prolific artists of the second half of the sixteenth century. He
was a mastt-r in the designing of helmet mantlings. Tlie IVapen-
vnd Stammbuch darinnen der Keys. Jfaiests. Chur vnd Fiirsten
Graffen Freyherni deren vom Adel, cfcc, (Book of Ai-ms and
Genealogy, in it His Imperial Majesty [Electors and Princes]
Counts [Barons] those of noble rank, &c.) was published by Sig-
mund Feyrabend, Fmnkfurt a. M., 1579 and 1589. F. Wornecke
republished the work in phototype in 1877, and Georg Hirth the
same in 1881 in his Liebhaber- Bibliothek alter Illustratoren. In Figs.
I, 4, 6, and 7 tiie supjjoriers, which Amman so lavishly added to
most of ihe arms, have been ignored.
Fig. I. ^'^ Die Gi'eiiff'en" : Azure, a griffin segreant or, testing its
dexter claw on an inescutcheon gules. Crest : on a wreath azure
and or, a demi-griffin or. Mantling aziire and or.
Fig. 2. '^Die /Jailer von Sallerstein'' (NiirnhergiAniily) : Quarterly,
I :tna 4, party per point issuing from the dexter side of the escut-
cheon gules and sable, a chevron fesswise issuing from the dexter
side argent; 2 and 3,perfessgulesandargfnt, in chief a point reversed
of the last, and in base a lion passant sable. The escutcheon is sur-
mounted by two helmets, the mantling of the dexter being gules
and argent, and the sinister gules and or. The dexter crest is :
issuing from a coronet a demi-negress proper, habited in gules, the
431
THE ART OF HERALDRY
hair bound with a plait also gules and with a band argent, all between
two buflfalo's hums gults, and issuing from each li peacock's feather.
The sinister crest is: on a wreath gules and or, a stag's attire on
tlie dexter side, and on the sinister siue a wing as the field of the
arms {i.e. of the second and third quartering.-).
Fig. 3. " Die Sitter" (Rieter, Niiinberg family): Quarterly, i and 4,
per fess Siible and or, a crowned melusine {i.e. a mermaid with two
tails) proper, habited gules ; 2 and 3, party per pale or and gules, a
fleur-de-lis counterchaiigecl, over all on an ineseutcheon arL;ent, a
calPs head caboshed azure. The escutcheon is surmounted by two
helmets, the dexter mantling being argent and gules, the sinister
being gules and or. The dexter crest is : on a conjnet a crowned
melusine as in the arras ; and the sinister crest is two wings dis-
played, each charged with the ai-ras {i.e. tlie second quartering)
continued directly into the red and ^old mantling. (See Plate
LXVIII. Fig. 7.)
Fig. 4. " D. G-renip" (Gremp of Freudenstein) : Gules, from three
mounds issuing in base vert a swan rising or, holding in its beak
a geni-ring or, set i\'ith a stone azure. Crest: on a coronet a swan
rising and issuant as in the arras.
Fig. 4. " Die Ridtseln " (Riedesel of Eisenbach) : Or, an ass's head
sable, holding in its mouth three thistle-leaves vert. Crest : a pair
of wings expanded sable, continuing into the mantlinu; sable and
or, each wing charged with an escntclieon of the arms, of
Fig. 6. '■'Monesse" : Bendy of six gules and or, a dexter quarter
azure charged with a pigeon rising argent. Crest : on a wreath
gules and or, a pigeon as in the arms between two buffalo's horns,
tlie dexter gules, the sinister or.
Fig. 7. " Die im Hoff" (Imhof) : Gule.^, a sea-lion passant or, armed
and langued azure, the t-ail erected in arch. Mantling gules and
or. Crest : a sea-lion as in the arms.
Fig. 8. "Die Stainheymer" (Steinlieimer «»f Frankfurt-on-tlie-
Main) : Party per fess or and argent, in chief a demi-eagle displayed
.<^ble, and in base three mounds issuing in base charged with a bar
wa^T", and from the summits of each mound a clover-leaf issuing vert.
Mantling sable and or. Crest : on a wreath sable and or, between
two buffalo's lioms per fess, the dexter or and sable and the sinister
sable and or, and issuing from the orifice of each a clover-leaf vert,
three mounds vert, charged with a bar wa^7, and issuing from the
centre mount a clover-leaf or trefoil, also vert.
In the JVappe?i-u7id Stammhuch appears also the Imperial coat of
arms, with the inscription over it, " Romische Keyserliche Maiestet "
(Fig. :o42). It shows, within two branches of laurel, the double eagle
Fig. 1042.
with the nimbus, surmounted by the Imperial crown, and bearing a
crowned " breast-shield " {i.e. on its breast an escutcheon) charged
with the ineseutcheon of Austria. The breast-shield shows the arms
of Hungary, Bohemia, Castile, and Leon, as also Old Burgundy,
Tyrol, and Flanders. H. S.
PLATE CV
EXAMPLES FROM JOST AMMAN'S
UXD STAMMBUCH"
'WAPPEN-
(1579 a«f/ 1589 ; vjith other Armorial Designs by the
sarne Master)
Fig. I. " Die Stallberger " (Stallburger, a Frankfurt family) : Azure,
three escallops argent. Mantling azure and argent. Crest : two
wings displayed, each charged with the arms.
Fig. 2. " jDj^ MartorJP^ (Martorf, a Frankfurt family) : Party per fess
argent and azure, in chief a Hon passant guardant gules, in base a
bend wavy of tlie first. Crest: out of a coronet between two wings
argent, each charged with a fleur-de-lis gules, a demi-Iion affrunte
gules. Mantling gules and argent.
Fig. 3. "'Die Xeinchassen" (Neuenhaus, a Frankfurt family):
Argent, a chevron gules, terminating in ;i cross patte between three
lozenges sable. (In the German blazon these are described as three
black dice, placed on the jioints.) Mantling argent and gnles.
Crest : two wings displayed, each charged with the arras.
Fig. 4. "■Die von Hessenhurn" (Hessberg, a Franconian family):
Party per pale argent and gules, on the dexter side three roses in pale
gules, seeded or, and on the sinister as many bars argent. Crest :
a bearded demi-man proper withouc arms, habited gules, the habit
continuing into the mantling,with two reed-mace (bulrushes) issuing
from his head. (This crest is also occasionally met with having
black ass's ears.)
Fig. 1043 is also taken from the Wappen- und Sfammhicch, and
Fig. 1043. — Bohemia.
shows within a cartouche, stirmounteil by a beautifully designed
crown, the arms of Bohemia, viz. : Gules, a lion rampant doxible-
queued argent, armed and crowned or. This concludes the specimens
taken from this book.
Fig. 5. Arms of the Dr. jur. (Doctor of Laws) NiJcolmis Eeiissner,
Rector and Professor of the University of Lauingen. (From P.
0\'idii Metamorphosis, hg. v. {i.e. published by) Gerardium
Lorichium, Frankfurt-on-Main, 1581 : Party per pale, the dexter
side argent, on three mounds in base vert a lion rampant gules
(according to Siebmacher's Book of Arms, the lion holds a star in
the dexter paw) ; the sinister sable two liends or. Mantling : on the
dexter side gules and argent ; on the sinister, sable and or. Crest :
issuant from a coronet a demi-lion gules, holding in its dexter paw
a six-i>ointed star (or?). Two swans gorged with coronets serve as
supporters.
Fig. 6. Arms of the Bishop of Augahurg^ Johann Egenolph von
ir7(ori«(7en(i573-i575), designed in the year 1573. Arms: quarterly,
1 and 4, party per pale gules and argent (Bishopric of Augsbiu-g) ;
2 and 3, sable, an annulet argent (Knoringen). The escutcheon
is surmounted by three helmets. The centre one bears on a
cushion the episcopal mitre with the head of a crosier issuing
from it; the dexter helmet, which has a mantling of gules
and argent, is surmounted by a coronet out of which issues a
lozenge-shaped escutcheon party per pale of the Augsburg colours
(7.t'. gules and argent), adorned along its edges with peacock's
feathers. The sinister helmet, which has a mantling sable and
argent, bears the crest of the Knoringens, viz. : on a cushion an
annulet argent, surmounted by a coronet or, from which issues a
plume of ostrich feathers sable. The crown and the ostrich feathei-s
were an augmentation by the Roman king Rupert of the Palatinate,
dated "Heidelberg off den sampsstag vor unsers Herren lichnamstag"
(on the Saturday before our Lord's Corpus Christi Day, 29th May
1404). In the four corners of the engi-aving the arms of the
bishop's grandparents are introduced, viz. in the dexter upper
corner Knoringen as already blazoned ; in the dexter lower corner
Scliwendi : Azure, a fess or, between in cliief and base three
lozenges conjoined argent ; in the sinister upper corner Westerstetten :
Per fess, the chief per pale argent and gules, the base azure ; and in
the sinister lower Freiber<; von Eisenberg : Per fess argent and azure,
in base three bezants. The connection is explained by the following
table:
Ulrich von Knoringen =
Susanna von Schwendi.
L'lrich von Knoringen
Johann Egenolph von Knoringen.
Wolf von Westerstetten =
Catharina von Freiberg.
Anna von TVesterstetten .
H. S.
432
PLATE CXXXVIII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE CVI
EXAMPLES FEOM THE " ARCHITECTVEA " OF
WENDEL DIETTERLIN
{End of the Sixteenth Century)
Wendel Dietterlin (or Dietterlein), born at Strassburg in 1550,
was an architect, but was at tlie same time a painter, gold-
smith, and engraver, and enjoyed a great repute on account of his
brilliant imagination and the versatility of his accomplishments.
He died in his native town in 1599. The heraldic decorations
(25 cm. high by 18 broad) drawn by him in his book Architectvra vnd
Ansstheilung der V Seulen show the early and quaint style of his
work, which is specially remarkable for the unduly exaggerated
freedom of tlie supporters which he embodied in his designs. If the
artist occasionally allowed himself to be led away by his too luxuriant
imagination into grotesque designs, at any rate, despite all his fail-
ings, they are evidence of the great and original genius the posses-
sion of which cannot be denied to him. Considered from a purely
heraldic standpoint his compositions are, however, both interesting
and instructive. The connection between arms and architecture is
nearly always happUy introduced, everything has life, movement,
and action, though occasionally perhaps too much exuberance ; but
none of the examples of his work result in being either weak or
wearisome. One cannot help regretting that in Fig. i the shield
has been merged into a mere architectural device, auli that the pose
of the two lions in Fig. 3 is quite too theatrical for armorial use ;
but Fig. 2, on the other hand, is a very successful piece of work, and
the arrangement of the three helmets in Fig. 4 is very cleverly
carried out, in a manner worthy of imitation. Karl Klimsoh, in
his Collection of Designs, Die Omamentik (Ornamentation), book vi.
(publishers, Klimsoh & Co., Frankfurt-on-Main), gives a heraldic
Wappmhich I. Here and there, however, dates of patents are
noted, such, for instance, as will be found on the arms of Herjeomber
(Fig- 4).
Fig. I. Heldt (folio 61) : Azure, a demi wild man, couped and
crined or, the face proper, his sinister hand resting on his hip, and
the dexter brandishing a club proper. The helmet, which is barred
and has a mantling of azure and or, bears as crest a demi-man as in
the arms, but the figure is continued into the mantling. The Helds
were an old burgher family (mentioned as early as 1322) of
Strassbui-g. Magistrate Abraham Held, who was born 1524,
was magistrate at Strassburg after 1569, and died 25th September
1594, received on the 25th January 1581 the rank of nobility from
the Emperor, with an armorial augmentation.
Fig. 2. Faher (folio 50) : Argent, on three mounds issuing in base
vert, a negro proper, a cloth gules bound round his head, flowing
therefrom and entwining itself round his body, holding in his dexter
hand a hammer-shaped branch of wood or, and in his left a clover-
leaf slipped vert, his dexter foot entwined by a serpent proper.
The tilting-helmet has a curious mantling and wreath. The
former is sable, lined with or on the dexter side, and gules lined
with argent on the sinister. The wreath accords with the tinc-
tures of the mantling, and is of six coils, respectively sable, or,
sable argent, gules and argent. The crest is a demi-negro as in
the arms.
Fig. 3. Schaff{i6[io 141): Sable, an increscent and a decrescent in-
terlaced argent. The tilting-helmet has a mantling of sable lined
argent. Crest : a demi-wolf sable continuing into the mantling,
on his shoulders a cowl, also sable, and carrying in the hood
thereof three geese argent, beaked gules, the heads looking back-
wards.
Fig. 4. Herkoniber (folio 72) : Quarterly, i and 4, sable, on a mount
vert, a mastiff passant argent, collared gules ; 2 and 3, argent, a
chess-rook sable. (See Plate X. Fig. 71.) Tlie helmet, which is
affronte, with grills and a mantling sable and argent, bears as crest,
on a wreath argent and sable, between two buffalo's horns per fess
sable and argent, a chess-rook as in the arms, in front of and sup-
ported by a demi-mastiff affront^ argent, collared gules, rimmed and
studded or. Near the coat of arms is the date, " Eegensberg, 25th
June 1641."
Fig. 5. Eeitmohr (folio 150): Or, a stag salient gules, on its
back a negro a cheval proper, crowned and girdled or, grasping
the attires of the stag. (Reitmohr — 7-ei( = ride ; and mo^r=moor.)
The helmet and crest, as in the two next coats of arms, were
not shown. The Eeitmohrs (originally Eeitmaier) were ennobled
in 1588.
Fig. 6. Eotta (folio 142) : Or, a double-headed eagle displayed
sable, the head in a nimbus argent, and superimposed thereupon in
the second and third quarters of the escutcheon dimidiating the
above coat the coat following, viz. : Azure, a wheel of six spokes
argent. The crest, which is not reproduced here because of the
decidedly sketchy treatment of the mantling in the original, is a
demi-lion argent with three heads gules, each crowned or.
Fig. 7. Brunet- (folio 2) : Or, a bear rampant sable, holding in its
fore-paws a battle-axe proper, with a long handle sable.
Fig. 8. Knohlacher (folio 140) : Per fess or and sable, two leeks in
saltire proper, roots downwards, surmounted by a leek in pale root
upwards, all proper, and over all an inescutcheon argent, charged
with a cross patee gules. The tilting-helmet is crowned, and the
mantling is, on the dexter side sable and or, and on the sinister
gules and argent. The crest is, between t\vo wings displayed, the
dexter per fess gules and argent, and the sinister per fess or and
sable, three leeks disposed as in the arm^, and charged with a cross
patee gules. ((TarKc= Knoblauch.) H. S.
Fig. 1044. — Armorial design by K. Klimsoh.
composition (Fig. 1044) drawn exactly in Dietterlin's manner, only
the artist might quite easily have avoided the unnatural position of
the lion's feet standing on the floating ends of the mantling.
H. S.
PLATE CVII
SPECIMENS OF AEMOEIAL PAINTINGS OF THE
SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTUEIES
(Taken from an old Collection in a Volume in the Adelsarchives
in Vienna)
The arms here given are taken from an old book {Wappenhuch
II.) in the possession of the Adelsarchiv (Nobility Archives) in
Vienna. These armorial paintings are pasted in the book (16 cm.
wide by 20 high), and belong chiefly to the seventeenth century, but
they show no critical remarks, as is the case with the arms in
PLATE CVIII
HEEALDIC WOOD-GAEVINGS IN THE POSSESSION OF
THE AUSTEIAN IMPERIAL FAMILY
Contained in the second group of the Art Historical Collection of
the Austrian Imperial Family are thirty-four wood models in the
style of the German Renaissance, amongst them twenty-six with
lozenge-shaped fields for the arms — Bohemia, Burgau, Burgundy,
Castile Cilly, Dalmatia, Alsace, Gorz, Granada, Hocli- uud Deutsch-
meister des Deutschen Ritterordens (Grand Master of the Teutonic
Order), Carinthia, Camiola, Kyburg, Moravia, Austria above and
below the Enns), Pfyrt, Portenau, Swabia, Servia, Sicily, Slavonia,
Styria, Tyrol, Hungary, Windische Mark (Wend Territory)— 63 em.
high and 53 cm. broad. Unfortunately it is not definitely
known for what purpose or place they were originally destmed,
but it has been conjectured that these models were intended for
printing or stamping tapestry. In the inventory of the collection
at Schloss Ambras, near Innsbruck, the first intimation of their
existence occurs in 1730. The models, according to Dr. A. Ilg,
433
3i
THE ART OF HERALDRY
who published them in 187S by order of the Lord High Chamber-
lain, were made by the engi-aver Andreas Spangler, who worked
in the first quarter of the seventeenth century. The person who
commissioned him was certainly the Archduke Maximilian III.,
Governor of Tyrol and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, because
the arms of the Grand Master are to be found amongst the models.
The models, therefore, originated sometime between the years 1602
and 1618. The figures on the plate show the following coats of
arms, the blazonings of wliich we here append : —
Fig. I. Duktdoin ofSwahia: Or, tliree lions passant in pale sable.
Fig. 2. Kmydom of Bohemia : Gules, a lion rampant double-
queued argent, crowned, armed, and langued or.
Fig. 3. Coiiniij of Tijrol, raised to the rank of a Princijjality :
Argent, an eagle displayed gules, armed and crowned or, with trefoil
" buckles " on the wings or.
Fig. 4. Old Servia : Gules, a boar's head sable, armed argent, with
SPECIMENS OF LETTERING
The first and second lines show an alphabet of capitals in the
style of the fourteenth century, while the third line furnishes Arabic
cyphers showing how they had developed in the course of the four-
teenth and fifteenth centuries. - H. S.
PLATE cix
EXAMPLES OF MANTLINGS OF THE SIXTEENTH
AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
Figs, i-ioand 1046 and 1047 are from the Land of the goldsmith,
designer, and copperplate engraver, TJieoflw de Bry, who was born at
Fig. 1045. — Arms of the Grand Master of the Teutonic. Order.
an arrow of the last in its mouth. Thus in the great State coat of
arms. of Austria, 1806 and 1836. According to other representa-
tions the hoar's liead appears on an argent field, the arrow with
the shaft being gules.
Fig. 1045. Arms of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order : Argent,
a cross sable charged with a cross fieuretty or, in the centre a small
inescutcheon or, charged with an eagle displayed sable. It would
be more correct to substitute a cross potent or (see Plate X.
F'g- 3i)> the crutches charged with demi-fleurs-de-lis. Tlie Grand
Masters received the cross potent (Jerusalem cross) from King John
of Jerusalem ( 1 2 19), the lilies from King Louis IX. of France, and the
Emperor Frederic II. granted the escutcheon with the eagle, the
old arms of the German realm. The drawing of the lion in the
Swabian coat of arms, as well as the heraldic rendering of the
Servian animal, must be regarded as particularly representative
examples; the boar's liead, in particular, being one of the finest
heraldic representations known.
Li^ge 1528. As an adherent of Luthert teachings, he was obliged
to leave that town in 1570, and settled at Frantfurt-on-the-Main,
where he carried on a book and fine-art repository, dying in
1598.
Figs. 3 and 6, likewise Fig. 1047, are taken from the book Em-
llenuita Nobilitatw, Stam- vnd irapenhiichlein (Frankfurt, 1592). The
last-mentioned figure (Fig. 1047) shows a lozenge snch as has always
been used for ladies' arms in British and Western-European her-
aldry, and which are nowadays frequently employed in Germany.
Figs. I, 2, 4, 7-10 are from the book Embleviata Secuhria (Frank-
furt, 1596).
Figs. 11-15 are to be found in the copperplate engraving from
the book " Nieu IVapen Boexken van M. le Blon, 1649. J. C. Vischer
excudit."
Michel le Blon (Blond) was likewise a goldsmith and copper-
plate-engraver, and also a plenipotentiary of Queen Christine of
Sweden in England. He was born at Frankfurt-on-the-Main in
434
PLATE CXXXIX.
CONTEMPORARY SEALS.
By German Seal Engravers.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
1590 (15S7 ?), and died at Amsterdam in 1656. (He bore for arms :
Azure, a saltire argent. Crest : a phcenii.)
The designs for arms by Theodor de Bry -n-ere copied from the
two above-meni ioned works in the possession of the Puljlic Library
Fig. 1046.
Fig. 1047.
Fig. 1048.— Model in the Late Gothic style of K. Klimsoh.
at Stutigart, the patterns of Le Blond from single sheets in the pos-
session of the collection of engravings of the k. k. Austrian Museum
for Art and Industry in Vienna. H. S.
PLATE CX
EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC DESIGNS OF THE SEVEN-
TEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
- Fig. I. Arms of the ifaTqwis J. L. de Beringhen (Comte de
Chateaunenf), Governor of the Citadel of Marseilles : Argent, three
pallets gules, a chief azure charged with two roses argent. The
shield is surmounted by the coronet of a marquess and a barred
helmet, and thereupon a simUar coronet. This helmet shows, pre-
sumably as a crest, a pair of wings each charged with the arms.
Round the shield are the collars of the Orders of St. Michael and
La Saint Esprit. Supporters : two griffins.
Fig. 2. Arms of Jean Bapt. Colbert (Marquis de Seignelay), Louis
XIV.'s celebrated Minister of Finance (born i6i9,died 1683) • Or a
serpent azure. The coronet, helmet, and the collar of the ordei-s
are the same as in the lastmentioned arms. The crest, which in
this case issues from the coronet, is a demi-unicorn. The supporters
are two unicorns. The casket resting on the compartment is a
reference to the office of the owner of the arms. Both coats of arms
are the work of the French engraver Sebastien le Clerc, who was
born at Metz in 1637 and died in Paris 1714.
Fig. 1 049 shows the arms of Duhe diaries Leopold of Lorraine (died
Fig. 1049. — Arms of Dnke Charles of Lorraine.
1690), and was designed by the same artist. The shield, which is
surrounded by the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, contains
the arms of Lorraine, Hungary, Naples, Jerusalem, Arragon, Anjou,
Guelders, Jiilich, and Bar, and bears tlie ducal crown of Lorraine,
which may be recognised by the Lorraine cross (compare Plate VII.
F'g- 25). Two sUver eagles, likewise adorned with the gold cross
of Lorraine, act as supporters.
A charming drawing is that given in Fig. 1050, which gives the
FiG.i 050. — Arms of Cardinal Richelieu.
arms of Cardinal ArmaTid Jean Daplessis^ Due de Richelieu (liorn
1585, died 1642), engraved by the French painter Claude Mellan
(born at Abbe\'ille in 1621, died 16S8 in Paris), who was noted for
the careful way in which he avoided the use of any crossed lines in
his engravings. The arms upon the shield are: Argent, tluree
chevx-onels gules.
The next engraving (Fig. 105 1) represents a German piece of
work of the first half of the seventeenth century, the arms
of the Landgrave of Hesse, as iised from 1500 to 1648. On the
inescutcheon in tlie centre are the arms of the Landgraviate of
Hesse, here : Azure, a lion rampant double-queued, harry of seven
argent and gules, crowned or. Tlie shield itself is quarterly, and
shows in the first quarter the arms of the Countship of Katzeueln-
bogen : Or, a lion rampant guardaut, double-queued gules, cro^vned
azure; the second quarter shows the arms of the Countship of
Ziegenhain : Per fess sable and or, in chief a star of six points
argent ; the third quarter contains the arms of the Countship of
Nidda : Per fess sable and or^ in chief two stars of eight points in
fess argent. The fourth quarter has the arms of the Countship
of Dietz : Or, two leopards passant double-queued in pale gules.
The centre helmet bears the crest of Hesse, viz. : Out of a crown
two bufi"alo'3 horns argent, adorned with slips of leaves. The
dexter helmet, likewise crowned, bears the crest of Katzenelnbogen :
A pair of wings sable, each cliarged with a bezant of the arms. The
435
THE ART OF HERALDRY
helmet on the sinister side, which is not cro'u-ned, displays the
Ziegenhain crest : A demi-he-goat sable, armed and nnguled argent,
between two wings, each of the arms. The tinctures of the mantlings
correspond to those of the respective fields of the quarterings.
Fig. 3 on Plate CX. shows an English piece of work, the arms of
Fig. 4, Plate CX., shows the arms of King Louis XV. of France
(1730) : Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or. The shield, which is sur
mounted by the Royal crown of fleurs-de-lis, is surrounded by the
collars of the Orders of St. Michael and of the Holy Ghost. This
design was prepared for a gold frame for the portrait of the King by
Juste Aurele Meisonnier of Piermont (died 1750), and was engraved
by Huquier.
Fig. 5. Avm% oi Freilierren von fFirfmrtim (Barons von Widmann),
Fig. 1051. — Arms of the Landgrave of Hesse.
Sir Harry Pope Blount of Tittenhanger, Eart., engraved by G.
Fcrtite, 1735, The arms are quarterly. \. Blount: Barry nebuly of
six or and sable. 2. Sutton : Or, a lion rampant double-queued vert,
charged on the shoulder with a mullet argent. 3. Wiclwrd : A^ure,
a chevron argent, between three martlets or. 4. Wase : Barry of
six argent and gules, in the fess point the escutcheon of Ulster as
a baronet. The helmet, which is affronte and with an open visor,
has for crest, on a ducal coronet or, a wolf statant sable between
two horns also or.
The two following coats of arms, Figs. 1052 and 1053, are in the
style of a still later perio<l ; they afford an illustration of the de-
cadence of heraldic art in England, from which unfortunately it is
only now slowly recovering. They are by no means, however, the
worst examples which mi.^ht be found.
Fig. 1052. Sackvile (Duke of Dorset), as here depicted : Quarterly
gules and argent, a bend vair. (The arms of Sactvile are really :
Quarterly or and gules, a bend vair.) The crest as shown is : On a
ducal coronet, a star of ei^ht points argent. (The crest should be :
Out of a coronet composed of fieurs-de-lis or, an estoile of eight rays
argent.) Supporters : two leopards argent.
Fig. II. iP'atsoji-TVentworth (Marquess of Rockingham): i and
4, argent, on a chevron engrailed aznre between three martlets sable,
as many crescents or (for Watson) ; 2 and 3, sable, a chevron between
three leopards' faces or (for Wentworth). Crest : a griffin passant
argent, armed and ducally gorged or. Supporters : dexter, a
griffin argent, armed and ducally gorged or ; sinister, a lion or. The
griffin, however, is not the crest of the Watson family but that of
Wentwortli ; the supporters are similarly taken from the arms of
the Wentworths. The Watsons (Earls of Rockingham) originally
used for supporters: Two griffins argent, ducally gorged or, and for
crest a griffin's head erased argent, ducally gorged or. The Went-
worths (Earls of Strafford), had used for supporters : Dexter, a
griffin argent, sinister a lion or ; and when the Watson family
assumed the additional surname of Wentworth they appear to have
adopted the Wentworth crest, and to have modified the supporters.
Fig. 1052. — Arms of Sackville, Duke of Dorset.
originally from the Palatinate-Neuberg. The arms are: Quarterly, i
and 4, or, a fteur-de-lis azure ; 2 and 3, azure, a decrescent or adorned
with a human face turned to the centre of the escutcheon. The
Fig. 1053. — Arms of Watson- Wentworth, Marquess of RockiDgham.
arms upon the inescutcheon are ; Per bend sinister gules and azure,
an arm in armour brandishing a sword and issuing from the
sinister side within a bordure compony or and sable. These arms,
without the inescutcheon, are as borne by the Widmann-Rezzonicos
(from Villach in Corinthia).
Fig. 6. Arms of /. Heinrich Hess (a member of a Ziirich family,
their name before 1602 being Schmidth) : Per fess sable and argent,
a fleur-de-lis counterclianged (Kx Libris, from the Collection of Herrn
K. E. Graf zu Leiningen-Westerburg). H. S.
436
PLATE CXL
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XLIV
ECCLESIASTICAL HERALDRY
ECCLESIASTICAL heraldry has nothing like the
importance in British armory that it possesses else-
where. It may be said to consist in this country
exclusively of the official arms assigned to and recorded for
the archiepiscopal and episcopal sees, and the mitres and
crosiers which are added to the shields, and a certain num-
ber of ecclesiastical symbols which occur as charges. In
Pre-Reformation days there were, of course, the many
religious houses which used armorial emblems, but with
the suppression of the monasteries these vanished. The
cardinal's hat was recognised in former days, and would still
be officially certified in England as admittedly correctly
displayed above the arms of a Roman cardinal. But
the curious and intricate development of other varieties
of the ecclesiastical hat which will be found in use in
all other European countries is not known to British
armory. Nor has the English College of Arms recog-
nised the impersonal arms of the Catholic communities.
Those arms, with and without the ecclesiastical hats, play
a conspicuous part in Continental heraldry.
It is difficult to assign a proper value or a definite
status to the arms of the abbeys and other religious
houses in this country in Pre-Eeformation times. The
principal, in fact the only important sources of informa-
tion concerning them are the impressions of seals which
have come down to us. Many of these seals show the
effigies of saints or patrons, some show the impersonal
arms of the religious order to whose rule the community
conformed, some the personal arms of the official of the
moment, others the personal arms of the founder. In
other cases arms .presumably those of the particular
foundation or community occur, but in such cases the
variations in design are so marked, and so often we find
that two, three, or more devices are used indifferently
and indiscriminately, that one is forced to arrive at the
conclusion that a large proportion of the devices in use,
though armorial in character, had no greater status than
a temporary existence as seal designs. They distinctly
lack the unchanging continuity one associates with
armorial bearings. But whatever their status may once
have been, they have now completely passed out of being
and may well be allowed to rest in the uncertainty which
exists concerning them. The interest attaching to them
can never be more than academic in character and limited
in extent. The larger abbeys, the abbots of which were
anciently summoned to Parliament as Lords of Parliament,
appear to have adhered rather more consistently to a
fixed device in each case, though the variations of de-
sign are very noticeable even in these instances. A
list of them will be found in the Genealogical Magazine
(vol. ii. p. 3). _
The suppression of the monasteries in this country was
so thorough and so ruthless, that the contemporary
instances of abbatical arms remaining to us from which
deduction as to armorial rules and precedents can be
made are singularly few in number, but it would appear
that the abbot impaled the arms of his abbey on the
dexter side of his personal arms, and placed his mitre
above the shield.
The mitre of an abbot differed from that of a bishop,
inasmuch as it had no labels — or infulm — depending from
witiiin it. The abbot used a crosier, which doubtless
was correctly added. to his armorial bearings, but it is
found in pale behind the shield, in bend, and also two
in saltire, and it is difficult to assert which was the most
correct form.
The crosier of an abbot was also represented with the
crook at its head curved inwards, the terminal point of
the crook being entirely contained within the hook. The
point of a bishop's, on the other hand, was turned out-
wards at the bottom of the crook. The difference is said
to typify the distinction between the confined jurisdiction
of the abbot — which was limited to the abbey and the
community under his charge — and the more open, and
wider, jurisdiction of the bishop. Although this dis-
tinction has been much disputed as regards its recognition
for the actual crosiers employed, there can be no doubt
that it is. very generally adhered to in heraldic represen-
tations, though one hesitates to assert it as an absolute
rule. The official arms for the archiepiscopal and epis-
copal sees are of some interest. With the single excep-
tion of York, the archiepiscopal coats of arms all have, in
some form or another, the pallium which forms part of an
archbishop's vestments or insignia of rank, but it is now
very generally recognised and conceded that the pallium
is not merely a charge in the official coat for any specified
jurisdiction, but is itself the sign of the rank of an arch-
bishop of the same character and status as is, the mitre,
the pallium being displayed upon a shield as a matter of
convenience for artistic representation. This view of
the case has been much strengthened by the fact that
in ancient instances of the archiepiscopal arms of York
the pallium is found, and not the more modern coat of
the crown and keys ; but whether the pallium is to be
still so considered, or whether under English armorial law
it must now be merely ranked as a charge in an ordinary
coat of arms, in general practice it is accepted as the
lattery but it nevertheless remains a point of very con-
siderable interest (which has not yet been elucidated)
why the pallium should have been discarded for York,
and another coat of arms substituted.
The various coats used by the archbishops of England
and Ireland are as follows : —
CanUrhury. — Azure, an episcopal staff in pale or, and
ensigned with a cross pate^ argent surmounted of a pall
of the last, charged with four crosses formee fitchee sable,
edged and fringed or.
ybri-.— Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a
Royal crown or.
Armagh. — Azure, an episcopal staff argent, ensigned
with a cross patee or, surmounted by a pallium of the
second, edged and fringed or, charged with four crosses
formee fitchee sable.
Dublin. — The arms of this archbishopric are the same
as those of Armagh, only with five crosses charged on the
pallium instead of four.
The arms of the episcopal sees have no attribute at all
similar to the charge of the pallium in the coat of an
archbishop, and are merely so many different coats of
arms. The shield of every bishop and archbishop is sur-
mounted by his mitre, and it is now customary to admit
the use of the mitre to all persons holding the title of
bishop who are recognised as bishops by the English
law.
This, of course, includes Colonial and Suffragan bishops,
retired bishops, and bishops of the Episcopal Church in
Scotland and in Ireland. It is a moot point whether the
bishops of the Episcopal Church in Ireland and in Scot-
land are entitled to make use of the official arms for-
merly assigned to their sees at a period when those
Churches were State-established ; but, looking at the
matter from a strictly official point of view, it would
not appear that they are any longer entitled to make
use of them.
The mitres of an archbishop and of a bishop — in spite
of many statements to the contrary — are exactly identical,
and the mistaken idea which has of late years (the practice
is really quite a modern one) encircled the rim of an arch-
437
THE ART OF HERALDRY
bishop's mitre with the circlet of a coronet is absolutely
incorrect.
There are several forms of mitre which, when looked
upon as an ecclesiastical ornament, can be said to exist ;
but from the heraldic point of view only one mitre is
recognised, and that is of gold, the labels being of the
same colour. The jewelled variety is incorrect in armorial
representations, though the science of armory does not
appear to have enforced any particular shape of mitre.
The " several forms " of the mitre — to which allusion
has just been made — refer to the use in actual practice
which prevailed in Pre-Reformation England, and still
holds amongst Roman Catholic bishops at the present day.
These are three in number, i.e. the "precious" (pretiosa),
the gold {aurifcrata), and the simple (simplex). The two
former are both employed at a Pontifical Mass (being
alternately assumed at different parts of the service) ; the
second only is worn at such rites as Confirmation, &c. ;
while the third (which is purely of white linen) is confined
to Services for the Dead, and on Good Friday. As its
name implies, the first of these is of cloth of gold,
ornamented to a greater or less degree with jewels, while
the second — though likewise of cloth of gold — is without
any design or ornament. The short Gothic mitre of
Norman days has now given place to the modern Roman
one, an alteration which, with its great height and arched
sides, can hardly perhaps be considered an artistic im-
provement. Some individual Roman Catholic bishops at
the present day, however (in England at any rate), wear
mitres more allied to the Norman and Gothic shape.
The past fifteen or so years have seen a revival —
though in a purely eclectic and unofficial manner — of the
vxaring of the mitre by Church of England bishops.
Where this has been (and is being) done, the older form
of mitre has been adhered to, though from the informal
and unofficial nature of the revival no rules as to its use
have been followed, but only individual choice.
At the recent Coronation, mitres were not worn ; which
they undoubtedly would have been had this revival now
alluded to been made authoritatively.
All bishops and archbishops are entitled to place two
crosiers in saltire behind their shields. Archbishops of
the Roman Catholic Church have continuously placed in
pale behind their shields what is known as the arch-
bishop's cross. In actual practice, the cross carried before
an archbishop is an ordinary one with one arm, but the
heraldic archiepiscopal cross is always represented as
a double cross, i.e. having two transverse pieces one above
the other. In the Established Church of England the
archiepiscopal cross — as in the Roman Catholic Church —
is the plain two-armed variety, and though the cross is
never officially recognised as an armorial attribute and is
not very frequently met with in heraldic representations,
there can be no doubt that if this cross is used to typify
archiepiscopal rank, it should be heraldically represented
with the double arms. The actual cross borne before
archbishops is termed the provincial cross, and it may be
of interest to here state that the Bishops of Rochester are
the official cross-bearers to the Archbishops of Canterbury.
To the foregoing rules there is one notable exception,
i.e. the Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric of Durham
until the earlier part of the nineteenth century was a
Palatinate, and in earlier times the Bishops of Durham,
who had their own parliament and Barons of the Palatinate,
exercised a jurisdiction and regality, limited in extent
certainly, but little short in fact or effect of the power of
the Crown. If ever any ecclesiastic can be correctly said
to have enjoyed temporal power, the Bishops of Durham
can be so described. The Prince-Bishops of the Continent
had no such attributes of regality vested in themselves as
were enjoyed by the Bishops of Durham. These were in
truth kings within their bishoprics, and even to the
present day — though modern geographies and modern
social legislation have divided the bishopric into other
divisions — one still hears the term employed of "within"
or "without" the bishopric.
The result of this temporal power enjoyed by the
Bishops of Durham is seen in their heraldic achievement.
In place of the two crosiers in saltire behind the shield,
as used by the other bishops, the Bishops of Durham
place a sword and a crosier in saltire behind their shield
to signify both their temporal and spiritual jurisdiction.
The mitre of the Bishop of Durham is heraldically
represented with the rim encircled by a ducal coronet,
and it has thereby become usual to speak of the coronetted
mitre of the Bishop of Durham ; but it should be clearly
borne in mind that the coronet formed no part of the
actual mitre, and probably no mitre has ever existed in
which the rim has been encircled by a coronet. But the
Bishops of Durham, by virtue of their temporal status,
used a coronet, and by virtue of their ecclesiastical status
used a mitre, and the representation of both of these at
one and the same time has resulted in the coronet being
placed to encircle the rim of the mitre. The result has
been that, heraldically, they are now always represented
as one and the same article.
It is, of course, from this coronetted mitre of Durham
that the wholly inaccurate idea of the existence of coronet
on the mitre of an archbishop has originated. Apparently
the humility of these Princes of the Church has not been
sufficient to prevent their appropriating the peculiar
privileges of their ecclesiastical brother of lesser rank.
A crest is never used with a mitre or ecclesiastical hat.
Many writers deny the right of any ecclesiastic to a crest.
Some deny the right also to use a motto, but this restric-
tion has no general acceptance.
Therefore ecclesiastical heraldry in Britain is summed
up in (i) its recognition of the cardinal's hat, (2) the
official coats of arms for ecclesiastical purposes, (3) the
ensigns of ecclesiastical rank above alluded to, viz. mitre,
cross, and crosier.
Ecclesiastical heraldry — notably in connection with the
Roman Church — in other countries has, on the contrary, a
very important place in armorial matters. In addition to
the emblems officially recognised for English heraldry,
the ecclesiastical hat is in constant use.
The use of the ecclesiastical hat is very general outside
Great Britain, and affords one of the few instances where
the rules governing heraldic usages are identical through-
out the Continent.
This curious unanimity is the more remarkable because
it was not until the seventeenth century that the rather
intricate rules concerning the colours of the hats used
for different ranks and the number of tassels came into
vogue.
Other than the occasional recognition of the cardinal's
hat in former days, the only British official instance of the
use of the ecclesiastical hat is met with in the case of the
very recent matriculation of arms in Lyon Register to
Right Rev. j3Eneas Chisholm, the present Roman Catholic
Bishop of Aberdeen. The arms as tnatriculated to him
are reproduced in facsimile on Plate CXIL, but I frankly
admit I am unaware why the ecclesiastical hat assigned
to the bishop has ten tassels on either side. The Con-
tinental usage would assign him but six, and English
armory has no rules of its own which can be quoted in
opposition thereto. Save as an acceptance of Roman
regulations (Roman Holy Orders, it should not be for-
gotten, are recognised by the English Common Law to the
extent that a Roman Catholic priest is not re-ordained if
he becomes an Anglican clergyman), the heraldic ecclesi-
astical hat of a bishop has no existence with us, and the
Roman regulations would give him but six tassels. The
arms as upon the Plate are : " Gules, a boar's head
438
THE ART OF HERALDRY
couped, within a bordure engrailed argent, charged with
three mitres."
The use of the ecclesiastical hat, though not officially
thei-etofore sanctioned, has however had a certain amount
Fig. 1054. — Bookplate of the Rev. George Angas, Priest in Holy Orders
of the Roman Catholic Church : Argent, a lion passant guardant
gules, on a chief of the last, two mullets of the field.
of unofficial use, and Fig. 1054, which is a reproduction of
a bookplate, affords an example. A. C. F-D.
The regulations which govern the use of the ecclesi-
astical hat, &c., outside Great Britain, will be apparent
from the examples illustrated on Plates CXI. and CXIII.
The details of the arms therein represented are as
follows : —
PLATE CXI
Tig. I. Arms of His Holiness the late Ptrpe Leo XIII. (Joachim
■Pecci), born March 2, 18 10, at Carpineto, in the diocese of Anagni ;
elected on February 2otb, crowned March 3, 1878, dieil July 20,
1903 : Over the shield is suspended the tiara, and behind tlie shield,
in saltire, are the gold and silver keys, to bind and to unloose.
(These two keys are frequently att<iched by a gold cord.)
Fig. 2. Arms of the GarAiiud Cavimerlengo of the Roman Church
during the " Sedisvacanz " (vacancy of seat). (From the death of
one Pope until his successsoi- ascends the throne, the Holy " Cono-
pceum '' (canopy) and the crossed keys' appear behind the arms of
the cardinal in question. ■
and it is there remarked : " Nun ist czewissen das man eiuem bapst
so ner (iberland reiten will ein sdlichen Hut vorfiirt vn fiirt in ein
starker gewappeter man auff einem weissen ross verdeckt mit einem
rotten Auch gesprengt mit gold, vnd der ist rot vnd gel . . ." (Now
the man is certainly a pope, so he will ride over the country with
such a hat carried before him ; a strong man in armour carries it,
riding on a white horse covered with a red cloth spriiikled with
gold, and the canopy is red and yellow . . .").
Fig. 3. Cardinals use a red hat with fifteen tassels on each side.
It is seldom actually worn, but has considerable processional and
ceremonial use. The red hat was granted to cardinals in 1245 ^V
Fig. 1055.
In Ulrich Eeichenthal's Conciliuvi voii Cmutanz (Augsburg,
1483) may be found an illustration of the Papal canopy (Fig. 1055),
Fig. 1056. — From a drawing by Antony of Worms, c. 1530 (Peter
Quentell's printing office, Cologne). Arms of Cardinal Bernhard
von Cless, Bishop of Trient, 15 14-1539 : Quarterly, I and 4,
argent, an eagle displayed sable (for his Bishopric) ; "2 and 3. per
pale argent and gules, two lions rampant counterchanged (for
Cless).
Pope Innocent lY. All cardinals place it above their arms. ■ If the
cardinal is at the same time an archbishop, he places a double-armed
cross behind his sl.iield ; if a bishop, a single cross.
Fig. 4. Pah~utrclis use a green hat with fifteen green fiocci (tassels)
on each side, the cords and fiocci interwoven with gold. (Edict of
the Holy Congr. Ceremo. of November 3, 1826.) This is placed
above the shield, and behind appears a double-armed cross. Fig. 4
shows the coat of arms of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Luigi Piavi.
The chief contains tbe coat of arms of the Franciscan Order, the
present Patriarch belonging to that order. The Patriarch of
Jerusalem, moreover, as Grand Master of the Order of the Holy
Grave of Jerusalem, places his shield on a red cross of Jerusalem.
(See Plate X. Fig. 32.)
Fig. 5. Patriarch and Archbislwp of Lisbon. The Patriarchs of
Lisbon bear a special heraldic distinction (granted by Pope Clement
XII., 1 730-1740). This consists of the Papal tiara placed over their
shields. Behind the shield a palm-branch and a branch of laurel
are crossed in saltire. On the shield illustrated appear the arms of
Cardinal Giuseppe Sebastiano Neto, Patriarch of Lisbon since March
24, I S84 The Patriarch's motto is : "Soli Deo omnis honor et
gloria."
Fig. 6. ArchMshyps : Green hat with ten green fiocci on each
side. Behind the shield a two-armed cross in pale and a pastoral
staff" in bend sinister. A bishop's mitre (mitra) is placed on the
shield at the right. '1 he shield illustiated shows the arms of the
Archbishopric of Cologne.
Fig. 7. Prince-Archbi'hops. The prince-archbishops and prince-
bishops who are still in existence in Austria have no ecclesiastical
rank higher than other archbishops or bishops respectively. The
rank of prince is a purely temporal rank, which receives expression
in the arms by means of the prince's hat and the mantle. The shield
illustrated shows the official arms of the Archbishopric of Vienna.
Fig. 8. Armenian Archbishops use a green hat with ten green
fiocci on each side. They also use the double cross and the Latin
and Greek pastoral staves behind the shield, the mitre in the centre,
resting on the top of the shield. Bishops bear the plain cross in
place of the double one. On the shield appear the arms of the
titular Archbishop of Salamina, Aisenius A'idymion, Abbot-General
of the Aimenian Mechitharists. The arms, which are tierced in
pairle, showinchief thearmsof theil/ec/iiYTwn'sis; Or, a cross botojmy
azure, the ends charged with four Armenian letters, and in the
cantons four emblems, namely : the bell of obedience, the flame of
purity, the staff of poverty, and the gospel, referring to the apostolic
office of the mission amongst the Armenian nation.
Fig. 9. Greek Archbishops (of the Union) use a green hat with len
fiocci on each side, also the double cross and a bishop's crosier in
bend sinister. Eesting upon the dexter side of the escutcheon is
placed the Greek mitre. .BisAops bear a plain cross. On the shield
illvLstrated are the official arms of the Archbishopric oiLemberg, nz.
the device of St. George slaying the dragon. The present arch-
bishop and metropolitan. Dr. Sylvester Sembratowicz, is a cardinal,
and as such bears the red cardinal's hat. The use of a prince's hat
439
THE ART OF HERALDRY
and mantle, -wliicli may occasionally be noticed, dates from tlie time
when Poland was still a ruling kingdom, but this is not now autho-
rised, inasmuch as the Archbisliop of Lemberg no longer possesses
the title of prince.
Fig. 10. Bisho2)s (oi the Roman Church) wear a green hat with
sis green fiocci on either side. They use a simj^le cross in i^ale and
a crosier in bend sinister behind tlie shield, the mitre resting on
the dexter upper edge of the shield. On the sliield here given
appear the arms of the Bishopric of Mayence. (A prince-bishop
bears the prince's hat and mantle, as in Fig. 7.)
Fig. II. Archahbots use a green hat with six green fiocci on either
side, a mitre, and crosier. Archabbots possess episcopal rank. On
the shield appears the arms of the Arcliabbacy of Monte Cassino,
in the province of Caserta, which are identical with the arms of
the Benedictine Order.
Fig. 12. Amongst the Prelates (of the Papal Chamber) are the
Vice-Camerlengo, the Auditor, the Lord Chancellor of the Roman
Exchequer, and the Lord High Steward of His Holiness. These
dignitaries wear a violet hat with ten red fiocci on either side, which
they are entitled to place above their arms. The Lord Chamber-
lain also bears the same hat, and possesses, like the Lord High
Steward, the right of placing the arms of the Pope in the (honour
point) upon his own as soon as he becomes a cardinal. The shield
here illustrated shows the arms of the Lord Chamberlain, Mons.
Francesco della Volpe : Azure, a fox or, and in chief a count's
coronet of the last.
Fig. 13. Apostolic Protonotaries are entitled to a violet hat with
six red fiocci. His Excellency Count Pettenegg informed Herr
Strohl that the apostolic protonotaries are likewise authorised to
bear the Papal arms on their shields. Fig. 13 shows the arms of
the Papal House-Prelate, and mitred Provost of the Votive Church at
Vienna, Dr. Gottfried Marschall. (The arms show the Imperial eagle
conjoined with the arms of the Austrian Imperial family, the three
crowns being symbolical of the three archdukes, sons of the Archduke
Carl Ludwig, whose education was conducted by Dr. Marschall.)
Provost Marschall also bears, as a mitred provost, the mitre and
crosier.
The arms of His Excellency Count Dr. E. Gaston PotticJch von
Pettenerjg^ Grand Capitulary and Commander, also until 1S97
Adviser to the Council, and Director of the Central Chancery of
the High Teutonic Order (President of the k. k. " Adler" Heraldic
Society in Vienna), shows the shield of the Teutonic Order (Fitr.
1057) : Argent, a cross sable charged with a shield per pale,
Fig. 1057.
containing on the dexter side the Papal arms, and on the sinister,
those of the count. Upoti the shield rests the old count's crown,
over the whole is suspended the hat of the Apostolic Protonotary.
Fig. 14. Bouse Prelates, Privy Chamherkiins, and Privy Chaplains
of His Holiness have a violet hat with six violet fiocci. The shield
.shows the arms of Mons. Luiyi Francesco Fed'Ostiam\ House-Prelate
since 1873.
Fig. 15. So jrary Chamberlains and Honorary Chaplains of His
Holiness are entitled to a violet hat with three violet fiocci. The
shield contains the arms of Mons. Luigi Coccettti~Va7izi, Honorary
Chamberlain since 1882. The Lauretanian Canons bear the same
hat.
Fig. 16. Generals of Orders use a black hat with six black tassels.
On tiie shield here illustrated appear the arms of the Cistercian
Order, viz. : Azure, seme-de-lis or (France), charged with an in-
escutcheon bendy of six or and azure, a bordure gules (Old Bur-
gundy). The General of the Order of the Premonstrants uses a
hat and cords of white, corresponding to the haliit of the Order.
(This is an order of regular canons, also called white canons, founded
by St. Norbert in 1 120, and having their principal abbey at Pre-
montre, near Laon.)
Fig. 17. Provincial Superiors of Orders use a black hat with three
black fiocci. The shield given here shows the arms of the Carmelite
Order. The Protonotare titulares bear the same hat.
Fig. 18. Mitred Abbots and Provosts use a black hat with three
black fiocci. Behind the shield, the crosier lies diagonally in bend
sinister, and above, and on the dexter side of the shield, is the mitre.
On the sliield figured upon the plate appear the arms of the
Benedictine monastery at Melk in Lower Austria, viz. : Azure, two
keys in saltire or, issuing from the same bow. The keys, the
attribute of St. Peter, the first patron of the monastery's church,
are to be met with for the first time in the seal of the Abbot
Ottokar von Streitwiesen (1324-1329). Tlie arms used in olden
times represented silver keys on a sable ground, and only in the
eighteenth century did the present tinctures become permanent.
Fig. 19, Local Superiors (Prior, Guardian, and Rector) use a
black hat with two black tassels. The shield shows the arms of
tlie Order of the Hospitallers (Brothers of Mercy), In Austria,
besides the bishops and abbots, the canons of St. Stephen in Vienna
are specially entitled to bear arms. They receive a grant of shield,
crowned tilting-helmef, and crest, according to their own design, if
they are not previously noble.
Fig. 105S shows the foim of arms for an Abbess. Behind the
Fig. 105S.
Fig. 1059.
shield appears the crosier, upright, with a floating ** velum"
(veil). The shield contains the arms of the Benedictine convent
of Nonnberg at Salzburg. About the middle of the present century
the bearing of three lilies on the upper field came into use, but
these are now no longer employed. As an "abbatia regalis," for
Nonnberg, the crosier is held by a crowned angel standing behind
the shield.
Fig. 20 shows the arms of the Bishopric of Durham. These,
and the peculiar mitre of Durham, have been already referred to.
Fig. 21. Arms of the Bishopric of Hereford. In both these cases
the mitres are wrongly depicted. They should be of plain gold,
though the designs are admissible.
Fig. 1059, annexed, shows the arms of the Greek Oriental Archbishops
(not of the Union). The shield is surmounted by the Greek mitre,
and behind it are crossed in saltire the Gi eek crosier and the double
cross. The Bishops bear a plain cross. On the shield here shown
appear the arms of the Archbishopric of Czernoioitz, viz. the device of
St. John of Succowa (a town on the south boundary of Bukowiua, the
former seat of the Moldavian princes), patron saint of Bukowina,
standing on a sabre.
For many of these notes Herr Strohl was indebted to the kindness
of His Reverence Herrn. J. E. Kirchberger, " Propsteikaplan " at
the Votive Church, and Librarian of the k. k. "Adler" Heraldic
Society in Vienna. H. S.
PLATE CXIII
The examples on Plate CXIII. are as follows : —
Fig. I. Arms of Pope Alexander VII. (1655-1667), from an en-
graving by Joseph Testana, Italian school, eighteenth century.
The quartered shield shows : i and 4, the arms of the family of
Rovere, viz. : Azure, a tree (evergi-een oak) eradicated or. (This
tree in Italian is termed roveir^ of which the English is " male-oak'') ;
2 and 3, the arms of the Chigi family : gules, six mounds couped in
pyramid argent, surmounted by a star of eight points or. Fabio
Cliiyi, a Sienese (Pope Alexander VII., elected April 7, 1655), bore
in his arms those of the family of La Ruvere (properly of the Counts
Vinovo of Turin), in consequence of a grant of Julian della Rovere,
Pope Julius II. (1503-15 1 3), who gave the Rovere arms to Agostino
Chigi, whose family has since continued to bear them. The
heraldic rendering of the evergreen oak in the arms of Rovere
affords an example of one of the most typical forms of Italian
heraldry in the fifteenth century. See also Fig. 1060, which is a
representation of the coat of arms on a monument over the grave of
the Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina, Hieronymus Basso della Rovere,
a nephew of Francis della Rovere (Pope Sixtus IV.), who died Sep-
440
PLATE CXLI.
-EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC MEMORLA.LS.
Printed at StDttgart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tember i, 1 507. Tlie monument is in the Church of the St. Maria del
Popolo in Home. He united the names and the arms of both
families, the arms of Basso being: Per saltire argent and azure.
I-'IG. 1060. — Arms of Basso della Kovere.
Fig. 2. Arms of Bishop Cliristoplier of Brixeii, of the family of
Schroffenstein. From Dr. Joh. Eck's " Commentary on Aristotle,"
Augsburg, 1 5 20. Drawn by Sans Bmghnair the elder. The shield
is : Quarterly, i. the arms of the Bishopric of
Brixen.j viz. : gules, a Paschal lamb regardant
argent ; 4, the arms of the CJiapter of tlie Brixeii -
Cathedral : argent, an eagle displayed gules, armed
and crowned or (Tyrol), surmounted by a crosier
fesswise or ; 2 and 3, the arms of the Schroffensteins
of Tyrol, viz. : argent, a demi-"bouquetin" ram-
pant sable, distUling blood. (Hans von Schroffen-
stein received the castle above Landeck in the Inn
Valley, and derived his arms from those of the
Bishop of Chur zu Lehen. The arms of Chur
were : Argent, a bouquetin sable.)
Fig. 3. Arms of the Prince-Bishop George III.
of Bamberg, of the family of Schenken von Limbnrg
(1505-1522). Taken from Arisiotelis Stagyritce, by
Dr. Joh. Eck, Augsburg, 1520. Drawn by Hans
Biirgkmair the elder. The shield is quartered, and
shows in the first and fourth quarters the arms of
the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg : or, a lion rampant
sable, debruised by a riband argent ; 2 and 3, the
arms of the Limhurgs, viz. ; 2. per fess dancette
gules and argent (Franconia) ; 3. azure, five clubs
argent (for Limburg).
Fig. 4. Arms of Cardinal Albrecht von Branden-
burg (Archbishop of Magdeburg and Bishop of
Halberstadt 1513, Archbishop of Mayence 1514),
with the date 1 525. From a woodcut on parchment.
This is an exquisite production, but unfortunately
by an unknown artist, of Diirer's schooL The
Brandenburg shield is cliarged on the fess point
with the shields of the Bishoprics of Magdeburg
(per fess gules and argent), Mayence (gules, a
wheel argent), and Halberstadt (per pale argent
and gules).
Fig. 5. Arms of Hypjiolyt Aldobrandini of Flor-
ence, Cardinal, 1585; Pope Clement VIII., 1605,
engraved by Agostino Carracci, born at Bologna
1558, died at Parma 1601. The coat of arms is :
Azure, a bend embattled and counter-embattled between six six
pointed stars in bend, three and three or.
Fig. 6. Arms of the Redeemer of the World : This is a curious
heraldic fancy rather frequently represented abroad. The steel
engraving here reproduced is to be found in a French "Horarium"
of 1 522. The drawing, however, was certainly done by a German
hand. The mantling is one of the best designs of its class to be
met with.
The mitre is to be met with as a charge and as a crest,
for instance, in the case of Barclay and Barclay- Allardyoe
["I. a naked man from the middle, holding in his dexter
hand a scimitar proper (for Allardyce) ; 2. a bishop's
mitre or (for Barclay). Mottoes: 'In defence of the
distressed,' 'In cruoe spero'"]; and Berkeley ["A
mitre gules, labelled and garnished or, charged with a
chevron between ten crosses patee, six and four argent.
Motto : ' Dieu avec nous ' "] ; and also in the case of Sir
Edmund Hardinge, Bart., whose crests are curious [" i. of
honourable augmentation, a hand fesswise couped above
the wrist habited in naval uniform, holding a sword erect,
surmounting a Dutch and a French flag in saltire, on the
former inscribed " Atalanta," on the latter "Piedmontaise,"
the blade of the sword passing through a wreath of laurel
near the point and a little below through another of
cypress, with the motto, ' Postera laude recens ; ' 2. a
mitre gules, charged with a chevron argent, fimbriated
or, thereon three escallops sable."]
The cross can hardly be termed exclusively ecclesi-
astical, but a curious figure of this nature is to be met
with in the arms recently granted to the Borough of
Southwark (Pig. 1062). It was undoubtedly taken from
the device used in Southwark before its incorporation,
though as there were many bodies who adopted it in that
neighbourhood, it is difficult to assign it to a specific
origin.
Pastoral staves and passion-nails are elsewhere referred
to, and the figures of saints and ecclesiastics are mentioned
in the chapter on " The Human Figare."
The emblems of the saints, which appear to have
received a certain amount of official recognition — both
ecclesiastical and heraldic — supply the origin of many
Fig. 1061. — Arms of Pope Paul III. (Alex. Farnese), from a design by
Antonio de Sangallo (14S2-1546) : Or, six flenrs-de-lis azure.
other charges not in themselves heraldic. An instance of
this kind will be found in the sword of St. Paul, which
441 3 K
THE ART OF HERALDRY
figures on the shield of London. The cross of St. Cuth-
bert, which has been adopted in the unauthorised coat
for the See of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and the keys of St.
Henry III, Edward I., and Edward II. The quartering
for France was introduced by Edward III., as explained on
page 200, and the Koyal shield, as shown in Fig. 295,
B'IG. 1062, — Arms of Southwark : Quarterly argent and azure, a cross quarterly gules and of the first ; between
a rose of the third, barbed and seeded proper, in the first quarter a lily also of the first, slipped proper ;
in the second quarter an annulet ensigned with a cross patee and interlaced with a saltire conjoined in
base all or, in the third quarter ; and a stag's head caboshed also of the third in the fourth quarter.
Peter, which figure in many ecclesiastical coats, are other
examples. The lilies of the Virgin are, of course, con-
stantly to be met with in the form of fleurs-de-lis and
natural flowers ; and the list might be extended inde-
finitely. H. S. AND A. 0. F-D.
CHAPTER XLV
ARMS OF DOMINION AND SOVEREIGNTY :
PLATES CXIV. AND CXV.
ROYAL arms in many respects differ from ordinary
armorial bearings, and it should be carefully borne
in mind that they stand, not for any particular area
of land, but for the intangible sovereignty vested in the
rulers thereof. They are not necessarily, nor are they
in fact, hereditary. They pass by conquest. A dynastic
change which introduces new sovereignties introduces new
quarterings, as when the Hanoverian dynasty came to the
throne of this country the quartering of Hanover was in-
troduced, but purely personal arms in British heraldry are
never introduced. The personal arms of Tudor and Stewart
were never added to the Royal Arms of this country.
The origin of the English Eoyal Arms was dealt with
on page 121. "Gules, three lions passant guardant in
pale or," as the arras of England, were used by Kings John,
was in use in the reigns of Edward III., Eichard II.
(who, however, impaled his arms with those of St. Edward
the Confessor), and Henry IV. The last-mentioned king
about 141 1 reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis to three,
and the shield remained without further change till the
end of the reign of Edward VI. Queen Mary did not
alter the arms of this country, but during the time of her
marriage with Philip of Spain they were always borne
impaled with the arms of Spain. Queen Elizabeth bore
the same shield as her predecessors. But when James I.
came to the throne the arms were : " Quarterly, I and 4,
quarterly, i. and iiii. France, ii. and iii. England ; 2. Scot-
land (or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory and
counterflory gules) ; 3. Ireland (azure, a harp or, stringed
argent)." The shield was so borne by James I., Charles I.,
Charles II., and James II.
When William III. and Mary came to the throne an
inescutcheon of the arms of Nassau (" Azure, billetty and
a lion rampant or ") was superimposed upon the Eoyal
Anns as previously borne, for William III., and he
impaled the same coat without the inescutcheon for his
wife. At her death the impalement was dropped. After
the union with Scotland in 1707 the arms of England
(" Gules, three lions," &c.) were impaled with those of
Scotland (the tressure not being continued down the
palar line), and the impaled coat of England and Scotland
was placed in the first and fourth quarters, France in the
second, Ireland in the third.
442
THE ART OF HERALDRY
At the accession of George I. the arms of Hanover were
introduced in the fourth quarter. These were : " Tieroed
in pairle reversed, I. Brunswick, gules, two lions passant
guardant in pale or ; 2. Luneberg, or, seme of hearts
gules, a lion rampant azure ; 3. (in point), Westphalia,
gales, a horse courant argent, and on an inescutcheon
(over the fourth quarter) gules, the crown of Charlemagne
(as Arch Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).
At the union with Ireland in 180 1 the opportunity was
taken to revise the Eoyal Arms, and those of France were
then discontinued. The escutcheon decided upon at
that date was : " Quarterly, I and 4, England ; 2. Scot-
land; 3. Ireland with Hanover upon an inescutcheon."
This inescutcheon was surmounted by the Electoral cap,
for which a crown was substituted later when Hanover
became a kingdom.
At the death of William IV., by the operation of the
Salic Law, the crowns of England and Hanover were
separated, and the inescutcheon of Hanover disappeared
from the Royal Arms of this country, and by Royal
Warrant issued at the beginning of the reign of Queen
Victoria the Royal Arms and badges were declared to be
as they are shown on Plate CXIV. The necessary altera-
tion of the cyphers are the only alterations made by his
present Majesty.
The supporters date from the accession of James I.
Before that date there had been much variety. Some of
the Eoyal badges have been already alluded to in the
chapter on that subject.
The differences used by various junior members of the
Royal Family will be found in the chapter on Marks of
Cadency.
The arms of some other countries, and also some
territorial arms, are illustrated on Plate CXV., and are as
follows : —
Fig. I. Arms o£ the German Empire. The German Imperial
eagle sable, armed gules, bearing upon its breast the escutcheon of
Pntssia^ namely : argent, an ea^le displayed sable, &c., which is
again charged with the shield of HoheuzoUern, namely : quarterly
argent and sable. The escutcheon of Prussia is surrounded by the
collar of the " High Order of the Black Eagle." Above the head of
the German eagle is placed the German Imperial crown (compare
Plate LTI. Fig. 2). The final ofiicial confirmation of this escut-
cheon was given .lugust 3, 1871. (See Strohl's, Deutsche TJ^appeiirolUj
1897).
Fig. 2. Arms of tlie Kingdom of Greece. The escutcheon has the
following arms, viz. : Azure, a cross couped argent (for the Kingdom
of Greece), charged with the inescutcheon of the reigning dynasty.
(Prince George of Holstein-Glucksburg, second son of the successor
to the Danish throne, ascended the Hellenic thi'one Ifarch 30, 1863,
as Georgios I.) This inescutcheon is quarterly, namely : or, three
lions passant azure, crowned, and between nine hearts gules
(Denmark) ; 2. or, two lions passant azure (Schleswig) ; 3. gules,
the so-called " nettle-leaf " (Holstein) ; 4. gules, a horse's head
couped or (Lauenburg). Superimposed upon the inescutcheon is
another inescutcheon party per pale : dexter, or, two bars gules (for
Oldenburg) ; sinister, azure, a cross or (for Delmenhorst). The
shield of Greece, which is surmounted by the Royal crown of that
country, is surrounded by the white-edged blue ribbon of the
Erldstyrordens (Order of the Eedeemer). Supporters : on either
side a figure of Hercules, standing on a compartment and holding
a club in the exterior hand. Under Otto of Bavaria, 1832 to
1862, the supporters were on either side a lion crowned or. The
whole is beneath a pavilion azure, lined ermine, which, bordered
with silver tracery, bears a dome, seme of small crosses couped
argent, and surmounted by the Royal crown.
Fig. 3. Arms of the Grand Duchy of L^ixemburg. Aj-gent, five
bars azure, a lion rampant double-queued gules, crowned or,
charged upon the breast of the lion with an escutcheon of the
arms of Xassau. (The ruling dynasty since December 8, 1S90,
being of the House of Nassau, viz. : azure, billette and a lion
rampant or, armed and crowned gules.) A literal translation of the
German blazon would make the field harry of eleven argent and
azure. The shield is surmounted by the Grand-Ducal crown and
surrounded by the green and orange-striped ribbon of the Order of
the Oak-crown, The supporters are two lions or, each crowned
with the Grand-Duca.1 crown and standing on a gold compartment.
The whole of the foregoing is within a crimson pavilion lined with
ermine, the canopy surmounted with the Grand-Ducal crown.
Fig. 4. Arms of the Kirigdom of Ireland: Azure, a harp or,
stringed argent. The crest : on a wreath of the colours, a tower
triple-towered or, and from the gateway a stag springing argent,
attired and unguled or.
Fig. 5. Arms of the Sivedish District of Gestriklandj belonging to
Gefieborg-Lan : Argent, seme of hurts, a reindeer proper. The
shield is surmounted by a Swedish Ducal crown, without the cap.
Fig. 6. Aims of the Duchy of Sahhurg : Party per pale, dexter, or,
a lion rampant sable; sinister, gules, a fess argent. The shield is
surmounted by an old Ducal cap of the form now claimed as a
Prince's cap. The old archbishopric (since January i, 1850, form-
ing an independent crown land) has borne since the time of Arch-
bishop Aberchard II. (1200-1246) the Hohenstauff and Austrian
armorial bearings combined in its shield.
Fig. 7. Arms of the Hungarian Komitates Pozsony (Pressburg) :
Azure, a demi-wheel or, issuing from behind three mounds in base
vert, and thereupon a demi-stag salient proper. The shield is sur-
mounted by a coronet. The device is taken from the arms of the
Palffys (properly Bakocz), to whom the castle of Pressburg was
presented by the Emperor Rudolph II. in 1 599, and who enjoyed
the dignity of Principal Count Palatine, by hereditary right. The
Palffys bear the stai; or.
Fig. 8. Arms of the Spanish province of Jaen (Andalusia) :
Quarterly or and gules, within a border compony of the arms of
Leon (argent, a lion rampant purpure, crowned or), and of Castile
(gules, a castle or, the port azure). The escutcheon is surmounted
by an arched crown, containing the cap.
Fig. 9. Arms of the Svyiss Canton of Uri : Or, a bull's head
caboshed sable, langued and ringed through the nostrils gules. The
device is met with for the first time — but in this case ^vith the
head turned to the sinister — on a seal of the year 1249. The out-
stretched tongue occurs for the first time on a seal of the year 1489.
The old banners of Uri show the same device.
Fig. 10. Arms used by the English county of Hampshire: Per
fess argent and gules, three roses counterchauged, seeded or. These
are in reality the arms of the town of Southampton.
Fig. II. Arms oi the Russian GoveriiTnent of Tijlis (TTanscaMcaLSUs) :
Or, on a cross sable, between four lions' heatls erased gules, eyed
and langued of the second, a Russian cross (botonny and with
double arms) grasped by two naked arras, couped argent, the cross
charged in base with a crescent reversed of the last. (This device
is to typify the victory of the Greek Church over the crescent.)
Upon the shield rests the crown of the Tsar, the labels (i.e. the
ribbons issuing from the crown) azure. On either side of the
escutcheon is an oak branch or, conjoined in saltire, below the
escutcheon and intertwined with the blue ribbon of the Order of
St. Andrew.
Fig. 12. ATmsoitheRitssianterritory of Uralsk (GeneTaXGoYemoT-
ship of Kirkisensteppe in Central Asia) : Yert, three mountains argent,
rising out of water in base azure. From the centre mountain issues
a Hetmann's staft' (Bulawa) or, and from each of the exterior moun-
tains issue " horse-tail lances." The water in base is charged with a
fish of the second. The shield is surrounded by an ancient Tsar's
crown, and is, like Fig. 11, adorned with gold oak-foliage, in this
case the branches being intertwined with the dark-red ribbon of the
Order of St. Alexander Newsky. Both of these Russian coats of
arms were sanctioned on July 5, 1878.
Fig. 13. Arms of the Empire of Japan. The Imperial coat of
arms is composed of a heraldically conventionalised chrysanthemum.
The petals, which are sixteen in number, are of gold, edged with
silver, and connected with each other at the outer edge by " barbs "
of a similar design.
Fig. 14. Arms of the Empire of Corea (Ko-rai or Ted-sen) : A
blue and a red snake, intertwined and confined within a circle. The
red snake typifies the male, and the blue the female idea or principle,
in other words. Heaven and Earth.
Fig. 15. Arms of the Kingdom of Siam. These partake somewhat
of a European character, but are hardly capable of a European blazon
throughout. The gold-edged shield is tierced in pairle, the partition
lines being of gold. The upper field is of yelloio and on a gold pedes-
tal three white elephants in a group, adorned with gold. In base,
on the dexter side, gules, an elephant passant argent, the trappings
or ; on the sinister side, pink^ two daggers (Kris) in saltire. At the
sides of the shield are two Royal umbrellas, -nath seven red-lined
canopies (? of seven degrees) supported by two Siamese dragons.
At the base of the umbrellas appear the golden Royal shoes.
Round the shield is entwined the collar of the " Holy Order," or
the " Order of the New Gem," and of the Family Order of " Chtilah
Chaum Klow," the ornament of which hangs down over the gold-
edged blue compartment. Over the shield is suspended the Royal
crown, the point of which is surrounded by a circle of rays, and
from both sides of which a pink ribbon flutters. The white mantle,
richly embroidered with gold, is tied to two sceptres which are
in saltire behind the shield and round which the motto-ribbon is
entwined at the base.
Fig. 16. Arms of the former South African Republic (Transvaal).
The arms, which were enclosed in a golden cartouche, were ; Party per
fess in chief per pale, the dexter side gules, on a mount vert, a lion
443
THE ART OF HERALDRY
couchant to the sinister or ; the sinister side, azure, on a mount a
Boer habited all proper, wearing a bandolier and carrying in his
sinister hand a riile ; the base vert, on a mount proper, a transport
waggon or ; over all on an inescutcheon argent an anchor cabled proper.
On the cartouche, behind which the " vieurkleur '" (green, red, white,
and blue) flags of the country are crossed in a trophy, is perched an
eagle with outstretched wings proper. The white motto-ribbon,
which is twisted round two spades, bears in gold letters the inscrip-
tion : "Eendract Maakt Magt." From the heraldic point of view
it cannot be regretted that such a coat of arms no longer exists.
Fig. 17. Arms of the State of Maine (United States of North
America). The "Pine-tree State" bears on its shield a wapiti-deer
resting before a pine-tree, all in natural colours upon a landscape back-
ground. Supporters : dexter, a reaper with a scythe ; and sinister, a
seaman with a sextant, both habited proper. Above, from behind
the shield, arises a crimson luotto-ribbon with the device "Dirigo"
in letters of gold, over which is suspended a five-rayed golden star
within a circle of rays. At the base of the shield, on the natural
compartment on which the supporters stand, lies a blue ribbon
inscribed with the name of the State in gold letters. The name
was given to the country in 1635 in honour of the Queen Henrietta
Maria, Consort of Charles I., and daughter of Henry IV. of France,
Duchess of Maine. Since 1820 Maine has been a separate State.
Fig. 18. Arms of the United Rep uUic of Brazil (Estados Unidos
de Brazil). The arms of the State, con^'erted into a Republic in
the year 18S9, shows a star surrounded by golden rays. The five
points of the sta,r are fimbriated tliroughout with gules and or, and
each ray of the star is party of vert and or, i.e. of the national
colours. The star is charged with a circular disc of azure, the disc
being surrounded by a gilt-edged blue border, containing twenty
silver stars for the twenty pro^-inces. Within this border, likewise
on a blue ground, appeai-s the constellation of the " Southern Cross."
Under the star are placed a branch of the coffee-plant and one of
the tobacco-plant, arranged in orle, and over these, but behind the
star, a sw-ord in p;de proper, pommel and hilt or, the hilt surmounted
by a blue ribbon, which bears in gold letters the name of the con-
federated State and the date of its establishment.
Other territorial or sovereign arms occur in the present volume,
viz. : The Earldom of Chester, Fig. 514 ; the County of Shropshire,
Fig. 309 ; the Province of Brandenburg, Fig. 404 ; the Republic of
Porto Eico, Fig. 5S9; and the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, Fig. S36.
H. S. AKD A, C. F-D.
CHAPTER XLVI
EXAMPLES OF THE ARMS OF TOWNS:
PLATES CXVl, CXVIL, AND CXYIH.
PLATES CXYL and CXVIL represent the arms of
some number o£ the most important towns in
these countries. It should be noted that the arms
of a town belong to the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses
of the town for the time being. The official blazons are
as follows. : —
London (city of): Argent, a cross gules, in the first quarter a sword
in pale point upwards of the last. Crest : a dragon's sinister wing
argent, charged with a cross gules. Supporters : on either side a
dragon with %vings elevated and endorsed argent, and charged on
the wing with a cross gules. Motto : " Domine dirige nos."
Birmingham (Warwickshire): Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a bend
of five lozenges or ; 2 and 3, per pale indented of the last and gules,
over all a fess ermine, thereon a mural crown of the second ; and
for the crest, on a -wreath of the colours, a mural crown, issuant
therefrom a dexter arm embowed, the hand holding a hammer all
proper, together \vith the motto, " Forward.*' Supporters : on the
dexter side a man habited as a smith (representing industry)
holding in the dexter hand a hammer resting on an anvil all
proper ; and on the sinister side a female figure (representing Art)
proper, vested argent, wreathed round the temples with laurel
vert, tied by a riband gules, holding in the dexter hand resting on
the shield a book bound also gules, and in the sinister a painter's
palette or, with two brushes proper.
Manchester (Lancashire): Gules, three bendlets enhanced or, a
chief argent, thereon on waves of the sea a ship under sail proper ;
and for the crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a terrestrial globe,
seme of bees volant all proper. Supporters : on the dexter side
an heraldic antelope argent, attired, collared, and chain reflexed
over the back or; and on the sinister side a lion guardant or,
muraUy crowned gules, each charged on the shoulder with a rose
of the last. Motto : " Concilio et labore."
Lirerpool (Lancashire) : Argent, a cormorant, in the beak a
branch of seaweed called laver all proper ; and for the crest, on a
wreath of the colours, a cormorant, the wings elevated, in the beak
a branch of laver proper. Supporters : the dexter, Neptune, with
his sea-green mantle flowing, the waist wreathed with laver, on
his head an Eastern crown gold, in the right hand his trident
sable, the left supporting a banner of the arms of Liverpool ; on
the sinister a Triton, wreathed as the dexter and blowing his
shell, the right hand supporting a banner, thereon a ship under
sail in prospective all proper, the banner staves or. Motto:
" Deus nobis hiec otia fecit."
Keit:casllc-upon-Ty7ie (Northumberland) : Gules, three towers
triple- towered argent. Crest : on a wreath of the colours, a tower
argent, therefrom issuant a demi-lion rampant guardant or, hold-
ing a fiagstafi" sable, therefrom flowing a split banner of St. George.
Supporters : on either side a sea-horse argent, crined and finned
or. Motto : *' Fortiter defendit triumphans."
Edinhiuxjh : Argent, a castle triple-towered and embattled sable,
masoned of the first and topped with three fans gules, windows
and portcullis shut of the last, situate on a rock proper. On the
wreath is set for crest, an anchor wreathed about with a cable all
proper. Motto : " Nisi Dominus frustra." Supported on the
dexter by a woman, richly attired, with her hair hanging down
over her shoulders ; and on the sinister by a doe proper.
Gluinjov: : Argent, on a mount in base vert an oak-tree proper,
the stem at the base thereof surmounted by a salmon on its back
also proper, with a signet-ring in its mouth or, on the top of the
tree a redbreast, and in the sinister fess point an ancient hand-
bell, both also proper. Crest : the half-length figure of St.
Kentigern afironte, vested and mitred, his right hand raised in
the act of benediction, and having in his left hand a crosier all
proper. Supporters : two salmon proper, each holding in its
mouth a signet-ring or, and in an escroU entwined with the com-
partment this motto, "Let Glasgow flourish."
Leeds (Yorkshire) : Azure, a fleece or, on a chief sable three
mullets argent. Crest : an owl argent ; and supporters, on either
side an owl argent, ducally crowned or.
Sheffield (Yorkshire) : Per fess azure and vert, in chief eight
arrows in saltire banded argent, and in base three garbs or.
Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, a lion rampant argent,
collared gemel azure, thereon eight arrows as in the arms.
Supporters : on the dexter side a figure habited as Thor, resting
his exterior hand on a hammer all proper ; and on the sinister
side a figure habited as Vulcan standing in front of an anvil, and
in the dexter hand a pair of pincers all also proper. Motto :
"Deo adjuvante labor proficit."
Bristol (Gloucestershire) : Gules, on the sinister side a castle
with two towers domed all argent, on each dome a banner charged
with the cross of St. George, the castle on a mount vert, the
dexter base water proper, thereon a ship of three masts or, sailing
from a port in the dexter tower, her fore and main masts being
visible sable, the rigging of the last, and on each a roxmd-top of
the fifth, on the fore-mast a sail set, and on the main-mast a sail
furled of the second. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, two
arms embowed and interlaced in saltire issuing from clouds, the
dexter hand holding a snake all proper, and the sinister holding a
pair of scales or. Supporters : on either side, on a mount vert, a
unicorn sejant or, armed, maned, and unguled sable. Motto :
" Virtute et industria."
Other town arms will be found throughout the present volume,
as follows : Warrington (Fig. 51), Inverness (Fig. 239), Marylebone
(Fig. 240), Dover (Fig. 241), Abergavenny (Fig. 348), Biberach
(Fig. 37S), Schweidnitz (Fig. 3S6), Oldham (Fig. 450), Bermond-
sey (Fig. 522), Eccles (Fig. 528), Wolverhampton (Fig. 533ff),
Baling (Fig. 545), Leigh (Fig. 556), Pudsey (Fig. 557), Todmorden
(^ig- 573); Cambei-well (Fig. '575), Oban (Fig. 5S0), Alloa (Fig. 5S1),
Wandsworth (Fig. 582), Blackpool (Fig. 5S4), Kensington (Fig.
593), IsHngton (Fig. 602), Hammersmith (Fig. 607), Swindon (Fig.
60S), Hove (Fig. 610), Dukinfield (Fig. 782). DubUn (Fig. 787),
Arbroath (Fig. 807), Niirnberg (Fig. Si 7), Calcutta (Fig. 8 18), Cape
Town (Fig. 820), Tangermiinde (Fig. 838), Southwark (Fig. 1062).
The arms on Plate CSVIIL are as follows : —
Fig. I. Amsterdam (old form, Amstelledamme = Dam on the
Amstell), the capital, but not (Eoyal) residential, town of the King-
dom of Holland : Gules, on a pale sable, three saltires couped.
(Since 1508 the shield has been surmounted by the Roman-German
Imperial crown, in accordance with the patent granted by the
Roman king Maximilian I., February 11, 1489.) Supporters: two
lions guardant or.
Fig. 2. Oxford (England) : Argent, an ox gules, passing over a
ford of water in base barry wavy azure and argent. Crest : on a
TNTeath of the colours, a demi-lion rampant guardant azure, crowned
with an Imperial crown, holding between the paws a rose gules,
charged with another argent. Supporters : on the dexter side an
elephant ermine, eared, collared, and lined argent, and on the sinister
side a beaver vert, its tail azure and argent, ducally gorged and lined
or. Motto : " Fortis est Veritas."
Fig. 3. Brussels (province of Brabant), capital and (Royal)
residential town of Belgium : Gules, St. Michael or, overthrou-ing
the devil sable. Upon the escutcheon is placed a coronet of pearls
and behind the shield, which is supported by two Hons or, standing
444
PLATE CXLII.
-.— y^*«v^
EXAMPLES OF ARMORIAL WOOD CARVINGS.
Printed »t Stnrtgart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
on a natural compartment vert, two lances in saltire or, on each a
flag fringed of the last, the dexter charged with the arms of Brabant
(sable, a lion rampant or), and the sinister with the same arms of
Brussels.
Fig. 4. Schafflianscn (principal town of the canton of Schaffhausen,
Switzerland) : Or, on a mount in base vert, a city gateway issuing
from the sinister side of the escutcheon argent, and therefrom a ram
springing sable, horned and crowned or. In the first seal of the town
(c. 1275) tlie ram is not springing, but standing, and is without the
crown. After the Austrian rule wa.s shaken off, the ram is found
depicted springing, so appearing on an "XJrIehde" (solemn oath
not to take vengeance) of the year 141 5, but it is not unlikely the
change is one resulting merely from artistic licence. The crowning
of the animal followed in 1512, in which year Pope Julius II.
presented banners to the Confederates for services rendered, and
attested Tarious augmentations upon them to the animals on the
shields. The arms of the canton show the ram only.
Fig. 5. Le Eavre ("chef-lieu d'arrondissement " in the French
department of Nieder-Seine) : Gules, a salamander argent, crowned
and in golden flames, a chief of France (i.e. azure, three fleurs-de-lis
or). The chief, with the lioyal lilies, is to be found in the arms of
most of the French towns ; but the salamander was the badge of
Francis I., who founded the town in 1517.
Fig. 6. Murlo (province of Siena, Tuscany) : Gules, on a mount
in base vert a castle argent, and on either side thereof a mouse
climbing proper. The castle bears a reference to the former feudal
possession of the Bishops of Siena ; the mice probably have some
connection with the name of the place. Old books of arms show
the two mice, but in later times these, without any authority, have
been superseded by two fierce lions which appear to have taken
their place.
Fig. 7. Sorimio (province of Florence) : Or, a mountain ash-tree
(sorhis) proper, fructed gules, issuing from a mount in base vert,
supported by two lions, the dexter vert and the sinister gules (the
charges of the families of Ordelaffi and Ubertini) ; over all, on a
chief argent, a fleur-de-lis gules (from the arms of ]?lorence).
Fig. 1063. — Crest of the Town of Leipzig.
Fig. 8. Leipzig (kingdom of Saxony) : Party per pale, the dexter
side or, a lion rampant sable (the arms of Margrave von Meissen) ;
the sinister side or, two pallets azure (the family arms of Wettiner^
assumed by the district of Landsberg). Crest ; a conical hat striped
in broad vertical bands of or and azure, and adorned in front with
a plume of three ostrich feathers, the centre one azure, the exterior
ones or, inserted behind the tui'ned-up brim. Fig. 1063 gives the
side view of this crest. Mantling azure and or.
Fig. 9. Hannover (the capital and former Royal residence of the
kingdom of Hanover, now the capital of the Prussian province of
Hannover) : Gules, upon a battlemented wall surmounted by two
towers argent, a lion passant or, armed and langued azure. In the
open portway of the wall below the raised portcullis an inescutcheon
or, charged with a clover-leaf vert, the point of the leaf turned
towards the base, seeded and veined also or. The crest is: upon a
wreath gules and or, between two buffalo's horns, the dexter per fess
gules and or, the sinister counterchanged, a clover-leaf as in the arms;
Mantling gules and or. (Two gold lions are used as supporters.)
In the oldest seals of the town (1266) the wall is found, together
with the Brunswick lion, but without the clover-leaf, which is met
with for the first time in the seal of 1 534. But on coins the clover-
leaf maybe found as early as the first half of the fourteenth century-
Fig. 10. Caslav (Czaslau), a town in East Bohemia : Gules, a
battlemented town-wall argent, the port ouvert. Behind the wall
rise three battleniented towers, and issuing from each of the
exterior towers a watchman, habited in azure, with black hat and
feathers, blowing a horn or. In the centre chief point is an inescut-
cheon of the arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Upon the shield
rests a mural coronet, which will be found on a seal of the town
as early as 1532. The arms were granted to the town by King
Wladislaw II., May 22, 1472.
Fig. 1 1. Maros Vasarhely, a Eoyal free town in the Hungarian
Komitate (Countship) Maros-Torda (Transylvania) : Azure, an arm
in armour embowed fesswise and couped at the shoulder, brandishing
a sword on which are impaled the heart gules and the head erased
sable of a bear. This peculiar device is taken from the old escut-
cheon of the Szekler-Nation, which above the bear's heart also
shows a golden crown. The shield is surmounted by a golden crown.
Fig. 12. Bombay, capital of the Presidency of Bombay: Azure,
three ships luider sail lateen-rigged proper, a chief or, thereon
a lion passant guardant gules, between two pallets sable, each
charged with an ostrich feather erect argent ; and for a crest,
upon a wreath of the colours, a lion passant giiardant gules,
crowned with an Eastern crown gold, supporting with the dexter
forepaw an escutcheon or, charged with a sprig of the cotton-tree
slipped and fructed proper. Supporters : on the dexter side a lion
or, and on the sinister side a leopard proper, each gorged with an
Eastern crown, and pendent therefrom an escutcheon azure, charged
with a mullet argent. Motto: "XJrbs prima in India."
Fig. 1064. — Arms of Ereslau.
(From a drawing by Jost Amman. )
Fig. 1064 shows the arms of Breslau, the capital of the Prussian
province of Silesia: Quarterly, i. Bohemia; 2. Silesia; 3. or, a
W sable (Wratislavia) ; 4. Gules, issuing from a reversed coronet,
the bust of St. John the Evangelist (supposed to have been origi-
nally the bust of St. Dorothea) ; and over all the symbol of St. John
the Baptist, -iiz. the head proper in a charger argent. Crest : be-
tween two flags harry of gules and argent, and issuing from a
coronet, the bust of St. John the Evangelist. Mantling gules and
argent. (Granted in 1 530.)
Fig. 1065. — Arms of Augsburg.
(From a drawing by Jost Amman, 1566.)
An interesting and much-discussed heraldic figure is borne by
the town of Augsburg (the ancient Augusta Vinddicorum) on its
shield : Party per pale gules and silver (arms of the Bishopric of
Augsburg), on the capital of a pillar or, a pine-cone (or a cembra
nut) vert, also termed by some a bunch of grapes (Fig. 1065). The
so-called " Stadtpyr " of Augsburg appears as early as the beginning
of the fourteenth century on the seals of the town, and probably
owed its origin to some excavated decorative figure from a Roman
grave. The pine-cones, with their many seed-pods, were to the
Romans a symbol of the inexhaustible abundance in the life of
nature, and were frec[uently employed, in their grave-monuments
especially.
These arms of Cologne [" Argent, on a chief gules, three crowiis
or"! wiU be found on Plate CXXIV. (refer to page 231).
A. C. F-U. AND H. S.
445
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER XLVII
COATS OF ARMS OF SOCIETIES AND COR-
PORATIONS: PLATES CXIX. TO CXXV.
INTERESTING as the arms of such bodies always are,
and curious and strange as is the heraldry to be de-
duced therefrom, the arms comprised in this cate-
gory largely lack value to the heraldic student from the
fact that so large a proportion are mere arms of adventure.
The result is that their weird perversions of heraldic law.
and their strange menagerie of charges, are but too often
the perpetuation of the ignorance of their original in-
ventors. As to this chapter particularly, I would repeat
that I cannot guarantee that any particular coat of arms
which follows possesses the requisite authority. Those
where the date of grant is appended are of course
authoritative, as are some others.
The arms on Plate CXIX. are as follows : —
Cai-penter^ Company, London (granted 6 Edward VI.) : Argent,
a chevron engrailed between three pairs of compasses extended
sable.
Masons' Conipan i/fhondon (granted 12 Edward IV.): Sable, on
a chevron engrailed between three quadrilateral castles argent,
a pair of compasses extended of the field. Crest : a castle as in
the arms.
Marhlers, Gateshead : Gules, a chevron between two chipping
axes in chief argent, and a mallet in base or. Crest : an arm
embowed, vested azure, cuffed argent, holding in the hand proper
an engraving chisel or.
Freemasons, Grateshead : Sable, on a chevron argent, between
three towers or, a pair of compasses extended azui'e. Crest : a
tower with a cupola or.
The arms on Plate CXXI. are as follows : —
Drajyers^ Companv, London. Arms: Azure, three clouds proper,
radiated in base or, each surmounted with a triple crown or, caps
gules. Crest : a mount vert, thereon a ram couchant or, attired
sable. Supporters : two lions argent, pellette. Motto : " Unto
God only be honour and glory."
Goldsmiths' Company, London. Arms : Quarterly gules and azure,
in the first and fourth a leopard's head or ; in the second and third
a covered cup, and in chief two round buckles, the tongues fess-
\vise, points to the dexter, all of the third. Crest : a demi-lady,
her arms extended proper, issuing out of clouds of the last, vested
gules, garnished or, cuffed argent, round her neck a ruff of the
last ; in her dexter hand a pair of scales of the third, in her sinister
hand a touchstone sable. Supporters : two unicorns or, armed,
crined, and hoofed argent. Motto: "Justitia virtutum regina."
Another motto occasionally used by the Company was : " To God
only be aU glory." [Note. — The crest is vested in the dress of the
reign of Elizabeth.]
hi4itute of CliaHered Acrnuntants. Arms : Argent, on a mount
in base, in front of a rudder in bend sinister, a female figure
proper, representing " Economy," habited gules, mantled azure,
about the temples a ^vreath of ohve, in the dexter hand a rod, and
in the sinister a pair of compasses also proper ; a chief of the
second, thereon a balance suspended also or. Motto : " Recte
numerare."
The Bank of Scotland (granted 1701): Azure, a sal tire argent
between four bezants.
77(€ Mercers' Company (confirmed by St. George, Hichmond
Herald, 1634). Arms: Gules, a demi-virgin couped below the
shoulders, issuing from clouds aU proper, vested or, crowned with
an Eastern crown of the last, her hair dishevelled, and wi'eathed
round the temples with roses of the second, all within an orle of
clouds proper. Motto : " Honor Deo."
The arms on Plate CXXIII. are as follows : —
llie Trinity House. Arms : Azure, a cross'gules, between four ships
of three masts, each under full sail all proper, on each sail, pennant,
and ensign a cross gules, and each quarter representing a sea-piece.
Crest : a denii-lion rampant guardant and regally crowned or,
holding in the dexter paw a sword erect argent, hilted and
pommelled of the first. Motto: "Trinitas in unitate."
The Statimiers' Conpany. Arms : Azure, on a che\Ton or, between
three Bibles lying fesswise gules, garnished, leaved, and clasped
of the second (clasps downwards), an eagle rising proper, enclosed
by two roses gules, seeded or, barbed vert, from the top of the
chief a demi-circle of gloiy edged with clouds proper, therein a
dove displayed argent, over the head a circle of the last. Motto :
" Verbum domini nianet in reternum."
Tlie Central London Raihray (granted February 25, 1S98). Arms :
Argent, on a cross gules, voided of the field, betuveen two wings in
chief sable and as many daggers erect in base of the second, in
the fess point a morion ^ringed of the third, on a chief also of the
second, a pale of the first, thereon eight arrows saltirewise, banded
also of the third, between, on the dexter side three bendlets
enhanced, and on the sinister a fleur-de-lis or. Crest : a repre-
sentation of the front of a locomotive engine proper, between two
wintjs or. Motto : " Forward."
The Fishmonger^ Company. Arms : Azure, three dolphins naiant
in pale argent, finned and ducally crowned or, between two pairs
of lucies in saltire (the sinister surmounting the dexter) proper,
over the nose of each lucy a ducal crown of the third, on a chief
gules three pairs of keys endorsed in saltire or. Crest : two cubit
arms erect, the dexter vested or, the sinister azure, both cufled
argent, holding in the hands proper a regal crown of the last.
Supporters : dexter, a merman proper, on his head a helmet, the
body only covered in armour, in his dexter hand a sabre, all of the
first ; sinister, a mermaid proper, crined or, in her sinister hand a
mirror of the last. Motto : " All worship be to God only."
The North Born^eo Company. Arms : Azure, in base on waves of
the sea a native boat of North Borneo with sails, manned and oars
in action proper, a chief or, thereon a lion passant guardant gules.
Crest : two arms embowed, that on the dexter side being the arm
of a native of North Borneo proper ; that on the sinister being an
arm vested azure, cuffed argent, the hand grasping a staff proper,
thereon hoisted a flag flowing to the sinister or, charged with a
Uon guardant gules.
The Carpenters' Company. Arms : Argent, a chevron engraUed
between three pairs of compasses expanded at the points sable.
Cutlers' Company of Sheffield. Arms : Argent, on a fess indented
vert, between three pairs of swords in saltire proper, pommels and
hilts, sable, eight arrows interlaced saltirewise, banded of the field,
between two garbs or. Crest : in front of an elephant's head
couped or, two swords in saltire as in the arms.
The grant depicted on Plate CXX. is the coat of
Tallow Chandler^ Company. Arms : Per fess azure and argent, a
pale counterchanged, three doves of the last, each holding in the
beak an oBve branch or. Crests (both the following are used, but
really No. 2 was substituted for No. i): i. a demi-angel issuing
from clouds proper, vested azure, wings expanded or, crined of the
last, on his head a cap, thereon a cross patee of the third, holding
a dish argent, glorified or, thereon the head of St. John Baptist
proper; 2. a dish argent, glorified proper, thereon the head of St.
John Baptist proper. Supporters : two angels proper, vested
gold, crined and ducally crowned or, the coronet surmounted with
an estoUe of the last, each standing on a mount vert. Mottoes :
" Ecce Agnus Dei, qui toUit peccata mundi " ; " Qufe arguuntur, a
lumine manifestantur." (See Plate CXXXII. Fig. 2.)
Plates CXXIV. and CXXV. show some interesting variations of
the arms adopted by different masonic lodges and kindred bodies,
which, however, all sufficiently explain themselves.
The arms illustrated on Plate CXXII. are as follows : —
Fig. I. Arms of the SJwemakers' G^iild at Winterthur (Canton
Ziirich), 15S3 : Gules, above a pointed shoe sable, a draw-knile
argent, the handle or.
Fig. 2. Arms of the Baker^ Guild at Liege : Azure, between two
rolls a saw-blade in pale point downwards or. (The Bakers' Guild
in Brussels also bore a saw in their arms, presumably as a sign of
their right to cut anything, even wood. It is to be lioped that it was
not indicative of the difficulty in dealing with the bread they baked.)
Fig. 3. Arms of the Funiers' Guild at Bale : Gules, a bend com-
posed of three rows of Kiirsch.
Fig. 4. Arms of the Fishermen's Guild in the Jurisdiction of
Benfeld (Alsace-Lorraine), seventeenth century : Azure, an oar in
pale or, surmounted by two fish in saltire heads downwards argent.
Fig. 5. Arms of the Printers' Guild: Or, the double-headed
engle of the Eoman-German Realm sable, the heads each within a
nimbus, armed gules, holding in its dexter claw a leaf-holder, and
in its sinister a composing-stick. The helmet, which is crowned,
and has a mantling of gules and argent, has for crest a demi-griffin
ari;ent, armed gules, holding in its claws two printing-balls, one
above the other, the heads conjoined. This coat of arms was not
granted by the Emperor Friedrich III., as has been hitherto uni-
versally stated, but in the course of the sixteenth, seventeenth,
and eighteenth centuries grndually developed itself into its
present form. (For fuller details refer to Strohl's JVappen der
Buchgewerhe, Vienna, 1891.)
Fig. 6. Seal of the Guild of Coppersmiths of Vienna. This shows
a copper kettle held by two griffins standing on a mount. The
legend is : " Der Bvrgerlichen Kvpfersclimit. Sigill in der Key
res. stat. Wjen." 1650.
Fig. 7. The seal of the G^dld of Blacksmiths of Vienna. This
shows, below the Imperial double eagle, a richly foliated and orna-
mented cartouche, bearing as a charge a horse leaping over a horse-
shoe. The legend is; "Sigill deren. Burgh. Hvef-Schmiden. in.
Wienn." (On a document from the Burgher Master Blacksmiths of
Vienna to the Master of Pulkau, 19th October 175 1.)
Fig. S. Arms of the Cheesemongers' Guild at Ghent : Gules, above
446
THE ART OF HERALDEY
a cheese-knife proper, tlie handle or, a pair of scales of the last, the
weighing slabs argent, and in chief two circular cheeses proper.
Fig. 9. Arms of the Gardeners' GuiUl at Strassburg, seventeenth
centnrj : Argent, a bend gules (arms of Strassbiu'g) between two
roses of the last, seeded or, barbed, leaved, and slipped vert.
Fig. 10. Arms of the Painters : Gules, three inescutcheons argent.
The helmet, which is crowned, and has a mantling of males and
argent, bears as crest a demi-maiden proper, riclily habited per pale
guLes and argent, between two fallow-deer's palmated attires proper.
The three shields as charges were the "canting" sign of the old-
shieldworkers, by whom the pageant and battle-shields were
made. In Germany the field was originally gules, in France and
in the Netherlands azure, the escutcheons being argent and occasion-
ally or. The crest consisted of dragon's wiugs, stag's antlers, fallow-
deer's horns, and the figure was always a feminine one, though very
often it is a negress which is placed between the horns. The crest
was supposed to be an imitation of the so-called Lustericeibchen
(figures of women, to hold lamps or lustres ?), which were also made
by the shieldworkers. (Details of this coat of arras may be found
in F, W-arnecke's Monographie iiber das Kunstlericappen, Berlin,
1S87. See also Plate XXVI. Fig. 5.)
Crafts and professions which recent times have produced have of
course no guild coats of arms, but the decorator occasionally at-
tempts to symbolise heraldically these modern handicrafts, and two
specimens of such symbolical designs are here added. They have
not, of course, any authority.
Fig. II. Device of the German Gymnasts : Or, four figures of the
letter "F" addorsed in cross sable. This device was proposed at
the Swabian Gymnastic Festival at Heilbron on 2nd and 3rd
August 1S46, by the copperplate engraver Johann Heinrich
Felsing (born 17S0, died 29th Jlarch 1875), of Darmstadt, and was
universally adopted as the device. The four F's are taken from a
rhyme of the sixteenth century : " Frisch, frei Frohlich und frumb,
ist der Studenten Eeichtum." ''Fresh, free. Joyous, and good, is
the realm of the Students."
Fig. 12. Device of the Gernmn School Union in Austria : Per fess
sable and or, a fess gules, in chief a demi-sun in splendour issuant
from the fess, and issuant from the base and surmounting the fess
an oak-branch vert with two acorns or. This device was designed
by Herr Strohl in 1S88. The sun on the black field is intended to
denote intellectual enlightenment resulting from the schools, her
illuminating rays being poured out over the fruitful oak-branch,
typifiiing the growing German race.
Fig. 1 3. Device of the A itstrian Leo-Society : Sable, a lion rampant
or, armed gules, charged on the shoulder with an escutcheon of the
arms of the Austrian Eoyal Family (gules, a fess argent), and hold-
ing in its forepaws the triple papal silver cross. These armorial
bearings of this Catholic Literary Society were also designed by
Herr Strohl in 1S92.
Fig. 14. Device of the Literary Union of Stuttgart : Party per fess
or and azure, in chief a demi-mare issuant sable (half of the arms of
Stuttgart), and in base a closed book gules.
Fig. 15. Seal of the Royal Institut-e of British Architects (1834) in
London. The mural crown, above the circle, as also the motto
ribbon, with the inscription "vsvi civivm decori vrbivm," which
occurs below the circle, have been omitted on account uf lack of
space. The device shows a pillar, supported by two English lions
impeiially crowned, the shaft of the pillar seme of the badges of
England (rose), Scotland (thistle), and Ireland (trefoil). The
capital supports the globe and a rtidder.
Fig. 16. Seal c.f the Society of Antiquaries in Londoti. This seal
shows the shield of St. George, charged in the centre with the Royal
crown itf Enghmd. Over the shield, as crest, is shown a four-
armed burning lamp. Motto: "non extingvetvil" Legend:
" Sigillum . Sucietatis . Antiq^uariorum . Londinensis." It should be
remarked that these arms du not in any way belong to the Society.
They were granted as a quartering of augmentation in 1649 by
King Charles to Sir Edward Nicholas, secretary to King Charles II.,
and the Society might well display a better example to students of
armory. The crest, of course, is a mere matter of invention. No
ci-iticism can be too strong for the dishonest action of the Society of
Antiquaries, which purports to be the chief antiquarian authority
in this country. The arms used by the assistant secretary and
many of the fellows are equally lacking authority.
Fig. 17. Arms of the University of Cambridge (1573) : Gules, on a
cross ermine, between four lions passant guardant or, a book gules.
The Ktmqilienbuch (Council Book) of Constance (1483) shows other
armorial bearings for the University, namely : Fiunce and England
quarterly (the then Royal Arms of England), charged in the centre
with a book gules. The arms of the University of Birmingham
(Fig. 293) and of the University of Madras (Fig. 308) will also be
found herein.
Fig. 18. Arms of Mo^i College (according to the patent of King
Henry VI., January i, 1449) : Sable, three (natural) lilies argent, a
chitf party per pale azure and gules, charged on the dexter side with
a flem-de-lis and on the sinister with a lion passant guardant or.
Fig. 19. Arms of the Students' Association {^'' Tentonia.") at Jena.
The arms of the Students' Associations at the German Universities
are all devised upon one pattern, which, however, cannot lay claim
to any special heraldic value. (See " Ai-ms of the German Students^
Association," by Nic. Miiller, 1S7S-79, Frankfort-on-the-Maine.)
The arms of the Univereity Extension College at Reading (Fig.
606) and of Clifton College (Fig. 550) are other examples, and I
am permitted to reproduce the bookplate of Cheltenliara College
(Fig. 1066).
Fig 1066. — The Bookplate of Cheltenham College : Per bend giiles
and sable, on a bend or, between in chief two swords in saltire
proper, pommels and hUts of the third, and in base a fasces
palewise of the last, a mullet of the first between two fleurs-
de-lis of the second. (From the original block.)
In conclusion we give two copies from Strbhl's Die Wa'pyen der
Bii^h^ewerhe (Vienna, 1S91), representing the arms of the Photo-
chemigraphists (Fig. 1067) and those of the Bookbinders (Fig. 1068).
Fig. 1067. — Arms of the Guild of Photochemigraphists.
The shield in the arms of the Photochemigraphists, invented by
Franz Stuck, of Munich, in 1884, is : Party per fess, in chief sable a
demi-sun in splendour issuant, the base per pale, on the dexter side,
gules, an acid flask, and on the sinister argent, a printing-roller
447
THE ART OF HERALDRY
sable. The helmet has for crest, on a wreath or and sahle, mantling
being the same, three sunflowers proper. Motto : " In luce mundus.''
The arms of the bookbinders are : Gules, a bookbinding press or,
and above it a bound book of the last. The helmet bears as crest
Fig. 1068. — Arms of the Guild of Bookbinders.
an arm brandishing a hammer or mallet sable, the handle or. The
aim is habited in a sleeve gules, cuffed or, and continuing into the
mantling of gules and or. H. S. and A. C. F-D.
PLATE CXXVI
EXAMPLES OF HUNGARIAN AND, POLISH ARMS
While Hungarian heraldry rests more or less on a German
foundation, and only makes itself noticeable by its occasional
extravagances, and, since the Turkish war, by a special predilection
for devices having some reference to that struggle, ancient Polish
lieraldry would seem to be of an independent origin, possessing very
little in common with German and West European heraldic art.
The crest and the mantling and even the tinctures of the charges
play a very small part, and the number of heraldic charges is com-
paratively limited. Modern Polish heraldry has enriched itself
with many devices from the neighbouring heraldic art of Germany,
but has, by so doing, as will be readily understood, lost rather than
gained both in national character and in the peculiarities of its
armory.
Hungarian Coats of Arms
Fig. I. Arms of Martin Pethnehazy, granted by King Sigismund
iit Constance, July 25, 1417 : Gules, a ctemi-lion argent, issuing out
of a coronet or, enriched with gems gules and azure, holding in its
paws and shooting from a bow or, stringed argent, an arrow also
gold, the pheon argent. The crowned tilting-helmet, with its
mantling of gules and or, bears as crest the demi-lion as in the
arras. Later, the Pethneliazys received a grant of a new coat of
arms from King Mathias Corvinus at Of'en, January 9, 1462, viz.:
Azure, a unicorn argent, armed or (from Turul, 1888).
Figs. 2 and 3. Arras of Nikolaus Gara 11, , Royal Counsellor of
King Charles VI. of France, who " besserte " (augmented) for him
the old arms of Gara by a patent dated March 16, 141 5. The con-
firmation of this augmentation by King Sigismund followed in the
succeeding year. The old coat (Fig. 2) was : Azure, a snake
crowned or, holding an Imperial orb in its moutli. The crowned
silver tilting-helmet has a mantling of ostrich feathers azure, and
as crest a plume of ostrich feathers azure, disposed in the shape
of a wing, and charged with tlie device of the shield. The
augmented coat of arms (Fig. 3) is the same shield and the same
helraet, but the mantling and crest are composed of golden sun-rays.
Above the rays appear two flag-cloths (perhaps ailettes ; compare
Plate CXXXVIl. Fig. 2), each charged with the Gara arms.
Fig. 4. Arms of Andreas Chapi, granted to him and his relatives
by King Sigismund at Constance, March 19, 1418: Azure, a lion
rampant or, the dexter forepaw grasping and endeavouring to
withdraw an arrow argent, pierced through both its eyes, which are
emluued. Crest: a lion statant or, removing an arrow as in the
arms. The silver tilting-helmet has a mantling of azure and or.
The shield is surrounded Ijy the emblem of the Order of the Dragon,
a golden dragon, charged mth a cross gules (compare Plate LXXX.
Fig. 4). (From Turul, 1885.)
Fig. 5. Arms of Niholaus Sovari Soos, granted by King Sigismund
at Constance, March 6, 1418, to him, his son, and to other relations :
Azure, issuing from a coronet or, the bust of a woman proper,
crined also or, and issuing from her head two ram's horns of the
List. The silver tilting-helmet has a mantling of azure and gules.
Crest : out of a coronet a woman's bust as in the arras. The Chapie
and tlie Soos are of one family. (From Turul, 1885.)
Fig. 6. Arms of Count Johann Hunyadi (until 1452 "Gubernator*
of the Hungarian Realm, Father of King Mathias Corvinus, who
died 1456). These arras were granted at Pressburg, February i,
1453, % J^i°g Ladislaus V. Posthuraus : Quarterly, i and 4, argent,
a linn rampant gules, the eye or, holding in its paw a coronet of
the last (this device was not borne afterwards by the family) ; 2
and 3, the old family arms of the Hunyadi (Corvinus), azure, a
raven rising proper, the eye or, and holding in its beak a gem-
ring or, set wiih a diamond. 'Tlie partition lines of the shield in
this painting are indicated in gold. The crowned, golden tilting-
helmet has a mantling of silver lined witli gold. Crest : a pair of
wings addorsed or. Figs. 2 and 3, as also Fig. 6, are taken from
A. Nyary's book, Heraldika Vegcrfonola, Budapest, 1886.
Instances of arms containing reference to battles with the Turks
are shown in Figs. 1069 and 1070.
Fig. 1069. iirmorial shield of Michael Moliorai Vid, a travelling
companion of liing Sigismund, who distinguished him at Strass-
Mohorai Yid (
burg (1418) by the gift of a patent of arms: Gules, between two
Turkish sabres addorsed argent, the bust of a Turk habited in
azure, and with a white turban. The same bust of a Turk, but
Fig. 1070. — Devay (153S).
habited in gules, is also the crest, tlie habit continuing into the
mantling of gules and argent. The Vidflys were inhabitants of the
Comitate Nograd and Hont.
Fig. 1070. Arms of Peter Devay de Deva (granted by King Johann
448
PLATE CXLIII.
' y .- •:' '^ i> U'^"^^ — Tf- — > ^~ ' ■"
EX.-\MPLES OF ARMORIAL WOOD CAR\'INGS.
Printed at S-tatljtart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Zapolya at Schassburg, July 1 3, 1 538 : Gules, a Turk runniuEr, habited
in azure, the trousers or, and with high boot6 proper, holding in his
dexter liand a sword, and with the sinister endeavouiing 10 draw a
broken spear out of his breast, and pierced in the upper part of his
body by an arrow embedded to its head. (Reproauced frmii the
Jahrbuch Adler, 1892.)
Amputated bleeding Turks' heads, Turkish sabies, sword-bran-
dishing arms in armour, sword-brandishing lions, and grilfins, pan-
dours, hussars, &c., chiefly constitute ihe heraldic charges uf the
Magyars, and lend to the armory of that nation a warlike and
Tartar wildness, and often something of an even comical character.
Polish Coats op Arms
The old Polish armorial devices are mostly the flag-devices —
"Stannizan" — of the families of old dynasties, originating ex-
clusively in the Runic characters of the Scandinavians, the neigh-
bours of the Poles, in their old home Drevinenland (Holst^in).
To such signs, taken from tlie runes, belong, for instance, the
OGONOZYK.
^
Tig. 1071.
devices of (Herb) of the Ogonj' fiiiiiily (Ojioncyzk ; Fig. 1071) ;
of Odrowaz (Fig. 1072; see Plate LXXXVII. 'Fig. 5); and of
Fig. 1072.
Natchez (Fig. 1073), from which, later on, a bow of material was
developed. Frequently occurring devices are, moreover : Pohog
RfliQa^Zr.
t S
Fig. ]o73.
(Fig. 1074) and Dabroica (Fij;. 1075), both composed of horse-shoes
surmounted by small crosses, as is also a bend wavy couped, sur-
POBOG
DflBROCaj].
Fig. 1074.
Fig. 1075.
mounted by a cross (Szreniawa; Fig. 1076). The crescent and star
are the arms of Leliva (Fig. 1077), and "the two and a half armed
cross" the arms of Pilawa (Fig. 1078).
'i'he.-e separate coals of arms were not borne by one family only,
but in each c;ise by a whole group o: families, who, however, with-
out doubt would all originate in the same dynasty. Thus, for in-
stance, Counts Czapski, Goluchowski, Wodzicke bear, amongst others
the arms of Leliva (Fig. 1077). The arms of Nat<^ez (Fig. 1073) are
used by about one hundred and fifty families, &c.
SZRQniHOlH
LQIiTa3^.
piiifimH.
Fig. 1076.
Fig. 1077.
Fig. 107S.
Plate CXXVI. shows emblazonments of the arms of two old Polish
noble families in the style of the second half of the fifteenth century,
the figures of which show, and may perhaps explain, the develop-
ment of the Polish armorial charges.
Fig. 7. Armsoi Ooimt ivn Mig£zyn-MigA:zy 7is}ci,hQ\o'nging to ihe avias
of Suchekownaty : Gules, a hunting-horn sable, viroled and stringed
or, the string surmounted by a cross of the same. The crowned
buckled helmet, with it-s mantling of sable and gules, bears as crest
a plume of three ostrich feathers sable, or, and gules (Athanasius
von Miaczynski Wojewode von Wolhynien, who died 1723, was
ennobled December 2, 1 688, by the Emperor Leopold I., on account
of his services at the relief of Vienna). The figure originated in the
" Stannitze" of the JNJadrostki (Fig. 1079) composed of the rune tvr
(Fig. 1080), the symbol of sovereignty and of the rune madr (Fig.
1081), identical with the idea of "man."
When the pagan families were converted to Christianity most of
the "Stannitzen" were altered by the insertion of crossed lines
(Fiij. 1082) in order to express also the new belief in the Cross. Tliis
device, after the death of the original ancestor, only continued to be
borne by his eldest son ; the younger sons were obliged to put aside
0 t M^
Fig. 1079.
Fig. ioSo.
Fig. ioSi,
the sign of the Wojewoden dignity — the rune tyr — and bore the
"Stannitzen," as shown in Fig^ 1083.
When, in the begiuniui^' of the fourteenth century. Central and
West European heraldry penetrated to Poland, that nation endea-
voured to replace the signs of the "Stannitzen," then already be-
come incomprehensible, by objects corresponding in shape as much
as possible, and in this manner arose, out of Fig. 1083, the reversed
horse-shoe surrounding a cross (Arms: Zastrzembiec), the waxing
half-moon containing a cross (Arms : Szeliga), and, amongst many
others, also the huuting-horn surmounted by the cross (Arms:
Suchekownaty), the arm.s of Count Miaczynski.
Fig. 8. Arms of Count von Mycielen-Mycielski, belonging to the
arms of Dol^a : Azure, a horse-shoe argent, surmounted by a small
cross or, surmounting an arrow point downwards, flighted or. The
crowned helmet, with a nianiling azure and argent, bears as crest a
wing ari^ent, pierced by an arrow in fess, flighted or. (The family,
one of the most highly esteemed of Great Poland, owning large
estates in Posen, received the rank of count, in both its branches, in
1816 and 1842 respectively.)
$ 4> $ 0
Fig. 1082.
Fig. 10S3.
Fig. 10S4.
Fig. 10S5
The " Stannitze " of seniority (Fig. 1082) was always borne by the
eldest son ; the other members of the senior line either used the
sign of the senior reversed (Fig. 1084), or, in addition, altered the
place of the cross (Fig. 1085). The armorial device of Dol^ga was
gradually developed out of Fig. 10S5 (in the way explained in
Fig. 1083), as it is shown on Fig. 8. (See Professor Dr. F.
Pickosin'ski, liyrerstwo polskie leidcmv 'srednich, Krakau, 1897.)
H. S.
[The same idea seems largely to underlie much of the native
heraldry of Hindustan, e.g. in the device of the Chakra claimed and
used by all chieftains tracing descent from the Chauhan clan of
Eajputs.— A. C. F-D.]
449
3l
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE CXXVII
SPECIJIKNS OF FRENCH HERALDRY OF THE
FIFTEENTH CENTURY
{Reproduced by Noel Bouton of Pans)
To France has always been conceded considerable importance in
matters of armory. French, and particularly Burgnndian heralds
and Pursuivants had tlie reputation of being especially proficient in
the Science of Armory. They transplanted French armorial usages
and many of their technical words into German soil without, how-
ever, tliereby stemming the national development of German Her-
aldic Art. In English terms of blazon the influence of France is
apparent, though it is not unlikely that to the general usage of the
Norman-French language^ the " French " terms should be more cor-
rectly attributed. Plates CXXVII., CXXVIII., and CXXIX. give
specimens of French heraldic emblazonment from the fifteenth
century until the time when armory and heraldry together became
decadent.
Fig. I. Equestrian figure of one of the family of Monimoi-eTicy-
Laval, a younger branch of the House of Montmorency, one ot the
oldest noble families in France. The arms upon the shield are : Or,
on a cross gules, between four eagles azure, five escallops argent.
On the horse clothing the device of the sliield is repeated. The
helmet and the horse's headpiece are adorned with ostrich feathers
gules. The shells are the mark of cadency borne by the Laval
branch of the family.
Fig. 2. Armorial shield of the Connetable (Constable) A7-tus de
Bretag7ii. The shield shows the arms of Bretagne, an ermine field
upon which is placed a red label of three points, each point charged
with three lions passant guardant in pale.
Fig. 3. Armorial shield of Lieutenant-General le Conite de Uonnois,
Bastard d^Orleans : The arms of Orleans (see Plate LXVII. Fig. 2),
over which a bend sini^ter is placed.
Fig. 4. Ai*murial shield of Potors de ISaintrailles, Marechul\ de
France : Quarterly, i and 4, argent, a cross couped gules ; 2 and 3,
gules, a lion rampant argent. Figs, i to 4 are from a celebrated
MS. in the National Library in Paris, the Roll of Arms by " Her-
oldes Berry," which contains a genealogy of the Kings of France
from the time of St. Louis until Charles VII. (born 1403, died 1461).
Fig. 5. Arms of Loys du Breuil: Quarterly, i and 4, argent, two
bars gules between nine lozenges azure ; 2. azure, a bend or^ be-
tween six escallops argent ; 3. or, ten lozenges, five and five, con-
joined in fess azure. Mantling azure and argent. "Wreatli gules
and azure. Crest : a demi-maiden with floating hair, vested azure,
her sinister hand resting on her breast. The inscription on the
ribbon runs : *' Loys du breulh bar5 dorlhac crie corcelles."
Fig. 6. Arms of Blanche de Latour, Abhesse de Cutset: Quarterly, i
and 4, or, an ecclesiastical banner gules; 2 and 3, azure, a tower
argent, between four fleurs-de-lis or (the arms of Latour). The
shield is placed in front of a crosier. The ribbon bears the inscrip-
tion : "Blanche de latour abenesse de cusset."'
Fig. 7. Arms of Jehan de Langhat : Or, three pallets " contre vair,"
" Sturz pfahl feh." The tilting-helmet, with its mantling azure and
argent, and the wreath of gules and argent, bears as crest, between
two wings argent, the head of a dolphin azure, the gills gules. On the
ribbon is the inscription : " Jeha de laghat, cri langhat."
Fig. 8. Arms of the Prior of Ris (Brother Jehan de la Liere) :
Argent, a lion rampant azure. The shield is placed upon an abbot's
stalf. The ribbon bears the inscription : " Fre ich de la liere peur
de ris," Figs. 5 to 8 are taken from the Armorial d'Auvergne et
Farestj the author of which, Guillaume Revel, was one of the
heralds of King Charles VII. of France. H. S.
PLATE CXXVIII
EXAMPLES OF FRENCH HERALDRY OF THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
{Copied by Noel Boidon of Paris)
Fig. I, Arms of the Dauphin of France, afterwards King Henry
II- (1547)- The shield is quarterly, i and 4, quarterly!, and iiii.,
azure, thi-ee fleurs-de-lis or ; ii. and iii., or, a dolphin embowed
azure, langued, and the gills azure (for the title of Dauphin ; see
Plate LXVII. Fig. i) ; 2 and 3, quarterly i. and iiii., azure, three
fleurs-de-lis or (France) ; ii. and iii., ermine (Bretagne). The shield,
which is surmounted by a coronet, is encircled liy the collar of the
Order of St. Michael, founded by King Louis XI. in 1469. The
coat of arms is taken from a MS. in the possession oi the Bibliotheque
de I'Arsenal in Paris {Traite d" Armoiries, by Johann le Feron of
Compiegne, avocat du Parlament, 1520),
Fig. 2. Arms of Princesse Marguerite (PAngouJeme, Reine de Navajre
(Duchesse de Berri et d'Alen^on), sister of King Francis I. (1492-
1549). The shield isdimidiated, and shows on the dexter side the arms
of the kingdom of Navarre, and on the sinister side those of France,
The escutcheon of Navarre is divided palewise into thiee, the two last
fields charged with an inescutcheon showing : Or, two lions passant
gules (Lordships of Biggore), the first field party per fess and the
chief party per pale, and contains in chief on the dexter side, gules
a cross saltire and double orle of chains linked together or (for
Navarre), the tradition being that it was assumed by Sancho in
memory of a successful attack in 12 12 on the camp of the Moorish
army under Miramomelin, which was defended by a barricade of
chains ; on the sinister side or, three pallets gules (Conite de Foix) ;
in base or, two cows gules, belled azure (Comte de Beam). The
second field is per fess and shows in chief, quarterly, France (azure,
three lieurs-de-lis or) and gules (House of Albeit) in base ihe arms of
France surmounted by a bend compony argent and gules (Comte
d'Evreux; see Plate LXXVII, Fig, 5, and Plate LXYII. Fig, 12).
The third field is party per saltire in chief and base paly of six or
and gules, Aragon ; in the dexter flank Castile, and m the sinister
Leon. This coat of arms appears in the MS. entitled " L'Epistre de
Sainct Augustin a Dame Probe," by Guillaume Renouf. '
Fig. 3. Arms of the liegente Louise de Savoie, Duchesse d'Angouleme,
mother of Francois I. The shield, supported by two kneeling angels,
shows two coats of arms dimidiated, namely : on the dexter side the
arms of France (azure, three fleui"s-de-lis or), and on the sinister the
arms of Savoy (gules, a cross argent). The MS. from which the arms
are taken bears the title : " Livre des douze perils d'enfer," and is
to be found in the National Library, Paris.
Fig. 4. Arms of the Abbe' de Bonnevaxux et Saint Pierre de Vienne
(Louis de Grolee). The shield quarterly of six (three and three),
viz. ; I and 6, gyronny of eight argent and sable ; 2 and 4, barry of
six gules and argent, the silver stripes charged with six little morions,
three, two, and one. (It can be seen quite plainly that this arrange-
ment was originally that of a three-cornered Gothic shield in which
the arms were probably barry of gules and vair, from which, owing
to a misapprehension, the arms have been misinterpreted) ; 3 and 5
(the following is a literal translation of the German blazon) : " twice
divided above, split gold and red ; in front a red carriage frame and
wheels " (see Plate X. Fig. 59 and see Fig. 8 1) ; " in the centre, checked
gold and black, in three rows ; below gold." The tilting-helmet, with
its mantling sable and or on the dexter side, wnd gules and argent
on the sinister, bears as crest a demi-lion or, issuing from a wreath
gules, sable, and or. Supporters : two lions or, the tails cowarded.
Motto : " Espoir de-My wlx " (Espoir de mieux). This coat of arms
is taken from a MS, " Les Commentaires de Cesar," translated
into French by Robert Gaguin (beginning of the sixteenth century),
in the possession of the Arsenal Library in Paris.
Fig. 5. Arms of Jaqnes II. d'Amhoise 43 (Abbe de Cluny, brother
of the Cardmal and Minister d'Amboise). Arms : Barry of six or
and gules, and behind the escutcheon a crosier in pale or. A pilgrim's
staff" is introduced in the background, the staff being entwined with
a motto-ribbon. The background is charged with golden pilgrim's
shells. The coat of arms, carved and painted, is placed as an orna-
ment on a battlement over the entrance-gate of the Hotel de Cluny,
rue de Somraerard, Paris. Jaques d'Amboise built, between the
years 1510-1585, the palace which now contains the collection of the
Musee de Cluny. H. S.
PLATE CXXIX
EXAMPLES OF FRENCH HERALDRY IN THE SEVEN-
TEENTH, EIGHTEENTH, AND THE FIRST YEARS
OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES
(Copied by Noel Bouton, Pa)-is)
Fig. I. Achievement representing the alliance of King Henry IV.
of France and Mai-ie de Medici in tlie chapel of the Chateau de
. Fontainebleau, of the time of Louis XIII. (1610-1643). Side by
side with the shield of France appears the coat of Queen Marie, who
was a daughter of Francis I. of Tuscany and Johanna of Austria.
The well-known arras of the Jledicis, in connection with tlie fess-
shield of Austria, indicates the parentage of the Queen. The silver
fess here appears enclosed within broad gold stripes, which are not
really any part of the actual arms. The arms in each case depicted
on an oval cartouche are placed accoUee upon a larger oval of silver
which is surmounted by the Fiench regal ci own, and surrounded by
the collar of the Order of St. Michael.
Fig. 2. Arms of Marie de la Tremoilk (Tremouille), from a manu-
script decorated with heraldic emblems of about the time of Louis
XIII. (1601-1643), 'low in the Bibliotheque de I'Arsenal in Paris.
The arms, which are depicted on a crowned lozenge, are quartered with
a point in base and charged with an inescutcheon which is party
per pale ; on the dexter side, or, a chevron gules, between three
eagles azure (Tremoille) ; on the sinister side, azure, seme-de-lis or, a
450
THE ART OF HERALDRY
tower argent (De la Tour-Turenne). The lozenge itself is qxiarterly:
I. of the arms of Naples (argent, an eagle displayed aznre), and of
Aragon (paly or and gules), dimidiated per bend ; 2. France (azure,
three fleurs-de-lis or) ; 3. Bourbon-Conde (azure, a baton conped
gules, between three fleurs-de-lis or; see Plate LXVII. Fig. 7); in
the 4th Montmorency Laval {s<dQ Plate CXXVII. Fig. i); in point
Xaintrailles (gules, a cross couped ariicnt). On the mantle of
est-ate, which is lined and edged with ermine, the devices of the
shield are repeated. Louis I. ile la Tremoille, by his marriage with
Marguerite d'Amboise, came into the conntship (duchy 1563) of
Thouars and the Principality of Talmond. The gi'andson of his
son Louis IL, Francis, Prince de Talmond, married in 1521 Anne
de Laval, daughter of Count Gui de Laval, and Charlotte of Aragon,
Princess de Tarent, from which marriage the family of La Trenioille
traced their claim to the throne of Naples.
Fig. 3. Arms of Maitre Francois Elie de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson,
at first Bishop of Dol, then Archbishop and Prince of Embrun,
Count of Guillestre and of Beaufort. He was a brother of the well-
known ilarc Rene, Marquis d'Argenson, Lieu ten ant- General of
the Parisian Police, who is best known as having introduced the
use of " Lettres de Cachet." This example is from a manuscript
" Genealogie des Marquis d'Argenson," by Du Pratt, 1698, now in the
Bibliotheque de I'Arsenal in Paris. The crowned shield is quarterly,
and superimposed thereupon is an inescutcheon, surmounted by a
regal crown. The arms are : Quarterly, i and 4, azure, two lions
passant guardant in pale and crowned or (Voyer); 2 and 3, argent,
a fess sable (D'Argenson). The inescutcheon is gules, on a mount
in base vert, the lion of St. Mark passant or, holding in his dexter
paw a sword. The Lion of St. JIark was really the crest of the
family. Rene, the father of the two brothers, had been the French
Ambassador in Venice. Behind the shield appears the double cross
of his arcliiepiscopal rank, which is also expressed in the green
hat with ten"fiocci" or tassels on either side. The mantle, lined
with ermine, shows on the outside the heraldic device of the
shield.
PLATE cxxx
EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC SCULPTURE AND CARVING
IN ITALY
Italian lieraldiy, fostered chiefly by tlie aristocratic governing
bodies of the larger towns (Venice, Genoa, Florence, &c.), and by
the splendour-loving popes and cardinals of Rome, reached a very
high point of development, especially in the field of sculpture and
carving. The shields were generally somewhat long in shape, this
doubtless resulting from the frequent horizontal partition of the
shield. This development rendered possible the much-loved in-
sertion of a -chief with the Guelphor Ghibelline party-badges. The
square Tartsclu, a shield with a spear-rest at the side (Figs. 3, 4, 7,
8, and 9 upon the Plate), may be noticed in use at a verj^ early
date, as early indeed as the beginning of the fourteenth century,
whereas, in Germany, this particular form of shield did not make
its appearance until a much later period. The art of heraldic de-
coration in tlie sixteenth century brought into use in Italy, as was
also the case in Germany, many different-shaped shields most un-
suitable for the purpose of armorial display and often most un-
heraldic. These forms of the escutcheon were deeply slit, and with
the edges curled, developing into figures which were really more
of the nature of decorated cartouches than shields. A few of
these from Sebastian Serlio's Architettura, 1551, are here produced
(Fig. 1086, a to/.)
The animals found in Italian heraldry are more naturally and
less conventionally treated. But for that reason they were less
accommodating and elastic when applied to heraldic design than
those of German armory. Eagles are always shown with inverted
wings, the crowns of animals are detached, as are usually the
" triple mounds," the separate heads of which are found cylindri-
cally shaped. They are not usually represented as conjoined, but
are drawn side by side.
Fig. 1086.— Shields from Serlio's Arehitettura.
Fig. 4. Arms of the Nicolay family, domiciled in the Isle de
France and Vivaris (May 15, 1645, Marquis de Goussainville, 1817
Marquis de Nicolay). This example is taken from a heraldic book
of the Chambre de Comptes, 1768, a manuscript now in the pos-
session of the Bibliotheque de I'Arsenal, Paris. The arms are :
Azure, a greyhound conrant proper, collared gules, ringeil and
rimmed or. Supporters : two greyhounds regardant proper, collared,
as in the arras. A marquis's coronet rests upon the cartouche, and
upon it again a helmet surmounted by a like coronet and with a
mantling of or, argent, and azure. The crest of the Nicolays, a
negro's head, is omitted in this representation, us is also the motto,
" Laissez-Dire."
Fig. 5. Design of regimental flag, with the arms of France and
the arms of the Count de Noyon : Argent, a fess gules. This flag
dates from the period of Louis XVI. (1789), and is now preserved
in the Museum Caruavalet in Paris.
Fig. 6. Arms 0^ Jean Domenique {Ba.von Larry), Inspector-General
of the Military Medicinal Staff (horn in 1766 at Beaudeau, near
Bagneres de Bigorre, died 1842 at Lyons). He was one of the
greatest surgeons of his time, and served as such in the army of
Napoleon I., who created him a baron January 31, 1810. The
shield e.':hibits the following devices : Quarterly, i. or, on a
mount in base vert a dromedary passant azure, towards a palm-tree
vert (in reference to the Egyptian Campaign of 1798); 2. gules,
a sword in bend sinister point downwards argent ; 3. azure, three
che\Tonels or ; 4. per fess in chief argent, a bend sinister wavy
(? a river) gules, charged with a skate in fess counterchanged,
and the base or, a pyramid sable. The shield is superimposed upon
the cross of the TiCgion of Honour, the red ribbon of which with the
Jewel of the Order is visible at the lower edge of the shield. A
baron's coronet is placed on the upper edge of the shield. (This
illustration and the accompanying details are from documents in the
Lazaret des Val-de-Grace in Paris, and from information supplied by
the family.) H. S.
Helmets play a far less important r6le than is the case in German
heraldry, and consequently are but seldom met with. In the few
cases where, however, they do occur, they are most ]»leasing in
appearance, with their light, elegantly draped mautlings hanging as
if of material, and usually terminating in tassels. The foliation
of the mantlings and sometimes even the coils of the wreath are
derived from the conventionalised "acanthus" foliage, without,
apparently, losing their textile effect. (See Figs. 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9.)
Fig. I. Arms of the town of Florence : Argent, a fleur-de-lis gules.
The representation here given is taken from a carving at the Palazzo
Ferroni in Florence (circa 1400), and this is probably one of the most
beautiful and ornate representations of a fieur-iie-lis to be met with.
English heraldry differentiates between the conventional form of
the fleur-de-lis and the form here given, which shows smaller foliage
and flowers introduced in the upper interstices, by terming this form
a " fleur-de-lis flowered," and occasionnlly ai" fleur-de-lis florenced " ;
but some artists, especially Mr. Eve, have followed the Continental
usage, ignoring any technical distinction. The Florentine fleur-
de-lis is used as their arms by many other towns in Tuscany, e.g. by
Castelfiorentino and Dovadola, in both of which cases the arms are
identical with those of Florence ; by Foviano (gules, a fleur-de-lis
or), Laterina (azure, a fleur-de-lis or), Marciano (vert, a fleur-de-lis
or). Plan de Sco (gules, a fleur-de-lis argent). Laterina and the
two last-named towns do not appear to use the form illustrated,
adopting the conventional form only.
Fig. 2. Arms of the Guelph Parly. This example also is taken
from one at the Palazzo Ferroni : An eagle displayed with wings
inverted and holding a fleur-de-lis in its beak standing on a dragon
overthrown. The party name "Guelphs" was borne by the Italian
National Party, the adherents of the Papacy, and the enemies of the
Imperial Party (the Ghibellines). In later times the name was borne
by the party of the people, whilst the party of the nobles was then
termed Ghibelline. The seal of the Guelphs is shown in Fig. 1087,
the legend being, " 1^ Sigillum Partis Gvelfe. Civitatis, Florentie."
451
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 3. Arms of Matteo Ftirillo (Conte de Muro), from his monu-
ment ill the Monastery S. M. la Nuova in Naples (end of fifteenth
century) : Argent, a chevron, and in chief three mullets gules.
Crest : a dragon's head and neck, with wings addorsed.
Fig. 4. Arms of TroUo Bmicompagni, in the old Palace of the
Bargello in Florence : Party •per pale, on the dexter side a lion
rampant, and on the sinister three bends. Upon the shield rest
two lielmets, the dexter one bearing as crest on a wreath a lion
sejant, and the sinister helmet on a wreatli a unicorn sejant.
Fig. 1087. — Seal of the Guelph Party.
Fig. 5. Arms of the Altoviti of Benedetto de Rove?.zaiio (from the
Piazzetta dei SS. Apostolo in Florence), fifteenth century : Sable,
a wolf rampant argent, armed gules.
Fig. 6. Arms of the Doge of Venice (Agostino BMrberino), 1485-
1501, in the Doge's Palace in Venice: Argent, on a bend azure,
between six black "mask-beards" (5w?-&a), three leopards passant
or. Upon the shield rests a Doge's cap with the crowned circlet.
Fig. 10S8.— Davanzati.
Fig. 7, Arms of Buffardo Oicinello, 1451 and 1452, Podesta
(Governor) of Florence. The Cicinelli, a Neapolitan family, bore :
Gules, a swan argent, a bordure engrailed or. Crest : on a wreath
a dragon's head and neck adorned with a comb of featheis.
Fig. 8. Arms of Ludovico de Caccialupo, 145 1, Podesta of Florence,
by birth a Bolognese. The Caccialupi came originally from Fano,
in the district of Pesaro, but migrated to Bologna as early as 1288.
They bore : Azure, a wolf rampant argent, eyed and collared
gules, a chief of the party-badge, viz. : azure, three fleurs-de-lis or,
surmounted by a label of four points gules. Crest : on a wreath
a dragon's neck, terminating in a liuman head and face, bearded
and bridled.
Fig. 9. Heraldic sculpture in Istrian stone in the Palace at Cesena
(about 1500). 'I'he arms show, on a mound in base, three nude
women atfronte in fess all enclosed within a coronet about their
waists. The crowned helmet bears as crest a pha'nix issuing from
flames of fire, gorged with two coronets. I am indebted for the
negative of this to Messrs. George Bell & Sons in London, publishers
of Mr. G. "W. Eve's "Decorative Heraldry."
Fig. 1088, Arms of the Vavanmti, in the palace of this family at
Florence {vid Porta Rossa), end of sixteenth century. The back and
upper part of the cartouche are here omitted, as also the crown.
The Davanzati bore : Azure, a lion or.
Fig. 1089. — Stone Mosaic (St. Croce, Florence).
A beautiful piece of work in marble, of the Renaissance period,
although not sculpture, is shown in Fig. 1089. It is a stone mosaic in
the church of St. Croce, Florence (1.30 metres high). The shield
is party per pale, dexter i lion rampant, sinister " vair-undy."
H. S.
PLATE CXXXI
EXAMPLES OF ITALIAN HERALDRY OF THK FIF-
TEENTH CENTURY, WITH A PORTUGUESE COAT
OF ARMS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Fig. I. Arms ot the Gapodilista in Padua, from a family MS. of
the Traiiselgardi-Forzate-Ciipodilistii of the year 1435, in the
town library at Padua. (See Jahrbiich " Adkr," 1881). The arms
shown are : Oi*, a lion ranij)ant azure, crowned and armed gules,
collared and ringed or, and hanging from the collar over the back a
white fur cloak, fimbriated vert, the fimbriations bczatite, on a chief
also or, a double-headed Imperial eagle displayed sable. Crest :
452
PLATE CXLIV.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. logo. — Arms of a Bishop. (Engraved by 0. Gatti, 1619.)
Fig. logr. — Arms of the Duchy of Mantua.
453
THE ART OF HERALDRY
out of a coronet or a denii-lioii azure, crowned and armed gules,
witli a white comb or fan on its back adorned with peacock's
feathers or. The mantling, whlcli is lined witli white fur, is azure,
diapered with a design in white stitching and seme of spurs or.
Fig. 2. Arms of Philippino de Alta villa df Alba, fn-m an ang-
raentation granted by King Maximilian I. at Antwerp, December
20, 1494. (Imperial Registration Book (G.G.) of King Maximilian
I., in the k.u.k. Hans-, Hof- und Slants archiv Vieunii.) The
sketch shows the arms ; Per fess azure and argent, in chief a demi-
eagle displaj^ed or, and in base on a rock proper, embrasse (iletached)
a fortress gules, port ouvert, and at eiiher end of the fortress a tower,
each tower bearing a so-called " Walsch" battlement. Crest: on a
wreath or, aigenr, vert, gules, and azure, an eagle displayed or.
The mantling is of blue and red on the outside, and is lined on the
inside with yellow, white, and grey. Thi^^ curious mantling, if not
her.ihlically excellent, is nevertheless interesting and somewhat
unique.
Fig. 3. Arms of Andreas de Awa de Pino, burgess of Casale, and
secretary to the Marchesa Maria de Montfenat, according to a
patent granted by Maximilian I. at Worms, May 20, 1495 {Rdchs-
registrarhuch = lyi\'^^Y\dX Book of Registration). Tlie escuicheon is :
Quarterly gules and argent, on a mount in base vert a laurel tree
eradicated, supported on the dexter side by a lion rampant gules,
and on the sinister by a lion rampant argent. This is a very
favourite device in Italian heraldry. (See Plate IjII. Fig. 7.)
Fig. 4. Arms of the Torricelli, who belonged to the ancient
nobility of Upper Italy. The arms, as here given, contain an
augmentation (granted by Maximilian I. at Amsterdam, December
Fig. 1092. — Reverse of the Golden Seal of King Charles Til.
of Spain, 1707.
20, 1494, to the brothers "de Tiirricelli"), and are: Party per pale
vert and argent, on three mounds issuant in base or, a round tower
gules, battlemented, the gateway and loopholes sable, surrounded
by a gallery with "Walsch" batilements, and issuing from the
tower a cock sable, combed and wattled gules, between in chief two
stars of six points counlerchangt'd. (In place of the newly-granted
cock, there formerly appeared in tlie old coat, on the line of im-
palement, a third star counterchanged.) In the seventeentli century
the arms were again altered, and a tiag gules, with two points, bearing
a double eagle displayed sable, made to issue from the dexter
upper loophole. The family became extinct in 1839 with Nobile
Torricella de Balbiani. (This copy is likewise taken from the
Reichsreyistraturbuch G.G.)
Fig. 5. Arms of the CJiigi of Siena, on a "Tartsche" in the
National Bavarian Museum at Munich. This example belongs to
the second half of the fifteenth century. The shield is : Party per
bend argent and gules, in chief six mounds conjoined in pyramid i,
2, and 3, and in base a like device both counterchanged of the field,
each pyramid surmounted by a star of eight points or. The mant-
ling is argent, lined azure, and the wreath is azure. In this in-
stance the peculiar drawing of the wreath may possibly be intended
to represent clouds or perhaps water. The crest is a swan's head
and neck argent, beaked or. (See Plate L. Fig. i.)
Fig. 6. Arms of a Portuguese prince, perhaps the Infant Ferdi-
nando (born 1507, died 1534), from a richly illustrated Genealogy
of tlie House of Portugal in the British Museum, which came into
their possession in 1840. The coat, judging from the manner in
which the helmet and shield are attached, is most probably the work
of a Flemish artist. The arms of Portugal, which are : Argent, five
inescutcheons in cross azure, each charged with five plates in saltire,
the wliole within a bordure gules, charged with seven t-asth'S or (for
Castile), and over all a label of three points argent, the exterior
points (which are depicted of a greater width) being each charged
wiih the arms of Spain (Castile and Leon quartei ed). The helmet is
barred and of gold and lined with blue. The mantling is or, lined
gules, and the crest, out of a coronet or, a dragon's head and neck,
the wiu'^s aiidorsed gules. (From Shaw's '* Dresses and Decorations
of the Middle Ages.")
The two following figures belong to the seventeenth century : —
Fig. 1090 shows the arms of a bishop, the charge upon the sliield
being a lion rampant. The engraving is by Oliviero Gatti, a pnpil
of Agostino Carracei and Valesio. He worked at Bologna between
1 602-1 648.
Fig. 1091. Arms of the Duchy of Mantua. The large shield shows
the official arjns of the Marquisate, granted to the House of Gonzaga
by the Emperor Sigismund in 1432 : Argent, a cross patee through-
out gules, between four eagles disp'ayed sable (arms of tlie later
Duchy of Guastalla). These arms are surmounted by an in-
escutcheon quarterly of nine, which contains successively the arras
of the Grecian Empire, of the House of Gonzaga^ of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, of tlie Kingdom of Aragon, of the Duchy of Montferrat,
Gonzaga once more, the Duchy of Bar, and the town of Constanti-
nople. (The Oriental arms came in with the Mf>ntferrat succession.)
Behind the cartouche upon which the arms are depicted a golden
mount arises, on which the word "Fides" may be read. Under
the escutcheon appears the collar of the Order of the Golden
Fleece, and the cartouche is surmounted by a coronet.
In conclusion, one more interesting coat of arms (Fig. 1092) may be
noted. This appears on the Golden Seal of King Charles III. of
Spain (Emperor Charles VI.), which hangs from the Royal Warrant,
dated at Barcelona, August 12, 1707, authorising his brother, the
Emperor Joseph I., to arrange the contract of marriage in his name
with the Princess Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick- Luneberg. The
seal shows strangely enough the arms of Sardinia: Argent, a cross
gules, between four negroes' heads crowned with Eastern crowns,
the faces disposed towards the centre of the shield. H. S.
PLATE CXXXII
EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH HERALDRY
(Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries)
Early examples of British heraldry have been already alluded
to in various chapters whicli I think comprise some instances of a
rather more typical character, but the following are the selection
made by Herr Strohl, who remarks: — " Englisli heraldry of the
fifteenth century is in the main pretty much identical with the
German in the sixteenth century. However, there come more and
more to the front those stiff, inflexible forms which are still only
too piously adhered to by some present-day artists, official and
unofficial."
Fig. 1. Arms of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, grandson of
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, from his Garter plate in St.
George's Chapel at Windsor, first half of the fifteenth century : The
then Royal Arms of England (i.e. quarterly, i and 4 ; France, 2 and
3, England), within a bordure compony argent and azure. The
mantling, which has a scalloped edge, is of gules and or. The
crest is: on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a lion of England
statant guardant and crowned or, gorged with a collar compony
as in the arms. Supporters : dexter, an eagle, crowned and with
wings inverted or ; sinister, an antelope argent, armed and crined
or and bezante. As badge, on either side of the coat of arms is
the badge of an ostrich feather argent, the quill compony argent
and azure. This is taken from Planche's " Pursuivant of Arms,"
London, 1873, ^^"^^ ■" ^^^^^ book the background of the livery
colours, as in the Garter plate, is fully reproduced.
Fig. 2. Arms of the Tallow Chandlers' Company of the City of
London, taken from the patent of September 24, 1456. The sanie
was drawn up by John Smert, Garter King of Arms, whose
signature is appended to the arms. Party per fess azure and
argent, a pale counterchanged, three doves rising of the last,
beaked and legged gules, and each holding in its beak an olive
branch or. The helmet, which l)elongs to the transition stage
between the grilled and the tilting, has a mantling of gules lined
with ermine. Crest : a demi-augel issuing from clouds proper,
vested azure, the wings expanded or, crined of the last, holding in
the hands a dish or, therein the bleeding head of John the Baptist.
On January 29, 1602, William Camden, Clarencieux King of Arms
(1597-1623), granted an augmentation to the arms by the addition
of supporters, viz. : on a mount vert, two angels proper, vested or,
crined and ducally crowned or, the coronet surmounted by an
estoile of the last. At the same time the crest was altered, and was,
as then granted : a dish argent, glorified by rays or, thereon the
head of St. John the Baptist proper. Motto : " Qnce arguuntur a
lumine manifestantur " (Catalogue of the Heraldic Exhibition in
454
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Erlinburgli, 1S91.) The later grant was undoubtedly intended to
supersede the former crest, but the Tallow Chandlers' Company
appear to still make use of both (see page 446 and Plate OXX.).
Fig. 3. Arms of Sir John Sa>i, in Broxburn Church, Hertfordshire,
1473 : Per pale azure and gules, three chevrons or, voided, counter-
changed of the field. (An alternative iind perhaps a better blazon
is : per pule azure and gules, three chevrons or, each charged with a
chevron couped of the field, counterchanged. Crest : on a wreath
a mural coronet, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately argent
and gules.
Fig. 6. Arms of George Avelin (alias .Eye^m), of Long Ditton, Surrey,
from a patent of August 1572 by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux :
Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a griflin passant or, on a chief of the la«t
three mullets sable (Evelin) ; 2 and 3, argent, two bars between
nine martlets vert, three, three, and three (Ailard). Crest: a demi-
hind ermine, vulned iu the shoulder gules.
A«h5i
Fig. 1093.
Fig. 1094.
C OrprjioiyXulfi
Fic 1095
of thorns, a buck's head couped or. The mantling is curious, being
of gules lined witherminois. (From Waller, " Monumental Brasses
from the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Century," London, 1864.)
Fig. 4. Armorial shield of John JFylkynton (Wilkinson, alias
Harlyn), of London, according to a patent dated August 3, 15 19, and
granted by Sir Thomas Wryotesley, Garter King of Arms (1506-
1534), and Thomas Benolt, Clarencieux (1516-1534) : Gules, a fess
vair, in chief a unicorn courant, between two mullets or, a bordure
engrailed of the last.
Fig. 5. Arms of Roidand Phillipson (alias Thertmll), of Callyarth
(Colegarth, county Westmoreland), from a patent dated May 18,
15S1, by Eobert Cooke, Clarencieux (1567-1592) : Gules, a chevron
between three boars' heads couped ermine, armed or. Crest : out of
Fig. 7. Arms of Thoimts Fteetieood, of London, according to a
patent dated ist June 1545, by Thomas Hawley, Clarencieux
(1536-1537): Azure, a chevron engrailed lozengy or and gules
between three plates, each charged with a martlet sable. Mant-
ling gules and argent. Crest: a demi-squirrel proper, collared
and cliained or, holding in its paws a hazel branch vert, cracking
the nut or. -
Fig. 8. Arms of William, Fleetwood, Recorder of London, taken
from his book on the City of London : Quarterly, i and 4, per pale
nebuly azure and or, six martlets, two, two, and two counterchanged j
2 and 3, barry wavy of six ermine and sable. Mantling gules and
argent. Crest : a wolf statant regardant argent.
Fig. 9. Arms of Richard Bromnlow of the Middle Temple, Es'quire
455
THE ART OF HERALDRY
according to a patent dated October 12, 1602, granted by Sir William flory gules. (Compare the arms given by Gelre, Plate LXXVI.
Segar, Norroy King of Arms (1593-1603); Quarterly, i and 4, or, Fig. 3.)
an inescutcheon within eight martlets in orle sable (Brownlow); 2 and Figs. 1094. Arms of Dunbar, Earl of March : Gules, a lion rampant
Fig. 1096.
3, azure, a cross pate fleurette or (Panelly). Mantling sable and or.
Crest : on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a greyhound passant
or, collared, also gules.
'I'he Ibllowing two drawings of arms are from a Scottish MS.
Book of Arms, which was compiled by Sir David Lindsay of
the Mount, Lyon King of Arms (1529-1555), between 1538 and
1542.
Fig. 1093. Arms of Randolph, Earl of Moray: ArgL-nt, three
cushions lozengewise within a duuble tressure flory counter-
argent, within a bordure of the last, within a bordure of ten roses
of the last. (Gelre has the same device in his Wappenbiich.)
H. S.
A delightfully composed engraving (Fig. 1095) by H. Gravelvt,
engraved by G. Griiinion, may serve to indicate tlie transition to
modern English heraldry. But to Herr Strohl's selection I will
add an illustration of the arms of the Earl of Lauderdale, as to
wliich (Fig. 1096) I am afraid I must add the remark that from
the artistic puint of view it is typically British.
CHAPTER XLVIII
THE ARMORIAL MANUSCRIPTS OF SCOTLAND
Bv Sir JAMES BALFOUR PAUL
Lyon King of Arnm
THE arriiorial manuscripts of Scotland are of some
value, and cannot be overlooked. In November
1898 Sir James Balfour Paul, F.S.A. (Scot.), Lyon
King of Arms, delivered the Rliind Lectures on Archa3-
ology for that year, dealing with " Heraldry in Relation
to Scottish History and Art." These lectures have since
been republished under that title (Edinburgh : David
Douglas. 1900). The sixth lecture was chiefly devoted
to "Armorial Manuscripts." I could not hope to rival
the intimate knowledge of Lyon upon the subject, and
I therefore asked, and received, his permission to publish
without alteration such parts of his lecture as dealt with
the subject.
"Coming to the consideration of the armorial manuscripts
of Scotland, we must at once confess that we have not any
which can boast of the antiquity of several English lloUs
of Arms. The M.sS. known as CTlover's Roll, from the
name of the herald who copied it in 1586, dates from
about 1240, and contains two hundred and eighteen coats
of the English knights of the period, and there are several
fourteenth-century rolls which have been published. We
have nothing, however, in Scotland earlier than Sir David
Lindsay's MSS. This is not only the earliest, but also
the most important of all the Scottish Rolls of Arms,
being, as it is, the work of one of the most distinguished
holders of the office of Lyon. That is to say, there can
be no doubt the work was executed under his supervi-
sion, a supervision which was occasionally slack, as there
are mistakes in the representation of some of the shields ;
but of course it is not likely that Lindsay executed the
work with his own hand. From an inscription over the
arms of Sir David, at the end of the book, we learn that
its date was i 542, and thouirh this inscription is evidently
a later addition, and was probably pat there by Sir James
Balfour in 1630, the internal evidence corroborates the
assertion. But although we depend for the date upon
later authority, the authorship of the book was indicated
clearly enough at the time it was compiled, as the words
456
PLATE CXLV.
EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC CRAFTSjMANSHIP.
Printed at titnUgart
THE ART OF HERALDRY
" Lyndesay of the movnth the auctor of yis present buke "
were originally written above his own arms on folio 6o.
These have been subsequently painted over with the name
and arms of Lyndesay of Crooebaskat, so that the former
inscription is not found in the reproductions of the manu-
scripts which have been published.
The collections of arms thus made by Lindsay formed
in all probability the ofilcial Register of Arms, and re-
mained in the custody of the successive Lvons (as we find
the arms of five holders of the otRce added at the end) till
the time of Sir James Balfour, who had it formally recog-
nised by the Privy Council, as appears from a docquet
that " this booke and register of Armes done by Sir
David Lindsay of the Month, Lyone King of Armes regn,
Ja : 5- contenes io6 leaves, which register was appro vine
be the Lordes of his Majesties most honourable Privie
Counsale at Haleriiidehous 9 December 1630, James
Balfour, Lyon: Thomas Drysdale, Islay Herald, register."
When Balfour was deprived of office about 1654 by
Cromwell, he appears to have carried this and other
MSS. with him to Denmiln, where they remained till the
Faculty of Advocates, on 14th December 1698, secured
his MSS. for ;^I50, although the heraldic MSS. (pro-
bably for reasons) are not mentioned in the catalogue.
The workmanship of this manuscript deserves a few
words of notice. In artistic excellence it cannot compare
with some of the English armorials, or even with some
of the Scottish manuscripts of late date ; the drawing is
carefully finished, though rather lacking in spirit, and the
colours employed are good, but often somewhat thick and
heavy, in this respect markedly in contrast with some of
the succeeding armorials of the century. The book begins,
after the fashion of all such works of the period, with a
whole series of mythical arms, such as those of John,
Prince of the Great Inde ; the three Kings of Cologne ;
David, King of Irsael ; Joshua and Judeus Maccabeus,
Charlemagne, Arthur and Godfrey of Boulogne, Julius
CKsar, Alexander the Great, and Hector, Prince of Troy.
These are followed by the kings of Europe ; and then the
Scottish series opens, oddly enough, with John Baliol,
the crown above whose shield is represented as broken in
two. Then we have the arms of Queen Margaret, followed
by those of the Stewart Queens of Scotland, down to
Mary of Guise, all on lozenge-shaped shields, with crowns
above (Plate CXXXIIL). After them come the nobility of
Scotland, and then a large array of commoners. There
are generally four shields on a page, with peaked base, and
hollowed and bulged sides. Those of the dukes and earls
are surmounted by jewelled circlets. Additions have been
made from time to time by the insertion of arms, some-
times in the middle of the page between the four shields,
and sometimes on the verso of the folio. It is desirable
that these additions should be clearly distinguished from
the original coats, as, though a large proportion were pro-
bably added not long after the execution of the manu-
scripts, yet several are of even later date than those added
in blank leaves at the end, one group of which dates
c. 1580-84, and another 1587-gi.
The display of the arms of the queens, with corre-
sponding tablets containing inscriptions, is the most
vigorous work in the MS., and is excellent. The writing,
both in these tablets and in others, which, after five
separate pages and in the inscriptions above the different
shields, is good throughout, there being at least three
different hands in the original part of the work, the
first writer being quite a skilled caligraphist.
Prom the undoubted fact that Sir David Lindsay was
responsible for this armorial, and from the imprimatiir
of the Privy Council having been obtained for it by Sir
James Balfour, it may be looked upon as practically an
oflicial record. Of course this does not make it infallible,
but wonderfully few errors have crept into it. Some-
457
times he adopts a system of blazoning which does not
commend itself to the modei-n herald, accustomed as he
is to precision in all heraldic details. Lindsay, for in-
stance, makes all coats which bear pallets of bars paly or
barry of six, probably because it is easier to divide a
shield into six rather than into seven parts.
We have to pass over a good many years before we
meet with the next Scottish armorial. It is one whieli
seems to have been executed for some member of the
House of Hamilton, probably James, Lord Hamilton,
second Earl of Arran and Duke of Chatelherault, as from
internal evidence we may presume that its date is be-
tween the period of the death of Queen Mary's first
husband, the Dauphin of France, and that of her marriage
to Darnley, 1561 and 1564. The MS. is now in the
Heralds' College, London, and on the title-page is the
autograph of S. Morganus Colman, and on folio 90, S.
Math, {sic) Colman. Morgan Colman was a writer who
published, in 1608, "The Genealogies of King James and
his Wife, Queen Anne, from the Conquest." He is said
to have been steward to the Lord Keeper Egerton, and
we know that he petitioned unsuccessfully for the office
of herald. How the armorial came into his possession we
do not -know, nor have we any information as to who
actually compiled or executed it. It is unlikely that it is
done by any of the officials of the Lyon Court. It is more
probably English work ; the execution is particularly free
and vigorous, a slight pencil outline with washes of colour
being employed. There are quaint rhymes given relative
to the Royal alliances, similar to those which occur in the
Forman MS., to be mentioned immediately. The note-
worthy feature in the armorial is the almost equal footing
on which the House of Hamilton is placed with the Royal
House. The MS. commences with the Royal Arms, fully
emblazoned with all the exterior ornaments of the shield,
including supporters, each holding a flag. This is followed
by a series of crowned lozenges, on which are displayed
the arms denoting Royal alliances. Similarly, on page 18,
the Hamilton arms are emblazoned, with supporters also
holding spears with flags, and followed by a like series of
crowned lozenges showing the Hamilton alliances (Plate
CXXXIV.). The arms of the nobility and a few High-
land coats follow. They have all the exterior orna-
ments of the shield, but there are some curious variations
from the other sixteenth-century MSS. in the mottoes,
crests, and supporters. Thus, Lord Oliphant's sup-
porters (elephants) are represented as camels, the
dogs of Lord Somerville as field-mice ; and in the
case of the Lord of the Isles, his supporters are given
as two hairy savages without heads, which are lying
with closed eyes on the ground at the feet of their
former possessors ; the crest, also, is given as a centaur,
instead of a raven and rock. A free copy of this
MS., probably executed in England at the end of the
sixteenth centuiy (James VI. being- described as " Carolus
Jacobus that now liveth beinge Kinge of Skotes ") was
shown at the Edinburgh Heraldic Exhibition. It is in the
collection of Mr. Scott Plummer, at Sunderland Hall.
There is also another copy of the MS. in the Lyon Office,
which belonged to my predecessor. Dr. Burnett.
There is an armorial in the Advocates' Library of very
much the same date as the one of which I have been
speaking. It is believed to have been executed under the
supervision of Sir Robert Forman of Luthrie, who was
Lyon from 1555 to 1567. It consists of two parts, the
first twenty leaves commencing on the verso of folio 2,
with the full achievement of the Royal Arms, and these
are again repeated on folio 22, followed by "the armes of
alliance betwix the Dolphin of France and Marie Queue
of Scotland." This seems the original portion of the
work, and was probably executed at the time of Mary's
marriage with Francis, and may very likely be the
3M
THE ART OF HERALDRY
original referred to by Sir James Balfour in his MS.
roll of arms in the Advocates' Library (34 . 4 . 16). entitled
" Scottish Cotts of Armes . . . ve cotts of 267 knights,
landed gentlemen of ye kingdome of Scotland as they
were presented to our Soveraue Lady Marie by the Grace
of God Quene of Scotland and donager of france, by Sir
. . . Forman, Lyone Kinge of Armes in Anno 1532," for,
though the arms do not altogether agree, Sir James was
not very accurate ; as, for example, when he gives the
above date as 1532, ten years before Mary's birth. This
part of the MS. contains the arms of earls, lords, and
commoners, differing from the Lindsay MS. in giving the
full achievement of the noblemen, namely, helmet, wreath,
crest, mantling, motto, and supporters, and also in limiting
them to the then existing peers, so that it is an armorial
for its own date only. The shields of the commoners are
represented couche, somewhat oblong in shape, with peaked
base, and surmounted by helmet, wreath, and mantling,
but no crests.
The part of the MS. which is later in date, though
occurring first in the volume, begins, as I mentioned, with
the Royal achievement, followed by a series of effigies of
kings and queens, with the arms of the former displayed
on their snrcoats, and the paternal arms of the latter on
their skirts. They stand on grass, below which are orna-
mental tablets containing quaint rhymes or legends de-
scribing who they are (Plate CXXXV.). The series differs
from that of the Lindsay crowned lozenges in containing
the alliance of the Bruce kings. The drawing, though
somewhat rude and sketchy, is efl'ective, the expression
on the faces of the kings and queens being cleverly got,
though the artist's idea of beauty of feature has not been
high. The colouring is put on in washes, and is generally
good, the use of a different tint to produce a shaded pat-
tern on the mantlings and elsewhere giving a lightness
wanting in Lindsay. There are certain peculiarities in
the treatment of the charges ; thus the chief always
occupies half the field. In the Menteith coat the chevron
is drawn like the couples of a house ; in the Rothes coat
the bend is depicted like a sleeve ; the elephants of Lord
Oliphant resemble rhinoceroses, &c. The names are in
Roman capitals, and are coarsely done.
There is a MS. very similar to this in the British
Museum (Harleian MS., No. 115), its emblazonment
being evidently by the same hand. It contains ( i ) effigies
of the kings and queens as in Forman ; (2) the Hamilton
arms on shields derived from the Hamilton MS. ; (3) the
earls and barons as in Forman, but without the commoners'
arms. In subject, design, and treatment, even to minute
particulars, the emblazonments of this MS. corresponding
to those in the one which we assign to Forman are
practically identical, so that its independent value is not
great. In the written part, however, this close resemblance
ceases, the inscriptions under the effigies being quite
different, the family names being added in the case of
earls and lords, and the spelling and form of expression
in the mottoes, &c., being altered to the English form,
thus showing that the writing, at all events, was probably
done in the South.
The next armorial to which I would direct your attention
is, perhaps, after Sir David Lindsay's, the most important
MS. of the kind. Most unfortunately it is generally
known by a name which ought never to have been con-
ferred on it. Alexander Nisbet, in an evil hour, called
it Workman's MS. from the fact that it was once the
property of James Workman, who was Marchmont Herald
and Herald Painter in i 597, and who wrote his name on
it. But this was written more than thirty years after the
execution of the book, and not only so, but Workman
himself was the author of an armorial which should bear
his name, and which has critical notes in it by Sir James
Balfour. As a matter of fact, it was probably prepared
as a book of everyday reference for the Lyon Office by
Sir Robert Forman, and should therefore he styled the
Forman Lyon Office MS. It has on the verso of one of
the leaves the date 1 566 in large red figures, and there is
every reason to accept this as the date of its execution.
It is founded on the Forman (Advocates' Library) MS.,
supplemented from Lindsay, containing the effigies of the
kings aud queens as in the former, and the mythical coats
and the arms of European sovereigns as in the latter,
with additions. It is a small, thick, quarto volume, the
original size of the leaves having been 6h x 5^, but they
have, at a comparatively recent period, been carefully
inlaid, and the whole volume substantially bound. It
contains several obsolete peers' coats taken from Lindsay,
the Hamilton alliances taken from the Hamilton MS.,
and many coats unrecorded in it at the period of its in-
ception were added from time to time, so that it forms a
general register of arms — though with many omissions —
down to the institution of the Lj'on Register in 1672, or
even later. In quoting this MS. as an authority for
arms it is important, therefore, that the original coats
should be distinguished from those added to or altered in
it. As regards execution, the original coats are apparently
by the same hand and in much the same style as those in
the Advocates' Library Forman, so that the remarks on
the latter apply equally to this, the main difference being
that everything is on a smaller scale, the Advocates'
Library MS. being a folio while this is a quarto. The
writing in this is, however, in a distinct current hand of
the period and not in Roman capitals ; but in many cases
the names have been altered, written over, and in various
ways obliterated, so as, in some cases, to be quite un-
decipherable. Many emblazonments have been painted
out, and other coats substituted on the top of them, and
not only have additions been made on the versos, but at
least half-a-dozen leaves have been inserted in different
places. It can hardly be called a tidy or very artistic
MS., but the number of coats actually given is very great,
no less than 741 coats of the minor barons and gentlemen
being portrayed in addition to those of the royalties and
peers. MS. blazons of the latter are given at the begin-
ning of the volume, and of the former at the end, but
this is probably an addition of a later date.
There is a MS. in the Lyon Office which is entitled on
the back " Kings' and Nobilities' Arms, vol. i.," and which
is thought to have been executed under the supervision of
Sir David Lindsay of Rathillet soon after he entered in
office in 1568 ; but there are really few or no indications
which help us to fix its precise date, but from a comparison
of it with the Forman (Lyon Office) MS., there seems
little doubt that it is of later date than that volume, which
was executed in 1566, and, as Forman died in 1568, it is
unlikely that he had compiled another armorial so similar,
yet dissimilar. Again, two other MSS. derived from it,
the Le Breton MS. and the Dnnvegan MS., afterwards
referred to, were undoubtedly made during Lindsay of
Rathillet's term of office, and were copied from this MS.
and not from any of Forman's, so that there is a strong
probability that its period is contemporaneous with that
of Lindsay. It is largely founded on the Forman (Lyon
Office) MS., but with important additions to the com-
moners' arms. Many of these additions appear in the
latter MS., but whether they were copied into it from
this one, or vice tersd. it is difficult to say ; perhaps some
the one way and some the other. The mythical arms,
those of European sovereigns, and the effigies of the
kings and queens are omitted ; but in their place we have
a series of crowned lozenges containing the arms of the
queens similar to those in Lindsay the first. The execution
of the work is extremely rude, but at the same time effects
are most cleverly got, with apparently the most inadequate
means ; thus, with a few seemingly careless dashes of the
458
THE ART OF HERALDRY
pen and a little touch of colour a most sph'ited lion ram-
pant is produced. The colours used are very inferior, as
in many cases the yellows have almost — indeed altogether
— disappeared, and the blue has changed to a purple or
lake tint ; the writing, however, is very bold and distinct.
This is the earliest of a group of three armorials successively
derived from one another.
The second of this group is a MS. which belongs to the
Heralds' College in London, and is usually known as the
le Breton Armorial. It is handsomely bound in dark
red morocco, with the arms and name of "Hector le
Breton, Sieur de la Doinaterie, Eoy d'Armes de France,"
stamped on it. It was presented to the Heralds' College
by George Holman of "Warkworth, at the instance of
Gregory Kiug, Kouge Dragon, on the 6th of July 1686.
Throughout the volume there are occasional notes in
French, no doubt by its original owner, and many sub-
sequently added in English. From internal evidence it
appears to have been executed between 1581 and 1584.
The arms of the peers and commoners (though the former
have been brought up to date) have evidently been taken
directly from the Eathillet MS., the arms do so to a
great extent. Instead of the crowned lozenges, however,
of that armorial, there have been substituted the series
of eiBgies of the kings and queens from the Forman
(Lyon Office) MS. The workmanship is in the quaint
and vigorous style of the Eathillet armorial, but there
are many points of resemblance to the Forman MS.,
though it is not likely by the same hand. It has, besides,
two youthful portraits of King James VI. as a boy of
about fourteen, one on horseback, the other seated on a
throne. It has also a crowned thistle with initials I. R.
Both the drawing and the colouring are ruder than
the Forman MS. but better than the Eathillet MS.,
though not quite so spirited as either. Most of the
writing is in the uniform current hand of the period, but
the names to the commoners' arms are in a peculiar small
Gothic printing letter, and have evidently not been
written by one who was acquainted with Scottish names
of families or places, as they appear in the most
extraordinary disguises. Thus the name Cairns of
Orchardtown is metamorphosed into Lairme of Othar-
town, and there are many similar mistakes. Some of
the inscriptions are from Lindsay, possibly through the
EathUlet or Forman MS. One of these has been con-
siderably mangled in altering it to suit to King James
instead of Queen Mary. In it he is styled a king " pru-
dent, of young yeres wys as salamone, and to wse young
Joseas."
The latest of the group of the three armorials above
mentioned is one in the possession of MacLeod of Dun-
vegan ; its date may be set down as between 1582 and
1584. Besides the peers' arms, it contains 241 com-
moners' coats. The pages at the end of the volume
are used as a Liber Ainicoram containing autographs of
several envoys of rank to the court of James VI. One
entry by Du Bartas the poet and French Ambassador
to Scotland, who died in 1590, is inscribed to '■William
Shaw, Master of the King's Work," who was in all likeli-
hood the possessor of the book. He was a man of varied
accomplishments, and is chiefly remembered as the
restorer of Dunfermline Abbey, in which edifice there
was a monument erected to his memory by Queen Anne,
the wife of James VI., with a highly eulogistic inscrip-
tion. The armorial is, from an artistic point of view,
one of the finest we have ; the drawing and finishing
are extremely minute, involving an amount of labour,
however, scarcely commensurate with the result. The
animal supporters are rather plethoric in habit, and have
not the vivacity and character of those in the earlier
and older armorials. The tinctures are in opaque colours,
and the metals are laid on in gold and silver, remarkable
for theu' perfect condition. Ko names or mottoes were
appended to the coats at the time of their execution ;
those which now appear must have been added long after
by an unskilled hand, as they are often wrong, and many
coats are still unnamed.
But the most artistic of all our Scottish armorials is
one in the possession of Mrs. Hamilton of Ogilvie, called
the Seton MS. from its having its binding — which is
apparently the original calf — stamped with the arms of
George, 5th Lord Seton. WhUe the arms on the cover
are his, it is most likely that the MS. was commissioned
by his son Eobert, the 6th Lord, as on the title-page
there is a small panel inscribed " E. L. Seton, 1591," and
in a design above, within an interlaced circle, is a
monogram composed of the initials E. L. S. and M. M.,
the latter being those of his wife Margaret Montgomery,
daughter of Hugh, 3rd Earl of Eglinton. At the top
of this page the name of " James Espleine (Marchmont
alias), Eoxburgh Herald," is written, and the MS. is often
alluded to by Nisbet in his "Heraldry " as EspleLne's MS.
There is a fine series of effigies of sixteen kings and
fourteen queens, from Fergus I. to James VI., with their
arms, the faces being finished with great delicacy. A
curious drawing occurs entitled " The Habit of a Herald,"
representing a habit which no herald ever wore ; but
this is probably a later addition. This is followed by the
arms of 53 of the nobility, 4 Highland chiefs, 280 lesser
barons, 34 foreign and royal coats, and 18 miscellaneous
arms. The whole execution of the work is exceedingly
good, the animal supporters being drawn with character
and energy ; the drawing is refined, and the colouring
rich and harmonious. The writing is of a later date from
the rest of the work, and some coats are still unnamed.
There is in the splendid library at Haigh Hall a MS.,
acquired by purchase by the late Earl of Crawford,
which contains an interesting collection of Scottish arms.
Mr. Stoddart calls this MS. " Lindsay II.," because it is
believed to have been executed for Sir David Lindsay
of the Mount, Lyon from 1591 to 162 1, the nephew
of the great Sir David. The arms of the nobility and
the gentry of Scotland are given as at the close of the
seventeenth century, with a few additions of later date.
The volume is bound in vellum, stamped in black on the
front board with a foreign coat of arms. On page I
there is an autograph resembling "Fraunz Kunz," and
on page 4 is the inscription "Ex Libris Dr. Macniven."
It contains 1 5 1 leaves, but 1 5 of them are blank. The
peers' arms still occupy a full page, and the supporters
stand on a compartment of green grass (Fig. 799). The
dukes, marquises, and earls have all coronets, but the
barons have simply wreaths resting on their helmets.
A distinguishing feature of this MS. is that on the
verso of the leaf preceding that bearing the arms of
the head of a noble house, there is generally emblazoned
a small shield without exterior ornaments, bearing the
paternal coat of arms, and below is given a list of the
principal cadets of the family. While the execution
of the MS. displayed bold, vigorous work, and is superior
in draughtsmanship to most of the earlier MSS., it has
neither the artistic feeling and refinement in drawing,
nor the sense for harmonious colour which we find in
the Seton MS. The writing is beautifully done, and
the ornamental flourishes and embellishments show great
freedom and command of the pen. The names are,
on the whole, distinctly written, the formation of the
letters being very modem in style, except in the lists
of cadets, where an older form is employed.
These are the more important illuminated MSS. which
deal with Scottish arms. They do not exhaust the list,
but I must not weary you by an enumeration which has
been already too long. It serves to show, however, that
the interest taken in the subject of heraldry in Scotland
459
THE ART OF HERALDRY
was very great, and that the skill of the artists who
executed these works was in itself of quite a respectable
standard, and in some cases very good indeed. They
do not as a whole, I must admit, reach that brilliancy
of colour and precisiou of line which we find in some of
the English armorials and MSS., but they have a certain
character of their own and a vigour of expression which
redeems them at once from the commonplace, and stamps
them as a very critical product of the country. What
is more peculiar about them is the extraordinary variety
of renderings which the different MSS. give of the same
coat, and which often betoken great carelessness, if not
ignorance, on the part of the workmen. Even Sir David
Lindsay's MS. itself is not free from those mistakes which
we can hardly conceive occurring had we personally
exercised a careful supervision over the work, but these
mistakes detract very slightly from the interest which
every student of Scottish heraldry must feel in perusing
those contemporary records of bygone times.
Besides these illuminated armorials of which I have
been treating there is in existence a considerable number
of MSS. dealing with Scottish arms which do not exhibit
them in colour. Some of these have the different coats
" tricked " — that is, simply drawn in outline in pen and
ink — while many more merely give a list of names with
the verbal blazon of the arms pertaining to each appended.
None of these, however, are so old as the earliest of the
illuminated MSS., and I need not detain you by giving
you a list of them. The two most important are, perhaps,
one by Sir James Balfour, which contains a description
of considerably over a thousand coats, and one by James
Pont, brother of Timothy Pont, the topographer and
son of the minister of St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh, of
which frequent mention is made by Nisbet in his " Treatise
on Heraldry."
I should like, before leaving the subject of armorial
records, to say a word as to a very important branch of
the subject, that is, how arms are originally constituted,
and the evidence of their being authorised. Of course,
in the first instance, there were no such things as grants
of arms. Families gradually got into the practice of
bearing as cognisances and for all practical purposes, as
we have seen, those emblems or devices which their
ancestors had been in the habit of using. But when
such devices came to be considered as peculiarly military
and knightly possessions, and not likely to be assumed,
the king (as the fountain of all honour) took the bestowal
of armorial bearings into his own hands — though oc-
casionally a knight granted arms to his esquire. No
formal documentary grants were, however, at first made,
though the bearings of the different knights were care-
fully noted down by the heralds of the period. In
England the earliest of these rolls in which the arms
were quoted was, as I have previously mentioned, one
of a date between 1240 and 1245, of which a copy made
by Glover, Somerset Herald, is still in existence, with
the arms blazoned but not drawn. There is also a copy
of another thirteenth - century roll, and there is the
great Caerlaverock Roll of 1300, containing a list of the
arms of all the knights who accompanied Edward I. to
the siege of that castle ; it has been printed several times.
In addition to these there are six or seven other English
rolls of the foui-teenth century. It is difficult to say
exactly when the Heralds' College, which was incorporated
by Richard III., first began to issue grants of arms.
Dallaway, in his " Heraldic Enquiries," certainly mentions
a grant long before the incorporation of the College.
It is alleged to be by James Heddingley, Guyen King
of Arms, to Peter Dodge, Gentleman, and to be dated
the 8th day of April in the 34th year of " Edward le
premier ; " but although this is in a collection made by
Glover, it is unlikely to be genuine. Documents written
in the reign of a sovereign who has had no predecessor of
the same name do not usually describe him as "the first."
Not only so, but it is stated by Austen that Guyen King
of Arms was not created till the time of Henry VI.
The earliest authentic grant which I have been able to
meet with is that one of the Company of the Tallow
Chandlers of the City of London. It is written in the
official French of the period, dated on the 24th day of
September, in the year of grace 1456, and is signed by
John Smart, Garter King of Arms, and is sealed with his
seal bearing his own coat of arms, not an official coat.
He signs like a bishop, "J. Garter." The execution of
the grant is most artistic. The initial letter represents
Garter himself clad in his "coat of arms" and with
his official crown on his head. The company's arms are
placed in the margin surmounted by a helmet, which,
though vigorous enough in its own way, hardly pos-
sesses that effectiveness of design which the large cylin-
drical tilting-helmet has. The crest is an angel in a
blue coat with a gold collar and a white neck-cloth,
holding John the Baptist's head on a charger. Note
the very elegant disposition of the lambrequin, which is
gules, doubled ermine, after the fashion of the peers, and
not the livery colours. Besides the mantling, opportunity
has been taken to introduce, both in the margin and along
the top of the patent, a very dainty floral pattern, some-
what in the style of the ancient missals. This, besides
being the oldest, is one of the most beautiful patents of
arms known to exist. As time went on they rapidly de-
teriorated in artistic excellence, though, of course, the in-
dividual documents varied in that respect. There is, for
instance, a grant to the Carpenters' Company of London,
of date 1467, or only eleven years after that to the Tallow
Chandlers ; but it is a miserably inferior production to
the former. This, however, must have been the mere
chance of a second or third rate draftsman having been
employed, because we have quite good work in the charter
(not a patent of arms) by Richard III. in 1483 to the
Wax Chandlers. The patent to the Barber Surgeons of
London in 1569 has certainly an endeavour after artistic
excellence, but it wants the spontaneity and grace of the
older patents. They were granted the crest of an opinacus,
a monster but rarely encountered even in heraldry.
I have as yet only alluded to English patents, because,
unfortunately, we have no Scottish examples of such early
date. One of the earliest of the latter with which I am
acquainted is of date 1567, and is by Sir Robert Forman,
of Luthrie, Lyon, in favour of Lord Maxwell of Herries.
The wording is rather quaint: "Till all and sundrie
quhome it effeirs (unto) quhais knawlege thir presentis
sal cum greting in God evirlesting, we, Schir Robert
Forman of Luthrie, Knicht Lyoun King of Armes with
our brethir Herauldis of the Honerable Johnne Lord
Maxwell of Hereiss to assign and gif unto him sick armes
in mettaill coulore as maist deulie suld appertene to him
and his posteritie as become us of our office to do :
Quehairfore We having respect to thais thyngis that
appertenit hes assignit and assignis to him quarterlie the
first and thrid (sic) silver ane saulter sable with ane
lambeall of thre feitt gulis, secund ane ferde selver thre
hurtcheounis sable with the beraris of the shield helme
tyramerall and detoun as heir under is depainted, quhilk
he and his posteritie may lefullie beir without reproofe.
Quhilk we testifie be thir presents subscrivit be Marohe-
mont Hairanld oure clerk of office quhairunto oure seile of
office is appensit. At Edinburgh, the secund day of Aprile
the zeir of God ane thowsand fyve hundreth thre score
sevin zeiris."
I need not allude to any other old Scottish patents, as
none that I know present any points of artistic excellence.
I can hardly say that things much improved during the
eighteenth or even during the first half of the nineteenth
460
PLATE CXLVI.
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THE ART OF HERALDRY
centnry. Latterly the actual writing of the patents was
much better, and they were really beautiful specimens of
caligraphy, but the painting of the arms left much to be
desired. It is only within the last few years that this has
been remedied, and as I remarked before, I think I may
safely say that as regards draftsmanship the Lyon Office
leads the way in heraldic records.
I have left myself but small space to speak of armorially
decorated charts or trees, as they are often called. Many
of these are remarkable for their design and delicacy of
execution.
The most beautiful family tree in Scotland is that in
the possession of Sir Allen Seton Steuart (Plate CLI.).
It is not large, being only i/i by 14^ inches; it is
executed on parchment, the background being black, and
the leafage of a delicate green. Over seventy shields,
generally barren and femme, or in other words impaled,
appeared illuminated in golden tinctures, argent being
represented by the white parchment. The flowers —
carnations, lilies, roses, &c. — introduced at foot, and the
figures of an ape and various words that appear above,
are executed with great minuteness and beauty of
colouring, while the portraits of Robert Lord Seton
(afterwards 1st Earl of Winton) and his father George
and their respective wives have the finish of fine
miniatures. You will find a detailed account of it and
a photograph of the tree itself in the illustrated edition
of the Catalogue of the Edinburgh Heraldic Exhibition.
Its date is 1583. Another very interesting tree, not
only on account of its subject, but also on account of its
author, is that of the Campbells of Glenurquhy, with por-
traits of the various members of the House, executed in
1635 by George Jameson, the celebrated Scottish portrait-
painter. There is also a magnificent Douglas pedigree of
larger size.done by James Ewing, Eothesay Herald, in 1661,
in the possession of the Earl of Home at Bothwell Castle,
and there is another somewhat similar one at Douglas
Castle. The former is fully described in the Heraldic
Exhibition Catalogue to which I previously referred.
J. B. P.
CHAPTER XLIX
MODERN ENGLISH HERALDIC ART
IT is one of the curious anomalies of heraldic art
that, at a period when all that is noisiest in the great
world of art in general is shouting for realism, the
greatest authorities in armory are equally vehement in the
advocacy of the distorted but possibly more artistic and
undoubtedly more pleasing conventionalism of early heraldic
examples — or, at least, whilst we are to be realistic in the
shape of our shields, our helmets, and our wreaths, we
are advised to go to the farthest limits of conventionalism
in our lions, eagles, and other charges. Some of us are
getting there slowly and by degrees, but I for mj part
decline to see the beauty in an eagle merely because it
is copied from an ancient example, and when it is difficult
to distinguish the bird from a double-headed duck. The
world of heraldic art sadly needs the exercise of a little
discrimination in the teachings of its prophets and
patriarchs. I have referred to this point elsewhere
herein at some length. The armorial art of the Planta-
genet and Tudor periods has been exemplified in relation
to the Garter plates, " Prince Arthur's Book," &c.
The most noticeable manifestation of heraldry and
heraldic art which the Stuart Period produced is un-
doubtedly "A Display of Heraldry," by John Guillim, a
large folio volume of several hundred pages. It is an
intimate and detailed account of practically everything
within the scope of the word " heraldry," and though
much that Guillim wrote we now admit to be mythical,
his work, nevertheless, will remain for all time one of the
standard works upon the subject. The best illustrations
in the book are the woodcuts, but these reach no very
high level of excellence. The copperplate engravings are
not of great merit, but they are highly characteristic of
the period.
It is customary to observe that at the beginning
of the eighteenth century heraldic art in this country
was steaddy on the downward grade. It has been
remarked elsewhere in these pages that it would seem
to be questionable how far any one is justified in com-
paring or "ranking" in the same fixed scale of merit
the manifestations of art in any particular period with
those of another, or in judging different periods with the
aid of the particular yard-tape and foot-rule affected as
the standards in our own particular period. We are
always inclined to do so, forgetting that the taste of one
man varies from that of another, and that the general
taste of one period is never in accord with that of a
different period. We can rest comfortably and calmly,
assured that our little tin immortals of the artistic world,
by whose opinions we swear at the moment, will be cer-
tainly succeeded by others (equally immortal, but equally
of the little and the tin variety) who will preach the things
we now are advised to condemn. Art is long, but no
particular artistic canon is eternal. Far more important to
armory than the present revival in heraldic art is the
greater revival in armorial truth. The art is a fashion
which will change, the truth must in the end prevail.
However, whether the art be adjudged good or bad, there
is no doubt that the bold and free draughtsmanship of the
Plantagenet and Tudor days had began to lose some of
these characteristics before we first borrowed our Sovereign
from Scotland. Through the Stuart and early Georgian
periods the heraldic art of this country slowly but steadily
developed in its floral and other accessories a wealth of
detaU and minntife, the highest development being con-
sidered a shield crowded with unnecessary quarterings,
the whole painted in the latest period with the care and
intricate and minute detail properly belonging to the pro-
vince of the miniature-painter. This subject has been
treated under the chapter upon Lambrequins, which really
chiefiy mark the artistic nature of heraldic painting and
design. But the same feeling is noticeable in the design
itself of so many of the coats of arms granted. This
development of the miniature culminated in the reign of
Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King of Arms, and the curious
"landscape" augmentations of Lord Exmouth, Lord
Nelson, and Brisbane (Fig. 553) are examples of the ex-
treme point reached by official heraldry. These coats are
simply typical of the art of the period. There is a class
of mind which is always "agin the Government," and
which (like the missionary who disagreed with everybody
— even with the natives who ate him) must always be
carping at anything oflicial. The " landscape " augmen-
tations to which allusion has been made are a ready
opportunity to the pen of the objector, who forgets that
461
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the whole of European heraldry has passed through a
similar period, and that coats of this character are being
officially granted at the present time both in Itussia and
Germany.
The coats themselves have since in recent grants some-
what improved, and with Scottish and Irish grants at the
present day no fault can be found, either in their com-
position or emblazonment. But English coats — the result
of so much differencing on stock models (there must be
fifty or more coats for the name of Wilson, all modelled
upon the original : Sable, a wolf salient, and in chief
three estoiles or) — when considered en masse are over-
crowded with detail and with the same stereotyped
details used over and over again for the purposes of
differentiation. The emblazonment, like so much official
work, though excellent in execution, is stereotyped in
design — all of it executed in the careful style of the
" miniaturist " type of herald-painting.
Far be it from me to decry the work of the " minia-
turist" type of herald-painter, although under the cloak
of that school there has been an enormous amount of
" stationer's - shop " work turned out, good, bad, and
indifferent — chiefly the last named. For work of the
"miniaturist" character, the illuminated pedigree of the
Royal Family, formally "recorded" under the statutes of
the Order of the Bath, and now remaining in the custody
of the College of Arms, is probably the finest piece of
work which has ever been executed. The name of the
artist responsible for it does not, however, appear to be
known. The pedigree is in the form of a bound volume,
the value of which is enormously enhanced by the large
number of Royal autographs which it contains.
But the greater freedom from stereotyped models which
outside artists enjoyed, lead one to unofficial work for
evidence of the progress of heraldic art. But most out-
side work was equally formal and stereotyped in its
character.
Figs. 1052 and 1053, which represent the arms of the
Duke of Dorset and the Marquess of Rockingham, and
which are included in the European series arranged by Herr
Strohl, are taken from a series of engravings of the arms
of peers which, with their pedigrees, were published in
the Universal Magazine, 1 790-1 800 or thereabouts. Soon
after this date Berry published his well-known Encyelo-
pmdia Heraldiea, the most important heraldic work which
had been issued since Gwillim's "Display of Heraldry."
This book was and still remains one of the most charming
and valuable heraldic books, and has always been one of
my favourites. It was in three volumes, the first a volume
of heraldic terms, containing an immensity of information,
far more accurate than much which has since been issued ;
the second a list of armorial bearings ; and the third a
volume of illustrations, all from engraved plates. Of the
style in which they are executed the engravings are very
excellent examples ; but they are no more than good
engravings of the "miniaturist" type of thought.
No other heraldic work of such a monumental character
was issued in this country until towards the close of the
century which has just ended. Heraldic intei'est and
armorial art were kept alive by the coach-painter, the
seal engraver, and the Peerage books. Seals of any size
had long since gone out of general use — heraldry flourished
for such purposes in the cheaper and more devious paths
of embossed heraldic stationery, one of the fashionable
cults being the collection of these embossed designs —
all, monograms included, generally known as "crests" —
which were pasted in albums or upon ladies' fans. With
every desire for kindly impartiality, one cannot find any-
thing good to say for the "cuts" of arms from the Peerage
books published before the last few years.
The coach-painter we are accustomed to turn up our
noses at. His heraldry, from the point of view of science
and an understanding adherence to rules, was frequently
contemptible, but there is no denying the fact that in the
finer examples of his work upon State carriages, &c., the
execution reached, in the "miniaturist" type, a very high,
and very unusual pitch of excellence. Fig. 793 is a fair
though by no means a superfine example of the work of
a coachbuilder's herald-painter. Mr. Manley, who must
now be of advanced age, is probably the greatest herald-
painter of that class. Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King
of Arms, thought highly of his work, and for a long
period many of the patents issued under the hand and
seal of Ulster were painted by Mr. Manley.
Many heraldic books, of more or less limited scope, of
course, contained illustrations of arms, amongst which re-
ference should be made to Burke's " Extinct Peerage " and
Burke's " Heraldic Illustrations." The illustrations for
these works were copperplate engravings, which, however,
differed little if anything in design or quality from the
crowd of inartistic bookplates which were being poured
out broadcast from the shops of heraldic stationers. In the
seventies and eighties Mr. J. B. Payen-Payne was engaged
in the production of various works, the chief of which
were his Jersey Armorial and his Roll of High Sheriffs.
As heraldic and genealogical works it must be admitted
they merited and obtained universal condemnation, but
there can equally be no doubt that the execution of the
heraldic plates (for which the Messrs. Baker, father and
son, were responsible) was of a high standard for work
of that character.
But other forces and other ideas were being brought
into play. The first to break away from the miniaturist
type of heraldic design was Pugin, whose heraldic
decoration of the Houses of Parliament is beyond all
praise. To Pugin must the honour belong of being the
first in the praiseworthy list of heraldic artists to whom
we owe the happier position to which heraldic art has
been raised in this country. But Pugin was not a herald-
painter by profession, and his heraldic work was — if one
may so describe it — a by-product of his ordinary pro-
fessional practice as an architect.
Another architect by profession is Mr. Charles Alban
Buckler, Surrey Herald Extraordinary. Studiously re-
mote from the " propagation " of heraldic ideas (and
the objectionable tone of personal controversy amongst
themselves into which so many now writing upon heraldic
subjects have fallen), the work of Mr. Buckler is but
little known as of his creation, and his name will be
unfamiliar to many even of those interested in heraldry.
But when it is stated that he alone is responsible for the
armorial decoration in the modern additions and restora-
tion of Arundel Castle, and for the heraldic decoration
upon and in Mowbray House, on the London estate of
the Duke of Norfolk, his claim to be ranked as one of
the foremost heraldic artists of his day will be readily
conceded. A few, but a very few, bookplates have been
executed from his designs for different personal friends
of his. Fig. 1097 is a reproduction of one of these. Mr.
Buckler was also responsible for the heraldic part of the
decoration of the hall, staircase, gallery, and dining-room
of Allerton Park, the seat of Lord Mowbray and Stourton.
These contain several hundred carved and painted shields,
and modern though this decoration is, it would be difficult
to surpass its beauty of design. The execution is equally
good.
The premier position, however, is generally conceded to
Perfe Anselm, who, in the quiet seclusion of his monastic
home, executed a large number of the drawings for
Foster's "Peerage," a work which, after a brief career,
became defunct. This was the first book ever issued in
recent times, the illustrations of which were a reversion
to the mediasval type of heraldic art. Whilst ungrudgingly
conceding the high position merited by the illustrations
462
THE ART OF HERALDRY
in that work, the credit must entirely belong to the
artists employed by Mr. Foster, and though this credit
would nowadays appear to be somewhat usurped by him,
many of the illustrations in later books which have been
issued under the name of Mr. Foster fall very far short
of the high standard set by Pere Anselm and Mr. Forbes
Nixon, who were responsible for practically the whole
of the illustrations for the Peerage. Pere Anselm is best
known to the public by his illustrations for that book.
To hark back a little, reference should be made to a
book little known to the public, but which had a very
marked influence on the heraldic art of the period. The
book referred to, Knight and Ruraley's " Heraldic Illustra-
tions," appears to be undated, bat it is inscribed to
Edmund Lodge, Esquire, Norroy King of Arms, which in
a measure supplies the omission. As stated in the preface.
Fig. 1097. — Bookplate of Arthur Herbert. Esq., of Coldbrook, Aber-
gavenny. Arms : Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant
argent; a crescent for difference. Mantling azure and argent.
Crest ; A Saracen woman's bead affronle, couped at the shoulders,
with long hair sable, from the ears double rings pendent or, veil
azure, doubled argent, encircled with a wreath of the same ; with
the motto, "Asgre an Diogell el Pherchen."
the book was " not intended as a work of general reference,
but merely for the use of artists." It contained specimen
engravings of crests, shields, and supporters, and a care-
ful study of the plates in the book will show what an
extremely large proportion of the finest work of the
herald-painter and engraver must have been executed
with the aid of these specimen plates. They are all
executed, however, in the "miniaturist" type and in the
most naturalistic form, and though they will no longer
appeal to the devotees of the latest ideas in heraldic art,
they certainly, of their kind and for their excellence of
execution, have never been surpassed. Some number of
examples from Knight and Rumley have been included
in these pages. (See Plates VIII. and XLII. and
Figs. 48, 49, and 50.) The book was published by Mr.
T. C. Jack, the founder of the firm responsible for the
publication of this volume. When Fairbairn's "Book of
Crests" was revised under my editorship, the specimen
crests from the plates in Knight and Rumley were
transferred to that volume, these illastrations being a
prominent feature of the new edition.
At the conclusion of my work upon the revised edition
of Fairbairn's "Book of Crests" I commenced the com-
pilation of '• Armorial Families." It would be childish to
pretend that I am not aware of the position and reputa-
tion that book has attained to, when one considers the
amount of space in the public prints which my disappointed
rivals think it worth while to occupy with futile denuncia-
tions. Few people, I think, will deny that "Armorial
Families " has done more than any other book to promote
the revived interest in the science of heraldry which the
last ten or twelve years have witnessed. Whilst the re-
sponsibility for the book has always remained my own,
I am ready enough and very desirous to acknowledge the
large share of credit due to the artists who have worked
with me, and to Messrs. T. C. & E. C. Jack, who have
found the necessary capital and lent their ready co-
operation to bring out its successive editions. From that
work Herr Strohl selected many examples to illustrate his
" Heraldischer Atlas."
No other heraldic work of a similar size or importance
has since issued from the Press, though Mr. Eve's
" Decorative Heraldry " should be brought into notice.
The pity of that book was that there was so little of Mr.
Eve's own work in the illustrations to his volume. It
was an extremely clever though necessarily somewhat
brief and limited history of heraldic art illustrated by
carefully chosen examples. The "Treatise on Heraldry"
by Woodward and Burnett was, of course, a valuable and
important work, but the artistic aspect of the matter was
very largely ignored.
Two, and the most important, of the manifestations of
modern heraldic art will be found in the present Lyon
Register and in the many heraldic bookplates which have
been executed in recent years. To these one must now
turn one's attention.
THE LYON REGISTER
Dr. George Burnett, the late Lyon King of Arms, was
admitted in his own lifetime to be one of the foremost and
most learned heralds of his period, and since his death
this judgment has in no way diminished, but, like many
other distinguished heralds, his artistic judgment was
defective, and the emblazonments in the Lyon Register in
Scotland (and, of course, the contemporary paintings
upon the patents issued from Lyon Office) were of the
same (or of a worse) stereotyped form still adhered to
in the Heralds' College, whilst upon the score of exe-
cution the less said the better. Ill execution of em-
blazonments is not a charge which can be laid at the
doors of the College of Arms. At the death of Dr.
Burnett in 1890, Mr. James Balfonr Paul (now Sir James)
was appointed Lyon King of Arms, and to his strength
of mind in breaking away from the artistic "ruts"
and the ill execution of former days, and in initiat-
ing the emblazonment of arms in a nearer approach to
ancient Gothic examples, armory and heraldic art owe
much. His example has been one of the greatest, if not
the greatest, influence at work for the betterment of
heraldic art. He, unlike many reformers, happily has
lived to see a large measure of the results of his efforts,
and he himself has had a larger share of responsibility
than as a non-executant he would be likely to be credited
with. Whilst training his own artist (Mr. Graham
Johnston, to whose work further reference will presently
be made), much of the handicraft upon the patents was
entrusted to Mr. Forbes Nixon, to whom due credit should
be allotted, but the whole of the work is now in the hands
of Mr. Graham Johnston. Reproductions of arms from
the Lyon Register since the present Lyon King of Arms
initiated the new departure, will be found in Plates
LVIII. and LX,, and in the arms of the Marquess of
Ailsa (Fig. 206), Swinton of that Ilk (Plate LXIIL),
Arbroath (Fig. 807). Inverness (Fig. 239), Oban (Fig.
580), Alloa (Fig. 581), Bishop Chisholm (Plate CXII.),
Wallace (Fig. 804), and Sir Robert Sutherland Duff-
Dunbar (Fig. 812), which have all been reproduced by
photography or other means from the Lyon Register.
A. C. F-D.
463
THE ART OF HERALDRY
CHAPTER L
LIVING HERALDIC ARTISTS AND BOOKPLATE DESIGNERS
IN GREAT BRITAIN
Mr. G. W. eve, R.E.
FOREMOST amongst those whose names are at pre-
sent before the public, and a head and shoulders
above most of his competitors, is Mr. G. W. Eve,
R.E., who certainly was the first to raise armorial emblazon-
ment from the trade of the herald-painter to the standard
of a high art. Mr, George W. Eve, born in the year
1S55, is the son of another heraldic artist, of some re-
putation amongst the miniaturist school, which in his day
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Fig. 1098.— Windsor Castle Bookplate. (By Mr. G. W. Eve, B.E.)
was the only accepted form in use. Mr. Eve commenced
his professional career as one of the official herald-
painters at the College of Arms, and though working for
several of the officers of that corporation, was, whilst at
the Heralds' College, principally associated with the work
of the present Richmond Herald. The opportunities his
position there afforded him did not satisfy his ambitions,
and relinquishing his engagement under official auspices
he commenced executing the marvellous etched bookplates
which have been the chief means of establishing his
present high reputation. The selection of Mr. Eve to
design and execute the series of bookplates for Windsor
Fig. 1099.— Wiudsor Castle Bookplate. (By Mr. G. W. Eve, K.E.)
Fig. 1 100. —Windsor Castle.BookpIate. (By Mr. G. W. Eve, E.E.)
Castle (Figs. 109S, 1099, and iioo), to design the King's
Garter banner to hang in St. George's Chapel at Windsor,
and to design and execute the invitation card to the
464
PLATE CXLVII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
ceremony of the Coronation of King Edward VII. are
ample testimony, were such needed, to the reputation his
work has obtained.
Concerning the reproduction of his work, Mr. Eve
expresses himself strongly as to the undesirability of
reproducing any artistic work in a different medium or by
a different process than that for which it was originally
designed and intended. This must be admitted to the
fullest degree, and to obviate this objection Plate CLIII.
has been prepared, and shows examples of his work
printed from the original plates. By such examples, and
such only, should the executive quality of Mr. Eve's
work be properly judged. But however much, from the
executive point of view, artistic examples may lose in
the course of reproduction, there must always remain
the beauty of draughtsmanship and design, the greatest
charm of all in the many excellences of his work.
Doubtless the high level which the work of Mr. Eve
has reached is due to his profound knowledge of the
science of heraldry, of which his recently published work,
" Decorative Heraldry," will remain a proof. He was
elected an Associate of the Royal Society of Painter-
Etchers in the year 1894 and Fellow in 1903. Typical
-examples of Mr. Eve's work will be found herein by
reference to Figs. 74, lOO, 224, 251, 276, 277, 278, 293,
388, 406, 446, 453, 532, 823, and 1 105. The genius of
Mr. Eve is very versatile, and has found expression in
designs for stained glass, seals, and embroidery : he has
also turned his attention to modelling in jesso and
enamelling.
Me. CHARLES W. SHERBOEN, RE.
After the work of Mr. G. W. Eve, the bookplates of
Mr. Charles Sherborn are most in demand. If bookplates
only were to be considered, it must be admitted that there
are some who rank his productions as highly as those of
Mr. Eve. AVhilst Mr. Eve's plates are always etched,
those of Mr. Sherborn are engraved. Commencing as an
engraver, Mr. Sherborn, who is a much older man than
Mr. Eve, had made his reputation in that handicraft many
years ago, and his work has certainly increased in ex-
cellence. Its charm lies in the beauty of its execution, and
in this character Mr. Sherborn has no rival. In origi-
nality and beauty of design, and in knowledge of the
laws of armory, he falls short of Mr. Eve's accomplish-
ments, but in execution a comparison is between engraving
as opposed to etching, and personal taste and predilection
must come into play in any attempt to form a judgment.
Where reputation depends upon excellence of handicraft,
the remarks made when referring to the reproduction of
Mr. Eve's plates again apply. Plate CLIII., however,
shows an example of the work of Mr. Sherborn from an
original plate. His fine work in the engraving of portraits
(particularly after paintings by the late Mr. Wells, R.A.)
is well known, but is perhaps rather outside the scope of
the present volume.
Process reproductions of other plates by him will be
found in Figs. 21, 313, 383, 413, 810.
Mr. FORBES NIKON
Mr. Forbes Nixon is one of the most prolific heraldic
artists of the present day, and though he has been en-
gaged in work of this character over a long period of
years, in no degree has his hand lost its cunning. Though
he had well and deservedly established his reputation at
a much earlier period, his great opportunity came with
the publication of Foster's " Peerage," he being respon-
sible for a large number of the illustrations in that book.
Figs. 131, 187, 415, and 816 are examples of his work, as
are the Uons in Fig. 272, specially drawn by him as
typical of, and for the purpose of showing, his own
peculiar style. He did many of the illustrations for the
first edition of "Armorial Families," and of these Figs.
53 and 54 are good instances of the work he executed
under the limitations I imposed upon him. In the de-
signing of book-covers, a speciality of his, he has produced
most excellent work, and enjoys a widespread reputation.
The cover of this book, which he designed, is, in his own
estimation, one of the finest he has ever produced.
Mr. GRAHAM JOHNSTON
Mr. Graham Johnston, who was born in i86g, is now
by appointment Herald-Painter to the Lyon Office, where
he has been exclusively engaged for some years past.
Though he has not executed very many bookplates, he
has made his mark in the world of heraldic art by his
characteristic emblazonments upon Scottish patents and
in the official Register of Lyon Office. To a certain
extent Mr. Graham Johnston's reputation is due to the
careful training and advice of Lyon King of Arms ; in
fact, one might almost consider his abilities 'the direct
product of the teaching of Sir James Balfour Paul. The
credit must, however, necessarily remain with Mr. .John-
ston himself, for no teaching could produce an artist if
the artistic abilities of execution were lacking, or if artistic
ideas could not be assimilated. Examples of his work
will be found in Figs. 58, 134, 136, 142, 150, 239, 334,
361, 411, 435, 469, 503, 508, 518, 580, 581, and 811.
He stands pre-eminently at the head of those artists who
have adopted the bold outline type of work which carries
one's mind back to the days of Tudor heraldry, and who
seek to gain their effect by boldness and strength of
design and execution. Like Mr. Eve, there are few handi-
crafts for which he has not produced heraldic designs.
Me. G. SCEUBY
Though comparatively few bookplates have been
designed or executed by Mr. Soruby, he is rapidly be-
coming recognised as one of the most prominent heraldic
artists of the present day. Regularly employed at the
College of Arms as one of the official herald-painters, he
has profited by the knowledge and assistance of those
with whom he has been brought into contact. His work,
executed for official purposes in the official style, which
still clings to the " miniaturist " type, is of marked ex-
cellence, but no doubt his artistic capabilities can better
be evidenced by some of the illustrations he has designed
for "Armorial Families," or by the heraldic paintings he
has been responsible for when not controlled within the
stereotyped official regulations. Many of the illustrations
herein are from his drawings, but perhaps special atten-
tion may be directed to Figs. 165, 169, 240, 273, 274,
275, 409, and 686. As an executive artist he will rank
high.
"C. HELAED"
"C. Helard" (the name is a pseudonym) is one of
many ladies who have dabbled with heraldic painting or
armorial design, but amongst the large number who have
attempted none have reached the reputation which Miss
Helard has made as a designer of bookplates. Her openly
expressed admiration for the work of Mr. Eve undoubtedly
influenced her style at the time she commenced heraldic
designing, but as she has pursued her course and gained
more confidence in her own powers her ideas have widened,
and her work is gradually acquiring a strength and
originality considerably in advance of her early attempts.
Plate XII., which shows the arms of Harley, is from a
design by Miss Helard, as is also Plate XLVIIL, and as
examples of her work reference may be directed to
Figs. 281, 282, 283, 299, 330, 384, 392, 397, 428, 494,
and 521. Fig. 384 is a remarkably fine piece of designing.
465
3n
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. iioi.— Designed by Mr. J. Vinycomb, M.R.I.A.
Fig. II02. — Designed by Mr. J. Vinycomb, M.R.I. A.
;^ rf^^orc5el»o(6ter,l,!|
Fig. 1103. — Designed by Mr. J. Vinycomb. M.R.I. A.
Fig. 1 104. — The Royal Arms, from a design
by Mr. J. Vinycomb, M.R.I.A.
466
THE ART OF HERALDRY
But Miss Helard has many interests in life, and her
output of work is not very large. The bookplates of
Miss Helard, like those of Mr. Eve and Mr. Sherboru,
suffer sadly in reproduction, but that on Plate CLIII.
is from the original plate.
?^ ^M^ ELI BKiSgfk):::/^ .
»BRyCMAN.NERMAN;
Fig. 1 105. — Reproduced from an etched plate by Mr. G. W. Eve, R.E.
Me. W. p. BAREBTT
Mr. W. P. Barrett is a bookplate designer whose work
has in the last few years obtained considerable reputation.
■■^^i— ~- — — : I - — — -
"1 TEOmSS aV«LYD SCOTT, fiLUS ! W^i ]
I VIII BSROD ECKOHRD de UlKhVhSn
Fig,
1106. — Bookplate executed by J, & E. Bumpus. Ltd.,
from a design by Mr. W. P. Barrett.
Me. JOHN VINYCOMB, M.B.IA.
Mr. John Vinycomb, M.E.I.A., the author of the
chapter herein upon the art of heraldic illumination, is
well known as a skilful heraldic artist. Originally from
the north of England, where he served his apprenticeship
as an engraver, he has long been a resident in Belfast,
where he held the position of chief of the artistic staff of
the great printing firm of Marcus Ward & Co., Limited.
On the failure of that firm, Mr. Vinycomb continued to
carry on the artistic work which had been so ably pursued
under his management by the old firm, devoting himself
chiefly to heraldic painting and designing in conjunction
with the beautiful art of illuminating.
Mr. Vinycomb has devoted his attention with no little
success to most branches of decorative and pictorial art.
He is also an original investigator and facile writer on
archfeology, heraldry, and kindred subjects, being the
author of several published works and articles bearing on
the artistic side of these subjects. His work " On the
Processes for the Production of Ex Libris," which origi-
nally appeared in the pages of the Ux Libris Journal, was
subsequently republished in a volume with numerous
examples, forms an admirable exposition of the various
means by which book illustrations and pictures are pro-
duced. Mr. Vinycomb is a vice-president of the Ex Libris
Society and a frequent exhibitor. He is also a member
of the Royal Irish Academy, and a fellow of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. Mr. Vinycomb's
bookplates, executed in wash and reproduced by the
half-tone process, -stand in a category by themselves and
are very effective. They are of considerable artistic merit,
as may be seen from Pigs. Iioi, 1 102, and 1103, whilst
Pig. 1 104 is a very excellent treatment of theRoyal Arms.
Fig. 1107. — Bookplate execoted by J. & E. Bumpus, Ltd.,
from a design by Mr. W. P. Barrett.
467
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Working unJer the auspices of Messrs. J. & E. Bumpus,
Limited, he has designed a large number of bookplates
for prominent people of the moment. The bookplates
are all executed upon copper, the engraving being of a
high order. The designs, which are very varied in
character, appear singularly suitable to the process
employed, and the bulk of his plates are of no little
excellence. Messrs. Bumpus recently issued, in an
Edition-de-Luxe, a series of fifty-five reproductions of
Mr. Barrett's designs from the original plates. The
quality of Mr. Barrett's work can perhaps be judged
from Figs. 1106 and 1 107, though of course the beauty
and delicacy of the engraving is in a large degree lost in
the process of reproduction. A. C. F-D.
PLATE CXXXVI
EQUESTRIAN SEALS OF THE THIRTEENTH TO
FIFTEENTH CENTURIES
(From a Collection of Seals in the k. and k. Haus-, Hof- unci
Staais-Archiv in Vienna)
Fig. I. Reverse side of the seal of King Przemist Ottoker II. of
Bohemia, 1273. (Diameter, 11.8 cm.) The legend runs : " >J< S
Otakari . Dei . Giacia . Docis . Aiistrie . Stirie . Domini . Carniole .
7 Marcliie . Portos . Naonis." On the shield appear the arms of
Austria (gules, a fess argent), on the flag tie arms of Boliemia
(gules, a lion rampant doubled-queued argent, crowned). On the
horse-cloth are several shields ; at the neck an escutcheon of the
arms of Carnioki (per pale, dexter or, three lions passant in pale
sable ; sinister, the fess of Austria) ; lower down an escutcheon of
Moravia (azure, an eagle chequy gules and argent) ; above on the
haunclies Stijria (vert, a panther argent, vomiting flames of fire);
and below an escutcheon of Carinthia (argent, an eagle displayed
azure, charged on the breast with a crescent cheqiiy gules and argent),
or perhaps the ancient arms of Eger (gules, an eagle displayed
sable). The pot-shaped helmet of the rider carries the crest of
Bohemia, two eagle's wings sable.
Fig. 2. Seal of Guido, Count of Flanders, 1277. (Diameter,
9.5 cm.) The legend runs : " ►!< S Goidonis : Comitis : Flandrie : et
Marchionis ; Namvcen (Namur)." The shield and the horse-cloth
in places show the arms of Flanders : Or, a lion rampant sable.
Fig. 3. Seal of Friedrich, Count Pahdine of Saxony, 1291.
austrie : stirie : et : karinthie : dominus : carmiole ; marchie : ac ;
portus : naonis : (Portenau) comes : in : habspurg : ferretis:et : kiburg ;
marcia : burgonis : ac : lantgravius : alsacie." The shield and the
flag show the fess of Austria. Above, on the dexter side, appears
the shield of Carinthia, and on the sinister of Styria. Then follows,
Pilgrim von Pucbheim (1377).
(Diameter, 8.5 cm.) The legend runs : " Fridericiis Dei Gracia
Comes Saxonie Palatinus." The shield, banner, and horse-cloth aU
display the arms of the Palatinate of iiaxony (aziu-e, an eagle dis-
played or). The helmet has two bufl'alo's horns as crest. The
original of this seal, the authenticity of which is not free from
doubt, is in possession of the Staats Archiv.
Fig. 4. Seal of John, King of Bohemia (1311-1346). (Diamet«r,
9.5 cm.) The legend runs : " Johannes . Dei . Gratia . Rex . Boemic.
Ac . Locembwrgensis . Comes." On the shield, on the shoulder-pieces
(ailettes), and on the horse-cloth appear the arms of Bohemia quartered
with those of Luxembourg (barry of ten argent and azure, a lion
ramp.int gules). The crest is that of Bohemia.
Fig. 5. Seal ui Duke Rudolph IV., the founder of Austria (1363).
(Diameter, i3.3cm.:)">J<rudolphus : quartus : dei:gracia:archydux.
Fig. 1 109. — Henry de Percy (1301).
on the dexter side, an escutcheon of the arms of the Countship
of Ffirt (Fiirth) (giiles, two fishes haurient and addorsed heads
upwards); on the sinister the " Cottntship of Hahshurg (or, a lion
rampant gules). Under the horse appear the shields of the Lord-
ship of Portenau (Pordenone) in the Austrian shield of union (an
open gold door on three green mounds) ; of Carnioki and the Wend
Territory (or, a black Wend hat lined gules, and strings of the last).
The crowned helmet bears the Austrian crest, \\z. the peacock's tail.
The horse's head is adorned with the eagle-crest. When in the year
1363 Tyrol fell to Austria, Rudolph IT. had the eagle of Tyrol sub-
stituted for the Atistrian fess on the flag. Before this seal, Duke
Rudolph used another seal, which brought him troubles. He
attributed to himself dignities and titles which did not belong to
him, and as a consequence was. called to account by his father-in-law,
the Emperor Charles IV. In the legend he had styled himself
" Phalzerzherzog von Oesterreich, Steyrmark, Kiirnten, Schwaben
und im Elsass." After long hesitation he was at last obhged to
give in, and discontinue the use of the seal (1361). Fig. 7 shows
the obverse side of this seal. The legend runs : " <^ Rvdolphos :
Qvartos : Dei : Gracia : Palatines : Archidox : Avstrie : Stirie :
Karinthie : Suevie ; Et : Alsacie : Dominos : Carmiole : Marchye :
Ac : Portos : Naonis : Natus : Anno ; Domini ; NX : ccc ; xxsix."
On the shield of the rider appears the fess of Austria, on the flag,
Styria ; whilst the horse-cloth shows the shields of Carinthia,
Hahshurg (here the lion is crowned for the first time), and Pfirt.
As crest, the duke bears the Austrian peacock's tail issuing from
the crown upon his helmet.
Fig. 6. Seal of Frederick, Duke of Aiistria (1438). (Diameter,
13.4 cm.) " S Friderici . Dei . Gracia . Docis . Austrie . Stirie .
Carinthie . Et . Carniole . Dominus . Marchie . Sclavonice . Ac .
Portos . Naonis . Comes . In . Habsburg . Tirolis . Ferretis . Et .
Kiborg . Marchio . Borgowie . Ac . Lantgraiaos . Alsacie." On
the " Tartsche "-shaped shield is the Austrian fess, and on the flag
are the arms of Styria ; on the horse-cloth are the five eagles of the
so-called East Austria7i coat of arms. The crowned tilting-helmet
bears the peacock's tail ; and on the horse's head, issuing out of a
coronet, is a demi-eagle.
Fig. 1 108. Seal of Pilgrim von Pjuhheim, Erb-Truehsessen von Oes-
terreich (Hereditary Lord High Steward of Austria), 1377. The
insciiption round it is as follows ; " >J< S Pilgrimi . Depccchhaim .
Dapiferi . Avstrie." The Lord High Steward bears in his raised
right hand a dish containing a fish. The horse-cloth is ornamented
with the shield of Puchheim (argent, a fess gules). The office of
Hereditary Lord High Steward came into the family in the year
1276.
Another interesting equestrian seal is shown in Fig. 1 109. It is
the seal of Henry dc Percy (Baron Percy) in the year 1301. Shield,
saddle, and horse-cloth are adorned with the blue lion on a gold field,
the arms borne by the Percy family as the ancient arms of the
Dukes of Brabant, from whom the Barons Percy were descended
in the male line. The helmet and horse's head are both adorned
with a fan-crest. The legend runs : " SigiUvm . He . . . De Perci."
H. S.
468
PLATE CXLVIII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE CXXXVII
EQUESTRIAN SEALS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
(From t/ic Collection of Seals in the k. and k. Haiis-, Hof~, und
Staats-Archiv at Vienna)
Fig. I. Seal of Antony, Duke of Lorraine, Brabant, ajid Limiurg
(1407). (Diameter, 10 cm.) The legend runs: " ss. Antonii dei .
gracia . lotliar . brabancie et lumburgens . ducis . sacri imperii .
Fig. 2. Seal of Reinliold IV. (died 1423), Bulce of Geldern and
J-iilicfi (ii\o7). (Diameter, 9.7 cm.) The legend runs : "►J<Sigillum
Re (in) alJe Dei . Gracia . Dvcis . Ghellensis." Tije arms of Geldern
(azure, a lion rampant, double-queued and crowned) appear both on
the shield antl on the flag, and also on the shoulder-pieces (ailettes),
and the horse-cloth. As crest on both the helmet and on the horse's
head is a semi-circular screen adorned with the device of the shield,
and with peacock's feathers on the edges.
Fig. 3. Seal of Duke Albert V. (when Emperor II.) of Austria and
Margrave of Mo)'aDra(died 1 439). (Diameter, 9. 5 cm.) The legend runs :
" Sigillum Alberti . dei . gracia . docis . Austrie . et . marchiois .
moranie." The flag and the shield placed in the field of the seal
show the^rms of Austria, but the shield of the rider bears the arms
marchionis." The shield of the rider is : Quarterly, i and 4, the
arms of France, azure, three fleurs-de-lis or ; 2. Brabant, sable, a li<m
rampant or ; 3. Lirnbarg, argent, a lion ram2:)ant double-queued
gules (crowned). The horse-cloth displays the same devices. The
helmet bears the French crest, of the fleur-de-lis.
of Moravia. The helmet is surmounted by the (old) crest of
Moravia, the eagle's wings, gjronny (here of three) or and sable.
Fig. 4. Seal of King Stephan Trrtko II. of Bosnia, 1443. (Diameter,
1 1 cm.) The inscription, so far as it is legible, runs : " S. Mains
Stephi Turtconis Dei Gra . Rascie . Bossne Maritiraarum. . . ."
469
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The only device upon the shield is a coronet throughout fesswise
of fleurs-de-lis. On the flag and on the horse-cloth appear, as
armorial bearings, a bend on a field semii of " Gleven " (i.e. lily-
shaped lance-points, equivalent to our " crouels "), The same figure
appears in tlie design of the background of the shield. These two
coat^ of arms bear a striking resemblance to the arms of the
Schiirffenbergs and the Eohitsch. The former claim to be de-
scemled from the kings of Bosnia ; but probably this is not the case.
The Schiirffenbergs bore originally : Argent, a crown sable ; and
later on : Azure, a crown or (Plate LXXVII. I'ig. 4). The Rohitsch
family bore : Azure, seme of " gleven " or, a bend argent, which
they later on (misunderstanding a diapering of the same)
charged with annulets gules. The crest of the rider, if one takes
other representations into account, would seem to have been a long-
shafted tassel of peacock's feathers, in which case this would prove
anotlier connecting link with the Schiirffenljerg arms.
Fig. 5. Reverse side of the ducal seal of Frederick of Austria
(Frederick III.), 1479. (Diameter, 12.3 cm.) The legend here is
the continuation of the title on the obverse side, and reads :
"Domini Marchie Sclavonice . Et . Portos Naonis . Comitis in
Habsburg . Tirolis . Pherretis . Et . In . Kybvrg . Marchionis .
Bvrgovie . Et . Landtgravi . Alsacie." The figure wears the Austrian
ducal hat. (See Plate XV. Fig. 17.) On the shields appear the
following coats of arms : Landgraviate of Upper Alsace : Gules,
a bend between six coronets or; Countship of Kyburg : Gules,
a bend between two lions or ; Countship of Tyrol : Argent, an
eagle displayed gules, crowned and armed and charged upon the
wings with the trefoil bars or; Portenau, Habsburg, Pfirt, lilargra-
viate of Burgau : Bendy of six argent and gules, a pale or ; and
Upper Aiistria : Party per pale, on the dexter side an eagle displayed
or ; sinister, paly of four argent and gules. Oil the dexter side of
the seal, in front of the liorse, is the monoi,'ram and tlie well-known
letter device A E I 0 V (see Plate LXXXVII. Fig. i), with the
date 1479.
Fi^■. 6. Seal of Duke Albert der Beherzte (the Brave) von Sachsen (of
Saxony), died 1 500, founder of the Albertine line, the present Royal
Family of Saxony. (Diameter, 10.5 cm.) The inscription runs :
" S. Alberti dei gra ducis saxonie laigrany thuringie march, misne
orietalis et landsperg comitis in orlamund." On the shield of the
rider are the arms of the Duchy of Saxony : Barry of ten sable and
or, a crown of rue in bend vert. The flag and two other shields
each display a lion rampant as the arms, wlrich are probably the
armorial bearings respectively of the Landgraviate of Tliuringia
(azure, a lion rampant harry of eight argent and gules, crowned or) ;
of the Margraviate of Meissen (or, a lion rampaut sable) ; and of the
Countship of Orlamund^ (or, seme of hearts gules, a lion rampant
sable). At the horse's feet are the arms of the Margraviate, pro-
perly of the Lordship of Laruhberg (or, two pallets azure) ; the
arms of the IVettin family, and of the County Palatine of Saxony
(azure, an eagle displayed or). On his crowned tUting-helmet the
rider bears the crest of Thuringia, viz. ; Two buffalo's horns argent,
adorned with green (or more correctly, golden) leaves, slipped.
H. S.
PLATE CXXXVIII
SPECIIIENS OF ARMORIAL AND OTHER SEALS
Fig. I. Seal of Ferdinand I., as King of Hungary, 1 526-1 564.
(Diameter, 14 cm.) 01:>verse : "The king is represented in his coro-
nation-robes, seated on a throne, holding his sceptre in his right
hand, and the Imperial globe in his left. Above him, supported
by griffins, is the crowned escutcheon of the Roman Kingdom, the
Imperial eagle with one head (Ferdinand was elected King of the
Romans at Cologne in 1531, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle). At
his feet is a shield : Quarterly, i and 4, Austria ; 2 and 3, Burgundy.
At the side of the throne, each supported l)y an angel or cherub,
follow the shields of : i. New and Old Hungary ; 2. Castille, Leon,
Aragon, Sicily, and Granada; 3. Btjhemia, 4; Dalmatia. The in-
scription is as follows : " Ferdinaudvs. D. E. Ule. Rom. Rex. Semp.
Avgvst. Ac. German. Hong. Boem, Dalm. Groat. Bosn. Lodomerie.
Boliiarie. Sclavon. Rame. Servieo.
The reverse side (Fig. nil) contains as the central figure a magni-
ficently designed example of the Imperial eagle with one head, as an
attribute of the King of the Romans, the breast charged with ihe
escutcheon of Hungary. In the circle surrounding it appear the
shields of most of the countries mentioned in the inscription follow-
ing from right to left : Croatia, Bosnia, Galicia, Moravia, Lausitz,
Habsburg, Alsace, Tyrol, Wurtemberg-Teck, Silesia, Slavonia,
Lodormeria. The inscription on the reverse side, a continuation of
the obverse, runs : " Rex. Infans Hispan. Arched. Avst. Dvx.
Bvr,'vn. Marchio. Mora. Etc. Dvx. Slesie. Wurtemh. Ec. Comes.-
Hassp. Fland. Tirol. Ec."
An equally beautifully engraved administrative seal is shown in
Fig. 1 1 12. It is the seal which the Emperor Leopold I. caused to be
engraved for himself, as Elector of Bohemia, on the election of his
son, the Archduke Joseph, as King of the Romans, which took place
on January 24, 1690. (Diameter, 11 cm.) The much-foliated and
ornate cartouche with the Bohemian lion is surrounded by the
collar of the Golden Fleece, and is surmounted by the electoi-'s hat,
and placed upon and above that is a Royal crown. The seal inscrip-
tion runs : " Leopoldvs I.D.G. Hongaria. et. Bohemite Rex. H;eredi-
tarivs. Archdivx. Avslrije. Zc." Inside the circlet of the Royal
crown the date "mdcxc" is introduced. The original seal in silver
is preserved in the "K. and K. Haus-, Hof- und Staats archiv,Viemia."
Fig. 2. This is the seal of Albert Baron (Freiherr) von IFinkel,
Bishop of Passau (1363-1380), about the date 1378. (Height, 8 cm.)
Under a canopy of Gothic architecture, the seated figure of the bishop
is introduced. The background of the seal on both sides of the archi-
tectural design is occupied by the figure of a wolf, taken from the
arms of the bishopric (argent, a wolf gules). At ihe bishop's feet
appear the arms of the Freiherren Winkel von Winkelberg of Lower
Austria ("argent an unicorn rampant sable "). The inscription runs :
Albertvs. Dei. Gracia. Pataviensis Eccl. Epis."
Fig. 3 represents the seal of Lancelot Blackbourne, Bishop of Exeter,
1716-1724. (Height, 9.5 cm.) The shield shows the aims of the
See (gules, a sword in pale proper, the hilt or, and two keys in saltire
of the last) impaling the personal arms of the bisho}:) (namely, argent,
a less nebuly between three mullets sable). The inscription runs :
" Sigillviii Lancelotti Blackbvrne Episcopi Exon ad 1716." Lance-
lot Blackburn, from 1724 Archbishop of York, "the gay old Arch-
bishop" as Walpole called him, was baptized at Oxford October 20,
1676, and in his younger days was chaplain on a freebootei-'s ship,
of which his rough manners were reminiscent. He died March 23,
1743-
Fig. 4. Seal of the notorious Laaar Brankovies of Servia repro-
duced from a document dated August 12, 1457. (Diameter, 7 cm.)
Lazar was the youngest son of the Prince of Servia, Georg Brank-
ovies, and died January 20, 1458. The coat of arms on the seal is
interesting, in so far as the entire crest is repeated on the
shield (argent, between two buff'alo's horns azure, a lion rampant,
crowned or).
Fig. 5. Seal of the Arclibislwp of Salzburg, Leonhhard v. Keutschach
(1495-15 19), on a document dated May 10, 1498. (Diameter, 4.5 cm.)
Inside a rich Gothic architectural canopy appears the bust of the
bishop, the figure being repeated below in a kneeling posture ; on
the dexter side are the arms of the archbishopric (party per pale, the
dexter side or, a lion rampant sable ; the sinister side gules, a fess
argent). On the sinister side of the seal is the shield of Keutschach,
a Carinthian family (sable, a turnip argent, leaved vert). The
legend runs : " S. leonh. dei. gra. sancte. saltzburg. ecclie. archiepi.
apiici. sedis. legati."
Fig. 6. Seal of the Archbislwp of Salzburg, Maximilian Gandolf,
Count von Khuenburg (166S to 1687), engraved in 1668. (Diameter,
4 cm.) The arms, which are placed upon a cartouche, show in chief
the arms of the archbishopric ; below, the quartered arms of the
Khuenburgs, who belonged to the old Carinthian nobility, viz. : i
and 4, party per pale gules and argent, a roundel counterchanged
(family arms) ; 2 and 3, party per fess sable and argent, a
counterchanged (Steyerberg). The Steyerberg arms were be-
queathed in 1468 by the last of the family to the Khuenburgs, who
were related to them by marriage. In 1669 the Khuenburgs were
raised to the rank of Count. Behind the shield appear an archi-
episcopal ci'oss, a crosier, and a sword, the former in pale and the
latter in saltire, the last bearing a reference to the temporal juris-
diction of the sovereign archbishopric. (A similar use of the sword
is found in the case of the Bishop of Durham.) Over the whole is
suspended the archbishop's hat with six fiocci (tassels) on each side
(see Plate LI. ). The seal inscription runs: "►J<Maximil: Gaud.
D.G. Archiep. & Prps. Salisb. S. Sed. Ap. Leg." At the sides of
the cartouche appears the date 1668.
Fig. 7. Great seal of the Swiss Canton of Berne. (Diameter, 8.5 cm.)
This charming Rococo cartouche shows the armorial bearings of the
canton (and at the same time of the town) of Berne : Gules, on a
bend or, a bear passant sable. The seal inscription runs : " Sig.
Mains Reip. Bernensis." The name of the seal-cutter "Moiikofer
F.C' is introduced under the cartouche. The bear of Berne is to
be found, for the first time, on the seal of the year 1224. The bear
was orignally borne sable, on a field argent, but aft«r the battle of
Schlosshalden, 1289, in which the banner of the Bernese was dyed
with blood, the bear was placed in a bend argent, upon a field of
gules. Shortly afterwards the present tincture (or) was adopted for
the bend.
A very attractive disposition of arms and motto scroll and
mantling is shown in the seal of the Bohemian town of Schlan)
(Bohemian, Slana). (Fig. 11 13, diameter, 5.2 cm.) This town,
which is very ancient, bears for arms the Bohemian lion, and as a
crest a pair of closed wings, one of which is gules, and the other
argent. The mantling is gules and argent. The inscription runs :
" Secretvm civitatis Slanensis." Interesting from its device is the
old seal of the Styriau town of Levben (Fig. 1 1 14), principal seat of
the trade in Styrian iron. This seal is found on documents of 1298,
1328, &c. (Diameter, 6 cm.) The legend is : " ^ Sigillvm Civitatis.
In. Levben." It shows the ostrich (on a red field) with a horseshoe
in its beak, holding up a second in its right foot. (Compare Plate
470
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. nil. •' Reverse " side of the seal of Ferdinand I.
Fig. 1 1 12. Seal of Leopold I. as King and Elector of Bohemia.
471
THE ART OF HERALDRY
LXXV. Fig. 3). Konrad von jMegenberg says of tlie ostrich : " Er izt
eiseii uiid verdiiut daz, wan or ist gar liaizer nS,tui'." "Er hazzet
diu pfiird von natur und laidigt si wo tr mag." The horseshoe
symbolises both these qualities in the bird, and brought it into
Fig. 1 1 13. Seal of " Scblan," in Bohemia,
relation with iron-working, and all that has anything to do with
iron.
Fig. 1 1 15 shows the old seal of Karl Ferdinand's Univo-dty of
Fig. II 14. Seal of Leuben, in Styria.
Prague^ founded in 1348 by Oiarles IV., and completed and en^
larged by Ferdinand III. (Diameter, 6 cm.) The legend is
"►j* Sigillvm Vniversitatis . Scolarivm . Stvdii . Pragensis."
In
Fig. 1 1 15. Seal uf Prague University.
the centre of the seal, between the old and the new escutcheons
of Bohemia, appears a figure of Charles IV. kneeling in front
of St. Wenceslaufl, to whom he offers the foundation charter.
King Wenzel's shield and flag show the eagle, tlie old arms of
Bohemia.
In conclusion are inserted two interesting examples of rose seals,
as they are called, such as were usual in East Alpine countries in
the time of Ulrich von Lichtenstein, the Minnesinger from about
1227 to the turn of the century. Tliey are considered to be a
symbolic mark of Lady'd service. The petals of the rose were
charged with the armorial shield, or sometimes with the charge
therefrom only (see Jubilaums, Jahrhuch des " Adlei-y" 1895). " In-
nerosterr Rosensiegel v. Alfred Ritter Antony von Siegenfeld."
Fig. II 16 shows tlie rose seal of JJlrich V071 Lichtenstein, which is
taken from a document of the year 1241, in the k.u.k, Haus,- Hof-
und Staats archiv, Vienna, (Diameter, 5.4 cm.)
Fig. II 16. Rose Seal of Ulrich von Lichtenstein.
. The rose petals bear the shield of the Lichtensteins of Murau in
Styria (argent, tw^o bendlets sable), and carry also the inscription :
" 4* S. "VHrici De. Lichtenstein."
Fig. II 17 is the rose seal of Heinrich von Kranichherg, taken from
Fig. 1 117. Rose Seal of Heinrich v. Kranichberg.
a document, dated February 23, 1280, in the Archives of the
Monastery of the Holy Cross, Lower Austria. (Diameter, 3.7 cm.)
The leaves bear the armorial device of the Kranichbergs (gules, a
crane argent. The crane is sometimes found crowned). The in-
scription runs : "(^ S . Dni . Hanrici . De . Chra . . . Oh."
H. S.
PLATE CXXXIX
SEAL ENGRAVING BY MODERN GERMAN ARTISTS
Examples of the Work of Gustav Schuppan, Engraver by
Appointment to His Highness the Duke of Anhalt, Berlin
Fig. I. Seal of Sir Albert William TVoods, Garter King of Arms
(born 1 816, Garter i86g) : Argent, a cross of St. George gules, on a
chief azure, a ducal coronet within a garter, between a lion of
England passant gnardant and a fleur-de-lis all or, and impaling his
family arms of Woods, namely : or, on a mount vert, a lion statant
guardant in front of an oak-tree proper, fructed of the first, a chief
azure, thereon on a pale argent, between two circlets of the crown
of a King of Arms also of the first, a cross of St. George gules, the
escutcheon surrounded bv the ribbon of the Order of St. Michael
and St. George. (Sir Albert Woods is now K.C.B. and G.C.V.O.,
and the circlet of the Bath might be substituted, but no alteration
has been made in the seal.) Above the escutcheon is placed the
crown of his office.
472
PLATE CXLIX.
Printed at Stnltgart.
EXAMPLES OF GERMAN "ALLIANCE" ACHIEVEMENTS.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 2. Seal of the Ri^ht Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert RoMrison,
Baron Rosmeadj and a Baronet : Vert, a chevron engrailed between
three stags at gaze oi-, and on an inescutclieon the Badge of Ulster,
Over his coronet as a baron, which rests on the shield, appears the
crest, namely : out of a crown vallery or, on a mount vert, a stag as
in the arms. As supporters : on the dexter side an ostrich and on
the sinister a kangaroo both regardant proper. Motto: "Legi
Eegi fidus."
Fig. 3. Seal of Henry, Baron Aldenham: Argent, three battle-
axes erect within a bordure nebuly sable. The baron's coronet rest-
ing on the sliield is surmounted b}' a peer's helmet with a mantling
sable and argent, which bears as crest ; on a wreath of the colours,
in front of a rock a dexter arm in armour embowed, the hand in a
gaiintlet proper, brandishing a battle-axe in bend sinister sable.
Supporters : on either side a man habited in a buff leather jerkin,
gloves, and boots, armed with a three-barred helmet, long gorget
and sword all proper, and holding in his exterior hand over his
shoulder a battle-axe sable. Motto: "Tenax propositi."
Fig. 4. Seal of Freih^rr Curt Seuiter vo7i Loet^en, Royal Chamber-
lain to Her Imperial Highness the Duchess Vera of Wurttemberg,
"Rechtsritter" of the Order of Malta, The shield, which is sur-
mounted by a coronet, is quarterly, and shows : i and 4, the silver
cross of the Order of Malta on a field gules ; 2 and 3, his family
arms : or, a horse's muzzle sable (blazoned by other authorities as a
fish-basket).
Fig. 5, Seal of the Prussian Lieutenant- General Karl FriedHch
Ferdinand-Julius von BumJce (ennobled, Berlin, January 18, 1896) :
Or, issuing from a tower gules, an arm in armour brandishing a
sword proper, on a chief purpure a sceptre and sword in saltire
interlaced with an oak-garland vert. (See explanation of this chief
in the chapter upon Augmentations.) The crowned helmet, with
its mantling gules and or, bears as crest a plume of three ostrich
feathers, the centre one gules, the exterior ones or.
Fig, 6. Seal of Herrn Heinrich Warneche of Batum, Southern
Russia : Azure, on a bend argent, three roses gules, ilantling
azure and argent, crest on a wreath, a demi-stag gules. Legend :
"sigill henrici warnecke, 1893."
Fig. 7. Seal of Herr von Schoenehech : Azure, a fess wavy between
three roses argent. The crowned helmet has a mantling azure and
argent, and bears as crest a rose as in the arms, between two wings,
the dexter argent, the sinister azure.
Fig. S. Seal of Frei/ierr Armin von FoelJcersaktn (proprietor of an
estate at "Warwen, near Wiudau, in Courland) : Argent, a broken
carriage-wheel gules. The crowned helmet has a mantling gules
and argent, and the crest is a demi-wild man holding an uprooted
fir-tree over his dexter shoulder. Legend : " Sig. Arminii lib. bar,
de Foelkersam."
Examples of Seaxs by Karl Voigt, Court Engraver in Berlin
Fig. 9, Seal of Graf Erbach: Per fess gules and argent, tliree
mullets of six points counter changed. Mantling gules and argent.
Crest : two buffalo's horns per fess, the dexter argent and gules, the
sinister counterchanged. Legend : " *^ Sigill Ai-chivi Erbaceiisis."
Fig. 10. Seal of Freikeir Armin von der Osten gen. SacJcen^ a captain
in the Prussian Army : Quarterly, i and 4, per pale argent and
gules, on the dexter side a bend wavy azure, on the sinister a key
erect argent ; 2 and 3, azure, three roses or. The crowned helmet
beai-s as crest, between two wings displayed, the dexter argent, the
sinister gules, a pillar of the last, and issuant therefrom three
peacock's feathers, the feathers charged with a rose or, and super-
imposed upon the pillar two keys in saltire argent.
Fig. II. Seal of Herr von Levetzow: Argent, a turnstile gules.
The crowned helmet has a mantling gules and argent, and bears as
crest, in front of a double plume of peacock's feathers, a demi-
turnstile as in the arms.
Fig. 12. Seal of Prince Radolin-RadolunsTci (of the House of
Leszezy'c) : Gules, a thatched roof or, supported by four pillars argent.
(Polish device, Brog). The crowned helmet, with its mantling
gules and or, bears as crest a peacock's tail charged with the device
of the arms in bend. Two Prussian eagles serve as supporters.
Above appears a motto scroll with the inscription: "A Lechis .
Leszezyc"; underneath, "Ccelestiim in Ira. Tneor." The whole is
beneath an ermine-lined purple mantle, which falls from a Prince's
crown.
Fig. 13. Seal of Heinridi von Steplun, State Secretary to the
German Imperial Post-Ofl&ce (ennobled March 9, 1885). The shield
is per fess, and the base per pale. In chief sable, issuing from
cluuda argent, two clasped hands proper, in the dexter base argent,
a terrestrial globe azure ; in the sinister base gules, a post-horn or, with
cords and tassels sable, argent, and gules ; over all, on an inescutcheon
azure, an anchor or. The crowned helmet has a mantling of azu]-e
and or, and bears as crest an arm embowed proper, hurling a
bundle of lightning-flashes. Motto : " Fest."
Fig. 14 is the seal of the well-known heraldic authority, Pro-
fessor Emil Doepler. The shield is divided by a curved point
reversed, and shows in chief gules, three inescutcheons argent (the
so-called "artist's" coat of arms); on the dexter side, argent, a
dice sable, with five spots argent ; on the sinister, sable, a dice
argent, with six spots sable, and below three mounds issuing in base
conjoined to the point reversed and counterchanged of the field.
Supporter : a lion, its head within a tilting-helmet with a mantling
sable and argent, upon which is the crest, two arras embowed,
habited respectively in argent and sable, the hands throwing a dice
ardent with six spots sable.
Fig. 15. Seal of Admiralitatsrates Hugo Domeier (a member of
Patrician family at Embeck, Hanover) : Per pale or and gules, a
chamois springing up against the side of a rock issuing from the
dexter side of the escutcheon. The helmet has a mantling gules
and or, and bears as crest, between two scythes erect, the blades
meeting in saltire, a chamois as in the arms. Motto: "Allzeit
Trew, Allzeit mit Hut."
Examples of Seals by Johann Schwerdtner, Engraver
Fig. 16. Seal of Freiherr Ferdinand de Fin, Landkomtur der
Pallei Oesterreich des Hohen Deutschen Ritterordens. The shield
is : Quarterly, i and 4, the arms of the Teutonic Order, argent, a
cross sable ; 2 and 3, the arms of De Fin, viz. : quarterly, i. and iiii.,
sable, a lion rampant or, holding in its mouth a clover leaf vert ;
ii. and iii., gules, a fess between three fleurs-de-lis argent (for
Mirandola) ; in base, on a curved point dividing the third and fourth
quarters of the second and third ^and quarters, azure, an anchor
argent, the beam or, over the second and third grand quarters on an
inescutcheon or, a double-headed Imperial eagle sable. The shield
bears tliree crowned and barred helmets. The centre helmet,
which has a mantling sable and argent, has for crest two wings
displayed argent, each charged with the cross sable of the Teutonic
Order. The dexter helmet has as crest the Imperial eagle as in
the escutcheon, and a mantling sable and or. The sinister helmet
has a mantling gules and argent, and as crest a peacock's tail. The
" profess-ritter " of the Teutonic Order charge the shield of the
Order with that of their own arms, but Knights Commanders
quarter the arms of the Order with their family arms, and also
place the helmet with the wings upon their shield.
Fig. 17. Seal of tiie Emperor Franz Joseph Suclun- Fond-
Guratm-iums in the Polit. District of Oberhollabrunn, in Lower
Austria. Placed together within a quatrefoil are four shields :
I. Marlcet of Oherliollabrun : Per less, in chief azure a "wolfs claw"
(forest sign) in bend between two mullets of six points or, in base in
water, a rock on the dexter side, with a water-pipe or, towards which
a swan proper is swimming. II. Toion of Retz: Azure, a lion
rampant, crowned or. This should be more correctly " guardant."
III. Market of Hangsdorf. A translation of the German blazon
would be as follows : " On a light blue ground, standing on three
brown mountains, a battlemented tower with an open, rounded
door, and pointed roof, adorned with a blue ilag ; on the side,
a tied-up vine with green leaves and blue bunches of grapes."
IV. Market Ravelsbach : Azure, a lion rampant holding in its dexter
forepaw a key all or.
Seals by Wilhelm Lenthe, Court Engraver of Schwerin
Fig. 18. Seal of Freiherr von Hammerstein : Party per pale, on the
dexter side argent, three ecclesiastical banners gules, fringed and
ornamented or (relating to the Hereditary Office as Treves Electoral
Standard-bearer appertaining to the Burgrave von Hammerstein) ; on
the sinister side, gules, three hammers bendwise, two and one argent,
the handles or. The helmet on the dexter side is surmounted by a
cap gules, turned up ermine, with an arch or, and issuing therefrom
three ecclesiastical banners gules, mounted on gold standards, each
terminating in a cross ; the sinister helmet is surmounted by a
hat sable, turned up argent, and thereupon two wings addorsed
sable, charged with a hammer bendwise as in the arms. Mantling
gules and argent. Between the helmets the coronet of a Count rests
on the shield, in accordance with a Royal Warrant of March 5, 1816,
after the descent from the Burgraves von Hammerstein (of Ander-
mach on the Rhine) had been officially proved. Supporters : two
lions or. Motto : " Spectemur agendo."
Fig, 19. Seal of Freiherr von Maltzahn : Party per pale, on the
dexter side two hares' heads couped in pale argent ; on the sinister
side, or, a vine issuing from the partition line, having two leaves,
and a bunch of purple grapes proper. Mantling azure and or.
Crest : on a wreath azure and or, behind a palisade or, a fan of
peacock's feathers.
Seal by Karl Oehring, Skal Engraver by Appointment
in Munich
Fig. 20. Seal of the Town of Munich. Under an open town door,
flanked by two roofed and battlemented towers, appeals a monk, the
" canting " device of Munich (Munchen), the arms being argent, a
monk sable, holding in his sinister hand a book gules, and from
behind the battlements of the wall the Bavarian lion issuant.
H. S.
473
3o
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE CXL
MEMORIAL SLABS WITH HERALDIC DECORATION
{Fifteenth Century)
Fig. I. Memorial slab to Martin Renter von KleUng (dial 1416),
originally in St. Andrews Church, but removed in 1862 to the south
exterior of the Chapel of St, Margaret, in St. Peter's, Salzburg.
The stone, which is cut from red Salzburg marble, and which is about
2 metres 30 cm. high, bears on the bevelled outer edge the following
inscription: "Anno . diii . millesimo . Quadringentesimo . xvi .
obiit . Martinus . diet . Rawter . Salezburgensis . fundato . huius .
Capelle . Qui . diem . suu . clausit . extremu . die . Quinto . Jlens .
J:inuary , Anni . eiusdem . " The inner edge of the stone received
more than a hundred years later the following additional inscrip-
tion : " Hie ligt begraben der edl vnd fest Hanns, Reitter der lest
des namens der gestorbii ist am sambstag iiach sand Alextag 1528 iar
dem gott gnadig well sun." The Reuters of Khbing,an old Salzburg
theological family, bore : Sable, a sinister arm embowed, the first
clenched, habited in an under sleeve azure, within an outer sleeve
(compare our maunch) argent, and as crest the same arm, but erect
and holding up a tree eradicated, the branches lopped. The sleeve
here is continued into the mantling. The arms of the grandj^arents
Fig. iiiS. — Memorial Slab to Anna Roll, 147 1.
in the four corners of the stone, unfortunately, cannot be identified,
with the exception of the arms of Nussdorfer (sable, a unicorn
rampant argent, armed or).
Fig. 3. Memorial slab to Ge&rg Aiijl zu Lind (died 1487), also
brought to the St. Margaret's Chapel of St. Peter's. The stone, also
of red Salzburg marble, and about 2 metres high, bears the follow-
ing inscription : "Hie ist begrabn Gorg Aigl zu lind der gestorbn
ist am Suntag nach Scolastice Anno dni mcccc lsxs vii deni gott
genad." The Ai{il zu Lind, originally a Bavarian famil}', bore:
Gtales, two axes in saltire argent, the handles or, a device which is
repeated on the wings of the crest, which are gules. The mantling
is gules and or. At the base of the principal shield are two shields,
of which only the dexter one can be identified. It belongs to the
old Salzburg burgher family of the Elsenheims (at a later date
ennobled). Their arms were: Party per pale or and sable, two
buffalo's horns transfixed by an arrow fesswise, all counterchanged.
Georg Aigl married Murgaretha Elsenheim.
Fig. 3. Tumhadcckel oi Kaiser Friedriclis III. (IV.). This repre-
sents the effigy from the tomb of the Emperor Frederick, which was
executed by Niclas Lerch, and is in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna.
(The reproduction is from a copy by Franz Jobst and Joseph Mocker,
made under the direction of Professor Friedrich Schmidt.) The
magnificent sculpture, done in red Salzburg marble, was executed
during the lifetioie of the Emperor, for which reason the year of his
death (1493) was not inserted in its entirety, and it was never after-
wards completed. The monument was only finished in 15 13. The
inscription runs : " Fridericus . Tercius . Romanor' . Imperator . Sp .
Avgvst' . Avstrie . Stirie . Karinthie . Et . Carniole . Dox . Dns .
Marchie . Sclavonice Ac . Portvs . Naonis . Comes J. Habspurg .
Tirol . Pherret . Et . I . Kibvrg . Marchio . Bvrgovie . Et . Lant-
gravi . Alsacie . Obii . Ano . Dni. mcccc . . . ." At the sides of the
Emperor, who is represented in his coronation robes, are introduced
on the dexter side the cross of St. George, the monogram of the
Emperor, the arms of the Roman-German Empire, and the fess-shield
of Austria, with the crest. On the sinister side are the arms of the
Duchy of Milan (quarterly or and argent, in the first and fourth
quarters a black eagle — Imperial vicariate ; 2 and 3, a snake azure,
devouring a human figure gules — Visconti), Ancient Austria (azure,
five eagles displayed or), with the archducal hat, and the crest (a
crowned eagle displayed or, with wings sable, seme of linden-leaves
also or), as also Styria, likewise with its crest. At the Emperor*s
feet the shield of the Habsburgs is laid. A ribbon with the well-
known letter-device A E I 0 V encircles the top of the sceptre.
The admirable sculptures shown in Figs. 11 18, 11 19, and 11 20 in
the text date from the same period. The two first are of red marble,
and are now the one on the north and the other on the south side
of the Cathedral in the Wiener- Neustadt (Vienna — New Town), but
before 1871 they were in the Chapel of St. Michael, which formerly
stood near the Cathedral. (See Zeitschrift " Adlei;^' 1873.)
Fig. 1 1 18. Gravestone of Anna Roll, wife of Johann Roll, Burgo-
master of the Neu-Stadt from 1467-1471. (Height, 1.93 metres.)
The inscription reads : " 1471 " die . ascesiosis . dni . obiit . hoesta .
diia . ana . vxor . Joins . roll . de . argetina." Hans Roll (according
Fig. 1 1 19 — Memorial Slab to Margaretha Kelbel.
to a cojiy in the Adelsarchiv at Vienna) received from the Emperor
Fredericlv III. at Aix-la-Chapelle, on Sunday Misericorda i486, a
patent of nobility, with the following arms : Party per fess, in chief
or, two mullets of six points gules ; in base sable, a crescent or. As
crest, wings charged with tlie arms. The mantling is sable and or.
In the patent a helmet-crown is also granted, with which the arms
previously borne, as shown on the gravestone, appear to have been
augmented. The same arms were granted by the Emperor Rudolph
II., August 20, 1586, to the Court official Maximilian Kemptner.
The Rolls would appear from this circumstance to have died out by
that time. The Kemi^tners became extinct in 1663. The Rolls, itmay
be concluded from the inscription, originally came from Strassburg.
Fig. II ig. Gravestone of Margaretlia Kelbel, wife of Jakob Kelbel,
Burgomaster of the Neu-Stadt, 1483-14S9, it being at that time the
residence of Frederick III., just at tlie time of the downfall of
Hungary, under Matliias Corvinus. The slab is 227 metres high,
and bears the inscription : "Anno diii 1474 an sand . Alban . tag .
starb . Margareth . Jacoben . Kelbel . Hausfrau .... (remainder
illegible). The shield shows half a calf as "canting" arms (calf =
Kalb, and the diminutive in Anstriaii German is Kalbel, pronounced
Kelbel). Tlie tinctures are iinfortuuutely unknown.
Fig. II 20 shows a memorial slab to Johann Baumgartiier (died
August 22, 1493) at Kufotein, in Tyrol. (From a photograph l)y A.
Karg of Kufstein.) The stone, made of blackish marble, and 237
metres high, bears the following inscription : " Hie ligt begraben
der edel vnd vest Hanns Bawmgartner zu Kuefstain ist gestorben
an sand Bartholomais abent do man zelet nach der geburd Christi
474
THE ART OF HERALDRY
MDCCC. in dem lsxxxiii. iar dem gott genedig sey amen." The
Baunigardens bore : Azure, a lion rampant or, issuing from behind
lattice-work or (in English heraldry this would l^e termed a weir).
Fig. 1 1 20. — Memorial Slab to Johamn Baum^rtner.
up with red). The shield on the left shows the arms of his wife,
Luneta v. Gunvppenherg (died 1517), whom Achaz Wisbeck married
in 1 466 : Gules, a bend argent, charged with three " sea-leaves " vert.
(It is now painted with a red bend and gold sea-leaves.) Above, to
the dexter, is the shield of Helene von Rechherg, Luneta's mother :
Or, two lions rampant and addorsed gules, with tails intertwined.
(Now red on a white ground.) Above, to the sinister, appears the
shield of the Bavarian Freibergs : Per fess argent and azure, in base
three mullets of six points (2, i). Below, on tiie dexter side, is the
shield of the IVeissbnadi family : Per pale, the dexter side sable,
three points to the dexter argent, the sinister side sable. The shield
in the centre on the left belongs to the Notthaffs : Or, a fess azure
(here, however, on red). The shields (azure, a chief argent and per
pale, the dexter sable, the sinister sable, two points to the sinister
argent, with a smaller point or) issuing between them it is im-
possible to identify. The latter may perhaps be a badly repainted
Weissbriach coat. (For the copies of these memorial sliields we
are indebted to the kindness of Herrn Museumderektors kais. Rat.
Dr. Fetter, of Salzburg.)
Fig. 2. Memorial shield of Sebald Zang^ Benefactor of Munich,
died 1575. The shield is at present in the Munich National
Museum, and was reproduced in M. Gerlach's Totenschildtr VTid
&rabsf^ine. The inscription runs : "Anno domini . 1575 Jar . den .
3 Juni . verschid . der Erber . Sebald . Lanng . Piieger . allhic .
dem . Gott . genadt." The shield is : Party per fess, in chief
argent, a demi-man issuant habited in azure, holding in his dexter
hand an arrow of the last, and in his sinister a branch vert, both
curved in orle, in base barry of four azure and argent. The helmet
has a mantling azure and argent, and bears as crest a demi-man as
in the nrms.
Similar in shape is the following. Fig. 1121 here in the test : —
Fig. 1 121. Memorial shield of Ludwig von Prenzenau, 1405
(diameter, 88 cm.), now in the possession of F. Warnecke, re-
produced in the Herold., 1881, No. 10. The inscription runs : " Als
ma hat gezalt m. cccc. un . v. jar . an . sastag . nach . martini . hat .
de edl . gestreg . her Ivdwig . pientzeave zv . Wildenholtze gestift
disc . mess . dem got genad." The coat of arms, painted on a red
background and encircled by a gold cord, shows the arms : Argent,
on a bend sable, three bezants. The barred helmet is of gold, with
a mantling argent lined with sable, and bears as crest a man's bust
with a pointed beard, the habit continuing into the mantling. On
the head is a pointed conical hat surmounted by a coronet or, from
which issues a plume of five ostrich feathers sable. The hat has a
turned-up brim sable, charged with three bezants as on the bend.
Crest : a bearded man, habited azure turned back with or, and with
a cap of the last, holding over his shoulder with both hands a battle-
axe. Mantling azure and or. H. S.
CHAPTER LI
PLATE CXLI. : FUNERAL HATOHMENTS KST)
MEMORIAL SLABS
IT was formerly customary upon the Continent, in re-
membrance of deceased persons, to hang up their
arms — carved in wood or painted on circular shields
— in the churches. These armories formed at the same
time interesting and gorgeously coloured ornaments to
the church walls (see Figs, i and 2). The institution of
masses, and the like, were kept in the minds of posterity
through these heraldic devices of the founders (see Fig. 4),
a custom which, unfortunately, has entirely fallen into
disuse. The more elaborate English system will be pre-
sently referred to.
Fig. I. Arms of Achaz Wisbeckj ErbhrnvmerTneister^ des Erzstifte,
Salzburg, died 1481. (Diameter, 130 cm.) The circular shield
now preserved in the Town Museum Carolino-Augusteum of
Salzburg, was formerly in the chapel-of-easc at Oberalm, near
Hallein, over the monument of the Wisbecks. Unfortunately
an unscientific hand repainted the arms (?in 1858) so that the
tinctures now appearing are for the most part incorrect. This
circumstance renders it very much more difficult to identify
the separate coats. The inscription runs : " Hie . ligt . der . edl .
tmd . vest . achatz . Wispick . erib . Kamermaister . des . ertzpistub .
zu . saltzpurg . der gestorben . ist . am . samstag . vor . allerheillin-
gentag . ono . dnii i . 4 . 81 . i. Below on the right appear the arms
of the TFishecf^ (Wiesbech, the ancestral castle of the same name, is
in the Wiesthal, near Hallein) : Argent, a bend and chief gules.
(Now painted over in black and white.) The barred-helmet, with
white and red mantling, bears as crest a man's bust, habited in an
ermine hood, on the head a high conical cap argent (probably turned
Fig. 1 121. — Memorial Shield of Lndwig von Prenzenau, 1405.
The design of the ribbon-like mantling is carried out in a most free
and graceful and a very effective manner.
Fig. 3. Engi-aved memorial slab from the Marienkirche (Church
of the Virgin Mary) at Ltibeck, dating from the second half of the
sixteenth century. This excessively ornate piece of work shows,
besides the figures of Tydemann Bercic, Burgomaster of Liiijeck
(died 1521), and his wife Elizabeth Moires (died 1530), the arms of
their families, over the heads of the two efBgies. The Berck or Berk
family, originating from Berk (otherwise Rheinberg) in Westph.nlia
475
THE ART OF HERALDRY
bore : Or, a cinquefoil vert, in chief a crescent azure. On the slab
the crest also appears, this being the cinquefoil and crescent as in
the arms, between two wings sable. Mantling azure and or and vert
and or. The wife must have belonged to the Miillers of Frankfort-
on-Main. Arms : Party per pale, the dexter gules, a fleur-de-lis
argent ; the sinister or, a mill-wheel gules, the two coats dimidiated
and the charges conjoined.
Of the same period is Fig. 5, memorial slab to Kaspar von lliuin
of Neunbeuern (died 8th May 1510), at Klifstein, in Tyrol. (From
a photograph by A. HarL; at Klifstein.) The stone, of red Salzburg
marble, 226 metres high, bears the following inscription : "Anno
domi 1 5 10 iar an deui heilign auffart abent starb der Edl vnd vest
Caspar vom turn zw newnpeirn erbschegck, des schift Saltzburg,
deni got geadig vnd parmhertzig sey." In the centre appear the
arms of JTiurny an old Salzburg family : Gules, a chevron argent,
Fig. 1 122. — Gravestone of Kaspar von Thurn, 1510.
charged with two lozenges sable. As crest : a mastiff's head and neck
argent. Mantling gules and argent. The Emperor Charles IV.
granted a mastiff's head argent, crowned gules, on a field uf sable, as
arms to Jakob Thurn in. 1347, but the Thurns appear only to have
adopted it as the crest, and to have retained their old device for the
shield. Above, on the dexter side, is the shield of his paternal
grandmother, Barhnra von Waldech (argent, a saltire depressed
gules, and issuant therefrom an eagle displayed of the last). On the
sinister side are the arms of his paternal great-grandmother, whose
maiden name was von Trftnenhofen (gules, a pale argent). Below,
on the dexter side, is the coat of his m;\ternal grandfather, Bartliolo-
mdus von Gujidaun (tierced in fess gules, argent and sable). On
the sinister side is the shield of his maternal grandmother, who was
a voii Welspefff (quarterly argent and sable). These arms were also
borne with the tinctures reversed (see Jahrbuch des '■'■ Adl&)-" 1874).
In conclusion will be found an interesting memorial slab (Fig. 1 123)
from the first half of tlie fourteenth century. It is to the memory
of Konrad von Hel (Hael), and since 1856 has been placed in the
new churchyard wall of St. John's, in tlie village of Tyrol. (From
a photograph by Peter Moosl:)ruger, Meraw.) The inscription on
the sandstone slab runs: "Anno Domini . Millesimo CCCXL Obiit .
Strenu (Us . Miles . Chunra) Del . Hel . In . Die . Fabiani . M."
The Eels or Haels bore : Argent, two eagle's claws in saltire,
couped gules. Cre^t : a " buffelgrind " {i.e. the scalp or skin of the
head with the ears and horns of a buffalo) argent, the horns each
charged with a fess gules.
HATCHMENTS
A somewhat analogous custom prevailed in England,
which at one time was of very considerable importance.
This was the setting up of a hatchment after a death. No
instances of hatchments of a very early date, as far as I
am aware, are to be met with, and it is probably a correct
conclusion that the custom, originating rather earlier,
came into vogue in England during the seventeenth
century and reached its height in the early part of the
eighteenth. It doubtless originated in the carrying of
>•-■ ~«g^--^^-«a5a^.-J'
Fig. ii23.-^Gravestone uf Konrad vou Hael, 134S.
ceremonial shields and helmets (afterwards left in the
church) at funerals in the sixteenth century, and in the
earlier practice of setting up in the church the actual
shield of a deceased person. The cessation of the cere-
monial funeral, no doubt, led to the cult of the hatch-
ment. Hatchments cannot be said even yet to have come
entirely to an end, but instances of their use are nowa-
days extremely rare, and since the early part of the
nineteenth century the practice has been steadily declin-
ing, and at the present time it is seldom indeed that
one sees a hatchment in use. The word " hatchment "
is, of course, a corruption of the term " achievement,"
this being the heraldic term implying an emblazonment
of the full armorial bearings of any person.
The manner of use was as follows. Immediately upon
the death of a person of any social position a hatchment
of his arms was set up over the entrance to his house,
which remained there for twelve months, during the
period of mourning. It was then taken down from the
house and removed to the church, where it was set up in
perpetuity. There are few churches of any age in this
country which do not boast one or more of these hatch-
ments, and some are rich in their possession. Those now
476
PLATE CL.
AN EXAMPLE OF AN ILLUMINATED GENEALOGICAL TREE.
Printed at ytnttgnrt
THE ART OF HERALDRY
remaining — for example, in St. Chad's Church in Shrews-
bury— must number, I imagine, over a hundred. There
does not appear to have been any obligation upon a
clergyman either to permit their erection, or to allow
them to remain for any specified period. In some
churches they have been discarded and relegated to the
vestry, to the coal-house, or to the rubbish-heap, whilst
in others they have been carefully preserved.
The hatchment was a diamond-shaped frame, painted
black, and enclosing a painting in oils upon wood, or more
frequently canvas, of the full armorial bearings of the de-
PLATE CXLII
WOOD-CAEVING-S OF ARMS
(Second half of the Fifteenth Century)
In the Royal Exchequer (building) of the princely family of
Thuru and Taxis, the so-called "Kelamt" (Kellerarat) at Meran,
the former residence of the Counts of Tyrol, there are four, unfor-
tunately somewhat defective, armorial designs carved in wood and
painted, of the time of Duke Sigismund of Austria and Tyrol
(1439-90). (The copies of these arms here reproduced were made
Fig. 1 124. Fragment of the Bnrtro-
master's Chair in the Marienkirche
at Liibecl^.
ceased person. The frame was usually about five feet six
in height, and the rules for the display of arms upon
hatchments afford an interesting set of regulations which
may be applied to other heraldic emblazonments. The
chief point, however, concerning a hatchment, and also
the one in which it differs from an ordinary armorial em-
blazonment, lay in the colour of the groundwork upon
which the armorial bearings were painted. For an un-
married person the whole of the groundwork was black,
but for a husband or wife half was black and half white,
the groundwork behind the arms of the deceased person
being black, and of the surviving partner in matrimony
white. The background for a widow or widower was
entirely black. H. S. AND A. C. F-D.
from photographs from the studio of the Bavarian Court Photog-
rapher, Peter Moosbrugger, in Jleran).
Fig. I. The New-Austrian Arms : The f ess-shield with the peacock's
tail as crest.
Fig. 2. The Old-Austrian Arms (now borne as the arms of Lower
Austria) : Azure, five eagles displayed or. As crest an eagle's body
crowned or, within wings sable, seme of linden-leaves or.
Fig. 3. Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland: Or, a lion rampant
gules, within a double tressure flbry and coxmterfiory of the last.
As crest a lion sejant affronte gules, crowned or. (Duke Sigismund's
wife, 1469-1480, was Eleanora, daughter of King James I. of
Scotland; hence the insertion, in the series, of this Scottish coat of
arms.)
Fig. 4. Arms of the Countship of Tyrol : Argent, an eagle gules,
armed or, charged on the wing with triple clover-leaf clasps or. As
crest two wings sable, round which is twined a ribbon or, with
linden-leaves of the same hanging therefrom.
477
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Fig. 5 shows the decoration on the lid of a small chest, in the
possession of the Royal Kunstgewerbe Museum in Berlin. (Re-
produced from " Wood-Carvings of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth
Centuries in the Kunstgewerbe Museum of Berlin," published by
J. Lessing, iS8i.) The ca^^'ing represents the conjoined arms of
the Bavarian-Palatinate and Hesse.
The Palatinate of Bavaria is represented by quarterings for the
following, viz. : — County Palatine on the Rhine (sable, a Hon rampant
or, crowned gules) ; Duchy of Bavaria (bendy paly argent and azure) ;
and the County of Veldenz (argent, a lion rampant azure, crowned
or). The barred helmet bears for crest a lion sejant gules, crowned
or, between two buffalo's hoi'ns bendy paly argent and azure. Mant-
linjijs sable and gules (more correctly sable and or).
The shield of Hesse is also quarterly. In the first quarter appear
tlie arms of the Countsliip of Katzetielnhof/en (or, a lion rampant
gides, crowned azure); 2. the Countship of Ziegenhain (per fess sable
and or, in chief a six-pointed star argent) ; 3. tlie Countship of
Nidda (per fess sable and or, in chief two stars argent, here six-
pointed, otherwise eight-pointed) ; and 4. the Countship of Dietz
(gules, two leopards passant guardant in pale or), over all on an
inescutcheon the arms of Hesse : Azure, a lion rampant barry of
ten argent and gules, crowned or. As crest, the crowned, barred
helmet bears two buffalo's horns argent, adorned with linden-twigs
or (sometimes vert). Mantliug gules and argent. Supporters:
two lions or, corresponding to the Bavarian and Hessian arms.
Elizabeth (died 1522), daughter of the Elector Pliilip the Honour-
able (Philip der Aufrichtige) of the Palatinate, was married on July
10, 1498, to the Landgrave of Hesse, Wilhelm III. (died 1500), and
the chest was probably one of the wedding presents.
Fig. 1 124 shows a portion of the Burgomaster's chair in the
Marienkirche at Lilbeck. This unfortunately niucli -mutilated but
magnificent piece of German wood-carving shows the arms of the
Hanse-to\vn as an Imperial free city (or, the double eagle displayed
sable). Later on, the breast of the eagle was charged with the old
flag-device of the town, an inescutcheon per fess argent and gules.
(End of the fifteenth century.) In the " great" state coat of arms at
Fig. 1125.-
-Mould for a kind of gingerbread cake, belonging to
the Pirkheimer family in Nurnberg.
the present day, the crowned barred helmet, with the mantling of
fules and argent, and as crest the demi-eagle sable, as they are here
epicted, still appear.
Fig. 1 125 is a model taken from a gingerbread mould carved in
wood, belonging to the Pirkheimer family in Nurnberg, and offers
a striking example of heraldic craftsmanship. TVillihald Pirlcheimei;
the celebrated wealthy Nurnberg councillor, tlie friend of Diirer
and of other prominent men of his day, the last of his race (born
1470, died 1530), was married to Crescentia Rieter (died 1504), and
the arms of these two Nurnberg patrician families were united on
the gingerbread as below. The arms were — Pirkheimer : Per fess or
and gules, a birch-tree eradicated vert, the trunk argent (the tree
was often emblazoned all in gold). Crest: a bearded man, habited
gules, wreathed about the head or and gules, and issuing from the
wreath three birch-leaves vert (sometimes argent). Mantling gules
and or. Rieter: Party per fess sable and or, a melasine {i.e. a mer-
maid with two tails) vested gules and crowned. The same figure
also serves as crest. Mantling sable and or (see Plate CIV. Fig. 3).
On the gingerbread mould above, the shield of the PirJcheiwers is
united to the crest of the Rieters, the latter, however, placed between
two buffalo's horns, probably divided or and gules, adorned with
birch-leaves, because a conjunction of the above-described crests of
the two families on one helmet was not very possible. The buffalo's
horns were either adopted by themselves for this purpose, or were
perhaps a second ancient crest of the Pirkheimers, otherwise dis-
continued. Plate CXLIV. represents the arms (argent, a chevron
sable, between three boars' heads erased gules) of William Elphin-
stone. Bishop of Aberdeen (1484-1 5 14), as existing on an oak carving
in the possession of King's College, Aberdeen. H. S.
PLATE CXLIIl
WOOD-CARVINGS OF ARMS
(Secciid half of Sixteenth Century)
These two coats, the descriptions of which follow, are to be seen in
the Chapter Hall of Miinster, and are of a typical Rhineland style.
The helmet does not rest upon the shield. The cord hanging from
it is not in this case, as is usual in Rhineland arms, connected with
the shield, but with the scroll bearing the name of the owner of the
arms. The crests, especially in Fig. i, have been executed by the
artist somewhat too small in size in proportion to the helmets.
Fig. I. D. Gottfrid 'Araes-Elt (Raesfeld or Rasfeld). An old,
noble family of Westphalia. Arms : Or, a fess azure. Crest : two
wings, each charged with the arms. jMantling azure and or.
Fig. 2. D. FrederiCy D3 Keppel. An old, noble family of Miinster,
in Westphalia. Arms : Or, a bend of lozenges conjoined and couped
gules. Crest: a ball (or screen) charged with the device upon the
shield, and issuing therefrom, in the form of a trefoil, three fans of
peacock's feathers, each confined in a holder. Mantling gules and or.
As a further example of the Rhineland manner of connecting the
shield and helmet, Fig. 1126, the arms of Duke Johann I. (the
KiG. 1 1 26. — Cleve-Mark.
Beautiful) of Cleves {d. 1481) may serve. It is taken from a rubbing
of a bronze plate on his monument. (See "Decorative Heraldry,"
by G. W. Eve, 1897.) The arms are : Party per pale, dexter, gules,
an inescutcheon argent, surmounted by an escarbuncle or (for Duchy
of Cleves), and on the sinister side (for Countshij) of March, or Mark),
or, a fess chequy gules and argent. The crest of the Duchy of Cleves
is a bull's head ^ules, crowned or, armed argent, the skin of the
head being here drawn down, in regular heraldic fashion, to form
the mantling, the crest itself containing the helmet. Through the
marriage of Count Adolf II. von der Mark {d, 1347) with Mar-
gareta, heiress of the Countship of Cleves, the two coats of arms
were united under their son, Adolf III., 136S. The father of
Johann I., Adolf IV., received the ducal title in 1417.
Fig. 3 is a carved wooden chest, now in the Teutonic National
Museum (Germanisehes Nationalmuseum) at Niirnberg, and is re-
produced from a photograph by Christoph Miiller. The coats of
arms belong to the following families: i. Ham.e (von Haen zu
Sonnenschein in Dortmund) : Azure, a cock argent, crowned or
(Hahn). Crest : a cock as in the arms, between two wings dis-
played azure. 2. Svarte (Schwarte 1.) : Argent, two chevronels
sable, between three negroes' heads proper, banded with silver fillets.
478
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Crest : a negro's (or Moor's) head and shoulders proper, habited
sable. 3. Priime : Argent, a tree or. It is here shown to be eradicated,
but elsewhere it appears issuing frtm a mount in base vert. Crest
(as given here) : an eagle's head and neck argent (elsewhere with
outspiead wings). 4. Svarte (iSchwarte II.): Gules, on a bend
sinister argent, three negroes' heads. Crest : a negro's head and
slioulders, vested sable. 5. Lemftaw (Lerago, Lemgau) : Gules, the
head of a he-goat argent, armed or. 'The same figure here serves as
crest (Ijut elsewhere the crest of this faniil}' is found as two horns, the
one charged with a double horizontal baud of red and gold, and the
other similarly gold and red). 6. Schcdinije (Scheidingen) : Argent,
a bend sinister chequy sable and or. Crest : two wings displayed,
charged with the device of the shield. 7. Bersvort (von der Bers-
wordt) : Gules, a boar rampant argent. Crest: a demi-boar rampiint
argent, between two wings gules. 8. Vnna : Party per pale, the
dexter side or, an eagle displayed sable, dimidiated, and issuing
from the partition line ; the sinister side argent, an oak branch
bendwise, with three leaves proper. As crest, a bearded man's head
and shoulders, habited sable. The iiiantlinos of the barred helmets
are entirely carried out in elegant foliated ornamentation in the
Aldegrevers style. Haen and Sdieidimjenare are families of knightly
descent; Lemgau, a family belonging to the patricians of Hatum,
whilst all the other families belong to the old 'I'own-nobility of
Dortmund. (From Notes by M. von Spiessen of Miinster.)
H. S.
PLATE CXLV
" HERALDIC CRAFTSMANSH IP "
There is hardly a branch of art, there is scarcely a handicraft, in
which heraldry has not played its part. In wood and stone, in
metal and iron, on glass and porcelain, the time-honoured armorial
Fig. I shows the side of the lid of the shrine of gilded silver con-
taining the corpse of St. Simeon, in the Church of San Simeune at
Zara, in Dalmalia. It was made by the Milanese Master Francesco
d'Antonio, to the order of Queen Elizabeth, wife of Ludwig the
Great of Hungary, and completed in the year 1380. In the pedi-
ment appear the Hungarian arms of that period : Party per pale, on
the dexter side Hungary (ancient), and on the sinister France
(Anjou). The crowned helmet bears as crest, between two ostrich
feathers, an ostrich's head and neck, holding in its. beak a horse-
shoe. The mantling, which is seme of fleurs-de-lis on the outside,
is lined with vair.
Fig. 2 is the keystone in the nave of the cathedral at Stuttgart,
and bears the arms of Wiirttemberg, supported by four angels, and
dates from about the end of the fifteenth century. The three stags'
attires fesswise in pale sable are upon a Held of black on a gold
ground. The helmet bears as crest a hunting-horn (gules, stringed
or). (For further details concerning these arms reference should be
made tu the Dnidsclie IVappetiroUe, page 76.)
Fig. 3 is a coat of arms in wrought iron, painted and partially
gilt (79 cm. high), from a gate at Salzburg. The date of it is about
the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is now in the Eoyal
Art Museum ill Berlin. The arms are those of the Cardinal and
Archhisliiyp of Sahhimj, Marcus Sitticits, Graf von Holienems (Hohen-
embs), born 1 574, died 1619. He belonged to the well-known noble
family from the Vorarlberg, which gave to the Church some of her
high dignitaries. The shiel.l is divided per fess, and shows the arms
of the Archbishopric of Sakbttnj, viz. : Per pale or and gules, on the
dexter side a lion r.impant sable, and on the sinister side a fess
argent. (See Plate CXV. Fig. 6.) In base are the arms of
Hohenems : Azure, a " bounuetin " or, armed sable. (See Plate V.
Fig. 9.) Behind the cartouche are placed a crosier and a sword in
saltire, the latter as a sign of the temporal sovereignty attaching to
the princely rank of the Archbishop of Salzburg.
Fig. 4. Ornanuntfor the cover of a 600/;, with the iirmorial shield of the
town of Niirnberg,now in the German National Museum at Nvirnberg.
The door-knocker in bronze on the vestry door of St. Peter's
I'IG. 1 127. — Door-knocker with the arms of Mecklenburg (St. Peter's Church, Liibeck).
decoration is represented, instances being met with in all direc-
tions.
Plate CXLV. shows a few examples of the heraldic decoration met
with in different crafts, and adapted to different purposes and
opportunities.
Church at Liibeck is composed of the armorial device of Mecklen-
burg, the crowned bull's head (Fig. 1 127). It is a good example of
how, by quite simple means, and even in a somewhat crude treat-
ment of the materials, through utilising a heraldic suggestion, a
really effective and artistic result can be achieved. H. S.
479
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE CXLVI
EXAMPLES OF HERALDIC EMBROIDERY
{Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries)
Fig. I. Arms of the Sivedish Realm and Sioedi^h Arm^ of Pretention
of the time of King Eric XIV. (i 560-1568), in the Royal Armoury
at Stockliolm. The shield is divided by a cross or, the resulting
cantons being occupied by the arms as follows : i. Azure, three
crowns or (Kingdom 0/ Sv--!edeii) ; 2. azure, three bends sinister wavy
argent, over all, a lion rampant crowned or (King of the Goths) ; 3.
gules, a lion ramj^ant and crowned or, holding witii all four paws
a battle-axe argent, with a curved handle, called an " Olaf spear "
(Kingdom of Norway); 4. or, seme of hearts gules, three lions
passant guardant in pale azure, crowned or (Kingdom of Denmark).
On the oval inescutcheon appear the family arms of the JFasas (who
occupied the Swedish throne from 1523-1654), tierced in bend
azure, argent, and gules, over this a sheaf of corn (or faschine) or.
^r^fTOSpR^^v.
Fig. 1128.— EggenbergtXVII. Jahrh.)
Fig. 2. The achievement of Georg Borzita von Martiniz^ 1598,
in the Cathedral Treasury of St. Veit's, Prague (height, So cm.).
'Georgivs . Borzit;^ . De . Martiniz . In . Smetzna . S[acrae] C[jesarea]
M[ajestatis] Consiliarivs Et . Svpremvs . Remi . Bohemire . Can-
cellar [i]vs." Gules, two long-stalked, eradicated "sea-leaves"
argent, curved inwards. The crowned barred helmet, with its
mantling gules and argent, bears as crest : two wings displayed
gules, each charged with a sea-leaf as in the arms. The Martiniz,
with the Kaunitz and others, belong to the old Bohemian nobility.
(The name is mentioned in documents as early as 1261.J They
were in the beginning of the fifteenth century overlords of
Smetzna, in the Prague district. Borzita von Martiniz (died 1479)
filled the dignity of Loid High Steward to the wife of King Georg
Podiebrad of Bohemia, and in honour of him his posterity have all
borne the name of Borzita.
Fig. 3. The memorial arras of Ghristoph. Popel, Freiherr von
Lolkowitz, 1609, in the Catliedral Treasury of St. Veit's, Prague
(75 cm. high). " Christopho[rus] Popeli[us] Baro . A . Lobko[vitz]
D[onii]n[vJs In Patek . Et . Diwitz . S[acr^e] C[sesarea] M[a|estatis]
Rvdrolphi] II Consi[larivs] Intim[osJ Svp[re]m[vs] P[r?eifect[vsj
Ciiri[^] R[egi0e] Boh[emiEe.]" Quarterly, i and 4, per fess gnles
and argent (Lobkowitz) ; 2 and 3, argent, an eagle displayed in bend
sabte (Zerotin). The crowned helmet, with its mantling gules and
argent, bears as crest a quiver gules, and issuing therefrom an
ostrich feather argent.
Figs. 2 and 3 are taken from a publication of the Kunstgewer-
blichen Museum at Prague, 1891.
Figs. 4, 5, and 6 — the figures of the eagle, lion, and griffin
arranged for cross-stitch— are copied from the patterns in the Sticlc-
und Spitzenmusterbuche (Embroidery and Lace Pattern-Book), by
Hans Siebraacher, 1601. Siebmacher, the famous author of a well-
known Book of Arms, lived in Nilrnberg, and died in 161 1.
On page 19 (Fig. 15) likewise appears an interesting piece of
heraldic embroidery, to which attention may here be directed.
As a final example of embroidery, a magnificent piece of raised
work (Fig. 1128) is added.
This is taken from the silk mule -trappings of Prince Joliann
Christian von Eggenherg^ which were used when, in October 1673,
the Emperor Leopold 1. celebrated his wedding with his second wife,
Claudia Felicitas of Tyrol, at the Schloss Eggenberg, near Graz.
(See Jahrhuch ^'- Adler," 1881.) The shield is: Quarterly, i. party
per pale gules and azure, an eagle displayed argent, crowned or
(Adelsberg) ■ 2. argent, five roses in saltire gules (Krumau) ; 3. gules,
a wheel argent (Radkersburg) 4. azure, an anchor or (Pettau), over all,
on an inescutcheon argent, a crown or, supported by three crowned
ravens in triangle, their heads to the centre. Over the arms, which
are enclosed in an ornate cartouche, is a prince's hat. The whole
is surrounded by a broad rectilinear ornamental border, which is not
shown here. The Eggenbergs, a Graz burgher family, were singled
out for distinction several times by the princes of the country, and
in 1598 were raised to the rank of Baron. As early as 1467
Balthasar received a grant of Hungarian nobility with the arms, as
described above, from King Mathias Corvinus. His great-grandson,
Hans Ulrich, was raised to the rank of Prince in 1623, and in 1628
was created Duke of Krumau. The armorial device of the first field,
but uncrowned, forms the arms of Adelsberg, in Carinthia, \\hich
t hen was likewise in the possession of the Eggenbergs. Radkersburg,
in Styria, also belonged to this family, but nowadays the town uses
gules, a wheel or. The arms of the Pettanery the anchor (really the
arms of the Jlarshals von Treun), were not quite correctly used, as
regards shape and tincture, by the Eggenbergs. (See Plate LXXVII.
Fig. 3.) H. S.
PLATE CXLVII
SPECIMENS OF SWISS ARMORIAL "WINDOWS
The essentially Swiss custom of presenting windows, which,
commencing in the fifteenth century, continued in vogue until
the seventeenth, was the principal reason why the art of glass
painting (or staining) attained such a high point of technical
perfection in Switzerland, which at that time was unequalled
elsewhere. The cantons kept -painted glass in store, presenting
windows to each other whenever any new building, restoration, or
other occasion offered an opportunity for such a gift. In this manner
arose a mutual giving and receiving, and the town-hall, guild-halls,
shooting-galleries, monasteries, and churches, and even many of the
inns, which at that time were regarded as public buildings, rejoiced
in the adornment of glass panes depicting the armorial bearings
of the tliirteen confederated cantons. The custom of presenting
painted glass, first practised by the cantons, spread more and more.
One town presented another with glass windows, and in its turn
received other windows in repayment. Guilds, societies, the rich
burghers, and even the peasants took part in this favourite custom,
and decorated the town-halls, monasteries, places of pilgrimage, and
the houses of the burgess and the farmer. This custom afforded a
productive soil for the growth of art. Many artists occupied them-
selves with glass-painting, and there were, for instance, in Zilrich,
about tlie year 1516, ten glass-painters, and in 1568, indeed, twenty-
one. In Schaffhausen, in 1610, twelve glass-painters were domiciled.
Amongst these were many celebrated masters of the art, such as Karl
von ^geri, Christoph and Josias Miirer, Nikolaus Bluntschli, and
many others.
Plate CXLVII. gives illustrations of two of these glass windows,
which have been reproduced from the work Meisterwerhe Schiveizer-
ischer, Glasmalerie, published by the Historical Antiquarian Society
of Winterthur (Ch. Claesen & Co., Berlin).
The first; window shows the arms of the von LiitiisJwfen^ a noble
family resident in the cantons of Zurich and Lucerne. The arms
are : Gules, a flying-fish erect, head upwards. The helmet bears as
crest a demi-negress habited sable, banded about the head with
fillets gules and argent, and in place of arms the paws of a lion
also sable. The crest is continued into the mantling of sable and
argent.
480
PLATE CLI.
AN ILLUMINATED PEDIGREE OF THE FAMILY OF SETON.
Now IX THE POSSESSION OF SiR Alan H. Seton Steuart, East.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
The second glass window shows the arms of Peter Bitter von
Engekierg — Peter, King of Engelsbers (the castle and village of
En^lisberg is in the district of Seftingen, near Bern), " Comthur "
of the Order of Malta. The glass, 32.5 cm. high, is in the Mnseum
at Bern. The shield is : Party per fess or and gnles, in chief a
denii-lion issuing azure. The helmet is of gold, with a mantling
gules and or. Crest : a high conical tournament hat surmounted by
a bezant (or golden ball), with a turned-up brim ermine, and on
either side of the hat is a sword erect proper. Above, on the dexter
at Erbach 1525, and died at Morsee 1571. On the motto scroll
appears the date 1549, and the initials of the artist, B.M.U. (13.8 cm.
high). H. S.
Fig. 1129. — Medallion from the Chancel Windows
at Hindelbank (1521).
Fig. 1130. Arms of the town cf Speier, in the Palatinate {1549).
side is suspended the coat of arms of the Cider of Malt;i, viz. :
gules a cross argent. The date of the making of the window, 1510,
is introduced in the upper part of the background. Below, on a
ribbon, appears the inscription : " Fr . (f rater) Peter ; to . engelsperg .
komedur.diss.huss. 1 . 5. 10."
From the same publication has been reproduced a medallion with
the arms of von Mrlach, from the chancel windows at Hindelbank,
1521 (Fig. 1129). The mediUion (37 cm. in diameter), belonging to
the German Early Renaissance period, shows in the centre, on a blue
ground, and surrounded by green leaves, the armorial shield : Gules,
on a pale argent, a chevron saMe. In the border, which is decorated
with tiny medallions and foliated ornament, can be seen above the
shield the name and the date, which are inserted on a ribbon.
H. S.
PLATE CXLVIII
TWO DESIGNS FOR ARMORIAL PAINTINGS
ON PORCELAIN
Fi". I. Arms of Atithony von Adlersfeld uml Siegenfeld (Reichs-
ritter) ; Quarterly, i and 4, gules, a lion rampant or, holding in its
paws a banner of the same ; 2 and 3, party per fess, in chief argent,
an eagle displayed sable, and in base azure, a tower argent, the port
closeX Crest : issuing from a coronet, and between two buffalo's
horns gules, a demi-lion holding a banner as in the arms.
Fig. 2. Arms of the Pscherer : Party per pale azure and or, a
facetted star of six points counterchanged. Mantling azure and or ;
crest : a maiden crowned with roses, and with long flowing fair hair
proper, habited per pale or and azure, purfled counterchanged,
holding in hi-r dexter hand a star of six points azure, and in her
sinister hand three roses gules, slipped and barbed vert, seeded or.
In the designing of both coats of arms, which are the work of Herr
Strohl, the first object in view was to endea\-our to get a richly ex-
panded mantling, so as to suitably fill the elliptical space at dis-
posal These arms are introduced here mainly as models of the
artistic disposition of mantlings. ■_
A very pleasing design of a mantling is shown in Fig. 1130, which
is a drawing of the arras of the town of Speier (argent, a representa-
tion of the old Cathedral of Speier gules). This design is by the
painter and designer Rudolf Manuel, called Deufseh, who was born
PLATE CXLIX
"ALLIANCE ACHIEVEMENTS"
Whilst these examples should more properly, when
treating of armory from the British point of view, be
considered as included within the rules for marshalling
one coat of arms with another, the matter obtains in
German heraldry rather different consideration from the
fact that our method and meaning of impalement is prac-
tically unknown in that country. At the same time the
customary German method of employing two or more
separate shields contained within one achievement is not,
with the exception of the impalements of arms in the
cases of Knights of any Order, a method of marshalling
which finds favour with us. There are one or two other
exceptional cases in which with us a second shield is
necessitated, but speaking generally these " Verbing-
dungs-Wappen " or " Alliance Shields " have no place in
British armory, and for British rtdes and examples refer-
ence should be made to the chapter on Marshalling.
From the remarks of Herr Strohl, it is not easy to deter-
mine to what extent these " Alliance Shields " are
governed by accepted laws of arms or, on the other hand,
to what extent they are merely separate arms placed
in conjunction from some reason, outside of armorial
necessity, such method of conjunction being dictated and
controlled simply by reasons of artistic design. Fig. 4,
for example, depicts the arms of two partners, and whilst
there is no rule or law in this country to prevent two
partners from placing their shields close together, and
from interlacing the mantlings, such a "conjunction"
with us remains purely a piece of design from which no
precedent or rule can be deduced. And as far as this
particular instance is considered the real fact is probably
that the status of the matter in Germany is the same as-
481
3p
THE ART OF HERALDRY
it would be with iis, and that the example before us is
on a par with the peculiarly startling practice of the
Great Western Railway Company, who similarly on their
coaches ally the arms of the cities of London and Bristol.
The ribbons of steel laid down by the company between
these two cities may be bonds akin to fetters matrimonial,
but the laws of heraldry give no sanction to and take
no cognisance of such a conjunction. That the Great
Western Eailway Company have nothing to do with the
arms of London or of Bristol, and, were that possible,
rather less with the robe of estate upon which the shields
are carried is, by the way, one of the little peculiarities of
so much of the " impersonal " armory of the present day.
Another example which comes to mind, which is equally
objectionable, is the "achievement" appropriated by the
London County Council, which has appropriated to its
use the arms of the cities of London and Westminster,
which are the symbols of the very jurisdiction it has tried
and failed to usurp.
To revert, however, to the German examples. Figs, i, 2,
3, and 5 take the place of our impaled shields, resulting
from marriage, the rule being in Germany that marriage
is denoted by the conjunction of the two separate shields
under the helmet and crest of the man.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the conjunction of ecclesiastical
arms of office with personal arms. The component parts
of Fig. 7 can be seen separately in Figs. 1 131 and 1 132.
The arms illustrated on this plate are as follows : —
Fig. I. Con]omed a.vmsoi Lojfelhoh-Stroiner. (Reduced cop3^ from
a bookplate with the superscription " 1493, Wolff I^offelliolz," re-
produced in Warnecke's HerakUschen Kunsthliitterny B. III.) Arms
of the husband : Gules, a lamb passant argent. Mantling gules
and argent. Crest : on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, in front
of wings gules, seme of linden-leaves or, a lamb as in the arms
(Loffelholz). Arms of the wife : Gules, three fleurs-de-lis conjoined
to the corners of a triangle argent (Stromer). The shield and its
figures, together with the helmet of the man, are turned towards the
shield of the wile.
Fig. 2. Conjoined arms of Bcliaimj by an unknown artist of the
sixteenth century (12 cm. high). Arms: Party per pale argent and
gules, a bend wavy sinister sable. Crest : an eagle with wings out-
stretched argent, ducally gorged sable. Mantling gules and argent
Fig. 1131.— Seal of John IV., Abbot of Pernegg (1593).
(see Plate XCV. Fig. i). The arms of the husband are turned
towards those of the wife (here left blank), and both shields are
held by a naked, kneeling man, wearing the Behaini helmet, which
supports the crest over his head.
Fig. 3. Conjoined arms of Rohrbach-Hohlumsen. (Perhaps by
Barthol. Zeitblom.) Arms of the husband : Azure, two arms issuing
from the sides of the shield, vested or, holding in the hands proper
a chain-link conjoined in pale to another depending from it. Crest :
issuing from a coronet two arms enibowed, vested, and holding two
links of chain as in the arms (Bernhard von Eohrbach, 1482). Arms
of the wile : Sable, three roses argent, seeded gules (Eilchen von
Holzhausen, 1501). Supporters: a man and a woman in fifteenth-
century costume. (I question if these supporters are intended to
be heraldic.)
Fig. 4. Conjoined arms of Grimm-Wiirsing. (Printer's signet by
Hans Burgkmair, Augsburg, 15 19.) Arms of the Dr. of Med.
Sigismund Grimm : Or, a wild man brandishing a club proper.
Crest : a wild man as in the arms. Arms of Markus JFicrdiig or
Wirsimg : Party per pale or and sable, in base three mounds, and
above a tree eradicated, the branches ending in three clover-leaves
all counterchanged. Mantling sable and or. Crest : a wing on
which the device of the shield is repeated. (According to a patent,
received from Georg Wirsung, May 16, 1474.) The two coats are
Fig. 1132. — Arms of Schollingen.
turned towards one another, and the mantlings intertwined. The
partnership of the two firms was dissolved in the year 1 523 ; Dr.
Grimm, who tried to continue printing by himself, came to grief in
the following year (see Fig. 1135).
Fig. 5. Alliance arms of Harrach-Falkenhain. Arms of the hus-
band : Gules, a bezant, and issuing therefrom three ostrich feathers
argent. [Frans Anton, Graf roii Harrach, died 176S.) Arms of the
wife : Quarterly, i and 4, azure, three bezants in bend ; 2. gules, a
lion rampant double-queued argent; 3. divided per fess argent and
sable, a sea unicorn counterchanged ; and on an inescutcheon argent,
a hunting-horn gules (Antonie, Countess von Falkenhain). Both
shields are turned towards each other, and are together surmounted
by an old Count's crown. The alliance arms are here surrounded
by a Liebesseil (cordeliere), which is introduced here to show that
the achievement is that of a widow as borne after the death of Graf
von Harrach.
Fig. 6. Conjoined arms of the Abbot Michael of Geras. (From
Strohl's Die JFappen der Aebte der Priimonstratenserstifte Geras und
Pernegg, 1895.) Arms of the Abbey of Geras, in Lower Austria :
Chequy vert and gules. This peculiar device was granted to the
Canons by King Ferdinand I., Vienna, June 22, 1542. Arms of the
Abbot Michael Wallner (1713-1729) ; Gules, on a bend vert, between
two crosses patee, three mullets of six points.
Fig. 7. Conjoined arms of the Abbott Franz of Pernegg. (From
the book mentioned above.) Arms of the Abbey of Pernegg (dis-
solved in 1783). The literal translation of the German blazon is :
" On a light-blue field, a palm-tree, with a bear drawing itself up
it." (This would seem to indicate arms of the landscape type.)
Arms of the Abbot Frans von SchiiUingen (1677-1707) ; Quarterly,
I and 4, argent, a leopard double-queued proper, collared gules,
ringed or ; 2 and 3, sable, a grifSn segreant gules, on an inescutcheon
sable, a heart gules, inflamed proper. The arms of the Abbey, which
appear for the first time on a seal (Fig. 1131) of the Abbot Johann
IV., 1593, show originally a field party per pale, and instead of the
palm a leafy tree. Fig. 1132 gives a representation of the family
arms of SchoUingens. The family were originally called " Schol-
linger," but received in 1650, with a Patent of Nobility and a
confirmation of their arms, the right to call themselves "Schdl-
lingen." Figs. 6 and 7 both show a crosier in bend behind the
arms, and it should be noted that in both instances the crook is
turned inwards, thereby typifying the confined jurisdiction of the
Abbot in distinction to the more open jurisdiction of a Bishop.
482
THE ART OF HERALDRY
PLATE CL
AN EXAMPLE OF A GENEALOGICAL TREE
The Pedigree of Steohl
This family, which became extinct on the death of the Bavarian
Lieutenant-General Alois, Freiherr von Strohl, in the year 1836,
were supposed to have originally owned estates in Silesia and in
Lausitz, and to have borne the name of Strela, or Strel.
In spite of considerable research, Herr von Strohl has not been
able to prove any connection Ijetween the Strelas and Strels occur-
ring in Silesia and Lausitz, and the Bavarian family of Strohl ;
neither do the arms of these families show the least similarity.
In the interdict laid upon the Margrave of Brandenburg, Ludwig
the Bavarian, May 14, 1350, a Johann von Streel is mentioned
amongst the adherents of the Margrave. The migration of one or
several of the Strels to Bavaria may perhaps have taken place at
this time, if in reality any connection between the two families
exists.
At the foot of the family tree appears, as the first authentically
proved bearer of the noble name of Strohl, Jaroslaus, married to
Katharina von Kunits, daughter of Christoph von Kunitz and
Margaretha von Clam. The Kiinits, originally Kuttner, from
Breisgau, bore : Quarterly, i and 4, azure, a lion rampant double-
queued and crowned or ; 2 and 3, or, a bend sinister sable, on an
inescutcheon party per fess or and sable, two mullets of six points
couuterchanged. (The later Freiherren Kunitz von Weissenburg
bear a more elaborate coat of arms. The son of Jaroslaus was
named Chi-istoph, and was baptized August 20, 1 624, at St. Jacob's
(St. James's), Straubing. The grandparents were godparents to the
child.) He was married July 9, 1649, at Amberg, to Barbara,
daughter of Johann Georg von Staudach zu Freudenthurii and of
Maria Franciska Juliana von Lamptrizheim. She was baptized at
Amberg July 6, 1623.
The Staudach, a Styrian family (at a later date Barons), bore for
arms : Quarterly, i and 4, gules, an escallop argent ; 2 and 3, a lion
rampant to the sinister gules, holding a trefoil vert in its sinister
forepaw.
From this marriage resulted a son, Johann Michael, who was
baptized in St. John's Church, at Auerbach, July 20, 165 1. He bore
the nickname of "von Rockenbruck" (Eosenbruck ?) He married
November 13, 1674, at Auerbach, Veronika von Gninau, daughter of
Wenzel von Grunau and Katharina JFagen von Wagensberg. She
was baptized April 4, 1648, at Waldmiinchen.
The Grunaus, a Silesian family, bore : Gules, two eagle's claws
couped in saltire, the talons upwards.
The pair had as far as can be proved only one son, Johann Georg,
who was baptized at Auerbach September 34, 1690, and on February
10, 1723, became Kurfiirstlicher Hofkammerrat and Mautkommissar
2U Miinchen (Electoral Councillor of the Exchequer, and Com-
missioner of Customs for Munich). He married October 11, 1716,
in the Castle Chapel at Stainach, near Straubing, Maria Barbara
Hermanna von Edelburg zu Altenweyer, daughter of Johann Georg
von Edelburg and Maria Eva Susanna Sabina, Mendlin von Stein-
fels. She was baptized March 21, 1696, at Neukirchen hi. Blut, and
died at Kotzting May 4, 1730.
The arms of Edelburg zu Altenu-eyer are : Azure, an arm in armour
embowed fesswise, couped at the shoulder, brandishing a sword all
proper.
There were four children by this marriage, namely : —
1. Maximilian Georg Thomas Adam, baptized at Munich May
10, 1723.
2. Franz Anton, born April 7, 1725.
3. Maria Josepha, born August 5, 1727, and
4. Maria Barbara, born December g, 1728.
Maximilian -was married on November ig, 1748, in the Grafen-
rieth Castle Chapel, to Agnes Felicitas, daughter of Franz Zaver von
Werner auf Grafenrieth, and of his wife Maria Barbara Rebecca voit
von Voithenberg. She was born December 17, 1725, at Grafenrieth,
in the Parish (Pfarrei) at Waldmiinchen.
The Werner von Grafenrieth bore : Sable, a griffin segreant,
crowned or, holding in the dexter claw a baton, in the sinister a
sword.
Maximilian, Kammerer und Kaiserlicher Landvogt der Mark-
grafschaft, Burgau, I74g; Kurftirstlich bayrischer Regierungsrat,
I756-I77g, Eegierungskanzler und Lehenprobst zu Straubing,
received March 3, ijbg, jmtent as a Baron, from the Elector Max
Joseph III. He had previously received knightly rank for himself
and his relatives from the Court of the Count Palatine, Graf Zeil,
at Zeil, November 6, 1758, and on November 24, 1758, he was
officially declared to have established his nobility by patent
produced.
On February i, 1772, he received the title of Privy Councillor,
and on August 22, 1 775, he really became an acting Privy Councillor.
Agnes Felicitas was made Dame of the Order of the Star and Gross
Order in 1782. There were nine children by this marriage : —
1. Johann Nepomuk Franz Xaver, born September 24, 1749, at
Straubing. He was Canon of the Cathedral and actual Ecclesiastical
Councillor, later Dean of the Cathedral and Vicar (or Governor)
of Freising ; as also, on July 14, 1792, actual Imperial Privy
Councillor.
2. Maria Johanna Nepom. Barbara Ludw. Elisabeth, born
November 19, 1750, died June 22, 1752, at Straubing ; buried at St.
Peter's.
3. Maria Maximiliana Josepha Felicitas Johanna Nepom., born
December 27, 1751, died October 22, 1770; buried at St. James's,
Straubing.
4. Maria Barbara Josepha Felicitas Johanna Nepom., born March
3, 1754, at Straubing.
5. Franz Xaver, | year old, died March 25, 1756, at Straubing ;
buried at St. Peter's.
6. Franz Xaver Joseph Johann Nepom. Maximilian, born Sep-
tember iS, 1756, died August 29, 1757, at Straubing.
7. Maria Franziska Xav. Johanna Nep. Josepha Felicitas Max,
born June 18, 1758, at Straubing.
8. Aloys Johann Nep. Franz Xaver Joseph Max, born June 10,
1760, at Straubing, died July 9, 1836, at Munich, and was buried in
the Southern Old Friedhof (Cemetery). From September i, 1777,
to May 5, 1790, he was an oHicer in the service of France, but then
transferred his services to the Bavarian Army, in which he soon
held an important position. He died as Lieutenant-General und
Kommandant der Hauft- unci Residenzsiadt Miinclien k.k. Kammerer.
He had received the Military Badge of Honour, and was Knight of
the Military Order of Max and Joseph, of the French Legion of
Honour, of the Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, and of the
Cross of Honour of the Order of St. Louis.
(See E. Wimmer's SammelbUttter zur Geschichte der Stadt Straubing,
No. 124, 18S4.)
9. Joseph Maximilian Franz Xaver Johann Nep., born May 2,
1763, at Straubing.
The arms of the Strohls are : Quarterly, azure, a bend wavy
between two mullets of six points argent ; 2 and 3, or, a lion
rampant double-queued gules. The dexter helmet bears as crest a
pair of wings addorsed, charged with the arms as in the first
quarter, and the sinister helmet has as crest a demi-lion as in the
second quarter. The mantlings are, dexter, azure and argent ;
sinister, gules and or. (On a seal of Maximilian's appears as
supporters two lions regardant double -queued and crowned.)
Below in the background is a view of the Bavarian town of
Straubing on the Danube, in the time of Jaroslaus von Strohl.
(Bruin und Hogenberg's StUdtebach, about 1580.)
The surname of Strohl did not die out in Bavaria when the
baronial family became extinct, for there still exist in that country
a few burgher families of the name. For instance, Herr Strohl
belongs to a family originally domiciled at Erichstatt, which, how-
ever, in spite of the birth of many children in the previous genera-
tion, will die out with himself.
CHAPTER LII
"SEIZE-QTJAETIEES": PLATE CLI
Proof or Ancestbt
IF any heraldic term has been misunderstood in this
country, " Seize-Quartiers " is that term. One hears
" Seize-Quartiers " claimed right and left, whereas in
British armory it is only on the very rarest occasions that
proof of it can be made. In England there is not, and
never has been, for any purpose a " test " of blood. By
the statutes of various Orders of Knighthood, esquires of
knights of those orders are required to show that their
grandparents were of gentle birth and entitled to bear
arms, and a popular belief exists that Knights of Justice
of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in
England need to establish some test of birth. The word-
ing of the statute, however, is very loose and vague, and
in fact, judging from the names and arms of some
of the knights, must be pretty generally ignored. But
Peer, K.G., or C.B., alike need pass no test of birth.
The present state of affairs in this country is the natural
outcome of the custom of society, which always recognises
the wife as of the husband's status, whatever may have
been her antecedents, unless the discrepancy is too glaring
to be overlooked. In England few indeed care or
question whether this person or that person has even a
coat of arms ; and in the decision of Society upon a given
483
THE ART OF HERALDRY
question as to whether this person or the other has
" married beneath himself," the judgment results solely
from the circle in which the wife and her people move.
By many this curious result is claimed as an example of,
and as a telling instance to demonstrate, the broad-minded
superiority of the English race, as evidenced by the
equality which this country concedes between titled and
untitled classes, between official and unofficial personages,
between the land-owning and the mercantile communities.
But such a conclusion is most superficial. We draw no
distinction, and rightly so, between titled and untitled
amongst the few remaining families who have held and
owned their lands for many generations ; but outside this
class the confusion is great, and to a close observer it is
plainly enough apparent that great distinctions are drawn.
But they are often mistaken ones. That the rigid and
definite dividing-line between patrician and plebeian,
which still exists so much more markedly upon the Con-
tinent, can only be traced most sketchily in this country
is due to two causes — (l) the fact that in earlier days,
when Society was slowly evolving itself, many younger
sons of gentle families embarked upon commercial careers,
natural family afEection, because of such action, prevent-
ing a rigid exclusion from the ranks of Society of every
one tainted by commerce; (2) the absence in this country
of any equivalent of the patent distinguishing marks
"de," "van," or "von," which exist amongst our neigh-
bours in Europe.
The result has been that in England there is no
possible way (short of specific genealogical investigation)
in which it can be ascertained whether any given person
is of gentle birth, and the corollary of this last-mentioned
fact is that any real test is ignored. There are few
families in this country, outside the Eoman Catholic
aristocracy (whose marriages are not quite so haphazard
as are those of other people), who can show that all their
sixteen great-great-grandparents were in their own right
entitled to bear arms. That is the true definition of the
" Proof of Seize-Quartiers."
In other words, to prove Seize-Quartiers you must show
this right to have existed for
Grand-
Gt.-grand-
Gt.-fft.-grand-
parents.
parents.
parents.
I.
Youi-
Father's
Father's
Father's
Father.
2.
Yoar
Father's
Father's
Father's
Mother.
^.
Your
Father's
Father's
Mother's
Father.
4-
Yoar
Father's
Father's
Mother's
Mother.
•^■
Your
Father's
Mother's
Father's
Father.
6.
Y^our
Father's
Mother's
Father's
Mother.
7.
Y'"our
Father's
Mother's
Mother's
Father.
S.
Your
Father's
Mother's
Mother's
Mother.
0.
Your
Mother's
Father's
Father's
Father.
10.
Y^our
Mother's
Father's
Father's
Mother.
II.
Your
Mother's
Father's
Mother's
Father.
12.
Your
Mother's
, Father's
Mother's
Mother.
n-
Your
Mother's
Mother's
Father's
Father.
M-
Your
Mother's
Mother's
Father's
Mother.
li;.
Your
Mother's
Mother's
Mother's
Father.
16.
Your
Mother's
Mother's
Mother's
Mother.
It should be distinctly understood that there is no con-
nection whatever between the list of quarterings which
may have been inherited, which it is permissible to dis-
play, and " Seize-Quartiers," which should never be
marshalled together or displayed as quarterings. In
order to give a better idea of " Seize-Quartiers," and to
show tlie comparison between a genealogical tree of a
family and a proof of " Seize-Quartiers," . Herr Strohl
selected the same family of von Strohl, which appeared on
< s
P u
g PS
mH
JoH. Michael
VON Strohl =
Veronica
VON
Grunau.
ra<)
O
JOHANN GeORO von STROHL.
3 H
"^ a
a o
o J
n <)
a .
m m
•i "
H g
K,' ^
o J
>-s o
JOHANN
Heinrich
VON Edel-
BURG ZU
Altenweyer=
S 2
a o
go
a <
Q
a II
z"3
Eh PS
o a
•7 "
Maria Eva
Susanna
Sabina von
Mendel zii
Steinfels.
S D
s s
•a A
0 0
a PJ
a a
a <i
C3M
o«
a 5;
o S
PS
B t= 2
§ 2 OS
g c a
^ I— ( w
all
■^ s S
z^2 .
S^ i "
1-5 >
JoHAKN Thomas
Heinrich von
Werner zu
Grafenreith =
3 ,
6» S
a Q
a a
o z
B >
: b.s
S t; I'
o B -t^
a a «■
O c
^ i
« 5
W'S «« B
2-§«'S
m ffl
^^
PS -3 ^x
a <
^
Barbara von
Geilsdorff
auf
Guttenfiirst.
Maria Barbara Hermanna
von Edelbdrg zu Altenweyer.
Maximilian Georg Thomas Adam Freiherr von Strohl =
Franz Xaver von Werner
zu Grafenreith =
JOHANN
Christoph
WiLHELM
VoITH VON
Voithenbehg =
Agnes Felicitas
von Everhahd
auf
Mittellnirg.
Maria Barb.\ra Rebecca
voith von voithenberg.
Agnes Felicitas von Werner zu Grafenreith.
Aloys Johann Nepomuk Freiherr von Strohl.
484
PLATE CLII.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
the previous plate, for repetition in a proof of " Seize-
Quartiers." The space at his disposal only permitted
an emblazonment indicative of "Seize-Qiiartiers," which,
however, is amply sufficient, and all that is required
by the statutes of the Teutonic Order and the Order
of Malta. Above, however, we give the particulars,
which comprise a proof of " Trente Deux Quartiers,"
which, owing to the appointment in 1782 of Agnes,
Baroness von Strohl, as " Stemkreuzordensdame " (Dame
of the Order of the Star and Cross), are preserved and
recorded in the archives of that order. (Fasc. 41,
No. 410.)
Few people indeed in this country can prove the more
coveted distinction of " Trente Deux Quartiers," the only
case that has ever come under my notice being that of
the late Albert Joseph, Baron Mowbray, Segrave, and
Stourton, for whom an emblazonment of his thirty-two
quarters was prepared under the direction of Stephen
Tucker, Esq., Somerset Herald.
After many trials (in order to add an existing English
example), which have only too surely confirmed one's
opinion as to the rarity of " Seize-Quartiers" in this
country, it has been found possible in the case of the
Duke of Leinster, and details of the " proof " follow : —
1. Dxike's Coronet (Ribbon of St. Patrick): Argent, a saltire
gules (Fitz GeralJ).
2. Lozenge : Argent, a chief azure, over all a lion rampant gules,
ducally crowned or (St. George).
3. Earl's Coronet (Ribbon of Hanoverian Guelpliic Order) : Quar-
tei-ly ermine and gules, in the centre a crescent on a crescent for
cadency (Stanhope).
4. Lozenge : Argent, a chevron gules, a double tressure flory and
counter-flory of tlie last (Fleming).
5. Duke^s Coronet (Garter) : Quarterly, i and 4, barry of eight or
and gules, over all a cross iiory sable ; 2 and 3, azure, three laurel
leaves or (Leveson-Gower).
6. Lozenge (surmounted by Earl's coronet) : Gules, three mullets
or, on a bordure of the second a tressure flory-counteiMory of the first
(Sutherland).
7. Earl's Coronet (Garter) : Quarterly of six, i. gules, on a bend
between six cross crosslets fitchee argent, an inescutcheon or, charged
with a demi-lion rampant, pierced through the mouth ivith an
arrow, within a double tressure tlory cotmterfiory of the first ;
2. gules, three lions passant guardunt in pale or, in chief a label of
three points argent ; 3. chequy or and azure ; 4. Gules, a lion ram-
pant argent ; 5. gules, three escallops argent ; 6. harry of six argent
and azure, three chaplets gules, in the centre of the quarters a
mullet for difference (Howard).
8. Lozenge : Sable, three bucks' heads caboshed argent (Cavendish).
9. Baron's Coronet : Per chevron engraUed gules and argent, three
talbots' heads erased counterchanged (Duncombe).
10. Lozenge : Azure, a buck's head caboshed argent (Legge).
11. EarVs Coronet (Ribbon of Thistle) : Or, a less chequy argent
(1)
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(2) (3)
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Chakles William (Fitz
Gerald), 4th Duke of Lein-
ster, born 30th March 18 19,
married 30th October 1847,
died loth February 1887 =
Lady Carolixe Sutherlasd-
Leveson-Gower. born isth
April 1837, died 13th May
Gerald (Fitz Gerald), 5th Duke of Leinster, born i6th August
1851, married 17th January 1884, died 1st December 1893 =
(9)
(10) (II)
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William Ernest (Ddncombe),
1st Earl of Feversham (created
1 858), born 28th .January
1829, married 7 th August
1851 =
Mabel Violet Graham.
Lady Hermione Wilhelmina Duncombe, born 30th March
1864, died 19th March 1895.
The Most Noble Maurice (Fitz Gerald), Duke of Leinster, Marquess and Earl of Kildare, co. Kildare, Earl and Baron of Offaly,
all in the Peerage of Ireland ; Viscount Leinster of Taplow, co. Bucks, in the Peer.ige of Great Britain ; and Baron Kildare of
Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ; Premier Duke, Marquess, and Earl of Ireland ; bom ist March 1887.
The following are the heraldic particulars of the
shields which would occur were this proof of " Seize-
Quartiers " similarly emblazoned. The arms are num-
bered across from left to right in rows of 16, 8, 4, 2,
and I.
and azure, surmounted of a bend engrailed gules, within a tressure
flory counterflory of the last (Stewart).
1 2. Lozenge : Sable, on a cross engrailed between four eagles dis-
played argent, five lions passant guardant of the field (Paget).
1 3. Baronet's Badge : Or, on a chief .sable, three escallops of the field
(Graham).
485
THE ART OF HERALDRY
14. Lozenge: Arms as on No. 11 (Stewart).
15. Shield: Quarterly, i and 4, sable, a bend cbequy or and gules
between six billets of the second ; 2. azure, a stag's head caboshed
or ; 3. gules, three legs armed proper, conjoined in the fess point
and flexed in triangle, garnished and spurred or (Callander).
16. Lozenge: Quarterly, i. or, a lion rampant gules; 2. or, a
dexter arm issuant from the sinister fess point out of a cloud proper,
the hand holding a cross crosslet fitchee erect azure ; 3. argent, a
ship with sails furled sable ; 4. per fess azure and vert, a dolphin
naiant in fess proper (Macdonell).
17. As I, but no ribbon of K.P.
1 8. Lozenge: Arms as 3.
19. Duke's Coronet (Garter) : Quarterly, i and 4, as in 5 ; 2. as in 5 ;
3. as in No. 6.
20. Lozenge : As No. 7.
21. Baron'' s Coronet: As No. 9.
22. Lozenge: As No. 14.
23. As No. 13, but with ribbon of a G.C.B.
ffl^^HH^^
Fig. 1 133. — Gravestone of Aloys Freiherr von Strohl.
24. Loz^ige: As No. 15.
25. As 17.
Lozenge: As No. 19.
As 21, but Earl's coronet.
Lozenge: As No. 13, but no Baronet's badge.
As 17.
30. Lozenge : As No. 9.
^i.Arms: Argent, a saltire gules. Crest: a monkey statant
proper, environed about the middle vrith a plain collar, and chained
or. Supporters : two monkeys (as the crest). Mantling gules and
argent. Coronet of a duke. Motto : " Crom a boo."
26.
27.
28.
29.
In many " Proofs of Ancestry," of old and ^recent date, there will
be found, as connecting links between the separate shields, branches
ornamented with leaves, symbolising the genealogical tree.
These would seem more rightly to belong to a genealogical tree,
and not to a " Proof of Ancestry," because the growtli of the former is
in directly the opposite direction to that of a " Proof of Ancestry"
in which the youngest member of the family stands at the foot of the
entire " Proof."
The arms of the four grandparents are very frequently to be met
with on the gravestones of nobles subsidiary to the arms of the de-
ceased ; on the top dexter side tlie arms of the father, that is, the
same as those of the person to whom the gravestone is a memorial;
on the bottom dexier the arms of the grandmother on the father's
side ; on the top sinister side the arms of the mother, and under-
neath those of the grandmother on the mother's side. In order to
Fig. 1134. — Arms of Johanrs von Heringen (1487).
avoid a repetition of the central coat of arms, occasionally, instead
of the fathei-'s arms, the arms of the great-grandmother on the
father's side are inserted.
According to this scheme, a gravestone of Aloys, Freiherr von
Strohl (compare " Proof " on the plate) would be grouped as
follows : in the centre, Strohl; at the top right-hand Gntnaw ; on
the left Werner; on the bottom right-hand Edelbiirg; and on the
left Voith, the charges of the arms on the dexter side being always
in Germany turned towards those in the centre (Fig. 1133).
Not only on gravestones, but also in other representations of arms,
the adorning of the outer framework with ancestral arms is very
popular. As an example of this method of decoration, reference
should be made to Fig. 1134. H. S. and A. C. F-D.
CHAPTER LIII
HERALDIC ILLUMINATION
By JOHN VINYCOMB, M.R.I.A.
THE art of illuminating, when allied with heraldry,
forms at once the most brilliant and effective of
all the decorative arts, and its practice the most
fascinating and delightful. The wide range of styles or
periods of art, as well as of subjects, gives the fullest scope
and play of fancy in the treatment of the work both as to
design and colouring.
It must however be kept in mind, while it is admitted
that heraldry may be truly and fitly introduced with all
its brilliant tinctures in conjunction with illuminating.
486
THE ART OF HERALDRY
regard must be paid to the congruity of style or period of
both, so that no apparent anachronism may be made in the
work. In this the knowledge and good taste of the artist
will frequently be put to a severe test, so to reconcile the
heraldic treatment of the shield and its accessories with
the style of decoration and printing used in illuminated
MSS. of a given period in the past, or with the semi-
natural ornament of the present day.
The artistic treatment of heraldic subjects has for many
years past been a somewhat neglected subject, a crude
formality being the prevailing idea of its capabilities. A
revival in this respect has taken place, and in the works
of many of our leading designers heraldry is assuming its
rightful place in the decorative arts of the present day.
First Principle of Heraldic Art
The leading principles adopted by the old heralds of
the fourteenth century may be briefly noted. That the
devices and charges upon the shields and banners of the
warriors might be recognisable at a distance, they must
be clearly defined, which would not be the case if painted
naturally as a picture. To attain this end the first prin-
ciple was the contrasting of tinctures, light upon dark
and dark upon light ; the metals (or and argenf) par-
taking of light, and the furs, as opposed to the heraldic
colours proper, pertaining to darkness — that is, metal may
not be upon metal, nor colour upon colour, but only colour
upon metal, and vice versd, and the furs by contrast with
either or both colours and metals.
Second Principle
A severe conventionalism and somewhat exaggerated
forms of animals and things served best the purpose
intended ; each object being of its special tincture was
outlined for greater clearness and precision, shading being
but slightly made use of.
Another rule has grown into use from early times in
heraldic emblazonment. The shield, helmet, mantling,
crest, supporters, and all adjuncts of an achievement of
arms must be painted with the light coming from the
dexter side, with the shadows on the sinister.
Good Drawing Essential
Good heraldry does not, as some people imagine,
imply bad drawing, quite the contrary ; a certain amount
of conventionalism is necessary, and the better and more
characteristic the drawing, the more efiective will be the
result.
Proper or Natural Colour
The above remarks apply especially to those parts of an
achievement tinctured of the heraldic colours. Those
animate and inanimate charges which appear in heraldry
termed proper- — that is, in their proper or natural colour —
the artist will naturally so conventionalise their forms as
to adapt them to heraldic conditions, tincturing them in
their own true and proper colours in such a way as they
may show clearly and distinctly, and in harmony with the
rest of the work.
It may here be stated that while the various forms of
shields and helmets, the quaint and often fantastic forms
of the mantling, and other accessories afford the artist
exercise for his originality and taste, it is advisable in
most cases to maintain a modest reticence rather than
display an exuberant fancy. A simple dignity of treat-
ment, combined with true heraldic feeling, will be found
generally preferable.
PKACTICAL NOTES ON EMBLAZONING AND
ILLUMINATING
It is presumed the student understands the rules and
principles of heraldry, and has acquired the habit of care-
ful and accurate drawing, as well as some practice in the
use of the brush, &c. Heraldry and illuminating are so
intimately related in practice, the same materials and
methods of work are applicable to both branches of art.
The following practical notes, it is hoped, will be of
assistance in putting the student in a fair way of
working.
APPLIANCES AND MATERIALS
At first the student need only provide those most
needful at the start, and which can be added to as
required, from the artist-colonrman, or a complete outfit
for heraldic illuminating may at once be procured. The
following list includes only the most necessary. A few
hints on the colours to be used and their qualities will be
of service.
Materials
Vellum, Paper, &c. — Vellum, Bristol board, card-board,
or paper, as may be preferred. Bristol board is perhaps
the most suitable and pleasant to work upon by the
beginner. Vellum is only required for important works
of permanent value, and would be needless expense to
practise upon.
Implements reqxiired. — Pencils, compasses with pen and
pencil legs, draw-pen, tracing point, agate burnisher, small
parallel rulers, several small sable brushes, tracing paper,
and a limited stock of moist water-colours in tubes, are
about all that are required by the beginner.
The Tinctures : Colours to be Used
Gules = i?«ci. — The best colour to use is vermilion.
It is a bright red opaque body, and for the local colour
may be used pure and without any admixture. It may
be shaded with carmine or crimson lake, and also for the
markings. For the high lights mix a little Chinese
white with the vermilion ; the reflect lights may be
pure orange or strong yellow.
Az\xv% = Blue. — Use French Uue. This brilliant colour
is only semi-opaque, and too deep in tone to be used pure.
A little Chinese white is therefore to be mixed with it,
so as to reduce it to the proper strength. For the high
lights a little more of the Chinese white is to be added
to the local colour, while for the shadows and markings
more of the pure colour is to be added.
Yert = Green. — Soaker's green, modified with Chinese
white, answers very well. Green oxide of chromium, a
low-toned velvety green of opaque body, may sometimes
be advantageously used instead of the brighter greens.
Brighten and shade as above by lighter and darker hues.
Emerald green, extremely vivid in colour, though very
useful for small charges, is not suitable for larger surfaces
of the shield and ordinaries, being overpoweringly bright
and staring.
Qa}o\e = Black. — Lamp black is the most useful colour
for this, being very opaque. It is best to mix a little
Chinese white to reduce the intense blackness, using the
pure colour for the shadows and markings. It is well to
add to the black a very little yellow with the Chinese
white for the high lights, to obviate the chalky effect it
is otherwise apt to have. Reflected lights to be yellow
or orange. Lamp black is used in outlining (for which see
later).
Purpure = Purple. — A tincture seldom used in heraldry,
for which purple Iccke answers very well when modified
with Chinese white, and perhaps a little French blue if
found too red ; shaded and brightened as the preceding.
Tenne, Tavmy, or Briisk. — A tincture early used in
British heraldry. For this orangy hue, orange chrome may
be used.
Sanguine or Murray is a dark brown. This and tenne
are more frequently used for liveries.
487
THE ART OF HERALDRY
Eo:tra Colours. — A few supplementary colours for
general use, at the discretion of the artist, will be neces-
sary, as chrome yellow, cadmium, yelloiu ochre, lumt timbre,
sepia, Prussian blue, indigo, olive green, &c., in addition to
those mentioned under tinctures.
No Begidation Standard of Strength of Tinctures. — It
may be remarked that there is no regulation standard as
to strength of colour for heraldic tinctures. Each artist
may have his own ideas in that respect, but the following
rules are generally understood and acted upon : First, that
the tinctures should as nearly as possible be all of
relatively equal depth or intensity of hue, so that one
should not appear to be more forcible than another;
second, that high pictorial relief should never be at-
tempted. In banners especially everything should
appear even with the surface, and not as if projecting
from it. Upon shields, however, the appearance of
a low relief is permissible, and the colours painted
firmly, producing a solid, even tint, without streaks or
mottling.
Eovj to Lay On the Tinctures. — This is generally a great
difiiculty with beginners, from their previous practice in
water-colours, where the tints are put on in washes.
Some little practice will therefore be necessary to sur-
mount this technical difficulty ; the chief thing to keep
in mind in painting with body colour, as all the tinctures
are, is not to lay on the colour either too thick or too
thin, but in a happy medium of consistency which will
be understood by a little practice, painting evenly over
the surface with a not too full brush, avoiding getting it
thicker at one place than another, beginning at one part,
and continuing gradually over the entire surface. A
second coat will sometimes be found necessary to obtain
an even tone of colour.
Mode of Woeking
The Drawing Beady for Tracing. — As so much depends
upon the correct drawing and disposition of the parts
for the effective display of
a heraldic design, it is ad-
visable always to make a
first sketch in outline upon
thin writing-paper, which
may be traced down to the
material to be worked
upon. In copying an ex-
isting drawing it is then
necessary to make a tracing
of it in outline in pencil.
To Reduce or Enlarge a
Design. — Should a draw-
ing or design require to be
reduced from a larger to
a smaller size, or vice versd,
the method of reducing or
enlarging by squares will
be found most helpful,
that is, dividing the space
occupied by the design in
either case into the same
number of squares by
light pencil lines, then
with the pencil follow the
outline through the cor-
responding spaces in the
altered size.
Tracing Doxon: Transfer Paper. — It is the most con-
venient way of tracing down the design to use what may
be called the transfer paper, which is prepared as follows :
Upon one side of a piece of tissue paper (6 or 8 inches
Fig.
ii34«. — Method of reducing or
enlarging by squares.
square is sufficient for most purposes) rub very sparingly
with black-lead, using a small pad of cotton-wool to get
an evenly dark surface, dusting oflE the superfluous black
lead before using. This paper, if preserved, will always
be handy to use when required for similar purposes.
Tracing Down. — Place the sketch or tracing in its proper
position on the paper, and holding it in its place with one
hand or with drawing-pins or small weights, slip the
transfer paper under it with the blackened side down, then
with a tracing-point or a sharp, hard pencil carefully go
over the outlines of the sketch, looking occasionally to
see that the traced lines are not too heavy or too faint,
and to make sure that no part has been omitted. We
have now a clear and precise outline ready for painting.
The outline having been traced down, perfect any parts
with the pencil that may be defective. If the sides of
the shield are proper curves, and can be made with the
compasses, see that the centre points are accurately
marked and the cnrve.s drawn with the pencil com-
passes, and the straight lines or divisions of the shield
drawn with the parallel rulers, making sure always that
your vertical and horizontal lines are true before using
the colours. When or and argent in metals are used
they should be painted first.
Brushes: Oidlining Brush. — It is necessary to have
several in use for fiat tints, but for outlining it is neces-
sary to prepare a special small sable brush by cutting a
lot of the outside hairs away ; run a sharp penknife round
the roots of the hair close to the quill so that only about
one-third of the hair remains, then with small scissors
snip off the extreme fine point, so that you will have an
extremely pliant implement capable of making continuous
lines of an equal thickness for the outlining. The pen
compasses and the draw-pen are useful mechanical aids
in outlining all regular curves and for straight lines.
Lamp Blach with Ch(m for Outlining. — A little gum
added to the lamp black is useful in outlining, as it keeps
the colour from running, and produces a glossy and more
decisive outline than the dull black used alone. The fine
outlining brush is the best and most useful implement for
outlining all parts after the tinctures are painted in, and
with a little practice will be found most reliable for pro-
ducing a free and even line. The writing-pen is not
suitable for this purpose, as the ink from the pen is apt
to spread upon the absorbent colour.
Lndelible Inhfor Outlining. — Some artists prefer to out-
line all parts with the pen before beginning the painting.
When this is done it is well to use indelible inJc (to
be had from the artist's colourman) so that the colour
may not wash up in painting. If a clear pencil outline
is at first made the pen outline may be dispensed with.
Text-ioriting : Lnks, Pens. — In doing text characters for
inscriptions, &c., when of large size, the draw-pen may
be used for the vertical strokes ; for smaller characters
it is best to use a writing-pen with the point cut ofiF,
according to the width of stroke desired, the fine lines
of the letters to be added after with an ordinary pen.
Engrossing characters are best executed with a flexible
crow-quill barrel steel pen. The indelible ink may be
used for writing, Arnold's Japan writing ink, or similar
black permanent ink. When coloured lettering is done,
the paint, of proper consistency, is to be put into the pen
with the brush.
Flat Painting necessary : Order of Painting the
Tinctures and Shading. — It is important that each of
the tinctures, particularly when the spaces are large,
should be very flatly painted, of a fair regulation
strength ; then paint in the shadows, after which the
drawing should be outlined and the lights added. For
simple work not more than three shades of any one
colour need be used (unless a high degree of finish is
required). First, the local colour ; second, shadings and
488
PLATE CLIII.
EXAMPLES OF BOOKPLATES.
Bv Mr G. W. Eve, R.E., Mr C. W. Sherbokn, R.E., and Miss Helard.
THE ART OF HERALDRY
markings ; and third, the high lights and reflected lights,
and finally, after the outline a general finish up.
Finuhing : Light and Shade, &c. : A Simple Example. —
In finishing up the shield shapes and honourable
ordinaries, as well as the common charges borne thereon,
a certain appearance of relief must to some extent be
given of one thing being placed upon another, as azure, a
hend or. After the tinctures are put in the be7id must be
outlined with a dark line, thicker on the sinister side. A
line of white or pale gold colour within the outline on the
lighted side should be drawn with the draw-pen and
parallel ruler, and a similar line of orange on the shadow
side, the shield itself being finished in same way, while
upon the tincture of the field itself should be drawn a
deeper shadow line of its own blue colour. This principle
should be carried out in all parts, no matter how com-
plicated, so as to give the appearance of slight relief from
the groundwork.
Or and, Argent: Fainting. — ^When the metals or and
argent are used instead of yellow and white, which
represent the two metals, it is always best to paint these
in first of all, so as to be able to burnish them without
injuring the adjoining colours.
Shell Gold: Aluminium. — Shell gold and aluminium
(for argent) are the most convenient forms in which the
metals can be employed for small works, while for larger
works gold-leaf must be employed. Shell silver should
not be used, as it soon tarnishes. Aluminium has quite
the same appearance, and does not tarnish. The gold
and aluminium as supplied in mussel-shells is very easy
of application. With a clean sable brush dipped in water
mix up the gold in the shell to a proper consistency for
painting, and apply very evenly, taking care that no
lumps are formed, as these would blister off when the
burnisher is applied. If not sufiiciently well covered go
over it again to equalise. When this is quite dry, it is
next to be burnished to have either a dull or a bright
surface.
A Didl or Mat Surface. — A dull or " mat " surface, as
it is termed, is first produced by laying a piece of smooth
writing-paper over the gold, and with the agate rub the
paper briskly until the desired effect is produced.
A Bright Metallic Surface. — Should a bright burnished
gold surface be desired, gently rub the finger lightly over
the dull gold surface and burnish again without using
the paper between the gold and the agate burnisher.
(The slight moisture of the finger makes the burnisher
glide freely over the gold without scraping or scratch-
ing-)
Gold Colour =0?\ — When gold itself is not used,
yellow, its colour symbol, is employed instead. Cad-
iniiim, a deep - toned yellow, slightly reduced with
Chinese white, or chrome yellow, modified with a little
yellow ochre or similar low-toned colour, answers very
well for this, with shades of pure yellow ochre, deepened
where needful with burnt umber.
'White = Argent. — For this the white ground is left
plain, the field or charges to be shaded with warm grey,
and having yellow reflected lights.
In Conclusion
With the foregoing hints the student will be in
possession of the chief points to be observed and acted
upoD, and should he pursue the study with patience and
the exercise of a true heraldic spirit, besides the con-
sequent pleasure which the exercise affords, each
successive work thus executed wUl be an upward step
towards a higher degree of excellence.
As an employment to the artist or as a recreation and
accomplishment for persons of taste and leisure, heraldic
illumination possesses attractions beyond most other
studies. The result is tangible and enduring, and when
well executed will always be highly prized.
J. V.
Fig. 1 135.
489
3 Q
SYNOPTICAL INDEX
Aeatemests, 46
Abbess, Arms of an, 440
Abbev, 210
Abbeys, Akms of, 437
Abbot, Aems of, 437, 440
Absence of Crests in Battle,
257
ACOEN, 204
Adjutant Birds, 323
Admiralty Union Jack, 401
Alabaster Effigies, 28
Albert Medal, 385, 392
Aleeion, 172
Alliance Achievements, 4S1
- — Arms of, 379
Alpaca, 156
Alphabet, 208
Aluminium, 45
Amaranth, 47
Anachronisms in Helmets, 253
Anchor, 20S
Angels, 112, 325
Annulet, 107, 208, 345
Ant, 1S9
Antelope, 149
Antique Crowns and Coro-
nets, 231, 286
Anvil, 20S
Ape, 154
Apple, 203
Arch, 20S
Abbots, 440
Teeasueee of Holy Koman
Empire, 391
Archbishop, 391, 437, 439
Arched, 57
Argent, 45
Ark, 227
Armorial MSS. in Scotland,
456
Paintings : Sixteenth-
Century, 431 ; Seventeenth-
Century, 433
Paintings, English, 416
Windows, 480
Aemoey, Artistic Develop-
ment OF, 403
Control by Sovereign, 10
Definition of, i ; Origin
of, I
Description of, 34
Eastern, i
Ecclesiastical, 437
Evolution of, 7
Greek and Latin, 3
Influence of Feudal Sys-
tem ON, 9
Japanese, 5
Jewish, i, 3
Purpose of, 12
Science op, 35
Symbolism of, 3
Armoured Figures, 114, 314
Arms, Connection of, with
the Nobility, 10
Changes in, 353
OF Dominion and Sove-
reignty', 442
Early English Rolls,
405
Examples of Origin, 106
Granting of, 394
and Hands, 118
OF Husband and Wife, 364
sec Herald of Arms, King
of Arms, Pursuivant of
Arms ; see also Heraldry,
Heraldic, and Armorial
■ Kings, Heralds, Pur-
suivants, AND Officers of,
12
Marshalling op, 361-380
Official Coats of Kings
OP Arms, 20
Arms of Societies and Cor-
porations, 446
of Towns, 444
Royal, 442
Status of a Coat of, 9
Wearing and Use op, 32
without Ordinaries, 44
Arrow, 210
Heads, 211
Arthur, Prince, 427
Artistic Development of
Heraldry, 403
Ideas concerning Mant-
LINGS, 294
Artists, Living British, 464
Ash, 191
Ashen Grey, 46
ATTIRES, Stags', 14S
Augmentation, 53, 93, 263, 2S4,
2S5, 378, 394-398
Austrian Crowns, 269, 270
Azure, 44
Badges, 154, 329, 354
AS Crests, 330
PROM Prince Arthur's
Book, 429
of Kings of Arms, 22
ON Mantlings, 292
Balance, 233
Banner Devices, 329
Banners, 233, 337
Barnacles, 215
Baronets, Insignia op, 392
Barrels, 238
Barrulet, 75
Barruly, 75
Barry, 75
Bendy, 76
Bars, 74
Bar Sinister, 355
Gemel, 75
Basilisk, 321
Bastardy, 105. 355
Bat, 155
Bath, Order of, 382, 392
Batons of Kings op Arms, 21
Baton Sinister, 357
Battering-eam, 211
Battle Axe, 211
Battlements, 2S4
Bayeux Tapestry, 6, 7
Beacon, 212
Bean Pods, 204
Bear, 13S
Beaver, 154
Bee, 1S8
Beefeaters' Uniform, 331
Beetle, 1S9
Beffroi, 57
Bells, 215
of Hawk, 173
Bend, 64, 342, 356
Sinister, 70, 355
Bendlets, 70, 357
Bendwise, 69
Bendy, 70
Bengal Tiger, 134
Bezant, 105
Bezanty, 54
Biblical Ohaeactees, hi
Billet, 108
Billetty, 54, 108
Birds, 164
Bishop, 391, 437, 440
Grant of Arms to, 37
Blazon, 48, 49
Blazon, Rules of, 58
Bleu-Celeste, 47
Blocks, 215
Blood-Red, 46
Blue. Bottle, 199
Bluemantle, 223
Blut Fahne, 44
BoAE, 140
Bohemian Crown, 270
Boiler Flue, 237
Bomb, 211
Bones, 120
Bookplates, 464-46S
Books, 217, 233
Boots, 120
Bordure, 95, 97, 342, 350,356, 362
COMPONY, 359
Wavy, 357
BouGETS, 233
Bow, 211
Bowls. 216
Branches, 192
Brasses, Heraldic, 29, 33, 34
Bridge, 208
Bridle-Bits, 215
Briefadel, ii
Broad Aeeow, 211
Beock, 154
Beown, 46
Brunatee, 47
Buck, 147
Buckets, 233
Buckle, 216
Buffalo, 145
Bulgaeian Crown, 273
Bulls, 145
Bulrushes, 207
Bushes, 192
Butterflies, 1S9
Byzantine Eagle, 166
Cadency in Crests, 261
Marks of, 340, 352, 355
Scottish System, 350
Calf, 147
Caltrap, 211
Camel, 155
Camelopard, 162
Camerlengo, 439
Cannon, 211
Canting Mottoes, 328
Canton, 92, 359, 376
Cap of Dignity, 287
OF Maintenance, 287
Caps of Coronets, 276
Cardinal, 438
Cardinal's Hat, 439
Carnation, 47
Carvings, Heraldic, 433, 477
Casks, 23S
Castle, 20S
Oat, 136
IN A Dairy Window, 187
Catapult, 214
Cauldron, 216
Cedar Tree, 190
Celestial Crown, 232
Cendree, 47
Centaur, 163
Chain, 211
Chamberlain, Lord High, 392
Chameleon, 1S7
Changes in Crests, 260
Channel Islands Supporters,
3"
Chapeau, 2S7
Chaplet, 108, 216
Charges, Heraldic, 60
Charlemagne, Ceown of, 271,
391
Chart, 217
Cherries, 204
Cherubs, 112
Chess Rooks, 217
Cheval-trap, 211
Chevron, 76
Chevronels, 79
Chevronnx, 79
Chief, 89
Children, 118
Chimera, 163
Chough, 181
Christ, Figure of, 109
Cinquefoil, 195
Classification of Ordinaries
AND SUE-OEDINAEIES, 62
Cleegy, 36, 252
Clothing, 223
Heealdic, 34
Clouds, 228
Cloves, 204
Cock, 179
Cockatrice, 162, 321
Cocoa-nut, 190
Coffee Plant, 190, 194
Cognisance, 329
Coheirs, 362
Coins, 222
Devices on, S
Collars of SS., 20
College of Arms, Personnel
OF, 22
Colleges. Aems of, 447
Colour on Coloue, 53
Coloues, 44
Columbine, 47
Column, 213
Combs, 234
Comet, 22S
Compaetment, 324
Component Parts op a Coat
of Arms, 35
Coney, 153
Conjoined Arms, 4S2
Conspicuous Service Cross,
3S5. 392
Constable, 13, 392
Continental Mantlings, 292
Corn, 204
Cornflower, 199
Cornish Chough, 181
Coronet of Prince of Wales,
274
Coronets, 35, 216, 231, 274-287,
279
Royal, 274
Corporations, Arms of, 446
Costume, 26, 27, 28
Costumes of Officers of
Aems, 19
Cotton Plant, 191, 193
Counter-Potent, 52
Counter- Vaie, 51
Counties and Helmets, 253
Cow, 145
Crab, 185
Craftsmanship, Heraldic, 479
Crane, 179
Crayfish, 186
Crescent, 217, 345
Crest, The, 35, 183, 254-264,
330
Coronets, 279
Fans, 255
Royal, 28 i
Crests, Absence op, 35
— Descent op, 260
FROM Prince Aethur's
Book, 428
ON Liveries, 334
Right to Use, 258
Ori-de-Guerre, 32S
crocodile, 156
Crosier. 21S, 321, 437, 43S
Cross, S3, 345
Crow, iSo
Crowns, 231, 264-273
OF Kings op Arms, 20
Crusades, Influence in Ar-
mory, 7
Crusilly, 54
Cups, 217
Cushion, 218
Cypher, Royal, 26S
Cypress, 191
490
SYNOPTICAL INDEX
DiNCETTr, 55
Deee, 147. See Stags
Degeneration of Types of
Shield, 41
Deity, Tee, 109
Demi-Lioxs, 133
Deputy Earl-Marshal, 392
Descent of Badges. 331
Developmest of Crests, 255
OF Mantlisg, 290
— r OF Union Jack, 399
Devices, Ncjiismatic, 8
Devil, 163
Devolution of Crests, 260
Diapering, 54
Difference Marks, English,
345
Marks of, 340-351
Differentiation in Crests,
259
DiMIDIATION, 97, 361
Distaff, 219
Distinction, Marks of, 346, 355
Distinguished SEE\^CE Order,
3S5. 392
Dogs, 144
Dolphin, 184, 321
Dominion, Arms op, 442
Dove, 176, 321
Dovetailed, 55
Dragon, 160, 320
Ship, 226
Drops, 225
Ducal Coronet, 2S1
Duck, 17S
DURER, Work of Albrecht, 422
Duties of a King of Arms and
Herald, 16, 17
Eagle, 164, 303, 304, 321
Development of, 165
Positions of, 169
Eabl Marshal, 13, 392
Earth Colour, 46
Eastern Crown, 231, 286
Ecclesiastical Banners, 339
Buildings, 210
Hat, 438
Heraldry, 437
Eel, 1S5
Effigies, Heraldic, 26
Egypt, Crown of Khedive, 273
Eighteenth-Century Heral-
dic Designs, 435
Eisenhut-Feh, 51
ElSENHUTLEIN, 52
Elephant, 152
Embattled, 55
Emblazoning, Colours for, 48
Emblazonment, Heraldic, 4S6
Emblematical Figures, 112
Embroidery, Heraldic, 480
Enfield, 164
England, Crowns of, 265
Kings of, 391
Right to Supporters in,
306
English Armorial Paintings,
416
Difference Marks, 345
HeraldicAet, Modern, 461
Heraldic Examples, 454
Engrailed, 55
Ensigns, 337
Episcopal Arms, 367
Equestrian Heraldic Figures,
32
Seals, 468
Ermine, 49, 154
Mantlings, 291
Spots, 49, 234
EuLES FOE, 50
Ermines, 49
Eeminites, 49
Erminois, 49
Escallops, 234
escarbuncle, 2i9
Escutcheon of Pretence, 95,
362, 369
ESQUXEE, 94
Estate, Eobes of, 297
Estoile, 219, 22S
Evidence of Pedigree, Arms
AS. 355
Evolution of Helmet, 239
Examples of English Her-
aldry, 454
of Helmets, 239-254
Face, Lion's, 134. &e Leopard.
Falcon, 173
Fan, 220
Fans for Display of Chests,
255
Fasces, 220
Feathered Mantlings, 293
Feathers, 1S2
Fees of a Herald, 17
Fer-de-Moline, 223
Fern-Brake, 192
Fess, 72
Fetterlock, 220
Feudal System, and Influence
on Armory, 9
Field, The, 43
Fields Party, 53
Figures, Emblematical, 112
Fifteenth-Century Books, 417
Finland, Crown of, 272
Fie-Tree, 190
Fire, 221
Firebrand, 215
Fish, 1S3
Pitched, 86
Flags, 337
Flames, 220
Flaming Sword, 221
Flaunch, 104
Fleam, 221
Fleas, 189
Fleece, 224
Flesh Colour, 46
Fleue-de-Lis, 200, 345
Flies, 1S9
Flory-Counter-Floet, 55
Flowers, 189
Flying Fish, 185
Foils, 194
Foreign Officers of Arms, 25
Fountain, 105, 225
Fox, 138
Fraise, 196, 199
France, Cadency in, 341
Crowns of, 273
French Eagle, 170
Heraldry, 450
Heralds, 23
Official Insignia, 391
Use of Ermine, 49
Feet, 103
Fretty, 103
Fruit, 189, 203
FuE Cap, 2S9
I'tlRISON, 221
Furs, Heraldic, 49
Fusil, ioi
Gabion, 209
Gadflies, 189
Galley, 226
Galtrap, 211
Game, Lion's, 133
Garb, 204
Gaelics, 204
Gaements, 223
Garter, Order of, 381, 392
Plates, Early. 414
Plate Mantlings, 291
Gas-Beacket, Heraldic, 324
Gblee's " Wapenboeck," 410
Gem-Rings, 107
Genealogical Teee, 483
Gentleman, Meaning and
Origin of Word, 9, 10
Geoegian Mantlings, 295
German Aetists, Arms by, 418,
424. 430
Chown, 271
Eagle, 166
Marshalling, 379
Officers of Arms, 19
Official Insignia, 391
Germany, Cadency in, 341
Origin of Arms in, it
Giraffe, 162
Gloves, 120
Gnu, 321
Goat, 152, 320
Gold, 45
Golden Fleece, Emblem of, 25
GoLPES, 105
Goutte, 54
Grand Quarterings, 372
Granite, Block of, 216
Grant of Badges, 333
Grants of Crests, 259
Grapes, 203
Grass, 207
Grasshopper, 188
Great Britain, Crowns of, 265
Gbeek Armory, 3
GEENADE. 2U
Greyhound, 144
Griffin, 158, 318
Male, 136, 159
Geos Vair, 57
Ghosvenor, Origin of Name,
206
Grunenbbrg's " Oesteereich-
ischer Cheonik," 421
" Wappenbuch." 419
Gryphon, see Geiffin
Gules. 44
gunstone, 105
GUTTi, 226
GuzE, 105
Gykon, 93
Hammer, 237
Hands, iiS
Haee, 152
Habpy, 163
Haet, 147
Hat, Ecclesiastical, 43S
OF Officers of Arms, 23
Hatching, 48
Hatchments, 475. 476
Hawk, 173
Hawthorn, 190
Heads, Human, iiS
Heart, 221
Shields, 95
Heathcock, 182
Hedgehog, 154
Heidelberg Song-Book, 408
Heidelburgher Book, 407
Heiress, 362
Heirs, 362
Helmet, 35, 213, 239, 254
Helmets, Existing Rules as
to Use of, 248
Helmschau, 13, 248, 258
Herald, 12, 393
Definition of Word, 12
Duties of, 13, 17
Heraldic Artists, Living
British, 464
Books, Fifteenth - Cen-
tury. 417
COLOUES, 44
Craftsmanship, 479
Designs, Seventeenth
AND Eighteenth Centuries,
435
Embeoideey, 480
Flags and Banners, 337
Heirship, 362
Illumination, 486
Metals, 44
Sculpture, 451
Wood Carvings, 433, 477
Heraldry, see Armory
Ecclesiastical, 437
Heralds, Ancient Fees of, 17
Costumes of, 19
Foreign, 25
Heroldsstucken, '60
Heron, 179, 323
Herring, 185
Hides, 224
Highlanders, 315
Hillocks, 207
Hints. Practical, on Heealdic
Illumination, 4S6
HisToEY of Union Jack, 399
Horns, 152. 261
Horse, 47, 141, 320
Shoes, 142
Hounds. 144
Hour-Glass, 238
Human Figures, 109
as Supporters, 313
Hungarian Armory, 448
Crown, 270
Hunt Liveries, 46
Hurt, 105
Husband and Wife, Aems of,
364
Hydra, 162
Ibex, 149
Illegitimacy, Marks of, 355
Illumination, Heraldic, 4S6
Impalement, 232, 362, 364, 367,
437, 482
Imperial Eagle, 168, 170
Service Order, 3S5, 392
State Crown, 267
Inanimate Objects, 208-239
Supporters, 304, 305
Indented, 55
Indian Empire, Order of, 384,
392
KoRTH American, Totems, i
Inescctcheons, 60, 94
Ingots, 222
Initial Mottoes, 328
Insects. iSS
Insignia of Knighthood, 3S1,
392
of Office, 390
Invected, 55
Iron Grey, 46
Italian Crowns, 272
Heraldry, 451
Party Badges, 354
Ivy, 192
Jack, 185
Union, 399-401
Japanese Armory, 5
Jessant-de-Lis, 201
Jessed and Belled, 173
Jewels, Use of, in Blazoning,
48
Jewish Aemoey, 3
JOHOEE, Crown of Sultan, 273
JosT Amman's Work, 431
Jousts, 257
jungfeaunadlee, 163
JUEISDICTION OF OFFICEES OF
Arms, 13
Kaisar - 1 - Hind Medal, 385,
392
Kangaroo, 155
Katze Register, 425
Keys, 222
Kingfisher, 1S2
Kings of Arms, 12, 14, 15, 16,
393
Batons, 21
Ceown, 20, 287
Duties of. 16, 17
Knighthood, Aemoeial In-
signia OF, 3S1, 392
Kronenfahrung, 276
KUESCH, 52
Label, ioS, 340
Labels, Royal, 45
White. 45
Ladders, 213
Ladies' Heraldic Clothing, 34
Lady, Armorial Bearings of.
387
Unmarried, Arms of, 366-
Lamb, 150
Lambrequin, 290
Landscape Fields, 53
Lantern, 237
Lapwing, 182
Lark, 181
Latin Armory, 3
Latten, 29
Laurel Tree, 191
League of Mercy, 392
Leaves, 194
Leg Irons, 237
Legs, 119
Lemon Teee, 191
Leopard, 121. 135
Leopard's Face, 135
Jessant-de-Lis, 201
Letters, 208
Lighthouse, 237
Lily, 199
LiNDWUEM, 160
Lines of Partition, 55
Tincture, 48
491
SYNOPTICAL INDEX
Lion. 121, 315 '
Chkosological Examples,
devel0p5iest of. 122
Vakieties of, 127
Lioxs, Winged. 31S
LivEKT Badges. 334
Buttons, 262
COLOUES, 291
Liveries. 46
Living British Heraldic Ar-
tists. 464
Lizard, 1S7, i88
Lobster, 1S5
Locomotive, 237
LoMEAKDT, Crown of, 272
Lord Chief-Justice, 392
Lord Justice-Clerk, 392
Lotus, 199
Lozenge. 36, loi, 372
Lympago, 131
Ltmphad, 226
Lynx, 13S
Lton Register, 463
Magpie. 1S2
Maintenance. Cap of, in Peer's
Coronet and Royal Crown',
28S
Male Griffin, see Griffin
Man Lion, 131
Mantling, 290, 4S1
Abtistic Development of,
294
Examples of Sixteenth
AND Seventeenth Cen-
turies, 434
Maple Tree, 190
Mare, 143
llAKKS OF Bastardy, 355
OF Cadency, 340-352
Marshal, 392
Marshalling op Arms, 361-3S0
Marten, 154
Martlet, 177, 345
Mascle, ioi
Masonry as a Field, 54
Mastiff, 145
Maunch, 222
Measuring of a Coat of
Aems, 9
Melusine, 162
Memorial Slabs, 474
Memorials, Heraldic, 475
Men, Naked, 113
Menu-'^'aie, 51
Merit, Order op, 392
Mermaid, 162
Merman, 162
Mill-Bind, 223
Miniver, 51
Mirror. 223
Mitre, 437
of Durham, 438
Modern Crests, 259
English Heraldic Art,
461
Seals, 472
Mole, 156
Mon. Japanese, 5
Money. 222
MONILE, 243
Monkey, 154
Monsters, 156, 164
Moon, 230
Moorcock, 1S2
Moors Heads. iiS
Mottoes, 327
Mountain Ash, 191
Mullet, 217, 22S, 345
Mural Crown, 231, 279, 2S4
Muerey, 46
Mythological Figures, 112
Nags' Heads, 141
Nails. 224
Names and Illegitimacy, 358
Naval Crown, 231, 279. 2S6
Napoleon, Eagle of, 170
Narcissus Flowers, 197
Nebuly. 55
Newt. 1S7
Nude Figures, 312
Numismatics and Heraldry, S
Oak Tree, 1S9
Obelisk, 224
Officers of Arms, 12
German, 19
Present, 22
Scottish. iS
Official Arms, 367
Heraldic Insignia, 390
Heraldry, Objections to,
250
Types of Shield, 39-
Ogress, 105
Opimaci, 321
Orange, 46, 105, 191, 203
Orb, 232
Orders, Generals of and Pro-
vincial Superiors of, 440
Ordinaries, 62
Origin and Meaning of, 63
Ordnance, Master - General
OF, 392
Origin of Crests, 255
OF Crowns, 264
of Lambrequin, 290
OF Ordinaries, 63
Orle. 97
Osprey. 173
Ostrich, 175
Feather Badges, 334
Otter, 154
Owl, iSi
Ox, 147
Paxrle, 82
Pale, 71
Palisado Coronet, 231, 287
Pall, 82, 437
Pallets, 72
Pallium, 437
Palm Tree, 190
Palmer's Staff, 218
Paly, 72
Panther, 136
Papal Officials, 440
Papelonne, 52
Parliamentary Robe of a
Peer, 276
Parrot, iSi
Partition Lines, 55
Methods of, 57
Party Badges, 354
Fields, 53
Paschal Lamb, 150
Passion Nails, 224
Symbols, 224
Pastoral Staff, 218
Patriarchs, 439
Pavilions, 297
Peacock. 179
Feathers, 183
Pean, 49
Pear. 203
Pedigree, 483
Arms as Evidence of, 355
Peer, Insignia of. 391
Peeress, Arms of, 365
Peers' Robes, 275
Peewhit, 1S2
Pegasus, 143, 320
Pelican, 174
Pellet, 105
Pelts, 224
Pen, 224
Persia, Crown op Shah, 273
Pheasant, 1S2
Pheon, 210
Phcenix. 163. 173
Pick, 232
Pigeon. 177
Pike, 185
Pile, So
Pineapple, 204
Pitcher, 216
Planets, Use of, in Blazoning,
49
Plough, 232
Plover, 182
Plumes of Feathers, 183
PlumetS. 52
Plummets, 224
Points of a Shield, 60
Poland, Crown of, 272
Polish Heraldry, 44S
Pomegranate, 203
PoMEis, 105
Pope, Arms op, 391, 439
Popinjay, 181
Poplar Tree, 192
Porcelain, Designs for, 481
Porcupine, 155
Portcullis. 211
Portuguese Arms, 454
Position Rules for Helmets,
250
Positions of Eagle, 169
OF THE Lion, 126
OF Stags, 147
Pot OF Lilies, 216
Potent, 52
POTENTE, 55
Prelates of the Papal Cham-
ber, 440
Prerogative of Armory, i i
Primrose, 196.199
Prince Arthur's Book, 427
Prism. 224
Proboscides, 152
Proclamations by Scottish
Heralds. 21
Professors, Cambridge Re-
gius, 393
"Proper," 47
Prussian Crown, 271 ■
Purpose of Armory, 12
PURPURE. 46
Pursuivants, 393
Pursuivant, Duties of, 18
Pyramid, 224
Quadrangular Castle, 209
Quarter, 91
quarterings, 43, 345, 370
Quarterly, 58, 92
Quaetiees, Seize, 4S3
Quatrefoil, 195, 345
Queen Alexandra's Ceown,
269
Victoria's Crown, 269
Quince, 204
Rabbit, 153
Radiometer, 226
Raguly. 55
Rainbow, 22S
Ram, 150, 320
Rank, Coronets of, 274, 2S3
Helmets, 248
Rat. 156
Raven, 180
Eayonn^, 55
Rebus, 329
Reed-Pipes, 224
Eeeds, 207
Reptiles, 186
Revels, Master of, 393
Rhinoceros, 155
Riddle Mottoes. 328
Rising, 169
Robes of Estate, 297
OF Peers, 275
Roebuck, 148
Roll of Arms, Early English,
405
Roman Eagle, 164
Rook, 180
Rose, 197, 345
Seals, 472
Roumanian Crown, 273
RouNDLE, 105
Royal Arms, 121, 325, 442
Badges, 334
Crest. 281
Crown, 231, 281
Cypher, 26S
Illegitimacy, 357
Labels, 45, 346-349
Licences, 358
Licences and Quartee-
iNGs. 377
QUARTERINGS, 37I, 37S, 379
Red Cross, 392
Rules as to Helmets, 248
for Mantlings, 293
FOR SEVERAL Helmets, 251
Russian Crowns, 271
rustre, ioi
Sable, 44
Sagittarius, 163
492 .
St. Andrew, 399
St. Christopher Am Arlberg
Register, 412
St. George, 399
St. John of Jerusalem, Order
op. 90, 3S5. 392
St. Mark, Lion of, 130
St. Michael and St. George,
Order op, 3S4, 392
St. Patrick, Order of, 382,
392
Saints. Figures of, 109
Salamander, 163
Salmon, 184, 321
Saltire, 87
Sand-Glass, 238
Sanguine, 46
San Merino, Crown of, 272
Saracen's Head, 118
Satyr, 163
Satyral, 163
Savages, 113, 313
Heads, 118
Scaling-ladders, 213
Scalp, Bull's. 147
Stag's, 148
Sceptre, 232
SCHEiBLER Book, 416
schilter, 37
Schools, Arms of, 447
Scissors, 238
Scottish Armorial MSS., 456
Cadency Scheme, 350
Chieftainship, 310
Crests, 259
Officers of Arms, iS
Peers, 392
Supporters, 307
Tressure, 98
Sculpture, Heraldic, in Italy,
451
Scythe, 232
SEA-DoG, 145, 320
Horse, 143
Lion, 131
Stag, 149
'Wolf, 163
Seal, 154
Seals, 353, 468
Seax, 215
Sees, Arms of, 437
Seize Quartiers, 483
Sem^ 54
SemS-de-Lis, 54
Seneschal, Hereditary Lord
Great, 392
Serpent, 186, 321
Seventeenth - Century Her-
aldic Designs. 435
Paintings, 433
Shake-Fork, 82
Shamrock, 195
Shape of Shields, 37
Shark, 184
Sheep, 150
Sheldrake, 179
Shells, 234
Shield-Makers, 37
Shield : Shapes of, 37 ; De-
velopment op, 37
Shields, 36
Construction op, 27
Points of, 60
Types of, 38
Ships, 226
Shoveller, 179
Shuttle, 219
Siamese Crown, 273
Siberia, Crown of, 272
Sickle, 233
Silkworms, 189
Silver, 45
Single Colour Shields, 43
Supporters, 300, 301
Sinister Canton, 93
Sixteenth - Century Paint-
ings, 431
Skull, 120
Slips, 192
Slogan, 327
Snails, 188
Snake, 186
Societies, Arms op, 446
Sovereign's Control of Ar-
mory, 10
SYNOPTICAL INDEX
soveeeigstt, aems op, 442
Spade, 232
Speak, 214
Speae-Head, 214
Sphixx, 2, 162
Spider, 1S9
Spbigs, 193
Spejsgbo'k, 155, 320
Spue, 214
Spur-Eowel, 229
Squirrel, 153
SS., Collaks of, 20
Staff, Palmer's asd Pas-
toral, 21S
Stags, 147
Positions of, 147
Staised Glass Windows, 4S0
Stains, 46
Stannizan, 44S
Star of India, Ordeh op, 3S3,
392
Stabs, 220, 22S
Status of a Coat of Aems 9
Steameh, 227
Stieeups. 214
Stoat, 154
Stocks of Teees, 192
Stones, 214
Stork, 179
Steatvbereies, 204
Stuart Mantlings, 295
Sturzpfahlfeh, 51
Sub-Ordinaeies, 62
Sub-Quaeteeings, 372
Sugae-Case, 190
Sun. 230
Sunflower, 199
Supeeimposition, 362
suppoetees, 300-323
from Peince Aethue's
Book. 429
Inanimate, 304, 305
OP Southampton, 326
Eight to, 306
Single, 300, 301
SuECOAT, 105
Swallow, 17S
Swan, 178
Swedish Ceown. 273
SwoED, 214, 215
SiLPHiuM Plast, 199
Symbolism of Armory. 2
OF Ordinaries, 63, 64
Tabards, 19, 29
Talbot, 144
Tarn, 225
Taxation of Arms, 36
Telescope, 230
Temple, 210
Tenne, 46
Teems relating to Eagle, 169
TO Lions. 126
Tekeitorial Arms, 371, 444
Thistle, 198
AS Suppoetee, 199
Order of, 3S1, 392
Thundeebolt, 22S
Tiger, 318
TiGEES, 136
Tilting- Speae, 214
TiscTUEE Lines, 48
Tinctuees, Continental, 46, 47
Heraldic, 44
Tjadee-Bird, 1S2
Toad, 1S7
Tobacco Plant, 193
Tombstones, Heraldic, 4S6
Tools, 232
Torch, 215
Toese, 216, 29S, 299
Torteau, 105
Tortoise, 155
Totems of Noeth American
Indians, i
Tournament, Eglinton, ii
Figures, 32
EOLLS, 33
Touenaments, 257
TOWEE, 208
TowEE, Battlements of. 2S4
Towns, Arms of, 444
AND Helmets, 253
Supporters of, 34
TBANSYLV ASIAN CROWN, 27I
Tsees, 1S9
Trefoil, 194
Trente-Deux Quaetiers, 485
Teessuee, 9S, 398
Tricks op Arms, 4S
Triple-Tower, 209
Trophies, Heraldic, 41
Trumpet, 215
Trumpeters, 23
Trunks of Trees, 192
of Elephant, see Probos-
CIDES
Tulip, 199
Tuns, 238
Turnip, 197
TtrscASY, Crown of, 272
Undy, 56
Unicorn, 156
Union Jack, 33S, 399-401
UEADEL, II
Uecheon, 154
Use of Armory, i 2
OF Diaper, 55
Usher, Heritable, 393
Vaie, 49
Ancient Forms, 50
in Pale, 51
OuDfi, 51
Vaiey, 53
Vallary Crown, 231, 2S7
Vase, 217
Venice, Cap of Doge, 272
" Verbingddngs Wappen," 4S7
Veet, 44
ViCTOEIA CEOSS, 385, 392
ViCTOEiAN Chain, 385
Oeder, 385, 392
Vise, 192
Viols, 23S
ViEGiN Mary, 109
Visitations, ii, 359
Volunteer Oppicees' Decoea-
TiON, 392
Vultuee, 173
Wales, Badge of, 330
Walnut Teee, 191
" Wappen - und - St^uimbuch,"
431
Watee as a Field, 54
BOUGETS, 233
Wavy, 55
Weisgaetnee Book, 407
Weir Wolf, 163
Wells, 225
Whale, 184
Wheat, 204
Wheels, 239
Whelk Shells, 237
Whirlpool, 107, 226
White, 45
Wife, Aems of, 366
Willow, 191
Windows, Armorial, 480
Wings, 170
AViVERN, see Wyvern
Wolf, 136
Weir, 163
wolkenfeh, 5i
Woman's Breast, 120
Head, i 1 8
Wood Caevings, 433, 477
Wreath, the, 29S, 29.9
Wyveen, 161, 3ii
Yacht, 227
Yellow, Use of for Gold, 45
Zebra, 155
Zeichen, ii
ZuE Katze Eegistee, 425
Zueich Eoll, 409
493
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Aaewangen, 405 (Fig. 98 1 )
Abank, 192
Abel in Bavaria, ill
Abercorn, Duke of, 39S
Abercromby, Ales. (PI. XXXIX.),
1S8
Sir Ralph, 397
Aberdeen. 99
Earls of. 100 (PI. LViil.), 315
Tailors' Incorporation, 23S
University, 199
Abergavenny, Baron, 372 (Fig. 933)
Marquis of, 145 (Fig. 34S), 192
Abernethy, 70, 342, 411 (Pl-
LXXVI.)
Alexander, 303
Abney, 133
Aboyne, Earl of, 100
Abraham of Judeisapta, 422 (PI.
sen.)
Accrington, 193
Acton, "Edward de, 343
Adam in Bavaria, 1 1 1
of Maiyburgh, 213
Adamoli of Lombardy, 1 1 1
Adams, 1S9
Adlercron, 78 (Fig. 134), 16S
Adlersfeld and Siegenfeld, 4S1
(PI. CXLVTII.)
Advocates, Faculty of, 233
Agnew, Sir Andrew N., 319
Agulum, Robert de, 406 (PI.
LXXI.)
Aigl-zu-Lind, G., 474 (PI- CXL.)
Aikenhead, 199
Aikman, T. S. G. H. R., 193 (Fig.
481
Ailesbury, Marquess of, 314
Ailsa, Marquess of, 100 (Fig. 206),
24S, 463
Aitchison, Robert Swan, 168 (Fig.
410)
Aitken of Saltcoats and Darroch,
479 (Fig. 445)
Alard, Thomas, 34 .
Albany, Duke of, 299, 349
Albemarle, Earl of, 406 (PI. LXXI.)
Alberici, 52
Albert, Baron von Winkel, 470
(PI. CXXXVIII.)
der Beherzte, 470 (PI.
CXSXVII.)
V. of Austria, 469 (PI.
CXXXVII.)
Albert!, Marquises, 305
Albrey. Arnaud d', 306
Aldeburgh. Sir William de, 31
Aldenham, Lord, 473 (PI. CXXXIX.)
Alderberry, 204
Aldersey, Hugh, 296 (Fig. 7S9)
Alderson of Homerton, riS
Aldobrandini, Hippolyt, 441 (PI.
cxin.)
Alen^on, Comte d', 301
Dukes of, 344 (PI. LXVii.)
Alexander II. of Scotland, 406 (PI.
LXXII.)
VII., Pope, 440 (PI. cxiii.)
Alexandra, Queen, 269 (Fig. 727).
' Alford, 218, 39S
Alington.64 (Fig. S3), roS
AUcroft of Stokesay, 203
Allen, R. R., 144 (PL ^xxi.)
Rev. G. Cantrell, 105 (PI.
XXXIU.)
Alloa, 226 (Fig. 5S1), 463
Almond, 193
Alston, Charles Henry, 22S (Fig.
5S5)
Altensteig, 425 (PI. xcvii.)
Altovi of Benedetto de Rovezzano,
452 (PI. cxxx.)
Amadeus VI., 300
Amelia, Princess, 350
Amboise, Jaques II. d', 450 (PI.
CXXVIII.)
Ambrose, 90 (PI. XXX.), loS, 128
Amherst, 214 (Fig. 539)
of Hackney, 323
Amman, Jost, 431
Ampthill, 262
Amsterdam, 444 (PI. cxviu.)
Ancaster, 263
Anderton, 212
Andreas, King, 270 (Fig. 731)
de Aura de Pino, 454 (PI.
cxxxi.)
Anglesey, Marquess of, 319
Angouleme, Counts d', 344
Angus, Earl of, 326
Rev. George, 439 (Fig. 1054)
Anhalt, Duke of, 261
Prince of, 413 (Fig. looi)
Anjou, Count of, 254 (Fig. 41)
Dukes of, 344 (PL lxvii.)
Geoffrey of, 121 (Fig. 46)
Rene, Duke of, 292
Annandale, 410 (PI. Lxxvi.)
Anne, Queen, 99
Annenberg, 416 (PI. Lxxxiv.)
Annesley, Earl of, 377
Anrep-Elmpt, 234
Anstruther-Duncan, Si (Fig. 147),
37S
Wester, 185
Antelope, heraldic, 149 (Fig. 360)
Antiquaries, Society of, 447 (PI.
CXXII, )
Antony, Duke of Lorraine, 469
(PI. cxxxvir.)
Antrobus, 309
Apianus, Dr. Peter, 424 (PI. xcvi.)
Apothecaries' Company, 112
Apperley. John, 204
Appentegger. 426 (PI. xcvill.)
Appenzell, 38 (PI. vii.)
Appleby, 320
Applegartb, Robert, 203
Arbon in Thurgau, 409 (PI. lxxv.)
Arbroath, arms of, 314 (Fig. S07),
463
Arbuthnot, Sir Robert, Bart., 321
Arbuthnott, Viscount, 321
Arbutt, 186
Archer-Houblon, 192
Arches, William, 209
Architects, Royal Inst, of British,
447 (PL CXXII.)
Ardiiaun, Lord. 306
Argenson, D\ 451 (PL cxxix.)
Argyll, Dukes of, 44, 94 (Fig. 54),
316,381, 393
and the Isles, Bishop of,
321 (Fig. S16)
Arina, House of, 6
Arkwright, A. W., 191 (Fig. 477)
Arlberg, 412 (Fig. 998)
Armagh. Archbishop of, 82, 437
Armenian Archbishops, 439 (PL
CXI.)
Armin von der Osten, 473 (PL
CXXXIX. )
Arms, College of, 176 (PL II.)
Arquinvilliers, 52
Arscot, 116
Arthur, Prince, 427
Artois, Counts d', 344
Artus de Bretagne, 450 (PL
ex XVII.)
Arundel, 29, 103 (Fig. 221), 1 78
Earl of, 255 (Fig. 690), 274
(Figs. 754 and 93S)
Edmund de, 306
Sir Thomas, 304
Asgile, 163
Ashikaya, Minamoto, 6
Ashley-Cooper(E. of Shaftesbury),
146
Ashua, 47
Ash well, 15
Ashworth, S5 (Fig. 159), 13S
Astley, 35
Astrachan, 272 (Fig. 737)
Athill, Cbarles H., 20 (Fig. 17),
78, 107, 20S
Atholl, Dukes of, 44 (Fig. 55), 226
Earl of, 300, 326
Atkin-Roberts, S3 (Fig. 154), 252
Attewater, 127 (PI. xcix.), 428
(Fig. 1030)
At water, 1S6
Aubert, 43
Aubigny, Dukedom of, 39S
Auffens'tein, 417 (PL Lxxxvil.)
Augsburg, 445 (Fig. 1065)
Bishop of, 423 (PI. cv.)
Augusta, Princess, 349
Austria -Hungary, 269 (PI. Lii.),
270. 305, 477
Austrian Dukes, 411 (Fig. 994)
Leo Society, 447 {PI. cxxii.)
Lords, 417 (PI. Lxxxvii.,
Figs. 1006-7)
Avanderdeel, 410 (PI. LXXVI.)
Avelin, George, 455 (PL CXXXII.)
Avoir, Pierre, 305
Aymon of Savoy, 300
Avne, 428 (PL xcix.)
^— William de, 417 (PL
LXXXA'I.)
Ayr, 112
Babington, 108, 341
Back, 186
Backhouse, 1S6 (PI. xxxvii.)
Bagnall, 149
Bagnall-Wild.R. B., 296 (Fig. 791)
Bagot, Lord, 320
Baikie, Alfred, 220 (Fig. 561)
Bailey, Ronald, 178 (Fig. 438)
Baillie of Walstoun, 230
Baines, 120 (Fig. 263)
Baird of Ury, 56
Baker, W., 10
Baker's Guild (LiSge), 446 (PL
exxii.)
Baldwin, W. J. A., 153 (Fig. 373),
193, 204
Balfour of Dawyck, 200 (Fig. 503)
Balfours, Scottish, 154
Baliol, John, 457
Ballingall, 76 (Fig. 126)
Balm, Barons von, 405 (Fig. 980)
Balme. 193
Bamberg, George III. of, 441 (PI.
CXIII.)
Bandinelli, family, 43
Bandon, Earls of, 235
Banff, 109
Bank of Scotland, 446 (PL exxi.)
Banks, H. Delamark, 209 (Fig.
527)
Bannerman , W. Bruce, of Croydon,
114 (PI. xviii.), 141
of Elsick, 233
Bantry, Earl of, 41
Banville de Trutemne, 51
Bar, Countess of, 300
Barber Surgeons, 460
Barberino di Valdesa, 134 (Fig.
307)
Barbers' Livery Company, 164
Barbotte, 43
Barclay, Charles H., 343 (PL xx.)
of Towie. 311 (Fig. S02)
of Urie. 311
Barclay- Allardyce, 441
Bardolph, 196
Bardwell, 328
Baring, 13S
Barisoni, 52
Barlow, Sir R. W., 232
Barnard, 46, 138, 32S
Barnes, 138
Robert. loi (Fig. 20S)
Barnewell. Sir Reginald, 1S3
Barret, 162
Barrett, W. R., 467
Earrington, 45, 108, 341
Barrow-in-Furness, 152, 227
Barstow, 142 (PI. xvill.)
Bartan (Bertane), 18S
Bartlett, loi, 1S2, 230 (PL
XXXVIII.)
Barton, Everard Wm., 148 (Fig.
357)
Barttelot, B. B., 120 (Fig. 259),
178. 223
Basle, 321 (PL Lxi.)
Bassano, 189
Basser, Philip, 406 (PL LXXI.)
Bassingbourne, John de, 407 (PI.
LXXII. )
"Bastard," 214, 305
d'Orleans, 450 (Pis. LXVII.
and exxvii.)
Bate, 69 (Fig. icx)), nS
Bath, 54
Bathurst, 120 (PL LXll.)
Baucey of Poitou, Hugh de, 406
(PI. LXXII.)
Baumgartner, Johann, 474 (Fig.
1 120)
Bavaria, crown of, 271 (PL Lll.)
^— Duke of, 405 (Fig. 9S2)
Bavarian Herald, 26 (PL II.)
Palatinate and Hesse, 478
(PL CXLII.)
Pursuivant, 426 (PI. II.)
Bawde, 163
Bayeus, Bishop Odo of, 6
Baynes, Sir C, 307
Beaconsfield, Viscountess, 203
Bearsley, 13S
Beatson, 188
Beauchamp, John de, 407 (PL
LXXII.)
Beaufort, Duke of, 136, 211
John, Duke of Somerset, 415
(PL CXXXIL), 454
Beaulincourt, Antoine de, 25
Beaumont, 54, 59 (Fig, 69), 64 (Fig.
86), 131
Bishop, 29
John de, 59 (Fig. 78)
Lord, 288, 292
Viscount, 195 (Fig. 4S9)
Bechburg, Barons von, 405 (Fig.
9S0)
Bechstein, Leonhard Beckh von,
425 (PL XCVII.)
Beckynton, Thomas, 329
Bedford, 32S
Duke of, 16, 262 (Figs. S94-
S95)
Earl of, 29
Beef-eaters, 330
Behaim, 482 (PI. CXLIX.)
■■ Michael, 423 (PL xcv.)
Beham, Hans Sibald, 424 (PL
XCVII.)
Beichlingen, Count von, 301 (PL
LV.)
Belfast, arms of, 143, 253
Bell, 14S
Bellasis of Marton, 259
Bellegarse, Comtes de, 215
Belshes, J. Hepburn, 326
Benn. William H., 156 (Fig. 381)
Bennet, Earl of Tankerville, 133
Beuoit, 218
Benson, 68 (Fig. 97).
494
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Benson of Lutwyche, 204
Eentinck, 2S3
Benwell, 145
Benyon, 232
Benzoni, 52
Berendon, 19S
Berso, Hern von, 420 (PI. XCI.)
Beridge, S; (Fig. i5S)
Beringhen, Marquis de.435 (^^* ^^-1
Beriogton, 44
Berkeley (Barclay), 343 (Fig. S60)
Berkeley, Sir Maurice de, 341
Berkshire, Earl of, 332
Bermingham, 377
Bermondsey, 20S (Fig. 522)
Bernar<Jini,"FrateUi, 301 (PI. LV.)
Berne, Canton of, 470 (PI.
cxxsvm.)
Bernegk, von, 420 (Fig. 1017)
Berner von Bernneky, 421 (Fig.
1020)
Berners, 44, 92 (Fig. 1S3), 154,
292. 299, 331
Bernger von Horheim, 407 (PI.
LXXIII.)
Bernhard von Cless, Cardinal, 439
(Fig. 1056)
Berri, Due de, 301, 306, 344
Berrv, arms of, 193
"Robert, loS (Fig. 237), 216
Bersich, 1S5
Bersvort, 479 (PI. CXLiu.)
Bertie, 211
Eertrand de Bricquebec, 301
Besant. 190
Bessborough, Earls of, 234
Bethell (Lord Westbnry), 287
Betler von Herderen, 409 (PI.
LXXIT.)
Bettwinger, 426 (PI. SCTTII.)
Betty, 194
Bevan, F. A., 296 (Fig. 792)
Bewes, 4S, 127 (Fig. 292), 141
Bewley, Sir E. T., iSi (PI. XXV.),
197
B'goyns, Count de, 406 (PI. LXXI.)
Bibelspurg, von, 379 (Fig. 940)
Biberacb, 154 (Fig. 378)
Bicchieri, ofVerona, 217
Bienburg, 409 (PI. Lxxiv.)
Bigland, 205
Bigod, 83 (Fig. 151)
Billers, iSS
BiUiat, 179 (PI. XXTU.), 207, 224
Binney of Pampisford, 186 (PI.
xxsnii.)
Birches, 193
Birkin, 191
Birmingham, 311, 444 (PL cxvi.)
University, 127 (Fig. 293), 162
Birt, 1 85
Biscoe, 143
Bishop, arms of a, 453 (Fig. 1090)
Black Eagle, 26 (PL u.)
Prince, 16, 26, 122 (Fig.
264), 182 (Fig. 455), 288, 331,
334 (PL LVII. and Fig. 882)
Black. William George, 221 (Fig.
562)
Blackboume, Lancelot, 470 (PL
CKXXVin.)
Blackbume, 215
Blackett-Ord, 185
Blackpool, 228 (Fig. 584), 284
Blacksmiths' Gnild (Vienna), 446
(PL CXXII.)
Blackwall, 144 (Fig. 345)
Blake, Sir Henry, 104 (Fig. 222)
Blanche de Latonr, 450 (PL
cxxvn.)
Blattenberg, 410 (PL LXXT.)
Blaurer, 426 (PL XCVIU.)
Bligger von Stainach, 407 (PL
Lxxni.)
Blon. Michel le, 434 (PL CIS.)
Blonnt of Maple-Durham. 120
of Soddington, 44
Sir Harry Pope, 436 (PL ex.)
Blyth, 145 (Fig. 350)
Bocquet (Bouquet) family, 43
Body, 219
Boehm, Sir Edgar, 199
Bohemia, 132 (Fig. 304), 411 (Fig.
995). 43^ (^ig- 1043). 434 (PI-
OVlll.)
Bohemia,King of,4i9 (Pl.LXXXIx.)
Bohemian Crown, 270 (PL LII.)
Bohn, 290
Bohun, Earl of Hereford, 122 (Fig.
265)
Humphrey de, 301
Boileau, Sir F. G. M., 283
Boissiau, 132
Bolding, 66 (Fig. 89), loi, 216
Boleslas III., 301
Boiler, 199
Bollord (BoUonre) 189
Bolton, H. H., 238 (Fig. 613)
Bombay, arms of , 134 (PL cxvui.),
319, 445
Bonar, Thomas, 152 (PI. XXXIX.)
Boncompagni, Troilo, 452 (PL
cxxx.)
Bonefeld, 204
Bonnevaux, Abbe de, 450 (PL
CXXVIII. )
Bonython, Sir J. L., 200
Bookbinders, Gnild of, 44S (Fig.
1068)
Boothby, 92
Borzita von ilartiniz, 480 (PL
CXLVI.)
Borough of Chetwynd Park, 192
of Woodstock, 192
Boscavren (Viscount Falmouth),
197
Boston, 231, 326
Botenlauben, Otte von, 407 (PL
LXXTUI.)
Bothwell, Earl of, iS
Botreanx, 187, 305
Bouchage, 52
Bourbon, C. L. de, 302 (Fig. 797)
Duke of, 33 (PL VI.), 360
Conti, 360
Bourchier, 261, 292, 299; knot,
337 (Fi?. 834), 410 (PL Lxxvi.)
(E. of Essex), 234 (Fig. 599)
Bowden, 193
Bower, E. T. C, 120 (Fig. 260)
Bowes, 211
Bowman. 89 (PL XXXI.), 211
Bovce, Eobert Henrv, 219 (Fig.
558). 2S4
Boyle family, 44
of Kelburnie, ill
Boys, 15
Brabant, Duke of. 32
Bradbury, A. Beaty, 134, 177
Brad way of Potsclif, 203
Brady, 389
Brain, 71 (PL xxxii.)
Brandenburg, 166 (Fig. 404)
Albrechtvon, 441 (PL oxiii.)
Herald, 25 (PL i.)
Brandenburg-Anspach, 261
Brandon. Duke of Suffolk, 372
(Fig. 931), 429 (Fig. 1037)
Braye, Lord. 130, 31S. 331
Brazil, Republic of 444 (PL
cxv.)
Bredon, Robert E., 224 (Fig. 570)
Bregenz, 409 (PL Lxxiv. )
Brentle, Sir Eobert, 417 (PL
LXXXV.)
Breslau, 445 (Fig. 1064)
Bresum, — de, 406 (PL Lxxi.)
Bridger, 1 85
Bridlington Priory, 208
Brine, 90 (PI. xxxi.), 169
Brisbane, 218 (Fig. 553), 286, 311,
396
Bristol, city of, 312 (PL cxvii.)
See of, 231
British North Borneo Company,
3"
Brittany, Duke of, 33 (PL VI.)
John of, 43 (Fig. 52), 59 (Fig.
76)
Brixen, Bishop Christopher of, 441
(PL cxiii.)
Broad arrow, the, 330
Brocklebank, 154
Brodribb of Victoria, 178 (Fig.
442), 197
Broke, Captain, 396
Sir PbiUp B. V., 286 (Fig.
778)
Brooke. 154
Sir Thomas, 214 (Fig. 543)
Brotherton, Thomas de, 335, 346
(Fig. S78), 379
Brotin, 52
Broiin-Morison, iiS {PI. xviii.)
Brown, 6S, 76 (PI. xsvi.), 226
James Millar, 200 (Fig. 502)
Browne, 194
Brownlow, General Sir Charles H.,
3S3(Fig. 951)
Brownlow, Richard, 445 (PI.
CX5XII.)
Brown-Westbead, 210
Bruce, 32S
King Robert (PL cxxsv.)
kings, 458
Bruce-Bannerman, Wm., 233 (PI.
XVIII.)
Bruges, William, 14, 19 (Fig. 16)
Bruis, Robert de. 52
Brunton, John de, 407 [PI. lxxu.)
Bruner, 433 (PI. cvii.)
Brunfels, 0., 424 {PI. xcvi.)
Brunswick, Duke of, 261, 301
Brussels, in (PI. cxviii.), 444
'Bry, Theodor de, 434 (PI. cix.),
(Figs. 1046-7)
Brzostowski, Counts, 214
Buchan, 199. 255 (Fig. 693)
Buchanan, arms of, 96 (Pl.xxxill.)
Buckingham, Duke of, 264, 2S1,
331, 379
Buckworth, 35
Buckworth-Hearne-Soame, 259
Buddicom, 212
Bulgaria, 273 (Fig. 749)
Bume, 1S7
Bumke, F. F. J. von, 473 (PI.
CXXXIX.)
Bunbury, 135
Buonarotti, 301
Burckhart Zumel, 62 (Fig. S06)
Burgh, Lord, 279
Burghclere, Lord, 321
Burghersh Tomb, 27
Burgundy, 301
Charles. Duke of, 414
Burke, S3 (Fig. 152)
Burlton, 75 (Fig. 122), 142, 160
Burnard, arms of, 68 (Fig. 94),
249, 296
Burne-Jones, 70, 356
Burnett, Dr. George, 463
Burslem, 217
Burton, 46, 20S, 324
Burv, 194
'- W. P. A. F. Phineas, 234
(Fig. 603)
Busseel, von, 410 (PI. LXXVI.)
Butcher, Samuel, 152 (Fig. 369)
Butchers' Livery Company, 147,
163
Bute, Jlarquess of, 264
Butter, 217
Buttikons, von, 405 (Fig. 981)
Buttinen, Rud. von, 421 (PL xci.)
Byass, R. Nicholl, 171 (Fig. 422)
Byron, 70, 359
Caccialupo, Ludovico de, 452
(PL cxxx.)
Cadman, Rev. "W. S., 199 (Fig. 500)
Caithness, Earl of, 379
Calabria, Duke of, 166 (Fig. 402)
Calcutta, 323 (Fig. 81S)
Caldwell, Robert T., 2S6 (Fig. 780)
Callander, 4S6 (PL CLI.)
Calthorpe, Lord, 314
Camberwell, 225 (Fig. 575)
Cambi (Figliambuchi), 52
Cambridge, Duke of, 275, 349
University, 447 (PL cxxn.)
Camden, Marquess of, 264
Camerino, Dukes of, 52
Cameron of Fassiefern, 162
Cammell of Sheffield, 155 (Fig.
380)
Cammerlengo, Cardinal, 439 (PL
CXI.)
Camoys, 34
Campbell, 44 (Fig. 54), 226
Sir Archibald, Bart., 93 (Fig.
1S7), 226
of Aberuchill, 133, 144
of Blackerton, 303
of Craignish, 303
Campbell of Glenurquhy, 461
of Inverneil, 303 (PL xxviii.)
Lord, 365
Margaret, 361
Camperdown, Lord, 395
Canada, 311
Canisee, Grafen von, 420 {Fig.
1016)
Canivet, Nicolas, of Dieppe, 100
Canterbury, 181
Archbishop of, 82, 385. 437
Cantilupe. 201
Cantrell-Hubbersty, i56(PLxLiv.)
Cape Colony, 155 (PL Lxi.), 311,
320
Town, 324 {Fig. S20)
Capodilista, 452 (PL cxxxi.)
Cardinals, 439 (PL cxi.)
Carew, Lord, 149
Carlos, Colonel, 1S9, 394, 395
Carlyon, 209 (PL XXXIV.)
Carmichael, 74 (Fig. 116)
Carminow, 64
Carnarvon, Edward of, 255 (Fig.
692)
Carpenters' Company, 446 (Pis.
cxix. and cxxiii.), 460
Carr, Francis Culling, 3S9
Carruthers, 79 (Fig. 139), 113
Carter, arms of, 154, 239 (Fig.
614)
Cartland, John Howard, 169 {Fig.
412)
Carysfort, Earl of, 176
Cassan, 283
Castile and Leon, 406 {Fig. 986)
Castlestuart, Earl of, 321
Catanei, 52
Catharine of Arragon, ^;^6 (Fig.
827)
Cauifield, 398
Cave, 328
Cavendish, 148, 32S, 485 (PL CLI.)
Cawne, Sir Thomas, 28
Cawston, 86 (Fig. 162), 174
Ceba, 52
Cem Thum, 410 (PL Lxxv.)
Central London Railway, 446 (PL
CXXIII.)
Cesena, 452 (PL CXXX.)
Chabot, 1 86
Chadwick, 95 (Figs. 191, 192), 98,
199
ChaEy, 193
Chakra, the, 449
Challoner, 163
Chalmers, 133
Chamberlayne, T. J., 144 (Fig.
331). 192
Chambers, 153, 190, 204
Chamier, 2S3, 311
Champnav, Richard, 16
Chance, Sir J. T., 88 (Fig. 169),
2CX3
Chapel Royal, Dean of the, 392
Chapi, Andreas, 448 (PL CXSVI.)
Chaplin, Thomas, 186 (Fig. 462)
Chappell, 208, 210
Charlemagne, 271 (Fig. 733)
Charles the Bold, 32 (PL v.), 381
L, 339, 442
IL, 2S8 (Fig. 783), 442
III. of Spain, 454 (Fig.
1092)
v., 305
VL of France, 35
of Austria, Archduke, 424
(PI, XCV.)
IL of Navarre, 410 (PI.
LXXVI.)
of Denmark, Princess, 349
Charlotte, Princess, 350
Charlton, 93
of Apley, 360
Chartered Accountants, 233 (PL
cxxi.), 446
Chatelherault, Duchy of, 39S
Chatham, 279
Chauhan Rajputs, 449
Chaworth - Musters, J. P., 252
(Fig. 6S2)
Cheape, George Gierke, 205 (Fig.
512)
Cheesemongers' Guild (Ghent),
446 (PI. cxxn.)
495
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Cheltenham College, 447 (Fig.
1066)
Chemille, 52
Cheney, 147
Cherleton, Lord, 134, 291, 299
Cheshire, 320
Chester, 361
Earldom of, 205 (Fig. 514),
407 (PL Lxzn.)
Chettle. 1S9
Chichester-Constable, 193
Earl of, 15
Lord, 394
See of, 109
Chigi of Siena, 454 (PI. cxxxi.)
Childebert, 1S7
Chisenhale - Marsh, W. S., 160
(Fig. 3SS)
Chisholm, The, 310
■ Right Rev. Bishop, 43S (PI.
cxii.), 463
Chisholin-Batten, J. F. C, 310
(Fig. 801}
CholmondeleT, 205
Marchioness of, 297 (Fig.
793)
Chorley of Chorley, 199
Christian, Princess, 349
Christie, William L., 139 (Fig.
321}, 209
Chri>topher, Captain A. C. S., 154
.{Fig. 377)^217
IT. of Denmark, 261 (Fig.
700)
Cicinello, Buffardo, 452 (PI.
cxxx.)
Cilfowyr. 372
Cilly, Counts von, 410 (PI.
LXXVI.)
Cinque Ports, 362
Cinti (Cini). 47
Cistercian Order, 440 (PI. CXI.)
Clare, Si, 417 (PI. Lxxsvi.)
Earls of. 15
Margaret de, 361
Clarence, Duke of, 15
Dukes of (Figs. S92-3), 349
Clarendon, 1S2 (PI. Lxvii.), 335,
360
Clark-Kennedy, Col. Alexander,
396
Clausen, 68 (Fig. 96)
Clayhills of Invergowrie, 46, 144
Cleland, William Henry, 152 (PI.
XXXVI.)
Clerk of Pennycuick, 116 (PI.
XXXIV.)
Gierke, Bart., 93
of Hitcham, 397
Sir John, of Weston, 397
Cleves, Johann I. of, 47S (Fig.
1126)
Clifford, Frederick, 190 (Fig. 474)
Clifton College, 217 (Fig. 550),
447 (Fig. 606)
Clingen, 410 (PI. Lxxv.)
Clippingdale, 143
Clisson, Oliver de, 301
Cloete. William B., 170 (Fig. 419)
Clogher, See of, iii
Clover, George R., 155 (PI. XLIII.)
Clux, Sir Hertong von. 291
Coats, James Munro, 102 (Fig.
214)
Cobbe, 1 85
Cobham, 344
Lord, 291, 397
Coche, 428 (PI. xcix.)
Cochrane, 2, 162 (Pl.Lxvni.), 296,
338
Cock, 78 (Fig. 129), 152
Cockburn, Admiral Sir Alexander,
3S2 (PI. LXVIII.)
Cockburn-Campbell. Sir A. T., 396
(Fig. 966)
Cogan, 194
Cogenhoe, Sir Nicholas de, 28
Going, 132
Cokayne, 179, 262, 345
Coke of Trussley, 153
Colbert, Jean Bapt., 435 (PI. ex.)
Colbv, Rev. S. R., 214 (Fig. 544)
Colei 1S7
Coles. Ernest Harrv. 213
Colfox, Wm., 13S (Fig. 319)
College of Arms, 25 (PI. Ii.)
Collingwood, Lord, 396
Colman, 57 (Fig. 106), 71
Cologne, 231 (PL CXXiv.). 445
Archbishop of, 439 (PL CXI.)
Colston of Esses, 1S6
Colville of Culross, 155
Comber, 138 (Fig. 317)
Compton, 212
Comvn (Cummins), 206 (PL XXVi.)
Concanon, 152
Concetti- Vanzi, Mons. L., 440 (PL
CXI.)
Conder, arms of, 64, 226 (Fig.
579)
Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge.
132 (Fig. 303)
Connaught, Duke of, 349
Prince Arthur of. 275
Conran, Captain G-. M., 14S (PL
XX.)
Consort, Prince, 350, 370
Conyers, 223, 298, 342
Conyston, Thomas, 329
Cook, Henry, 217 (Fig. 549)
Cooper, 146, 193
Cope, William, 197
Coppen, arms of, 78 (PI. XXI.)
Coppersmiths' Guild (Vienna), 446
(PL cxxii.)
Corbet, 152. iSo (Fig. 44S), 328
Roberd, 406 (PL Lxxr.)
William, 407 (PL LXXII.)
Corea, 443 (PL cxv.)
Corfield, 193
F. C, 222 (Fig. 563)
Cork and Orrery, Earl of, 44
Corke, 134
Cornwall, Earl of, 361
Moses, 82 (Fig. 150), iSi
(Piers de Gaveston), Earl of,
170 (Fig. 41S)
Cornwallis-West, 72 (Fig. 114)
Corona, 41
Corv, 196 (PL XXXVII.)
Cotter, 1 87, iSS
Coulson, H. J. W., 175 (Fig. 432)
Courcelles, Marguerite de, 301
Courtenay, 45, 107-S (Fig. 228),
341
Cowbridge, 147
Cowell, arms of, 147
Cowper, 47, 304, 320
Henry Swainson, 237 (Fig.
609)
Essex, T. C, 2S4 (Fig. 777)
Cos, William Henry, 97 (Fig.
200)
Crackanthorpe, 192
Cranston, 32S
Cranstoun. 38, 179
Cran worth. Lord, 320
Craster, T.Williams, iSo(Fig.447)
Crawar, Peter de, 417 (PL
LX XXVII.)
Crawford, 154
Crawford and Balcarres, 70 (PI.
LSXVI.)
Reginald. 300
Crawhall, George. 180 (Fig. 449)
Crawshay, C. F., 144 (Fig. 346)
232
Creke, John de. 28
Crespignv, Sir C. C. de, 2S9 (Fie.
7S6)
Crespine, 162
Creyke, 181
Crisp, 162 (Fig. 395)
Molineaux-Montgomerie, 1S3
(Fig. 6S4), 252
Croft, arms of, 5S, 92 (PL xi.)
Cromwell. Earl of, 303
Oliver and Richard, 370
Crookes, 85 (Fig. 157). 224
Sir Wiiliara, 328
Cross, Alexander, 205 (Fig, 513)
Crouchback, E. of Lancaster, 356
Crowns of England, 264^
Crozier, J. G.. 165 (Fig. 397)
Crusades, 7
Cruse, Leys M., 301 (PL Lv.)
Cuddon of Shaddingfield, 37S
Cuffe (Lord Desart), 56
Cullen (PI. XLViii.)
Cumberland, Dukes of, 275, 349
Cumbrae, College of the Holy
Spirit at, iii
Cumin of Euchan, 303
Cumming- Gordon, 67, 95 (PL
XIII.), 306
Cummins, 207 (PL XXVI.)
Cunlitfe, 153
Cunniughame, S2(Fig. 150a, 150&),
Currie, 87, 88 (Fig. 165)
CurzoD, 1S2, 328
Lord, of Kedleston. 385
Catlers' Company of Sheffield, 446
(PLcxxm.)
Cyprus, King of, 411 (PL LXXVI.)
Czapski, Count, 449
Czaslau, 445 (PL cxviii.)
CZERNOWITZ, Archbishop of, 440
(Fig. 1059)
D'Abernoun, Sir John, 27, 28, 30
Dabrichecourt, Sir S., 292
Dabrowa, 449 (Fig. 1075)
Dachenbausen, A. von, 302 (Fig.
796)
Dachsperg, 414 (PL LXXX.)
Dacre, Sir Edmond, 343
Lords, 235
Dakyns, 2S6, 328
Dalbret family, 43
D'Albrets, 306
Dalbv, Sir Wm. Bartlett, 1S6 (Fig.
463)
Dalgleish, Sir Wm. 0., 316 (PL LX.)
Dalrymple, J. D. G., 103 (PLxxix.)
Daly, 145 (PL sxvii.)
Dalziel, 313
Dalzell of Binns, 113,305
Dammar.t, 197
Danby (French), 214
Daniels (Rhenish), in
Dannecourt, 163
Darbishire, 81 (Fig. 146), 86
D'Arcy, 195, 196 (Fig. 493)- 342
Darcy de Knayth, Baroness, 318,
372
Darell, Sir Edmond, 41 7 (PL
LXXXVI.)
Dartmouth, in, 148, 318
Darwin, 194
Dashwood, Sir G. J. E., 159, 319
Daubeney, 43, loi (Fig. 210, PL
XXXVI.), 192
Dauglish, H. W., 190 (PL xxxvi.)
Dauphin (Henri II.), 450 (PL
CXXVIII.)
of France (Fig. 39), 184 (PL
cxxvni.), 344 (PL Lvii.)
Dauphiny, 300
Dautrey. 42S (PL XCIX.)
Davanzati, 452 (Fig. 10S8)
Davenport, 76, 86 (Fig. 127)
David II., 99, 301
Davidson, 2S3
Davies, 79 (Fig. 141)
of Marsh, riS
Sir Thomas, 28S
Colonel John, 259
De Beaumont, 195 (Figs, iri-i 12}
DeBellomont, 195 (Jigs. iii-n2),
196 (Fig. 490).
De Berghes, 422 (PI. XCIII.)
De Bruges, 103 (Fig. 219)
De Burgh (Earl of Kent), 103 (Fig.
220)
De Burton, 64
De Carteret, 153, 311
De Clare, 79 (Fig. 13S)
De Clinton (E. Huntingdon), 230
(Fig. 5S8)
De Courcy, 52
De Hastings, 145
De Hoghton, 147. 307
De La Barge de Ville, 43
De La Ferte, 70 (Fig. 102), 190
De la Poer, 90 (Fig. 173)
De la Rue, 216
De la Vache, 147
De la Warr, 54 (Fig. 68)
De Lacy, 46
De risle, 27
De Mornay, 130
De Moulin-Browne, 135
De Plessis, Earl of Warwick, 107
(Fig. 233)
De Quincy, Earl of Winchester,
103 (Figs. 217, 21S), loS
De Ramsev, Lord, 320
De Salis, J. F. C. F., 2S3, 311
De Saumerez, 311
De Trafford, arms of, 116 (Fig.
255), 160 (PL XXXIX.)
De Ufford, 83 (Fig. 153)
De Valence, 76 (Fig. 123), loS
De Vere, 27, 52, 229 (Figs. 586-
5S7)
Earis of Oxford, 71 (Fig. 182)
Deane, 155
Death, 422 (PL sciii.)
Debenham, 68 (Fig. 95)
Degier, 431 (PL cm.)
Denbigh, Earl of, 304
Denham, 326
Derbv, Earl of, 50 (Figs. 600-64),
288, 371 (Fig. 929), 381
Desart, Lord, 56
Despencer, Edward, 29
Devay de Deva, 44S (Fig. 1070)
Devereux (Ferrers), 282
Viscounts Hereford, 107 (Fig.
229)
Devonport, 279
Devonshire, Earl of, 342 (Figs.
S55 and 939)
Dewar, 226 (PL XL v.)
of Vogrie, 89 (PL xxx.)
Thos. R., 199 (Fig. 499)
Dewsbury, 181
Dick of Wicklow, 214
Dick-Cunningham, 310
Dick-Lauder, Sir T. N., 318 (Fig.
Sio)
Dickinson, Rev, F. B., 126 (Fig.
281)
Dickson-Poynder, Sir J., 82
Diedo, Ludovico, 301 (PL lv.)
Dietterlin, Windel, 433 (PL CVI.)
Diggs, Dame Judith, 3S8
Dighton (Lincolnshire). 149
Dillon, Viscount, 314 (PL xxxvi.)
Dobree, 194, 311
Dockwra, Sir Thomas, 429 (PL c.)
Dodds, 1S6
Dodge, 120, 145, 394, 460
Doepler, Emil, 473 (PL cxxxix.)
Dolega, 449
Domeier, Hugo, 473 (PL cxxxix.)
Domenichetti, 130
Domenique, Jean. 451 (PL cxxix.)
Donnersperg, 228
Don Pedro II., 410 (PL Lxxvi.)
Donington, Lord, 131 (Fig. 300)
Donnois, Comte de, 450 (PL
cxxvii. )
Donoughniore, Lord, 321
Donzel, 52
Dore, 189
Doree, 188
Dormer, 133
Dorset, Duke of, 462 (Fis:. 1052)
Earl of, 348 (Fig. 8g6)
Douglas, 83 (Fig. 155), 164, 222,
231 (Fig. 592). 461
of Carr, Bt., 314
of Dalkeith, 343
Earl of. 2S8, 301, 326, 336
Douglass, John W. E. J., 231
(Fig. 594)
Doulton, 217
Dover, in (Fig. 241)
Downes, C. V. S., 182 (Fig. 453)
Dragon, 161 (Fig. 392)
Drake, Sir Francis, 395
Drapers' Companv, 446 (PL cxxi.)
Dreyer, J. L. E., '195 (Fig. 48S)
Drummond, 214 (PL XLV.)
of Hawthornden, 128
of Megginch, 44 (Fig. 53), 311
Dublin, 2S9 (Fig. 787)
Archbishops of, 82, 437
Ducal Cap, 277 (Fig. 759)
Duckworth, Sir Dyce, 179 (Fig.
444)
Dudley, Earl of, 314
Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar. 250 (Fig.
S12), 318, 324
Dufferin and Ava, 318 (Fig. Sii),
33S. 3S6
Duffield, 204
Dugdale, Adam, 84
496
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Dugdale, Sir William, 19 (rig.
15). 40
Duguid-M'Combie, 136 (PI. xxs.)
Duignan, Wm. H., 1S6 (I'i?. 465)
Dukinfield, S6, 2S7 (Fig. 7S2)
Da Lis, 200
Dumas, 57 (Fig. 137), 79, 134
Dumbarton, 152
Dunbar, 231 (PI. xx.xiv.)
Brander of Pitgavenny, 192
Dunbar, Earl of Marcb, 456
(Fig. 1094)
Dunbar, Eev. J. A., 2S7 (PI.
xxsiv.)
Sir Archibald, Bt., 2S3 (PI.
xxsiv.)
Sir Patrick, 341
Duncombe, 142. 4S5 (PI. CLI.)
Dundas of Arniston, 53
Laird of, 326
Dundee, 199, 271 (PI. LXI.)
Dunn, Sir William, 114
Dunscombe, 53, 142 (PJ. xxvi.)
Dunse, 353
Dimsmure, James, 207 (Fig. 516)
Dunstable, Sir Eichard, 336
Dunstanville, Lord of Castel-
combe, 429 (Fig. 1036)
Dnnzenheim, Beatus von, 424 (PI.
XCTI.)
Du Plessis Angers, 52
Durand, Sir Mortimer, 319
D'Urban, W. S. M., 213 (Fig. 53S),
397
Diirer, Albrecht, 422 (PI. XCIII.)
Durham, Bishop of, 253, 391, 43S,
440 (PI. CXI.)
Sir Alexander, iS
Durning-Lawrence, Sir E., 220
Dusgate, Eichard D., 1S2 (Fig. 454)
Dykes, 1S5
Dymoke of Scriveisby, 1S3
Ealisg, 215 (Fig. 545)
East India Company, 311
Ebblewhite, 72 (Fig. 108)
Eccles, 210 (Fig. 52S), 237
Eddington of Balbartan, 118
Edelburg zu Altenweyer, 483 (PI.
CL.)
Edinburgh, 444 (PI. OXVII.)
Duke of, 349
Earldom of, 362
College of Surgeons, llS
Edmund of Langiey, 28
Edward L, 442
the Confessor, 7, 9 (Fig. 201),
176
IL, 346 (Fig. S72), 442
IIL, 128 (Fig. 295), 200, 346
IV., 15. 336 (Fig- 826), 430
(PI. CI.)
VL, 442
vn.. 443 (K- "•)
Edwards, H. Powell, 161, 214 (PI.
XXIII.)
Eggenberg, 480 (Fig. 1128)
Eglinton Tournament, 12
Earls of. 99, 20S, 321
Egypt, 273 (Fig. 75°)
Eleanor of Castile, 371
Electoral Hats, 277 (Figs. 760, 761)
Elgin, III
and Kincardine, Earl of, 314
Elgood, Edgar J., 223 (Fig. 569)
Elizabeth, Princess, 350
Queen, 442
Ellis. 313
Eichard Adam, 184 (Fig.
461), 185
of Glasfryn, 162
Elmhurst, 1S9
Elphinston, Bishop (PI. CXLIV.)
Elphinstone, Lord, 314
Eltham. John of, 28 (Fig. 873)
Ely, 231
Marquess (PI. LXII.)
Emerson, Peter Henry, 64 {PI.
XXXII.)
Ems, Von, 38
End. 132
Endilhart von Adelburg, 408 (PI.
LXXIII.)
Engelsberg, Peter, Eitter von, 481
(PI. CXLVII.)
Enniskillen, Eari of, 320
Enys, 1 88
Erbach, Graf, 473 (PI. cxxxix.)
Erlach, Von, 481 (Fig. 1129)
Erpach. Counts of. 220
Erps, Comte d', 305
Erskine of Shieliield, 351
Sir Thomas. 39S
Ertzingen, 38 (PI. vii.)
Erroll, Earls of, 304 (Fig. 799), 392
Eschenbach, Wolfram von, 40S
(Fig. 9S8, PI. LXXIII.)
Eshelby, H. D., 197 (Fig. 497)
Espin, 194
Essex, Earl of, 75 (Fig. 119), 280,
292, 299
Estokes, William de, 407 (PI.
LXXII.)
Estwere, Estarey, Estare, &c., 191
Etampes, Counts d', 360 (PI.
Lxvn.)
Eton College, 197 (PI. cxxii.),
199. 447
Ettrick of High Barnes, 29b (Fig.
790)
Eubing of Bavariii, loi
Evans. 154 (PI. x.xv.)
Evans, 161 (PI. XXV.)
Patrick Fleming, 207
Sloane, 3
Eve, G. W., 464 (PI. CLIII.)
Every-Halstead, 284
Evreux, Counts d', 360 (PI. LXVII.)
Exeter, Duke of, 397 (Figs. 875-7)
Marquess of, 2SS
Exmouth, Viscount, 396
Eye, 231, 2S1
Eyre, crest of, 120
Fred. Jas., 195 (Fig. 487)
Simon. 155
Eyton, 126 (PI. XXXIV.)
Faeee, 433 (PI. CVII.)
Fairlie, James Ogilvy, 234 (Fig.
601)
Falconer, John, 174 (Fig. 429), 1S6
Falmouth, Viscount, 197, 31S
Fane-de-Salis, 191
Fanhope, Lord, 288
Fanmakers' Company, 220
Farish, E. G., 58, 104 (PI. XXXII.)
Farmer, Sir William, 56, 164 (Fig.
396)
Farquhar, Sir Arthur, 286 (Fig.
779)
Farquharson, George, 190 (Fig.
472)
Jarren, George, 216 (Fig. 546)
Farrer, 50
Fauconberg, Lords, 26, 299, 42S
{PI. SCIS.)
and Conyers, Baroness, 365
(Fig. 920), 372
Fauntleroy, 118
Fawside, Allan, 18
Fed'Ostiani,Mons.L.F., 440 (PI.
CXI.)
Fegersheim, Sebastian von, 424
(PI. SCYI.)
Felbrigge, Sir Simon de, 27, 291
Fellows, F. B., 66, 148, 226 (Fig.
577)
Fenton, 56 (Fig. 74)
Fentoun, Jane, 341
Ferdinand I., 25
of Hungary, 470 (PI.
cxsxviii.), (Fig. nil)
in., 371
Ferdinando, Infant of Portugal,
454 (PI. cxsxi.)
Ferguson, iSS (PI. xsxiii.), 199,
216
Fermoy, Lord, 173, 328
Ferre, Guy, 361
Ferrers, Lord, 50, 52, 282, 299
Ferrers of Baddesley Clinton, 103
(Fig. 215)
Ferrillo, Matteo, 451 (PI. csxx.)
Feversham, Earl of, 318
Ffarington, 162
Ffinden, 86 (Fig. 163), 145
Fielding, 304
Fife, Duke of, 114 (Fig. 251), 248,
314
Duchess of, 349
49
Fin, Ferdinand de, 473 (PI.
CXXXIX.)
Finch, Henry, 182
Finland, 272 (Fig. 742)
Finlay, Major John, 185 (Fig. 459}
Firth, 211
Fisher, 1S2 (PI. xxxvll.)
Eowe, E. E., 150 (PI. XXXVII.)
Fishman, Gile, 407 {PI. lxxii.)
Fisherman's Guild (Benfeld), 446
(PI. CXXII.)
Fishmongers' Company, 446 (PI.
CXXIII.)
Fitz Ercald, 153
Fitzgerald, 154, 327, 361, 4S5 (PI.
CLI.)
Fitzhardinge, Lord, 46
Fitz Herbert, 69, 90 (Fig. looa),
343
Fitzhugh, Godfrey, 105 (Fig. 225)
Fitz Marmanduc, Joh. le, 407 (PI.
LXXII.)
Fitz Nicholas, Ealph, 407 (PI.
LXXII.)
Fitz Simon, 46
Fitzwalter. 59
Fitzwjlliam, Earl, 314
Fitz Wise, 139 (PI. Lxxi.), 406
Fizeaux, 43
Flanders, 361
Count of, 254, 301, 406 (PI.
LXXI.)
Flandres, Isabelle de, 300
Flavel, Sidney, 221 (PI. xxin.)
Fleetwood, Thomas, 455 (PI.
cxxxii. )
Fleming, 152 (Fig. 36S), 485 (PL
CLI.)
Fletcher, 3, 184, 235 (Fig. 604)
Florence, 201, 451 (PI. cxxx.)
Florent of Hainault. 301
Florio, 199
Flower, William, 40
Foelkersahm, Armin von, 493 (PI.
CXXXI.X.)
Foljambe, 164
Forbes of Pitsligo, 283
Forbes- Leith, 139 (PI. xxxvn.)
Ford, James, 67
Forrest of Australia, 189
Fortescue, 328
Foster, W. H., 211, 235 (Fig. 605)
Foulds, E. J., 194 (Fig. 483)
Foundling Hospital, 118
Fouquet, 153
Fox, 31, 66 (Fig. 87)
of Grovehill, 138 (Fig. 318)
Samson, 237 (Fig. 612)
France, 273, 429 (PI. C.)
France-Hayhurst, 189 (Fig. 471)
Franckhen, A''on GUch., 416 (PI.
LX.XXIV.)
Francolin, Johann von, 25 (PI. I.)
Franconi, 52
Franconia, Duchy of, 301 (Pl.LV. )
Frankenstein, Von, 42! (PI. XCL)
Franz Joseph, Emperor, 26, 319
(PI. LXI.)
iSuchen - Fond - Cura-
toriums, 473 (PI. CXXXIX.)
Eraser, A. E., 196 (Fig. 494), 199,
232, 3S6
Eraser-Mackintosh, 118 (Fig. 257)
Erasers, Southern, 343
Fraiienlob, Meister Heinrich, 408
(PI. LXXIII.)
Frederica, Princess, 275
Frederick IL, 406 (PI. LXXII.)
III., 32S, 470 (PI. CX.XXVII.)
Crown of, 270 (Fig. 72S)
Duke of Austria, 468 (PI.
cxxxvi. )
Freemasons, Gateshead, 446 (PI.
cxix.)
Freiberg, 341 (Figs. 853, 854)
Fresnay, 52
Freston, Thos. W., 135 (PI. XVII.)
Friedrich, Count of Saxony, 468
(PI. CXXXVI.)
III., Kaiser, 474 (PI. CXL.)
Froburg, Counts von, 405 (Fig.
980)
Frost, Edmund, 175 (Fig. 433)
Frouberg, Herr von, 144 (Fig. 332)
Fryg, 426 (PI. XCVLU.)
7
Fuchs von Fuchsberg, 421 (Fig.
1021)
Fulton, 343
Furnivall, Baroness, 370
Furriers' Guild (Bale), 446 (PI.
CXXII.)
Fussell. 102
Fyndarne, Sir Thomas, 417 (PI.
LXXXV. )
Fysh, Sir Philip Oakley, 185
Galeeaith, 226 (PI. XLV.)
Galloway, Earl of. 343
See of. III
Galpin, 83
Bev. A. J., 183 (Fig. 456)
Gamble, 90 (Fig. 176)
Gamboa, 194
Gandv, 155
Gara' II., Nikolaus, 44S (PI.
cxxvi.)
Garbett, 328
Gardeners' Guild (Strassburg),
447 (PI. CXXII.)
Gardner, Lord, 132
Garnett-Orme, 96 (Fig. 198)
Garter King, 25 (PI. ]l.)
Garvey, 1 86
Garwynlon, 204
Gasceline, 108
Gaston de Moncada, 410 (PL
LXXVI. )
Gatehouse, 183
Gatesden, Sir John de, 34
Gawayne, Sir, 417 (PI. LXXXVI.)
Gebhard IL, 301 (PI. LV.)
Geldern, Dukes von, 25
Herald von, 25 (PI. I.)
Gell, 69 (PI. sxxvm.)
Gellie of Blackford, 227
Gelre, 410 (PI. L, Fig. i), 411 ^.
Genewyle, Earl, 417 (PI. lxxxvi.)
Gentleman, Eobert George, 16S
(Fig. 409)
Geoffrey Plantagenet, 27, 37, 50
George, Frederick Brand, 172
(Fig. 113), 174
I., 443
HI., 349
Gerardini, L. M., 32 (PI. V.)
Geras, Abbot Michael of, 482 (PI.
CXLIX.)
German Crown Prince, 271 (PL
LIL)
Empire, 443 (PI. cxv.)
Empress, 271 (PI. LIL), 349
Imperial Crown, 271 (PL
LII.)
Imperial Herald, 25 (Fig. 29
and PI. I.)
School Union, 447 (PL
cxxn.)
Germania and Hungern, 430 (PI.
CII.)
Geroldseck am Wasichen, 409
(Fig. 990)
Geroldt, 431 (PI. CIU.)
Gestrikland (Sweden), 443 (PL
cxv.)
Gey, Walter de, 407 (PI. Lxxil.)
Geyss, 164
Ghibellines, 354
Gibbons, E. A., 199 (PI. XIV.)
Gibson, Thomas George, 180 (Fig.
446)
William, 175 (Fig. 434)
Gibsone of Pentland, 222 (Fig.
565). 3"
Gilford, Sir John, 28
Gillman, 95 (Fig. 195), 120, 215
Gilmour, Sir John, 194 (Fig. 4S6),
224
Gilstrap, J. MacHae, 211 (PL
X.X.\II. )
Giolfini, 52
Giresme, Nicole de, 306
Gladstone, 19, 98 (PI. xxxii.), iiS
Glasford, 260
Glasgow, III (PL cxvii.), 185,
321, 444
Glaziers' Company, 313
Gloucester, Duke of, 16, 332, 335,
336. 350
Earl of, 170 (Figs. 416, 417,
866)
3 R
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Gobion, iS6
Goldast. 41S (Fig. SS), 426 (PI.
xcvm. )
GoldeD Fleece, 25 (Fig. 28 and
Pi. I.)
Goldie, 155
Goldie-Scot, 67
Goldsmiths' Company, 446 (PI.
cxxi.)
Goldthorpe, William, 169 (Fig.
414)
Goluchowski, Count, 449
Gomm, Sir Wm. Maynard, 3S9
Gooch, 144, 239
Goodchief, 103
Gooden, James, 310
Gooden-Cbisholm, 141 (PI. ltil),
31I' 314
Goodfellow, General, 112 (Fig.
243), 152, 209
Goodwin, 130
Gordon, 306, 353
Gordon-Cumming, Sir Wm., 370
Gorges, 107
Gornay, 43
Gossett, 107 (Fig. 235)
Gough, Lord, 161, 263. 321, 396
Gould, 87, SS (Fig. 167)
Gouvis, 52
GrEeme, 120
Grafton, Duke of, 357
Graham ( Baronet's badge), 485
(PI. CLI.)
Jas. Noble, 96 (Fig. 199), 174
of Morphie, 344
Graham-Wigan, 90 (Fig. 178), loi,
220, 252
Grailly, John de, 163
Grant, Francis James, 232 (PI.
XLV.)
Grassower, 410 (PL Lxxv.)
Grauff von Dalffin, 1S4 (Fig. 457)
Graves. Lord, 173
Great Central Railway. 237 (Fig.
611) (PI. CXXIII.)
Torrington. 201
Western Eailway Company,
482
Greece, 313, 443 (PI. CXV.)
Greek Archbishops. 439 (PI. CXI.)
Greene. Richard. 14S (Fig. 354)
Greenwood. 88 (Fig. 171)
Greer, T.. 168 (Fig. 406}
Greg. 190
Gremp. 432 (PL CIV.)
Giene, Henry, 15
Gresham, iSS, 336
Gresley, 51 (E'ig. 65), 24S
Greve. Henry, 19
Grey, John de, 344
Sir John, 2SS, 292, 293, 415
(Fig. 1004)
Grey and Hastings, 369
Greyffen, Die. 431 (PL CIV.)
Greystock, Lord of, 411 (PL
LXXVI.)
Griffin. Sir Lepel (Fig. 963)
Grifcon, Richard, 330
Griggs, 135
Grimke-Drayton, 190
Grimm-Wiirsing. 482 (PL CXLlx.)
Grinlinton. Sir John J., 224 (Fig.
571)
Grocers' Livery Com pany , 204, 3 1 1
Grosvenor, 10, 13, 43, 64, 144,205,
37S
Grove of Shenston Park, 192
Grove-Whife. 76 (PL xxil.)
Gruener of Passau, 412 (Fig. looo)
Grunau. 483 (PL CL.)
Griinenberg, Barons von, 405 (Fig.
9S0)
• Conrad. 13, 419 (Fig. 1015)
Gruthuyse, 103 (Fig. 219)
Guelph' Party. 354, 451 (PI.
cxxx), 452 (Fig. 10S7)
Guetteville de Gu^nonville, 52,
21 1
Guido, Count of Flanders, 46S
(PL cxxxvi.)
Guinness, Lord Ardilaun, 306
Guise, loi, 306
Gull, 182, 221, 398
Gulston, A. S., 176 (Fig. 435)
GUttingen, 410 (PL Lxxv.)
Gwatkin, iSS
Gwilt, 164
Gymnasts, German, 447 (PL
cxxii.)
Gvnes (Guisnes), Count of, 406
"(PL LXXI.)
HABSPUEG, 409 (PL LSXIV.), 418
(Figs. loio-ii)
Haccombe, Stephen de. 27
Hael, Konrad von, 476 (Fig. 1:23)
Hafen, 426 (PL xcvili.)
Hagelshaimer, Sigmund, 302 (Fig.
794)
Haig, 352 (Fig. 900, PI. lxv.)
Haigh, A. S., 352 (Fig. 901)
Hailes, Lord, iS
Haimenhoven, 409 {PI. LXXIV.)
Hainault, Counts of, 334
Haldane. 66 (Fig. 90). 87
Hale?, EH George, 211 (Fig. 530),
232
Halford, 306, 398
Halifax, 109
Viscount, 319 (PL LXii.)
Hallen, A. E. H. C, 171 (Fig. 424)
Haller, Die, 431 (fl- civ.)
Hamilton, 196, 457 (PI. cxxxiv.)
Duke of, 2SS
Lady (Nelson's), 589
of Sunningdale, 2S2 (Fig.
774)
Hamilton-Grace, 396
Hammersmith, 237 (Fig. 607)
Hammerstein, Von, 473 (PL
cxxx IX.)
Hampshire, 443 (PL cxv.)
Earl of, 15
Hanbury, 282 (Fig. 773)
Handcock (Lord Castlemaine),
179
Hane, 47S (PL CXLIII.)
Hannen, Hon. Jus. Chitty, 133
(PL XLI.)
Hannover, 445 (PL cxviri.)
Harben, 214 (PL xxix.)
Sir Henry, 87 (PL xxix.)
Harchies, Gerard d', 306
Harcourt, 179
Hardegt, Count of, 412 (PL
LXXVIII.)
Hardinge, Sir Edmund, 441
Harewell, 417 (PL Lxxxv.)
Harington (Haverington), 104
Harley. 6S (PL xii.), 284
Harman, 150
Harold, 6
Harrach - Falkenhain, 482 (PL
CXLIX.)
Harrington, 331
Harris, Alfred, 207 (Fig. 519)
Walter Henry, 154 (Fig. 376)
Harrison, arms of, i^;^, 259
Hart, Sir Robert. 161,179, 195,321
Harter, G. L. F., 192 (Fig. 479)
Harthill of Willenhall, 14S (PL
XXXI.)
Hartley, 178
Hartmann von Owe, 32 (PL v.)
Hartwig Raate, 407 (PL Lxxiil.)
Harvey, Gen. Robert, 396 (Fig.
964)'
Haseley of Suffolk, 204
Hassendoff, Heren von, 420 (PL
xci.)
Hastings, 128, 298, 340, 341, 361
Henry de. 406 (PL LXXi.)
Lord, 223 (Fig. 566)
Sir Hugh, 28
Sir Robert, 417 (PL LXXXV.)
Hatton, Villiers, 14S
Haubourdin, Seigneur de, 360 (PL
Lsvir.)
Havre. Le, 445 (PL CXVIU.)
Hawke, Lord, 324
Hawkesbury, Lord, 264
Hawkey, arms of, 199
Hay, 304. 328
Sir Hector Maclean, 95 (Fig.
194). 370
Hayne. 155
Hazlerigg. 194
Heard, Sir Isaac, 40, 112
Heard, Samuel Thomas, 234 (Fig.
600)
Heaven, Joseph Robert, 141 (Fig.
322)
Heidegk, 410 (PL LXxv.)
Heimshoven, 410 (PL lxxv.)
Heinrich von Krannichberg, 472
(Fig. 1117)
Helard, C, 465 (PI. CLlll.)
Heldt, 433 (PL cvii.)
Helfenstain in Swabia, 409 (PL
LXXIV.)
Hellemmes. 52
Hellenes, Kings of the, 370
Hendelmayr. 431 (PL cm.)
Henderson, S2 (Fig. 149)
Heneage, 337 (Fig. 835)
Hennenberg, 410 (Fig. 992)
Henryn.,336(Fig. 825), 360 (PL
XCIX.)
— III., 442
IV., 34S (Fig. 890)
IV. (Fig. 755). 335 (Fig. S90),
442
IV. of France, 450 ( PL cxxix. )
v., S35 (PI- L^vii.) (Fig. 888)
VIL, 336(Fig.S29)
VIIL, 335, 336 (Fig. 827), 427
of Batten berg. Princess, 349
Hepburn, 194, 299, 3^;^
Heralds, 25-26 (Pis. i. and il)
Herbeit, 264, 359
Arthur, of Coldbrook, 462
(Fig. 1097)
Hereford, 398
Earls of, 15, 255 (Fig. 691),
301
Heringen, Johanns von, 486 (Fig.
1 1 34)
Herkomber, 433 (PL cvii.)
Hermon of Preston, 259
Herondi, Jon de, 407 (PL Lxxil.)
Herschel, Sir William, 230 (Fig.
59O
Herscbell, Lord, 324
Herston, Francis, 417 (PL LXXXV.)
Hertneyd von Potendorff, 412 (PL
LXXVII.)
Hervey, M. W., 74, 126 (PL XLV.)
Hese, Nicholas de la, 406 (PL
LXXI.)
Hesilrige, 194
Hess, J. Heinrich, 436 (PL CX.)
Hesse, Landgrave of, 405 (Fig.
983). 435 (Fig. 1051)
Grand Duchess of, 349
von Rinach,4oS (PL lxiil)
Hessenburg, Von, 432 (PL cv.)
Hevwortb, 155
Hickman, 88 (Fig. 170)
Hi^hmore, 1S2
Hill, 196
of CO. Wexford, 50
John, of Saltburn, 207 (Fig.
521)
Hilteboltvon Schwangau, 407 (PL
Lxxni.)
Hilton, 307
Hinckley, 72
Hindlip, Lord, 145
Hinter Sant Johans, 426 (PI.
SCVIII.)
Hobart, 228
Hobson, 173 (PL xlix.)
Hochenberg, 410 (PL LXXV.)
Hochepied-Larpent, 252 (Fig. 683)
Hodsoll. 225 (Fig. 574)
Hof, Von, 426 (PL xcvm.)
Hohenberg, Hans von, 413 (PL
LXXX.)
Hohenembs. Counts von, 38 (PL
VJI.)
Hohenems, Graf von. 479 (PI.
CXLV.)
Hohenteufen, Freiherren von, 410
(PL LXXV.)
Holienzollern, 32S
Holbrow. 67 (Fig. 91)
Holderness, Earls of. 318
Holdich-Hungerford, 233
Helper, 422
Holland, 361
Earl of Kent, 301
SirThomas. 417 (PL Lxxxvi.)
Hollis, Earl of Clare, 81
HoUist. E. 0.. 204 (Fig. 510)
Holstein, 411 (Fig. 997)
Holstein, Count of, 405 (Fig. 7S5)
Holnstein, Count of, 360 (PL
LXVIL)
Holthouse, Roger, 51
Holy Roman-German Empire, 417
(PI LXXXVII.)
Holzhausen, 312 (Fig. 803a)
Homberg. 41S (Fig. 1009)
Hood of Avelon, Lord, 163
Hope, James Fitzalan. 107 (Kig.
231), 222, 228, 250
Horncastle. 64 (Fig. S4). 2S4
Hornyold, 64 (Fig. 82), 192
Horseley, William, 16
Hose, 223 (PL L.xxxv.)
Hospitallero, Order of the, 440
(PL CXI.)
Hoste, Sir William, 397
Houldsworth of Gonaldston, 192
House, Thomas, 417 (PL lxxxv.)
Houthem, Barons van, 51
Hove, 237 (Fig. 610)
Howard, 44, 260. 336. 4S5 (PL CLI.)
Joseph Jackson . 104 ( Fig. 224)
Sir Henry, Earl of Surrey,
427
Howatson, Charles, iSi (Fig. 451)
Howth, Earl of, 31S
Huddersfield, 152
Hughes, Captain M. J., 126 (Fig.
2S0)
Hull, 231
Humbert IL, 3C0
Humphry, S3 (Kig. 156)
Duke of Gloucester, 16
Hiin. 409 (PL LXxv.)
Hungarian Crown, 270 (PL Lii.)
Herald, 26 (PL II.)
Hungary, King of, 429 (Fig. 1035)
Hungerford and Heytesbury, Lord,
2S1, 291
Earl of Huntingdon, 107
(Fig. 230)
Hunrhusen. 410 (PL Lxxv.)
Hunter. Andrew Alexander, 215
(PL XXIII.)
of Hunterston, 144 (Fig. Soo)
of Plas Coch, 144 (Fig. 334)
Hunter- Weston, 30S (Fig. 800a)
Huntingdon and Chester. Earl of,
82 (Fig. 14S)
Hunyadi, Count Johann, 44S (PL
cxxvi.)
Hurst, 230
Hussey, Thomas, 120 (Fig. 261),
223, 291
Huth, Edward, 204 (Fig. 511)
F. H., 223. 303 (Fig. 79S)
Hutchinson. 59
Hutchison, J. W., 210 (Fig. 529)
Hutton, 39. 107 (Fig. 234), 208,
217, 219 (PL XVII.)
Hyde, loi (PL xxvl)
I'Anson, S3 (PL xxvii.)
Iceland, 1S5
Iffenthal, 405 (Fig. 981)
Ilchester, 229
Lord, 13S
Im Hoff, Die, 432 (PL civ.)
Im Turn, 426 (PI. xcviil.)
Ince, 69 (Fig. 99)
Ingleby, 220
Ingleram de Ghisnes, 52
Innes, 193
Innsbruck, 412
Inveraray, 54, 1S4
Inverarity , John Duncan , 1 92
(Fig. 47S). 197, 211
Inverness, 109 (Fig. 239), 155, 312,
463
Ireland, 336 (PL cxv.), 443
Duke of, 397 (Fig. 967)
Iron Crown of Lombardv, 272
(Fig. 744)
Irvine, 78 (Fig. 135), 193
Irwin, 193 (Fig. 135)
Isham. 82
Isles. Lord of the, 457
Islip, 329
Islington. 234 (Fig. 602)
Italian Crown Prince, 272 (Fig.
743)
Italy. 272 (PL LII.)
Iveagh, Lord, 324
498
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Jackson of Doncaster. 179
Jaeo. Province of, 443 (PI. csv.)
Jamaica. 311
James I., 442
n., 335 (Fig- S24). 442
VI., 259
Rev. N. H.. 21S (PI. xsn.)
Janssen of Wimbledon. 207
Japan. 443 (PI. cxv.)
Jardine, David J.. 214 (Fig. 541)
Jeanne de Flandre. 52
Jedburgh, 114, 141
Jefferson. 3S9
JehandeLanghat,45o(Pl. cxx^il.)
Jejeebhoy, Sir Jam set jee. 179
Jena Students' Association , 447
(PI. CXXII.)
Jenkinson. 143
Jennings, 224
Jerningham. 174
Jerusalem, Patriarch of, 439 (PI.
CXI.)
Jeune, Sir Francis Henrv, 148
(Fig. 3sS)
Jezierski, Counts of, 233
Joanna of Ponthieu, 371
Joass of CoUinwort, 23S
Joch, Fry. von, 420 (PI. xc)
Johling, Hanns, 413 (PI. LXXix.)
John, Eing, 442 (Fig. S67}
of Bohemia, 46S (PI.
C5XXVI. )
of Gaunt, 335 (Fig. S97),
356
Johnson, T. F., 151, 160 (PI. xsv.)
of Kennal Manor, 260
Graham, 465
Johnstone, 21S (Fig. 554), 222
Johore, 273 (Fig. 753)
Joicev-Cecil, Lord, J. P., 289 (Fig.
7S4)
Joiners' Company, 313
Jones, Sir Lawrence, 130
Sir Wm. Qnayle, iSo (PI.
XXV.)
Jorger, in
Joscelin, 174 (Fig. 431), 216
Joslin, "Walter. 216 (Fig. 547)
Joynson, Tertius, 169 (B'ig. 413),
170
Jndde, 42S (PI. xcix.)
KASiX. 273 (Fig. 736)
Kaspar von Thurn, 476 (Fig. 1122)
Katharine, Queen, 427
"Katze," the, 425 (PL xcviii.,
Fig. 1029)
Kay, 50
Keane, Lord. 396
Keates, 136 (Fig. 312)
Keegan, Ed. Wells, 129 (Fig. 296)
Keith, Earl of Kintore, 398
Kekitmore, 20S
Kelbel, Margaretha, 474 (Fig.
1119)
Kelly, A, D. D., 164 (PI. xxix.)
Edward Festus, 209 (Fig.
524)
Kelso, Archibald. 207 (Fig. 518)
Kemeys-Tynte, 15S
Kemsiey. John Cole, 155 (Fig,
379), 321
Kendiffe, 1S9
Kenetz, N. de, 406 (PI. LXXii.)
Kenney, J. C. F., 2S3
Kensington, 231 (Fig. 593), 2S7
Kent, Duke of, 349
Earl of, 76 (Fig. 125)
(De Burgh), 103 (Fig.
220)
Fair Maid of, 335
Keppel, De, 47S (PI. cxliii )
Kerrison, Sir Edward, 396
Kersey, 196
Kettle of Wolverhampton, iSS
Kevilioc, 205
Keynes, Sir Robert de, 27
Kh'nen. 431 fPl. cm.)
Kien, Barons von, 405 (Fig. 9S0)
Kienberg, 405 (Fig. 9S1)
Kiew, 272 (Fig. 741)
Kilchain, 410 (PI. lsxt.)
Killach, 194
Kilmarnock, 312 (Fig. S03)
Kilpin, E. Fuller, 230 (Fig. 590)
Kilvington, 50
King, Sir H. S., 64 (PI. xiv.), 195
King of Arms, a, 225 {PI. i.)
Kinloss, Baroness, 367
Kinnaird, Lord, 314
Kinnoull, Earl of, 398
Kintore, Lord, 112
Kirk, 56 (Fig. 196), 96
Kirkcaldy, no
Kirkwood, 220
Kitchener, Viscount, 155, 263, 397
Klimsoh, K.. 433 (Figs. 1044, 1048)
Klingpsor. Major, K. A. von, 26
Knevet, Elizabeth, 31
Knightley, Sir Richard, 29
Knoblaclier, 433 (PI. evil.)
Knoringen. 432 (PI. cv.)
Knowles, Lees, 152 (Fig. 364)
Knox, Eail of Kanfurly, 98
Krain, Duchy of, 410 (PI. Lxxvi.),
4"
Kress von Kressenstein, 424 (PI.
xcv.)
Kropfner, Die, 416 (PI. Lxxxiv.)
Kriitzlingen, von, 426 (Pl.xcviil.)
Kunitz. 4S3 (PI. CL.)
Kyd, 90 (Fig. iSo)
Kynnersley, 190
Kyrke, loi
Lapoke, Alfred. 132 (Fig. 302),
218
Laiterberg, 214
Lake, Dr. Edward, 395
Laking, Sir Francis, Bart., 50, 39S
Lambert, Frederick A. H., 163,
197 (Fig. 495)
Lambeth, 199
Lament, James, 98 (Fig. 205), 232
Lamplngh, 80 (Fig. 144), 260
Lancashire County Council, 335
Lancaster, 201
Earls of. 28. 25S (Fig. 696),
341 {Figs. S6S-871)
Henrv of, 301 (PI. lsxix.)
W. J.', 71 (Fig. 103)
Lane, 47 (Fig. 57), 93. 12S, 141,
231
Mistress Jane, 395
Lanesborough, Lord. 321
Lang. Sibald, 475 (PI. CSLI.)
Langdale, H. J. G., 220 (Fig. 559)
Langenstain, Von, 421 (PI. XCI.)
Langer, 114
Langbans, 75 (Fig. 121)
Langman, J. L., 2n (Fig. 532)
Langton, 161
Lanigan-O'Keefe, 114 {Fig. 252),
179, 187
Lanschadin, 290
Lanvon. Louis Mortimer, 93 {Fig.
1 88)
Lascelles, 85 (Fig. 157), 152
Latimer, Lord, 291, 344
Lathom, 260
Laobenberg, Hans Wilhelm von,
424 (PI. XCVI.)
Lauderdale, Earl of, 456 (Fig.
1096)
Laurie of Maswelltown. 217
. of the Tron Kirk, 18
Law, 179
La Warr, 328
Lawlor-Huddleston, i04(Fig. 223),
252
Lawn, Hans. 412 (PI. LXXVili.)
Lawson- Johnston , George Law-
son, 87. 171 fPl. XXVIII.)
Lax, Mrs. Sarah. 389
Layland, Barratt, 139 (Fig. 320),
205
Lazar, Brankovies, 470 (Pf.
CXXXVIII.)
Le Breton, Hector, 459
Le Moyne, 260
Le Strange, 158 (Fig. 3S2), 319
Leake, Stephen Martin, 16
Leconfield, Lord, 318
Lee, 73 (Fig. 115), 172
G. Ambrose, 23
of Seend, 153 (Fig. 374)
Leech, Stephen. 197 (Fig. 496)
Leeds, 151 (PI. csvii.), 181, 444
Duke of, 318
Leemlng, 85 (PI. xxii.)
Lees, Joseph, 219 (Fig. 555)
Legg. So (Fig. 143), 120
Legge, 14S, 4S5 (PI. CLI.)
Legh of Lyme, 30, 40 (Fig. 47)
Leicester, 195
Earl of, 72, 406 (PI. LXXi.)
Leigh, 212, 219 (Fig. 556), 284
Gerard, 17
Leighton, Lord, 56
Leinster, Duke of, 154, 4S5
Leipzig, 445 (PI. cxviii., Fig.
1063)
Leith, 54, 109
Leliva, 449 (Fig. 1077)
Leman, Sir John, 191
Lemgaw, 479 (PI, cxLlll.)
Lempriere, 311
Leo XIIL, 439 (PI. CXI.)
Leopold 1. of Bohemia, 470 (Fig.
1112)
of Saxe-Coburg, 350
Lerwick, 226
Leslie, 112 (Fig. 244), 32S, 344
Lestrange, 343
Lethbridge, Sir Roper, 199
Sir Wroth A., 208 {Fig. 523)
Leublio, 431 (PI. cui.)
Lever, 67
Leveson - Gower, 194, 4S5 (PI.
CLI.)
Levben. 470 (Fig. 1114)
Levetzow, Von, 473 (PI. CXXXIX.)
Lewis, Sir George, Bart., 221
Leyburne, Roger de, 406 (PL
LXXI.)
Liberty, Arthur Lazenby, 126 (Fig.
278), 209, 32S
Lielsperg, Fry. von, 420 (PI. XC.)
Lilford, Lord, 134
Liliey, of Harrow, 199
of Stoke Prior, 199
Lincoln, Earls of, 255 (Fig. 689),
341 (Figs. S45-6), 343
See of, 1 10
Lind, 214 (PI. XXXIX.)
Lindau, 39 (PI. vii.)
Lindsay, 70
Rev. T. (Fig. 207)
Sir David, 303, 456
Lingard-Monk, 224
Lingen, 197
Burton, 46
Linlithgow, in
Lions, heraldic (Pis. XL. and XLii.)
Lippe, Prince of, 261
Lipton, Sir Thomas, Bart., 193
Lisbon, Patriarch of, 439 (PI. CXI.)
Lisle, Baroness, 370
Lismore, Lord, 1S9
Liverpool. 3n, 444 (Pi. cxvt.)
Lord, 264
Livingstone, 199
Viscount Teviot, 203
Lloyd, 50, 53, 213 (PI. XXX.)
of Dolobran (Fig. 4S0)
of Plymog, iiS
of Stockton, 130, 372 {Fig.
934), 397
H. Crampton, 142 (Fig. 325)
Wilson, 152 (Fig. 367), 192
Owen, D. C, 200 (Fig. 504)
Loch, Lord. 225
Lockhart, 220
liOder-Symonds, 184
Loen, 132
Loetzen, Curt Scutter von, 473
(PI. CXXXIX.)
Loffelholz - Stromer, 482 (PI.
CXLIX.)
Loffredo, 52
Loheac, 52
Lotkowitz, Von, 480 (PI. CXLVI.)
London, City of, 253, 320 (Pl.
ex VI.), 444
Duke of, 362
Londonderry, 114, 398
Long, 59
Longspee, William de, 407 (PI.
LXXII.)
Longstaff of Ridgelands, 119 (PI.
XIV.)
Longueville, Count de, 292
Lopis, Sir Massey, 53
Lopus, Dr., 192
Lord Chamberlain, Papal, 440 (PI.
CXI.)
Lorraine, Duke, Charles of, 435
(Fig. 1049)
Loschau, of Augsburg, 3S0 (Fig.
944)
Lothringen, Dukes of, 416 (PI.
LXXXIV.)
Louis XV., 436 (PI. ex.)
Louise, Princess, 349
de Savoie. 450 (PI. cxx\aii.)
Lovell, Viscount, 292, 299, 381
Lovett, 137
Low (Lowe), 203
Sir James, 137 (Fig. 314)
Lownde?. 92 (PI. xxxv.), 104, 211
Lownes, 162
Lowther, 107
Loys du Breuil, 450 (Fl. cxxvii.)
Liibeck Burgomaster's chair, 478
(Fig. 1 124)
Lubienski, Count, :i4 (Fig. 806)
Lucas, 428 (Fig. 1033)
Admiral Charles Davis, 3S5
(Fig. 956)
Joseph, 185 (PI. xsiii.)
Ludlow, 53, 336
Ludwig II. of Bavaria, 26
Duke of Austria, 422 (PL
xcii.)
von Prenzenau, 475 {Fig.
1121)
Lumb, James, 216 (Fig. 548)
Lunisden, James David, 185 (Fig.
45S)
Lundin, John, 352
Lurgan, Lord, 288
Liittishofen,yon,48o(Pl. CXLVii.)
Luttrell, 255, 307
Luxemburg, Grnnd Duchv of, 443
(PI. cxv.)
Lynch, 138
Lygh, Roger, 16
Lyons, 3
Lyveden, Lord, 321
Macaea, Charles W., 189 (Fig.
470), 190
McCammond, W. E. C, 143 (Fig.
329), 284
McCarthy, 188
McDermott, H. T., 140 (Pl.xxii.),
194
Macdonald, 226 (PI. XLV.)
William Kid, 169 (PL
XSXVIII.)
William Rae, 218 (PI. xvii.),
295
Macdonell (Lozenge), 486 (PI. CLI.)
McDowille, Dugal, iS
Macfarlanes of that Ilk, 326
Macfie of Dreghom, 214 (PL
XXXVIII.), 226
Macgregor, 116
M'Kerrell, R. Mure, 116 {Fig. 253)
Mackesy, 214
Maclachlan, 311
McLarty, 210
MacLaurin of Dreghorn, 218
Macleod, 147
Maclulich, 112
MacMahon. 175
MacMicking, Robert, 200
MacMorran, Alexander, 150 (Fig.
363)
MacMurrogh-Murphy. 190 (Fig.
473)
Maconochie. A. W., 185 (Fig. 460)
Maconocbie-Wellwood, 315 (PI.
LIX.)
Macpherson, Cluny, 136 (Fig. 3n),
3"' 315
Sir Arthur, 226 (Fig. 578)
Macrae- Gilstrap, 211 (PI. xxxu.)
MacSweeney, 38
Maddocks, John, 113 (Fig. 246).
214
Madras. L^niversity of, 134 (Fig.
308). 199
Madrostki, 449 {Figs. 1079-81)
Magdaline of France and Mary of
Loraine. PI. cxxxiil.
Magdeburg, Burgrave of. 412 (PL
LXXVIII.)
Magnall, 214
499
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Magugg, 426 {PI. xcviii.)
Mahony, 2S3
Maigret (Megret), 43
Mailly, Gilles de, 343
Maine, State of. 444 (PI. cxv.)
Maintenance, Cap of, 288
Maitland, A. C. R., 126 (Fig. 279),
127
Maitland, of Dundrennan, 210
Major James, 351
Mainwaring-EIieiker-Onslow, 252
(Fig. 686), 252
Majors of Suffolk, 213
Malcolm, 224
Malet, Sir Edward, G.C.B., 2
(Fig. 0,248
Mallerby of Devon, 193
Maltravers, 103
Maltzahn, Von, 473 (PI. csxxix.)
Man, 410 (PI. Lxxvi.), 417 (PI-
LXXXV.)
Manchester, 70 (PI. cxvr.), 444
Maness von Manegg. 403 (Fig. 978,
PI. XX.), 409 (PI. LXXIV.)
Manfredi, 354
Manners, 99, 397
Mansergh. James, 161 (Fig. 394),
225
Richard S., 2S1 (Fig. 772)
Mantua, Duchy of, 454 (Fig. 1091)
Maories, 7
Mar, Earl of, 18, 319 (Fig. S14)
and Kellie, Earl of, 159, 319
(Fig. 813), 324, 370, 398
Marblers, Gateshead, 446 (PI.
ex IX. )
March, Earl of, iS
Marche. Earls of, 15
March Pursuivant (PI. III.)
Margaret, of Bavaria, 361
of France, 361
Queen, of Scotland, 457
Margens, 51
Marguerite d'Angouleme, 450 (PI.
CXXVIII.)
Marindin, 150 (Fig. 361)
Mark, Count von der, 405 (Fig.
9S4)
Sir John, 130
Markham, 130 (Fig. 29S), 133
Marlborough, Duke of, i6i, 304,
321, 370
Maros Vasarhely, 445 (PI. CXVIII.)
Marples, 92 (Fig. 1S5), 160
Marschall, Dr. Gottfried, 440 (PI.
CXI. )
Marsh, R. Lawrence, 33, 34
Marshal. John, Earl of Warwick,
392 (Fig. 961)
Marshall, 50, 64 (Fig. 85)
Dr. G. W.. 142 (Fig. 326)
Julian, 114 (Fig. 249)
Martin, 328
Martorff, Die, 432 (PI. CV.)
Marwood, W. F., 150 (Fig. 362)
Mary, Princess. 350
-" Queen, 203 (Fig. S27), 442
of Scots, 457
of Gueldres, 301
of Guise, 457 (PI. cxxxiii.)
Maryborough, 201
Mar'ylebone, 109 (Fig. 240), 199
Mason, 127. 162
Mason's Company, 446 (Fl. cxix.)
Massy, Mrs., 389
Mathison. Sir K.. 2S7 (PI. xxxill.)
Matilda, Queen, 6
Miitsch, Grafau von, 412 (PI.
LXXVI 1 1.)
Matthew, Dame Mary, 388
Maud, Empress, 6
. Princess, 349
Maule, 161
Mawdsley, James Piatt, 232 (Fig.
596)
Maximilian I., 33. 270 (Fig. 73°).
423, 425 (^""igs. 1023, 1025)
Maxtone-Graham, 90 (Fig. 177),
lOI
of Herries, Lord, 460
Maxwell, 90 (Fig. 174), 154
Mayence, Bishop of, 440 (PI. CXi.)
M&ynard, E. A. J-, nS (Fig. 256),
234
Mrs., 389
Meade-King, 252 (PI. XXV.)
Meatb, Earl of, 321
Meckenen, Israel von, 418 (PI.
Lxxxviii., Fig, 1013)
Mecklenburg, 411 (Fig. 996)1479
(Fig. 1 127)
Dukes of, 38 {PI. VII.)
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 261
Medici, Marie de, 450 (PI. cxxix.)
Medicis, 398
Meeking, 193
Meinill, Lord, 355, 359
Meissau, 0ttvon,4i2 {Pl.LXXVll.)
Melbourne University, 112
Meldrum, 326
Melk, Monastery of, 440 (PI. CXI.)
Melles, 71 (PI. XV.), 190
Melrose Abbey, 300
Menteitb, Earl of, 303, 458
Menzies, 314
Mercers' Livery Company, 1 1 8 (PI.
cxxi.), 446
Merchant Adventurers' Company,
311
Meredith, 53
Mertz, 290
Messurney, 204
Mestich, 160
Metcalfe, J. H., 147 (Fig. 351)
Miaczyn - Miaczynski, 449 (PI.
CXXVI.)
Miaczynski, Count, 449
Middlemore, 1S2, 207
Middlesex, 215
Mieroszewsky, 47
Mignianelli, 51
Mikado, the, 6
Mildmav, Lt.-Col. R. (PI. xxxiv.)
Millard,' W. K. J., 168 (Fig. 40S)
Milltown, Lord, 22S
Milne, Samuel M., 223 (Fig. 568)
Milner, 215
Viscount, 155, 320
Milroy, Rev. A. W., 264 (Fig.
702}
Milton, the Poet, 165 (Fig. 398)
Minshull, Sir Robert, 116
Minutoli, 132
Mirandola, Dukes of, 297
Mitchell, 78, 79
of Newcastle-on-Tyne, 173
James Wm., 20 (Fig. 18), 23
(Fig. 22)
Mitchell-Carruthers, 11 1
Mitford, 156
Mittbiirger, 431 (PI. GUI.)
Modling bei Wien, 48
Moharai Vid, 448 (Fig. 1069)
Moir of Otterburn, iiS
Molesworth, 94 (Fig. 190)
Monbocher, Bertrand de, 216
Moncrieff, Lord, 314 (Fig. 805)
Monesse, 432 (PI. CIV.)
Money-Kyrle, 154 (Fig. 935), 372
Monneypenny, 112
Montagu, arms of, loi {Figs. 211,
212)
Marquess of, 370
Montague, Lord, 262, 344
Monte Cassino, Archabbacy of,
440 (PI. CXI.)
Montefiore, 190
Montendre, Alianore, 361
Montfichet, Richard de, 407 (PI.
LXXII.)
Montfort, Simon de, 72 (Figs, iii,
112, PI. LXXI.), 336, 354, 407
(PI. LXXII.)
Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester,
429 (Fig. 1034)
Montgomerie, S. H., 208 (PI. xxvii.)
Montgomery, Viscount, 305
Montgomery-Cunningham, 153
Montgrennan, 190
Monti of Florence, 52
Montmorency - Laval, 450 (PI.
CXXVII.)
Montpensier, Dues de, 360 (PI.
LXVII.)
Montrose, 197, 325
Monypenny, 184
Moore, Hon. Charles, 85 {Fig. 15S),
Moore, John, 15
Sir John, 2
Moore, Sir John W,, 281, 284 (Fig.
158)
Moore-Gwyn, 75 (PI. xvii.)
Moray, Earls of, 218, 410 (PI.
LXXVI.)
Moree, Prince of, 406 (PI. LXXI.)
Moresby, 85 (Fig. 160), 149
Morfyn (Murfyn), 163
Morse, 79 (Fig. 140), 114
Morthermer, Ralph de, 170 (Figs.
416, 417)
Mortimer, Edmund, 305
Earl of March and Ulster, 94
(Fig. 189)
Henry de, 407 (PI. LXXII.)
Morton, Earl of, 314
Morungen, Heinrich von, 40S (PI.
LXXIII.)
Moss, H. E., 232 (Fig. 595)
Motion, A. R., 154 (Fig. 375)
Mountjoye, Lord, 292
Mount-Stephen, Lord, 190
Mowbray, 45, 99, 260 (Fig. 699),
305 (Fig. 823), 379
Duke of Norfolk, 335 (Fig.
823), 415 (Fig. 1005)
and Stourton, 320, 330, 394,
485
Mun, Marquises of, 232
Munich, 473 (PI. cxxxix.)
Munro, Sir Thomas, 396
Munster, Earl of, 357
Miinsterol, the Freiherren von,
254 (Fig. 688)
Muntz, 178 (Fig. 443)
Murlo, 445 (PI. CXVIII.)
Murray, 222
of Culbin, 343
Murray-Stewart, 160
Muschamp, 189
Musselburgh, 20S
Mutter, 95 (Fig. 193)
Mycielen-Mycielski, 449
Mylchreest. T. G., 181 (Fig. 452)
Mylne, W. J. Home, 116 (Fig. 254)
Nairn, ioS
Nanfant, Sir Richard, 301 (PI. LV.)
Napier, 87, 99, 326
Alexander, 361
Theodore (PI. xxxix.)
Nassau, Counts of, 416 (PI.
LXXXIV.)
Natfez, 449 (Fig. 1073)
National Bank of Scotland, no,
199. 305
Navarre, 212
King of, 342 (PI. LXXVI.)
Needlemakers' Company, 315
Nellenburg, 38 (PI. vii.)
Nelson, 151, 194
Admiral, 395
Nerford, Alice de, 360
Neuwhassen, Die, 432 (PI. CV.)
Nevill, 145, 261, 344 {Fig. S63)
Neville, of Essex, Hugh de, 407
(PI. LXXII.)
of Raby, 343 (Figs. 861-
862, PI. LXVII.)
John (Montague), 262
New Galloway, 320
Newcastle-on-Tyne, See of, 442
444 (PI. cxvi.)
Newdigate, Francis A., 134 (Fig,
306)
Newlands, Lord, 48, 320 (Fig. 58)
Newman, 133 (Fig. 305), 370, 395
Newnes, Sir George, 154
Newton, Lord, 370
Nichol-de-Moles, see Baucey
Nicolay, 451 (PI. cxxix.)
Nicolson, 321 (Fig. S15)
Sir Arthur, 174 (Fig. 428)
Niederwyle, Von, 426 (PI. xcvill.)
Nightingale, Sir H. D., 197
Nixon, Forbes, 465
Noble, J. H., 203 (Fig. 507)
Nonnberg, Convent of, 440 (Fig.
105S)
Norfolk, Dukes of, 316, 336, 394,
397 (Figs. S09, S31, S79-8S1)
Normanby, Marquess of, 320
Normandy, Duke of, 300
North of Eltham, 79 (PI. xxiv.),
217
North Borneo Company, 446 (PI
CXXIII.)
Northampton, Earls of, 343 (Fig.
859)
Northumberland, Earl of, 336,
372 (Fig. 932)
Norwich, 325
Nottingham, 311
Earl of, 45, 260 (Fig. 699)
Noyon, Comte de, 451 (PI. cxxiX.)
Nugent, Sir Edmund Charles, 162,
321
Nuremberg, 163
NUrnberg, 321 (Fig. S17), 479
(PI. CXLV.)
Nuvoloni, 52
O'Connor Don, 307
O'Donovan, The, 307
O'Gorman, The, 307
O'Hara, 57
O'Keefe, Lanigan, 287 (Fig. 252)
O'Loghlen, Sir Bryan, 114 (Fig.
248)
O'Reilly, The, 307
Oakes, 3
Oakham, 142
Obaerlob, 409 {PI. LXXIV.)
Oban, 226 (Fig. 5S0), 463
Obraboven, 410 (PI. Lxxv.)
Odrowaz, 41S, 449 (Fig. 1072) {PI.
LXXXVII. )
Ogilvies of Innerquharity, 326
Ogoncyzk, 449 (Fig. 1071)
Oldcastle, Sir John (Cobham), 397
Oldfield, 239
Oldham, iSi (Fig. 450)
Oliphant, Lord, 457, 45S
Oltinger of Basle, 410 (PI. Lxxv.)
Oppenheimer, S3, 20S (PI. xxvii.)
Oriel, Novreram de, 406 (PL
LXXI.)
Orleans, Dukes of, 344 (PI. LXVii.,
Fig. S64)
Ormonde, Earls of, 136
Ormsby- Hamilton, 2S1
Cry, arms of, 187
Oswald, John, 113 (Fig. 247)
Ot a dem Rand, 410 {PI. LXXV.)
Otharlake, John, 15
Otway, 306, 396
Outram, 134, 319
Owen of Pembroke, 192
Oxford, 54, 145 (PI. CXVIII.), 154,
444
Bishops of, 392
Earls of, 411 (PI. LXXVI.)
Oxney, John, 329
Pabst, arms of, 222
Paget (Lozenge), 485 (PI. CLI.)
Painters' Guild, 447 (Pis. cxxii.
and XXVI.)
Pallandt family, 33
Palmer, arms of, 21S
Pannans, Duke of, 422 (PI. xcil.)
Papacoda, arms of, 132
Papal arms, 222
canopy, 439 (Fig. 1055)
Papillon, arms of, 1S9
Paris, arms of, 164, 18S (PL
CXVIII.), 284
Matthew, 406
Parish, Sir Woodbine, 3S5 (PI.
XXIII.), 39S
Parkin-Moore, Si (Fig. 154), 16S,
204, 252 (Fig. 145)
Parkyns, Bart., 204
Parteneck, 341 {Figs. S4S-852)
Parwis, Keren von, 420 (PI. xc.)
Paton, Sir Noel, 13S {Fig. 316),
170
Patriarchs, 439 {PI. cxi.)
Paul in.. Pope, 441 (Fig. 1061)
Sir James Balfour, 18, 21
(BMg. 20) (PI. IV.), 130 (PI. IV.)
Paynter, arms of, loS {Fig. 236)
215
Miss Emily, 390 (Fig. 960)
Pearkes, 153 (PI. xxix.)
Pearse, Lady, 367, 388
Peebles, arms of, 184
Peiferer, William, 406 (PI. Lxxr.)
Peke of Heldchurchgate, 144
500
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Pelham. arms, 394
Pelhams, arms of, 216
Pellew, Sir Edward, 396
Pellifes Chimrad. 52
Pembroke, Earl of, 27, 50, 59 (Fig.
75)- 33^- 341
Earls of, 15
(De Valence), 76 {Figs.
123 and 124), loS
Pemberton, Rev. T. P., 233 (Fig.
59S)
Penhellicke. arms of, 1S9
Penrhyn, Lord, 140
Penrose, arms of, 67 (PI. XIII.)
Percy, Dake of Northumberland,
lOI, 129 (PI. XLII.)
Henry, 301
de, 46S (Fig. 1109)
Margaret. 29
Paring, Bart., 204
Pernegg, Abbot of, 4S2 (Fig. 1131)
Franz of, 4S2 (PI. CXLIX. )
Pernhart von Pettaw, 412 (PI.
LXXVIT.)
Perrins, C. W. D.. 203 (Fig. 509)
Ferryman, Charles Wilbraham, of
Bifrons. 75 (PI. xix.), 203
Persia, Shah's Crown, 273 (Fig,
751)
Perth, arms of, 99
city of. 150, 304
county of, 311
Earl of. 326
and Melfort. Earl of, 144
Pertz, G. H., 32
Pery, arms of, 103
Pescod, Walter, 30
Pethnehazy, Martin, 44S (PI.
CXXVI.)
Petilloch, William, iS
Petre, Lord, ^^94
Pfirt, 409 (Pi.^LXXIv.)
Pharamond, 417 (PI. Lsxxvr.)
arms of, 1S7 (PI. Lxxxvi.)
Phegelberg, 410 (PI. Lxxv.)
Philippa of Hainault, 335
Philippine de Alta Villa, 454 (PI.
cxxxi.)
Phillips, crest of, 144
Phillipson, Rowland, 455 (PI.
CXSXII.)
Photochemigraphists, 447 (Fig.
1067)
Pichon, coat of, 51
Pickering of Bellefield, 105 (PI.
XXXTI.)
Pielacher, Steffan, 413 (PI.
LXXIS.)
Pignatelli, Princess, 217
Pilawa, 449 (Fig. 107S)
Pilgrim von Puchheim, 468 (Fig.
1 108)
Pilkington, arms of, 116
motto, 32S
Filter, W. F., 212 (Fig. 535), 224
Pirie, Gordon, 203 (Fig. 508)
Pirkheimer, family, 478 (Fig.
1125)
Pirrie of Belfast, 142 (Fig. 328)
Pitcher, Col. Duncan G., 227
(Fig. 5S3)
Pittenweem, arms of, in
Pixley, arms of, 72 (PI. xviil.}, 223
Planche, J. R., Somerset Herald,
Plasnes, Dame de, 300
Plasterers' Company, 321
Piatt, arms of, 107 (Fig. 232)
John, of Llandudno, 150 (PI.
XX.)
Piatt- Hi ggins, arms of, 1S5
Plowden of Plowden, 73
Plnnkett, Thomas Luke, 209 (Fig.
526)
Pobog, 449 (Fig. 1074)
Pocock, Sir George, 396
Pogel of Reiffenstein, 425 (Fig.
1027)
Poland, crown of, 272 (Fig. 738)
Pole, family, 35
Pollard, Rear- Admiral, 131 (Fig.
299)
Pollock, Sir George, 397
Poison, John, 207 (Fig. 517)
Polwarth, Lord, 203, 398
Pomer, Hector, 423 (PI. xciv.)
Pomerania, 417 (PI. lxxxvii.)
Ponsonby. Earls of Bessborough.
234
Pontifex, crest of, 228
Pope, arms of the, 391
Porter, H. R. M., 211 (Fig. 533),
215
Porterfield of that Ilk, 70
Portland, Duke of, 31S
Portobello, avms of, 212
Porto Rico, 230 (Fig. 589)
Portsmouth, Earl of, 320
Portugal, arms of, 95 (PL CSXXI.)
arms of, 342
Potier, family, 164
Potors de Saintrailles, 450 (PI.
CXXVII.)
Pottickh von Pettegg, Count, 440
(Fig. 1057).
Potts, crests of, 135
Poulett, Earl. 314
Powerscourt, Viscount, 382 (Fig.
950)
Powis, Countess of, 372
Pozsony (Pressburg), 443 (PL cxv.)
Prague University. 472 (Fig. 1 1 15)
Preed of Shropshire, 187
Prenzenau, Ludwig von, 475 (Fig.
1121)
Pressburg (Pozsony), 443 (PI. CXV.)
Preston, town of, 150
Pretor-Pinney, 119 (Fig. 258), 169
Prevost. 306
Price. 186 (PI. XV.)
Major E. U., 126 (PL xxxiv.)
H.J. J., 118 (PL XV.)
Prideaus-Brune, family, 45
Primrose, 196
Gailliez of Chorleywood,
227
Viscount. 100
Pringle of Greenknowe, 235
Printers' Guild. 446 (PL cxxii.)
Proctor, arms of, 224
Prume, 479 (PL cxLiii.)
Prussia, motto. 328
Prussian Crown, 271 (PL Lll.)
Herald, 26 (PL 11.)
Pryse, arms of, 71 (Fig. 104)
Przeraist Ottoker II., 468 (PL
cxxxvr.}
Pscherer. 4S1 (PL CXLVltl.)
Puckberg, family, 217
Pudsey, arms of, 219 (Fig. 557)
Pujolas, arms of. 150
Pullar, Sir Robert, 172 (Fig. 426)
Pullici of Verona, 1S9
Pyke. arms of, 1S5
— " — Thomas, 417 (PL Lxxxv.)
Pyke-Nott, J. M., 178 (Fig. 439)
Pykot, 43S (PL xcix.)
Pyne, arms of, 204
Pyrton or Peryton, 192
QUAIN, 8ir Richard, Bt., 199, 282
Querletou, De, 428 (PL xcix.)
Queensberry, Marquess of, 99
Queensferry, arms of, 54, iii
Radford, arms of, 131 (Fig. 301)
Hadolin - Radolunski, 473 (PL
cxxxix.)
Raesfeld or Rasfeld, 478 (PL
CXLIII.)
Raglan, Lord, 136, 321
Raikes, Lieut.-Col. F. D., 160 (Fig.
390)
Raimund of Toulouse, 407 (PL
LXXII.)
Ramsay of Kildalton, i68(Fig.4ii)
Ramsden, arms of, 152
Ramsey, arms of, 150
Ramsgate, arms of, 128, 279
Ramsperg, Von, 420 (Fig. 1018)
Randies, arms of, 155
Randolph, Earl of Moray, 456 (Fig.
1093)
Ranfurly, Earl of, 98
Raphael, arms of, 199
Eashleigh, Sir C. B., 208
Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex, 59 (Fig.
77)
Ratdolt, Erhard, 419 (Fig. 1014)
Rattasma, 422 (Fig. 1022)
Ratton, J. J. L., 156
Rauchschnabel, Erasmus, 430 (PL
CI I.)
Ravensburg, 426 (PL xcviii.)
Goler von, 424 (PL XCVII.)
Rawlinson, Bart., 286
Rawson, Arthur Pelham, 209 (Fig.
525)
Rawtenstall, arms of, 147
Raynor, arms of, 161
Reade, Charles Darby. 207
Reading, arms of, iiS
University Extension Col-
lege, 235 (Fig. 606), 447
Rechberg, 409 (PL LXXiv).
Rechlinger. Wolf, 425 (PI.xcvil.)
Redeemer of the World, 441 (PL
cxni.)
Redpath, 353
Rehberg, 409 (PL LXXiv.)
Reichenthal, Ulrich, 62 (Fig. 80a)
Reid, arms of. 79 (Fig. 136), 168,
226
Reid-Cuddon, 378
Reider, arms of, iii
Reiffenberg. Baron, 25
Reinach, arms of, 132
Reinacher, Jacob, 413 (PL Lxxix.)
Eeinmar der Alte, 408 (PL LXXiii.)
von Zweter, 408 (PL Lxxiii.)
Reinold IV., Duke of Geldern, 469
(PL cxxxvn.)
Reitmohr, 433 (PL cvii.)
Renals, Sir Joseph. 138
Rendel. Lord, 137 (PI. LXII.)
Renfrew, arms of, 54
Renty in Artois, 211
Rethel, arms of, 301
Reussner, Dr. N., 432 (PL CV.)
Renter von Klebing, M., 474 (PL
CXL.)
Reveshale, Johan de, 407 (PL
LXXII.)
Reynell, arms of, 54
Rhys ap Griffith, Gwendolin,
daughter of, 260
Rhineland, Knight of, 33 (PL vi.)
Richard I., 329, 336 (Fig. 82S)
IL, (Fig. S83), 335, 429 (Fig.
1038), 442
III., (Fig. 8S9)
del Brugg, 15
Earl of Warwick, 26
— — of Cornwall, 303
and Poitou, 407 (PL
LXXII.)
Richardson, arms of, 53, 3S9
J. Maunsell, 144 (Fig. 330)
Sir Thomas, 14S (Fig. 352)
William Ridley, 174 (Fig.
428)
Richelieu, Cardinal, 435 (Fig. 1050)
Richmond. Earl of, 16, 59 (Fig. 76),
132. 406 (PL LXXI.)
Earls of, 91 (Figs. 76, 181)
and Gordon, Duke of, 398
and Somerset, Duke of, 360
(Fig. 911)
Ricarde-Seaver, 78 (Fig. 130)
Rideseln, Die, 432 (PL Civ.)
Ridley, 147
Rietbergs, 163
Rietenberg, Burgrave von, 407 (PL
LXXIII.)
Rimington- Wilson, 137 (PL xxxi.)
Rinach, arms of, 132
Rindscheit, Freiherren von, 425
(Fig. 1026)
Ripon, Marquess of, 232
Ris, Prior of, 450 (PL cxxvii.)
Rischach, 409 (PL lxxiv.)
Rise of Trewardreva, 204
Ritchie, James, 152 (Fig. 365)
Ritson, 284 (Fig. 430)
Utrick A., 174 (Fig. 430)
Ritter, Die, 432 (PL Civ.)
Rivers, Earl. 92
Roberts, Alex. Fowler, 152 (Fig.
366)
Earl, 231, 286
John, of Dunedin, 384 (Fig.
954)
Sir Abraham, 231
Robertson, 223
Robertson, of London, 162
of Struan, 137, 321, 326
Robertson-Glasgow, 190
Robesart, Sir L. (Bourchier), 292,
299
Robinson, Bishop, 185
Robsart, Sir Lewis, 261
Rochdale, town of, 194
Roche, arms of, 185
Lord Fermoy, 173, 328
Rochead of Whitsonbill, 118
Rochefort, arms of, 19S
Rocheid, arms of, 234
Rochester, Bishops of, 438
Rockingham, Marquess of, 462
(Fig. 1053)
Rocque, John, 456 (Fig. 1095)
Rodd, arms of, 114, 194 (Fig. 485)
Rodger, Edward, 14S (Fig. 355)
Roet, Catherine, 356
Rogendorff, Herren von, 422 (PL
XCIII.)
Rogers Harrison, 287
Roggwyl, Von, 426 (PL XCVIII.)
Rohitsch, 470
Rohrbach-Holzhausen, 482 (PL
CXLIX.)
Rolans, 422 (PL xcii.)
Roll, Anna, 474 (Fig. iiiS)
Roman Kingdom, 403 (Fig. 975)
" RomischeKeyserliche Maiestet,"
432 (Fig. 1042)
RonqueroUes, of France, 52
Roose, Robson, 105 (Fig. 226)
Roschach, 410 (PL lxxv.)
Rose. George, of Eastergate, 3S8
of England, 331
Eosebery, Earl of, 100, 199
Rosenhart, Rapold von, 413 (PL
LXXIX.)
Rosinus, Stephan, 423 (PL xcrv.)
Rosmead, Lord. 312, 473 (PL
cxxxix.)
Rosnow, 409 (PL LXXIV.)
Ross-of-Bladensburg, 252 (Fig.
175), 2S3 (Fig. 776), 338. 396
Earl of, 303
Episcopal See of, 1 11
Mrs., 3S9
Rev. J. Coulman, 394 (Fig.
962)
Sir John, 397 (Fig. 962)
Rotelen, 409 (PL lxxiv.)
Rothe, G. W. C, 14S (Fig. 353),
190
Rothes, arms, 458
Rothschild, 311
Rotta, 433 (PL cvii.)
Rottenstain, Von, 421 (PL XCI.)
Rouillon, Oliver, 305
Roumania, Crown of. 273 (PL
LII.)
Ronndle, the, 105 (PL lxvii.)
Routhe, Amand, 42S (Fig. 1032)
Rovere, Basso della, 440 (Fig.
1060)
Rowe, arms of, 1S8
Royal crest, 2S1 (PL cxiv.)
cypher, 268 (Fig. 726)
Irish Constabulary, 330
Princes and Princesses, 349
Rubische, Dr. Heinrich, 315 (Fig,
808)
Rud, 405 (Fig. 98 1)
Rudolf IV.. 305
Seal of, 469 (Fig. iiio)i
IL of Wiirzburg, 418 [(PL
LXXXVIIL)
IV., Duke, 46S (PL cxxxvi.)
Rube, 426 (PL XCVIII.)
Ruspoli, arms of, 192 (Fig. 331)
Russeg, Fry. von, 420 (PL xc).
Riissegg, Freiherren von, 403 (Fig.
977) (PL XXXI.)
Russells, arms of, 262
Russian double eagle, 166 (Fig.
405)
Emperor's crown, 271 (PI.
LIL)
Empress's crown, 271 (Fig.
735
Rutherford, arms of, 97 (Fig. 202),
223
Lords, 309
Rutherglen, arms of, 109
501
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Euthven. Barony of. 320
William, 305, 341
Rvde, arms of, 54. 227
Rye, arms of, 205
town, 361
Rvlands, Mrs. E. A., 233 (Fig. 597)
J. P., 160 (Fig. 3S9)
Rysetey, Sir John. 428 (PI. xcix.)
Sacheveeell, 357
Sackville, Duke of Dorset, 436
(Fig. 1052)
Saganta, Johannes, 424 (PI. scvii.)
Salisbury, Bishops of, 392
Eail of, 25S (Fig. 69S).26i,
292
■ See of, no
Saltmarshe, Philip, 196 (Fig. 492)
Salvesen, E. T., 213 (Fig. 537).
-33
Salzburg, Archbishops of, 470 (PI.
CXX XVIII.)
Duchy of, 443 (PI. cxv.)
Samson, Polish Family of, in
Samuel, Sir Saul, 260
Stuart Montagu, 18S (Fig.
46S)
Samuels, A. Warren, 153 (Fig.
372)
SamoelsoD, arms of. 173
Sandeman. John Glas. 112
Sandford, Mr., 16
Sandford - Thompson, 141 (PI.
XXIX.)
Sandwich, arms of, 12S
Sandys, T. M. (Fig. 387)
San Marino, crown of, 273 (Fig.
747)
Sapton, 422 (Pi. xcii.)
Saunders, W. H. R., 152 (Fig. 370)
Savage, Sir John, 336
Savilie, arms of, 181
Savelli, Duca di, 391
Sawbridge, family, 50
Saxe-Altenbnrg, 261, 339 (Fig.
S36
Sase-Cobur^-Gotha, 261
Duke o^f, 349 (Fig. S98),37o
Sase-Meiningeu, 261
Saxony, King of, 261
Say, Sir John, 455 (PI. cxsxil.)
Save de Sele, Lord, 376 (Fig. 937}
Scala, Princes della, 213
Scaltenighi, family, 52
Scarisbrick, arms of, 87 (Fig. 166)
family, 30 (Fig. 30)
Scarsdale, Lord, 324 (Fig. S19)
Schaff, 433 (PI. cvii.)
Schaffhausen, 445 (PL cxviii.)
Schaler, arms of, 262 (Fig. 701)
Schanfigg. 426 (PI. xcviii.)
Scharffenberg, 470 (PL Lxxvn.)
Schartlin, Sebastian, 130 (Fig. 297)
Schedinge, 479 (PI. cxLUi.)
Scheibler-Hiilhoveu, 416
Scherffenberg, Ewstach von, 412
(PI. LXSA'II.)
Scheurl and Geuder, 424 (PI. xcv.)
and Tucher, 423 (Fig. 1024)
Schlan, town of, 470 (Fig. 1113)
Schoenebeck,yon,473(PI.cxxxix.)
Schollingen, arms of, 4S2 (Fig.
1 132)
Schomberg, crest of, 2S6
Schonenwerd, Von, 403 (Fig. 976)
Schongauer, Martin, 418 (PI.
LXXXVIII. )
Schonneck, Von, 55 (Fig. 71)
Schopffla, Von, 420 (PI. xc.)
Schwartzen, 426 (PI. xcviii.)
unter den Sulen, 426 (PI.
XCVIII.)
Schwarzach. Michael von, 426
(Fig. 102S)
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 261
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 261
Schweidnitz. town of, 15S (Fig.
3S6)
Sconce, shield of, 209
Scotland, arms of, kings of, 99
kingdom of, 477 (PI. CXLII.)
Scot of Thirlestane, 99
Scott, arms of, 90 (Fig. 179), 207
of Gorrenberry, 352
Scotts of Thirlstane, 326
Scott-Gatty, 120 (Fig. 262}, 136,
1S2, 192, 215
Scrope, 10, 13, 43, 64, 205
Scroop, arms of, 295 (Fig. 800)
Scroope of Danby, 307 (Fig. Soo)
Scruby, G., 465
Scudamore, E. S. Lucas, 214 (Fig.
542)
Sea-dog (Fig. 347), 145
Seale, Sir John H., 2S7 (Fig. 7S1)
Seccombe, 232
Sir Thomas, 199 (Fig. 955)
Sir Thomas L., 3S5 (Fig. 955)
Sefton, Lord, 179
Segker, Johann, 424 (PI. xcv.)
Segrave, arms, 344, 379
John de, 305
Sir John de, 341
Septvans, Sir Robert de, 27, 31, 33,
34
Servia, Old, 434 (PI. cvill.)
Seton, Captain Robert, 326
church of, 300
family pedigree (PI. CU.)
Lord, 410 (PI. Lxxvi.), 459
motto, 328
of Mounie, 114 (Fig. 250), 154
Seymour, arms of, 99, 173
family, 39S
(St. Maur). 170
Sewell. Col. T. D., iSS (Fig. 469)
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 146
Shakerley, arms of, 153
Shakespeare, William, 214 (Fig.
540}
Sharpe, Mrs., 3S9
Shastadehalghton, 428 (Pl.scis.)
Sha-w, W. O. Nicholson, 2S1
Shaw-Lefevre-St.-John-Mildmav.
252 (Fig. 6S5)
Shearer, Lieut. -Col. Johnston, 207
(Fig. 515), 233
Sheepshanks, aruis of, 150
Sheffield, 311, 444 (PL cxvii.)
Sheldon, Dame Margaret, 388
Sherard, Lord, 320
Sherborn, Charles, 465 (PL CLill).
Shields, &c. (PL viii.)
Shiffner, arms of, 70. 356
Shirburne, Richard de, 428 (PL
xcix.)
Shirley, Earl Ferrers, 91
Shoemakers' Guild (Winterthur),
446 (PL cxxn.)
Shrewsbury, arms of, 135
Earl of, 44, 370 (Fig. 927).
392
Earls of, 260
Shropshire, arms of, 135 (Fig. 309)
Shurland, Sir Robert de, 28
Shuttleworth, arms of, 72 (Fig.
107), 219
Siam, 443 (PL cxv.)
crown of, 273 (Fig. 752)
Siberia, crown of, 272 (Fig. 739)
Sicily, arms of, 379
Sickingen, 41S (Fig. looS)
Sidney, Lord De Lisle and Dudley,
155'
Siegmund August, 424 (PL XCVI.)
SiUifant of Coombe. 1S8 (Fig. 467)
Sina, 426 (PL xcviii.)
Sinclair, arms of, 379
Patrick, of Ulbister, 352
Sirr, arms of, 80 (Fig. 142)
Sissinks of Groningen, 163
Skene, arms of, 137 (Fig. 315)
Slade, family, 212
Slatt of Zurich, 410 (PL Lxxv.)
Sloggett, W. H., i6i (Fig. 393)
Smallshaw, arms of, 198
Smart, John, 460
Smert. John, 14
Smith, Francis Patrick, 178 (Fig.
441)
Sidney, 211 (Fig. 531)
Sir Cecil Clement, 74 (Fig.
117)
Wm., of Dundee, 142 (Fig.
327)
Wm. Macadam. 217 (Fig. 551)
Smith-Cunningham, 310
Smith-Ryland, crest of, 144
Smith-Shand, A. K., 176 (Fig.
437)
Smyth, arms of, 398 (Fig. 96S)
Smyth, Sir Augustus Henry, 199
(Fig. 501)
Sneyd, arms of, 233
Sodor and Man, See of, 1 10, 213
Soldanieri, family, 52
Solis, Virgil, 430 (PL cu.)
Somers, Benjamin E., 191 (Fig.
475), 223
Somerset, Duke of, 305 (PL
CXXXII.)
(Henry Fitzroy), 17
Dukes of, 357, 359, 360
Earl of (Fig. S91)
Fox, 360
Somerville, Lord, 457
Somery, Roger de, 406 (PL lxxi.)
Sontlieim, Count von, 360 (PL
LXVII.)
Soos, Nikolaus Sovari, 44S (PL
CXXVI.)
Sophia, Princess, 350
Sorbano, 445 (PL cxviii.)
South African Republic, 443 (PL
CXV.)
Southampton, 197 (PL cxv.)
326 (PL LXIV.)
Southbey, family, 303
Southesk, Earl of, 168 (Fig. 407),
228
Southwark, 441 (Fig. 1062)
SouthwelL See of, no
Viscount, 320
Specht von Subenkain, 416 (PL
LXXXIV.)
Specker, 426 (PI. xcviii.)
Speier, arms of, 4S1 (Fig. 1130)
Speke, 156 (PL xxxix.)
William, 306 (PL xxxix.), 397
Spelman, Sir Henry, 15, 16
Spencer, Adam, of Broughton, 10
family, 29
Spicery, William of the, 42S (I'ig.
103 1 )
Spiegel zum Desenberg, Counts,
224
Spokes, Russell, 220 (Fig. 560)
Sprot, arms of, 185
Sprules, arms of, 78 (Fig. 131)
Spry, arms of, So (PL xvii.)
Stabius, Johann, 423 (PL XCIV.)
Stable, D. Wintringham, 87 (PL
xxviii.), 204
Stafford, arms of, 76 (Fig. 128)
Duke of Buckingham, 371
(Fig. 930)
Earl of, 46, 291
Lord, 2S1, 331, 333 (Figs.
S21-2), 336(Fig. 832)
Sir Humphrey, 2S1, 415 (Fig.
1003)
Stainer, Sir John. 224 (Fig. 572)
Stainheymer, Die., 432 (PL CIV.)
St. Albans, Duke of, 357
See of, 231
Stalbridge, Lord, 262
Stallberger, Die.. 432 (PL cv.)
Stanhope (Earl's coronet), 485
(PL CLI.)
Sianiland, arms of, 214
Stanley (Earls of Derby), 118
Lord, 336
Thos., Earl of Derby, 14S
(Fig. 359)
Stanleys, crest of, 260
Stapleton, Sir Miles, 291
Stapylton, 307
Starckens of Oesel, in
Stationers' Company, 446 (PL
cxxni.)
Staudach, 4S3 (PL CL.)
St. Christopher, 412 (Fig. 998)
St. Cricq, Comtes de. 208
St. Croce Church, 452 (Fig. 1089)
Steel, John James, 221
Stein, The Herren von, 254 (Fig.
6S7)
Stein-Kallenfels, 418 (PL
LXXXVIII.)
Stephen Tvrko II. of Bosnia, 469
(PL cxxxvii.)
Heinrich von, 473 (PL
cxxxix.)
Stephen's Crown. 270 (PL Ln.)
Stephewe, Will.de, 407 (PL Lxxii.)
Sterling, William, 305
St. Etienne, Abbey of, 361
Stewart, Sir Alan Seton. 2S3, 461
(PL CLI.)
arms of, 53
Chas. Balfour, in (Fig. 242)
(Earl's coronet), 4S5 (PL CLl.)
(Earl of Galloway). 343
(Lozenge), 4S6 (PL CLi.)
Sir Alexander, 4io(Pl.Lxxvi.)
St. George and the Swan, 430 (PL
CI.)
Crowned Rose, Dragon,
&c., 430 (Fig. 1040)
(Lozenge) 4S5 (PL CLi.)
St. Giles, Edinburgh, 300
St. Helens, shield of, 222
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir J. M., 312
St. Ives (Cornwall), 192
St. Lawrence, Earl of Howtb, 377
St. Leonards, Lord, 43
St. Louis IX., 406 (PL T.yviT.)
St. Mark, Lion of. 418 (Fig. 1012)
St. Maur (Seymour), 170
Stockhorner, 414 (PL lxxx.)
Stoke-Lyne, 303
Stone, arms of, 141 (PL xx.)
Robert Sidney, 234 (PI. xx.)
Storey, arms of. 1S6 (PL xv.)
Herbert L.. 237 (PL XV.)
St. Oswald. Lord, 321
Stothard, C. 6
Charles Alfred, 28
Stourton. arms of, 145, 105 (Fig.
227), 225
crest of, 260, 290 (Fig. 7S8)
family, 330
St. Paul, Count de, 344 (PL LXVn.)
Strabolgi, family, 44
Strachev, Sir Richard, 384 (Fig.
953) '
Strangman, arms of. 65 (PL xiY.)
Strangways, L. R., 12S (E'ig. 294)
Sir James, 42S (PL xcix.)
Strassburg-Niddau, 405 (Fig. 980)
Strathcona and Mount Royal, Lord,
154, 190
Stratheden, Baroness, 365
Stratherne, Countess of, 301
Strigoil and Chepstow, Earlsof, 15
Strohl, H. G., II
Von,4S3 (Fig. 1133) (Pis. CL.
and CLI.)
Strolenburg, 414 (Fig. 1002)
St. Simeon, 479 (PL CXLV.)
Stuart, Colonel John A. Man, 386
(PL XVIII.)
Stuart-French, 1S4
Stuart-Menteith, family, 304
Stubbs. arms of, 216 (PL XIV.)
of Danby. 192 (PL xiv.).
Stukele. arms of, 204
St. Urban, 404 (Figs. 9S0, 981)
Sturm, Caspar. 25, (PL i.)
Stuttgart, Literary Union, 447
(PL CXXII.)
St. Vincent, Lord, 286
Styleman, arms of, 15S
Styria, arms of, 136 (Fig. 10)
(PL XLVI., Fig. 4)
Styrian Ducal Hat, 270 (Fig. 729)
Suchekownaty, 449
Suffolk, Duke of, 2S0, 336 (Fig.
S30)
Earl of, 74 (Fig.'nS)
'* Sunburst " Badge, 430 (Fig.
1039)
Surrey, Duke of, 97 (Fig. 201 ), 397
Earl of, 258 (Fig. 697)
(Duke of Norfolk), 394
Sussex, and Warenne, Earl
ot 359
Surtees, arms of, 97 (Fig. 203)
Sussex, Duke of, 349
Earl of, 1 5
Sutherland (Lozenge), 485 (PL
CLI.)
Sutherland-Duff-Dunbar, 463 (Fig.
S12)
Suttie, shield of, 238
Sutton, arms of, 92 (Fig. 1S6), 154
family. 187
Svarte, 47S (PL cxLiii.)
Swabia, Dukedom of, 434 (PL
CVIII.)
502
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
Swansea, Lord, 264
Swanzr, Rev. T. E., 15S (Fig.
385)'
Sweden, Crown of, 273 (PI. Lii.)
Dakes of, 273 (Fig. 74S)
Swedish Realm, 4S0 (PI. cxlvi.)
Sweetland, arms of, 191
Swindon, arms of, 237 (Fig. 60S)
Swinton, 190. 309 (PI. lxiu.), 352
(Figs. 902-910)
arms of. 329
Captain, 20
crest of, 140 (PI. LXIII.)
of Swinton, 463 (PL LXIII,)
Sydenham, arms of, 150
Sydney, family, 330
Sykes, arms of, 105
Arthur Henry, 207 (Fig. 520)
crest of. 147
Symonds-Taylor. 1S4
Syward, Richard, 406 (PI. LXXI.)
Szeliea. 449
Szreniawa, 449 (Fig. 1076)
Tain, arms of i n
Talbot, 416 (Pis. Lxxxii., lxsxiu..
Fig. Ill)
Banner of. 125 (Fig. 270)
family. 37S
Earl of, 44
Lord, of Malahide, 260
Sir G-ilbert, 415 (PI. lxxxi.)
Tallow Chandlers' Livery Com-
pany, 112 (PI. cxx.), 446 (PI.
csx".), 454 (PI. cxxxii. ), 460
Tancred. crest of, 191
Tangermiinde, arras of, 339 (Fig.
83S)
Tankerville, Earl of, 299
Tannenvels, arms of, 132
Tanners, arms of, 206
Tannhjiuser, 409 (Fig. 9S9)
Tantanio, Duke of, 422 (PI. xcn.)
Tany, Richard, 406 (PI. Lxxi.)
Tardv, Comte de Montravel, 191
Tarle'tOD. A. H., 2S2 (Fig. 775),
2S4
Tarn, Harrv Holmes-, 225 (Fig.
576)
Tarseil. arms of, 204
Taunton, W. G., 249 (Fig. 6S0)
Tauntons of Oxford, 206
Taarien, crown of, 272 (Fig. 740)
Taylor, crest of, 135
Teck. Duke of, 132
Teesdale, arms of, 199
Temple, Inner, arms of, 144
Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-
Grenviile, 264
Templer, J. G. E., 210 (PI. xxxvn.)
Tengen, 410 (PL lxxv.)
Tenremonde, family, 52
Terry, Major-Gen.Astley Fellowes,
80' (PL XXXIII.), 201
Tetnang, arms of, 339 (Fig. 837)
Tettinger. Heinrich von, 408 (PL
LXXUI.)
Teutonic Order, 434 (Fig. 1045)
Teviot, Viscount. 203
Teyne, Earl of, 42S (PL xcix.)
Thackeray, family. 53
Eev.'A. T. J., 113 (Fig. 245)
Thellusson, arms of, 92 (Fig. 1S4)
Thierry, 6
Thistle of Scotland, 331
Thomas-Stanford. 15S (Fig. 383)
Thompson , Sandford , 174 (PI.
XXTX.)
Thorberg, 405 (Fig. 981)
Thorndike of Gt. Carleton, 189
Thome, Robert. 428 (PL SClx.)
Thornhill, crest of, 118
Thornton, Sir Edward. 182
Sir Thomas, 398
(Yorkshire). 190 (PL xx.)
Thurinsia. Konrad and Henry of,
37
Thum. Kaspar von, 476 (PL cxu.)
Thurston, crest of, 22S
Tichborne of Tichborne, 307
Tierberg. 409 (PL LXXiv.)
Tiflis, 443 (PL CSX.)
Tillard, arms of, 71 (Fig. 105)
Tindal, 15
Tobacco-Pipe Makers' Company,
193
Todmorden, 224 (Fig. 573)
Tokugawa, Minumoto, 6
Toledo, arms of, 231
ToUemache, family, 103
Tomkinson, arms of, 96 (Fig. 197)
Tonga, arms of, 68 (Fig. 93)
Torphichen, Lord, 19S
Torricelli, 454 (PL CXXXI.)
Torxington, Lord, 324
Totzenbach, Dorothevon, 412 (PL
Lxxvni.)
Toulouse. Counts of, 360 (Fig. 912)
Touraine, Dukesof, 360 (PL LXVII.)
Tournebu, Pierre de, 301
TrafEord, motto, 328
Tran, Soudan de la, 291
Transylvania, crown of, 271 (Fig.
732)
Trapand, 78 (Fig. 134)
Trappe, arms of, 211
Trasegnier. arms of, 132
Trauner, Die., 416 (PL LXSXIV.)
Trautwein, 431 (PL cm.)
Trayner, 223
Treacher, arms of, iSS
Trebisond, Emperor of, 419 (PL
LXXXI5.)
Tregent, crest of. 162
family, 189
Tregony, town of, 203
Trelawney, arms of, 194
Tremouille, Maria de la, 450 (PL
CXXIX.)
Tresham, Sir Thomas, 3S6 (Fig.
957-8)
Trevelyan, arms of, 141
Treves, Elector of, 380 (Fig. 946)
Sir Frederick, Bart. , 164,221,
398
Trimberg, Freiherren von, 419
(PL xc.)
Trinity House, 446 (PL cxxm.)
Trist, arms of, 173
Trotter, 3
William, 141 (Fig. 324)
Troutbeck, arms of, 185
Trumpington, Sir Roger de, 27, 30
Trye, family, 64
Tschertte, Johann, 423 (PL xcv.)
Tuam, See of, no
Tudor, House of, 211
Tuffen, Freiherren von, 403 (Fig.
979)
Tumritzcer, 413 (PL Lxxx.)
Tunstall, 234
Sir Richard, 299
Tupper, 311
Turner, arms of, 239
Tuscany, crown of, 272 (Fig. 745)
Tuttebury. Earl of. 15
Tweedy. 1S2 (PL xxvm.)
A. H., 66 (PL xxviii.)
H. Colpoys, 176 (Fig. 446)
Tworkovsky, 417 (PL lxxxyu.)
Tyrell, crest of, 179
Tyrol, countship of, 410 (PL
Lxxvi.), 411, 477 (PL CXLII.)
county of, 434 (PL cviil.)
Eagle of, 166 (Fig. 403)
Tyrrell, crest of, 141
Tyrwhitt, arms of, 1S2
Tyson, arms of, 215 (PL xv.)
^— Edward T., 221 (PL XV.)
Ud:net of that Ilk, 144
Ueherlinger, 426 (PL XCVUI.)
Ufford, Robert de, 406 (PL Lxxi.)
Ulman, Prince of Anhalt, 413 (Fig.
lOOl)
TJlrich II., of Mecklenburg, 430
(PL cii.)
von Lichtenstein, 472 (Fig.
1116)
Singenberg, 407 (PL
LXXIII.)
LTmfraville, 196 (Fig. 491)
arms of, 54 (Fig. 70)
Unicorn rampant, 15S (Fig. 384)
United Kingdom, Royal arms of,
325
Uolrich von Guotenburg, 407 (PL
LXXIII.)
Uralsk, 443 (PL cxv.)
Urberville, Ibew D', 406 (PL
LXXI.)
Urbiuo, Duke of, 292, 293, 372
Uri, Canton of, 443 (PL cxv.)
Uttermarck, R. J. G., 194 (Fig.
4S4)
Utzingen, Barons von, 405 (Fig.
980)
Vaile, arms of, 68 (Fig. 92), 147
Vair (Vairi^re), families, 52
Valence, William de, 27, 28, 361
Van Eiden. Sir Jacob, 100
Van Schobel. of Antwerp, in
Varano, family, 52
Varenchon. family, 52
Varroux, family, 51
Vaughan, arms of, irS (PL xv.)
Vavasseur, Josiah. 212 (Fig. 534)
Veitch, Haig H., 147 (PL LXV.)
Vendome, Due de, 360 (PL LSVii.)
Venice, cap of Doge of, 272 (Fig.
746), 452 (PL cxxx.)
Verdon, family, 103
Verdun, Alix de, 301
Vere, arms of. 229 (Figs. 5S6-7)
Verelst, H. W., 145 (Fig. 349),
152
Veret, family, 52
Verganhan.<!, Johann, 424 (PL
XCV I.)
Veringen, arms of, 38
Vernons, motto of the. 32S
Vesci, Viscount de, 314
Vesentina family, in
Vicars. Sir Arthur, 21 (Fie. 21),
276 (Fig. 75S)
Vickers, arms of. 86 (Fig. 161)
Victoria, Princess, 349
Queen, 443
Vienna, Archbishop of, 439 (PL
CXI.)
arms of, 166 (PL XLVI., Fig. 2)
Viennois, Dauphin de, 301
Vinycomb, John, 467
Vipont, 252 (Fig. 216)
arms of, 103 (Fig. 216)
Visconti, Dukes of Milan. 187
(Fig. 466)
the, 424 (PL xcvii.)
Vivian. Lord, arms of, 115
Vnna, 479 (PL cxLiii.)
Vohlin, of Augsberg, 302 (Fig.
795)
Volrich von Munegur, 407 (PL
LXSIII.)
Von Pauli Joery, arms of, in
Waddington, arms of, 72 (PL
XVI.)
Wade, crest of, 155
Wagstaff, arms of, 70 (Fig. loi)
Wahsmut von Kunzich, 32 (PL v.)
Wake or Ormonde, 337 (Fig. S33)
Wakefield of Dublin, 155
Wakely, arms of, 14S (Fig. 356)
Wakeman, arms of, 72 (Fig. no)
Walburg, 409 (PI. Lxxiv.)
Waldburgs, arms of the, 302
(PL LV.)
Waldeck, Princes of, 220
Waldeck-Pyrmont, 261
Waldegrave, Lord, 44, 183
Wales, PriDce of, 45, 349 (PL Lxvi.)
coronet, 274 (Fig. 756,
Pis. LIII., LVI.)
Walker, arms of, 72 (Fig. 109)
crest of, 1 86 -
Trustees, 393
Walkers of Yorksliire, 20S
Walkinshaw, arms of, 1S9
Wall, Arthur, 186 (Fig. 464)
Wallace, 463 (Fig. S04)
H. R., 3i4(Fig. S04)
WaUenrodt, Counts, 216
Waller, arms of, 66 (Fig. 88).
194
of Groombridge, 191, 39S
Sir J. W., 314
Wallop, arms of, 64
Walpole coat, 63
Walrond, arms of, 147
Walter von Metz, 407 (PL Lxxni.)
Walther von der Vogelweide, 408
(PL LXXIU.)
Wandsworth, arms of, 226 (Fig.
582)
Wantele, John de, 29
Wantleyes, 417 (PL Lxxxvi.)
Wantyng, Sir John de, 28
Warde-Aldham, 230
Warde-Aldam, arms of, 70
Warehara, arms of, 201
Warenne, 343 (Fig. S56)
Earl of Surrey, 360
Warnecke, Heinrich, 473 (PL
C XXXIX. )
Warren, family, 44
Sir John de, 359
William de, 344
Warrens, arms of the, 292
Warrii;gton, arms of, 42, 122 (Fig.
51), 217,249
Warwick and Albemarle. Earl of,
370
Earl of, 75 (Fig. 120)
Earl of, 78 (Fig. 133), 86
(Fig. 164)
Earls of, 343 (Figs. S57-8)
Lord, 331
"The King-maker," 102 (Fig.
213)
Waterford, city of, 321
Earl of, 44
Marquess of, 314
Waterless, Westley, 28
Waterlow, 232
Watermen and Lightermen's Com-
pany, 321
Watkin, Sir Edward, 1S9
Watney, arms of, 84 (PL xxvil.)
crest of, 145 (PL xxvu.)
Watson-Taylor, George, 306
Watson- Wentworth, Marquess of
Rockingham. 436 (Fig. 1053)
Watts, James, 160 (PL xxx.)
Wax Chandlers' Company, 460
Waye of Devon. 74
Wayne, Rev. W. H., 120 (PL
3:x.)
Wedderburn, arms of, 76 (PL
XXVI.)
Wedderbum-Maswell, J. A. C,
251 (Fig. 681)
Welby, Lord, 136
Welchman, arms of, 94 (Fig. 188,
PL XXVIII.)
Weldon, Sir Anthony, 112
William Henry, 29 (Fig. 19)
Welles, family, 27
Lord de, 428 (PL xcix.)
Viscount de, 371 (Fig. 928)
Wellington, Duke of, 370, 396
Welser, James, 360 (PL LXVII.)
Wendische Krone, 271 (Fig. 734)
Werdenberg, 410 (Fig. 993)
Were, arms of, 21S
Werner von Grafenrieth, 4S3 (PL
CL.)
Wesnan, 417 (PL Lxxxvi.)
West, arms of, 72 (Fig. 114)
motto of, 32S
Westbury, arms of, 132
Lord, 2S7
Westmeath. Earl of, 162
Earl of, 321
Westminster, Dean of, 392
: Duke of, 262, 37S
Marquess of, 39S
Whalley, arms of, 184
Wharton, W. H. A., 223
Whewell, arms of, 68 (Fig. 9S),
162
Whitby, 237
family, 1S7
White, Jas. Grove, 76 (PL xxii.)
White-Thomson, Sir R. T., 197
(Fig. 498), 238
Whitgreave, Robert, 232, 395 (Fig.
594)
Whittaker, arms of, 103
Whittington-Ince, 153 (Fig. 371)
Wichart durr, 414 (PL LXXX.)
Widmann, Freiherren von, 436
(PL ex.)
Wiergman (Wergman), 112
Wigan, 191 (Fig. 476), 228
Wilczek, family, 38 (PI. vii.)
Wildenfels, 421 (Fig. 1019)
Wildenvels, arms of, 132
503
INDEX OF PROPEK NAMES
Willan?, John Bancroft, 170 (Fig.
420)
Willey, H. A., 213 (Fig. 536)
William I. of Prussia, 26
■ III. and Mary, 442
IV., 349, 443
the Conqueror, 6
Williams-Drummond, 314
WiUiams, Eev. C. E. E., 171 (Fig.
423)
WiUis-Bund, J. W.. 172 (Fig. 425)
Wilson, arms of, 462
Gordon Chesnev, 210
Eev. J. B., 137 (PI. xxxl.,
I'ig. 313)
Walter, Henry, 21S (Fig. 552)
Wiltes, Earl of. 341
Wiltsliii-e, Earl of, 29
Wiltun, Eauf de, 406 (PI. LXXI.)
Winchester. Bishops of, 392
. Captain Peter. 192
Eai-I of. 15. 25S (Fig. 695)
Earls of, 103 (Figs. 217, 219)
Windle, B. C. A., (Fig. 439)
Windsor Castle, bookplates, 464
(Figs. 109S-1100)
Dean of, 392
Wingfield, 170 (Fig. 421)
Wingate, 211 (PL xxxis.)
Winlaw, arms of, 90 (Fig. 172),
iSs
motto, 328
Winter of Bolanden, 416 (PI.
T.XVXTV. )
Wisbeck, Achaz, 475 (PI. CXLI.)
Woebzicke, Count, 449
Wolfe, 370
arms of, 137
Francis, of Madeley, 395
Wolfe-Barry, Sir John, 160
Wolfstein, 424 (PI. xcvit.)
Wolfuxt, 409 (PI. LWTV.)
Wolfgang beiPbein, 316 (PI. lxi.)
Wolmershausen, ^;^ (PI. vi.)
Wolsey, Cardinal, 429 (PI. c.)
Wolselev, Sir Geo. BenjamiD, 144
(Fig. 333)
Viscount, 136, 144
Wolverhampton, 212 (Fig. 5330)
Wood (Lord Halifax), 113 (PI.
Lxn.)
Woods, Sir Albert William, 472
(PL cxxxix.)
Sir William, 264
Woodstock, 332 (Fig. SS4)
Thomas of, 346 (Fig. S74)
Woodward of Kent, iSS
of Little Walsingham, 194
WooUan, Benjamin M., 222 (Fig.
564)
Worcester, Earl of, 55 (Fig. 72)
Wordsworth, William, 215
Worms, Baron de. 325
Worsley-Taylor, 78 (Fig. 132)
Wortford, arms of, 194
Wright, Sir T., 71, 82 (PI. xv.)
A. F. (PI. xxxix.)
Wiiothesley, Sir Thomas, 427
WUlfingen, of Zurich, 409 (PI.
LXXIV.)
Wurmser, Gernhard, 430 (PI. cii.)
Wurtemberg, 479 (PI. cxlv.)
arms of, 3S
Queen of, 349
Wyatt, arms of, 215
H. K. P., 141 (Fig. 323)
W)ikynton,JohQ.455(Pi.cx5Xii.)
Wyndham - Campbell - Pleydell -
Bouverie, 264
Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, 13S
yARBOEOUGH, 320 (Fig. 920), 330
Countess of, 372
Earl of, 145, 365, 394
Yarmouth, arms of, 129
Town, 361
Yeates, crest of, 1S4
Yeatman-Biggs, 9S (Fig. 204)
Yeomen of the Guard, 331
Yerburgh, R. E., loS (Fig. 238),
174
Yockney, arms of, 194
YoDge of Colbrooke, 15S
York, Archbishop of, 82
Archbishops of. 391, 437
Duke of, 349 (Figs. SS4-S86)
(Edward IV.), 429
(PI. c.)
See of, 231
Yorke, crest of, 154
Youghal, Provosts of, 361
Young, Sir Charles, 161, 264
Ysowilpe, Abbot, 29
Zaeeltitz, Joseph, 360 (PI.
LXVII.)
Zachary, 357
Zastrzembiec, 449
Zillenhart, Wolf von, 412
Zimem, Fry her von. 420 (PI. XCI.)
Zorke or Yorke, 67
Zouche, Sir William de la, 93
"Zum Loch" House, 403 (Fig.
974)
Zatphen, Counts von. 25
ZwingensteiD , 412
THE END
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