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ATTENBOROUGH: Whatever your feelings
about snakes
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you cant deny that they have
an extraordinary beauty.
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Their lack of limbs compels them
to deal with lifes problems
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in ways that are utterly different
from ours.
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But nonetheless
the techniques they have developed
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are spectacularly successful.
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Snakes have one of
the simplest of body shapes.
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Essentially just a long thin tube.
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But they have some remarkably
effective ways of getting around.
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They can climb a tree
simply by embracing its trunk.
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Some can flatten their bodies
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so that they catch the air beneath them
and glide.
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By hitching up their undersides
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they can inch themselves forward
in a straight line.
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A sinuous wriggle enables them
to skate across loose sand.
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And the same action works
equally well in water.
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There some swim close to the surface.
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Others explore the depths
and can stay underwater
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for hours on end.
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One believe it or not can jump.
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So leglessness hardly seems
such a handicap.
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But how did snakes get that way?
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Well their remote ancestors
1 00 million years ago
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at the time of the dinosaurs
did have legs
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rather like todays lizards.
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Doubtless they were
very effective runners.
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But some also started to burrow
in search of prey.
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Below ground legs are a hindrance
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and over generations
they became smaller.
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Today burrowing lizards such as skinks
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seem to be going
through the same process.
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Many have tiny but recognisable legs.
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In others the limbs have become
nothing more than functionless flaps.
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In this burrowing lizard
the process has gone even further.
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The animal still has the face
of a lizard
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but its legs have disappeared totally.
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It seems that the ancestral snakes
went through just such a process
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way back in geological history
some 92 million years ago.
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So what did these very first snakes
look like?
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Well the answer can be found
in Asian jungles
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in American woodlands and gardens
and even in flowerpots like this.
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It may look like an earthworm
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but actually its a flowerpot snake
and its completely blind.
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It doesnt need to see
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because it spends
all its life underground.
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Ill put it back in its flowerpot
and put a flower on top
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and it will live perfectly happily there
in this flowerpot all by itself
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providing it has enough food.
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And theres a surprising amount
for a small snake to eat underground.
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Ant larvae for example.
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These early legless reptiles flourished
and remained underground
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for a long time.
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Then around 20 million years ago
some of them returned to the surface.
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Why? Well by this time
the dinosaurs had disappeared
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and the early mammals had arrived.
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They were more nutritious
than beetles and worms
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so the snakes began to
catch them instead
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and became so good at doing so
that today
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they are among
the most skilful hunters on Earth.
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Here in North America
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there is a snake that combines
its great speed
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and extraordinary senses
in a remarkable hunting strategy
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we are only just beginning
to understand.
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A timber rattlesnake.
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The morning sun has warmed its body
giving it energy and it starts to move.
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Its searching for a place
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where it can conceal itself
and wait for prey to come
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within striking distance.
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A little chipmunk.
Its in no danger yet.
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The rattlesnake cant move fast enough
to chase and catch it.
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But small mammals tend to use
the same paths
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as they run over the forest floor
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and they leave behind
a faint trail of scent.
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The rattlesnake can detect
that scent with its tongue.
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It can also locate the warm-blooded
chipmunk if its nearby
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with heat detectors in a pair of pits
beneath its eyes.
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As it moves it carefully holds
its rattle above the ground
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so it makes no noise.
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Its chosen the place to wait
at the bottom of this tree stump.
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Its coloration matches the ground
so closely
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it needs no further concealment.
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Now its just a matter of time.
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Seeing a rattlesnake
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actually catching its prey is a very
very difficult thing to observe.
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In fact some scientists have watched
rattlesnakes for years
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without seeing
that particular crucial moment.
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But we have a chance
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partly because rattlesnakes
are ambush hunters
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so we know exactly
where to put up our gear
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and partly because in that gear
weve got the very latest
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in surveillance equipment.
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There are remotely controlled cameras
and infrared lights on stands.
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And there are motion detectors
that will switch on the cameras
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if anything moves
so I neednt wait alongside.
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If anything happens the cameras
will switch on automatically.
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Later I check the replay.
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Theres a mouse just along that log.
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That obviously came to nothing
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but the cameras have started recording
again and the snake is moving.
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Hes checking out the trail
with his tongue.
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(WHISPERING) See thats exactly
where that mouse was running.
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Its pitch dark and the mouse clearly
has no idea that the snake is there.
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But the snake is well aware
of the mouse.
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Thanks no doubt
to those heat-detecting pits.
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A snake strikes by suddenly
straightening the curve in its neck.
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But at the moment
the mouse is not within range.
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Hes worked out that that is the path
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along which the mice run
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and hes getting himself
properly adjusted
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so he can strike it
when he next gets a chance.
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Now once again waiting.
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Thats what snakes are so good at.
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(RUSTLING)
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(ATTENBOROUGH EXCLAIMS)
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Oh my goodness.
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Thats a dead mouse all right.
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Slow down that shot
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and you can see that the snake stabs
the mouse just once.
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After three convulsive kicks
the mouse is dead.
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The snake is moving again.
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Hes going back now
to look for the one that
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he knows is dead back there.
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Where is it?
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Ah. Now it looks as though
hes really got it.
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Thats his dinner
and that can last him for
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three weeks four weeks if necessary.
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Rattlesnakes are among the least
obtrusive inhabitants of the forests
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of North America
and they are probably far more numerous
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than many people realise.
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Like many other animals
snakes use their nostrils
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to detect smells.
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But the most sensitive
and accurate information
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about the world around them comes
from that constantly flickering tongue.
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With this a snake gathers molecules
from the air and carries them back
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for evaluation to a pair
of extremely sensitive organs
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in the roof of its mouth.
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To see of just how important
scent can be to a snake
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Ive come here to Carnac Island
just off the coast of Western Australia.
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Its home to a large population
of highly venomous tiger snakes.
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Snakes have been established here
for many years
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but theres something odd
about this particular population.
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Many of them have damaged heads
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and some of them are actually blind
like this one.
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And yet puzzlingly
in spite of the fact
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that theyre blind
they all appear to be very well fed.
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So how do their heads get damaged?
And how in that condition
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when they cant see anything
can they catch all the prey they need?
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(GULLS CAWING)
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The snakes of course are not
the only inhabitants of the island.
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Its also home for
a large colony of silver gulls.
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The gulls breed throughout the year
so their chicks are a source of food
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for the snakes that never ends.
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In fact the snakes eat pretty well
nothing else.
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But the snakes dont get it
all their own way.
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The gulls are valiant defenders
of their nests and their chicks.
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Their stabbing beaks are powerful
sharp and strong.
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And the gulls always go
for the snakes head.
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One in 1 0 of the snakes
are totally blinded.
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Tiger snakes dont have those
heat-sensitive pits
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that rattlesnakes have
so these blinded hunters
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must be guided entirely
by their forked tongue.
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Its a superb direction-finding device.
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The snake can measure the strength
of a smell separately
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on each of the two forks of its tongue.
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And if it wishes to follow up a smell
then it simply detects
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the one that has the stronger smell
and goes in that direction.
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Gull chicks are an ideal prey
for a blinded snake
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because they are programmed
to stay on their nests.
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Once a snake has located it
a chick is doomed.
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Snakes it must be admitted
have had a bad reputation
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ever since one appeared
in the Garden of Eden.
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But in reality even the most
aggressive venomous snake
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will avoid biting a human being
if it can.
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Why waste venom
and risk violent retribution
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by biting something
youre not going to eat?
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To prevent misunderstanding
most venomous snakes warn other animals
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including human beings
to keep out of their way.
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(HISSING)
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(RATTLING)
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Some snakes do that with sound.
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(RATTLING)
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(HISSING)
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Others such as cobras
give a visual signal
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by expanding the skin around
their heads to form a conspicuous hood.
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The threat of a bite
is far better defence for a snake
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than the bite itself.
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However there are some snakes
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that not only use their venom
to kill their prey
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but have also found a way of using it
to deter their enemies
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without even biting them.
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This Mozambique cobra has
a very special way of doing that.
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To demonstrate this
with some degree of safety
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Im going to wear this visor
which has been coated with a substance
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that turns pink in contact with venom.
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Lets see what happens.
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Its watching me waiting to see
if I get too close for its liking.
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Venom spurts from its fangs.
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As it spits it turns its head
from side to side
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so that the jets have
the best chance of hitting my eyes.
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(SIGHING)
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Well I was well and truly sprayed.
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Every one of those pink dots
is a bead of venom.
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And if any one of them had gone
in my eye I would be now blind
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and in extreme pain.
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So its a fair warning from that snake
to me not to get any closer.
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And I dare say if I did
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I would deserve what I would get
which would be a bite.
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I have no intention of doing that.
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On the other hand some snakes
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which may appear to be venomous are
in reality quite harmless.
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These two snakes look
very very similar
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and they both occur here
in the southern United States
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so you are quite likely to meet
one or the other here.
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One of them however is harmless.
Its called a kingsnake.
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The other one is a coral snake
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and highly venomous.
One bite certain death.
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The question is which is which.
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Well the key lies in the order
of the colour rings.
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People here have a local saying
Red and black venom lack.
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Red and yellow can kill a fellow.
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And this one has red and black
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so I guess thats a kingsnake.
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Well see.
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So far so good.
Yeah this is a kingsnake.
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And what a beautiful snake it is.
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A really lovely reptile.
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The kingsnake pretends to be venomous
when its not.
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And theres another snake
that pretends to be dead when it isnt.
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Snakes being cold-blooded
seem to relish the warmth
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of sun-baked roads
and often bask on them.
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And as a result
of course many get run over.
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But things arent always exactly
what they seem.
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He looks kind of dead
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but in fact this hog-nosed snake
is perfectly all right.
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He was just feigning death
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so that things that might have been
interested in a living snake are not.
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And whats more
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(SNIFFING)
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he has produced rather
a remarkable smell.
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In fact the smell as it were
of rotting flesh.
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So maybe he was pretending too
that he was not only dead
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but decomposing.
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Very convincing. Off you go.
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The lack of limbs that might seem
to us to be such a huge handicap
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has not stopped snakes from
getting around in all kinds of ways
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00:22:05,607 --> 00:22:09,566
and neither does it prevent them
from tackling all kinds of meals.
247
00:22:11,287 --> 00:22:15,200
This South African snake has become
a specialist in swallowing
248
00:22:15,287 --> 00:22:17,596
a particularly awkward mouthful.
249
00:22:21,967 --> 00:22:26,358
Its as accomplished a tree climber
as youll find among snakes.
250
00:22:38,327 --> 00:22:41,603
The trees it frequents
also hold colonies
251
00:22:41,687 --> 00:22:45,202
of masked weaverbirds
that suspend their nests
252
00:22:45,287 --> 00:22:47,755
from the very tip of the branches.
253
00:22:47,847 --> 00:22:52,159
But the snake is a skilled enough
climber to reach them.
254
00:22:52,247 --> 00:22:55,922
The weaverbirds know it well
and recognise it as a threat.
255
00:22:56,007 --> 00:22:57,565
(CHIRPING)
256
00:23:06,247 --> 00:23:09,080
Its well accustomed to these attacks.
257
00:23:31,127 --> 00:23:34,722
These defenders however
are just too determined
258
00:23:34,807 --> 00:23:36,445
and it retreats.
259
00:23:41,327 --> 00:23:43,795
But it doesnt give up altogether.
260
00:23:58,407 --> 00:24:01,126
This nest is unguarded.
261
00:24:05,847 --> 00:24:09,601
And this is what
the snake is after the eggs.
262
00:24:09,687 --> 00:24:12,963
Each is several times bigger
than the snakes head
263
00:24:13,127 --> 00:24:17,279
but its jaws are linked by ligaments
that are amazingly elastic.
264
00:24:23,967 --> 00:24:26,925
Once the egg is engulfed
by the snakes jaws
265
00:24:27,127 --> 00:24:29,846
powerful throat muscles push it
down its gullet.
266
00:24:36,807 --> 00:24:40,641
Moving X-rays enable us to see
exactly whats happening.
267
00:24:44,327 --> 00:24:47,637
Soon the egg reaches a part
of the backbone
268
00:24:47,727 --> 00:24:50,480
that has downward pointing spines on it.
269
00:24:53,367 --> 00:24:56,723
The snake arches its backbone
and then squeezes.
270
00:24:56,807 --> 00:24:58,160
(CRACKING)
271
00:25:01,247 --> 00:25:05,445
The shell cracks and the spines
on the backbone slit the membrane.
272
00:25:09,247 --> 00:25:12,523
The shell is crushed
and rich nutritious yolk
273
00:25:12,767 --> 00:25:14,837
flows into the snakes gut.
274
00:25:29,287 --> 00:25:32,484
Then whats left of the shell
is regurgitated.
275
00:25:35,607 --> 00:25:38,075
But that of course was a small meal.
276
00:25:38,167 --> 00:25:42,046
Some snakes can tackle
much bigger meals than that.
277
00:25:45,527 --> 00:25:48,837
An African rock python
one of the biggest of all snakes
278
00:25:48,927 --> 00:25:52,363
that can grow over seven metres
20 feet long.
279
00:25:52,487 --> 00:25:55,479
And it is eating an antelope.
280
00:25:55,967 --> 00:26:00,119
It too has an elastic ligament
connecting its jaws.
281
00:26:03,447 --> 00:26:06,086
It killed the antelope not with venom
282
00:26:06,167 --> 00:26:09,955
but by squeezing it so tightly
that it was unable to breathe.
283
00:26:14,207 --> 00:26:17,279
A pythons teeth cant cut or rip.
284
00:26:17,367 --> 00:26:20,723
It has to swallow its prey whole
or not at all.
285
00:26:20,807 --> 00:26:23,275
And that may take a day or more.
286
00:26:25,047 --> 00:26:28,642
Without limbs the python cant push
the antelope down its throat.
287
00:26:29,487 --> 00:26:33,116
Instead it hitches its jaws
diagonally back and forth
288
00:26:33,567 --> 00:26:38,163
so that they as it were
walk along and over the prey.
289
00:26:39,367 --> 00:26:43,679
Its tube-like body has to stretch
so extremely to accommodate
290
00:26:43,807 --> 00:26:47,038
such a gigantic meal
that its flanks have torn.
291
00:26:47,567 --> 00:26:50,081
But such injuries heal very quickly.
292
00:26:55,247 --> 00:26:59,035
The last of the antelope its hooves
are about to disappear.
293
00:27:07,727 --> 00:27:08,842
Gone.
294
00:27:15,767 --> 00:27:20,966
The python will now hide itself away
and begin the long process of digestion.
295
00:27:21,407 --> 00:27:27,164
Everything will be dissolved skin
hair hooves even horns.
296
00:27:35,007 --> 00:27:39,364
This python will not need to eat again
for a year or more.
297
00:27:45,647 --> 00:27:48,957
Wherever its warm
and there are animals of some kind
298
00:27:49,047 --> 00:27:50,799
there will be snakes to hunt them
299
00:27:50,887 --> 00:27:54,926
no matter how difficult the conditions
and how awkward the mouthful.
300
00:27:56,927 --> 00:28:00,044
Crabs are in plentiful supply
in this mangrove swamp.
301
00:28:00,127 --> 00:28:03,483
There must be 20 on any one
of these trees around me.
302
00:28:03,567 --> 00:28:06,559
Theyre all up there
waiting for the tide to go out
303
00:28:06,647 --> 00:28:09,366
so that they can feed in the mud below.
304
00:28:10,047 --> 00:28:15,838
So there is a meal for a snake here
but crabs are not easy to tackle.
305
00:28:16,327 --> 00:28:20,479
Theyre strong armour-plated
and covered in spines.
306
00:28:20,727 --> 00:28:26,245
For a snake to tackle one of these
would be like me trying to eat a lobster
307
00:28:26,327 --> 00:28:30,161
twice the size of my head
with my hands tied behind my back.
308
00:28:30,647 --> 00:28:33,684
But there is a snake that knows
how to do so.
309
00:28:35,407 --> 00:28:38,604
The crabs cling to the arching struts
of the mangroves
310
00:28:38,687 --> 00:28:41,201
to keep out of the way
of predatory fish
311
00:28:41,287 --> 00:28:45,041
but as the tide retreats
it becomes safe for them to climb down
312
00:28:45,127 --> 00:28:49,882
and start looking for such edible bits
as the tide has left behind on the mud.
313
00:28:58,487 --> 00:29:00,557
For the moment theyre safe
314
00:29:00,647 --> 00:29:03,002
but soon the sun will set.
315
00:29:03,087 --> 00:29:05,965
Then the snakes will come out
of their burrows.
316
00:29:06,687 --> 00:29:08,962
They hunt in the darkness
317
00:29:09,047 --> 00:29:12,676
but well be able to follow them
with our infrared cameras.
318
00:29:21,007 --> 00:29:23,680
Its now very dark indeed
319
00:29:23,767 --> 00:29:28,522
and the snake has to find its way around
entirely by touch and smell.
320
00:29:38,727 --> 00:29:41,002
Finding crabs is not difficult.
321
00:29:41,407 --> 00:29:42,886
They swarm all over the mud
322
00:29:42,967 --> 00:29:47,358
and the snake is almost bound to
encounter one sooner rather than later.
323
00:29:55,607 --> 00:29:59,520
The snake is armed with venom
and has short strong fangs
324
00:29:59,647 --> 00:30:02,525
which can pierce a crabs shell
and stun it.
325
00:30:02,647 --> 00:30:04,683
But that is only half the problem.
326
00:30:04,767 --> 00:30:07,406
Its what it does after
it has caught its crab
327
00:30:07,487 --> 00:30:10,240
that sets it apart
from all other snakes.
328
00:30:36,767 --> 00:30:41,966
It has it. Now what?
The crab is so large that the snake
329
00:30:42,047 --> 00:30:44,356
cant swallow it whole.
330
00:30:44,447 --> 00:30:49,123
Slowly and deliberately
the snake dismembers the crab.
331
00:30:53,567 --> 00:30:56,365
Each leg contains nutritious muscle.
332
00:31:05,767 --> 00:31:11,080
But the crabs armoured body
is simply discarded. Too difficult.
333
00:31:15,407 --> 00:31:19,286
There are hard-shelled creatures
in fresh waters as well as in salt.
334
00:31:19,367 --> 00:31:22,677
Not nearly as many
but sufficient number for some snakes
335
00:31:22,767 --> 00:31:24,962
to specialise in eating them.
336
00:31:27,287 --> 00:31:29,596
And in the eastern United States
337
00:31:29,687 --> 00:31:31,962
many rivers contain crayfish.
338
00:31:36,207 --> 00:31:39,165
Like crabs
they have a hard protective shell
339
00:31:39,887 --> 00:31:43,277
and they have
particularly powerful pincers as well.
340
00:31:50,927 --> 00:31:55,478
The queen snake however
eats crayfish and nothing else.
341
00:32:15,287 --> 00:32:17,482
But not just any crayfish.
342
00:32:22,727 --> 00:32:24,479
Its very selective.
343
00:32:26,247 --> 00:32:29,398
Crayfish as they grow
shed their armour.
344
00:32:33,207 --> 00:32:37,644
Every three to four weeks a split
appears across the back of its shell.
345
00:32:41,247 --> 00:32:45,240
The old shell hinges away
and the crayfish hauls itself out
346
00:32:45,327 --> 00:32:47,887
and expands its body which is soft.
347
00:32:50,327 --> 00:32:53,080
Its now that the snake has its chance.
348
00:33:04,487 --> 00:33:07,718
A newly moulted crayfish
looks much the same
349
00:33:07,807 --> 00:33:09,923
but it gives off different chemicals
350
00:33:10,007 --> 00:33:13,079
that the snake can detect
in the water with its tongue
351
00:33:13,167 --> 00:33:15,362
and from some distance away.
352
00:33:33,487 --> 00:33:37,765
It can swallow this crayfish
because since it is newly moulted
353
00:33:38,447 --> 00:33:40,677
its as soft as a boiled egg.
354
00:34:05,647 --> 00:34:08,286
On occasion snakes have to grapple
355
00:34:08,367 --> 00:34:11,325
not only with their prey
but with one another
356
00:34:11,407 --> 00:34:14,046
in disputes over mates and territory.
357
00:34:16,087 --> 00:34:19,318
This is one of the most formidable
the king cobra.
358
00:34:19,407 --> 00:34:23,320
Highly venomous
and about four metres 1 4 feet long.
359
00:34:26,007 --> 00:34:31,127
Disputes between rival male king cobras
are potentially very dangerous indeed
360
00:34:31,847 --> 00:34:36,238
for this species specialises
in eating other kinds of snakes.
361
00:34:38,967 --> 00:34:41,686
So they observe strict rules
in their fights
362
00:34:41,767 --> 00:34:44,679
which prohibit
the use of their lethal bite.
363
00:34:49,287 --> 00:34:52,359
Slowed down
its a performance full of grace
364
00:34:52,767 --> 00:34:56,476
as each contestant strives
not to kill his opponent
365
00:34:56,567 --> 00:34:59,161
but simply to slam him to the ground.
366
00:35:57,047 --> 00:36:00,926
The defeated male leaves the arena
and no harm has been done.
367
00:36:09,247 --> 00:36:12,876
Snakes must also find a way
of preventing their courtship
368
00:36:12,967 --> 00:36:14,923
from becoming lethal.
369
00:36:15,007 --> 00:36:18,397
This is a Californian kingsnake a male.
370
00:36:22,487 --> 00:36:25,797
He has detected
the scent of a female ready to mate.
371
00:36:30,607 --> 00:36:33,599
Like all snakes
his eyesight is not good
372
00:36:34,327 --> 00:36:38,320
but he can tell from the taste
of the air that she is close by.
373
00:36:43,847 --> 00:36:46,486
In fact she is within inches.
374
00:37:09,687 --> 00:37:14,078
For some time the two follow
one another nose to tail.
375
00:37:21,047 --> 00:37:23,561
The male begins to caress her
376
00:37:23,647 --> 00:37:27,799
sensually jerking and rocking his body
as he holds her close.
377
00:37:32,087 --> 00:37:37,400
He has a pair of sexual organs
one of which can project to the left
378
00:37:37,487 --> 00:37:39,125
and the other to the right.
379
00:37:39,207 --> 00:37:42,517
So no matter which side of him
she happens to lie
380
00:37:43,047 --> 00:37:45,163
he can reach her.
381
00:37:47,367 --> 00:37:49,483
At last union is achieved.
382
00:38:07,767 --> 00:38:10,645
They may remain together
for several hours.
383
00:38:28,447 --> 00:38:32,235
In a few weeks time
the female will lay a clutch of eggs.
384
00:38:32,967 --> 00:38:36,198
It may take six or seven weeks
for them to hatch
385
00:38:36,287 --> 00:38:38,755
but the regions where
most snakes live are warm enough
386
00:38:38,847 --> 00:38:42,123
for them to develop
without any help from the parents.
387
00:38:46,327 --> 00:38:49,637
Cobras lay them on the ground
in the leaf litter.
388
00:38:58,247 --> 00:39:03,241
Their soft parchment-like shell
is easily split when pushed from within.
389
00:39:11,607 --> 00:39:15,919
The front end of a cobra hatchling
is quite capable of giving a bite
390
00:39:16,007 --> 00:39:19,238
even while the back end
is still within the shell.
391
00:39:36,327 --> 00:39:40,798
Their fangs may be small but since it
only takes a tiny drop of cobra venom
392
00:39:40,887 --> 00:39:45,961
to kill an animal these youngsters
can be as lethal as their parents.
393
00:40:09,967 --> 00:40:14,006
They already have that characteristic
warning signal the hood.
394
00:40:18,047 --> 00:40:22,563
Not all snakes lay their eggs.
In some species
395
00:40:22,647 --> 00:40:26,526
the female retains them within her body
until theyre ready to hatch
396
00:40:26,607 --> 00:40:29,326
so she gives birth to live young.
397
00:40:32,367 --> 00:40:34,801
The marshes of northern Argentina
398
00:40:35,327 --> 00:40:39,525
home to one of the largest
of live-bearing snakes the anaconda.
399
00:40:46,727 --> 00:40:50,515
This is a female
and shes heavily pregnant.
400
00:40:58,247 --> 00:41:00,317
Its morning and shes chilly
401
00:41:00,407 --> 00:41:04,036
so she moves out of the water
and onto the swamp
402
00:41:04,127 --> 00:41:05,879
to warm herself in the sun.
403
00:41:20,127 --> 00:41:23,278
Slowly the day begins to warm up.
404
00:41:35,407 --> 00:41:38,763
Now its getting
a little too hot for her
405
00:41:38,847 --> 00:41:42,237
so she moves back to the water
to cool off.
406
00:41:45,127 --> 00:41:50,804
In this way she manages to keep her
body close to 29 degrees centigrade
407
00:41:50,887 --> 00:41:54,163
perfect for the babies
developing within her.
408
00:42:01,127 --> 00:42:03,846
But she wont give birth here and now.
409
00:42:04,447 --> 00:42:06,438
There are caiman around.
410
00:42:12,407 --> 00:42:16,116
At last she finds
the quiet pool that she needs.
411
00:42:18,727 --> 00:42:20,843
And her contractions start.
412
00:42:49,007 --> 00:42:51,919
The first of her babies has arrived.
413
00:42:56,007 --> 00:42:59,966
Up it goes to the surface
to take its first breath of air.
414
00:43:07,367 --> 00:43:09,835
But there are more babies to come.
415
00:43:28,367 --> 00:43:30,927
Eventually she produces 1 2.
416
00:43:31,567 --> 00:43:34,718
In fact thats quite modest
for an anaconda.
417
00:43:34,807 --> 00:43:36,923
They can produce up to 40.
418
00:43:38,407 --> 00:43:42,320
Right from the beginning of their lives
theyre totally independent
419
00:43:42,407 --> 00:43:45,126
and get no care or protection
from their mother.
420
00:43:47,847 --> 00:43:52,557
The anaconda spends so much of its time
in water and is such a powerful swimmer
421
00:43:52,647 --> 00:43:55,480
that it can be
properly considered aquatic.
422
00:44:00,447 --> 00:44:04,122
Snakes have become adapted
to almost every environment
423
00:44:04,207 --> 00:44:08,041
including even
the sea as this one has.
424
00:44:08,847 --> 00:44:13,398
It doesnt often bite but it does have
an extremely powerful venom
425
00:44:13,487 --> 00:44:15,079
so I am not going to handle it.
426
00:44:15,167 --> 00:44:18,318
But I will help it a little
with this stick.
427
00:44:18,727 --> 00:44:24,563
As you can see it has a very flattened
paddle at the end of its tail.
428
00:44:25,567 --> 00:44:28,286
But on land its pretty helpless.
429
00:44:29,167 --> 00:44:34,241
However if I assist it
in getting into the sea...
430
00:44:40,487 --> 00:44:42,876
And now its in its element.
431
00:44:46,367 --> 00:44:49,643
Sea snakes have had to modify
many of the features
432
00:44:49,727 --> 00:44:53,879
that enabled their far distant ancestors
to colonise the land.
433
00:44:53,967 --> 00:44:56,720
They still have a lung
with which to breathe air
434
00:44:56,807 --> 00:45:00,004
like other snakes
but they can also absorb oxygen
435
00:45:00,087 --> 00:45:02,601
from the seawater through their skin.
436
00:45:10,687 --> 00:45:13,838
Salt inevitably gets into
a sea snakes body
437
00:45:13,927 --> 00:45:16,441
but the snake manages to get rid of that
438
00:45:16,527 --> 00:45:19,837
by excreting it from a gland
under its tongue.
439
00:45:19,927 --> 00:45:22,361
It also needs to drink fresh water.
440
00:45:22,447 --> 00:45:26,520
So in calm seas
it waits at the surface for rain.
441
00:45:28,207 --> 00:45:32,723
Sea snakes really are
truly marine creatures.
442
00:45:32,807 --> 00:45:36,038
They can live out here
in the open ocean
443
00:45:36,127 --> 00:45:40,006
and the only clue you have
to their link with the land
444
00:45:40,087 --> 00:45:43,079
is that they have to come up every
quarter of an hour or so
445
00:45:43,167 --> 00:45:44,725
for a gulp of air.
446
00:45:55,887 --> 00:46:00,199
Most sea snakes like this
bar-bellied species hunt fish.
447
00:46:00,927 --> 00:46:03,646
They have one of
the most lethal venoms known
448
00:46:03,727 --> 00:46:06,525
which kills almost instantaneously.
449
00:46:06,607 --> 00:46:10,520
And that is a very important quality
if you hunt fast-swimming
450
00:46:10,607 --> 00:46:12,279
ocean-going prey.
451
00:46:13,407 --> 00:46:16,365
But paradoxically
the most highly specialised
452
00:46:16,447 --> 00:46:19,644
sea snake of all
has abandoned venom altogether.
453
00:46:22,207 --> 00:46:26,598
It has a beak like a turtle
and a wholly different way of feeding.
454
00:46:41,447 --> 00:46:45,281
Reef fish dont like to have it around.
They mob it.
455
00:46:56,527 --> 00:47:00,805
It doesnt even retaliate.
Its not interested in them.
456
00:47:07,647 --> 00:47:09,319
Its after their eggs.
457
00:47:09,847 --> 00:47:13,760
These the fish have stuck
to the stony branches of the coral.
458
00:47:19,527 --> 00:47:24,237
The snakes hardened turtle-like top lip
enables it to scrape them off.
459
00:47:33,767 --> 00:47:38,204
Its such a slow-moving browser
that algae and other small organisms
460
00:47:38,287 --> 00:47:41,677
grow on its skin
as they do on the bottom of a boat.
461
00:47:47,167 --> 00:47:51,206
The loss of limbs could seem
to be a handicap
462
00:47:51,287 --> 00:47:55,326
and certainly makes the snakes
seem alien creatures to us.
463
00:47:56,127 --> 00:48:00,120
But it is that very loss
that has enabled the snakes
464
00:48:00,207 --> 00:48:02,323
to colonise every environment
465
00:48:02,407 --> 00:48:04,602
from below the ground
to above the ground
466
00:48:04,687 --> 00:48:08,726
from bushes to trees
to the air and even to the sea.
467
00:48:09,607 --> 00:48:12,326
And it is that absence of limbs too
468
00:48:12,407 --> 00:48:17,003
which has enabled them to do it
with such elegance and grace.
469
00:48:27,367 --> 00:48:31,076
Filming venomous snakes
presented a lot of special problems
470
00:48:31,167 --> 00:48:33,397
to the Life in Cold Blood team
471
00:48:33,487 --> 00:48:37,799
but the toughest was trying to film
a rattlesnake hunting in the wild.
472
00:48:38,967 --> 00:48:43,961
A rattlesnake making a kill has rarely
even been seen and never before filmed
473
00:48:44,047 --> 00:48:45,719
and for several reasons.
474
00:48:45,807 --> 00:48:48,560
For one thing
rattlesnakes are so well camouflaged
475
00:48:48,647 --> 00:48:51,115
theyre very difficult to find.
476
00:48:51,207 --> 00:48:53,357
We enlisted the help of snake expert
477
00:48:53,447 --> 00:48:55,278
Harry Greene and his team.
478
00:48:55,367 --> 00:48:58,006
Theyve been studying a group
of timber rattlesnakes
479
00:48:58,087 --> 00:49:02,046
using radio telemetry which enables
them to find their rattlesnakes
480
00:49:02,127 --> 00:49:04,641
at any time of day or night.
481
00:49:04,727 --> 00:49:08,402
Most of us will never find them
and theyre superbly camouflaged.
482
00:49:08,487 --> 00:49:13,277
Exactly but thats been one of the
wonderful things about radio telemetry
483
00:49:13,367 --> 00:49:15,801
is we can have an animal
that we can dial up.
484
00:49:15,887 --> 00:49:17,764
ATTENBOROUGH: To have
any chance of success
485
00:49:17,847 --> 00:49:21,157
the crew had to be able to find
the rattlesnakes on their own.
486
00:49:21,247 --> 00:49:23,966
So producer James Brickell
had to take a course
487
00:49:24,047 --> 00:49:26,163
in telemetry techniques himself.
488
00:49:26,247 --> 00:49:29,080
Hmm point it
a little bit more this way.
489
00:49:29,167 --> 00:49:32,239
ATTENBOROUGH: Each snake has been
implanted with a tiny transmitter.
490
00:49:32,327 --> 00:49:35,763
If you dial its frequency
you can pick up a beeping sound.
491
00:49:35,847 --> 00:49:38,805
And that gets louder
the nearer you get to the snake.
492
00:49:39,407 --> 00:49:41,523
(BEEPING)
493
00:49:44,567 --> 00:49:46,159
And so its just like
if you were trying to find
494
00:49:46,247 --> 00:49:48,807
your favourite rock-and-roll station
or something
495
00:49:48,887 --> 00:49:51,162
but now were gonna find
our favourite rattlesnake.
496
00:49:51,247 --> 00:49:54,762
So you just punch in its number
and its on the air.
497
00:49:54,847 --> 00:49:58,283
ATTENBOROUGH: It sounds simple
in theory but theres a snag.
498
00:49:58,367 --> 00:49:59,641
(BEEPING)
499
00:50:01,287 --> 00:50:03,039
Its here somewhere.
500
00:50:03,927 --> 00:50:05,997
just be really careful guys.
501
00:50:06,087 --> 00:50:08,885
ATTENBOROUGH: In a forest
the signal can bounce off trees
502
00:50:08,967 --> 00:50:11,561
and give you a false reading
so that it can seem
503
00:50:11,647 --> 00:50:13,126
that the snake is everywhere.
504
00:50:13,207 --> 00:50:15,402
And you dont want to think
a reading is false
505
00:50:15,487 --> 00:50:18,240
and then tread on your snake by mistake.
506
00:50:18,327 --> 00:50:19,316
Hes that way there?
507
00:50:19,407 --> 00:50:21,045
MAN: Youll find hes
up there somewhere.
508
00:50:21,127 --> 00:50:22,765
Lets find him.
509
00:50:22,847 --> 00:50:24,405
james its starting to get dark.
510
00:50:24,487 --> 00:50:26,364
Yeah I know. Hes in there.
I reckon hes hunting.
511
00:50:26,447 --> 00:50:27,675
MAN: James be careful
where youre going.
512
00:50:27,767 --> 00:50:29,962
ATTENBOROUGH: And it isnt just
the one snake youre tracking.
513
00:50:30,047 --> 00:50:33,676
There are dozens of others in the area
that arent tagged.
514
00:50:33,767 --> 00:50:35,485
(BEEPING CONTINUES)
515
00:50:35,887 --> 00:50:38,560
MAN: Follow my hand.
jAMES: There he is.
516
00:50:38,647 --> 00:50:40,683
Its about 20 feet.
517
00:50:40,767 --> 00:50:42,723
MAN: All right good.
jAMES: Six metres.
518
00:50:42,807 --> 00:50:43,842
ATTENBOROUGH: And so at last
519
00:50:43,927 --> 00:50:47,806
the crew meet
a very special snake called Hank.
520
00:50:53,127 --> 00:50:56,199
Hank is in a perfect position
for his ambush.
521
00:50:56,287 --> 00:50:59,324
To film the action
without disturbing him or his prey
522
00:50:59,407 --> 00:51:01,637
cameraman Mark MacEwen
has fitted his camera
523
00:51:01,727 --> 00:51:04,924
with motion detectors
from a burglar alarm.
524
00:51:05,007 --> 00:51:08,920
They will turn on the camera
without anyone having to be there.
525
00:51:10,287 --> 00:51:15,281
So for the first time they set up
their gear in front of a live snake.
526
00:51:16,567 --> 00:51:20,446
They could now leave Hank
and track another of Harrys snakes.
527
00:51:21,847 --> 00:51:25,442
So that means you know individual
snakes over a long period of time.
528
00:51:25,527 --> 00:51:27,040
Do they differ very much?
529
00:51:27,127 --> 00:51:28,765
Absolutely absolutely.
530
00:51:28,847 --> 00:51:31,759
Now there are species differences
so certain rattlesnake species
531
00:51:31,847 --> 00:51:34,122
are more sort of
nasty-tempered than others.
532
00:51:34,207 --> 00:51:39,281
But even within a population youll
have one that just never gets riled up
533
00:51:39,367 --> 00:51:41,119
and one that you know
you just cant get too close to
534
00:51:41,207 --> 00:51:42,845
without it getting upset.
535
00:51:43,767 --> 00:51:45,758
ATTENBOROUGH: With one camera
set up on Hank
536
00:51:45,847 --> 00:51:48,202
james decides to track another snake
537
00:51:48,287 --> 00:51:51,962
and to do so in the dark
which is when most rattlesnakes hunt.
538
00:51:52,047 --> 00:51:55,357
But in the pitch blackness
there was a distinct possibility
539
00:51:55,447 --> 00:51:58,200
that James would accidentally
get so close to the snake
540
00:51:58,287 --> 00:52:02,246
he was looking for
he would step within striking distance.
541
00:52:02,327 --> 00:52:05,364
Quite unnerving
if you havent done it before.
542
00:52:05,447 --> 00:52:06,800
(BEEPING)
543
00:52:09,927 --> 00:52:13,715
Its actually pretty dangerous walking
around in the middle of the night
544
00:52:13,807 --> 00:52:16,605
trying to find a rattlesnake
in these conditions.
545
00:52:22,687 --> 00:52:23,802
Hes really close.
546
00:52:23,887 --> 00:52:25,923
Its got to be here
over near these logs.
547
00:52:26,007 --> 00:52:29,522
I think the snakes about probably
five 1 0 metres away.
548
00:52:29,607 --> 00:52:32,485
It would be easier to find
a needle in a haystack
549
00:52:34,087 --> 00:52:37,397
than to find a reptile that looks like
a load of dead leaves
550
00:52:37,487 --> 00:52:40,160
in a huge pile of dead leaves.
551
00:52:40,247 --> 00:52:42,636
MARK ON RADIO:
Have you found it, fellows?
552
00:52:42,727 --> 00:52:47,517
Negative Mark. Weve got to a huge pile
of logs and wood.
553
00:52:47,607 --> 00:52:50,724
ATTENBOROUGH: The team decide to
abandon tracking the second snake
554
00:52:50,807 --> 00:52:55,437
and instead check on the camera
they had left on Hank in the afternoon.
555
00:52:55,527 --> 00:52:58,166
I think its too dangerous actually
to go poking around in there
556
00:52:58,247 --> 00:53:00,522
and anyway you wouldnt be able to get
the lights and the camera in.
557
00:53:00,607 --> 00:53:03,121
So were gonna wrap on it and come back.
558
00:53:03,367 --> 00:53:06,404
Weve seen things on your videos
weve never seen before.
559
00:53:06,487 --> 00:53:07,715
-Really?
-Which is kind of surprising.
560
00:53:07,807 --> 00:53:09,718
I mean weve watched snakes a lot.
561
00:53:09,807 --> 00:53:12,162
By we
I mean all rattlesnake biologists
562
00:53:12,247 --> 00:53:16,160
and weve seen things on your videos
we havent seen before.
563
00:53:16,247 --> 00:53:19,159
So I think its actually
kind of exciting to think about
564
00:53:19,247 --> 00:53:22,045
how this kind of collaboration might
really be a feedback
565
00:53:22,127 --> 00:53:24,960
between the media
and the public and science and so forth.
566
00:53:25,807 --> 00:53:28,196
ATTENBOROUGH: And something
very surprising had happened
567
00:53:28,287 --> 00:53:31,120
at our very first attempt
and in broad daylight.
568
00:53:31,207 --> 00:53:34,005
A chipmunk had tripped
the motion detectors
569
00:53:34,087 --> 00:53:37,477
and Hank makes a kill
right in front of the cameras.
570
00:53:44,967 --> 00:53:45,956
-Weve got a strike.
-We got him.
571
00:53:46,047 --> 00:53:48,242
-Already weve got it.
-We got it.
572
00:53:48,327 --> 00:53:49,316
I thought you were winding me up.
573
00:53:49,407 --> 00:53:51,841
MAN: I was like James
somethings happened here.
574
00:53:51,927 --> 00:53:54,236
I thought
Well thats just a classic wind-up.
575
00:53:54,327 --> 00:53:56,283
First night to get that.
576
00:53:57,127 --> 00:53:59,687
ATTENBOROUGH: We hadnt got
the eating shot but its a start.
577
00:53:59,767 --> 00:54:02,884
And then the camera is set off again
by a second chipmunk
578
00:54:02,967 --> 00:54:04,525
behaving very strangely.
579
00:54:04,607 --> 00:54:07,883
We showed the recording
to Harry and he was fascinated.
580
00:54:08,927 --> 00:54:10,485
HARRY: Now what was
that chipmunk doing?
581
00:54:10,567 --> 00:54:13,559
Was it perceiving something
that the other chipmunk left
582
00:54:13,647 --> 00:54:15,683
some kind of alarm odour or something?
583
00:54:15,767 --> 00:54:17,997
Was it perceiving
the odour of the rattlesnake?
584
00:54:18,087 --> 00:54:20,760
Or was it something
I cant even imagine yet?
585
00:54:20,847 --> 00:54:23,805
But something was going on there
that I didnt know to expect anyway.
586
00:54:23,887 --> 00:54:25,002
And its in your film.
587
00:54:26,167 --> 00:54:28,806
ATTENBOROUGH: Hank could
clearly be the star of the show
588
00:54:28,887 --> 00:54:32,118
so the crew decide
to concentrate all their efforts on him
589
00:54:32,207 --> 00:54:35,244
and to track him for two weeks
around the clock.
590
00:54:35,327 --> 00:54:37,716
They quickly learn
that despite his ability
591
00:54:37,807 --> 00:54:41,595
to hurt one of them very seriously
he seems pretty unconcerned.
592
00:54:41,687 --> 00:54:44,645
In fact he never even rattles a warning
at them.
593
00:54:44,727 --> 00:54:46,638
(BEEPING)
594
00:54:46,727 --> 00:54:49,002
The more they get to know him
the more they think
595
00:54:49,087 --> 00:54:51,885
theyve got a good chance
of filming another hunt.
596
00:54:51,967 --> 00:54:53,798
But then there is a serious problem.
597
00:54:54,007 --> 00:54:57,238
NEWSCASTER: Its just been raining here
non-stop for the past three days,
598
00:54:57,327 --> 00:54:59,636
and they say
that Tuesday afternoons hard rainstorm
599
00:54:59,727 --> 00:55:01,877
was the straw
that broke the camels back.
600
00:55:01,967 --> 00:55:04,083
ATTENBOROUGH: Just as things
are looking so promising
601
00:55:04,167 --> 00:55:06,920
New York State has its worst floods
for a decade
602
00:55:07,007 --> 00:55:09,441
and all filming comes to a standstill.
603
00:55:11,607 --> 00:55:13,962
As you can see the weather is awful.
604
00:55:14,047 --> 00:55:16,277
Wont affect the rattlesnake at all.
Hes perfectly happy.
605
00:55:16,367 --> 00:55:18,676
Hell be sat down in here
somewhere just waiting
606
00:55:18,767 --> 00:55:21,076
but it does affect the mammals.
607
00:55:21,167 --> 00:55:24,125
The chipmunks and the mice
theyll just be hunkered down somewhere
608
00:55:24,207 --> 00:55:25,606
not doing anything very much.
609
00:55:25,687 --> 00:55:28,326
And it affects us but hell be fine.
610
00:55:28,407 --> 00:55:29,522
Its just we cant film anything
611
00:55:29,607 --> 00:55:31,438
so its just a matter of waiting now.
612
00:55:33,247 --> 00:55:36,205
ATTENBOROUGH: After tracking him
in the rain for 1 0 days
613
00:55:36,287 --> 00:55:40,280
theres a break in the weather
and Hank starts hunting again.
614
00:55:40,367 --> 00:55:44,201
He chooses a position for an ambush
in a very accessible spot.
615
00:55:44,767 --> 00:55:47,839
The team has another chance
to use their remote cameras
616
00:55:47,927 --> 00:55:51,397
this time operating in night vision.
617
00:55:51,487 --> 00:55:54,320
MAN: James just be careful
where you come in. Dont go that way.
618
00:55:54,407 --> 00:55:56,238
I think thats the direction
hes headed in.
619
00:55:56,327 --> 00:55:58,557
Youve got something have you?
620
00:55:59,407 --> 00:56:02,080
MAN: Mate weve got him hitting a mouse
621
00:56:02,167 --> 00:56:04,806
in the middle of frame
and swallowing it.
622
00:56:05,327 --> 00:56:08,046
ATTENBOROUGH: This time
they get more than the strike.
623
00:56:08,127 --> 00:56:12,200
This time Hank decides
to eat his dinner very obligingly
624
00:56:12,287 --> 00:56:13,959
right in front of the camera.
625
00:56:14,847 --> 00:56:18,840
Mate that is the most incredible
piece of behaviour you have ever seen.
626
00:56:19,367 --> 00:56:22,120
ATTENBOROUGH: So
after two weeks and a lot of effort
627
00:56:22,207 --> 00:56:23,526
they succeed in capturing
628
00:56:23,607 --> 00:56:28,237
a crucial and intimate moment
in the life of this very special snake.
629
00:56:28,887 --> 00:56:32,084
People dont automatically love snakes
most of them dont.
630
00:56:32,167 --> 00:56:35,477
And yet if you can show them things
about the lives of these animals
631
00:56:35,567 --> 00:56:37,683
that impress them with the fact
these are animals
632
00:56:37,767 --> 00:56:40,201
with complex daily activities...
633
00:56:40,287 --> 00:56:41,515
These arent things
that are waiting around
634
00:56:41,607 --> 00:56:43,757
for an opportunity to kill people.
635
00:56:43,847 --> 00:56:47,726
When you tell people things like that
then they get drawn in.
636
00:56:47,807 --> 00:56:50,765
And hopefully when we show them
your films theyll be drawn in.
637
00:56:50,847 --> 00:56:53,361
Well youve drawn me in.
Thank you very much.
638
00:56:53,447 --> 00:56:54,436
HARRY: Pleasure.
639
00:56:55,167 --> 00:56:57,522
ATTENBOROUGH: And when
I get to see the footage
640
00:56:57,607 --> 00:57:01,964
its fair to say that Im just as
knocked sideways as the crew had been.
641
00:57:03,607 --> 00:57:05,165
(GASPING) Theres the mouse.
642
00:57:06,287 --> 00:57:07,276
(ATTENBOROUGH EXCLAIMS)
643
00:57:07,447 --> 00:57:08,926
Oh my goodness.
644
00:57:11,247 --> 00:57:12,316
Yes.
645
00:57:14,127 --> 00:57:16,243
Thats a dead mouse all right.