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(THEME MUSIC)

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DAVID ATTENBOROUGH:
In the last 6,000 years

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the surface of our planet

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has undergone a sudden change.

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A new habitat has appeared,

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entirely designed
and constructed

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by one species
for its own purpose.

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This manmade landscape
may seem alien to animal life,

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but for the bold,
this is a world
of surprising opportunity.

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Jodhpur, India.

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(LANGUR CALLS)

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A gang of
bachelor male langurs

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has come to challenge
the resident alpha male.

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(GROWLS)

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(CALLS)

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This alpha rules over
a valuable urban territory.

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(DOGS BARKING IN DISTANCE)

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But maintaining dominance here
is a constant struggle.

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The bachelors have united
to try and overthrow him.

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(LANGURS GRUNTING)

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If they win,
one of the challengers

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will take over
the alpha's troop of females,

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and may kill his infants.

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There are 15 males
in this bachelor group.

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The alpha must evict
every single one of them
from his territory.

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He has chased
half the bachelors away,

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but a splinter group
has looped back
and is harassing his females.

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(LANGURS SNARLING)

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(HOOTS)

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Once again, he has to battle.

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(LANGURS BARKING)

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(INTENSE MUSIC)

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(BARKS)

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Finally, he manages
to expel them all.

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He returns home victorious,

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but with a serious wound
on his right leg.

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It's a hard life for him
in the city.

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Keeping the intruders away
is a daily challenge.

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But it's worth it.

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For these urban territories

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are probably the best
langur territories
in the world.

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They're filled with
rich feeding grounds.

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(BIRDS CAWING)

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Here in the temple gardens,

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the langurs have,
over centuries, developed
a surprising relationship.

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One that guarantees them
a constantly replenished
source of food.

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(BIRDS CALLING)

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The people here associate
langurs with the Hindu God,
Lord Hanuman,

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and revere them.

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They're given all the food
they can eat.

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And this high-energy diet
has led to a baby boom.

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Female langurs in this city

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give birth to
twice as many young
as their forest counterparts.

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This mother is so well fed
that her rich milk

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can support something
rarely seen in the wild.

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Twins.

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And all these babies
can create troops

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that are far larger than those
found in the forests nearby.

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With less time spent
looking for food,
there is more time for play.

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(LANGURS SQUEALING)

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The rewards of living
in a city can be huge.

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The challenge is
to find your niche.

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But how to create a home
in a world that wasn't
designed for wildlife?

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It's far brighter, louder,
and busier than anywhere
in the natural world.

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The continuous traffic
creates barriers
to animal movement.

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And in this decade the urban
environment is predicted
to grow by nearly 30%.

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What's more, to come here,

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animals have to compete
with the world's top predator.

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People make the rules here.

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Four-billion human beings
now live in
the urban environment.

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It's here that animals
have to contend with
the greatest change

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that is happening to
the face of our planet.

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So why would any animal
want to come here?

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(SIRENS WAILING)

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New York City.

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(HORNS HONKING)

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This densely
built-up landscape

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is as unnatural
as anywhere on Earth.

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(BRAKES SCREECHING)

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And yet, this wild
peregrine falcon

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looks out onto
an ideal habitat.

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Strange as it may seem,
this vastly altered landscape

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replicates the conditions
in which peregrines evolved.

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The towering buildings
have a multitude of ledges

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on which falcons can nest,

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and the high perches
that they need
to catch the wind.

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(FALCONS SCREECHING)

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New York City has
the highest density

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of nesting peregrines
anywhere on the planet.

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Winds striking the sides
of the skyscrapers

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are deflected upwards
and can help the birds
gain height.

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And the great areas
of concrete roasting
in the sun create thermals,

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so that, with very little
effort, the birds can
soar over the city.

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And so, many peregrines
can live here,

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because down at street level,
there is a lot of
potential prey.

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(PIGEONS CHIRPING)

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Diving from height,
the falcons can reach speeds

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of over
300 kilometres an hour.

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But their prey stay down low
and close to the buildings.

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Too risky.

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The peregrine
pulls out of his stoop.

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But the effort is not wasted.

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The falcons need to flush
their prey into the open.

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And Manhattan is
surrounded by water.

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Out here the odds change.

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And in the peregrine's favour.

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(CHURCH BELL TOLLING)

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With abundant prey here
all year round,

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it has taken only 40 years

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for these falcons
to establish themselves here.

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And now, among skyscrapers,
they're more successful

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than their cousins
living in the wilderness.

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Mumbai, in India,
is home to over
20 million people.

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And there are predators here

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that, though rarely seen,
are rightly feared.

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Carnivores,

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lured by the prospect
of plentiful unsuspecting prey

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are on the prowl.

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(DOG BARKING)

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(SNARLING)
A leopard.

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Every night,
under the cover of darkness
they come out to hunt.

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(MUSIC PLAYING OVER SPEAKERS)
(BABY CRYING AT A DISTANCE)

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These are big animals,

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and they're looking
for large prey
to satisfy their hunger.

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To catch more than a glimpse
of them and reveal
their hunting behaviour,

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you need night-vision cameras.

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(INDISTINCT CHATTER)
(HORNS HONKING IN THE DISTANCE)

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Leopards have attacked
almost 200 people here

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in the last 25 years.

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But humans are not
their usual prey.

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These leopards are on the hunt
for something else.

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(INDISTINCT CHATTERING)

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Pigs.

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(SNORTING)

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These leopards prefer to hunt
the domestic animals

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that people have
brought to the city
in considerable numbers.

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(SNORTING)

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The pigs keep
their family close.

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(PIG SQUEALING)

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(PIGLET SQUEALING)

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The ceaseless noise
of the city
plays to their advantage.

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It conceals their approach.

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And the leopards
are using this cover
to hunt all over the city.

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(PIGS SQUEALING)

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This is a thriving population.

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In fact,
the highest concentration
of leopards in the world

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is right here.

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(CHURCH BELLS TOLLING)

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It's not only the abundance
of food that attracts
wild animals to cities.

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They're usually several
degrees warmer than
the surrounding countryside.

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And here in Rome, in December,

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one animal is taking
full advantage
of this extra heat.

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And it's leaving its mark.

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In a single winter's day,

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ten tonnes of its droppings
rain down on the city.

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(SQUEALING)

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Starlings.

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In the evening, they come back
to the warmth of the city

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after feeding in
the neighbouring countryside.

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They must return
to their roosting trees.

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But the first to do so
are at the highest risk

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of being caught
by birds of prey.

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So, they wait
for others to arrive.

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There's safety in numbers.

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As daylight fades,

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the sky fills
with a staggering
one million starlings.

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And then follows
one of nature's
great spectaculars.

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(WHOOSHING)

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(ORCHESTRAL MUSIC)

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How, or indeed why,
they perform these
marvellous aerobatics,

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we still do not
fully understand.

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Eventually, en masse,
they brave the descent

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and fill the branches
of their favourite trees.

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On these cold winter nights,
the city's extra warmth

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can mean the difference
between life and death.

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(CHIRPING)

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A city, of course, can provide

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not only shelter
and abundant food,
but glamour.

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These varied objects
have been carefully chosen

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by a bird for their brightness
and their colour.

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(TWIG SNAPS)

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This great bowerbird
has spent over a decade

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building this collection of
mostly man-made objects.

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Out on a golf course
in Townsville, Australia,

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he's putting the final touches
to his enormous bower,

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that he hopes will impress
a visiting female.

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He spends two hours
each day rearranging
his prized objects.

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"Perhaps that would look
a little better over there."

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But it seems that
something is missing.

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Instead of going into town
to collect new objects,

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he's decided to raid
his neighbour's bower.

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"A clothes peg! Excellent!"

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"And a shiny toy car."

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It's a risky game
if you get caught.

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The owner is back.

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(SCREECHING)

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00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:01,080
There is one bower
where the risk is worth it.

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A particular object
has caught his eye.

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He'll have to wait
for the owner to leave.

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00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:25,760
This is his chance.

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A real treasure.

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A scarlet heart.

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00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:37,040
"Got it."

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00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,400
The stage is now set
for female visitors.

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His luck may be in.

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00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:03,720
The seduction can now begin.

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00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:06,000
(SCREECHES)

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00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:10,400
He's showing off
his best goods.

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00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:17,520
"Perhaps
a little plastic piping?"

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00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:22,640
"Or maybe a bit of
coloured string?"

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00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:30,680
But his guest
doesn't seem to be
paying much attention.

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00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:39,800
"A fork,

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00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:42,480
Madame?"

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00:22:44,920 --> 00:22:46,760
Nothing seems to be working.

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00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:53,000
Something is just
not quite right here.

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00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:02,160
But he still has one trick
up his sleeve.

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00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:03,560
(SCREECHES)

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00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:05,040
The scarlet heart.

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00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:10,560
(SCREECHING)

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00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:25,640
(CONTINUES SCREECHING)

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00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,280
As a final thrill,
he expands the pink crest

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00:23:33,360 --> 00:23:34,760
on the back of his head.

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00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,640
The sign of his adulthood.

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00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:40,440
But he's made a mistake.

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00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:44,800
This is not a female

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00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:47,760
but a young male
who hasn't yet developed
that head crest.

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00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:51,440
And he's making off
with the scarlet heart.

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00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:53,040
(HISSING AND SCREECHING)

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00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:57,240
It's not easy
finding sex in the city.

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00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:05,280
Raising a family in the city
is not easy either.

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00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:09,920
It's spring time in Toronto,

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00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:15,200
and this mother raccoon
has exchanged her
native treetops for rooftops.

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00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:19,640
(DOG BARKING AT A DISTANCE)

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00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:27,480
Since giving birth
two months ago,

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00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:31,560
she's kept her offspring
safe and warm
inside a chimney.

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00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:36,240
(CHITTERING)

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00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:38,960
Now, her young
have outgrown their nursery.

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00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:43,080
This is her first
major challenge as a mother.

239
00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:49,280
The time has come
to move to a new home.

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00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:53,600
She needs to get her youngster
to ground level.

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00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:59,040
But instead of an easy climb
down a tree,

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00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:02,000
she is faced
with a vertical drop,

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00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:03,960
with little to cling onto.

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00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:07,920
(SQUEALING)

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00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:12,120
Her baby's first glimpse
of the urban world,

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00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:17,440
from a terrifying
10 metres up.

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00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:51,400
This is the last of her litter
to be brought down.

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00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:54,240
Its siblings are already

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00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,080
busy exploring the area.

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00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:57,320
(CHITTERING)

251
00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:59,000
And they have much to learn.

252
00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:01,960
(WHIMPERING)

253
00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:06,440
This one has fallen
into a back alley
and is trapped.

254
00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:09,800
(CHITTERING)

255
00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:12,600
Mother comes to the rescue
and demonstrates
what must be done.

256
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:22,720
(BABY RACCOON WHIMPERING)

257
00:26:30,120 --> 00:26:31,560
(CHITTERING)

258
00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:35,120
(BABY RACCOON YELPS)

259
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:36,640
That's the way.

260
00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:44,760
Raccoons are opportunists.

261
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:48,560
And they're eager to explore.

262
00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:56,360
But they'll have to
learn very quickly

263
00:26:56,440 --> 00:27:00,360
how to get along in this
strange new environment

264
00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:02,880
so full of hazards.

265
00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:06,440
(DOG BARKING)

266
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:07,600
(WATER SPLASHING)

267
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:11,960
Mother comes
to the rescue once more.

268
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:17,840
Urban raccoons are now
demonstrably better

269
00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:20,760
at problem-solving
than their country cousins.

270
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:30,040
When the feeding opportunities
are this good,

271
00:27:30,120 --> 00:27:32,440
the time spent working out
how to get to it

272
00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:34,040
is well worth it.

273
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,440
The complexity of urban life

274
00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:50,080
favours the clever.

275
00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:53,640
(HORNS BLARING)

276
00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:56,440
(INDISTINCT SHOUTING
AND CHATTER)

277
00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:02,200
But to compete with humanity
during daylight hours,

278
00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:04,160
takes more than
just intelligence.

279
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:10,960
It takes nerve.

280
00:28:13,120 --> 00:28:15,720
One enterprising
species of monkey

281
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:19,240
has moved into the city
of Jaipur in India.

282
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:24,200
The Rhesus macaque.

283
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:32,640
But how to get a share
of all this juicy fruit?

284
00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:44,160
Every morning,
the troop make
the same journey

285
00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:48,000
through the urban jungle,
just as human commuters do.

286
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:50,440
(HORNS HONKING)

287
00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:14,840
Sometimes, inevitably,
there are traffic jams.

288
00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:42,520
Once they get to the market,
trouble begins.

289
00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:44,920
(INDISTINCT SHOUTING
AND CHATTER)

290
00:30:03,680 --> 00:30:06,040
Being both
intelligent and brazen

291
00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,680
is the key to beating
human beings
on their home turf.

292
00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:33,160
(MAN SHOUTING REPELLENTLY)

293
00:30:47,440 --> 00:30:49,400
It's daylight robbery.

294
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:58,400
(CRICKETS CHIRPING)

295
00:30:59,960 --> 00:31:03,400
There are some animals
that most would consider
too dangerous

296
00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:05,280
to tolerate in the city.

297
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:11,600
Spotted hyenas.

298
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:13,480
(HYENA WHOOPING)

299
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,160
They're feared
throughout their range.

300
00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,000
(SNARLS)

301
00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:22,480
(HYENAS BARKING AND WHOOPING)

302
00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:27,920
In the outskirts
of Hara in Ethiopia,

303
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:32,880
two clans are coming
face to face to battle
over a prized resource.

304
00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,040
(WHOOPING AND YELPING)

305
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:41,680
There are about
60 hyenas in each clan.

306
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:43,840
And they're well matched.

307
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:12,120
After three hours of
posturing back and forth,

308
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:13,840
the losers retreat

309
00:32:13,920 --> 00:32:16,760
and the victors head
to claim their prize.

310
00:32:23,480 --> 00:32:26,960
They have been fighting
over access to the city.

311
00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:45,360
Once inside the city walls,
they head for one place.

312
00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:50,680
(CHITTERING)

313
00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:56,560
And they know exactly
how to get there.

314
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:08,240
(WHINING)

315
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:24,840
(GROWLS)

316
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:31,240
The ancient meat market.

317
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:38,680
The scent of all these
carcasses lies
heavy in the air.

318
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:41,480
(SNARLING)

319
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:05,200
This tradition goes back
over 400 years.

320
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:09,200
The human butchers put out
the bones they don't need

321
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:11,880
and these hyenas
deal with them.

322
00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,520
They're the only animals
that can.

323
00:34:17,160 --> 00:34:21,480
No other here has such
powerful bone-crushing jaws.

324
00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:24,680
(YELPING AND BARKING)

325
00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:27,640
And this relationship
between man and beast

326
00:34:27,720 --> 00:34:29,760
has now been
taken a step further.

327
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:31,440
(MAN HOOTING)

328
00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,840
Yousuf is calling the hyenas
to his house.

329
00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:49,800
He and his forefathers,
going back five generations,

330
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:51,840
have been feeding the hyenas

331
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:54,360
by hand.

332
00:34:56,320 --> 00:34:59,760
The inhabitants of this town
believe that hyenas

333
00:34:59,840 --> 00:35:02,720
provide another
very important service.

334
00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:07,800
Eating the bad spirits
that haunt the streets.

335
00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:17,640
These are wild
and ferocious animals,

336
00:35:17,720 --> 00:35:20,160
but once within
these city walls,

337
00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:23,000
they behave in a completely
different way.

338
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:28,440
Throughout the rest of Africa,
spotted hyenas are feared

339
00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,880
because they kill livestock,
sometimes even children.

340
00:35:31,960 --> 00:35:34,040
(CONTINUES HOOTING)

341
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:38,160
They are perhaps the most
vilified animal on our planet.

342
00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:44,520
However, here in Harar,

343
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:48,040
their relationship with people
is entirely peaceful.

344
00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:51,200
(CONTINUES HOOTING)

345
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:53,400
They have won
the trust of man.

346
00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:05,120
Losing its fear of humans

347
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,720
has enabled one animal
to spread into cities
everywhere,

348
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:10,600
and in huge numbers.

349
00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:12,520
(PIGEONS CHIRPING)

350
00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:22,720
Pigeons are by far
the most successful
urban bird.

351
00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:26,240
(CHURCH BELL TOLLING)

352
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:31,320
Here, in Albi,
in the south of France,

353
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:33,720
the pigeons come
to the river to bathe.

354
00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:37,400
They need to preen
their flight feathers,

355
00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:39,400
clean off the city dust,

356
00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:42,120
and cool themselves down.

357
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:05,080
But death lies in wait.

358
00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:09,200
A predator that
has taken advantage

359
00:37:09,280 --> 00:37:12,280
of the very thing that has led
to the pigeon's success...

360
00:37:14,720 --> 00:37:16,080
Their lack of fear.

361
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:23,880
As the pigeons bathe,
oil from their plumage
flows downstream,

362
00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:25,720
and is detected.

363
00:37:36,240 --> 00:37:39,360
A monstrous Wels catfish.

364
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,800
Introduced here
just 40 years ago,

365
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:47,280
they have proliferated.

366
00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:51,680
Virtually exterminated
the local fish stocks...

367
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:57,120
And they've now developed
a taste for pigeon.

368
00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:02,000
Their eyesight is poor,

369
00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:05,480
so they use their barbels
to sense the movements
of their victims.

370
00:39:01,080 --> 00:39:04,040
This is a radical
new hunting strategy

371
00:39:04,120 --> 00:39:07,160
for what is normally
a bottom-dwelling fish.

372
00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:25,120
After a thousand years
of living in this city,

373
00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:29,880
pigeons are now
having to learn
to avoid a fish.

374
00:39:34,240 --> 00:39:35,840
(CHURCH BELL TOLLING)

375
00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:38,480
Our cities are
always changing.

376
00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:40,440
Sometimes very swiftly.

377
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:45,640
And animals must
cope with the changes,

378
00:39:46,240 --> 00:39:47,680
or disappear.

379
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:52,600
One of the greatest changes
in recent times

380
00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:57,920
has come from
a single invention made
less than 140 years ago.

381
00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:04,080
Electric light.

382
00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:08,760
It has become more
and more powerful,

383
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,080
filling our streets
with light.

384
00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:26,520
It's everywhere in the city.

385
00:40:28,680 --> 00:40:30,680
It even goes under ground.

386
00:40:46,280 --> 00:40:47,920
(HORNS BLARING)

387
00:40:49,720 --> 00:40:54,920
The difference between
day and night is becoming
less and less perceptible.

388
00:41:04,240 --> 00:41:08,880
And that has a profound effect
on the activities of wildlife.

389
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:18,280
In the wilderness,
light triggers
all kinds of behaviour.

390
00:41:24,280 --> 00:41:25,960
On the night of the full moon,

391
00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:28,960
hundreds of tiny
hawksbill turtle hatchlings

392
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:32,960
emerge from the safety of
their nest deep in the sand.

393
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:39,320
Their instinct is
to reach the sea
as quickly as possible.

394
00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:46,200
And their guide
is the light of the full moon
reflected on the water.

395
00:41:53,280 --> 00:41:57,200
But this young hatchling
is confused.

396
00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:08,240
It's going in
the wrong direction.

397
00:42:13,160 --> 00:42:15,560
Bright light is coming
from the land.

398
00:42:18,720 --> 00:42:23,080
And all these hatchlings
are travelling up the beach
towards it.

399
00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:25,520
(INDISTINCT SHOUTING)

400
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:32,520
Predators are ready
to take advantage.

401
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:38,680
Crabs now make their burrows
directly beneath
the beach lights

402
00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:41,760
and wait for their prey
to come to them.

403
00:42:42,520 --> 00:42:44,400
(CRACKING)

404
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:06,440
Even if a hatchling escapes,

405
00:43:06,520 --> 00:43:08,080
they're still in peril.

406
00:43:08,880 --> 00:43:10,800
(VEHICLES PASSING)

407
00:43:16,680 --> 00:43:19,840
The lights become
more and more bewildering.

408
00:43:43,840 --> 00:43:46,960
80% of all hatchlings
on this beach

409
00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:50,800
are now disorientated
by the lights of the town.

410
00:44:11,080 --> 00:44:13,960
Roads bring many to their end.

411
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:32,640
Hundreds get trapped
in storm drains every night.

412
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:50,680
Exhausted by the effort
of travelling
such a distance on land,

413
00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:57,320
this hatchling's chances
of surviving the night
are slim.

414
00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:13,040
This turtle is one of
the countless species

415
00:45:13,120 --> 00:45:15,840
that have been unable
to adapt to the change

416
00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:19,000
brought about
by the urban environment.

417
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:32,600
Only a small number of animals

418
00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:35,960
have managed to find ways
of living alongside us.

419
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:42,160
And every 10 years,
an area the size of Britain

420
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:45,360
disappears under
a jungle of concrete.

421
00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:57,680
But it doesn't
have to be like this.

422
00:46:00,560 --> 00:46:05,280
Could it not be possible
to build cities more
in harmony with nature?

423
00:46:08,640 --> 00:46:11,560
We are the designers
of this environment.

424
00:46:12,720 --> 00:46:17,760
How, and whether we decide
to invite the wildlife back,

425
00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:19,000
is up to us.

426
00:46:22,720 --> 00:46:25,880
This tree is rising
nearly 30 storeys.

427
00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:28,720
It's one of almost 800
being planted

428
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:31,960
to create
a vertical forest in Milan.

429
00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:42,160
This number of living trees
would normally fill
two hectares of woodland,

430
00:46:42,240 --> 00:46:46,040
but here, they occupy
one-tenth of that area.

431
00:46:47,720 --> 00:46:50,520
Greening the walls
and roofs of our buildings

432
00:46:50,600 --> 00:46:53,160
could create
a rich and extensive habitat,

433
00:46:53,240 --> 00:46:55,440
if we wanted it to do so.

434
00:46:58,280 --> 00:47:03,000
There is one city
where that idea is being
applied on a major scale.

435
00:47:03,840 --> 00:47:05,120
Singapore.

436
00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:11,880
Two million trees
have been planted here
in the last 45 years.

437
00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:14,160
(BIRDS CHIRPING)

438
00:47:14,240 --> 00:47:18,040
This city is now
richer in species
than any other in the world.

439
00:47:25,120 --> 00:47:28,880
And this practice extends
to all parts of the city.

440
00:47:30,240 --> 00:47:32,160
The waterways
have been cleaned up,

441
00:47:32,240 --> 00:47:34,760
and smooth-coated otters
are coming back.

442
00:47:41,080 --> 00:47:45,360
But perhaps,
the most spectacular
example of city greening

443
00:47:45,440 --> 00:47:48,920
is this grove of super trees.

444
00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:55,040
These 50-metre-high
metal structures

445
00:47:55,720 --> 00:47:57,880
are now full of life.

446
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:03,520
Creepers have been planted
to grow over
the outermost branches.

447
00:48:08,240 --> 00:48:11,160
Is this a vision of our cities
of the future?

448
00:48:15,040 --> 00:48:18,720
The potential to see animals
thriving within our cities

449
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:21,760
is achievable across
the globe.

450
00:48:29,960 --> 00:48:34,240
More than half of us now live
in an urban environment.

451
00:48:36,760 --> 00:48:40,120
Whether we choose to create
a home for others too

452
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:42,800
is up to us.

453
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:52,680
(ORCHESTRAL MUSIC)

9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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